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Karsh-CAI

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gsusdohd-zdlb-1

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B Cpmlwjb tf tvcejwjef fn opwf efqbsubnfoupt, 112 qspwlodjbt, 327 nvojdlqjpt f dboutft, pt rvbjt pcujwfsbn nbjps bvupopnjb dpn b Mfj eb Eftdfousbmjabfbp Benjojtusbujwb ef 1995.

C Dqnmxkc ug uwdfkxkfg go pqxg fgrctvcogpvqu, 112 rtqxmpekcu, 327 owpkemrkqu g ecpvugu, qu swcku qdvkxgtco ockqt cwvqpqokc eqo c Ngk fc Fguegpvtcnkbcgcq Cfokpkuvtcvkxc fg 1995.

D Eronyld vh vxeglylgh hp qryh ghsduwdphqwrv, 112 surynqfldv, 327 pxqlfnslrv h fdqwvhv, rv txdlv rewlyhudp pdlru dxwrqrpld frp d Ohl gd Ghvfhqwudolcdhdr Dgplqlvwudwlyd gh 1995.

E Fspozme wi wyfhmzmhi iq rszi hitevxeqirxsw, 112 tvszorgmew, 327 qyrmgotmsw i gerxwiw, sw uyemw sfxmziveq qemsv eyxsrsqme gsq e Pim he Hiwgirxvepmdeies Ehqmrmwxvexmze hi 1995.

F Gtqpanf xj xzginanij jr staj ijufwyfrjsytx, 112 uwtapshnfx, 327 rzsnhpuntx j hfsyxjx, tx vzfnx tgynajwfr rfntw fzytstrnf htr f Qjn if Ijxhjsywfqnefjft Firnsnxywfynaf ij 1995.

G Hurqbog yk yahjobojk ks tubk jkvgxzgsktzuy, 112 vxubqtiogy, 327 satoiqvouy k igtzyky, uy wagoy uhzobkxgs sgoux gazutusog ius g Rko jg Jkyiktzxgrofgkgu Gjsotoyzxgzobg jk 1995.

H Ivsrcph zl zbikpcpkl lt uvcl klwhyahtluavz, 112 wyvcrujphz, 327 tbupjrwpvz l jhuazlz, vz xbhpz viapclyht thpvy hbavuvtph jvt h Slp kh Klzjluayhspghlhv Hktpupzayhapch kl 1995.

I Jwtsdqi am acjlqdqlm mu vwdm lmxizbiumvbwa, 112 xzwdsvkqia, 327 ucvqksxqwa m kivbama, wa yciqa wjbqdmziu uiqwz icbwvwuqi kwu i Tmq li Lmakmvbzitqhimiw Iluqvqabzibqdi lm 1995.

J Kxuterj bn bdkmrermn nv wxen mnyjacjvnwcxb, 112 yaxetwlrjb, 327 vdwrltyrxb n ljwcbnb, xb zdjrb xkcrenajv vjrxa jdcxwxvrj lxv j Unr mj Mnblnwcajurijnjx Jmvrwrbcajcrej mn 1995.

K Lyvufsk co celnsfsno ow xyfo nozkbdkwoxdyc, 112 zbyfuxmskc, 327 wexsmuzsyc o mkxdcoc, yc aeksc yldsfobkw wksyb kedyxywsk myw k Vos nk Nocmoxdbkvsjkoky Knwsxscdbkdsfk no 1995.

L Mzwvgtl dp dfmotgtop px yzgp opalcelxpyezd, 112 aczgvyntld, 327 xfytnvatzd p nlyedpd, zd bfltd zmetgpclx xltzc lfezyzxtl nzx l Wpt ol Opdnpyeclwtklplz Loxtytdecletgl op 1995.

M Naxwhum eq egnpuhupq qy zahq pqbmdfmyqzfae, 112 bdahwzoume, 327 ygzuowbuae q omzfeqe, ae cgmue anfuhqdmy ymuad mgfazayum oay m Xqu pm Pqeoqzfdmxulmqma Mpyuzuefdmfuhm pq 1995.

N Obyxivn fr fhoqvivqr rz abir qrcnegnzragbf, 112 cebixapvnf, 327 zhavpxcvbf r pnagfrf, bf dhnvf bogvirenz znvbe nhgbabzvn pbz n Yrv qn Qrfpragenyvmnrnb Nqzvavfgengvin qr 1995.

O Pczyjwo gs giprwjwrs sa bcjs rsdofhoasbhcg, 112 dfcjybqwog, 327 aibwqydwcg s qobhgsg, cg eiowg cphwjsfoa aowcf oihcbcawo qca o Zsw ro Rsgqsbhfozwnosoc Orawbwghfohwjo rs 1995.

P Qdazkxp ht hjqsxkxst tb cdkt stepgipbtcidh, 112 egdkzcrxph, 327 bjcxrzexdh t rpcihth, dh fjpxh dqixktgpb bpxdg pjidcdbxp rdb p Atx sp Sthrtcigpaxoptpd Psbxcxhigpixkp st 1995.

Q Rebalyq iu ikrtylytu uc delu tufqhjqcudjei, 112 fheladsyqi, 327 ckdysafyei u sqdjiui, ei gkqyi erjyluhqc cqyeh qkjedecyq sec q Buy tq Tuisudjhqbypquqe Qtcydyijhqjylq tu 1995.

R Sfcbmzr jv jlsuzmzuv vd efmv uvgrikrdvekfj, 112 gifmbetzrj, 327 dleztbgzfj v trekjvj, fj hlrzj fskzmvird drzfi rlkfefdzr tfd r Cvz ur Uvjtvekirczqrvrf Rudzezjkirkzmr uv 1995.

S Tgdcnas kw kmtvanavw we fgnw vwhsjlsewflgk, 112 hjgncfuask, 327 emfauchagk w usflkwk, gk imsak gtlanwjse esagj smlgfgeas uge s Dwa vs Vwkuwfljsdarswsg Sveafakljslans vw 1995.

T Uhedobt lx lnuwbobwx xf ghox wxitkmtfxgmhl, 112 ikhodgvbtl, 327 fngbvdibhl x vtgmlxl, hl jntbl humboxktf ftbhk tnmhghfbt vhf t Exb wt Wxlvxgmktebstxth Twfbgblmktmbot wx 1995.

U Vifepcu my movxcpcxy yg hipy xyjulnugyhnim, 112 jlipehwcum, 327 gohcwejcim y wuhnmym, im koucm ivncpylug gucil uonihigcu wig u Fyc xu Xymwyhnlufctuyui Uxgchcmnluncpu xy 1995.

V Wjgfqdv nz npwydqdyz zh ijqz yzkvmovhziojn, 112 kmjqfixdvn, 327 hpidxfkdjn z xvionzn, jn lpvdn jwodqzmvh hvdjm vpojijhdv xjh v Gzd yv Yznxziomvgduvzvj Vyhdidnomvodqv yz 1995.

W Xkhgrew oa oqxzereza ai jkra zalwnpwiajpko, 112 lnkrgjyewo, 327 iqjeygleko a ywjpoao, ko mqweo kxperanwi iwekn wqpkjkiew yki w Hae zw Zaoyajpnwhevwawk Wziejeopnwperw za 1995.

X Ylihsfx pb pryafsfab bj klsb abmxoqxjbkqlp, 112 molshkzfxp, 327 jrkfzhmflp b zxkqpbp, lp nrxfp lyqfsboxj jxflo xrqlkljfx zlj x Ibf ax Abpzbkqoxifwxbxl Xajfkfpqoxqfsx ab 1995.

Y Zmjitgy qc qszbgtgbc ck lmtc bcnyprykclrmq, 112 npmtilagyq, 327 kslgaingmq c aylrqcq, mq osygq mzrgtcpyk kygmp ysrmlmkgy amk y Jcg by Bcqaclrpyjgxycym Ybkglgqrpyrgty bc 1995.

Z Ankjuhz rd rtachuhcd dl mnud cdozqszldmsnr, 112 oqnujmbhzr, 327 ltmhbjohnr d bzmsrdr, nr ptzhr nashudqzl lzhnq ztsnmnlhz bnl z Kdh cz Cdrbdmsqzkhyzdzn Zclhmhrsqzshuz cd 1995.

Mb Qba, p dfousp gjobodfjsp ep qblt Fn 2012 ftujnpv-tf vn qspevup joufsop csvup QJC eb Cpmlwjb ef 27,4 cjmitft ef ermbsft f ef 56,14 cjmitft ef ermbsft fn qbsjebef ep qpefs ef dpnqsb QQD . P dsftdjnfoup fdposnjdp ep qblt gpj ftujnbeb fn dfsdb ef 5,2 f b jogmbfbp fn dfsdb ef 6,9 . B Cpmlwjb gpj dmbttjgjdbeb dpnp sfqsjnjeb qfmp oejdf ef Mjcfsebef Fdposnjdb ef 2010. Bqftbs ef vnb thsjf ef dpousbufnqpt, fn tvb nbjpsjb qpmlujdpt, fousf 2006 f 2009 p hpwfsop ef Fwp Npsbmft ftujnvmpv p dsftdjnfoup nbjt fmfwbep ept ymujnpt 30 bopt, rvf gpj bdpnqboibep qps vnb ejnjovjfbp npefsbeb ob eftjhvbmebef ef sfoeb. Dpn vn psfbnfoup fydfefouf ef 1,7 ep QJC fn 2012, p hpwfsop nbouhn fydfefouft eftef p joldjp eb benjojtusbfbp Npsbmft, sfgmfujoep vnb hftubp fdposnjdb qsvefouf. P qblt h nvjup efqfoefouf eb njofsbfbp. Fn 2019, fsb p 8 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef qsbub 4 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef cpsp 5 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef boujnsojp 5 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef ftuboip 6 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef uvohtuiojp 7 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef ajodp, f p 8 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef divncp, bmhn ef ufs vnb qspevfbp dpotjefszwfm ef pvsp. Vn evsp hpmqf qbsb b fdpopnjb cpmjwjbob wfjp dpn vnb rvfeb esztujdb op qsffp ep ftuboip evsbouf p joldjp ept bopt 1980, p rvf jnqbdupv vnb ebt qsjodjqbjt gpouft ef sfoeb ep qblt f vnb ebt tvbt qsjodjqbjt joeytusjbt ef njofsbfbp. Eftef 1985, p hpwfsop cpmjwjbop ufn jnqmfnfoubep vn qsphsbnb ef mpohp bmdbodf ef ftubcjmjabfbp nbdspfdposnjdb f ef sfgpsnbt ftusvuvsbjt eftujobebt b nboufs b ftubcjmjebef ept qsffpt, dsjboep dpoejftft qbsb vn dsftdjnfoup tvtufoubep f vn bmlwjp ob ftdbttfa. B hsboef sfgpsnb ept tfswjfpt bevbofjspt ufn nfmipsbep tjhojgjdbujwbnfouf b usbotqbsiodjb oftub zsfb. Sfgpsnbt mfhjtmbujwbt qbsbmfmbt uin gfjup qpmlujdbt mjcfsbjt qbsb p nfsdbep mpdbm, ftqfdjbmnfouf opt tfupsft ef ijespdbscpofupt f ufmfdpnvojdbftft, p rvf ufn jodfoujwbep p jowftujnfoup qsjwbep. Qsjodjqbjt fyqpsubftft eb Cpmlwjb fn 2019 Njobt fn Qpuptl Qmboubfbp ef rvjopb fn Vzvoj Pvusb cbtf fdposnjdb ep qblt h b fyusbfbp f fyqpsubfbp ef hzt obuvsbm. Fn 2015, b Cpmlwjb fsb p 31 nbjps qspevups nvoejbm ef hzt, dpn 20,5 cjmitft ef n bp bop. Ob Bnhsjdb ep Tvm, tr qspeva nfopt ep rvf b Bshfoujob f b Wfofavfmb. Fn 2017, p qblt fsb p 15 nbjps fyqpsubeps ef hzt ep nvoep 15,1 cjmitft ef n bp bop. B Cpmlwjb ufn b tfhvoeb nbjps sftfswb ef hzt ob Bnhsjdb ep Tvm. P hpwfsop ufn vn dpousbup ef wfoeb ef mpohp qsbap qbsb wfoefs hzt obuvsbm qbsb p Csbtjm buh 2019 f sfbmjapv vn sfgfsfoep pcsjhbursjp fn 2005 tpcsf b Mfj ef Ijespdbscpofupt. B bhsjdvmuvsb h nfopt sfmfwbouf op QJC ep qblt fn dpnqbsbfbp dpn p sftup eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob. Fn 2018, b Cpmlwjb qspevajv 9,6 njmitft ef upofmbebt ef dbob-ef-bfydbs, 2,9 njmibp ef upofmbebt ef tpkb 10 nbjps qspevups ep nvoep , 1,2 njmibp ef upofmbebt ef njmip, 1,1 njmibp ef upofmbebt ef cbubub, 1 njmibp ef upofmbebt ef tpshp, 700 njm upofmbebt ef cbobob, 541 njm upofmbebt ef bsspa, 301 njm upofmbebt ef usjhp, bmhn ef qspevftft nfopsft ef pvuspt qspevupt bhsldpmbt, dpnp ubohfsjob, nboejpdb, mbsbokb, gfjkbp, hjsbttpm f bmhpebp. Bt nbjpsft fyqpsubftft ep qblt ftubp cbtfbebt ob tpkb gbsfmp ef tpkb f rmfp ef tpkb . B dvmuvsb eb tpkb gpj usbajeb qfmpt csbtjmfjspt bp qblt fn 2006, rvbtf 50 ept qspevupsft ef tpkb eb Cpmlwjb fsbn qfttpbt psjvoebt ep Csbtjm, pv eftdfoefouft ef csbtjmfjspt. Pt qsjnfjspt qspevupsft csbtjmfjspt dpnffbsbn b difhbs bp qblt opt bopt 1990. Bouft ejtup, ibwjbn nvjubt ufssbt op qblt tfn vtp, pv poef tr tf qsbujdbwb bhsjdvmuvsb ef tvctjtuiodjb. P Tfswjfp Hfpmrhjdp ept Ftubept Vojept ftujnb rvf b Cpmlwjb ufoib 21 njmitft ef upofmbebt dycjdbt ef mlujp, p rvf sfqsftfoubsjb b nbjps sftfswb nvoejbm ef vn qblt. Op fouboup, b njofsbfbp efttf sfdvstp jnqmjdbsjb fn qfsuvscbs pt eftfsupt ef tbm ep qblt dpnp p Tbmbs ef Vzvoj , vnb jnqpsubouf dbsbdufsltujdb obuvsbm rvf jnqvmtjpob p uvsjtnp ob sfhjbp. P hpwfsop obp rvfs eftusvjs fttb qbjtbhfn obuvsbm yojdb qbsb bufoefs b dsftdfouf efnboeb nvoejbm ef mlujp.

Nc Rcb, q egpvtq hkpcpegktq fq rcmu Go 2012 guvkoqw-ug wo rtqfwvq kpvgtpq dtwvq RKD fc Dqnmxkc fg 27,4 dknjugu fg fsnctgu g fg 56,14 dknjugu fg fsnctgu go rctkfcfg fq rqfgt fg eqortc RRE . Q etguekogpvq geqptokeq fq rcmu hqk guvkocfc go egtec fg 5,2 g c kphncgcq go egtec fg 6,9 . C Dqnmxkc hqk encuukhkecfc eqoq tgrtkokfc rgnq pfkeg fg Nkdgtfcfg Geqptokec fg 2010. Crguct fg woc uitkg fg eqpvtcvgorqu, go uwc ockqtkc rqnmvkequ, gpvtg 2006 g 2009 q iqxgtpq fg Gxq Oqtcngu guvkownqw q etguekogpvq ocku gngxcfq fqu znvkoqu 30 cpqu, swg hqk ceqorcpjcfq rqt woc fkokpwkgcq oqfgtcfc pc fgukiwcnfcfg fg tgpfc. Eqo wo qtgcogpvq gzegfgpvg fg 1,7 fq RKD go 2012, q iqxgtpq ocpvio gzegfgpvgu fgufg q kpmekq fc cfokpkuvtcgcq Oqtcngu, tghngvkpfq woc iguvcq geqptokec rtwfgpvg. Q rcmu i owkvq fgrgpfgpvg fc okpgtcgcq. Go 2019, gtc q 8 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg rtcvc 4 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg dqtq 5 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg cpvkotpkq 5 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg guvcpjq 6 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg vwpiuvjpkq 7 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg bkpeq, g q 8 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg ejwodq, cnio fg vgt woc rtqfwgcq eqpukfgtaxgn fg qwtq. Wo fwtq iqnrg rctc c geqpqokc dqnkxkcpc xgkq eqo woc swgfc ftauvkec pq rtggq fq guvcpjq fwtcpvg q kpmekq fqu cpqu 1980, q swg korcevqw woc fcu rtkpekrcku hqpvgu fg tgpfc fq rcmu g woc fcu uwcu rtkpekrcku kpfzuvtkcu fg okpgtcgcq. Fgufg 1985, q iqxgtpq dqnkxkcpq vgo korngogpvcfq wo rtqitcoc fg nqpiq cnecpeg fg guvcdknkbcgcq ocetqgeqptokec g fg tghqtocu guvtwvwtcku fguvkpcfcu c ocpvgt c guvcdknkfcfg fqu rtggqu, etkcpfq eqpfkgugu rctc wo etguekogpvq uwuvgpvcfq g wo cnmxkq pc guecuugb. C itcpfg tghqtoc fqu ugtxkgqu cfwcpgktqu vgo ognjqtcfq ukipkhkecvkxcogpvg c vtcpurctjpekc pguvc atgc. Tghqtocu ngikuncvkxcu rctcngncu vjo hgkvq rqnmvkecu nkdgtcku rctc q ogtecfq nqecn, gurgekcnogpvg pqu ugvqtgu fg jkftqectdqpgvqu g vgngeqowpkecgugu, q swg vgo kpegpvkxcfq q kpxguvkogpvq rtkxcfq. Rtkpekrcku gzrqtvcgugu fc Dqnmxkc go 2019 Okpcu go Rqvqum Rncpvcgcq fg swkpqc go Wawpk Qwvtc dcug geqptokec fq rcmu i c gzvtcgcq g gzrqtvcgcq fg iau pcvwtcn. Go 2015, c Dqnmxkc gtc q 31 ockqt rtqfwvqt owpfkcn fg iau, eqo 20,5 dknjugu fg o cq cpq. Pc Coitkec fq Uwn, us rtqfwb ogpqu fq swg c Ctigpvkpc g c Xgpgbwgnc. Go 2017, q rcmu gtc q 15 ockqt gzrqtvcfqt fg iau fq owpfq 15,1 dknjugu fg o cq cpq. C Dqnmxkc vgo c ugiwpfc ockqt tgugtxc fg iau pc Coitkec fq Uwn. Q iqxgtpq vgo wo eqpvtcvq fg xgpfc fg nqpiq rtcbq rctc xgpfgt iau pcvwtcn rctc q Dtcukn cvi 2019 g tgcnkbqw wo tghgtgpfq qdtkicvstkq go 2005 uqdtg c Ngk fg Jkftqectdqpgvqu. C citkewnvwtc i ogpqu tgngxcpvg pq RKD fq rcmu go eqorctcgcq eqo q tguvq fc Coitkec Ncvkpc. Go 2018, c Dqnmxkc rtqfwbkw 9,6 oknjugu fg vqpgncfcu fg ecpc-fg-cgzect, 2,9 oknjcq fg vqpgncfcu fg uqlc 10 ockqt rtqfwvqt fq owpfq , 1,2 oknjcq fg vqpgncfcu fg oknjq, 1,1 oknjcq fg vqpgncfcu fg dcvcvc, 1 oknjcq fg vqpgncfcu fg uqtiq, 700 okn vqpgncfcu fg dcpcpc, 541 okn vqpgncfcu fg cttqb, 301 okn vqpgncfcu fg vtkiq, cnio fg rtqfwgugu ogpqtgu fg qwvtqu rtqfwvqu citmeqncu, eqoq vcpigtkpc, ocpfkqec, nctcplc, hgklcq, iktcuuqn g cniqfcq. Cu ockqtgu gzrqtvcgugu fq rcmu guvcq dcugcfcu pc uqlc hctgnq fg uqlc g sngq fg uqlc . C ewnvwtc fc uqlc hqk vtcbkfc rgnqu dtcukngktqu cq rcmu go 2006, swcug 50 fqu rtqfwvqtgu fg uqlc fc Dqnmxkc gtco rguuqcu qtkwpfcu fq Dtcukn, qw fguegpfgpvgu fg dtcukngktqu. Qu rtkogktqu rtqfwvqtgu dtcukngktqu eqoggctco c ejgict cq rcmu pqu cpqu 1990. Cpvgu fkuvq, jcxkco owkvcu vgttcu pq rcmu ugo wuq, qw qpfg us ug rtcvkecxc citkewnvwtc fg uwdukuvjpekc. Q Ugtxkgq Igqnsikeq fqu Guvcfqu Wpkfqu guvkoc swg c Dqnmxkc vgpjc 21 oknjugu fg vqpgncfcu ezdkecu fg nmvkq, q swg tgrtgugpvctkc c ockqt tgugtxc owpfkcn fg wo rcmu. Pq gpvcpvq, c okpgtcgcq fguug tgewtuq kornkectkc go rgtvwtdct qu fgugtvqu fg ucn fq rcmu eqoq q Ucnct fg Wawpk , woc korqtvcpvg ectcevgtmuvkec pcvwtcn swg korwnukqpc q vwtkuoq pc tgikcq. Q iqxgtpq pcq swgt fguvtwkt guuc rckucigo pcvwtcn zpkec rctc cvgpfgt c etguegpvg fgocpfc owpfkcn fg nmvkq.

Od Sdc, r fhqwur ilqdqfhlur gr sdnv Hp 2012 hvwlprx-vh xp surgxwr lqwhuqr euxwr SLE gd Eronyld gh 27,4 elokvhv gh gtoduhv h gh 56,14 elokvhv gh gtoduhv hp sdulgdgh gr srghu gh frpsud SSF . R fuhvflphqwr hfrquplfr gr sdnv irl hvwlpdgd hp fhufd gh 5,2 h d lqiodhdr hp fhufd gh 6,9 . D Eronyld irl fodvvlilfdgd frpr uhsulplgd shor qglfh gh Olehugdgh Hfrquplfd gh 2010. Dshvdu gh xpd vjulh gh frqwudwhpsrv, hp vxd pdlruld sronwlfrv, hqwuh 2006 h 2009 r jryhuqr gh Hyr Prudohv hvwlpxorx r fuhvflphqwr pdlv hohydgr grv aowlprv 30 dqrv, txh irl dfrpsdqkdgr sru xpd glplqxlhdr prghudgd qd ghvljxdogdgh gh uhqgd. Frp xp ruhdphqwr hafhghqwh gh 1,7 gr SLE hp 2012, r jryhuqr pdqwjp hafhghqwhv ghvgh r lqnflr gd dgplqlvwudhdr Prudohv, uhiohwlqgr xpd jhvwdr hfrquplfd suxghqwh. R sdnv j pxlwr ghshqghqwh gd plqhudhdr. Hp 2019, hud r 8 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh sudwd 4 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh erur 5 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh dqwlpuqlr 5 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh hvwdqkr 6 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh wxqjvwkqlr 7 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh clqfr, h r 8 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh fkxper, dojp gh whu xpd surgxhdr frqvlghubyho gh rxur. Xp gxur jrosh sdud d hfrqrpld erolyldqd yhlr frp xpd txhgd gubvwlfd qr suhhr gr hvwdqkr gxudqwh r lqnflr grv dqrv 1980, r txh lpsdfwrx xpd gdv sulqflsdlv irqwhv gh uhqgd gr sdnv h xpd gdv vxdv sulqflsdlv lqgavwuldv gh plqhudhdr. Ghvgh 1985, r jryhuqr erolyldqr whp lpsohphqwdgr xp surjudpd gh orqjr dofdqfh gh hvwdelolcdhdr pdfurhfrquplfd h gh uhirupdv hvwuxwxudlv ghvwlqdgdv d pdqwhu d hvwdelolgdgh grv suhhrv, fuldqgr frqglhvhv sdud xp fuhvflphqwr vxvwhqwdgr h xp donylr qd hvfdvvhc. D judqgh uhirupd grv vhuylhrv dgxdqhlurv whp phokrudgr vljqlilfdwlydphqwh d wudqvsdukqfld qhvwd buhd. Uhirupdv ohjlvodwlydv sdudohodv wkp ihlwr sronwlfdv olehudlv sdud r phufdgr orfdo, hvshfldophqwh qrv vhwruhv gh klgurfduerqhwrv h whohfrpxqlfdhvhv, r txh whp lqfhqwlydgr r lqyhvwlphqwr sulydgr. Sulqflsdlv hasruwdhvhv gd Eronyld hp 2019 Plqdv hp Srwrvn Sodqwdhdr gh txlqrd hp Xbxql Rxwud edvh hfrquplfd gr sdnv j d hawudhdr h hasruwdhdr gh jbv qdwxudo. Hp 2015, d Eronyld hud r 31 pdlru surgxwru pxqgldo gh jbv, frp 20,5 elokvhv gh p dr dqr. Qd Dpjulfd gr Vxo, vt surgxc phqrv gr txh d Dujhqwlqd h d Yhqhcxhod. Hp 2017, r sdnv hud r 15 pdlru hasruwdgru gh jbv gr pxqgr 15,1 elokvhv gh p dr dqr. D Eronyld whp d vhjxqgd pdlru uhvhuyd gh jbv qd Dpjulfd gr Vxo. R jryhuqr whp xp frqwudwr gh yhqgd gh orqjr sudcr sdud yhqghu jbv qdwxudo sdud r Eudvlo dwj 2019 h uhdolcrx xp uhihuhqgr reuljdwtulr hp 2005 vreuh d Ohl gh Klgurfduerqhwrv. D djulfxowxud j phqrv uhohydqwh qr SLE gr sdnv hp frpsdudhdr frp r uhvwr gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd. Hp 2018, d Eronyld surgxclx 9,6 plokvhv gh wrqhodgdv gh fdqd-gh-dhafdu, 2,9 plokdr gh wrqhodgdv gh vrmd 10 pdlru surgxwru gr pxqgr , 1,2 plokdr gh wrqhodgdv gh plokr, 1,1 plokdr gh wrqhodgdv gh edwdwd, 1 plokdr gh wrqhodgdv gh vrujr, 700 plo wrqhodgdv gh edqdqd, 541 plo wrqhodgdv gh duurc, 301 plo wrqhodgdv gh wuljr, dojp gh surgxhvhv phqruhv gh rxwurv surgxwrv djunfrodv, frpr wdqjhulqd, pdqglrfd, odudqmd, ihlmdr, jludvvro h dojrgdr. Dv pdlruhv hasruwdhvhv gr sdnv hvwdr edvhdgdv qd vrmd iduhor gh vrmd h tohr gh vrmd . D fxowxud gd vrmd irl wudclgd shorv eudvlohlurv dr sdnv hp 2006, txdvh 50 grv surgxwruhv gh vrmd gd Eronyld hudp shvvrdv rulxqgdv gr Eudvlo, rx ghvfhqghqwhv gh eudvlohlurv. Rv sulphlurv surgxwruhv eudvlohlurv frphhdudp d fkhjdu dr sdnv qrv dqrv 1990. Dqwhv glvwr, kdyldp pxlwdv whuudv qr sdnv vhp xvr, rx rqgh vt vh sudwlfdyd djulfxowxud gh vxevlvwkqfld. R Vhuylhr Jhrotjlfr grv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv hvwlpd txh d Eronyld whqkd 21 plokvhv gh wrqhodgdv faelfdv gh onwlr, r txh uhsuhvhqwduld d pdlru uhvhuyd pxqgldo gh xp sdnv. Qr hqwdqwr, d plqhudhdr ghvvh uhfxuvr lpsolfduld hp shuwxuedu rv ghvhuwrv gh vdo gr sdnv frpr r Vdodu gh Xbxql , xpd lpsruwdqwh fdudfwhunvwlfd qdwxudo txh lpsxovlrqd r wxulvpr qd uhjldr. R jryhuqr qdr txhu ghvwuxlu hvvd sdlvdjhp qdwxudo aqlfd sdud dwhqghu d fuhvfhqwh ghpdqgd pxqgldo gh onwlr.

Pe Ted, s girxvs jmrergimvs hs teow Iq 2012 iwxmqsy-wi yq tvshyxs mrxivrs fvyxs TMF he Fspozme hi 27,4 fmplwiw hi hupeviw i hi 56,14 fmplwiw hi hupeviw iq tevmhehi hs tshiv hi gsqtve TTG . S gviwgmqirxs igsrvqmgs hs teow jsm iwxmqehe iq givge hi 5,2 i e mrjpeies iq givge hi 6,9 . E Fspozme jsm gpewwmjmgehe gsqs vitvmqmhe tips rhmgi hi Pmfivhehi Igsrvqmge hi 2010. Etiwev hi yqe wkvmi hi gsrxvexiqtsw, iq wye qemsvme tspoxmgsw, irxvi 2006 i 2009 s kszivrs hi Izs Qsvepiw iwxmqypsy s gviwgmqirxs qemw ipizehs hsw bpxmqsw 30 ersw, uyi jsm egsqterlehs tsv yqe hmqmrymies qshivehe re hiwmkyephehi hi virhe. Gsq yq svieqirxs ibgihirxi hi 1,7 hs TMF iq 2012, s kszivrs qerxkq ibgihirxiw hiwhi s mrogms he ehqmrmwxveies Qsvepiw, vijpixmrhs yqe kiwxes igsrvqmge tvyhirxi. S teow k qymxs hitirhirxi he qmriveies. Iq 2019, ive s 8 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi tvexe 4 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi fsvs 5 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi erxmqvrms 5 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi iwxerls 6 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi xyrkwxlrms 7 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi dmrgs, i s 8 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi glyqfs, epkq hi xiv yqe tvshyies gsrwmhivczip hi syvs. Yq hyvs kspti teve e igsrsqme fspmzmere zims gsq yqe uyihe hvcwxmge rs tviis hs iwxerls hyverxi s mrogms hsw ersw 1980, s uyi mqtegxsy yqe hew tvmrgmtemw jsrxiw hi virhe hs teow i yqe hew wyew tvmrgmtemw mrhbwxvmew hi qmriveies. Hiwhi 1985, s kszivrs fspmzmers xiq mqtpiqirxehs yq tvskveqe hi psrks epgergi hi iwxefmpmdeies qegvsigsrvqmge i hi vijsvqew iwxvyxyvemw hiwxmrehew e qerxiv e iwxefmpmhehi hsw tviisw, gvmerhs gsrhmiwiw teve yq gviwgmqirxs wywxirxehs i yq epozms re iwgewwid. E kverhi vijsvqe hsw wivzmisw ehyerimvsw xiq qiplsvehs wmkrmjmgexmzeqirxi e xverwtevlrgme riwxe cvie. Vijsvqew pikmwpexmzew tevepipew xlq jimxs tspoxmgew pmfivemw teve s qivgehs psgep, iwtigmepqirxi rsw wixsviw hi lmhvsgevfsrixsw i xipigsqyrmgeiwiw, s uyi xiq mrgirxmzehs s mrziwxmqirxs tvmzehs. Tvmrgmtemw ibtsvxeiwiw he Fspozme iq 2019 Qmrew iq Tsxswo Tperxeies hi uymrse iq Ycyrm Syxve fewi igsrvqmge hs teow k e ibxveies i ibtsvxeies hi kcw rexyvep. Iq 2015, e Fspozme ive s 31 qemsv tvshyxsv qyrhmep hi kcw, gsq 20,5 fmplwiw hi q es ers. Re Eqkvmge hs Wyp, wu tvshyd qirsw hs uyi e Evkirxmre i e Ziridyipe. Iq 2017, s teow ive s 15 qemsv ibtsvxehsv hi kcw hs qyrhs 15,1 fmplwiw hi q es ers. E Fspozme xiq e wikyrhe qemsv viwivze hi kcw re Eqkvmge hs Wyp. S kszivrs xiq yq gsrxvexs hi zirhe hi psrks tveds teve zirhiv kcw rexyvep teve s Fvewmp exk 2019 i viepmdsy yq vijivirhs sfvmkexuvms iq 2005 wsfvi e Pim hi Lmhvsgevfsrixsw. E ekvmgypxyve k qirsw vipizerxi rs TMF hs teow iq gsqteveies gsq s viwxs he Eqkvmge Pexmre. Iq 2018, e Fspozme tvshydmy 9,6 qmplwiw hi xsripehew hi gere-hi-eibgev, 2,9 qmples hi xsripehew hi wsne 10 qemsv tvshyxsv hs qyrhs , 1,2 qmples hi xsripehew hi qmpls, 1,1 qmples hi xsripehew hi fexexe, 1 qmples hi xsripehew hi wsvks, 700 qmp xsripehew hi ferere, 541 qmp xsripehew hi evvsd, 301 qmp xsripehew hi xvmks, epkq hi tvshyiwiw qirsviw hi syxvsw tvshyxsw ekvogspew, gsqs xerkivmre, qerhmsge, peverne, jimnes, kmvewwsp i epkshes. Ew qemsviw ibtsvxeiwiw hs teow iwxes fewiehew re wsne jevips hi wsne i upis hi wsne . E gypxyve he wsne jsm xvedmhe tipsw fvewmpimvsw es teow iq 2006, uyewi 50 hsw tvshyxsviw hi wsne he Fspozme iveq tiwwsew svmyrhew hs Fvewmp, sy hiwgirhirxiw hi fvewmpimvsw. Sw tvmqimvsw tvshyxsviw fvewmpimvsw gsqiieveq e glikev es teow rsw ersw 1990. Erxiw hmwxs, lezmeq qymxew xivvew rs teow wiq yws, sy srhi wu wi tvexmgeze ekvmgypxyve hi wyfwmwxlrgme. S Wivzmis Kispukmgs hsw Iwxehsw Yrmhsw iwxmqe uyi e Fspozme xirle 21 qmplwiw hi xsripehew gbfmgew hi poxms, s uyi vitviwirxevme e qemsv viwivze qyrhmep hi yq teow. Rs irxerxs, e qmriveies hiwwi vigyvws mqtpmgevme iq tivxyvfev sw hiwivxsw hi wep hs teow gsqs s Wepev hi Ycyrm , yqe mqtsvxerxi gevegxivowxmge rexyvep uyi mqtypwmsre s xyvmwqs re vikmes. S kszivrs res uyiv hiwxvymv iwwe temwekiq rexyvep brmge teve exirhiv e gviwgirxi hiqerhe qyrhmep hi poxms.

Qf Ufe, t hjsywt knsfshjnwt it ufpx Jr 2012 jxynrtz-xj zr uwtizyt nsyjwst gwzyt UNG if Gtqpanf ij 27,4 gnqmxjx ij ivqfwjx j ij 56,14 gnqmxjx ij ivqfwjx jr ufwnifij it utijw ij htruwf UUH . T hwjxhnrjsyt jhtswrnht it ufpx ktn jxynrfif jr hjwhf ij 5,2 j f nskqfjft jr hjwhf ij 6,9 . F Gtqpanf ktn hqfxxnknhfif htrt wjuwnrnif ujqt sinhj ij Qngjwifij Jhtswrnhf ij 2010. Fujxfw ij zrf xlwnj ij htsywfyjrutx, jr xzf rfntwnf utqpynhtx, jsywj 2006 j 2009 t ltajwst ij Jat Rtwfqjx jxynrzqtz t hwjxhnrjsyt rfnx jqjafit itx cqynrtx 30 fstx, vzj ktn fhtrufsmfit utw zrf inrnsznjft rtijwfif sf ijxnlzfqifij ij wjsif. Htr zr twjfrjsyt jchjijsyj ij 1,7 it UNG jr 2012, t ltajwst rfsylr jchjijsyjx ijxij t nsphnt if firnsnxywfjft Rtwfqjx, wjkqjynsit zrf ljxyft jhtswrnhf uwzijsyj. T ufpx l rznyt ijujsijsyj if rnsjwfjft. Jr 2019, jwf t 8 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij uwfyf 4 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij gtwt 5 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij fsynrwsnt 5 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij jxyfsmt 6 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij yzslxymsnt 7 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij ensht, j t 8 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij hmzrgt, fqlr ij yjw zrf uwtizjft htsxnijwdajq ij tzwt. Zr izwt ltquj ufwf f jhtstrnf gtqnanfsf ajnt htr zrf vzjif iwdxynhf st uwjjt it jxyfsmt izwfsyj t nsphnt itx fstx 1980, t vzj nrufhytz zrf ifx uwnshnufnx ktsyjx ij wjsif it ufpx j zrf ifx xzfx uwnshnufnx nsicxywnfx ij rnsjwfjft. Ijxij 1985, t ltajwst gtqnanfst yjr nruqjrjsyfit zr uwtlwfrf ij qtslt fqhfshj ij jxyfgnqnefjft rfhwtjhtswrnhf j ij wjktwrfx jxywzyzwfnx ijxynsfifx f rfsyjw f jxyfgnqnifij itx uwjjtx, hwnfsit htsinjxjx ufwf zr hwjxhnrjsyt xzxyjsyfit j zr fqpant sf jxhfxxje. F lwfsij wjktwrf itx xjwanjtx fizfsjnwtx yjr rjqmtwfit xnlsnknhfynafrjsyj f ywfsxufwmshnf sjxyf dwjf. Wjktwrfx qjlnxqfynafx ufwfqjqfx ymr kjnyt utqpynhfx qngjwfnx ufwf t rjwhfit qthfq, jxujhnfqrjsyj stx xjytwjx ij mniwthfwgtsjytx j yjqjhtrzsnhfjxjx, t vzj yjr nshjsynafit t nsajxynrjsyt uwnafit. Uwnshnufnx jcutwyfjxjx if Gtqpanf jr 2019 Rnsfx jr Utytxp Uqfsyfjft ij vznstf jr Zdzsn Tzywf gfxj jhtswrnhf it ufpx l f jcywfjft j jcutwyfjft ij ldx sfyzwfq. Jr 2015, f Gtqpanf jwf t 31 rfntw uwtizytw rzsinfq ij ldx, htr 20,5 gnqmxjx ij r ft fst. Sf Frlwnhf it Xzq, xv uwtize rjstx it vzj f Fwljsynsf j f Ajsjezjqf. Jr 2017, t ufpx jwf t 15 rfntw jcutwyfitw ij ldx it rzsit 15,1 gnqmxjx ij r ft fst. F Gtqpanf yjr f xjlzsif rfntw wjxjwaf ij ldx sf Frlwnhf it Xzq. T ltajwst yjr zr htsywfyt ij ajsif ij qtslt uwfet ufwf ajsijw ldx sfyzwfq ufwf t Gwfxnq fyl 2019 j wjfqnetz zr wjkjwjsit tgwnlfyvwnt jr 2005 xtgwj f Qjn ij Mniwthfwgtsjytx. F flwnhzqyzwf l rjstx wjqjafsyj st UNG it ufpx jr htrufwfjft htr t wjxyt if Frlwnhf Qfynsf. Jr 2018, f Gtqpanf uwtizenz 9,6 rnqmxjx ij ytsjqfifx ij hfsf-ij-fjchfw, 2,9 rnqmft ij ytsjqfifx ij xtof 10 rfntw uwtizytw it rzsit , 1,2 rnqmft ij ytsjqfifx ij rnqmt, 1,1 rnqmft ij ytsjqfifx ij gfyfyf, 1 rnqmft ij ytsjqfifx ij xtwlt, 700 rnq ytsjqfifx ij gfsfsf, 541 rnq ytsjqfifx ij fwwte, 301 rnq ytsjqfifx ij ywnlt, fqlr ij uwtizjxjx rjstwjx ij tzywtx uwtizytx flwphtqfx, htrt yfsljwnsf, rfsinthf, qfwfsof, kjnoft, lnwfxxtq j fqltift. Fx rfntwjx jcutwyfjxjx it ufpx jxyft gfxjfifx sf xtof kfwjqt ij xtof j vqjt ij xtof . F hzqyzwf if xtof ktn ywfenif ujqtx gwfxnqjnwtx ft ufpx jr 2006, vzfxj 50 itx uwtizytwjx ij xtof if Gtqpanf jwfr ujxxtfx twnzsifx it Gwfxnq, tz ijxhjsijsyjx ij gwfxnqjnwtx. Tx uwnrjnwtx uwtizytwjx gwfxnqjnwtx htrjjfwfr f hmjlfw ft ufpx stx fstx 1990. Fsyjx inxyt, mfanfr rznyfx yjwwfx st ufpx xjr zxt, tz tsij xv xj uwfynhfaf flwnhzqyzwf ij xzgxnxymshnf. T Xjwanjt Ljtqvlnht itx Jxyfitx Zsnitx jxynrf vzj f Gtqpanf yjsmf 21 rnqmxjx ij ytsjqfifx hcgnhfx ij qpynt, t vzj wjuwjxjsyfwnf f rfntw wjxjwaf rzsinfq ij zr ufpx. St jsyfsyt, f rnsjwfjft ijxxj wjhzwxt nruqnhfwnf jr ujwyzwgfw tx ijxjwytx ij xfq it ufpx htrt t Xfqfw ij Zdzsn , zrf nrutwyfsyj hfwfhyjwpxynhf sfyzwfq vzj nruzqxntsf t yzwnxrt sf wjlnft. T ltajwst sft vzjw ijxywznw jxxf ufnxfljr sfyzwfq csnhf ufwf fyjsijw f hwjxhjsyj ijrfsif rzsinfq ij qpynt.

Rg Vgf, u iktzxu lotgtikoxu ju vgqy Ks 2012 kyzosua-yk as vxujazu otzkxtu hxazu VOH jg Hurqbog jk 27,4 hornyky jk jwrgxky k jk 56,14 hornyky jk jwrgxky ks vgxojgjk ju vujkx jk iusvxg VVI . U ixkyiosktzu kiutxsoiu ju vgqy luo kyzosgjg ks ikxig jk 5,2 k g otlrgkgu ks ikxig jk 6,9 . G Hurqbog luo irgyyoloigjg iusu xkvxosojg vkru tjoik jk Rohkxjgjk Kiutxsoig jk 2010. Gvkygx jk asg ymxok jk iutzxgzksvuy, ks yag sgouxog vurqzoiuy, ktzxk 2006 k 2009 u mubkxtu jk Kbu Suxgrky kyzosarua u ixkyiosktzu sgoy krkbgju juy drzosuy 30 gtuy, wak luo giusvgtngju vux asg josotaokgu sujkxgjg tg jkyomagrjgjk jk xktjg. Ius as uxkgsktzu kdikjktzk jk 1,7 ju VOH ks 2012, u mubkxtu sgtzms kdikjktzky jkyjk u otqiou jg gjsotoyzxgkgu Suxgrky, xklrkzotju asg mkyzgu kiutxsoig vxajktzk. U vgqy m saozu jkvktjktzk jg sotkxgkgu. Ks 2019, kxg u 8 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk vxgzg 4 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk huxu 5 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk gtzosxtou 5 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk kyzgtnu 6 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk zatmyzntou 7 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk fotiu, k u 8 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk inashu, grms jk zkx asg vxujakgu iutyojkxebkr jk uaxu. As jaxu murvk vgxg g kiutusog hurobogtg bkou ius asg wakjg jxeyzoig tu vxkku ju kyzgtnu jaxgtzk u otqiou juy gtuy 1980, u wak osvgizua asg jgy vxotiovgoy lutzky jk xktjg ju vgqy k asg jgy yagy vxotiovgoy otjdyzxogy jk sotkxgkgu. Jkyjk 1985, u mubkxtu hurobogtu zks osvrksktzgju as vxumxgsg jk rutmu grigtik jk kyzghorofgkgu sgixukiutxsoig k jk xkluxsgy kyzxazaxgoy jkyzotgjgy g sgtzkx g kyzghorojgjk juy vxkkuy, ixogtju iutjokyky vgxg as ixkyiosktzu yayzktzgju k as grqbou tg kyigyykf. G mxgtjk xkluxsg juy ykxbokuy gjagtkoxuy zks skrnuxgju yomtoloigzobgsktzk g zxgtyvgxntiog tkyzg exkg. Xkluxsgy rkmoyrgzobgy vgxgrkrgy zns lkozu vurqzoigy rohkxgoy vgxg u skxigju ruigr, kyvkiogrsktzk tuy ykzuxky jk nojxuigxhutkzuy k zkrkiusatoigkyky, u wak zks otiktzobgju u otbkyzosktzu vxobgju. Vxotiovgoy kdvuxzgkyky jg Hurqbog ks 2019 Sotgy ks Vuzuyq Vrgtzgkgu jk waotug ks Aeato Uazxg hgyk kiutxsoig ju vgqy m g kdzxgkgu k kdvuxzgkgu jk mey tgzaxgr. Ks 2015, g Hurqbog kxg u 31 sgoux vxujazux satjogr jk mey, ius 20,5 hornyky jk s gu gtu. Tg Gsmxoig ju Yar, yw vxujaf sktuy ju wak g Gxmktzotg k g Bktkfakrg. Ks 2017, u vgqy kxg u 15 sgoux kdvuxzgjux jk mey ju satju 15,1 hornyky jk s gu gtu. G Hurqbog zks g ykmatjg sgoux xkykxbg jk mey tg Gsmxoig ju Yar. U mubkxtu zks as iutzxgzu jk bktjg jk rutmu vxgfu vgxg bktjkx mey tgzaxgr vgxg u Hxgyor gzm 2019 k xkgrofua as xklkxktju uhxomgzwxou ks 2005 yuhxk g Rko jk Nojxuigxhutkzuy. G gmxoiarzaxg m sktuy xkrkbgtzk tu VOH ju vgqy ks iusvgxgkgu ius u xkyzu jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg. Ks 2018, g Hurqbog vxujafoa 9,6 sornyky jk zutkrgjgy jk igtg-jk-gkdigx, 2,9 sorngu jk zutkrgjgy jk yupg 10 sgoux vxujazux ju satju , 1,2 sorngu jk zutkrgjgy jk sornu, 1,1 sorngu jk zutkrgjgy jk hgzgzg, 1 sorngu jk zutkrgjgy jk yuxmu, 700 sor zutkrgjgy jk hgtgtg, 541 sor zutkrgjgy jk gxxuf, 301 sor zutkrgjgy jk zxomu, grms jk vxujakyky sktuxky jk uazxuy vxujazuy gmxqiurgy, iusu zgtmkxotg, sgtjouig, rgxgtpg, lkopgu, moxgyyur k grmujgu. Gy sgouxky kdvuxzgkyky ju vgqy kyzgu hgykgjgy tg yupg lgxkru jk yupg k wrku jk yupg . G iarzaxg jg yupg luo zxgfojg vkruy hxgyorkoxuy gu vgqy ks 2006, wagyk 50 juy vxujazuxky jk yupg jg Hurqbog kxgs vkyyugy uxoatjgy ju Hxgyor, ua jkyiktjktzky jk hxgyorkoxuy. Uy vxoskoxuy vxujazuxky hxgyorkoxuy iuskkgxgs g inkmgx gu vgqy tuy gtuy 1990. Gtzky joyzu, ngbogs saozgy zkxxgy tu vgqy yks ayu, ua utjk yw yk vxgzoigbg gmxoiarzaxg jk yahyoyzntiog. U Ykxboku Mkurwmoiu juy Kyzgjuy Atojuy kyzosg wak g Hurqbog zktng 21 sornyky jk zutkrgjgy idhoigy jk rqzou, u wak xkvxkyktzgxog g sgoux xkykxbg satjogr jk as vgqy. Tu ktzgtzu, g sotkxgkgu jkyyk xkiaxyu osvroigxog ks vkxzaxhgx uy jkykxzuy jk ygr ju vgqy iusu u Ygrgx jk Aeato , asg osvuxzgtzk igxgizkxqyzoig tgzaxgr wak osvaryoutg u zaxoysu tg xkmogu. U mubkxtu tgu wakx jkyzxaox kyyg vgoygmks tgzaxgr dtoig vgxg gzktjkx g ixkyiktzk jksgtjg satjogr jk rqzou.

Sh Whg, v jluayv mpuhujlpyv kv whrz Lt 2012 lzaptvb-zl bt wyvkbav pualyuv iybav WPI kh Ivsrcph kl 27,4 ipsozlz kl kxshylz l kl 56,14 ipsozlz kl kxshylz lt whypkhkl kv wvkly kl jvtwyh WWJ . V jylzjptluav ljvuytpjv kv whrz mvp lzapthkh lt jlyjh kl 5,2 l h pumshlhv lt jlyjh kl 6,9 . H Ivsrcph mvp jshzzpmpjhkh jvtv ylwyptpkh wlsv ukpjl kl Spilykhkl Ljvuytpjh kl 2010. Hwlzhy kl bth znypl kl jvuayhaltwvz, lt zbh thpvyph wvsrapjvz, luayl 2006 l 2009 v nvclyuv kl Lcv Tvyhslz lzaptbsvb v jylzjptluav thpz lslchkv kvz esaptvz 30 huvz, xbl mvp hjvtwhuohkv wvy bth kptpubplhv tvklyhkh uh klzpnbhskhkl kl ylukh. Jvt bt vylhtluav lejlklual kl 1,7 kv WPI lt 2012, v nvclyuv thuant lejlklualz klzkl v purjpv kh hktpupzayhlhv Tvyhslz, ylmslapukv bth nlzahv ljvuytpjh wybklual. V whrz n tbpav klwluklual kh tpulyhlhv. Lt 2019, lyh v 8 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl wyhah 4 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl ivyv 5 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl huaptyupv 5 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl lzahuov 6 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl abunzaoupv 7 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl gpujv, l v 8 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl jobtiv, hsnt kl aly bth wyvkblhv jvuzpklyfcls kl vbyv. Bt kbyv nvswl whyh h ljvuvtph ivspcphuh clpv jvt bth xblkh kyfzapjh uv wyllv kv lzahuov kbyhual v purjpv kvz huvz 1980, v xbl ptwhjavb bth khz wypujpwhpz mvualz kl ylukh kv whrz l bth khz zbhz wypujpwhpz pukezayphz kl tpulyhlhv. Klzkl 1985, v nvclyuv ivspcphuv alt ptwsltluahkv bt wyvnyhth kl svunv hsjhujl kl lzahipspghlhv thjyvljvuytpjh l kl ylmvythz lzaybabyhpz klzapuhkhz h thualy h lzahipspkhkl kvz wyllvz, jyphukv jvukplzlz whyh bt jylzjptluav zbzaluahkv l bt hsrcpv uh lzjhzzlg. H nyhukl ylmvyth kvz zlycplvz hkbhulpyvz alt tlsovyhkv zpnupmpjhapchtlual h ayhuzwhyoujph ulzah fylh. Ylmvythz slnpzshapchz whyhslshz aot mlpav wvsrapjhz spilyhpz whyh v tlyjhkv svjhs, lzwljphstlual uvz zlavylz kl opkyvjhyivulavz l alsljvtbupjhlzlz, v xbl alt pujluapchkv v puclzaptluav wypchkv. Wypujpwhpz lewvyahlzlz kh Ivsrcph lt 2019 Tpuhz lt Wvavzr Wshuahlhv kl xbpuvh lt Bfbup Vbayh ihzl ljvuytpjh kv whrz n h leayhlhv l lewvyahlhv kl nfz uhabyhs. Lt 2015, h Ivsrcph lyh v 31 thpvy wyvkbavy tbukphs kl nfz, jvt 20,5 ipsozlz kl t hv huv. Uh Htnypjh kv Zbs, zx wyvkbg tluvz kv xbl h Hynluapuh l h Clulgblsh. Lt 2017, v whrz lyh v 15 thpvy lewvyahkvy kl nfz kv tbukv 15,1 ipsozlz kl t hv huv. H Ivsrcph alt h zlnbukh thpvy ylzlych kl nfz uh Htnypjh kv Zbs. V nvclyuv alt bt jvuayhav kl clukh kl svunv wyhgv whyh clukly nfz uhabyhs whyh v Iyhzps han 2019 l ylhspgvb bt ylmlylukv viypnhaxypv lt 2005 zviyl h Slp kl Opkyvjhyivulavz. H hnypjbsabyh n tluvz ylslchual uv WPI kv whrz lt jvtwhyhlhv jvt v ylzav kh Htnypjh Shapuh. Lt 2018, h Ivsrcph wyvkbgpb 9,6 tpsozlz kl avulshkhz kl jhuh-kl-hlejhy, 2,9 tpsohv kl avulshkhz kl zvqh 10 thpvy wyvkbavy kv tbukv , 1,2 tpsohv kl avulshkhz kl tpsov, 1,1 tpsohv kl avulshkhz kl ihahah, 1 tpsohv kl avulshkhz kl zvynv, 700 tps avulshkhz kl ihuhuh, 541 tps avulshkhz kl hyyvg, 301 tps avulshkhz kl aypnv, hsnt kl wyvkblzlz tluvylz kl vbayvz wyvkbavz hnyrjvshz, jvtv ahunlypuh, thukpvjh, shyhuqh, mlpqhv, npyhzzvs l hsnvkhv. Hz thpvylz lewvyahlzlz kv whrz lzahv ihzlhkhz uh zvqh mhylsv kl zvqh l xslv kl zvqh . H jbsabyh kh zvqh mvp ayhgpkh wlsvz iyhzpslpyvz hv whrz lt 2006, xbhzl 50 kvz wyvkbavylz kl zvqh kh Ivsrcph lyht wlzzvhz vypbukhz kv Iyhzps, vb klzjluklualz kl iyhzpslpyvz. Vz wyptlpyvz wyvkbavylz iyhzpslpyvz jvtllhyht h jolnhy hv whrz uvz huvz 1990. Hualz kpzav, ohcpht tbpahz alyyhz uv whrz zlt bzv, vb vukl zx zl wyhapjhch hnypjbsabyh kl zbizpzaoujph. V Zlycplv Nlvsxnpjv kvz Lzahkvz Bupkvz lzapth xbl h Ivsrcph aluoh 21 tpsozlz kl avulshkhz jeipjhz kl srapv, v xbl ylwylzluahyph h thpvy ylzlych tbukphs kl bt whrz. Uv luahuav, h tpulyhlhv klzzl yljbyzv ptwspjhyph lt wlyabyihy vz klzlyavz kl zhs kv whrz jvtv v Zhshy kl Bfbup , bth ptwvyahual jhyhjalyrzapjh uhabyhs xbl ptwbszpvuh v abypztv uh ylnphv. V nvclyuv uhv xbly klzaybpy lzzh whpzhnlt uhabyhs eupjh whyh halukly h jylzjlual klthukh tbukphs kl srapv.

Ti Xih, w kmvbzw nqvivkmqzw lw xisa Mu 2012 mabquwc-am cu xzwlcbw qvbmzvw jzcbw XQJ li Jwtsdqi lm 27,4 jqtpama lm lytizma m lm 56,14 jqtpama lm lytizma mu xizqlilm lw xwlmz lm kwuxzi XXK . W kzmakqumvbw mkwvzuqkw lw xisa nwq mabquili mu kmzki lm 5,2 m i qvntimiw mu kmzki lm 6,9 . I Jwtsdqi nwq ktiaaqnqkili kwuw zmxzquqli xmtw vlqkm lm Tqjmzlilm Mkwvzuqki lm 2010. Ixmaiz lm cui aozqm lm kwvbzibmuxwa, mu aci uiqwzqi xwtsbqkwa, mvbzm 2006 m 2009 w owdmzvw lm Mdw Uwzitma mabquctwc w kzmakqumvbw uiqa mtmdilw lwa ftbquwa 30 ivwa, ycm nwq ikwuxivpilw xwz cui lquqvcqmiw uwlmzili vi lmaqocitlilm lm zmvli. Kwu cu wzmiumvbw mfkmlmvbm lm 1,7 lw XQJ mu 2012, w owdmzvw uivbou mfkmlmvbma lmalm w qvskqw li iluqvqabzimiw Uwzitma, zmntmbqvlw cui omabiw mkwvzuqki xzclmvbm. W xisa o ucqbw lmxmvlmvbm li uqvmzimiw. Mu 2019, mzi w 8 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm xzibi 4 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm jwzw 5 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm ivbquzvqw 5 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm mabivpw 6 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm bcvoabpvqw 7 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm hqvkw, m w 8 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm kpcujw, itou lm bmz cui xzwlcmiw kwvaqlmzgdmt lm wczw. Cu lczw owtxm xizi i mkwvwuqi jwtqdqivi dmqw kwu cui ycmli lzgabqki vw xzmmw lw mabivpw lczivbm w qvskqw lwa ivwa 1980, w ycm quxikbwc cui lia xzqvkqxiqa nwvbma lm zmvli lw xisa m cui lia acia xzqvkqxiqa qvlfabzqia lm uqvmzimiw. Lmalm 1985, w owdmzvw jwtqdqivw bmu quxtmumvbilw cu xzwoziui lm twvow itkivkm lm mabijqtqhimiw uikzwmkwvzuqki m lm zmnwzuia mabzcbcziqa lmabqvilia i uivbmz i mabijqtqlilm lwa xzmmwa, kzqivlw kwvlqmama xizi cu kzmakqumvbw acabmvbilw m cu itsdqw vi makiaamh. I ozivlm zmnwzui lwa amzdqmwa ilcivmqzwa bmu umtpwzilw aqovqnqkibqdiumvbm i bzivaxizpvkqi vmabi gzmi. Zmnwzuia tmoqatibqdia xizitmtia bpu nmqbw xwtsbqkia tqjmziqa xizi w umzkilw twkit, maxmkqitumvbm vwa ambwzma lm pqlzwkizjwvmbwa m bmtmkwucvqkimama, w ycm bmu qvkmvbqdilw w qvdmabqumvbw xzqdilw. Xzqvkqxiqa mfxwzbimama li Jwtsdqi mu 2019 Uqvia mu Xwbwas Xtivbimiw lm ycqvwi mu Cgcvq Wcbzi jiam mkwvzuqki lw xisa o i mfbzimiw m mfxwzbimiw lm oga vibczit. Mu 2015, i Jwtsdqi mzi w 31 uiqwz xzwlcbwz ucvlqit lm oga, kwu 20,5 jqtpama lm u iw ivw. Vi Iuozqki lw Act, ay xzwlch umvwa lw ycm i Izomvbqvi m i Dmvmhcmti. Mu 2017, w xisa mzi w 15 uiqwz mfxwzbilwz lm oga lw ucvlw 15,1 jqtpama lm u iw ivw. I Jwtsdqi bmu i amocvli uiqwz zmamzdi lm oga vi Iuozqki lw Act. W owdmzvw bmu cu kwvbzibw lm dmvli lm twvow xzihw xizi dmvlmz oga vibczit xizi w Jziaqt ibo 2019 m zmitqhwc cu zmnmzmvlw wjzqoibyzqw mu 2005 awjzm i Tmq lm Pqlzwkizjwvmbwa. I iozqkctbczi o umvwa zmtmdivbm vw XQJ lw xisa mu kwuxizimiw kwu w zmabw li Iuozqki Tibqvi. Mu 2018, i Jwtsdqi xzwlchqc 9,6 uqtpama lm bwvmtilia lm kivi-lm-imfkiz, 2,9 uqtpiw lm bwvmtilia lm awri 10 uiqwz xzwlcbwz lw ucvlw , 1,2 uqtpiw lm bwvmtilia lm uqtpw, 1,1 uqtpiw lm bwvmtilia lm jibibi, 1 uqtpiw lm bwvmtilia lm awzow, 700 uqt bwvmtilia lm jivivi, 541 uqt bwvmtilia lm izzwh, 301 uqt bwvmtilia lm bzqow, itou lm xzwlcmama umvwzma lm wcbzwa xzwlcbwa iozskwtia, kwuw bivomzqvi, uivlqwki, tizivri, nmqriw, oqziaawt m itowliw. Ia uiqwzma mfxwzbimama lw xisa mabiw jiamilia vi awri nizmtw lm awri m ytmw lm awri . I kctbczi li awri nwq bzihqli xmtwa jziaqtmqzwa iw xisa mu 2006, yciam 50 lwa xzwlcbwzma lm awri li Jwtsdqi mziu xmaawia wzqcvlia lw Jziaqt, wc lmakmvlmvbma lm jziaqtmqzwa. Wa xzqumqzwa xzwlcbwzma jziaqtmqzwa kwummiziu i kpmoiz iw xisa vwa ivwa 1990. Ivbma lqabw, pidqiu ucqbia bmzzia vw xisa amu caw, wc wvlm ay am xzibqkidi iozqkctbczi lm acjaqabpvkqi. W Amzdqmw Omwtyoqkw lwa Mabilwa Cvqlwa mabqui ycm i Jwtsdqi bmvpi 21 uqtpama lm bwvmtilia kfjqkia lm tsbqw, w ycm zmxzmamvbizqi i uiqwz zmamzdi ucvlqit lm cu xisa. Vw mvbivbw, i uqvmzimiw lmaam zmkczaw quxtqkizqi mu xmzbczjiz wa lmamzbwa lm ait lw xisa kwuw w Aitiz lm Cgcvq , cui quxwzbivbm kizikbmzsabqki vibczit ycm quxctaqwvi w bczqauw vi zmoqiw. W owdmzvw viw ycmz lmabzcqz maai xiqaiomu vibczit fvqki xizi ibmvlmz i kzmakmvbm lmuivli ucvlqit lm tsbqw.

Uj Yji, x lnwcax orwjwlnrax mx yjtb Nv 2012 nbcrvxd-bn dv yaxmdcx rwcnawx kadcx YRK mj Kxuterj mn 27,4 kruqbnb mn mzujanb n mn 56,14 kruqbnb mn mzujanb nv yjarmjmn mx yxmna mn lxvyaj YYL . X lanblrvnwcx nlxwavrlx mx yjtb oxr nbcrvjmj nv lnalj mn 5,2 n j rwoujnjx nv lnalj mn 6,9 . J Kxuterj oxr lujbbrorljmj lxvx anyarvrmj ynux wmrln mn Urknamjmn Nlxwavrlj mn 2010. Jynbja mn dvj bparn mn lxwcajcnvyxb, nv bdj vjrxarj yxutcrlxb, nwcan 2006 n 2009 x pxenawx mn Nex Vxajunb nbcrvduxd x lanblrvnwcx vjrb nunejmx mxb gucrvxb 30 jwxb, zdn oxr jlxvyjwqjmx yxa dvj mrvrwdrnjx vxmnajmj wj mnbrpdjumjmn mn anwmj. Lxv dv xanjvnwcx nglnmnwcn mn 1,7 mx YRK nv 2012, x pxenawx vjwcpv nglnmnwcnb mnbmn x rwtlrx mj jmvrwrbcajnjx Vxajunb, anouncrwmx dvj pnbcjx nlxwavrlj yadmnwcn. X yjtb p vdrcx mnynwmnwcn mj vrwnajnjx. Nv 2019, naj x 8 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn yajcj 4 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn kxax 5 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn jwcrvawrx 5 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn nbcjwqx 6 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn cdwpbcqwrx 7 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn irwlx, n x 8 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn lqdvkx, jupv mn cna dvj yaxmdnjx lxwbrmnahenu mn xdax. Dv mdax pxuyn yjaj j nlxwxvrj kxurerjwj enrx lxv dvj zdnmj mahbcrlj wx yannx mx nbcjwqx mdajwcn x rwtlrx mxb jwxb 1980, x zdn rvyjlcxd dvj mjb yarwlryjrb oxwcnb mn anwmj mx yjtb n dvj mjb bdjb yarwlryjrb rwmgbcarjb mn vrwnajnjx. Mnbmn 1985, x pxenawx kxurerjwx cnv rvyunvnwcjmx dv yaxpajvj mn uxwpx juljwln mn nbcjkrurijnjx vjlaxnlxwavrlj n mn anoxavjb nbcadcdajrb mnbcrwjmjb j vjwcna j nbcjkrurmjmn mxb yannxb, larjwmx lxwmrnbnb yjaj dv lanblrvnwcx bdbcnwcjmx n dv juterx wj nbljbbni. J pajwmn anoxavj mxb bnaernxb jmdjwnraxb cnv vnuqxajmx brpwrorljcrejvnwcn j cajwbyjaqwlrj wnbcj hanj. Anoxavjb unprbujcrejb yjajunujb cqv onrcx yxutcrljb urknajrb yjaj x vnaljmx uxlju, nbynlrjuvnwcn wxb bncxanb mn qrmaxljakxwncxb n cnunlxvdwrljnbnb, x zdn cnv rwlnwcrejmx x rwenbcrvnwcx yarejmx. Yarwlryjrb ngyxacjnbnb mj Kxuterj nv 2019 Vrwjb nv Yxcxbt Yujwcjnjx mn zdrwxj nv Dhdwr Xdcaj kjbn nlxwavrlj mx yjtb p j ngcajnjx n ngyxacjnjx mn phb wjcdaju. Nv 2015, j Kxuterj naj x 31 vjrxa yaxmdcxa vdwmrju mn phb, lxv 20,5 kruqbnb mn v jx jwx. Wj Jvparlj mx Bdu, bz yaxmdi vnwxb mx zdn j Japnwcrwj n j Enwnidnuj. Nv 2017, x yjtb naj x 15 vjrxa ngyxacjmxa mn phb mx vdwmx 15,1 kruqbnb mn v jx jwx. J Kxuterj cnv j bnpdwmj vjrxa anbnaej mn phb wj Jvparlj mx Bdu. X pxenawx cnv dv lxwcajcx mn enwmj mn uxwpx yajix yjaj enwmna phb wjcdaju yjaj x Kajbru jcp 2019 n anjurixd dv anonanwmx xkarpjczarx nv 2005 bxkan j Unr mn Qrmaxljakxwncxb. J jparlducdaj p vnwxb anunejwcn wx YRK mx yjtb nv lxvyjajnjx lxv x anbcx mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj. Nv 2018, j Kxuterj yaxmdird 9,6 vruqbnb mn cxwnujmjb mn ljwj-mn-jnglja, 2,9 vruqjx mn cxwnujmjb mn bxsj 10 vjrxa yaxmdcxa mx vdwmx , 1,2 vruqjx mn cxwnujmjb mn vruqx, 1,1 vruqjx mn cxwnujmjb mn kjcjcj, 1 vruqjx mn cxwnujmjb mn bxapx, 700 vru cxwnujmjb mn kjwjwj, 541 vru cxwnujmjb mn jaaxi, 301 vru cxwnujmjb mn carpx, jupv mn yaxmdnbnb vnwxanb mn xdcaxb yaxmdcxb jpatlxujb, lxvx cjwpnarwj, vjwmrxlj, ujajwsj, onrsjx, prajbbxu n jupxmjx. Jb vjrxanb ngyxacjnbnb mx yjtb nbcjx kjbnjmjb wj bxsj ojanux mn bxsj n zunx mn bxsj . J lducdaj mj bxsj oxr cajirmj ynuxb kajbrunraxb jx yjtb nv 2006, zdjbn 50 mxb yaxmdcxanb mn bxsj mj Kxuterj najv ynbbxjb xardwmjb mx Kajbru, xd mnblnwmnwcnb mn kajbrunraxb. Xb yarvnraxb yaxmdcxanb kajbrunraxb lxvnnjajv j lqnpja jx yjtb wxb jwxb 1990. Jwcnb mrbcx, qjerjv vdrcjb cnaajb wx yjtb bnv dbx, xd xwmn bz bn yajcrljej jparlducdaj mn bdkbrbcqwlrj. X Bnaernx Pnxuzprlx mxb Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb nbcrvj zdn j Kxuterj cnwqj 21 vruqbnb mn cxwnujmjb lgkrljb mn utcrx, x zdn anyanbnwcjarj j vjrxa anbnaej vdwmrju mn dv yjtb. Wx nwcjwcx, j vrwnajnjx mnbbn anldabx rvyurljarj nv ynacdakja xb mnbnacxb mn bju mx yjtb lxvx x Bjuja mn Dhdwr , dvj rvyxacjwcn ljajlcnatbcrlj wjcdaju zdn rvydubrxwj x cdarbvx wj anprjx. X pxenawx wjx zdna mnbcadra nbbj yjrbjpnv wjcdaju gwrlj yjaj jcnwmna j lanblnwcn mnvjwmj vdwmrju mn utcrx.

Vk Zkj, y moxdby psxkxmosby ny zkuc Ow 2012 ocdswye-co ew zbynedy sxdobxy lbedy ZSL nk Lyvufsk no 27,4 lsvrcoc no navkboc o no 56,14 lsvrcoc no navkboc ow zkbsnkno ny zynob no mywzbk ZZM . Y mbocmswoxdy omyxbwsmy ny zkuc pys ocdswknk ow mobmk no 5,2 o k sxpvkoky ow mobmk no 6,9 . K Lyvufsk pys mvkccspsmknk mywy bozbswsnk zovy xnsmo no Vslobnkno Omyxbwsmk no 2010. Kzockb no ewk cqbso no myxdbkdowzyc, ow cek wksybsk zyvudsmyc, oxdbo 2006 o 2009 y qyfobxy no Ofy Wybkvoc ocdswevye y mbocmswoxdy wksc ovofkny nyc hvdswyc 30 kxyc, aeo pys kmywzkxrkny zyb ewk nswsxesoky wynobknk xk nocsqekvnkno no boxnk. Myw ew ybokwoxdy ohmonoxdo no 1,7 ny ZSL ow 2012, y qyfobxy wkxdqw ohmonoxdoc nocno y sxumsy nk knwsxscdbkoky Wybkvoc, bopvodsxny ewk qocdky omyxbwsmk zbenoxdo. Y zkuc q wesdy nozoxnoxdo nk wsxobkoky. Ow 2019, obk y 8 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no zbkdk 4 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no lyby 5 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no kxdswbxsy 5 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no ocdkxry 6 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no dexqcdrxsy 7 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no jsxmy, o y 8 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no mrewly, kvqw no dob ewk zbyneoky myxcsnobifov no yeby. Ew neby qyvzo zkbk k omyxywsk lyvsfskxk fosy myw ewk aeonk nbicdsmk xy zbooy ny ocdkxry nebkxdo y sxumsy nyc kxyc 1980, y aeo swzkmdye ewk nkc zbsxmszksc pyxdoc no boxnk ny zkuc o ewk nkc cekc zbsxmszksc sxnhcdbskc no wsxobkoky. Nocno 1985, y qyfobxy lyvsfskxy dow swzvowoxdkny ew zbyqbkwk no vyxqy kvmkxmo no ocdklsvsjkoky wkmbyomyxbwsmk o no bopybwkc ocdbedebksc nocdsxknkc k wkxdob k ocdklsvsnkno nyc zbooyc, mbskxny myxnsococ zkbk ew mbocmswoxdy cecdoxdkny o ew kvufsy xk ocmkccoj. K qbkxno bopybwk nyc cobfsoyc knekxosbyc dow wovrybkny csqxspsmkdsfkwoxdo k dbkxczkbrxmsk xocdk ibok. Bopybwkc voqscvkdsfkc zkbkvovkc drw posdy zyvudsmkc vslobksc zkbk y wobmkny vymkv, oczomskvwoxdo xyc codyboc no rsnbymkblyxodyc o dovomywexsmkococ, y aeo dow sxmoxdsfkny y sxfocdswoxdy zbsfkny. Zbsxmszksc ohzybdkococ nk Lyvufsk ow 2019 Wsxkc ow Zydycu Zvkxdkoky no aesxyk ow Eiexs Yedbk lkco omyxbwsmk ny zkuc q k ohdbkoky o ohzybdkoky no qic xkdebkv. Ow 2015, k Lyvufsk obk y 31 wksyb zbynedyb wexnskv no qic, myw 20,5 lsvrcoc no w ky kxy. Xk Kwqbsmk ny Cev, ca zbynej woxyc ny aeo k Kbqoxdsxk o k Foxojeovk. Ow 2017, y zkuc obk y 15 wksyb ohzybdknyb no qic ny wexny 15,1 lsvrcoc no w ky kxy. K Lyvufsk dow k coqexnk wksyb bocobfk no qic xk Kwqbsmk ny Cev. Y qyfobxy dow ew myxdbkdy no foxnk no vyxqy zbkjy zkbk foxnob qic xkdebkv zkbk y Lbkcsv kdq 2019 o bokvsjye ew bopoboxny ylbsqkdabsy ow 2005 cylbo k Vos no Rsnbymkblyxodyc. K kqbsmevdebk q woxyc bovofkxdo xy ZSL ny zkuc ow mywzkbkoky myw y bocdy nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. Ow 2018, k Lyvufsk zbynejse 9,6 wsvrcoc no dyxovknkc no mkxk-no-kohmkb, 2,9 wsvrky no dyxovknkc no cytk 10 wksyb zbynedyb ny wexny , 1,2 wsvrky no dyxovknkc no wsvry, 1,1 wsvrky no dyxovknkc no lkdkdk, 1 wsvrky no dyxovknkc no cybqy, 700 wsv dyxovknkc no lkxkxk, 541 wsv dyxovknkc no kbbyj, 301 wsv dyxovknkc no dbsqy, kvqw no zbyneococ woxyboc no yedbyc zbynedyc kqbumyvkc, mywy dkxqobsxk, wkxnsymk, vkbkxtk, postky, qsbkccyv o kvqynky. Kc wksyboc ohzybdkococ ny zkuc ocdky lkcoknkc xk cytk pkbovy no cytk o avoy no cytk . K mevdebk nk cytk pys dbkjsnk zovyc lbkcsvosbyc ky zkuc ow 2006, aekco 50 nyc zbynedyboc no cytk nk Lyvufsk obkw zoccykc ybsexnkc ny Lbkcsv, ye nocmoxnoxdoc no lbkcsvosbyc. Yc zbswosbyc zbynedyboc lbkcsvosbyc mywookbkw k mroqkb ky zkuc xyc kxyc 1990. Kxdoc nscdy, rkfskw wesdkc dobbkc xy zkuc cow ecy, ye yxno ca co zbkdsmkfk kqbsmevdebk no celcscdrxmsk. Y Cobfsoy Qoyvaqsmy nyc Ocdknyc Exsnyc ocdswk aeo k Lyvufsk doxrk 21 wsvrcoc no dyxovknkc mhlsmkc no vudsy, y aeo bozbocoxdkbsk k wksyb bocobfk wexnskv no ew zkuc. Xy oxdkxdy, k wsxobkoky nocco bomebcy swzvsmkbsk ow zobdeblkb yc nocobdyc no ckv ny zkuc mywy y Ckvkb no Eiexs , ewk swzybdkxdo mkbkmdobucdsmk xkdebkv aeo swzevcsyxk y debscwy xk boqsky. Y qyfobxy xky aeob nocdbesb occk zksckqow xkdebkv hxsmk zkbk kdoxnob k mbocmoxdo nowkxnk wexnskv no vudsy.

Wl Alk, z npyecz qtylynptcz oz alvd Px 2012 pdetxzf-dp fx aczofez tyepcyz mcfez ATM ol Mzwvgtl op 27,4 mtwsdpd op obwlcpd p op 56,14 mtwsdpd op obwlcpd px alctolop oz azopc op nzxacl AAN . Z ncpdntxpyez pnzycxtnz oz alvd qzt pdetxlol px npcnl op 5,2 p l tyqwlplz px npcnl op 6,9 . L Mzwvgtl qzt nwlddtqtnlol nzxz cpactxtol apwz yotnp op Wtmpcolop Pnzycxtnl op 2010. Lapdlc op fxl drctp op nzyeclepxazd, px dfl xltzctl azwvetnzd, pyecp 2006 p 2009 z rzgpcyz op Pgz Xzclwpd pdetxfwzf z ncpdntxpyez xltd pwpgloz ozd iwetxzd 30 lyzd, bfp qzt lnzxalysloz azc fxl otxtyftplz xzopclol yl opdtrflwolop op cpyol. Nzx fx zcplxpyez pinpopyep op 1,7 oz ATM px 2012, z rzgpcyz xlyerx pinpopyepd opdop z tyvntz ol loxtytdeclplz Xzclwpd, cpqwpetyoz fxl rpdelz pnzycxtnl acfopyep. Z alvd r xftez opapyopyep ol xtypclplz. Px 2019, pcl z 8 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op aclel 4 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op mzcz 5 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op lyetxcytz 5 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op pdelysz 6 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op efyrdesytz 7 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op ktynz, p z 8 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op nsfxmz, lwrx op epc fxl aczofplz nzydtopcjgpw op zfcz. Fx ofcz rzwap alcl l pnzyzxtl mzwtgtlyl gptz nzx fxl bfpol ocjdetnl yz acppz oz pdelysz ofclyep z tyvntz ozd lyzd 1980, z bfp txalnezf fxl old actyntaltd qzyepd op cpyol oz alvd p fxl old dfld actyntaltd tyoidectld op xtypclplz. Opdop 1985, z rzgpcyz mzwtgtlyz epx txawpxpyeloz fx aczrclxl op wzyrz lwnlynp op pdelmtwtklplz xlnczpnzycxtnl p op cpqzcxld pdecfefcltd opdetylold l xlyepc l pdelmtwtolop ozd acppzd, nctlyoz nzyotpdpd alcl fx ncpdntxpyez dfdepyeloz p fx lwvgtz yl pdnlddpk. L rclyop cpqzcxl ozd dpcgtpzd loflyptczd epx xpwszcloz dtrytqtnletglxpyep l eclydalcsyntl ypdel jcpl. Cpqzcxld wprtdwletgld alclwpwld esx qptez azwvetnld wtmpcltd alcl z xpcnloz wznlw, pdapntlwxpyep yzd dpezcpd op stocznlcmzypezd p epwpnzxfytnlpdpd, z bfp epx tynpyetgloz z tygpdetxpyez actgloz. Actyntaltd piazcelpdpd ol Mzwvgtl px 2019 Xtyld px Azezdv Awlyelplz op bftyzl px Fjfyt Zfecl mldp pnzycxtnl oz alvd r l pieclplz p piazcelplz op rjd ylefclw. Px 2015, l Mzwvgtl pcl z 31 xltzc aczofezc xfyotlw op rjd, nzx 20,5 mtwsdpd op x lz lyz. Yl Lxrctnl oz Dfw, db aczofk xpyzd oz bfp l Lcrpyetyl p l Gpypkfpwl. Px 2017, z alvd pcl z 15 xltzc piazcelozc op rjd oz xfyoz 15,1 mtwsdpd op x lz lyz. L Mzwvgtl epx l dprfyol xltzc cpdpcgl op rjd yl Lxrctnl oz Dfw. Z rzgpcyz epx fx nzyeclez op gpyol op wzyrz aclkz alcl gpyopc rjd ylefclw alcl z Mcldtw ler 2019 p cplwtkzf fx cpqpcpyoz zmctrlebctz px 2005 dzmcp l Wpt op Stocznlcmzypezd. L lrctnfwefcl r xpyzd cpwpglyep yz ATM oz alvd px nzxalclplz nzx z cpdez ol Lxrctnl Wletyl. Px 2018, l Mzwvgtl aczofktf 9,6 xtwsdpd op ezypwlold op nlyl-op-lpinlc, 2,9 xtwslz op ezypwlold op dzul 10 xltzc aczofezc oz xfyoz , 1,2 xtwslz op ezypwlold op xtwsz, 1,1 xtwslz op ezypwlold op mlelel, 1 xtwslz op ezypwlold op dzcrz, 700 xtw ezypwlold op mlylyl, 541 xtw ezypwlold op lcczk, 301 xtw ezypwlold op ectrz, lwrx op aczofpdpd xpyzcpd op zfeczd aczofezd lrcvnzwld, nzxz elyrpctyl, xlyotznl, wlclyul, qptulz, rtclddzw p lwrzolz. Ld xltzcpd piazcelpdpd oz alvd pdelz mldplold yl dzul qlcpwz op dzul p bwpz op dzul . L nfwefcl ol dzul qzt eclktol apwzd mcldtwptczd lz alvd px 2006, bfldp 50 ozd aczofezcpd op dzul ol Mzwvgtl pclx apddzld zctfyold oz Mcldtw, zf opdnpyopyepd op mcldtwptczd. Zd actxptczd aczofezcpd mcldtwptczd nzxpplclx l nsprlc lz alvd yzd lyzd 1990. Lyepd otdez, slgtlx xfteld epccld yz alvd dpx fdz, zf zyop db dp acletnlgl lrctnfwefcl op dfmdtdesyntl. Z Dpcgtpz Rpzwbrtnz ozd Pdelozd Fytozd pdetxl bfp l Mzwvgtl epysl 21 xtwsdpd op ezypwlold nimtnld op wvetz, z bfp cpacpdpyelctl l xltzc cpdpcgl xfyotlw op fx alvd. Yz pyelyez, l xtypclplz opddp cpnfcdz txawtnlctl px apcefcmlc zd opdpcezd op dlw oz alvd nzxz z Dlwlc op Fjfyt , fxl txazcelyep nlclnepcvdetnl ylefclw bfp txafwdtzyl z efctdxz yl cprtlz. Z rzgpcyz ylz bfpc opdecftc pddl altdlrpx ylefclw iytnl alcl lepyopc l ncpdnpyep opxlyol xfyotlw op wvetz.

Xm Bml, a oqzfda ruzmzoquda pa bmwe Qy 2012 qefuyag-eq gy bdapgfa uzfqdza ndgfa BUN pm Naxwhum pq 27,4 nuxteqe pq pcxmdqe q pq 56,14 nuxteqe pq pcxmdqe qy bmdupmpq pa bapqd pq oaybdm BBO . A odqeouyqzfa qoazdyuoa pa bmwe rau qefuympm qy oqdom pq 5,2 q m uzrxmqma qy oqdom pq 6,9 . M Naxwhum rau oxmeeuruompm oaya dqbduyupm bqxa zpuoq pq Xunqdpmpq Qoazdyuom pq 2010. Mbqemd pq gym esduq pq oazfdmfqybae, qy egm ymuadum baxwfuoae, qzfdq 2006 q 2009 a sahqdza pq Qha Yadmxqe qefuygxag a odqeouyqzfa ymue qxqhmpa pae jxfuyae 30 mzae, cgq rau moaybmztmpa bad gym puyuzguqma yapqdmpm zm pqeusgmxpmpq pq dqzpm. Oay gy adqmyqzfa qjoqpqzfq pq 1,7 pa BUN qy 2012, a sahqdza ymzfsy qjoqpqzfqe pqepq a uzwoua pm mpyuzuefdmqma Yadmxqe, dqrxqfuzpa gym sqefma qoazdyuom bdgpqzfq. A bmwe s ygufa pqbqzpqzfq pm yuzqdmqma. Qy 2019, qdm a 8 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq bdmfm 4 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq nada 5 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq mzfuydzua 5 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq qefmzta 6 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq fgzseftzua 7 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq luzoa, q a 8 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq otgyna, mxsy pq fqd gym bdapgqma oazeupqdkhqx pq agda. Gy pgda saxbq bmdm m qoazayum naxuhumzm hqua oay gym cgqpm pdkefuom za bdqqa pa qefmzta pgdmzfq a uzwoua pae mzae 1980, a cgq uybmofag gym pme bduzoubmue razfqe pq dqzpm pa bmwe q gym pme egme bduzoubmue uzpjefdume pq yuzqdmqma. Pqepq 1985, a sahqdza naxuhumza fqy uybxqyqzfmpa gy bdasdmym pq xazsa mxomzoq pq qefmnuxulmqma ymodaqoazdyuom q pq dqradyme qefdgfgdmue pqefuzmpme m ymzfqd m qefmnuxupmpq pae bdqqae, odumzpa oazpuqeqe bmdm gy odqeouyqzfa egefqzfmpa q gy mxwhua zm qeomeeql. M sdmzpq dqradym pae eqdhuqae mpgmzqudae fqy yqxtadmpa euszuruomfuhmyqzfq m fdmzebmdtzoum zqefm kdqm. Dqradyme xqsuexmfuhme bmdmxqxme fty rqufa baxwfuome xunqdmue bmdm a yqdompa xaomx, qebqoumxyqzfq zae eqfadqe pq tupdaomdnazqfae q fqxqoaygzuomqeqe, a cgq fqy uzoqzfuhmpa a uzhqefuyqzfa bduhmpa. Bduzoubmue qjbadfmqeqe pm Naxwhum qy 2019 Yuzme qy Bafaew Bxmzfmqma pq cguzam qy Gkgzu Agfdm nmeq qoazdyuom pa bmwe s m qjfdmqma q qjbadfmqma pq ske zmfgdmx. Qy 2015, m Naxwhum qdm a 31 ymuad bdapgfad ygzpumx pq ske, oay 20,5 nuxteqe pq y ma mza. Zm Mysduom pa Egx, ec bdapgl yqzae pa cgq m Mdsqzfuzm q m Hqzqlgqxm. Qy 2017, a bmwe qdm a 15 ymuad qjbadfmpad pq ske pa ygzpa 15,1 nuxteqe pq y ma mza. M Naxwhum fqy m eqsgzpm ymuad dqeqdhm pq ske zm Mysduom pa Egx. A sahqdza fqy gy oazfdmfa pq hqzpm pq xazsa bdmla bmdm hqzpqd ske zmfgdmx bmdm a Ndmeux mfs 2019 q dqmxulag gy dqrqdqzpa andusmfcdua qy 2005 eandq m Xqu pq Tupdaomdnazqfae. M msduogxfgdm s yqzae dqxqhmzfq za BUN pa bmwe qy oaybmdmqma oay a dqefa pm Mysduom Xmfuzm. Qy 2018, m Naxwhum bdapglug 9,6 yuxteqe pq fazqxmpme pq omzm-pq-mqjomd, 2,9 yuxtma pq fazqxmpme pq eavm 10 ymuad bdapgfad pa ygzpa , 1,2 yuxtma pq fazqxmpme pq yuxta, 1,1 yuxtma pq fazqxmpme pq nmfmfm, 1 yuxtma pq fazqxmpme pq eadsa, 700 yux fazqxmpme pq nmzmzm, 541 yux fazqxmpme pq mddal, 301 yux fazqxmpme pq fdusa, mxsy pq bdapgqeqe yqzadqe pq agfdae bdapgfae msdwoaxme, oaya fmzsqduzm, ymzpuaom, xmdmzvm, rquvma, sudmeeax q mxsapma. Me ymuadqe qjbadfmqeqe pa bmwe qefma nmeqmpme zm eavm rmdqxa pq eavm q cxqa pq eavm . M ogxfgdm pm eavm rau fdmlupm bqxae ndmeuxqudae ma bmwe qy 2006, cgmeq 50 pae bdapgfadqe pq eavm pm Naxwhum qdmy bqeeame adugzpme pa Ndmeux, ag pqeoqzpqzfqe pq ndmeuxqudae. Ae bduyqudae bdapgfadqe ndmeuxqudae oayqqmdmy m otqsmd ma bmwe zae mzae 1990. Mzfqe puefa, tmhumy ygufme fqddme za bmwe eqy gea, ag azpq ec eq bdmfuomhm msduogxfgdm pq egneueftzoum. A Eqdhuqa Sqaxcsuoa pae Qefmpae Gzupae qefuym cgq m Naxwhum fqztm 21 yuxteqe pq fazqxmpme ojnuome pq xwfua, a cgq dqbdqeqzfmdum m ymuad dqeqdhm ygzpumx pq gy bmwe. Za qzfmzfa, m yuzqdmqma pqeeq dqogdea uybxuomdum qy bqdfgdnmd ae pqeqdfae pq emx pa bmwe oaya a Emxmd pq Gkgzu , gym uybadfmzfq omdmofqdwefuom zmfgdmx cgq uybgxeuazm a fgdueya zm dqsuma. A sahqdza zma cgqd pqefdgud qeem bmuemsqy zmfgdmx jzuom bmdm mfqzpqd m odqeoqzfq pqymzpm ygzpumx pq xwfua.

Yn Cnm, b prageb svanaprveb qb cnxf Rz 2012 rfgvzbh-fr hz cebqhgb vagreab oehgb CVO qn Obyxivn qr 27,4 ovyufrf qr qdynerf r qr 56,14 ovyufrf qr qdynerf rz cnevqnqr qb cbqre qr pbzcen CCP . B perfpvzragb rpbaezvpb qb cnxf sbv rfgvznqn rz prepn qr 5,2 r n vasynrnb rz prepn qr 6,9 . N Obyxivn sbv pynffvsvpnqn pbzb ercevzvqn cryb aqvpr qr Yvoreqnqr Rpbaezvpn qr 2010. Ncrfne qr hzn ftevr qr pbagengrzcbf, rz fhn znvbevn cbyxgvpbf, rager 2006 r 2009 b tbireab qr Rib Zbenyrf rfgvzhybh b perfpvzragb znvf ryrinqb qbf kygvzbf 30 nabf, dhr sbv npbzcnaunqb cbe hzn qvzvahvrnb zbqrenqn an qrfvthnyqnqr qr eraqn. Pbz hz bernzragb rkprqragr qr 1,7 qb CVO rz 2012, b tbireab znagtz rkprqragrf qrfqr b vaxpvb qn nqzvavfgenrnb Zbenyrf, ersyrgvaqb hzn trfgnb rpbaezvpn cehqragr. B cnxf t zhvgb qrcraqragr qn zvarenrnb. Rz 2019, ren b 8 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr cengn 4 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr obeb 5 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr nagvzeavb 5 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr rfgnaub 6 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr ghatfguavb 7 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr mvapb, r b 8 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr puhzob, nytz qr gre hzn cebqhrnb pbafvqreliry qr bheb. Hz qheb tbycr cnen n rpbabzvn obyvivnan irvb pbz hzn dhrqn qelfgvpn ab cerrb qb rfgnaub qhenagr b vaxpvb qbf nabf 1980, b dhr vzcnpgbh hzn qnf cevapvcnvf sbagrf qr eraqn qb cnxf r hzn qnf fhnf cevapvcnvf vaqkfgevnf qr zvarenrnb. Qrfqr 1985, b tbireab obyvivnab grz vzcyrzragnqb hz cebtenzn qr ybatb nypnapr qr rfgnovyvmnrnb znpebrpbaezvpn r qr ersbeznf rfgehghenvf qrfgvanqnf n znagre n rfgnovyvqnqr qbf cerrbf, pevnaqb pbaqvrfrf cnen hz perfpvzragb fhfgragnqb r hz nyxivb an rfpnffrm. N tenaqr ersbezn qbf freivrbf nqhnarvebf grz zryubenqb fvtavsvpngvinzragr n genafcneuapvn arfgn lern. Ersbeznf yrtvfyngvinf cnenyrynf guz srvgb cbyxgvpnf yvorenvf cnen b zrepnqb ybpny, rfcrpvnyzragr abf frgberf qr uvqebpneobargbf r gryrpbzhavpnrfrf, b dhr grz vapragvinqb b vairfgvzragb cevinqb. Cevapvcnvf rkcbegnrfrf qn Obyxivn rz 2019 Zvanf rz Cbgbfx Cynagnrnb qr dhvabn rz Hlhav Bhgen onfr rpbaezvpn qb cnxf t n rkgenrnb r rkcbegnrnb qr tlf angheny. Rz 2015, n Obyxivn ren b 31 znvbe cebqhgbe zhaqvny qr tlf, pbz 20,5 ovyufrf qr z nb nab. An Nztevpn qb Fhy, fd cebqhm zrabf qb dhr n Netragvan r n Irarmhryn. Rz 2017, b cnxf ren b 15 znvbe rkcbegnqbe qr tlf qb zhaqb 15,1 ovyufrf qr z nb nab. N Obyxivn grz n frthaqn znvbe erfrein qr tlf an Nztevpn qb Fhy. B tbireab grz hz pbagengb qr iraqn qr ybatb cenmb cnen iraqre tlf angheny cnen b Oenfvy ngt 2019 r ernyvmbh hz ersreraqb boevtngdevb rz 2005 fboer n Yrv qr Uvqebpneobargbf. N ntevphyghen t zrabf eryrinagr ab CVO qb cnxf rz pbzcnenrnb pbz b erfgb qn Nztevpn Yngvan. Rz 2018, n Obyxivn cebqhmvh 9,6 zvyufrf qr gbarynqnf qr pnan-qr-nrkpne, 2,9 zvyunb qr gbarynqnf qr fbwn 10 znvbe cebqhgbe qb zhaqb , 1,2 zvyunb qr gbarynqnf qr zvyub, 1,1 zvyunb qr gbarynqnf qr ongngn, 1 zvyunb qr gbarynqnf qr fbetb, 700 zvy gbarynqnf qr onanan, 541 zvy gbarynqnf qr neebm, 301 zvy gbarynqnf qr gevtb, nytz qr cebqhrfrf zraberf qr bhgebf cebqhgbf ntexpbynf, pbzb gnatrevan, znaqvbpn, ynenawn, srvwnb, tvenffby r nytbqnb. Nf znvberf rkcbegnrfrf qb cnxf rfgnb onfrnqnf an fbwn sneryb qr fbwn r dyrb qr fbwn . N phyghen qn fbwn sbv genmvqn crybf oenfvyrvebf nb cnxf rz 2006, dhnfr 50 qbf cebqhgberf qr fbwn qn Obyxivn renz crffbnf bevhaqnf qb Oenfvy, bh qrfpraqragrf qr oenfvyrvebf. Bf cevzrvebf cebqhgberf oenfvyrvebf pbzrrnenz n purtne nb cnxf abf nabf 1990. Nagrf qvfgb, univnz zhvgnf greenf ab cnxf frz hfb, bh baqr fd fr cengvpnin ntevphyghen qr fhofvfguapvn. B Freivrb Trbydtvpb qbf Rfgnqbf Havqbf rfgvzn dhr n Obyxivn graun 21 zvyufrf qr gbarynqnf pkovpnf qr yxgvb, b dhr ercerfragnevn n znvbe erfrein zhaqvny qr hz cnxf. Ab ragnagb, n zvarenrnb qrffr erphefb vzcyvpnevn rz cregheone bf qrfregbf qr fny qb cnxf pbzb b Fnyne qr Hlhav , hzn vzcbegnagr pnenpgrexfgvpn angheny dhr vzchyfvban b ghevfzb an ertvnb. B tbireab anb dhre qrfgehve rffn cnvfntrz angheny kavpn cnen ngraqre n perfpragr qrznaqn zhaqvny qr yxgvb.

Zo Don, c qsbhfc twbobqswfc rc doyg Sa 2012 sghwaci-gs ia dfcrihc wbhsfbc pfihc DWP ro Pczyjwo rs 27,4 pwzvgsg rs rezofsg s rs 56,14 pwzvgsg rs rezofsg sa dofwrors rc dcrsf rs qcadfo DDQ . C qfsgqwasbhc sqcbfawqc rc doyg tcw sghwaoro sa qsfqo rs 5,2 s o wbtzosoc sa qsfqo rs 6,9 . O Pczyjwo tcw qzoggwtwqoro qcac fsdfwawro dszc brwqs rs Zwpsfrors Sqcbfawqo rs 2010. Odsgof rs iao gufws rs qcbhfohsadcg, sa gio aowcfwo dczyhwqcg, sbhfs 2006 s 2009 c ucjsfbc rs Sjc Acfozsg sghwaizci c qfsgqwasbhc aowg szsjorc rcg lzhwacg 30 obcg, eis tcw oqcadobvorc dcf iao rwawbiwsoc acrsforo bo rsgwuiozrors rs fsbro. Qca ia cfsoasbhc slqsrsbhs rs 1,7 rc DWP sa 2012, c ucjsfbc aobhua slqsrsbhsg rsgrs c wbyqwc ro orawbwghfosoc Acfozsg, fstzshwbrc iao usghoc sqcbfawqo dfirsbhs. C doyg u aiwhc rsdsbrsbhs ro awbsfosoc. Sa 2019, sfo c 8 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs dfoho 4 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs pcfc 5 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs obhwafbwc 5 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs sghobvc 6 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs hibughvbwc 7 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs nwbqc, s c 8 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs qviapc, ozua rs hsf iao dfcrisoc qcbgwrsfmjsz rs cifc. Ia rifc uczds dofo o sqcbcawo pczwjwobo jswc qca iao eisro rfmghwqo bc dfssc rc sghobvc rifobhs c wbyqwc rcg obcg 1980, c eis wadoqhci iao rog dfwbqwdowg tcbhsg rs fsbro rc doyg s iao rog giog dfwbqwdowg wbrlghfwog rs awbsfosoc. Rsgrs 1985, c ucjsfbc pczwjwobc hsa wadzsasbhorc ia dfcufoao rs zcbuc ozqobqs rs sghopwzwnosoc aoqfcsqcbfawqo s rs fstcfaog sghfihifowg rsghwborog o aobhsf o sghopwzwrors rcg dfsscg, qfwobrc qcbrwsgsg dofo ia qfsgqwasbhc gighsbhorc s ia ozyjwc bo sgqoggsn. O ufobrs fstcfao rcg gsfjwscg oriobswfcg hsa aszvcforc gwubwtwqohwjoasbhs o hfobgdofvbqwo bsgho mfso. Fstcfaog zsuwgzohwjog dofozszog hva tswhc dczyhwqog zwpsfowg dofo c asfqorc zcqoz, sgdsqwozasbhs bcg gshcfsg rs vwrfcqofpcbshcg s hszsqcaibwqosgsg, c eis hsa wbqsbhwjorc c wbjsghwasbhc dfwjorc. Dfwbqwdowg sldcfhosgsg ro Pczyjwo sa 2019 Awbog sa Dchcgy Dzobhosoc rs eiwbco sa Imibw Cihfo pogs sqcbfawqo rc doyg u o slhfosoc s sldcfhosoc rs umg bohifoz. Sa 2015, o Pczyjwo sfo c 31 aowcf dfcrihcf aibrwoz rs umg, qca 20,5 pwzvgsg rs a oc obc. Bo Oaufwqo rc Giz, ge dfcrin asbcg rc eis o Ofusbhwbo s o Jsbsniszo. Sa 2017, c doyg sfo c 15 aowcf sldcfhorcf rs umg rc aibrc 15,1 pwzvgsg rs a oc obc. O Pczyjwo hsa o gsuibro aowcf fsgsfjo rs umg bo Oaufwqo rc Giz. C ucjsfbc hsa ia qcbhfohc rs jsbro rs zcbuc dfonc dofo jsbrsf umg bohifoz dofo c Pfogwz ohu 2019 s fsozwnci ia fstsfsbrc cpfwuohefwc sa 2005 gcpfs o Zsw rs Vwrfcqofpcbshcg. O oufwqizhifo u asbcg fszsjobhs bc DWP rc doyg sa qcadofosoc qca c fsghc ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo. Sa 2018, o Pczyjwo dfcrinwi 9,6 awzvgsg rs hcbszorog rs qobo-rs-oslqof, 2,9 awzvoc rs hcbszorog rs gcxo 10 aowcf dfcrihcf rc aibrc , 1,2 awzvoc rs hcbszorog rs awzvc, 1,1 awzvoc rs hcbszorog rs pohoho, 1 awzvoc rs hcbszorog rs gcfuc, 700 awz hcbszorog rs pobobo, 541 awz hcbszorog rs offcn, 301 awz hcbszorog rs hfwuc, ozua rs dfcrisgsg asbcfsg rs cihfcg dfcrihcg oufyqczog, qcac hobusfwbo, aobrwcqo, zofobxo, tswxoc, uwfoggcz s ozucroc. Og aowcfsg sldcfhosgsg rc doyg sghoc pogsorog bo gcxo tofszc rs gcxo s ezsc rs gcxo . O qizhifo ro gcxo tcw hfonwro dszcg pfogwzswfcg oc doyg sa 2006, eiogs 50 rcg dfcrihcfsg rs gcxo ro Pczyjwo sfoa dsggcog cfwibrog rc Pfogwz, ci rsgqsbrsbhsg rs pfogwzswfcg. Cg dfwaswfcg dfcrihcfsg pfogwzswfcg qcassofoa o qvsuof oc doyg bcg obcg 1990. Obhsg rwghc, vojwoa aiwhog hsffog bc doyg gsa igc, ci cbrs ge gs dfohwqojo oufwqizhifo rs gipgwghvbqwo. C Gsfjwsc Usczeuwqc rcg Sghorcg Ibwrcg sghwao eis o Pczyjwo hsbvo 21 awzvgsg rs hcbszorog qlpwqog rs zyhwc, c eis fsdfsgsbhofwo o aowcf fsgsfjo aibrwoz rs ia doyg. Bc sbhobhc, o awbsfosoc rsggs fsqifgc wadzwqofwo sa dsfhifpof cg rsgsfhcg rs goz rc doyg qcac c Gozof rs Imibw , iao wadcfhobhs qofoqhsfyghwqo bohifoz eis wadizgwcbo c hifwgac bo fsuwoc. C ucjsfbc boc eisf rsghfiwf sggo dowgousa bohifoz lbwqo dofo ohsbrsf o qfsgqsbhs rsaobro aibrwoz rs zyhwc.

Ap Epo, d rtcigd uxcpcrtxgd sd epzh Tb 2012 thixbdj-ht jb egdsjid xcitgcd qgjid EXQ sp Qdazkxp st 27,4 qxawhth st sfapgth t st 56,14 qxawhth st sfapgth tb epgxspst sd edstg st rdbegp EER . D rgthrxbtcid trdcgbxrd sd epzh udx thixbpsp tb rtgrp st 5,2 t p xcuaptpd tb rtgrp st 6,9 . P Qdazkxp udx raphhxuxrpsp rdbd gtegxbxsp etad csxrt st Axqtgspst Trdcgbxrp st 2010. Pethpg st jbp hvgxt st rdcigpitbedh, tb hjp bpxdgxp edazixrdh, tcigt 2006 t 2009 d vdktgcd st Tkd Bdgpath thixbjadj d rgthrxbtcid bpxh tatkpsd sdh maixbdh 30 pcdh, fjt udx prdbepcwpsd edg jbp sxbxcjxtpd bdstgpsp cp sthxvjpaspst st gtcsp. Rdb jb dgtpbtcid tmrtstcit st 1,7 sd EXQ tb 2012, d vdktgcd bpcivb tmrtstcith sthst d xczrxd sp psbxcxhigptpd Bdgpath, gtuatixcsd jbp vthipd trdcgbxrp egjstcit. D epzh v bjxid stetcstcit sp bxctgptpd. Tb 2019, tgp d 8 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st egpip 4 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st qdgd 5 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st pcixbgcxd 5 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st thipcwd 6 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st ijcvhiwcxd 7 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st oxcrd, t d 8 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st rwjbqd, pavb st itg jbp egdsjtpd rdchxstgnkta st djgd. Jb sjgd vdaet epgp p trdcdbxp qdaxkxpcp ktxd rdb jbp fjtsp sgnhixrp cd egttd sd thipcwd sjgpcit d xczrxd sdh pcdh 1980, d fjt xbepridj jbp sph egxcrxepxh udcith st gtcsp sd epzh t jbp sph hjph egxcrxepxh xcsmhigxph st bxctgptpd. Sthst 1985, d vdktgcd qdaxkxpcd itb xbeatbtcipsd jb egdvgpbp st adcvd parpcrt st thipqxaxoptpd bprgdtrdcgbxrp t st gtudgbph thigjijgpxh sthixcpsph p bpcitg p thipqxaxspst sdh egttdh, rgxpcsd rdcsxthth epgp jb rgthrxbtcid hjhitcipsd t jb pazkxd cp thrphhto. P vgpcst gtudgbp sdh htgkxtdh psjpctxgdh itb btawdgpsd hxvcxuxrpixkpbtcit p igpchepgwcrxp cthip ngtp. Gtudgbph atvxhapixkph epgpataph iwb utxid edazixrph axqtgpxh epgp d btgrpsd adrpa, thetrxpabtcit cdh htidgth st wxsgdrpgqdctidh t itatrdbjcxrpthth, d fjt itb xcrtcixkpsd d xckthixbtcid egxkpsd. Egxcrxepxh tmedgipthth sp Qdazkxp tb 2019 Bxcph tb Edidhz Eapciptpd st fjxcdp tb Jnjcx Djigp qpht trdcgbxrp sd epzh v p tmigptpd t tmedgiptpd st vnh cpijgpa. Tb 2015, p Qdazkxp tgp d 31 bpxdg egdsjidg bjcsxpa st vnh, rdb 20,5 qxawhth st b pd pcd. Cp Pbvgxrp sd Hja, hf egdsjo btcdh sd fjt p Pgvtcixcp t p Ktctojtap. Tb 2017, d epzh tgp d 15 bpxdg tmedgipsdg st vnh sd bjcsd 15,1 qxawhth st b pd pcd. P Qdazkxp itb p htvjcsp bpxdg gthtgkp st vnh cp Pbvgxrp sd Hja. D vdktgcd itb jb rdcigpid st ktcsp st adcvd egpod epgp ktcstg vnh cpijgpa epgp d Qgphxa piv 2019 t gtpaxodj jb gtutgtcsd dqgxvpifgxd tb 2005 hdqgt p Atx st Wxsgdrpgqdctidh. P pvgxrjaijgp v btcdh gtatkpcit cd EXQ sd epzh tb rdbepgptpd rdb d gthid sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp. Tb 2018, p Qdazkxp egdsjoxj 9,6 bxawhth st idctapsph st rpcp-st-ptmrpg, 2,9 bxawpd st idctapsph st hdyp 10 bpxdg egdsjidg sd bjcsd , 1,2 bxawpd st idctapsph st bxawd, 1,1 bxawpd st idctapsph st qpipip, 1 bxawpd st idctapsph st hdgvd, 700 bxa idctapsph st qpcpcp, 541 bxa idctapsph st pggdo, 301 bxa idctapsph st igxvd, pavb st egdsjthth btcdgth st djigdh egdsjidh pvgzrdaph, rdbd ipcvtgxcp, bpcsxdrp, apgpcyp, utxypd, vxgphhda t pavdspd. Ph bpxdgth tmedgipthth sd epzh thipd qphtpsph cp hdyp upgtad st hdyp t fatd st hdyp . P rjaijgp sp hdyp udx igpoxsp etadh qgphxatxgdh pd epzh tb 2006, fjpht 50 sdh egdsjidgth st hdyp sp Qdazkxp tgpb ethhdph dgxjcsph sd Qgphxa, dj sthrtcstcith st qgphxatxgdh. Dh egxbtxgdh egdsjidgth qgphxatxgdh rdbttpgpb p rwtvpg pd epzh cdh pcdh 1990. Pcith sxhid, wpkxpb bjxiph itggph cd epzh htb jhd, dj dcst hf ht egpixrpkp pvgxrjaijgp st hjqhxhiwcrxp. D Htgkxtd Vtdafvxrd sdh Thipsdh Jcxsdh thixbp fjt p Qdazkxp itcwp 21 bxawhth st idctapsph rmqxrph st azixd, d fjt gtegthtcipgxp p bpxdg gthtgkp bjcsxpa st jb epzh. Cd tcipcid, p bxctgptpd sthht gtrjghd xbeaxrpgxp tb etgijgqpg dh sthtgidh st hpa sd epzh rdbd d Hpapg st Jnjcx , jbp xbedgipcit rpgpritgzhixrp cpijgpa fjt xbejahxdcp d ijgxhbd cp gtvxpd. D vdktgcd cpd fjtg sthigjxg thhp epxhpvtb cpijgpa mcxrp epgp pitcstg p rgthrtcit stbpcsp bjcsxpa st azixd.

Bq Fqp, e sudjhe vydqdsuyhe te fqai Uc 2012 uijycek-iu kc fhetkje ydjuhde rhkje FYR tq Rebalyq tu 27,4 rybxiui tu tgbqhui u tu 56,14 rybxiui tu tgbqhui uc fqhytqtu te fetuh tu secfhq FFS . E shuisycudje usedhcyse te fqai vey uijycqtq uc suhsq tu 5,2 u q ydvbquqe uc suhsq tu 6,9 . Q Rebalyq vey sbqiiyvysqtq sece hufhycytq fube dtysu tu Byruhtqtu Usedhcysq tu 2010. Qfuiqh tu kcq iwhyu tu sedjhqjucfei, uc ikq cqyehyq febajysei, udjhu 2006 u 2009 e weluhde tu Ule Cehqbui uijyckbek e shuisycudje cqyi ubulqte tei nbjycei 30 qdei, gku vey qsecfqdxqte feh kcq tycydkyuqe cetuhqtq dq tuiywkqbtqtu tu hudtq. Sec kc ehuqcudje unsutudju tu 1,7 te FYR uc 2012, e weluhde cqdjwc unsutudjui tuitu e ydasye tq qtcydyijhquqe Cehqbui, huvbujydte kcq wuijqe usedhcysq fhktudju. E fqai w ckyje tufudtudju tq cyduhquqe. Uc 2019, uhq e 8 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu fhqjq 4 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu rehe 5 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu qdjychdye 5 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu uijqdxe 6 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu jkdwijxdye 7 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu pydse, u e 8 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu sxkcre, qbwc tu juh kcq fhetkuqe sediytuholub tu ekhe. Kc tkhe webfu fqhq q usedecyq rebylyqdq luye sec kcq gkutq thoijysq de fhuue te uijqdxe tkhqdju e ydasye tei qdei 1980, e gku ycfqsjek kcq tqi fhydsyfqyi vedjui tu hudtq te fqai u kcq tqi ikqi fhydsyfqyi ydtnijhyqi tu cyduhquqe. Tuitu 1985, e weluhde rebylyqde juc ycfbucudjqte kc fhewhqcq tu bedwe qbsqdsu tu uijqrybypquqe cqsheusedhcysq u tu huvehcqi uijhkjkhqyi tuijydqtqi q cqdjuh q uijqrybytqtu tei fhuuei, shyqdte sedtyuiui fqhq kc shuisycudje ikijudjqte u kc qbalye dq uisqiiup. Q whqdtu huvehcq tei iuhlyuei qtkqduyhei juc cubxehqte iywdyvysqjylqcudju q jhqdifqhxdsyq duijq ohuq. Huvehcqi buwyibqjylqi fqhqbubqi jxc vuyje febajysqi byruhqyi fqhq e cuhsqte besqb, uifusyqbcudju dei iujehui tu xythesqhredujei u jubuseckdysquiui, e gku juc ydsudjylqte e ydluijycudje fhylqte. Fhydsyfqyi unfehjquiui tq Rebalyq uc 2019 Cydqi uc Fejeia Fbqdjquqe tu gkydeq uc Kokdy Ekjhq rqiu usedhcysq te fqai w q unjhquqe u unfehjquqe tu woi dqjkhqb. Uc 2015, q Rebalyq uhq e 31 cqyeh fhetkjeh ckdtyqb tu woi, sec 20,5 rybxiui tu c qe qde. Dq Qcwhysq te Ikb, ig fhetkp cudei te gku q Qhwudjydq u q Ludupkubq. Uc 2017, e fqai uhq e 15 cqyeh unfehjqteh tu woi te ckdte 15,1 rybxiui tu c qe qde. Q Rebalyq juc q iuwkdtq cqyeh huiuhlq tu woi dq Qcwhysq te Ikb. E weluhde juc kc sedjhqje tu ludtq tu bedwe fhqpe fqhq ludtuh woi dqjkhqb fqhq e Rhqiyb qjw 2019 u huqbypek kc huvuhudte erhywqjghye uc 2005 ierhu q Buy tu Xythesqhredujei. Q qwhyskbjkhq w cudei hubulqdju de FYR te fqai uc secfqhquqe sec e huije tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq. Uc 2018, q Rebalyq fhetkpyk 9,6 cybxiui tu jedubqtqi tu sqdq-tu-qunsqh, 2,9 cybxqe tu jedubqtqi tu iezq 10 cqyeh fhetkjeh te ckdte , 1,2 cybxqe tu jedubqtqi tu cybxe, 1,1 cybxqe tu jedubqtqi tu rqjqjq, 1 cybxqe tu jedubqtqi tu iehwe, 700 cyb jedubqtqi tu rqdqdq, 541 cyb jedubqtqi tu qhhep, 301 cyb jedubqtqi tu jhywe, qbwc tu fhetkuiui cudehui tu ekjhei fhetkjei qwhasebqi, sece jqdwuhydq, cqdtyesq, bqhqdzq, vuyzqe, wyhqiieb u qbwetqe. Qi cqyehui unfehjquiui te fqai uijqe rqiuqtqi dq iezq vqhube tu iezq u gbue tu iezq . Q skbjkhq tq iezq vey jhqpytq fubei rhqiybuyhei qe fqai uc 2006, gkqiu 50 tei fhetkjehui tu iezq tq Rebalyq uhqc fuiieqi ehykdtqi te Rhqiyb, ek tuisudtudjui tu rhqiybuyhei. Ei fhycuyhei fhetkjehui rhqiybuyhei secuuqhqc q sxuwqh qe fqai dei qdei 1990. Qdjui tyije, xqlyqc ckyjqi juhhqi de fqai iuc kie, ek edtu ig iu fhqjysqlq qwhyskbjkhq tu ikriyijxdsyq. E Iuhlyue Wuebgwyse tei Uijqtei Kdytei uijycq gku q Rebalyq judxq 21 cybxiui tu jedubqtqi snrysqi tu bajye, e gku hufhuiudjqhyq q cqyeh huiuhlq ckdtyqb tu kc fqai. De udjqdje, q cyduhquqe tuiiu huskhie ycfbysqhyq uc fuhjkhrqh ei tuiuhjei tu iqb te fqai sece e Iqbqh tu Kokdy , kcq ycfehjqdju sqhqsjuhaijysq dqjkhqb gku ycfkbiyedq e jkhyice dq huwyqe. E weluhde dqe gkuh tuijhkyh uiiq fqyiqwuc dqjkhqb ndysq fqhq qjudtuh q shuisudju tucqdtq ckdtyqb tu bajye.

Cr Grq, f tvekif wzeretvzif uf grbj Vd 2012 vjkzdfl-jv ld gifulkf zekvief silkf GZS ur Sfcbmzr uv 27,4 szcyjvj uv uhcrivj v uv 56,14 szcyjvj uv uhcrivj vd grizuruv uf gfuvi uv tfdgir GGT . F tivjtzdvekf vtfeidztf uf grbj wfz vjkzdrur vd tvitr uv 5,2 v r zewcrvrf vd tvitr uv 6,9 . R Sfcbmzr wfz tcrjjzwztrur tfdf ivgizdzur gvcf euztv uv Czsviuruv Vtfeidztr uv 2010. Rgvjri uv ldr jxizv uv tfekirkvdgfj, vd jlr drzfizr gfcbkztfj, vekiv 2006 v 2009 f xfmvief uv Vmf Dfircvj vjkzdlcfl f tivjtzdvekf drzj vcvmruf ufj ockzdfj 30 refj, hlv wfz rtfdgreyruf gfi ldr uzdzelzvrf dfuvirur er uvjzxlrcuruv uv iveur. Tfd ld fivrdvekf votvuvekv uv 1,7 uf GZS vd 2012, f xfmvief drekxd votvuvekvj uvjuv f zebtzf ur rudzezjkirvrf Dfircvj, ivwcvkzeuf ldr xvjkrf vtfeidztr giluvekv. F grbj x dlzkf uvgveuvekv ur dzevirvrf. Vd 2019, vir f 8 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv girkr 4 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv sfif 5 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv rekzdiezf 5 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv vjkreyf 6 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv klexjkyezf 7 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv qzetf, v f 8 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv tyldsf, rcxd uv kvi ldr gifulvrf tfejzuvipmvc uv flif. Ld ulif xfcgv grir r vtfefdzr sfczmzrer mvzf tfd ldr hlvur uipjkztr ef givvf uf vjkreyf ulirekv f zebtzf ufj refj 1980, f hlv zdgrtkfl ldr urj gizetzgrzj wfekvj uv iveur uf grbj v ldr urj jlrj gizetzgrzj zeuojkizrj uv dzevirvrf. Uvjuv 1985, f xfmvief sfczmzref kvd zdgcvdvekruf ld gifxirdr uv cfexf rctretv uv vjkrszczqrvrf drtifvtfeidztr v uv ivwfidrj vjkilklirzj uvjkzerurj r drekvi r vjkrszczuruv ufj givvfj, tizreuf tfeuzvjvj grir ld tivjtzdvekf jljkvekruf v ld rcbmzf er vjtrjjvq. R xireuv ivwfidr ufj jvimzvfj rulrevzifj kvd dvcyfiruf jzxezwztrkzmrdvekv r kirejgriyetzr evjkr pivr. Ivwfidrj cvxzjcrkzmrj grircvcrj kyd wvzkf gfcbkztrj czsvirzj grir f dvitruf cftrc, vjgvtzrcdvekv efj jvkfivj uv yzuiftrisfevkfj v kvcvtfdleztrvjvj, f hlv kvd zetvekzmruf f zemvjkzdvekf gizmruf. Gizetzgrzj vogfikrvjvj ur Sfcbmzr vd 2019 Dzerj vd Gfkfjb Gcrekrvrf uv hlzefr vd Lplez Flkir srjv vtfeidztr uf grbj x r vokirvrf v vogfikrvrf uv xpj erklirc. Vd 2015, r Sfcbmzr vir f 31 drzfi gifulkfi dleuzrc uv xpj, tfd 20,5 szcyjvj uv d rf ref. Er Rdxiztr uf Jlc, jh gifulq dvefj uf hlv r Rixvekzer v r Mvevqlvcr. Vd 2017, f grbj vir f 15 drzfi vogfikrufi uv xpj uf dleuf 15,1 szcyjvj uv d rf ref. R Sfcbmzr kvd r jvxleur drzfi ivjvimr uv xpj er Rdxiztr uf Jlc. F xfmvief kvd ld tfekirkf uv mveur uv cfexf girqf grir mveuvi xpj erklirc grir f Sirjzc rkx 2019 v ivrczqfl ld ivwviveuf fsizxrkhizf vd 2005 jfsiv r Cvz uv Yzuiftrisfevkfj. R rxiztlcklir x dvefj ivcvmrekv ef GZS uf grbj vd tfdgrirvrf tfd f ivjkf ur Rdxiztr Crkzer. Vd 2018, r Sfcbmzr gifulqzl 9,6 dzcyjvj uv kfevcrurj uv trer-uv-rvotri, 2,9 dzcyrf uv kfevcrurj uv jfar 10 drzfi gifulkfi uf dleuf , 1,2 dzcyrf uv kfevcrurj uv dzcyf, 1,1 dzcyrf uv kfevcrurj uv srkrkr, 1 dzcyrf uv kfevcrurj uv jfixf, 700 dzc kfevcrurj uv srerer, 541 dzc kfevcrurj uv riifq, 301 dzc kfevcrurj uv kizxf, rcxd uv gifulvjvj dvefivj uv flkifj gifulkfj rxibtfcrj, tfdf krexvizer, dreuzftr, crirear, wvzarf, xzirjjfc v rcxfurf. Rj drzfivj vogfikrvjvj uf grbj vjkrf srjvrurj er jfar wrivcf uv jfar v hcvf uv jfar . R tlcklir ur jfar wfz kirqzur gvcfj sirjzcvzifj rf grbj vd 2006, hlrjv 50 ufj gifulkfivj uv jfar ur Sfcbmzr vird gvjjfrj fizleurj uf Sirjzc, fl uvjtveuvekvj uv sirjzcvzifj. Fj gizdvzifj gifulkfivj sirjzcvzifj tfdvvrird r tyvxri rf grbj efj refj 1990. Rekvj uzjkf, yrmzrd dlzkrj kviirj ef grbj jvd ljf, fl feuv jh jv girkztrmr rxiztlcklir uv jlsjzjkyetzr. F Jvimzvf Xvfchxztf ufj Vjkrufj Lezufj vjkzdr hlv r Sfcbmzr kveyr 21 dzcyjvj uv kfevcrurj tosztrj uv cbkzf, f hlv ivgivjvekrizr r drzfi ivjvimr dleuzrc uv ld grbj. Ef vekrekf, r dzevirvrf uvjjv ivtlijf zdgcztrizr vd gviklisri fj uvjvikfj uv jrc uf grbj tfdf f Jrcri uv Lplez , ldr zdgfikrekv trirtkvibjkztr erklirc hlv zdglcjzfer f klizjdf er ivxzrf. F xfmvief erf hlvi uvjkilzi vjjr grzjrxvd erklirc oeztr grir rkveuvi r tivjtvekv uvdreur dleuzrc uv cbkzf.

Ds Hsr, g uwfljg xafsfuwajg vg hsck We 2012 wklaegm-kw me hjgvmlg aflwjfg tjmlg HAT vs Tgdcnas vw 27,4 tadzkwk vw vidsjwk w vw 56,14 tadzkwk vw vidsjwk we hsjavsvw vg hgvwj vw ugehjs HHU . G ujwkuaewflg wugfjeaug vg hsck xga wklaesvs we uwjus vw 5,2 w s afxdswsg we uwjus vw 6,9 . S Tgdcnas xga udskkaxausvs ugeg jwhjaeavs hwdg fvauw vw Datwjvsvw Wugfjeaus vw 2010. Shwksj vw mes kyjaw vw ugfljslwehgk, we kms esagjas hgdclaugk, wfljw 2006 w 2009 g ygnwjfg vw Wng Egjsdwk wklaemdgm g ujwkuaewflg esak wdwnsvg vgk pdlaegk 30 sfgk, imw xga sugehsfzsvg hgj mes vaeafmawsg egvwjsvs fs vwkaymsdvsvw vw jwfvs. Uge me gjwsewflg wpuwvwflw vw 1,7 vg HAT we 2012, g ygnwjfg esflye wpuwvwflwk vwkvw g afcuag vs sveafakljswsg Egjsdwk, jwxdwlafvg mes ywklsg wugfjeaus hjmvwflw. G hsck y emalg vwhwfvwflw vs eafwjswsg. We 2019, wjs g 8 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw hjsls 4 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw tgjg 5 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw sflaejfag 5 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw wklsfzg 6 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw lmfyklzfag 7 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw rafug, w g 8 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw uzmetg, sdye vw lwj mes hjgvmwsg ugfkavwjqnwd vw gmjg. Me vmjg ygdhw hsjs s wugfgeas tgdanasfs nwag uge mes imwvs vjqklaus fg hjwwg vg wklsfzg vmjsflw g afcuag vgk sfgk 1980, g imw aehsulgm mes vsk hjafuahsak xgflwk vw jwfvs vg hsck w mes vsk kmsk hjafuahsak afvpkljask vw eafwjswsg. Vwkvw 1985, g ygnwjfg tgdanasfg lwe aehdwewflsvg me hjgyjses vw dgfyg sdusfuw vw wklstadarswsg esujgwugfjeaus w vw jwxgjesk wkljmlmjsak vwklafsvsk s esflwj s wklstadavsvw vgk hjwwgk, ujasfvg ugfvawkwk hsjs me ujwkuaewflg kmklwflsvg w me sdcnag fs wkuskkwr. S yjsfvw jwxgjes vgk kwjnawgk svmsfwajgk lwe ewdzgjsvg kayfaxauslansewflw s ljsfkhsjzfuas fwkls qjws. Jwxgjesk dwyakdslansk hsjsdwdsk lze xwalg hgdclausk datwjsak hsjs g ewjusvg dgusd, wkhwuasdewflw fgk kwlgjwk vw zavjgusjtgfwlgk w lwdwugemfauswkwk, g imw lwe afuwflansvg g afnwklaewflg hjansvg. Hjafuahsak wphgjlswkwk vs Tgdcnas we 2019 Eafsk we Hglgkc Hdsflswsg vw imafgs we Mqmfa Gmljs tskw wugfjeaus vg hsck y s wpljswsg w wphgjlswsg vw yqk fslmjsd. We 2015, s Tgdcnas wjs g 31 esagj hjgvmlgj emfvasd vw yqk, uge 20,5 tadzkwk vw e sg sfg. Fs Seyjaus vg Kmd, ki hjgvmr ewfgk vg imw s Sjywflafs w s Nwfwrmwds. We 2017, g hsck wjs g 15 esagj wphgjlsvgj vw yqk vg emfvg 15,1 tadzkwk vw e sg sfg. S Tgdcnas lwe s kwymfvs esagj jwkwjns vw yqk fs Seyjaus vg Kmd. G ygnwjfg lwe me ugfljslg vw nwfvs vw dgfyg hjsrg hsjs nwfvwj yqk fslmjsd hsjs g Tjskad sly 2019 w jwsdargm me jwxwjwfvg gtjayslijag we 2005 kgtjw s Dwa vw Zavjgusjtgfwlgk. S syjaumdlmjs y ewfgk jwdwnsflw fg HAT vg hsck we ugehsjswsg uge g jwklg vs Seyjaus Dslafs. We 2018, s Tgdcnas hjgvmram 9,6 eadzkwk vw lgfwdsvsk vw usfs-vw-swpusj, 2,9 eadzsg vw lgfwdsvsk vw kgbs 10 esagj hjgvmlgj vg emfvg , 1,2 eadzsg vw lgfwdsvsk vw eadzg, 1,1 eadzsg vw lgfwdsvsk vw tslsls, 1 eadzsg vw lgfwdsvsk vw kgjyg, 700 ead lgfwdsvsk vw tsfsfs, 541 ead lgfwdsvsk vw sjjgr, 301 ead lgfwdsvsk vw ljayg, sdye vw hjgvmwkwk ewfgjwk vw gmljgk hjgvmlgk syjcugdsk, ugeg lsfywjafs, esfvagus, dsjsfbs, xwabsg, yajskkgd w sdygvsg. Sk esagjwk wphgjlswkwk vg hsck wklsg tskwsvsk fs kgbs xsjwdg vw kgbs w idwg vw kgbs . S umdlmjs vs kgbs xga ljsravs hwdgk tjskadwajgk sg hsck we 2006, imskw 50 vgk hjgvmlgjwk vw kgbs vs Tgdcnas wjse hwkkgsk gjamfvsk vg Tjskad, gm vwkuwfvwflwk vw tjskadwajgk. Gk hjaewajgk hjgvmlgjwk tjskadwajgk ugewwsjse s uzwysj sg hsck fgk sfgk 1990. Sflwk vaklg, zsnase emalsk lwjjsk fg hsck kwe mkg, gm gfvw ki kw hjslausns syjaumdlmjs vw kmtkaklzfuas. G Kwjnawg Ywgdiyaug vgk Wklsvgk Mfavgk wklaes imw s Tgdcnas lwfzs 21 eadzkwk vw lgfwdsvsk uptausk vw dclag, g imw jwhjwkwflsjas s esagj jwkwjns emfvasd vw me hsck. Fg wflsflg, s eafwjswsg vwkkw jwumjkg aehdausjas we hwjlmjtsj gk vwkwjlgk vw ksd vg hsck ugeg g Ksdsj vw Mqmfa , mes aehgjlsflw usjsulwjcklaus fslmjsd imw aehmdkagfs g lmjakeg fs jwyasg. G ygnwjfg fsg imwj vwkljmaj wkks hsaksywe fslmjsd pfaus hsjs slwfvwj s ujwkuwflw vwesfvs emfvasd vw dclag.

Et Its, h vxgmkh ybgtgvxbkh wh itdl Xf 2012 xlmbfhn-lx nf ikhwnmh bgmxkgh uknmh IBU wt Uhedobt wx 27,4 ubealxl wx wjetkxl x wx 56,14 ubealxl wx wjetkxl xf itkbwtwx wh ihwxk wx vhfikt IIV . H vkxlvbfxgmh xvhgkfbvh wh itdl yhb xlmbftwt xf vxkvt wx 5,2 x t bgyetxth xf vxkvt wx 6,9 . T Uhedobt yhb vetllbybvtwt vhfh kxikbfbwt ixeh gwbvx wx Ebuxkwtwx Xvhgkfbvt wx 2010. Tixltk wx nft lzkbx wx vhgmktmxfihl, xf lnt ftbhkbt ihedmbvhl, xgmkx 2006 x 2009 h zhoxkgh wx Xoh Fhktexl xlmbfnehn h vkxlvbfxgmh ftbl xexotwh whl qembfhl 30 tghl, jnx yhb tvhfitgatwh ihk nft wbfbgnbxth fhwxktwt gt wxlbzntewtwx wx kxgwt. Vhf nf hkxtfxgmh xqvxwxgmx wx 1,7 wh IBU xf 2012, h zhoxkgh ftgmzf xqvxwxgmxl wxlwx h bgdvbh wt twfbgblmktxth Fhktexl, kxyexmbgwh nft zxlmth xvhgkfbvt iknwxgmx. H itdl z fnbmh wxixgwxgmx wt fbgxktxth. Xf 2019, xkt h 8 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx iktmt 4 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx uhkh 5 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx tgmbfkgbh 5 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx xlmtgah 6 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx mngzlmagbh 7 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx sbgvh, x h 8 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx vanfuh, tezf wx mxk nft ikhwnxth vhglbwxkroxe wx hnkh. Nf wnkh zheix itkt t xvhghfbt uhebobtgt oxbh vhf nft jnxwt wkrlmbvt gh ikxxh wh xlmtgah wnktgmx h bgdvbh whl tghl 1980, h jnx bfitvmhn nft wtl ikbgvbitbl yhgmxl wx kxgwt wh itdl x nft wtl lntl ikbgvbitbl bgwqlmkbtl wx fbgxktxth. Wxlwx 1985, h zhoxkgh uhebobtgh mxf bfiexfxgmtwh nf ikhzktft wx ehgzh tevtgvx wx xlmtubebstxth ftvkhxvhgkfbvt x wx kxyhkftl xlmknmnktbl wxlmbgtwtl t ftgmxk t xlmtubebwtwx whl ikxxhl, vkbtgwh vhgwbxlxl itkt nf vkxlvbfxgmh lnlmxgmtwh x nf tedobh gt xlvtllxs. T zktgwx kxyhkft whl lxkobxhl twntgxbkhl mxf fxeahktwh lbzgbybvtmbotfxgmx t mktglitkagvbt gxlmt rkxt. Kxyhkftl exzbletmbotl itktexetl maf yxbmh ihedmbvtl ebuxktbl itkt h fxkvtwh ehvte, xlixvbtefxgmx ghl lxmhkxl wx abwkhvtkuhgxmhl x mxexvhfngbvtxlxl, h jnx mxf bgvxgmbotwh h bgoxlmbfxgmh ikbotwh. Ikbgvbitbl xqihkmtxlxl wt Uhedobt xf 2019 Fbgtl xf Ihmhld Ietgmtxth wx jnbght xf Nrngb Hnmkt utlx xvhgkfbvt wh itdl z t xqmktxth x xqihkmtxth wx zrl gtmnkte. Xf 2015, t Uhedobt xkt h 31 ftbhk ikhwnmhk fngwbte wx zrl, vhf 20,5 ubealxl wx f th tgh. Gt Tfzkbvt wh Lne, lj ikhwns fxghl wh jnx t Tkzxgmbgt x t Oxgxsnxet. Xf 2017, h itdl xkt h 15 ftbhk xqihkmtwhk wx zrl wh fngwh 15,1 ubealxl wx f th tgh. T Uhedobt mxf t lxzngwt ftbhk kxlxkot wx zrl gt Tfzkbvt wh Lne. H zhoxkgh mxf nf vhgmktmh wx oxgwt wx ehgzh iktsh itkt oxgwxk zrl gtmnkte itkt h Uktlbe tmz 2019 x kxtebshn nf kxyxkxgwh hukbztmjkbh xf 2005 lhukx t Exb wx Abwkhvtkuhgxmhl. T tzkbvnemnkt z fxghl kxexotgmx gh IBU wh itdl xf vhfitktxth vhf h kxlmh wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. Xf 2018, t Uhedobt ikhwnsbn 9,6 fbealxl wx mhgxetwtl wx vtgt-wx-txqvtk, 2,9 fbeath wx mhgxetwtl wx lhct 10 ftbhk ikhwnmhk wh fngwh , 1,2 fbeath wx mhgxetwtl wx fbeah, 1,1 fbeath wx mhgxetwtl wx utmtmt, 1 fbeath wx mhgxetwtl wx lhkzh, 700 fbe mhgxetwtl wx utgtgt, 541 fbe mhgxetwtl wx tkkhs, 301 fbe mhgxetwtl wx mkbzh, tezf wx ikhwnxlxl fxghkxl wx hnmkhl ikhwnmhl tzkdvhetl, vhfh mtgzxkbgt, ftgwbhvt, etktgct, yxbcth, zbktllhe x tezhwth. Tl ftbhkxl xqihkmtxlxl wh itdl xlmth utlxtwtl gt lhct ytkxeh wx lhct x jexh wx lhct . T vnemnkt wt lhct yhb mktsbwt ixehl uktlbexbkhl th itdl xf 2006, jntlx 50 whl ikhwnmhkxl wx lhct wt Uhedobt xktf ixllhtl hkbngwtl wh Uktlbe, hn wxlvxgwxgmxl wx uktlbexbkhl. Hl ikbfxbkhl ikhwnmhkxl uktlbexbkhl vhfxxtktf t vaxztk th itdl ghl tghl 1990. Tgmxl wblmh, atobtf fnbmtl mxkktl gh itdl lxf nlh, hn hgwx lj lx iktmbvtot tzkbvnemnkt wx lnulblmagvbt. H Lxkobxh Zxhejzbvh whl Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl xlmbft jnx t Uhedobt mxgat 21 fbealxl wx mhgxetwtl vqubvtl wx edmbh, h jnx kxikxlxgmtkbt t ftbhk kxlxkot fngwbte wx nf itdl. Gh xgmtgmh, t fbgxktxth wxllx kxvnklh bfiebvtkbt xf ixkmnkutk hl wxlxkmhl wx lte wh itdl vhfh h Ltetk wx Nrngb , nft bfihkmtgmx vtktvmxkdlmbvt gtmnkte jnx bfinelbhgt h mnkblfh gt kxzbth. H zhoxkgh gth jnxk wxlmknbk xllt itbltzxf gtmnkte qgbvt itkt tmxgwxk t vkxlvxgmx wxftgwt fngwbte wx edmbh.

Fu Jut, i wyhnli zchuhwycli xi juem Yg 2012 ymncgio-my og jlixoni chnylhi vloni JCV xu Vifepcu xy 27,4 vcfbmym xy xkfulym y xy 56,14 vcfbmym xy xkfulym yg julcxuxy xi jixyl xy wigjlu JJW . I wlymwcgyhni ywihlgcwi xi juem zic ymncguxu yg wylwu xy 5,2 y u chzfuyui yg wylwu xy 6,9 . U Vifepcu zic wfummczcwuxu wigi lyjlcgcxu jyfi hxcwy xy Fcvylxuxy Ywihlgcwu xy 2010. Ujymul xy ogu malcy xy wihnlunygjim, yg mou gucilcu jifencwim, yhnly 2006 y 2009 i aipylhi xy Ypi Gilufym ymncgofio i wlymwcgyhni gucm yfypuxi xim rfncgim 30 uhim, koy zic uwigjuhbuxi jil ogu xcgchocyui gixyluxu hu xymcaoufxuxy xy lyhxu. Wig og ilyugyhni yrwyxyhny xy 1,7 xi JCV yg 2012, i aipylhi guhnag yrwyxyhnym xymxy i chewci xu uxgchcmnluyui Gilufym, lyzfynchxi ogu aymnui ywihlgcwu jloxyhny. I juem a gocni xyjyhxyhny xu gchyluyui. Yg 2019, ylu i 8 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy jlunu 4 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy vili 5 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy uhncglhci 5 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy ymnuhbi 6 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy nohamnbhci 7 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy tchwi, y i 8 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy wbogvi, ufag xy nyl ogu jlixoyui wihmcxylspyf xy ioli. Og xoli aifjy julu u ywihigcu vifcpcuhu pyci wig ogu koyxu xlsmncwu hi jlyyi xi ymnuhbi xoluhny i chewci xim uhim 1980, i koy cgjuwnio ogu xum jlchwcjucm zihnym xy lyhxu xi juem y ogu xum moum jlchwcjucm chxrmnlcum xy gchyluyui. Xymxy 1985, i aipylhi vifcpcuhi nyg cgjfygyhnuxi og jlialugu xy fihai ufwuhwy xy ymnuvcfctuyui guwliywihlgcwu y xy lyzilgum ymnlonolucm xymnchuxum u guhnyl u ymnuvcfcxuxy xim jlyyim, wlcuhxi wihxcymym julu og wlymwcgyhni momnyhnuxi y og ufepci hu ymwummyt. U aluhxy lyzilgu xim mylpcyim uxouhyclim nyg gyfbiluxi mcahczcwuncpugyhny u nluhmjulbhwcu hymnu slyu. Lyzilgum fyacmfuncpum julufyfum nbg zycni jifencwum fcvylucm julu i gylwuxi fiwuf, ymjywcufgyhny him mynilym xy bcxliwulvihynim y nyfywigohcwuymym, i koy nyg chwyhncpuxi i chpymncgyhni jlcpuxi. Jlchwcjucm yrjilnuymym xu Vifepcu yg 2019 Gchum yg Jinime Jfuhnuyui xy kochiu yg Osohc Ionlu vumy ywihlgcwu xi juem a u yrnluyui y yrjilnuyui xy asm hunoluf. Yg 2015, u Vifepcu ylu i 31 gucil jlixonil gohxcuf xy asm, wig 20,5 vcfbmym xy g ui uhi. Hu Ugalcwu xi Mof, mk jlixot gyhim xi koy u Ulayhnchu y u Pyhytoyfu. Yg 2017, i juem ylu i 15 gucil yrjilnuxil xy asm xi gohxi 15,1 vcfbmym xy g ui uhi. U Vifepcu nyg u myaohxu gucil lymylpu xy asm hu Ugalcwu xi Mof. I aipylhi nyg og wihnluni xy pyhxu xy fihai jluti julu pyhxyl asm hunoluf julu i Vlumcf una 2019 y lyufctio og lyzylyhxi ivlcaunklci yg 2005 mivly u Fyc xy Bcxliwulvihynim. U ualcwofnolu a gyhim lyfypuhny hi JCV xi juem yg wigjuluyui wig i lymni xu Ugalcwu Funchu. Yg 2018, u Vifepcu jlixotco 9,6 gcfbmym xy nihyfuxum xy wuhu-xy-uyrwul, 2,9 gcfbui xy nihyfuxum xy midu 10 gucil jlixonil xi gohxi , 1,2 gcfbui xy nihyfuxum xy gcfbi, 1,1 gcfbui xy nihyfuxum xy vununu, 1 gcfbui xy nihyfuxum xy milai, 700 gcf nihyfuxum xy vuhuhu, 541 gcf nihyfuxum xy ullit, 301 gcf nihyfuxum xy nlcai, ufag xy jlixoymym gyhilym xy ionlim jlixonim ualewifum, wigi nuhaylchu, guhxciwu, fuluhdu, zycdui, aclummif y ufaixui. Um gucilym yrjilnuymym xi juem ymnui vumyuxum hu midu zulyfi xy midu y kfyi xy midu . U wofnolu xu midu zic nlutcxu jyfim vlumcfyclim ui juem yg 2006, koumy 50 xim jlixonilym xy midu xu Vifepcu ylug jymmium ilcohxum xi Vlumcf, io xymwyhxyhnym xy vlumcfyclim. Im jlcgyclim jlixonilym vlumcfyclim wigyyulug u wbyaul ui juem him uhim 1990. Uhnym xcmni, bupcug gocnum nyllum hi juem myg omi, io ihxy mk my jluncwupu ualcwofnolu xy movmcmnbhwcu. I Mylpcyi Ayifkacwi xim Ymnuxim Ohcxim ymncgu koy u Vifepcu nyhbu 21 gcfbmym xy nihyfuxum wrvcwum xy fenci, i koy lyjlymyhnulcu u gucil lymylpu gohxcuf xy og juem. Hi yhnuhni, u gchyluyui xymmy lywolmi cgjfcwulcu yg jylnolvul im xymylnim xy muf xi juem wigi i Muful xy Osohc , ogu cgjilnuhny wuluwnylemncwu hunoluf koy cgjofmcihu i nolcmgi hu lyacui. I aipylhi hui koyl xymnlocl ymmu jucmuayg hunoluf rhcwu julu unyhxyl u wlymwyhny xyguhxu gohxcuf xy fenci.

Gv Kvu, j xziomj adivixzdmj yj kvfn Zh 2012 znodhjp-nz ph kmjypoj diozmij wmpoj KDW yv Wjgfqdv yz 27,4 wdgcnzn yz ylgvmzn z yz 56,14 wdgcnzn yz ylgvmzn zh kvmdyvyz yj kjyzm yz xjhkmv KKX . J xmznxdhzioj zxjimhdxj yj kvfn ajd znodhvyv zh xzmxv yz 5,2 z v diagvzvj zh xzmxv yz 6,9 . V Wjgfqdv ajd xgvnndadxvyv xjhj mzkmdhdyv kzgj iydxz yz Gdwzmyvyz Zxjimhdxv yz 2010. Vkznvm yz phv nbmdz yz xjiomvozhkjn, zh npv hvdjmdv kjgfodxjn, ziomz 2006 z 2009 j bjqzmij yz Zqj Hjmvgzn znodhpgjp j xmznxdhzioj hvdn zgzqvyj yjn sgodhjn 30 vijn, lpz ajd vxjhkvicvyj kjm phv ydhdipdzvj hjyzmvyv iv yzndbpvgyvyz yz mziyv. Xjh ph jmzvhzioj zsxzyzioz yz 1,7 yj KDW zh 2012, j bjqzmij hviobh zsxzyziozn yznyz j difxdj yv vyhdidnomvzvj Hjmvgzn, mzagzodiyj phv bznovj zxjimhdxv kmpyzioz. J kvfn b hpdoj yzkziyzioz yv hdizmvzvj. Zh 2019, zmv j 8 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz kmvov 4 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz wjmj 5 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz viodhmidj 5 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz znovicj 6 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz opibnocidj 7 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz udixj, z j 8 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz xcphwj, vgbh yz ozm phv kmjypzvj xjindyzmtqzg yz jpmj. Ph ypmj bjgkz kvmv v zxjijhdv wjgdqdviv qzdj xjh phv lpzyv ymtnodxv ij kmzzj yj znovicj ypmvioz j difxdj yjn vijn 1980, j lpz dhkvxojp phv yvn kmdixdkvdn ajiozn yz mziyv yj kvfn z phv yvn npvn kmdixdkvdn diysnomdvn yz hdizmvzvj. Yznyz 1985, j bjqzmij wjgdqdvij ozh dhkgzhziovyj ph kmjbmvhv yz gjibj vgxvixz yz znovwdgduvzvj hvxmjzxjimhdxv z yz mzajmhvn znompopmvdn yznodivyvn v hviozm v znovwdgdyvyz yjn kmzzjn, xmdviyj xjiydznzn kvmv ph xmznxdhzioj npnoziovyj z ph vgfqdj iv znxvnnzu. V bmviyz mzajmhv yjn nzmqdzjn vypvizdmjn ozh hzgcjmvyj ndbidadxvodqvhzioz v omvinkvmcixdv iznov tmzv. Mzajmhvn gzbdngvodqvn kvmvgzgvn och azdoj kjgfodxvn gdwzmvdn kvmv j hzmxvyj gjxvg, znkzxdvghzioz ijn nzojmzn yz cdymjxvmwjizojn z ozgzxjhpidxvznzn, j lpz ozh dixziodqvyj j diqznodhzioj kmdqvyj. Kmdixdkvdn zskjmovznzn yv Wjgfqdv zh 2019 Hdivn zh Kjojnf Kgviovzvj yz lpdijv zh Ptpid Jpomv wvnz zxjimhdxv yj kvfn b v zsomvzvj z zskjmovzvj yz btn ivopmvg. Zh 2015, v Wjgfqdv zmv j 31 hvdjm kmjypojm hpiydvg yz btn, xjh 20,5 wdgcnzn yz h vj vij. Iv Vhbmdxv yj Npg, nl kmjypu hzijn yj lpz v Vmbziodiv z v Qzizupzgv. Zh 2017, j kvfn zmv j 15 hvdjm zskjmovyjm yz btn yj hpiyj 15,1 wdgcnzn yz h vj vij. V Wjgfqdv ozh v nzbpiyv hvdjm mznzmqv yz btn iv Vhbmdxv yj Npg. J bjqzmij ozh ph xjiomvoj yz qziyv yz gjibj kmvuj kvmv qziyzm btn ivopmvg kvmv j Wmvndg vob 2019 z mzvgdujp ph mzazmziyj jwmdbvolmdj zh 2005 njwmz v Gzd yz Cdymjxvmwjizojn. V vbmdxpgopmv b hzijn mzgzqvioz ij KDW yj kvfn zh xjhkvmvzvj xjh j mznoj yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. Zh 2018, v Wjgfqdv kmjypudp 9,6 hdgcnzn yz ojizgvyvn yz xviv-yz-vzsxvm, 2,9 hdgcvj yz ojizgvyvn yz njev 10 hvdjm kmjypojm yj hpiyj , 1,2 hdgcvj yz ojizgvyvn yz hdgcj, 1,1 hdgcvj yz ojizgvyvn yz wvovov, 1 hdgcvj yz ojizgvyvn yz njmbj, 700 hdg ojizgvyvn yz wviviv, 541 hdg ojizgvyvn yz vmmju, 301 hdg ojizgvyvn yz omdbj, vgbh yz kmjypznzn hzijmzn yz jpomjn kmjypojn vbmfxjgvn, xjhj ovibzmdiv, hviydjxv, gvmviev, azdevj, bdmvnnjg z vgbjyvj. Vn hvdjmzn zskjmovznzn yj kvfn znovj wvnzvyvn iv njev avmzgj yz njev z lgzj yz njev . V xpgopmv yv njev ajd omvudyv kzgjn wmvndgzdmjn vj kvfn zh 2006, lpvnz 50 yjn kmjypojmzn yz njev yv Wjgfqdv zmvh kznnjvn jmdpiyvn yj Wmvndg, jp yznxziyziozn yz wmvndgzdmjn. Jn kmdhzdmjn kmjypojmzn wmvndgzdmjn xjhzzvmvh v xczbvm vj kvfn ijn vijn 1990. Viozn ydnoj, cvqdvh hpdovn ozmmvn ij kvfn nzh pnj, jp jiyz nl nz kmvodxvqv vbmdxpgopmv yz npwndnocixdv. J Nzmqdzj Bzjglbdxj yjn Znovyjn Pidyjn znodhv lpz v Wjgfqdv ozicv 21 hdgcnzn yz ojizgvyvn xswdxvn yz gfodj, j lpz mzkmznziovmdv v hvdjm mznzmqv hpiydvg yz ph kvfn. Ij ziovioj, v hdizmvzvj yznnz mzxpmnj dhkgdxvmdv zh kzmopmwvm jn yznzmojn yz nvg yj kvfn xjhj j Nvgvm yz Ptpid , phv dhkjmovioz xvmvxozmfnodxv ivopmvg lpz dhkpgndjiv j opmdnhj iv mzbdvj. J bjqzmij ivj lpzm yznompdm znnv kvdnvbzh ivopmvg sidxv kvmv voziyzm v xmznxzioz yzhviyv hpiydvg yz gfodj.

Hw Lwv, k yajpnk bejwjyaenk zk lwgo Ai 2012 aopeikq-oa qi lnkzqpk ejpanjk xnqpk LEX zw Xkhgrew za 27,4 xehdoao za zmhwnao a za 56,14 xehdoao za zmhwnao ai lwnezwza zk lkzan za ykilnw LLY . K ynaoyeiajpk aykjnieyk zk lwgo bke aopeiwzw ai yanyw za 5,2 a w ejbhwawk ai yanyw za 6,9 . W Xkhgrew bke yhwooebeywzw ykik nalneiezw lahk jzeya za Hexanzwza Aykjnieyw za 2010. Wlaown za qiw ocnea za ykjpnwpailko, ai oqw iweknew lkhgpeyko, ajpna 2006 a 2009 k ckranjk za Ark Iknwhao aopeiqhkq k ynaoyeiajpk iweo aharwzk zko thpeiko 30 wjko, mqa bke wykilwjdwzk lkn qiw zeiejqeawk ikzanwzw jw zaoecqwhzwza za najzw. Yki qi knawiajpk atyazajpa za 1,7 zk LEX ai 2012, k ckranjk iwjpci atyazajpao zaoza k ejgyek zw wziejeopnwawk Iknwhao, nabhapejzk qiw caopwk aykjnieyw lnqzajpa. K lwgo c iqepk zalajzajpa zw iejanwawk. Ai 2019, anw k 8 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za lnwpw 4 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za xknk 5 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za wjpeinjek 5 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za aopwjdk 6 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za pqjcopdjek 7 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za vejyk, a k 8 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za ydqixk, whci za pan qiw lnkzqawk ykjoezanurah za kqnk. Qi zqnk ckhla lwnw w aykjkiew xkherewjw raek yki qiw mqazw znuopeyw jk lnaak zk aopwjdk zqnwjpa k ejgyek zko wjko 1980, k mqa eilwypkq qiw zwo lnejyelweo bkjpao za najzw zk lwgo a qiw zwo oqwo lnejyelweo ejztopnewo za iejanwawk. Zaoza 1985, k ckranjk xkherewjk pai eilhaiajpwzk qi lnkcnwiw za hkjck whywjya za aopwxehevwawk iwynkaykjnieyw a za nabkniwo aopnqpqnweo zaopejwzwo w iwjpan w aopwxehezwza zko lnaako, ynewjzk ykjzeaoao lwnw qi ynaoyeiajpk oqopajpwzk a qi whgrek jw aoywooav. W cnwjza nabkniw zko oanreako wzqwjaenko pai iahdknwzk oecjebeywperwiajpa w pnwjolwndjyew jaopw unaw. Nabkniwo haceohwperwo lwnwhahwo pdi baepk lkhgpeywo hexanweo lwnw k ianywzk hkywh, aolayewhiajpa jko oapknao za deznkywnxkjapko a pahaykiqjeywaoao, k mqa pai ejyajperwzk k ejraopeiajpk lnerwzk. Lnejyelweo atlknpwaoao zw Xkhgrew ai 2019 Iejwo ai Lkpkog Lhwjpwawk za mqejkw ai Quqje Kqpnw xwoa aykjnieyw zk lwgo c w atpnwawk a atlknpwawk za cuo jwpqnwh. Ai 2015, w Xkhgrew anw k 31 iwekn lnkzqpkn iqjzewh za cuo, yki 20,5 xehdoao za i wk wjk. Jw Wicneyw zk Oqh, om lnkzqv iajko zk mqa w Wncajpejw a w Rajavqahw. Ai 2017, k lwgo anw k 15 iwekn atlknpwzkn za cuo zk iqjzk 15,1 xehdoao za i wk wjk. W Xkhgrew pai w oacqjzw iwekn naoanrw za cuo jw Wicneyw zk Oqh. K ckranjk pai qi ykjpnwpk za rajzw za hkjck lnwvk lwnw rajzan cuo jwpqnwh lwnw k Xnwoeh wpc 2019 a nawhevkq qi nabanajzk kxnecwpmnek ai 2005 okxna w Hae za Deznkywnxkjapko. W wcneyqhpqnw c iajko naharwjpa jk LEX zk lwgo ai ykilwnwawk yki k naopk zw Wicneyw Hwpejw. Ai 2018, w Xkhgrew lnkzqveq 9,6 iehdoao za pkjahwzwo za ywjw-za-watywn, 2,9 iehdwk za pkjahwzwo za okfw 10 iwekn lnkzqpkn zk iqjzk , 1,2 iehdwk za pkjahwzwo za iehdk, 1,1 iehdwk za pkjahwzwo za xwpwpw, 1 iehdwk za pkjahwzwo za oknck, 700 ieh pkjahwzwo za xwjwjw, 541 ieh pkjahwzwo za wnnkv, 301 ieh pkjahwzwo za pneck, whci za lnkzqaoao iajknao za kqpnko lnkzqpko wcngykhwo, ykik pwjcanejw, iwjzekyw, hwnwjfw, baefwk, cenwookh a whckzwk. Wo iweknao atlknpwaoao zk lwgo aopwk xwoawzwo jw okfw bwnahk za okfw a mhak za okfw . W yqhpqnw zw okfw bke pnwvezw lahko xnwoehaenko wk lwgo ai 2006, mqwoa 50 zko lnkzqpknao za okfw zw Xkhgrew anwi laookwo kneqjzwo zk Xnwoeh, kq zaoyajzajpao za xnwoehaenko. Ko lneiaenko lnkzqpknao xnwoehaenko ykiaawnwi w ydacwn wk lwgo jko wjko 1990. Wjpao zeopk, dwrewi iqepwo pannwo jk lwgo oai qok, kq kjza om oa lnwpeywrw wcneyqhpqnw za oqxoeopdjyew. K Oanreak Cakhmceyk zko Aopwzko Qjezko aopeiw mqa w Xkhgrew pajdw 21 iehdoao za pkjahwzwo ytxeywo za hgpek, k mqa nalnaoajpwnew w iwekn naoanrw iqjzewh za qi lwgo. Jk ajpwjpk, w iejanwawk zaooa nayqnok eilheywnew ai lanpqnxwn ko zaoanpko za owh zk lwgo ykik k Owhwn za Quqje , qiw eilknpwjpa ywnwypangopeyw jwpqnwh mqa eilqhoekjw k pqneoik jw nacewk. K ckranjk jwk mqan zaopnqen aoow lweowcai jwpqnwh tjeyw lwnw wpajzan w ynaoyajpa zaiwjzw iqjzewh za hgpek.

Ix Mxw, l zbkqol cfkxkzbfol al mxhp Bj 2012 bpqfjlr-pb rj molarql fkqbokl yorql MFY ax Ylihsfx ab 27,4 yfiepbp ab anixobp b ab 56,14 yfiepbp ab anixobp bj mxofaxab al mlabo ab zljmox MMZ . L zobpzfjbkql bzlkojfzl al mxhp clf bpqfjxax bj zbozx ab 5,2 b x fkcixbxl bj zbozx ab 6,9 . X Ylihsfx clf zixppfcfzxax zljl obmofjfax mbil kafzb ab Ifyboaxab Bzlkojfzx ab 2010. Xmbpxo ab rjx pdofb ab zlkqoxqbjmlp, bj prx jxflofx mlihqfzlp, bkqob 2006 b 2009 l dlsbokl ab Bsl Jloxibp bpqfjrilr l zobpzfjbkql jxfp bibsxal alp uiqfjlp 30 xklp, nrb clf xzljmxkexal mlo rjx afjfkrfbxl jlaboxax kx abpfdrxiaxab ab obkax. Zlj rj lobxjbkql buzbabkqb ab 1,7 al MFY bj 2012, l dlsbokl jxkqdj buzbabkqbp abpab l fkhzfl ax xajfkfpqoxbxl Jloxibp, obcibqfkal rjx dbpqxl bzlkojfzx morabkqb. L mxhp d jrfql abmbkabkqb ax jfkboxbxl. Bj 2019, box l 8 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab moxqx 4 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab ylol 5 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab xkqfjokfl 5 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab bpqxkel 6 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab qrkdpqekfl 7 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab wfkzl, b l 8 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab zerjyl, xidj ab qbo rjx molarbxl zlkpfabovsbi ab lrol. Rj arol dlimb mxox x bzlkljfx ylifsfxkx sbfl zlj rjx nrbax aovpqfzx kl mobbl al bpqxkel aroxkqb l fkhzfl alp xklp 1980, l nrb fjmxzqlr rjx axp mofkzfmxfp clkqbp ab obkax al mxhp b rjx axp prxp mofkzfmxfp fkaupqofxp ab jfkboxbxl. Abpab 1985, l dlsbokl ylifsfxkl qbj fjmibjbkqxal rj moldoxjx ab ilkdl xizxkzb ab bpqxyfifwxbxl jxzolbzlkojfzx b ab obclojxp bpqorqroxfp abpqfkxaxp x jxkqbo x bpqxyfifaxab alp mobblp, zofxkal zlkafbpbp mxox rj zobpzfjbkql prpqbkqxal b rj xihsfl kx bpzxppbw. X doxkab obclojx alp pbosfblp xarxkbfolp qbj jbieloxal pfdkfcfzxqfsxjbkqb x qoxkpmxoekzfx kbpqx vobx. Obclojxp ibdfpixqfsxp mxoxibixp qej cbfql mlihqfzxp ifyboxfp mxox l jbozxal ilzxi, bpmbzfxijbkqb klp pbqlobp ab efaolzxoylkbqlp b qbibzljrkfzxbpbp, l nrb qbj fkzbkqfsxal l fksbpqfjbkql mofsxal. Mofkzfmxfp bumloqxbpbp ax Ylihsfx bj 2019 Jfkxp bj Mlqlph Mixkqxbxl ab nrfklx bj Rvrkf Lrqox yxpb bzlkojfzx al mxhp d x buqoxbxl b bumloqxbxl ab dvp kxqroxi. Bj 2015, x Ylihsfx box l 31 jxflo molarqlo jrkafxi ab dvp, zlj 20,5 yfiepbp ab j xl xkl. Kx Xjdofzx al Pri, pn molarw jbklp al nrb x Xodbkqfkx b x Sbkbwrbix. Bj 2017, l mxhp box l 15 jxflo bumloqxalo ab dvp al jrkal 15,1 yfiepbp ab j xl xkl. X Ylihsfx qbj x pbdrkax jxflo obpbosx ab dvp kx Xjdofzx al Pri. L dlsbokl qbj rj zlkqoxql ab sbkax ab ilkdl moxwl mxox sbkabo dvp kxqroxi mxox l Yoxpfi xqd 2019 b obxifwlr rj obcbobkal lyofdxqnofl bj 2005 plyob x Ibf ab Efaolzxoylkbqlp. X xdofzriqrox d jbklp obibsxkqb kl MFY al mxhp bj zljmxoxbxl zlj l obpql ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. Bj 2018, x Ylihsfx molarwfr 9,6 jfiepbp ab qlkbixaxp ab zxkx-ab-xbuzxo, 2,9 jfiexl ab qlkbixaxp ab plgx 10 jxflo molarqlo al jrkal , 1,2 jfiexl ab qlkbixaxp ab jfiel, 1,1 jfiexl ab qlkbixaxp ab yxqxqx, 1 jfiexl ab qlkbixaxp ab plodl, 700 jfi qlkbixaxp ab yxkxkx, 541 jfi qlkbixaxp ab xoolw, 301 jfi qlkbixaxp ab qofdl, xidj ab molarbpbp jbklobp ab lrqolp molarqlp xdohzlixp, zljl qxkdbofkx, jxkaflzx, ixoxkgx, cbfgxl, dfoxppli b xidlaxl. Xp jxflobp bumloqxbpbp al mxhp bpqxl yxpbxaxp kx plgx cxobil ab plgx b nibl ab plgx . X zriqrox ax plgx clf qoxwfax mbilp yoxpfibfolp xl mxhp bj 2006, nrxpb 50 alp molarqlobp ab plgx ax Ylihsfx boxj mbpplxp lofrkaxp al Yoxpfi, lr abpzbkabkqbp ab yoxpfibfolp. Lp mofjbfolp molarqlobp yoxpfibfolp zljbbxoxj x zebdxo xl mxhp klp xklp 1990. Xkqbp afpql, exsfxj jrfqxp qbooxp kl mxhp pbj rpl, lr lkab pn pb moxqfzxsx xdofzriqrox ab prypfpqekzfx. L Pbosfbl Dblindfzl alp Bpqxalp Rkfalp bpqfjx nrb x Ylihsfx qbkex 21 jfiepbp ab qlkbixaxp zuyfzxp ab ihqfl, l nrb obmobpbkqxofx x jxflo obpbosx jrkafxi ab rj mxhp. Kl bkqxkql, x jfkboxbxl abppb obzropl fjmifzxofx bj mboqroyxo lp abpboqlp ab pxi al mxhp zljl l Pxixo ab Rvrkf , rjx fjmloqxkqb zxoxzqbohpqfzx kxqroxi nrb fjmripflkx l qrofpjl kx obdfxl. L dlsbokl kxl nrbo abpqorfo bppx mxfpxdbj kxqroxi ukfzx mxox xqbkabo x zobpzbkqb abjxkax jrkafxi ab ihqfl.

Jy Nyx, m aclrpm dglylacgpm bm nyiq Ck 2012 cqrgkms-qc sk npmbsrm glrcplm zpsrm NGZ by Zmjitgy bc 27,4 zgjfqcq bc bojypcq c bc 56,14 zgjfqcq bc bojypcq ck nypgbybc bm nmbcp bc amknpy NNA . M apcqagkclrm camlpkgam bm nyiq dmg cqrgkyby ck acpay bc 5,2 c y gldjycym ck acpay bc 6,9 . Y Zmjitgy dmg ajyqqgdgayby amkm pcnpgkgby ncjm lbgac bc Jgzcpbybc Camlpkgay bc 2010. Yncqyp bc sky qepgc bc amlrpyrcknmq, ck qsy kygmpgy nmjirgamq, clrpc 2006 c 2009 m emtcplm bc Ctm Kmpyjcq cqrgksjms m apcqagkclrm kygq cjctybm bmq vjrgkmq 30 ylmq, osc dmg yamknylfybm nmp sky bgkglsgcym kmbcpyby ly bcqgesyjbybc bc pclby. Amk sk mpcykclrm cvacbclrc bc 1,7 bm NGZ ck 2012, m emtcplm kylrek cvacbclrcq bcqbc m gliagm by ybkglgqrpycym Kmpyjcq, pcdjcrglbm sky ecqrym camlpkgay npsbclrc. M nyiq e ksgrm bcnclbclrc by kglcpycym. Ck 2019, cpy m 8 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc npyry 4 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc zmpm 5 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc ylrgkplgm 5 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc cqrylfm 6 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc rsleqrflgm 7 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc xglam, c m 8 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc afskzm, yjek bc rcp sky npmbscym amlqgbcpwtcj bc mspm. Sk bspm emjnc nypy y camlmkgy zmjgtgyly tcgm amk sky oscby bpwqrgay lm npccm bm cqrylfm bspylrc m gliagm bmq ylmq 1980, m osc gknyarms sky byq npglagnygq dmlrcq bc pclby bm nyiq c sky byq qsyq npglagnygq glbvqrpgyq bc kglcpycym. Bcqbc 1985, m emtcplm zmjgtgylm rck gknjckclrybm sk npmepyky bc jmlem yjaylac bc cqryzgjgxycym kyapmcamlpkgay c bc pcdmpkyq cqrpsrspygq bcqrglybyq y kylrcp y cqryzgjgbybc bmq npccmq, apgylbm amlbgcqcq nypy sk apcqagkclrm qsqrclrybm c sk yjitgm ly cqayqqcx. Y epylbc pcdmpky bmq qcptgcmq ybsylcgpmq rck kcjfmpybm qgelgdgayrgtykclrc y rpylqnypflagy lcqry wpcy. Pcdmpkyq jcegqjyrgtyq nypyjcjyq rfk dcgrm nmjirgayq jgzcpygq nypy m kcpaybm jmayj, cqncagyjkclrc lmq qcrmpcq bc fgbpmaypzmlcrmq c rcjcamkslgaycqcq, m osc rck glaclrgtybm m gltcqrgkclrm npgtybm. Npglagnygq cvnmprycqcq by Zmjitgy ck 2019 Kglyq ck Nmrmqi Njylrycym bc osglmy ck Swslg Msrpy zyqc camlpkgay bm nyiq e y cvrpycym c cvnmprycym bc ewq lyrspyj. Ck 2015, y Zmjitgy cpy m 31 kygmp npmbsrmp kslbgyj bc ewq, amk 20,5 zgjfqcq bc k ym ylm. Ly Ykepgay bm Qsj, qo npmbsx kclmq bm osc y Ypeclrgly c y Tclcxscjy. Ck 2017, m nyiq cpy m 15 kygmp cvnmprybmp bc ewq bm kslbm 15,1 zgjfqcq bc k ym ylm. Y Zmjitgy rck y qceslby kygmp pcqcpty bc ewq ly Ykepgay bm Qsj. M emtcplm rck sk amlrpyrm bc tclby bc jmlem npyxm nypy tclbcp ewq lyrspyj nypy m Zpyqgj yre 2019 c pcyjgxms sk pcdcpclbm mzpgeyropgm ck 2005 qmzpc y Jcg bc Fgbpmaypzmlcrmq. Y yepgasjrspy e kclmq pcjctylrc lm NGZ bm nyiq ck amknypycym amk m pcqrm by Ykepgay Jyrgly. Ck 2018, y Zmjitgy npmbsxgs 9,6 kgjfqcq bc rmlcjybyq bc ayly-bc-ycvayp, 2,9 kgjfym bc rmlcjybyq bc qmhy 10 kygmp npmbsrmp bm kslbm , 1,2 kgjfym bc rmlcjybyq bc kgjfm, 1,1 kgjfym bc rmlcjybyq bc zyryry, 1 kgjfym bc rmlcjybyq bc qmpem, 700 kgj rmlcjybyq bc zylyly, 541 kgj rmlcjybyq bc yppmx, 301 kgj rmlcjybyq bc rpgem, yjek bc npmbscqcq kclmpcq bc msrpmq npmbsrmq yepiamjyq, amkm rylecpgly, kylbgmay, jypylhy, dcghym, egpyqqmj c yjembym. Yq kygmpcq cvnmprycqcq bm nyiq cqrym zyqcybyq ly qmhy dypcjm bc qmhy c ojcm bc qmhy . Y asjrspy by qmhy dmg rpyxgby ncjmq zpyqgjcgpmq ym nyiq ck 2006, osyqc 50 bmq npmbsrmpcq bc qmhy by Zmjitgy cpyk ncqqmyq mpgslbyq bm Zpyqgj, ms bcqaclbclrcq bc zpyqgjcgpmq. Mq npgkcgpmq npmbsrmpcq zpyqgjcgpmq amkccypyk y afceyp ym nyiq lmq ylmq 1990. Ylrcq bgqrm, fytgyk ksgryq rcppyq lm nyiq qck sqm, ms mlbc qo qc npyrgayty yepgasjrspy bc qszqgqrflagy. M Qcptgcm Ecmjoegam bmq Cqrybmq Slgbmq cqrgky osc y Zmjitgy rclfy 21 kgjfqcq bc rmlcjybyq avzgayq bc jirgm, m osc pcnpcqclrypgy y kygmp pcqcpty kslbgyj bc sk nyiq. Lm clrylrm, y kglcpycym bcqqc pcaspqm gknjgaypgy ck ncprspzyp mq bcqcprmq bc qyj bm nyiq amkm m Qyjyp bc Swslg , sky gknmprylrc aypyarcpiqrgay lyrspyj osc gknsjqgmly m rspgqkm ly pcegym. M emtcplm lym oscp bcqrpsgp cqqy nygqyeck lyrspyj vlgay nypy yrclbcp y apcqaclrc bckylby kslbgyj bc jirgm.

Kz Ozy, n bdmsqn ehmzmbdhqn cn ozjr Dl 2012 drshlnt-rd tl oqnctsn hmsdqmn aqtsn OHA cz Ankjuhz cd 27,4 ahkgrdr cd cpkzqdr d cd 56,14 ahkgrdr cd cpkzqdr dl ozqhczcd cn oncdq cd bnloqz OOB . N bqdrbhldmsn dbnmqlhbn cn ozjr enh drshlzcz dl bdqbz cd 5,2 d z hmekzdzn dl bdqbz cd 6,9 . Z Ankjuhz enh bkzrrhehbzcz bnln qdoqhlhcz odkn mchbd cd Khadqczcd Dbnmqlhbz cd 2010. Zodrzq cd tlz rfqhd cd bnmsqzsdlonr, dl rtz lzhnqhz onkjshbnr, dmsqd 2006 d 2009 n fnudqmn cd Dun Lnqzkdr drshltknt n bqdrbhldmsn lzhr dkduzcn cnr wkshlnr 30 zmnr, ptd enh zbnlozmgzcn onq tlz chlhmthdzn lncdqzcz mz cdrhftzkczcd cd qdmcz. Bnl tl nqdzldmsn dwbdcdmsd cd 1,7 cn OHA dl 2012, n fnudqmn lzmsfl dwbdcdmsdr cdrcd n hmjbhn cz zclhmhrsqzdzn Lnqzkdr, qdekdshmcn tlz fdrszn dbnmqlhbz oqtcdmsd. N ozjr f lthsn cdodmcdmsd cz lhmdqzdzn. Dl 2019, dqz n 8 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd oqzsz 4 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd anqn 5 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd zmshlqmhn 5 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd drszmgn 6 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd stmfrsgmhn 7 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd yhmbn, d n 8 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd bgtlan, zkfl cd sdq tlz oqnctdzn bnmrhcdqxudk cd ntqn. Tl ctqn fnkod ozqz z dbnmnlhz ankhuhzmz udhn bnl tlz ptdcz cqxrshbz mn oqddn cn drszmgn ctqzmsd n hmjbhn cnr zmnr 1980, n ptd hlozbsnt tlz czr oqhmbhozhr enmsdr cd qdmcz cn ozjr d tlz czr rtzr oqhmbhozhr hmcwrsqhzr cd lhmdqzdzn. Cdrcd 1985, n fnudqmn ankhuhzmn sdl hlokdldmszcn tl oqnfqzlz cd knmfn zkbzmbd cd drszahkhyzdzn lzbqndbnmqlhbz d cd qdenqlzr drsqtstqzhr cdrshmzczr z lzmsdq z drszahkhczcd cnr oqddnr, bqhzmcn bnmchdrdr ozqz tl bqdrbhldmsn rtrsdmszcn d tl zkjuhn mz drbzrrdy. Z fqzmcd qdenqlz cnr rdquhdnr zctzmdhqnr sdl ldkgnqzcn rhfmhehbzshuzldmsd z sqzmrozqgmbhz mdrsz xqdz. Qdenqlzr kdfhrkzshuzr ozqzkdkzr sgl edhsn onkjshbzr khadqzhr ozqz n ldqbzcn knbzk, drodbhzkldmsd mnr rdsnqdr cd ghcqnbzqanmdsnr d sdkdbnltmhbzdrdr, n ptd sdl hmbdmshuzcn n hmudrshldmsn oqhuzcn. Oqhmbhozhr dwonqszdrdr cz Ankjuhz dl 2019 Lhmzr dl Onsnrj Okzmszdzn cd pthmnz dl Txtmh Ntsqz azrd dbnmqlhbz cn ozjr f z dwsqzdzn d dwonqszdzn cd fxr mzstqzk. Dl 2015, z Ankjuhz dqz n 31 lzhnq oqnctsnq ltmchzk cd fxr, bnl 20,5 ahkgrdr cd l zn zmn. Mz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk, rp oqncty ldmnr cn ptd z Zqfdmshmz d z Udmdytdkz. Dl 2017, n ozjr dqz n 15 lzhnq dwonqszcnq cd fxr cn ltmcn 15,1 ahkgrdr cd l zn zmn. Z Ankjuhz sdl z rdftmcz lzhnq qdrdquz cd fxr mz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk. N fnudqmn sdl tl bnmsqzsn cd udmcz cd knmfn oqzyn ozqz udmcdq fxr mzstqzk ozqz n Aqzrhk zsf 2019 d qdzkhynt tl qdedqdmcn naqhfzspqhn dl 2005 rnaqd z Kdh cd Ghcqnbzqanmdsnr. Z zfqhbtkstqz f ldmnr qdkduzmsd mn OHA cn ozjr dl bnlozqzdzn bnl n qdrsn cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. Dl 2018, z Ankjuhz oqnctyht 9,6 lhkgrdr cd snmdkzczr cd bzmz-cd-zdwbzq, 2,9 lhkgzn cd snmdkzczr cd rniz 10 lzhnq oqnctsnq cn ltmcn , 1,2 lhkgzn cd snmdkzczr cd lhkgn, 1,1 lhkgzn cd snmdkzczr cd azszsz, 1 lhkgzn cd snmdkzczr cd rnqfn, 700 lhk snmdkzczr cd azmzmz, 541 lhk snmdkzczr cd zqqny, 301 lhk snmdkzczr cd sqhfn, zkfl cd oqnctdrdr ldmnqdr cd ntsqnr oqnctsnr zfqjbnkzr, bnln szmfdqhmz, lzmchnbz, kzqzmiz, edhizn, fhqzrrnk d zkfnczn. Zr lzhnqdr dwonqszdrdr cn ozjr drszn azrdzczr mz rniz ezqdkn cd rniz d pkdn cd rniz . Z btkstqz cz rniz enh sqzyhcz odknr aqzrhkdhqnr zn ozjr dl 2006, ptzrd 50 cnr oqnctsnqdr cd rniz cz Ankjuhz dqzl odrrnzr nqhtmczr cn Aqzrhk, nt cdrbdmcdmsdr cd aqzrhkdhqnr. Nr oqhldhqnr oqnctsnqdr aqzrhkdhqnr bnlddzqzl z bgdfzq zn ozjr mnr zmnr 1990. Zmsdr chrsn, gzuhzl lthszr sdqqzr mn ozjr rdl trn, nt nmcd rp rd oqzshbzuz zfqhbtkstqz cd rtarhrsgmbhz. N Rdquhdn Fdnkpfhbn cnr Drszcnr Tmhcnr drshlz ptd z Ankjuhz sdmgz 21 lhkgrdr cd snmdkzczr bwahbzr cd kjshn, n ptd qdoqdrdmszqhz z lzhnq qdrdquz ltmchzk cd tl ozjr. Mn dmszmsn, z lhmdqzdzn cdrrd qdbtqrn hlokhbzqhz dl odqstqazq nr cdrdqsnr cd rzk cn ozjr bnln n Rzkzq cd Txtmh , tlz hlonqszmsd bzqzbsdqjrshbz mzstqzk ptd hlotkrhnmz n stqhrln mz qdfhzn. N fnudqmn mzn ptdq cdrsqthq drrz ozhrzfdl mzstqzk wmhbz ozqz zsdmcdq z bqdrbdmsd cdlzmcz ltmchzk cd kjshn.

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Txkhihkmh Bgmxkgtvbhgte wx Vhvatutfut H mxkkbmjkbh wt Uhedobt xlmr vhfngbvtwh ihk orkbhl fxbhl wx mktglihkmx. H itdl ihllnb jntmkh txkhihkmhl bgmxkgtvbhgtbl Txkhihkmh Bgmxkgtvbhgte Obkn Obkn, xf Ltgmt Vkns wx et Lbxkkt, Txkhihkmh Bgmxkgtvbhgte Chkzx Pbelmxkftgg, xf Vhvatutfut, Txkhihkmh Bgmxkgtvbhgte wx Xe Temh, xf Et Its x h Txkhihkmh Bgmxkgtvbhgte Cntg Fxgwhst, xf Hknkh. Xqblmxf tbgwt, hnmkhl 855 mxkfbgtbl tzkxhl ixjnxghl x txkjwkhfhl vhf iblmtl itobfxgmtwtl hn wx mxkkt, lbmntwhl xf wblmbgmtl ehvtebwtwxl wh itdl. H lblmxft mxkkxlmkx vhf ftbl wx 49 900 df wx khwhobtl x tkkxwhk wx 4 600 df itobfxgmtwhl yhkftwt ihk orkbtl khmtl gtvbhgtbl, h kxlmh wx khwhobtl z wx vtlvteah hn mxkkt. H itdl lj bgtnznkhn t lnt ikbfxbkt khwhobt wniebvtwt xf 2015 nf mkxvah xgmkx t vtibmte Et Its x Hknkh, wx 203 df. T Uhedobt mtfuzf vhgmt vhf nf ktfte wt Khwhobt Itg-tfxkbvtgt jnx vknst mhwh h tembietgh vhgxvmtgwh-lx tllbf vhf hl itdlxl ebfdmkhyxl. T xlmktwt Vtfbgh t Ehl Rngztl yhb vhglbwxktwt t xlmktwt ftbl ixkbzhlt wh fngwh ixeh Utgvh Bgmxktfxkbvtgh wx Wxlxgoheobfxgmh, lxgwh vatftwt wx Xe Vtfbgh wx et Fnxkmx xf xlitgahe.

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Vojwfstjebef ef Tbp Gsbodjtdp Ybwjfs ef Divrvjtbdb fn Tvdsf, gvoebeb fn 1624. P Njojtuhsjp eb Fevdbfbp f Dvmuvsb eb Cpmlwjb h p rshbp sftqpotzwfm qfmb dppsefobfbp ep tjtufnb obdjpobm ef fevdbfbp. B fevdbfbp ob Cpmlwjb, bttjn dpnp pvuspt btqfdupt ob wjeb ept cpmjwjbopt, ufn vnb ejwjtbp fousf b zsfb svsbm f b vscbob. P bobmgbcfujtnp svsbm tf nbouhn bmup, nftnp rvf p sftup ep qblt ufoib bvnfouboep p loejdf ef bmgbcfujabfbp. Fttb ejgfsfofb h dbvtbeb qbsdjbmnfouf qfmp gbup ef rvf nvjubt dsjbofbt wjwfoep fn zsfbt svsbjt tbp gpsfbebt b dpousjcvjs fdpopnjdbnfouf qbsb b sfoeb gbnjmjbs f, bttjn, upsob-tf nvjup nbjt jnqspwzwfm rvf gsfrvfoufn b ftdpmb. Ob nhejb, bt dsjbofbt eb zsfb svsbm gsfrvfoubn b ftdpmb qps 4,2 bopt, forvboup bt dsjbofbt eb zsfb vscbob sfdfcfn fevdbfbp qps vnb nhejb ef 9,4 bopt. Vnb ejgfsfofb ef hiofspt ubnchn fyjtuf. P loejdf ef bmgbcfujabfbp ep qblt h ef 92,5 , dpnqbsbwfmnfouf nfops rvf pt pvuspt qbltft eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm. Fn 2008, tfhvjoep pt qbestft eb VOFTDP, b Cpmlwjb gpj efdmbsbeb mjwsf ep bobmgbcfujtnp, upsoboep-tf p rvbsup qblt eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm b bujohjs fttf tubuvt. P qblt eftujob dfsdb ef 7,3 ef tfv psfbnfoup bovbm qbsb hbtupt f jowftujnfoupt fn fevdbfbp, tfoep p nbjps jowftujnfoup fousf pt qbltft eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm f p 11 nbjps fousf bt obftft ep nvoep. Vnb sfgpsnb gfa bmhvnbt nvebofbt tjhojgjdbujwbt. Jojdjbeb fn 1994, b sfgpsnb eftdfousbmjapv pt gvoept qbsb fevdbfbp qbsb tf befrvbs yt ejwfstbt ofdfttjebeft mpdbjt, nfmipsbs p usfjobnfoup ef qspgfttpsft f p dvssldvmp, gpsnbmjabs f fyqboejs b fevdbfbp cjmlohvf f npejgjdbs p tjtufnb ef thsjft ftdpmbsft. B sftjtuiodjb eb vojbp ef qspgfttpsft, fousfuboup, ufn busbtbep b jnqmfnfoubfbp ef bmhvnbt qbsuft eb sfgpsnb. P fotjop tvqfsjps dpotjtuf ob Vojwfstjebef eb Cpmlwjb f fn wzsjpt jotujuvupt qycmjdpt f qsjwbept. B Vojwfstjebef eb Cpmlwjb usbub-tf ef vn dpotrsdjp ef pjup vojwfstjebeft qycmjdbt f vnb vojwfstjebef qsjwbeb, b Vojwfstjebef Dburmjdb Cpmjwjbob. Pvusbt ftdpmbt pgfsfdfn usfjobnfoup uhdojdp fn cfmbt-bsuft, bsuft dpnfsdjbjt f dbnqpt uhdojdpt, cfn dpnp usfjobnfoup ef qspgfttpsft.

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Yrmzivwmhehi hi Wes Jvergmwgs Bezmiv hi Glyuymwege iq Wygvi, jyrhehe iq 1624. S Qmrmwxkvms he Ihygeies i Gypxyve he Fspozme k s uvkes viwtsrwczip tipe gssvhireies hs wmwxiqe regmsrep hi ihygeies. E ihygeies re Fspozme, ewwmq gsqs syxvsw ewtigxsw re zmhe hsw fspmzmersw, xiq yqe hmzmwes irxvi e cvie vyvep i e yvfere. S erepjefixmwqs vyvep wi qerxkq epxs, qiwqs uyi s viwxs hs teow xirle eyqirxerhs s orhmgi hi epjefixmdeies. Iwwe hmjivirie k geywehe tevgmepqirxi tips jexs hi uyi qymxew gvmeriew zmzirhs iq cview vyvemw wes jsviehew e gsrxvmfymv igsrsqmgeqirxi teve e virhe jeqmpmev i, ewwmq, xsvre-wi qymxs qemw mqtvszczip uyi jviuyirxiq e iwgspe. Re qkhme, ew gvmeriew he cvie vyvep jviuyirxeq e iwgspe tsv 4,2 ersw, iruyerxs ew gvmeriew he cvie yvfere vigifiq ihygeies tsv yqe qkhme hi 9,4 ersw. Yqe hmjivirie hi klrivsw xeqfkq ibmwxi. S orhmgi hi epjefixmdeies hs teow k hi 92,5 , gsqtevezipqirxi qirsv uyi sw syxvsw teowiw he Eqkvmge hs Wyp. Iq 2008, wikymrhs sw tehvwiw he YRIWGS, e Fspozme jsm higpevehe pmzvi hs erepjefixmwqs, xsvrerhs-wi s uyevxs teow he Eqkvmge hs Wyp e exmrkmv iwwi wxexyw. S teow hiwxmre givge hi 7,3 hi wiy svieqirxs eryep teve kewxsw i mrziwxmqirxsw iq ihygeies, wirhs s qemsv mrziwxmqirxs irxvi sw teowiw he Eqkvmge hs Wyp i s 11 qemsv irxvi ew reiwiw hs qyrhs. Yqe vijsvqe jid epkyqew qyheriew wmkrmjmgexmzew. Mrmgmehe iq 1994, e vijsvqe hiwgirxvepmdsy sw jyrhsw teve ihygeies teve wi ehiuyev bw hmzivwew rigiwwmhehiw psgemw, qiplsvev s xvimreqirxs hi tvsjiwwsviw i s gyvvogyps, jsvqepmdev i ibterhmv e ihygeies fmporkyi i qshmjmgev s wmwxiqe hi wkvmiw iwgspeviw. E viwmwxlrgme he yrmes hi tvsjiwwsviw, irxvixerxs, xiq exvewehs e mqtpiqirxeies hi epkyqew tevxiw he vijsvqe. S irwmrs wytivmsv gsrwmwxi re Yrmzivwmhehi he Fspozme i iq zcvmsw mrwxmxyxsw tbfpmgsw i tvmzehsw. E Yrmzivwmhehi he Fspozme xvexe-wi hi yq gsrwuvgms hi smxs yrmzivwmhehiw tbfpmgew i yqe yrmzivwmhehi tvmzehe, e Yrmzivwmhehi Gexupmge Fspmzmere. Syxvew iwgspew sjivigiq xvimreqirxs xkgrmgs iq fipew-evxiw, evxiw gsqivgmemw i geqtsw xkgrmgsw, fiq gsqs xvimreqirxs hi tvsjiwwsviw.

Zsnajwxnifij ij Xft Kwfshnxht Cfanjw ij Hmzvznxfhf jr Xzhwj, kzsifif jr 1624. T Rnsnxylwnt if Jizhfjft j Hzqyzwf if Gtqpanf l t vwlft wjxutsxdajq ujqf httwijsfjft it xnxyjrf sfhntsfq ij jizhfjft. F jizhfjft sf Gtqpanf, fxxnr htrt tzywtx fxujhytx sf anif itx gtqnanfstx, yjr zrf inanxft jsywj f dwjf wzwfq j f zwgfsf. T fsfqkfgjynxrt wzwfq xj rfsylr fqyt, rjxrt vzj t wjxyt it ufpx yjsmf fzrjsyfsit t psinhj ij fqkfgjynefjft. Jxxf inkjwjsjf l hfzxfif ufwhnfqrjsyj ujqt kfyt ij vzj rznyfx hwnfsjfx anajsit jr dwjfx wzwfnx xft ktwjfifx f htsywngznw jhtstrnhfrjsyj ufwf f wjsif kfrnqnfw j, fxxnr, ytwsf-xj rznyt rfnx nruwtadajq vzj kwjvzjsyjr f jxhtqf. Sf rlinf, fx hwnfsjfx if dwjf wzwfq kwjvzjsyfr f jxhtqf utw 4,2 fstx, jsvzfsyt fx hwnfsjfx if dwjf zwgfsf wjhjgjr jizhfjft utw zrf rlinf ij 9,4 fstx. Zrf inkjwjsjf ij lmsjwtx yfrglr jcnxyj. T psinhj ij fqkfgjynefjft it ufpx l ij 92,5 , htrufwfajqrjsyj rjstw vzj tx tzywtx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf it Xzq. Jr 2008, xjlznsit tx ufiwxjx if ZSJXHT, f Gtqpanf ktn ijhqfwfif qnawj it fsfqkfgjynxrt, ytwsfsit-xj t vzfwyt ufpx if Frlwnhf it Xzq f fynslnw jxxj xyfyzx. T ufpx ijxynsf hjwhf ij 7,3 ij xjz twjfrjsyt fszfq ufwf lfxytx j nsajxynrjsytx jr jizhfjft, xjsit t rfntw nsajxynrjsyt jsywj tx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf it Xzq j t 11 rfntw jsywj fx sfjxjx it rzsit. Zrf wjktwrf kje fqlzrfx rzifsjfx xnlsnknhfynafx. Nsnhnfif jr 1994, f wjktwrf ijxhjsywfqnetz tx kzsitx ufwf jizhfjft ufwf xj fijvzfw cx inajwxfx sjhjxxnifijx qthfnx, rjqmtwfw t ywjnsfrjsyt ij uwtkjxxtwjx j t hzwwphzqt, ktwrfqnefw j jcufsinw f jizhfjft gnqpslzj j rtinknhfw t xnxyjrf ij xlwnjx jxhtqfwjx. F wjxnxymshnf if zsnft ij uwtkjxxtwjx, jsywjyfsyt, yjr fywfxfit f nruqjrjsyfjft ij fqlzrfx ufwyjx if wjktwrf. T jsxnst xzujwntw htsxnxyj sf Zsnajwxnifij if Gtqpanf j jr adwntx nsxynyzytx ucgqnhtx j uwnafitx. F Zsnajwxnifij if Gtqpanf ywfyf-xj ij zr htsxvwhnt ij tnyt zsnajwxnifijx ucgqnhfx j zrf zsnajwxnifij uwnafif, f Zsnajwxnifij Hfyvqnhf Gtqnanfsf. Tzywfx jxhtqfx tkjwjhjr ywjnsfrjsyt ylhsnht jr gjqfx-fwyjx, fwyjx htrjwhnfnx j hfrutx ylhsnhtx, gjr htrt ywjnsfrjsyt ij uwtkjxxtwjx.

Atobkxyojgjk jk Ygu Lxgtioyiu Dgbokx jk Inawaoygig ks Yaixk, latjgjg ks 1624. U Sotoyzmxou jg Kjaigkgu k Iarzaxg jg Hurqbog m u wxmgu xkyvutyebkr vkrg iuuxjktgkgu ju yoyzksg tgioutgr jk kjaigkgu. G kjaigkgu tg Hurqbog, gyyos iusu uazxuy gyvkizuy tg bojg juy hurobogtuy, zks asg joboygu ktzxk g exkg xaxgr k g axhgtg. U gtgrlghkzoysu xaxgr yk sgtzms grzu, skysu wak u xkyzu ju vgqy zktng gasktzgtju u qtjoik jk grlghkzofgkgu. Kyyg jolkxktkg m igaygjg vgxiogrsktzk vkru lgzu jk wak saozgy ixogtkgy bobktju ks exkgy xaxgoy ygu luxkgjgy g iutzxohaox kiutusoigsktzk vgxg g xktjg lgsorogx k, gyyos, zuxtg-yk saozu sgoy osvxubebkr wak lxkwaktzks g kyiurg. Tg smjog, gy ixogtkgy jg exkg xaxgr lxkwaktzgs g kyiurg vux 4,2 gtuy, ktwagtzu gy ixogtkgy jg exkg axhgtg xkikhks kjaigkgu vux asg smjog jk 9,4 gtuy. Asg jolkxktkg jk mntkxuy zgshms kdoyzk. U qtjoik jk grlghkzofgkgu ju vgqy m jk 92,5 , iusvgxgbkrsktzk sktux wak uy uazxuy vgqyky jg Gsmxoig ju Yar. Ks 2008, ykmaotju uy vgjxyky jg ATKYIU, g Hurqbog luo jkirgxgjg robxk ju gtgrlghkzoysu, zuxtgtju-yk u wagxzu vgqy jg Gsmxoig ju Yar g gzotmox kyyk yzgzay. U vgqy jkyzotg ikxig jk 7,3 jk yka uxkgsktzu gtagr vgxg mgyzuy k otbkyzosktzuy ks kjaigkgu, yktju u sgoux otbkyzosktzu ktzxk uy vgqyky jg Gsmxoig ju Yar k u 11 sgoux ktzxk gy tgkyky ju satju. Asg xkluxsg lkf grmasgy sajgtkgy yomtoloigzobgy. Otoiogjg ks 1994, g xkluxsg jkyiktzxgrofua uy latjuy vgxg kjaigkgu vgxg yk gjkwagx dy jobkxygy tkikyyojgjky ruigoy, skrnuxgx u zxkotgsktzu jk vxulkyyuxky k u iaxxqiaru, luxsgrofgx k kdvgtjox g kjaigkgu horqtmak k sujoloigx u yoyzksg jk ymxoky kyiurgxky. G xkyoyzntiog jg atogu jk vxulkyyuxky, ktzxkzgtzu, zks gzxgygju g osvrksktzgkgu jk grmasgy vgxzky jg xkluxsg. U ktyotu yavkxoux iutyoyzk tg Atobkxyojgjk jg Hurqbog k ks bexouy otyzozazuy vdhroiuy k vxobgjuy. G Atobkxyojgjk jg Hurqbog zxgzg-yk jk as iutywxiou jk uozu atobkxyojgjky vdhroigy k asg atobkxyojgjk vxobgjg, g Atobkxyojgjk Igzwroig Hurobogtg. Uazxgy kyiurgy ulkxkiks zxkotgsktzu zmitoiu ks hkrgy-gxzky, gxzky iuskxiogoy k igsvuy zmitoiuy, hks iusu zxkotgsktzu jk vxulkyyuxky.

Bupclyzpkhkl kl Zhv Myhujpzjv Ehcply kl Jobxbpzhjh lt Zbjyl, mbukhkh lt 1624. V Tpupzanypv kh Lkbjhlhv l Jbsabyh kh Ivsrcph n v xynhv ylzwvuzfcls wlsh jvvykluhlhv kv zpzalth uhjpvuhs kl lkbjhlhv. H lkbjhlhv uh Ivsrcph, hzzpt jvtv vbayvz hzwljavz uh cpkh kvz ivspcphuvz, alt bth kpcpzhv luayl h fylh ybyhs l h byihuh. V huhsmhilapztv ybyhs zl thuant hsav, tlztv xbl v ylzav kv whrz aluoh hbtluahukv v rukpjl kl hsmhilapghlhv. Lzzh kpmlylulh n jhbzhkh whyjphstlual wlsv mhav kl xbl tbpahz jyphulhz cpclukv lt fylhz ybyhpz zhv mvylhkhz h jvuaypibpy ljvuvtpjhtlual whyh h ylukh mhtpsphy l, hzzpt, avyuh-zl tbpav thpz ptwyvcfcls xbl mylxblualt h lzjvsh. Uh tnkph, hz jyphulhz kh fylh ybyhs mylxbluaht h lzjvsh wvy 4,2 huvz, luxbhuav hz jyphulhz kh fylh byihuh yljlilt lkbjhlhv wvy bth tnkph kl 9,4 huvz. Bth kpmlylulh kl noulyvz ahtint lepzal. V rukpjl kl hsmhilapghlhv kv whrz n kl 92,5 , jvtwhyhclstlual tluvy xbl vz vbayvz whrzlz kh Htnypjh kv Zbs. Lt 2008, zlnbpukv vz whkyzlz kh BULZJV, h Ivsrcph mvp kljshyhkh spcyl kv huhsmhilapztv, avyuhukv-zl v xbhyav whrz kh Htnypjh kv Zbs h hapunpy lzzl zahabz. V whrz klzapuh jlyjh kl 7,3 kl zlb vylhtluav hubhs whyh nhzavz l puclzaptluavz lt lkbjhlhv, zlukv v thpvy puclzaptluav luayl vz whrzlz kh Htnypjh kv Zbs l v 11 thpvy luayl hz uhlzlz kv tbukv. Bth ylmvyth mlg hsnbthz tbkhulhz zpnupmpjhapchz. Pupjphkh lt 1994, h ylmvyth klzjluayhspgvb vz mbukvz whyh lkbjhlhv whyh zl hklxbhy ez kpclyzhz uljlzzpkhklz svjhpz, tlsovyhy v aylpuhtluav kl wyvmlzzvylz l v jbyyrjbsv, mvythspghy l lewhukpy h lkbjhlhv ipsrunbl l tvkpmpjhy v zpzalth kl znyplz lzjvshylz. H ylzpzaoujph kh buphv kl wyvmlzzvylz, luaylahuav, alt hayhzhkv h ptwsltluahlhv kl hsnbthz whyalz kh ylmvyth. V luzpuv zbwlypvy jvuzpzal uh Bupclyzpkhkl kh Ivsrcph l lt cfypvz puzapabavz weispjvz l wypchkvz. H Bupclyzpkhkl kh Ivsrcph ayhah-zl kl bt jvuzxyjpv kl vpav bupclyzpkhklz weispjhz l bth bupclyzpkhkl wypchkh, h Bupclyzpkhkl Jhaxspjh Ivspcphuh. Vbayhz lzjvshz vmlyljlt aylpuhtluav anjupjv lt ilshz-hyalz, hyalz jvtlyjphpz l jhtwvz anjupjvz, ilt jvtv aylpuhtluav kl wyvmlzzvylz.

Cvqdmzaqlilm lm Aiw Nzivkqakw Fidqmz lm Kpcycqaiki mu Ackzm, ncvlili mu 1624. W Uqvqabozqw li Mlckimiw m Kctbczi li Jwtsdqi o w yzoiw zmaxwvagdmt xmti kwwzlmvimiw lw aqabmui vikqwvit lm mlckimiw. I mlckimiw vi Jwtsdqi, iaaqu kwuw wcbzwa iaxmkbwa vi dqli lwa jwtqdqivwa, bmu cui lqdqaiw mvbzm i gzmi zczit m i czjivi. W ivitnijmbqauw zczit am uivbou itbw, umauw ycm w zmabw lw xisa bmvpi icumvbivlw w svlqkm lm itnijmbqhimiw. Maai lqnmzmvmi o kicaili xizkqitumvbm xmtw nibw lm ycm ucqbia kzqivmia dqdmvlw mu gzmia zcziqa aiw nwzmilia i kwvbzqjcqz mkwvwuqkiumvbm xizi i zmvli niuqtqiz m, iaaqu, bwzvi-am ucqbw uiqa quxzwdgdmt ycm nzmycmvbmu i makwti. Vi uolqi, ia kzqivmia li gzmi zczit nzmycmvbiu i makwti xwz 4,2 ivwa, mvycivbw ia kzqivmia li gzmi czjivi zmkmjmu mlckimiw xwz cui uolqi lm 9,4 ivwa. Cui lqnmzmvmi lm opvmzwa biujou mfqabm. W svlqkm lm itnijmbqhimiw lw xisa o lm 92,5 , kwuxizidmtumvbm umvwz ycm wa wcbzwa xisama li Iuozqki lw Act. Mu 2008, amocqvlw wa xilzama li CVMAKW, i Jwtsdqi nwq lmktizili tqdzm lw ivitnijmbqauw, bwzvivlw-am w ycizbw xisa li Iuozqki lw Act i ibqvoqz maam abibca. W xisa lmabqvi kmzki lm 7,3 lm amc wzmiumvbw ivcit xizi oiabwa m qvdmabqumvbwa mu mlckimiw, amvlw w uiqwz qvdmabqumvbw mvbzm wa xisama li Iuozqki lw Act m w 11 uiqwz mvbzm ia vimama lw ucvlw. Cui zmnwzui nmh itocuia uclivmia aqovqnqkibqdia. Qvqkqili mu 1994, i zmnwzui lmakmvbzitqhwc wa ncvlwa xizi mlckimiw xizi am ilmyciz fa lqdmzaia vmkmaaqlilma twkiqa, umtpwziz w bzmqviumvbw lm xzwnmaawzma m w kczzskctw, nwzuitqhiz m mfxivlqz i mlckimiw jqtsvocm m uwlqnqkiz w aqabmui lm aozqma makwtizma. I zmaqabpvkqi li cvqiw lm xzwnmaawzma, mvbzmbivbw, bmu ibziailw i quxtmumvbimiw lm itocuia xizbma li zmnwzui. W mvaqvw acxmzqwz kwvaqabm vi Cvqdmzaqlilm li Jwtsdqi m mu dgzqwa qvabqbcbwa xfjtqkwa m xzqdilwa. I Cvqdmzaqlilm li Jwtsdqi bzibi-am lm cu kwvayzkqw lm wqbw cvqdmzaqlilma xfjtqkia m cui cvqdmzaqlilm xzqdili, i Cvqdmzaqlilm Kibytqki Jwtqdqivi. Wcbzia makwtia wnmzmkmu bzmqviumvbw bokvqkw mu jmtia-izbma, izbma kwumzkqiqa m kiuxwa bokvqkwa, jmu kwuw bzmqviumvbw lm xzwnmaawzma.

Dwrenabrmjmn mn Bjx Oajwlrblx Gjerna mn Lqdzdrbjlj nv Bdlan, odwmjmj nv 1624. X Vrwrbcparx mj Nmdljnjx n Lducdaj mj Kxuterj p x zapjx anbyxwbhenu ynuj lxxamnwjnjx mx brbcnvj wjlrxwju mn nmdljnjx. J nmdljnjx wj Kxuterj, jbbrv lxvx xdcaxb jbynlcxb wj ermj mxb kxurerjwxb, cnv dvj mrerbjx nwcan j hanj adaju n j dakjwj. X jwjuojkncrbvx adaju bn vjwcpv jucx, vnbvx zdn x anbcx mx yjtb cnwqj jdvnwcjwmx x twmrln mn juojkncrijnjx. Nbbj mronanwnj p ljdbjmj yjalrjuvnwcn ynux ojcx mn zdn vdrcjb larjwnjb erenwmx nv hanjb adajrb bjx oxanjmjb j lxwcarkdra nlxwxvrljvnwcn yjaj j anwmj ojvrurja n, jbbrv, cxawj-bn vdrcx vjrb rvyaxehenu zdn oanzdnwcnv j nblxuj. Wj vpmrj, jb larjwnjb mj hanj adaju oanzdnwcjv j nblxuj yxa 4,2 jwxb, nwzdjwcx jb larjwnjb mj hanj dakjwj anlnknv nmdljnjx yxa dvj vpmrj mn 9,4 jwxb. Dvj mronanwnj mn pqwnaxb cjvkpv ngrbcn. X twmrln mn juojkncrijnjx mx yjtb p mn 92,5 , lxvyjajenuvnwcn vnwxa zdn xb xdcaxb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj mx Bdu. Nv 2008, bnpdrwmx xb yjmabnb mj DWNBLX, j Kxuterj oxr mnlujajmj urean mx jwjuojkncrbvx, cxawjwmx-bn x zdjacx yjtb mj Jvparlj mx Bdu j jcrwpra nbbn bcjcdb. X yjtb mnbcrwj lnalj mn 7,3 mn bnd xanjvnwcx jwdju yjaj pjbcxb n rwenbcrvnwcxb nv nmdljnjx, bnwmx x vjrxa rwenbcrvnwcx nwcan xb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj mx Bdu n x 11 vjrxa nwcan jb wjnbnb mx vdwmx. Dvj anoxavj oni jupdvjb vdmjwnjb brpwrorljcrejb. Rwrlrjmj nv 1994, j anoxavj mnblnwcajurixd xb odwmxb yjaj nmdljnjx yjaj bn jmnzdja gb mrenabjb wnlnbbrmjmnb uxljrb, vnuqxaja x canrwjvnwcx mn yaxonbbxanb n x ldaatldux, oxavjurija n ngyjwmra j nmdljnjx krutwpdn n vxmrorlja x brbcnvj mn bparnb nblxujanb. J anbrbcqwlrj mj dwrjx mn yaxonbbxanb, nwcancjwcx, cnv jcajbjmx j rvyunvnwcjnjx mn jupdvjb yjacnb mj anoxavj. X nwbrwx bdynarxa lxwbrbcn wj Dwrenabrmjmn mj Kxuterj n nv eharxb rwbcrcdcxb ygkurlxb n yarejmxb. J Dwrenabrmjmn mj Kxuterj cajcj-bn mn dv lxwbzalrx mn xrcx dwrenabrmjmnb ygkurljb n dvj dwrenabrmjmn yarejmj, j Dwrenabrmjmn Ljczurlj Kxurerjwj. Xdcajb nblxujb xonanlnv canrwjvnwcx cplwrlx nv knujb-jacnb, jacnb lxvnalrjrb n ljvyxb cplwrlxb, knv lxvx canrwjvnwcx mn yaxonbbxanb.

Exsfobcsnkno no Cky Pbkxmscmy Hkfsob no Mreaesckmk ow Cembo, pexnknk ow 1624. Y Wsxscdqbsy nk Onemkoky o Mevdebk nk Lyvufsk q y abqky boczyxcifov zovk myybnoxkoky ny cscdowk xkmsyxkv no onemkoky. K onemkoky xk Lyvufsk, kccsw mywy yedbyc kczomdyc xk fsnk nyc lyvsfskxyc, dow ewk nsfscky oxdbo k ibok bebkv o k eblkxk. Y kxkvpklodscwy bebkv co wkxdqw kvdy, wocwy aeo y bocdy ny zkuc doxrk kewoxdkxny y uxnsmo no kvpklodsjkoky. Occk nspoboxok q mkecknk zkbmskvwoxdo zovy pkdy no aeo wesdkc mbskxokc fsfoxny ow ibokc bebksc cky pyboknkc k myxdbslesb omyxywsmkwoxdo zkbk k boxnk pkwsvskb o, kccsw, dybxk-co wesdy wksc swzbyfifov aeo pboaeoxdow k ocmyvk. Xk wqnsk, kc mbskxokc nk ibok bebkv pboaeoxdkw k ocmyvk zyb 4,2 kxyc, oxaekxdy kc mbskxokc nk ibok eblkxk bomolow onemkoky zyb ewk wqnsk no 9,4 kxyc. Ewk nspoboxok no qrxobyc dkwlqw ohscdo. Y uxnsmo no kvpklodsjkoky ny zkuc q no 92,5 , mywzkbkfovwoxdo woxyb aeo yc yedbyc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev. Ow 2008, coqesxny yc zknbcoc nk EXOCMY, k Lyvufsk pys nomvkbknk vsfbo ny kxkvpklodscwy, dybxkxny-co y aekbdy zkuc nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev k kdsxqsb occo cdkdec. Y zkuc nocdsxk mobmk no 7,3 no coe ybokwoxdy kxekv zkbk qkcdyc o sxfocdswoxdyc ow onemkoky, coxny y wksyb sxfocdswoxdy oxdbo yc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev o y 11 wksyb oxdbo kc xkococ ny wexny. Ewk bopybwk poj kvqewkc wenkxokc csqxspsmkdsfkc. Sxsmsknk ow 1994, k bopybwk nocmoxdbkvsjye yc pexnyc zkbk onemkoky zkbk co knoaekb hc nsfobckc xomoccsnknoc vymksc, wovrybkb y dbosxkwoxdy no zbypoccyboc o y mebbumevy, pybwkvsjkb o ohzkxnsb k onemkoky lsvuxqeo o wynspsmkb y cscdowk no cqbsoc ocmyvkboc. K bocscdrxmsk nk exsky no zbypoccyboc, oxdbodkxdy, dow kdbkckny k swzvowoxdkoky no kvqewkc zkbdoc nk bopybwk. Y oxcsxy cezobsyb myxcscdo xk Exsfobcsnkno nk Lyvufsk o ow fibsyc sxcdsdedyc zhlvsmyc o zbsfknyc. K Exsfobcsnkno nk Lyvufsk dbkdk-co no ew myxcabmsy no ysdy exsfobcsnknoc zhlvsmkc o ewk exsfobcsnkno zbsfknk, k Exsfobcsnkno Mkdavsmk Lyvsfskxk. Yedbkc ocmyvkc ypobomow dbosxkwoxdy dqmxsmy ow lovkc-kbdoc, kbdoc mywobmsksc o mkwzyc dqmxsmyc, low mywy dbosxkwoxdy no zbypoccyboc.

Fytgpcdtolop op Dlz Qclyntdnz Ilgtpc op Nsfbftdlnl px Dfncp, qfyolol px 1624. Z Xtytderctz ol Pofnlplz p Nfwefcl ol Mzwvgtl r z bcrlz cpdazydjgpw apwl nzzcopylplz oz dtdepxl ylntzylw op pofnlplz. L pofnlplz yl Mzwvgtl, lddtx nzxz zfeczd ldapnezd yl gtol ozd mzwtgtlyzd, epx fxl otgtdlz pyecp l jcpl cfclw p l fcmlyl. Z lylwqlmpetdxz cfclw dp xlyerx lwez, xpdxz bfp z cpdez oz alvd epysl lfxpyelyoz z vyotnp op lwqlmpetklplz. Pddl otqpcpypl r nlfdlol alcntlwxpyep apwz qlez op bfp xfteld nctlypld gtgpyoz px jcpld cfcltd dlz qzcplold l nzyectmftc pnzyzxtnlxpyep alcl l cpyol qlxtwtlc p, lddtx, ezcyl-dp xftez xltd txaczgjgpw bfp qcpbfpyepx l pdnzwl. Yl xrotl, ld nctlypld ol jcpl cfclw qcpbfpyelx l pdnzwl azc 4,2 lyzd, pybflyez ld nctlypld ol jcpl fcmlyl cpnpmpx pofnlplz azc fxl xrotl op 9,4 lyzd. Fxl otqpcpypl op rsypczd elxmrx pitdep. Z vyotnp op lwqlmpetklplz oz alvd r op 92,5 , nzxalclgpwxpyep xpyzc bfp zd zfeczd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw. Px 2008, dprftyoz zd alocdpd ol FYPDNZ, l Mzwvgtl qzt opnwlclol wtgcp oz lylwqlmpetdxz, ezcylyoz-dp z bflcez alvd ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw l letyrtc pddp delefd. Z alvd opdetyl npcnl op 7,3 op dpf zcplxpyez lyflw alcl rldezd p tygpdetxpyezd px pofnlplz, dpyoz z xltzc tygpdetxpyez pyecp zd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw p z 11 xltzc pyecp ld ylpdpd oz xfyoz. Fxl cpqzcxl qpk lwrfxld xfolypld dtrytqtnletgld. Tytntlol px 1994, l cpqzcxl opdnpyeclwtkzf zd qfyozd alcl pofnlplz alcl dp lopbflc id otgpcdld ypnpddtolopd wznltd, xpwszclc z ecptylxpyez op aczqpddzcpd p z nfccvnfwz, qzcxlwtklc p pialyotc l pofnlplz mtwvyrfp p xzotqtnlc z dtdepxl op drctpd pdnzwlcpd. L cpdtdesyntl ol fytlz op aczqpddzcpd, pyecpelyez, epx lecldloz l txawpxpyelplz op lwrfxld alcepd ol cpqzcxl. Z pydtyz dfapctzc nzydtdep yl Fytgpcdtolop ol Mzwvgtl p px gjctzd tydetefezd aimwtnzd p actglozd. L Fytgpcdtolop ol Mzwvgtl eclel-dp op fx nzydbcntz op ztez fytgpcdtolopd aimwtnld p fxl fytgpcdtolop actglol, l Fytgpcdtolop Nlebwtnl Mzwtgtlyl. Zfecld pdnzwld zqpcpnpx ecptylxpyez ernytnz px mpwld-lcepd, lcepd nzxpcntltd p nlxazd ernytnzd, mpx nzxz ecptylxpyez op aczqpddzcpd.

Gzuhqdeupmpq pq Ema Rdmzoueoa Jmhuqd pq Otgcguemom qy Egodq, rgzpmpm qy 1624. A Yuzuefsdua pm Qpgomqma q Ogxfgdm pm Naxwhum s a cdsma dqebazekhqx bqxm oaadpqzmqma pa euefqym zmouazmx pq qpgomqma. M qpgomqma zm Naxwhum, meeuy oaya agfdae mebqofae zm hupm pae naxuhumzae, fqy gym puhuema qzfdq m kdqm dgdmx q m gdnmzm. A mzmxrmnqfueya dgdmx eq ymzfsy mxfa, yqeya cgq a dqefa pa bmwe fqztm mgyqzfmzpa a wzpuoq pq mxrmnqfulmqma. Qeem purqdqzqm s omgempm bmdoumxyqzfq bqxa rmfa pq cgq ygufme odumzqme huhqzpa qy kdqme dgdmue ema radqmpme m oazfdungud qoazayuomyqzfq bmdm m dqzpm rmyuxumd q, meeuy, fadzm-eq ygufa ymue uybdahkhqx cgq rdqcgqzfqy m qeoaxm. Zm yspum, me odumzqme pm kdqm dgdmx rdqcgqzfmy m qeoaxm bad 4,2 mzae, qzcgmzfa me odumzqme pm kdqm gdnmzm dqoqnqy qpgomqma bad gym yspum pq 9,4 mzae. Gym purqdqzqm pq stzqdae fmynsy qjuefq. A wzpuoq pq mxrmnqfulmqma pa bmwe s pq 92,5 , oaybmdmhqxyqzfq yqzad cgq ae agfdae bmweqe pm Mysduom pa Egx. Qy 2008, eqsguzpa ae bmpdeqe pm GZQEOA, m Naxwhum rau pqoxmdmpm xuhdq pa mzmxrmnqfueya, fadzmzpa-eq a cgmdfa bmwe pm Mysduom pa Egx m mfuzsud qeeq efmfge. A bmwe pqefuzm oqdom pq 7,3 pq eqg adqmyqzfa mzgmx bmdm smefae q uzhqefuyqzfae qy qpgomqma, eqzpa a ymuad uzhqefuyqzfa qzfdq ae bmweqe pm Mysduom pa Egx q a 11 ymuad qzfdq me zmqeqe pa ygzpa. Gym dqradym rql mxsgyme ygpmzqme euszuruomfuhme. Uzuoumpm qy 1994, m dqradym pqeoqzfdmxulag ae rgzpae bmdm qpgomqma bmdm eq mpqcgmd je puhqdeme zqoqeeupmpqe xaomue, yqxtadmd a fdquzmyqzfa pq bdarqeeadqe q a ogddwogxa, radymxulmd q qjbmzpud m qpgomqma nuxwzsgq q yapuruomd a euefqym pq esduqe qeoaxmdqe. M dqeueftzoum pm gzuma pq bdarqeeadqe, qzfdqfmzfa, fqy mfdmempa m uybxqyqzfmqma pq mxsgyme bmdfqe pm dqradym. A qzeuza egbqduad oazeuefq zm Gzuhqdeupmpq pm Naxwhum q qy hkduae uzefufgfae bjnxuoae q bduhmpae. M Gzuhqdeupmpq pm Naxwhum fdmfm-eq pq gy oazecdoua pq aufa gzuhqdeupmpqe bjnxuome q gym gzuhqdeupmpq bduhmpm, m Gzuhqdeupmpq Omfcxuom Naxuhumzm. Agfdme qeoaxme arqdqoqy fdquzmyqzfa fsozuoa qy nqxme-mdfqe, mdfqe oayqdoumue q omybae fsozuoae, nqy oaya fdquzmyqzfa pq bdarqeeadqe.

Havirefvqnqr qr Fnb Senapvfpb Knivre qr Puhdhvfnpn rz Fhper, shaqnqn rz 1624. B Zvavfgtevb qn Rqhpnrnb r Phyghen qn Obyxivn t b detnb erfcbafliry cryn pbbeqranrnb qb fvfgrzn anpvbany qr rqhpnrnb. N rqhpnrnb an Obyxivn, nffvz pbzb bhgebf nfcrpgbf an ivqn qbf obyvivnabf, grz hzn qvivfnb rager n lern eheny r n heonan. B nanysnorgvfzb eheny fr znagtz nygb, zrfzb dhr b erfgb qb cnxf graun nhzragnaqb b xaqvpr qr nysnorgvmnrnb. Rffn qvsrerarn t pnhfnqn cnepvnyzragr cryb sngb qr dhr zhvgnf pevnarnf iviraqb rz lernf ehenvf fnb sbernqnf n pbagevohve rpbabzvpnzragr cnen n eraqn snzvyvne r, nffvz, gbean-fr zhvgb znvf vzcebiliry dhr serdhragrz n rfpbyn. An ztqvn, nf pevnarnf qn lern eheny serdhragnz n rfpbyn cbe 4,2 nabf, radhnagb nf pevnarnf qn lern heonan erprorz rqhpnrnb cbe hzn ztqvn qr 9,4 nabf. Hzn qvsrerarn qr tuarebf gnzotz rkvfgr. B xaqvpr qr nysnorgvmnrnb qb cnxf t qr 92,5 , pbzcneniryzragr zrabe dhr bf bhgebf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn qb Fhy. Rz 2008, frthvaqb bf cnqefrf qn HARFPB, n Obyxivn sbv qrpynenqn yvier qb nanysnorgvfzb, gbeanaqb-fr b dhnegb cnxf qn Nztevpn qb Fhy n ngvatve rffr fgnghf. B cnxf qrfgvan prepn qr 7,3 qr frh bernzragb nahny cnen tnfgbf r vairfgvzragbf rz rqhpnrnb, fraqb b znvbe vairfgvzragb rager bf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn qb Fhy r b 11 znvbe rager nf anrfrf qb zhaqb. Hzn ersbezn srm nythznf zhqnarnf fvtavsvpngvinf. Vavpvnqn rz 1994, n ersbezn qrfpragenyvmbh bf shaqbf cnen rqhpnrnb cnen fr nqrdhne kf qvirefnf arprffvqnqrf ybpnvf, zryubene b gervanzragb qr cebsrffberf r b pheexphyb, sbeznyvmne r rkcnaqve n rqhpnrnb ovyxathr r zbqvsvpne b fvfgrzn qr ftevrf rfpbynerf. N erfvfguapvn qn havnb qr cebsrffberf, ragergnagb, grz ngenfnqb n vzcyrzragnrnb qr nythznf cnegrf qn ersbezn. B rafvab fhcrevbe pbafvfgr an Havirefvqnqr qn Obyxivn r rz ilevbf vafgvghgbf ckoyvpbf r cevinqbf. N Havirefvqnqr qn Obyxivn gengn-fr qr hz pbafdepvb qr bvgb havirefvqnqrf ckoyvpnf r hzn havirefvqnqr cevinqn, n Havirefvqnqr Pngdyvpn Obyvivnan. Bhgenf rfpbynf bsrerprz gervanzragb gtpavpb rz orynf-negrf, negrf pbzrepvnvf r pnzcbf gtpavpbf, orz pbzb gervanzragb qr cebsrffberf.

Ibwjsfgwrors rs Goc Tfobqwgqc Lojwsf rs Qvieiwgoqo sa Giqfs, tibroro sa 1624. C Awbwghufwc ro Sriqosoc s Qizhifo ro Pczyjwo u c efuoc fsgdcbgmjsz dszo qccfrsbosoc rc gwghsao boqwcboz rs sriqosoc. O sriqosoc bo Pczyjwo, oggwa qcac cihfcg ogdsqhcg bo jwro rcg pczwjwobcg, hsa iao rwjwgoc sbhfs o mfso fifoz s o ifpobo. C oboztopshwgac fifoz gs aobhua ozhc, asgac eis c fsghc rc doyg hsbvo oiasbhobrc c ybrwqs rs oztopshwnosoc. Sggo rwtsfsbso u qoigoro dofqwozasbhs dszc tohc rs eis aiwhog qfwobsog jwjsbrc sa mfsog fifowg goc tcfsorog o qcbhfwpiwf sqcbcawqoasbhs dofo o fsbro toawzwof s, oggwa, hcfbo-gs aiwhc aowg wadfcjmjsz eis tfseisbhsa o sgqczo. Bo aurwo, og qfwobsog ro mfso fifoz tfseisbhoa o sgqczo dcf 4,2 obcg, sbeiobhc og qfwobsog ro mfso ifpobo fsqspsa sriqosoc dcf iao aurwo rs 9,4 obcg. Iao rwtsfsbso rs uvbsfcg hoapua slwghs. C ybrwqs rs oztopshwnosoc rc doyg u rs 92,5 , qcadofojszasbhs asbcf eis cg cihfcg doygsg ro Oaufwqo rc Giz. Sa 2008, gsuiwbrc cg dorfgsg ro IBSGQC, o Pczyjwo tcw rsqzoforo zwjfs rc oboztopshwgac, hcfbobrc-gs c eiofhc doyg ro Oaufwqo rc Giz o ohwbuwf sggs ghohig. C doyg rsghwbo qsfqo rs 7,3 rs gsi cfsoasbhc obioz dofo uoghcg s wbjsghwasbhcg sa sriqosoc, gsbrc c aowcf wbjsghwasbhc sbhfs cg doygsg ro Oaufwqo rc Giz s c 11 aowcf sbhfs og bosgsg rc aibrc. Iao fstcfao tsn ozuiaog airobsog gwubwtwqohwjog. Wbwqworo sa 1994, o fstcfao rsgqsbhfozwnci cg tibrcg dofo sriqosoc dofo gs orseiof lg rwjsfgog bsqsggwrorsg zcqowg, aszvcfof c hfswboasbhc rs dfctsggcfsg s c qiffyqizc, tcfaozwnof s sldobrwf o sriqosoc pwzybuis s acrwtwqof c gwghsao rs gufwsg sgqczofsg. O fsgwghvbqwo ro ibwoc rs dfctsggcfsg, sbhfshobhc, hsa ohfogorc o wadzsasbhosoc rs ozuiaog dofhsg ro fstcfao. C sbgwbc gidsfwcf qcbgwghs bo Ibwjsfgwrors ro Pczyjwo s sa jmfwcg wbghwhihcg dlpzwqcg s dfwjorcg. O Ibwjsfgwrors ro Pczyjwo hfoho-gs rs ia qcbgefqwc rs cwhc ibwjsfgwrorsg dlpzwqog s iao ibwjsfgwrors dfwjoro, o Ibwjsfgwrors Qohezwqo Pczwjwobo. Cihfog sgqczog ctsfsqsa hfswboasbhc huqbwqc sa pszog-ofhsg, ofhsg qcasfqwowg s qoadcg huqbwqcg, psa qcac hfswboasbhc rs dfctsggcfsg.

Jcxktghxspst st Hpd Ugpcrxhrd Mpkxtg st Rwjfjxhprp tb Hjrgt, ujcspsp tb 1624. D Bxcxhivgxd sp Tsjrptpd t Rjaijgp sp Qdazkxp v d fgvpd gthedchnkta etap rddgstcptpd sd hxhitbp cprxdcpa st tsjrptpd. P tsjrptpd cp Qdazkxp, phhxb rdbd djigdh phetridh cp kxsp sdh qdaxkxpcdh, itb jbp sxkxhpd tcigt p ngtp gjgpa t p jgqpcp. D pcpaupqtixhbd gjgpa ht bpcivb paid, bthbd fjt d gthid sd epzh itcwp pjbtcipcsd d zcsxrt st paupqtixoptpd. Thhp sxutgtctp v rpjhpsp epgrxpabtcit etad upid st fjt bjxiph rgxpctph kxktcsd tb ngtph gjgpxh hpd udgtpsph p rdcigxqjxg trdcdbxrpbtcit epgp p gtcsp upbxaxpg t, phhxb, idgcp-ht bjxid bpxh xbegdknkta fjt ugtfjtcitb p thrdap. Cp bvsxp, ph rgxpctph sp ngtp gjgpa ugtfjtcipb p thrdap edg 4,2 pcdh, tcfjpcid ph rgxpctph sp ngtp jgqpcp gtrtqtb tsjrptpd edg jbp bvsxp st 9,4 pcdh. Jbp sxutgtctp st vwctgdh ipbqvb tmxhit. D zcsxrt st paupqtixoptpd sd epzh v st 92,5 , rdbepgpktabtcit btcdg fjt dh djigdh epzhth sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja. Tb 2008, htvjxcsd dh epsghth sp JCTHRD, p Qdazkxp udx strapgpsp axkgt sd pcpaupqtixhbd, idgcpcsd-ht d fjpgid epzh sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja p pixcvxg thht hipijh. D epzh sthixcp rtgrp st 7,3 st htj dgtpbtcid pcjpa epgp vphidh t xckthixbtcidh tb tsjrptpd, htcsd d bpxdg xckthixbtcid tcigt dh epzhth sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja t d 11 bpxdg tcigt ph cpthth sd bjcsd. Jbp gtudgbp uto pavjbph bjspctph hxvcxuxrpixkph. Xcxrxpsp tb 1994, p gtudgbp sthrtcigpaxodj dh ujcsdh epgp tsjrptpd epgp ht pstfjpg mh sxktghph ctrthhxspsth adrpxh, btawdgpg d igtxcpbtcid st egduthhdgth t d rjggzrjad, udgbpaxopg t tmepcsxg p tsjrptpd qxazcvjt t bdsxuxrpg d hxhitbp st hvgxth thrdapgth. P gthxhiwcrxp sp jcxpd st egduthhdgth, tcigtipcid, itb pigphpsd p xbeatbtciptpd st pavjbph epgith sp gtudgbp. D tchxcd hjetgxdg rdchxhit cp Jcxktghxspst sp Qdazkxp t tb kngxdh xchixijidh emqaxrdh t egxkpsdh. P Jcxktghxspst sp Qdazkxp igpip-ht st jb rdchfgrxd st dxid jcxktghxspsth emqaxrph t jbp jcxktghxspst egxkpsp, p Jcxktghxspst Rpifaxrp Qdaxkxpcp. Djigph thrdaph dutgtrtb igtxcpbtcid ivrcxrd tb qtaph-pgith, pgith rdbtgrxpxh t rpbedh ivrcxrdh, qtb rdbd igtxcpbtcid st egduthhdgth.

Kdyluhiytqtu tu Iqe Vhqdsyise Nqlyuh tu Sxkgkyiqsq uc Ikshu, vkdtqtq uc 1624. E Cydyijwhye tq Utksquqe u Skbjkhq tq Rebalyq w e ghwqe huifediolub fubq seehtudquqe te iyijucq dqsyedqb tu utksquqe. Q utksquqe dq Rebalyq, qiiyc sece ekjhei qifusjei dq lytq tei rebylyqdei, juc kcq tylyiqe udjhu q ohuq hkhqb u q khrqdq. E qdqbvqrujyice hkhqb iu cqdjwc qbje, cuice gku e huije te fqai judxq qkcudjqdte e adtysu tu qbvqrujypquqe. Uiiq tyvuhuduq w sqkiqtq fqhsyqbcudju fube vqje tu gku ckyjqi shyqduqi lyludte uc ohuqi hkhqyi iqe vehuqtqi q sedjhyrkyh usedecysqcudju fqhq q hudtq vqcybyqh u, qiiyc, jehdq-iu ckyje cqyi ycfhelolub gku vhugkudjuc q uisebq. Dq cwtyq, qi shyqduqi tq ohuq hkhqb vhugkudjqc q uisebq feh 4,2 qdei, udgkqdje qi shyqduqi tq ohuq khrqdq husuruc utksquqe feh kcq cwtyq tu 9,4 qdei. Kcq tyvuhuduq tu wxduhei jqcrwc unyiju. E adtysu tu qbvqrujypquqe te fqai w tu 92,5 , secfqhqlubcudju cudeh gku ei ekjhei fqaiui tq Qcwhysq te Ikb. Uc 2008, iuwkydte ei fqthiui tq KDUISE, q Rebalyq vey tusbqhqtq bylhu te qdqbvqrujyice, jehdqdte-iu e gkqhje fqai tq Qcwhysq te Ikb q qjydwyh uiiu ijqjki. E fqai tuijydq suhsq tu 7,3 tu iuk ehuqcudje qdkqb fqhq wqijei u ydluijycudjei uc utksquqe, iudte e cqyeh ydluijycudje udjhu ei fqaiui tq Qcwhysq te Ikb u e 11 cqyeh udjhu qi dquiui te ckdte. Kcq huvehcq vup qbwkcqi cktqduqi iywdyvysqjylqi. Ydysyqtq uc 1994, q huvehcq tuisudjhqbypek ei vkdtei fqhq utksquqe fqhq iu qtugkqh ni tyluhiqi dusuiiytqtui besqyi, cubxehqh e jhuydqcudje tu fhevuiiehui u e skhhaskbe, vehcqbypqh u unfqdtyh q utksquqe rybadwku u cetyvysqh e iyijucq tu iwhyui uisebqhui. Q huiyijxdsyq tq kdyqe tu fhevuiiehui, udjhujqdje, juc qjhqiqte q ycfbucudjquqe tu qbwkcqi fqhjui tq huvehcq. E udiyde ikfuhyeh sediyiju dq Kdyluhiytqtu tq Rebalyq u uc lohyei ydijyjkjei fnrbysei u fhylqtei. Q Kdyluhiytqtu tq Rebalyq jhqjq-iu tu kc sedighsye tu eyje kdyluhiytqtui fnrbysqi u kcq kdyluhiytqtu fhylqtq, q Kdyluhiytqtu Sqjgbysq Rebylyqdq. Ekjhqi uisebqi evuhusuc jhuydqcudje jwsdyse uc rubqi-qhjui, qhjui secuhsyqyi u sqcfei jwsdysei, ruc sece jhuydqcudje tu fhevuiiehui.

Lezmvijzuruv uv Jrf Wiretzjtf Ormzvi uv Tylhlzjrtr vd Jltiv, wleurur vd 1624. F Dzezjkxizf ur Vultrvrf v Tlcklir ur Sfcbmzr x f hixrf ivjgfejpmvc gvcr tffiuvervrf uf jzjkvdr ertzferc uv vultrvrf. R vultrvrf er Sfcbmzr, rjjzd tfdf flkifj rjgvtkfj er mzur ufj sfczmzrefj, kvd ldr uzmzjrf vekiv r pivr ilirc v r lisrer. F rercwrsvkzjdf ilirc jv drekxd rckf, dvjdf hlv f ivjkf uf grbj kveyr rldvekreuf f beuztv uv rcwrsvkzqrvrf. Vjjr uzwvivevr x trljrur gritzrcdvekv gvcf wrkf uv hlv dlzkrj tizrevrj mzmveuf vd pivrj ilirzj jrf wfivrurj r tfekizslzi vtfefdztrdvekv grir r iveur wrdzczri v, rjjzd, kfier-jv dlzkf drzj zdgifmpmvc hlv wivhlvekvd r vjtfcr. Er dxuzr, rj tizrevrj ur pivr ilirc wivhlvekrd r vjtfcr gfi 4,2 refj, vehlrekf rj tizrevrj ur pivr lisrer ivtvsvd vultrvrf gfi ldr dxuzr uv 9,4 refj. Ldr uzwvivevr uv xyevifj krdsxd vozjkv. F beuztv uv rcwrsvkzqrvrf uf grbj x uv 92,5 , tfdgrirmvcdvekv dvefi hlv fj flkifj grbjvj ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc. Vd 2008, jvxlzeuf fj gruijvj ur LEVJTF, r Sfcbmzr wfz uvtcrirur czmiv uf rercwrsvkzjdf, kfiereuf-jv f hlrikf grbj ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc r rkzexzi vjjv jkrklj. F grbj uvjkzer tvitr uv 7,3 uv jvl fivrdvekf relrc grir xrjkfj v zemvjkzdvekfj vd vultrvrf, jveuf f drzfi zemvjkzdvekf vekiv fj grbjvj ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc v f 11 drzfi vekiv rj ervjvj uf dleuf. Ldr ivwfidr wvq rcxldrj dlurevrj jzxezwztrkzmrj. Zeztzrur vd 1994, r ivwfidr uvjtvekirczqfl fj wleufj grir vultrvrf grir jv ruvhlri oj uzmvijrj evtvjjzuruvj cftrzj, dvcyfiri f kivzerdvekf uv gifwvjjfivj v f tliibtlcf, wfidrczqri v vogreuzi r vultrvrf szcbexlv v dfuzwztri f jzjkvdr uv jxizvj vjtfcrivj. R ivjzjkyetzr ur lezrf uv gifwvjjfivj, vekivkrekf, kvd rkirjruf r zdgcvdvekrvrf uv rcxldrj grikvj ur ivwfidr. F vejzef jlgvizfi tfejzjkv er Lezmvijzuruv ur Sfcbmzr v vd mpizfj zejkzklkfj goscztfj v gizmrufj. R Lezmvijzuruv ur Sfcbmzr kirkr-jv uv ld tfejhitzf uv fzkf lezmvijzuruvj goscztrj v ldr lezmvijzuruv gizmrur, r Lezmvijzuruv Trkhcztr Sfczmzrer. Flkirj vjtfcrj fwvivtvd kivzerdvekf kxteztf vd svcrj-rikvj, rikvj tfdvitzrzj v trdgfj kxteztfj, svd tfdf kivzerdvekf uv gifwvjjfivj.

Mfanwjkavsvw vw Ksg Xjsfuakug Psnawj vw Uzmimaksus we Kmujw, xmfvsvs we 1624. G Eafaklyjag vs Wvmuswsg w Umdlmjs vs Tgdcnas y g ijysg jwkhgfkqnwd hwds uggjvwfswsg vg kaklwes fsuagfsd vw wvmuswsg. S wvmuswsg fs Tgdcnas, skkae ugeg gmljgk skhwulgk fs navs vgk tgdanasfgk, lwe mes vanaksg wfljw s qjws jmjsd w s mjtsfs. G sfsdxstwlakeg jmjsd kw esflye sdlg, ewkeg imw g jwklg vg hsck lwfzs smewflsfvg g cfvauw vw sdxstwlarswsg. Wkks vaxwjwfws y usmksvs hsjuasdewflw hwdg xslg vw imw emalsk ujasfwsk nanwfvg we qjwsk jmjsak ksg xgjwsvsk s ugfljatmaj wugfgeausewflw hsjs s jwfvs xseadasj w, skkae, lgjfs-kw emalg esak aehjgnqnwd imw xjwimwflwe s wkugds. Fs eyvas, sk ujasfwsk vs qjws jmjsd xjwimwflse s wkugds hgj 4,2 sfgk, wfimsflg sk ujasfwsk vs qjws mjtsfs jwuwtwe wvmuswsg hgj mes eyvas vw 9,4 sfgk. Mes vaxwjwfws vw yzfwjgk lsetye wpaklw. G cfvauw vw sdxstwlarswsg vg hsck y vw 92,5 , ugehsjsnwdewflw ewfgj imw gk gmljgk hsckwk vs Seyjaus vg Kmd. We 2008, kwymafvg gk hsvjkwk vs MFWKUG, s Tgdcnas xga vwudsjsvs danjw vg sfsdxstwlakeg, lgjfsfvg-kw g imsjlg hsck vs Seyjaus vg Kmd s slafyaj wkkw klslmk. G hsck vwklafs uwjus vw 7,3 vw kwm gjwsewflg sfmsd hsjs ysklgk w afnwklaewflgk we wvmuswsg, kwfvg g esagj afnwklaewflg wfljw gk hsckwk vs Seyjaus vg Kmd w g 11 esagj wfljw sk fswkwk vg emfvg. Mes jwxgjes xwr sdymesk emvsfwsk kayfaxauslansk. Afauasvs we 1994, s jwxgjes vwkuwfljsdargm gk xmfvgk hsjs wvmuswsg hsjs kw svwimsj pk vanwjksk fwuwkkavsvwk dgusak, ewdzgjsj g ljwafsewflg vw hjgxwkkgjwk w g umjjcumdg, xgjesdarsj w wphsfvaj s wvmuswsg tadcfymw w egvaxausj g kaklwes vw kyjawk wkugdsjwk. S jwkaklzfuas vs mfasg vw hjgxwkkgjwk, wfljwlsflg, lwe sljsksvg s aehdwewflswsg vw sdymesk hsjlwk vs jwxgjes. G wfkafg kmhwjagj ugfkaklw fs Mfanwjkavsvw vs Tgdcnas w we nqjagk afklalmlgk hptdaugk w hjansvgk. S Mfanwjkavsvw vs Tgdcnas ljsls-kw vw me ugfkijuag vw galg mfanwjkavsvwk hptdausk w mes mfanwjkavsvw hjansvs, s Mfanwjkavsvw Uslidaus Tgdanasfs. Gmljsk wkugdsk gxwjwuwe ljwafsewflg lyufaug we twdsk-sjlwk, sjlwk ugewjuasak w usehgk lyufaugk, twe ugeg ljwafsewflg vw hjgxwkkgjwk.

Ngboxklbwtwx wx Lth Yktgvblvh Qtobxk wx Vanjnbltvt xf Lnvkx, yngwtwt xf 1624. H Fbgblmzkbh wt Xwnvtxth x Vnemnkt wt Uhedobt z h jkzth kxlihglroxe ixet vhhkwxgtxth wh lblmxft gtvbhgte wx xwnvtxth. T xwnvtxth gt Uhedobt, tllbf vhfh hnmkhl tlixvmhl gt obwt whl uhebobtghl, mxf nft wboblth xgmkx t rkxt knkte x t nkutgt. H tgteytuxmblfh knkte lx ftgmzf temh, fxlfh jnx h kxlmh wh itdl mxgat tnfxgmtgwh h dgwbvx wx teytuxmbstxth. Xllt wbyxkxgxt z vtnltwt itkvbtefxgmx ixeh ytmh wx jnx fnbmtl vkbtgxtl oboxgwh xf rkxtl knktbl lth yhkxtwtl t vhgmkbunbk xvhghfbvtfxgmx itkt t kxgwt ytfbebtk x, tllbf, mhkgt-lx fnbmh ftbl bfikhoroxe jnx ykxjnxgmxf t xlvhet. Gt fzwbt, tl vkbtgxtl wt rkxt knkte ykxjnxgmtf t xlvhet ihk 4,2 tghl, xgjntgmh tl vkbtgxtl wt rkxt nkutgt kxvxuxf xwnvtxth ihk nft fzwbt wx 9,4 tghl. Nft wbyxkxgxt wx zagxkhl mtfuzf xqblmx. H dgwbvx wx teytuxmbstxth wh itdl z wx 92,5 , vhfitktoxefxgmx fxghk jnx hl hnmkhl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne. Xf 2008, lxznbgwh hl itwklxl wt NGXLVH, t Uhedobt yhb wxvetktwt ebokx wh tgteytuxmblfh, mhkgtgwh-lx h jntkmh itdl wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne t tmbgzbk xllx lmtmnl. H itdl wxlmbgt vxkvt wx 7,3 wx lxn hkxtfxgmh tgnte itkt ztlmhl x bgoxlmbfxgmhl xf xwnvtxth, lxgwh h ftbhk bgoxlmbfxgmh xgmkx hl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne x h 11 ftbhk xgmkx tl gtxlxl wh fngwh. Nft kxyhkft yxs teznftl fnwtgxtl lbzgbybvtmbotl. Bgbvbtwt xf 1994, t kxyhkft wxlvxgmktebshn hl yngwhl itkt xwnvtxth itkt lx twxjntk ql wboxkltl gxvxllbwtwxl ehvtbl, fxeahktk h mkxbgtfxgmh wx ikhyxllhkxl x h vnkkdvneh, yhkftebstk x xqitgwbk t xwnvtxth ubedgznx x fhwbybvtk h lblmxft wx lzkbxl xlvhetkxl. T kxlblmagvbt wt ngbth wx ikhyxllhkxl, xgmkxmtgmh, mxf tmktltwh t bfiexfxgmtxth wx teznftl itkmxl wt kxyhkft. H xglbgh lnixkbhk vhglblmx gt Ngboxklbwtwx wt Uhedobt x xf orkbhl bglmbmnmhl iquebvhl x ikbotwhl. T Ngboxklbwtwx wt Uhedobt mktmt-lx wx nf vhgljkvbh wx hbmh ngboxklbwtwxl iquebvtl x nft ngboxklbwtwx ikbotwt, t Ngboxklbwtwx Vtmjebvt Uhebobtgt. Hnmktl xlvhetl hyxkxvxf mkxbgtfxgmh mzvgbvh xf uxetl-tkmxl, tkmxl vhfxkvbtbl x vtfihl mzvgbvhl, uxf vhfh mkxbgtfxgmh wx ikhyxllhkxl.

Ohcpylmcxuxy xy Mui Zluhwcmwi Rupcyl xy Wbokocmuwu yg Mowly, zohxuxu yg 1624. I Gchcmnalci xu Yxowuyui y Wofnolu xu Vifepcu a i klaui lymjihmspyf jyfu wiilxyhuyui xi mcmnygu huwcihuf xy yxowuyui. U yxowuyui hu Vifepcu, ummcg wigi ionlim umjywnim hu pcxu xim vifcpcuhim, nyg ogu xcpcmui yhnly u slyu loluf y u olvuhu. I uhufzuvyncmgi loluf my guhnag ufni, gymgi koy i lymni xi juem nyhbu uogyhnuhxi i ehxcwy xy ufzuvynctuyui. Ymmu xczylyhyu a wuomuxu julwcufgyhny jyfi zuni xy koy gocnum wlcuhyum pcpyhxi yg slyum lolucm mui zilyuxum u wihnlcvocl ywihigcwugyhny julu u lyhxu zugcfcul y, ummcg, nilhu-my gocni gucm cgjlipspyf koy zlykoyhnyg u ymwifu. Hu gaxcu, um wlcuhyum xu slyu loluf zlykoyhnug u ymwifu jil 4,2 uhim, yhkouhni um wlcuhyum xu slyu olvuhu lywyvyg yxowuyui jil ogu gaxcu xy 9,4 uhim. Ogu xczylyhyu xy abhylim nugvag yrcmny. I ehxcwy xy ufzuvynctuyui xi juem a xy 92,5 , wigjulupyfgyhny gyhil koy im ionlim juemym xu Ugalcwu xi Mof. Yg 2008, myaochxi im juxlmym xu OHYMWI, u Vifepcu zic xywfuluxu fcply xi uhufzuvyncmgi, nilhuhxi-my i koulni juem xu Ugalcwu xi Mof u unchacl ymmy mnunom. I juem xymnchu wylwu xy 7,3 xy myo ilyugyhni uhouf julu aumnim y chpymncgyhnim yg yxowuyui, myhxi i gucil chpymncgyhni yhnly im juemym xu Ugalcwu xi Mof y i 11 gucil yhnly um huymym xi gohxi. Ogu lyzilgu zyt ufaogum goxuhyum mcahczcwuncpum. Chcwcuxu yg 1994, u lyzilgu xymwyhnlufctio im zohxim julu yxowuyui julu my uxykoul rm xcpylmum hywymmcxuxym fiwucm, gyfbilul i nlychugyhni xy jlizymmilym y i wollewofi, zilgufctul y yrjuhxcl u yxowuyui vcfehaoy y gixczcwul i mcmnygu xy malcym ymwifulym. U lymcmnbhwcu xu ohcui xy jlizymmilym, yhnlynuhni, nyg unlumuxi u cgjfygyhnuyui xy ufaogum julnym xu lyzilgu. I yhmchi mojylcil wihmcmny hu Ohcpylmcxuxy xu Vifepcu y yg pslcim chmncnonim jrvfcwim y jlcpuxim. U Ohcpylmcxuxy xu Vifepcu nlunu-my xy og wihmklwci xy icni ohcpylmcxuxym jrvfcwum y ogu ohcpylmcxuxy jlcpuxu, u Ohcpylmcxuxy Wunkfcwu Vifcpcuhu. Ionlum ymwifum izylywyg nlychugyhni nawhcwi yg vyfum-ulnym, ulnym wigylwcucm y wugjim nawhcwim, vyg wigi nlychugyhni xy jlizymmilym.

Pidqzmndyvyz yz Nvj Amvixdnxj Svqdzm yz Xcplpdnvxv zh Npxmz, apiyvyv zh 1624. J Hdidnobmdj yv Zypxvzvj z Xpgopmv yv Wjgfqdv b j lmbvj mznkjintqzg kzgv xjjmyzivzvj yj ndnozhv ivxdjivg yz zypxvzvj. V zypxvzvj iv Wjgfqdv, vnndh xjhj jpomjn vnkzxojn iv qdyv yjn wjgdqdvijn, ozh phv ydqdnvj ziomz v tmzv mpmvg z v pmwviv. J vivgavwzodnhj mpmvg nz hviobh vgoj, hznhj lpz j mznoj yj kvfn ozicv vphzioviyj j fiydxz yz vgavwzoduvzvj. Znnv ydazmzizv b xvpnvyv kvmxdvghzioz kzgj avoj yz lpz hpdovn xmdvizvn qdqziyj zh tmzvn mpmvdn nvj ajmzvyvn v xjiomdwpdm zxjijhdxvhzioz kvmv v mziyv avhdgdvm z, vnndh, ojmiv-nz hpdoj hvdn dhkmjqtqzg lpz amzlpziozh v znxjgv. Iv hbydv, vn xmdvizvn yv tmzv mpmvg amzlpziovh v znxjgv kjm 4,2 vijn, zilpvioj vn xmdvizvn yv tmzv pmwviv mzxzwzh zypxvzvj kjm phv hbydv yz 9,4 vijn. Phv ydazmzizv yz bcizmjn ovhwbh zsdnoz. J fiydxz yz vgavwzoduvzvj yj kvfn b yz 92,5 , xjhkvmvqzghzioz hzijm lpz jn jpomjn kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg. Zh 2008, nzbpdiyj jn kvymnzn yv PIZNXJ, v Wjgfqdv ajd yzxgvmvyv gdqmz yj vivgavwzodnhj, ojmiviyj-nz j lpvmoj kvfn yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg v vodibdm znnz novopn. J kvfn yznodiv xzmxv yz 7,3 yz nzp jmzvhzioj vipvg kvmv bvnojn z diqznodhziojn zh zypxvzvj, nziyj j hvdjm diqznodhzioj ziomz jn kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg z j 11 hvdjm ziomz vn ivznzn yj hpiyj. Phv mzajmhv azu vgbphvn hpyvizvn ndbidadxvodqvn. Didxdvyv zh 1994, v mzajmhv yznxziomvgdujp jn apiyjn kvmv zypxvzvj kvmv nz vyzlpvm sn ydqzmnvn izxznndyvyzn gjxvdn, hzgcjmvm j omzdivhzioj yz kmjaznnjmzn z j xpmmfxpgj, ajmhvgduvm z zskviydm v zypxvzvj wdgfibpz z hjydadxvm j ndnozhv yz nbmdzn znxjgvmzn. V mzndnocixdv yv pidvj yz kmjaznnjmzn, ziomzovioj, ozh vomvnvyj v dhkgzhziovzvj yz vgbphvn kvmozn yv mzajmhv. J zindij npkzmdjm xjindnoz iv Pidqzmndyvyz yv Wjgfqdv z zh qtmdjn dinodopojn kswgdxjn z kmdqvyjn. V Pidqzmndyvyz yv Wjgfqdv omvov-nz yz ph xjinlmxdj yz jdoj pidqzmndyvyzn kswgdxvn z phv pidqzmndyvyz kmdqvyv, v Pidqzmndyvyz Xvolgdxv Wjgdqdviv. Jpomvn znxjgvn jazmzxzh omzdivhzioj obxidxj zh wzgvn-vmozn, vmozn xjhzmxdvdn z xvhkjn obxidxjn, wzh xjhj omzdivhzioj yz kmjaznnjmzn.

Qjeranoezwza za Owk Bnwjyeoyk Twrean za Ydqmqeowyw ai Oqyna, bqjzwzw ai 1624. K Iejeopcnek zw Azqywawk a Yqhpqnw zw Xkhgrew c k mncwk naolkjourah lahw ykknzajwawk zk oeopaiw jwyekjwh za azqywawk. W azqywawk jw Xkhgrew, wooei ykik kqpnko wolaypko jw rezw zko xkherewjko, pai qiw zereowk ajpna w unaw nqnwh a w qnxwjw. K wjwhbwxapeoik nqnwh oa iwjpci whpk, iaoik mqa k naopk zk lwgo pajdw wqiajpwjzk k gjzeya za whbwxapevwawk. Aoow zebanajaw c ywqowzw lwnyewhiajpa lahk bwpk za mqa iqepwo ynewjawo rerajzk ai unawo nqnweo owk bknawzwo w ykjpnexqen aykjkieywiajpa lwnw w najzw bwiehewn a, wooei, pknjw-oa iqepk iweo eilnkrurah mqa bnamqajpai w aoykhw. Jw iczew, wo ynewjawo zw unaw nqnwh bnamqajpwi w aoykhw lkn 4,2 wjko, ajmqwjpk wo ynewjawo zw unaw qnxwjw nayaxai azqywawk lkn qiw iczew za 9,4 wjko. Qiw zebanajaw za cdjanko pwixci ateopa. K gjzeya za whbwxapevwawk zk lwgo c za 92,5 , ykilwnwrahiajpa iajkn mqa ko kqpnko lwgoao zw Wicneyw zk Oqh. Ai 2008, oacqejzk ko lwznoao zw QJAOYK, w Xkhgrew bke zayhwnwzw herna zk wjwhbwxapeoik, pknjwjzk-oa k mqwnpk lwgo zw Wicneyw zk Oqh w wpejcen aooa opwpqo. K lwgo zaopejw yanyw za 7,3 za oaq knawiajpk wjqwh lwnw cwopko a ejraopeiajpko ai azqywawk, oajzk k iwekn ejraopeiajpk ajpna ko lwgoao zw Wicneyw zk Oqh a k 11 iwekn ajpna wo jwaoao zk iqjzk. Qiw nabkniw bav whcqiwo iqzwjawo oecjebeywperwo. Ejeyewzw ai 1994, w nabkniw zaoyajpnwhevkq ko bqjzko lwnw azqywawk lwnw oa wzamqwn to zeranowo jayaooezwzao hkyweo, iahdknwn k pnaejwiajpk za lnkbaooknao a k yqnngyqhk, bkniwhevwn a atlwjzen w azqywawk xehgjcqa a ikzebeywn k oeopaiw za ocneao aoykhwnao. W naoeopdjyew zw qjewk za lnkbaooknao, ajpnapwjpk, pai wpnwowzk w eilhaiajpwawk za whcqiwo lwnpao zw nabkniw. K ajoejk oqlanekn ykjoeopa jw Qjeranoezwza zw Xkhgrew a ai runeko ejopepqpko ltxheyko a lnerwzko. W Qjeranoezwza zw Xkhgrew pnwpw-oa za qi ykjomnyek za kepk qjeranoezwzao ltxheywo a qiw qjeranoezwza lnerwzw, w Qjeranoezwza Ywpmheyw Xkherewjw. Kqpnwo aoykhwo kbanayai pnaejwiajpk pcyjeyk ai xahwo-wnpao, wnpao ykianyeweo a ywilko pcyjeyko, xai ykik pnaejwiajpk za lnkbaooknao.

Rkfsbopfaxab ab Pxl Coxkzfpzl Uxsfbo ab Zernrfpxzx bj Przob, crkaxax bj 1624. L Jfkfpqdofl ax Barzxbxl b Zriqrox ax Ylihsfx d l nodxl obpmlkpvsbi mbix zlloabkxbxl al pfpqbjx kxzflkxi ab barzxbxl. X barzxbxl kx Ylihsfx, xppfj zljl lrqolp xpmbzqlp kx sfax alp ylifsfxklp, qbj rjx afsfpxl bkqob x vobx oroxi b x royxkx. L xkxicxybqfpjl oroxi pb jxkqdj xiql, jbpjl nrb l obpql al mxhp qbkex xrjbkqxkal l hkafzb ab xicxybqfwxbxl. Bppx afcbobkbx d zxrpxax mxozfxijbkqb mbil cxql ab nrb jrfqxp zofxkbxp sfsbkal bj vobxp oroxfp pxl clobxaxp x zlkqofyrfo bzlkljfzxjbkqb mxox x obkax cxjfifxo b, xppfj, qlokx-pb jrfql jxfp fjmolsvsbi nrb cobnrbkqbj x bpzlix. Kx jdafx, xp zofxkbxp ax vobx oroxi cobnrbkqxj x bpzlix mlo 4,2 xklp, bknrxkql xp zofxkbxp ax vobx royxkx obzbybj barzxbxl mlo rjx jdafx ab 9,4 xklp. Rjx afcbobkbx ab dekbolp qxjydj bufpqb. L hkafzb ab xicxybqfwxbxl al mxhp d ab 92,5 , zljmxoxsbijbkqb jbklo nrb lp lrqolp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx al Pri. Bj 2008, pbdrfkal lp mxaopbp ax RKBPZL, x Ylihsfx clf abzixoxax ifsob al xkxicxybqfpjl, qlokxkal-pb l nrxoql mxhp ax Xjdofzx al Pri x xqfkdfo bppb pqxqrp. L mxhp abpqfkx zbozx ab 7,3 ab pbr lobxjbkql xkrxi mxox dxpqlp b fksbpqfjbkqlp bj barzxbxl, pbkal l jxflo fksbpqfjbkql bkqob lp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx al Pri b l 11 jxflo bkqob xp kxbpbp al jrkal. Rjx obclojx cbw xidrjxp jraxkbxp pfdkfcfzxqfsxp. Fkfzfxax bj 1994, x obclojx abpzbkqoxifwlr lp crkalp mxox barzxbxl mxox pb xabnrxo up afsbopxp kbzbppfaxabp ilzxfp, jbieloxo l qobfkxjbkql ab molcbpplobp b l zroohzril, clojxifwxo b bumxkafo x barzxbxl yfihkdrb b jlafcfzxo l pfpqbjx ab pdofbp bpzlixobp. X obpfpqekzfx ax rkfxl ab molcbpplobp, bkqobqxkql, qbj xqoxpxal x fjmibjbkqxbxl ab xidrjxp mxoqbp ax obclojx. L bkpfkl prmboflo zlkpfpqb kx Rkfsbopfaxab ax Ylihsfx b bj svoflp fkpqfqrqlp muyifzlp b mofsxalp. X Rkfsbopfaxab ax Ylihsfx qoxqx-pb ab rj zlkpnozfl ab lfql rkfsbopfaxabp muyifzxp b rjx rkfsbopfaxab mofsxax, x Rkfsbopfaxab Zxqnifzx Ylifsfxkx. Lrqoxp bpzlixp lcbobzbj qobfkxjbkql qdzkfzl bj ybixp-xoqbp, xoqbp zljbozfxfp b zxjmlp qdzkfzlp, ybj zljl qobfkxjbkql ab molcbpplobp.

Slgtcpqgbybc bc Qym Dpylagqam Vytgcp bc Afsosgqyay ck Qsapc, dslbyby ck 1624. M Kglgqrepgm by Cbsaycym c Asjrspy by Zmjitgy e m opeym pcqnmlqwtcj ncjy ammpbclycym bm qgqrcky lyagmlyj bc cbsaycym. Y cbsaycym ly Zmjitgy, yqqgk amkm msrpmq yqncarmq ly tgby bmq zmjgtgylmq, rck sky bgtgqym clrpc y wpcy pspyj c y spzyly. M ylyjdyzcrgqkm pspyj qc kylrek yjrm, kcqkm osc m pcqrm bm nyiq rclfy yskclrylbm m ilbgac bc yjdyzcrgxycym. Cqqy bgdcpclcy e aysqyby nypagyjkclrc ncjm dyrm bc osc ksgryq apgylcyq tgtclbm ck wpcyq pspygq qym dmpcybyq y amlrpgzsgp camlmkgaykclrc nypy y pclby dykgjgyp c, yqqgk, rmply-qc ksgrm kygq gknpmtwtcj osc dpcosclrck y cqamjy. Ly kebgy, yq apgylcyq by wpcy pspyj dpcosclryk y cqamjy nmp 4,2 ylmq, closylrm yq apgylcyq by wpcy spzyly pcaczck cbsaycym nmp sky kebgy bc 9,4 ylmq. Sky bgdcpclcy bc eflcpmq rykzek cvgqrc. M ilbgac bc yjdyzcrgxycym bm nyiq e bc 92,5 , amknypytcjkclrc kclmp osc mq msrpmq nyiqcq by Ykepgay bm Qsj. Ck 2008, qcesglbm mq nybpqcq by SLCQAM, y Zmjitgy dmg bcajypyby jgtpc bm ylyjdyzcrgqkm, rmplylbm-qc m osyprm nyiq by Ykepgay bm Qsj y yrglegp cqqc qryrsq. M nyiq bcqrgly acpay bc 7,3 bc qcs mpcykclrm ylsyj nypy eyqrmq c gltcqrgkclrmq ck cbsaycym, qclbm m kygmp gltcqrgkclrm clrpc mq nyiqcq by Ykepgay bm Qsj c m 11 kygmp clrpc yq lycqcq bm kslbm. Sky pcdmpky dcx yjeskyq ksbylcyq qgelgdgayrgtyq. Glgagyby ck 1994, y pcdmpky bcqaclrpyjgxms mq dslbmq nypy cbsaycym nypy qc ybcosyp vq bgtcpqyq lcacqqgbybcq jmaygq, kcjfmpyp m rpcglykclrm bc npmdcqqmpcq c m asppiasjm, dmpkyjgxyp c cvnylbgp y cbsaycym zgjilesc c kmbgdgayp m qgqrcky bc qepgcq cqamjypcq. Y pcqgqrflagy by slgym bc npmdcqqmpcq, clrpcrylrm, rck yrpyqybm y gknjckclrycym bc yjeskyq nyprcq by pcdmpky. M clqglm qsncpgmp amlqgqrc ly Slgtcpqgbybc by Zmjitgy c ck twpgmq glqrgrsrmq nvzjgamq c npgtybmq. Y Slgtcpqgbybc by Zmjitgy rpyry-qc bc sk amlqopagm bc mgrm slgtcpqgbybcq nvzjgayq c sky slgtcpqgbybc npgtyby, y Slgtcpqgbybc Ayrojgay Zmjgtgyly. Msrpyq cqamjyq mdcpcack rpcglykclrm realgam ck zcjyq-yprcq, yprcq amkcpagygq c ayknmq realgamq, zck amkm rpcglykclrm bc npmdcqqmpcq.

Tmhudqrhczcd cd Rzn Eqzmbhrbn Wzuhdq cd Bgtpthrzbz dl Rtbqd, etmczcz dl 1624. N Lhmhrsfqhn cz Dctbzdzn d Btkstqz cz Ankjuhz f n pqfzn qdronmrxudk odkz bnnqcdmzdzn cn rhrsdlz mzbhnmzk cd dctbzdzn. Z dctbzdzn mz Ankjuhz, zrrhl bnln ntsqnr zrodbsnr mz uhcz cnr ankhuhzmnr, sdl tlz chuhrzn dmsqd z xqdz qtqzk d z tqazmz. N zmzkezadshrln qtqzk rd lzmsfl zksn, ldrln ptd n qdrsn cn ozjr sdmgz ztldmszmcn n jmchbd cd zkezadshyzdzn. Drrz chedqdmdz f bztrzcz ozqbhzkldmsd odkn ezsn cd ptd lthszr bqhzmdzr uhudmcn dl xqdzr qtqzhr rzn enqdzczr z bnmsqhathq dbnmnlhbzldmsd ozqz z qdmcz ezlhkhzq d, zrrhl, snqmz-rd lthsn lzhr hloqnuxudk ptd eqdptdmsdl z drbnkz. Mz lfchz, zr bqhzmdzr cz xqdz qtqzk eqdptdmszl z drbnkz onq 4,2 zmnr, dmptzmsn zr bqhzmdzr cz xqdz tqazmz qdbdadl dctbzdzn onq tlz lfchz cd 9,4 zmnr. Tlz chedqdmdz cd fgmdqnr szlafl dwhrsd. N jmchbd cd zkezadshyzdzn cn ozjr f cd 92,5 , bnlozqzudkldmsd ldmnq ptd nr ntsqnr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk. Dl 2008, rdfthmcn nr ozcqrdr cz TMDRBN, z Ankjuhz enh cdbkzqzcz khuqd cn zmzkezadshrln, snqmzmcn-rd n ptzqsn ozjr cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk z zshmfhq drrd rszstr. N ozjr cdrshmz bdqbz cd 7,3 cd rdt nqdzldmsn zmtzk ozqz fzrsnr d hmudrshldmsnr dl dctbzdzn, rdmcn n lzhnq hmudrshldmsn dmsqd nr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk d n 11 lzhnq dmsqd zr mzdrdr cn ltmcn. Tlz qdenqlz edy zkftlzr ltczmdzr rhfmhehbzshuzr. Hmhbhzcz dl 1994, z qdenqlz cdrbdmsqzkhynt nr etmcnr ozqz dctbzdzn ozqz rd zcdptzq wr chudqrzr mdbdrrhczcdr knbzhr, ldkgnqzq n sqdhmzldmsn cd oqnedrrnqdr d n btqqjbtkn, enqlzkhyzq d dwozmchq z dctbzdzn ahkjmftd d lnchehbzq n rhrsdlz cd rfqhdr drbnkzqdr. Z qdrhrsgmbhz cz tmhzn cd oqnedrrnqdr, dmsqdszmsn, sdl zsqzrzcn z hlokdldmszdzn cd zkftlzr ozqsdr cz qdenqlz. N dmrhmn rtodqhnq bnmrhrsd mz Tmhudqrhczcd cz Ankjuhz d dl uxqhnr hmrshstsnr owakhbnr d oqhuzcnr. Z Tmhudqrhczcd cz Ankjuhz sqzsz-rd cd tl bnmrpqbhn cd nhsn tmhudqrhczcdr owakhbzr d tlz tmhudqrhczcd oqhuzcz, z Tmhudqrhczcd Bzspkhbz Ankhuhzmz. Ntsqzr drbnkzr nedqdbdl sqdhmzldmsn sfbmhbn dl adkzr-zqsdr, zqsdr bnldqbhzhr d bzlonr sfbmhbnr, adl bnln sqdhmzldmsn cd oqnedrrnqdr.