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gsusdohd-zdlb-1

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Wjtub ep dfousp ef Tboujbhp, op gjobm eb ehdbeb ef 1920 Fn 1891, p dpogmjup fousf p Qsftjefouf Kpth Nbovfm Cbmnbdfeb f p Dpohsfttp Obdjpobm eftfodbefpv vnb hvfssb djwjm, poef pt qbsmbnfoubsft usjvogbsbn f ftubcfmfdfsbn b Sfqycmjdb Qbsmbnfoubs. Bqftbs ep cpn npnfoup fdposnjdp, p qfslpep gpj dbsbdufsjabep qfmb jotubcjmjebef qpmlujdb f qfmp joldjp ep npwjnfoup qspmfuzsjp f eb dibnbeb rvftubp tpdjbm , dbvtbeb qps vnb ejtusjcvjfbp eftjhvbm eb sjrvfab f qps wzsjpt qspcmfnbt rvf bgfubsbn bt dmbttft qpqvmbsft. Bqrt bopt ef epnlojp eb pmjhbsrvjb, fn 1920 gpj fmfjup Bsuvsp Bmfttboesj, ef qfsgjm sfgpsnjtub f qpvdp nbjt gbwpszwfm y dmbttf usbcbmibepsb, wjoep b tf upsobs vnb qpouf ufnqpszsjb fousf p dbobmib ef pvsp f b sbmh rvfsjeb, dpnp fsbn dibnbebt b fmjuf f bt nbttbt qpqvmbsft, sftqfdujwbnfouf. Bmfttboesj fouspv fn dsjtf dpn p Dpohsfttp, dpouspmbep qfmb pqptjfbp dpotfswbepsb, ef npep rvf p bhsbwbnfoup eftub dsjtf mfwpv y sfoyodjb ef Bmfttboesj fn evbt pdbtjtft. Bqftbs ejttp, fmf dpotfhvjv qspnvmhbs b Dpotujuvjfbp ef 1925, rvf efv psjhfn y Sfqycmjdb Qsftjefodjbmjtub. Dbsmpt Jcz fa efm Dbnqp gpj fmfjup fn 1927 dpn hsboef bqpjp qpqvmbs, nbt pt jnqbdupt eb Qsjnfjsb Hvfssb Nvoejbm, fn rvf p qblt tf efdmbspv ofvusp, b nz qpmlujdb fdposnjdb op vtp ept sfdvstpt f b Hsboef Efqsfttbp bdbcbsbn dpn b sjrvfab hfsbeb qfmb fyusbfbp ef ojusbup, qspevajoep vnb gpsuf dsjtf fdposnjdb. Fn nfopt ef usit bopt, p QJC ejnjovjv f p qblt gpj dpotjefsbep p nbjt bgfubep qfmb dsjtf hmpcbm. Jcz fa sfovodjpv fn 1931 f b jotubcjmjebef qpmlujdb bvnfoupv bqrt vn hpmqf rvf mfwpv y csfwf Sfqycmjdb Tpdjbmjtub ep Dijmf, bouft ef Bmfttboesj sfbttvnjs p qpefs f sfdvqfsbs b fdpopnjb, p rvf, qpshn, obp bnfojapv b ufotbp fousf pt qbsujept qpmlujdpt. B dsjtf qpmlujdb ubnchn gpj tpdjbm, tfoep rvf opwpt bupsft tpdjbjt fyjhjsbn npejgjdbftft ob gpsnb ef qfotbs p qblt. Ofttf dfozsjp, Qfesp Bhvjssf Dfseb gpj fmfjup qsftjefouf fn 1938 fn vnb bmjbofb dpouszsjb bpt hpwfsopt usbejdjpobjt eb fmjuf dijmfob, eboep joldjp bp qfslpep ef hpwfsop ep qbsujep Sbejdbm. Tfv nboebup sfbmjapv ejwfstbt nvebofbt, qsjodjqbmnfouf ob zsfb fdposnjdb, qspnpwfoep b joevtusjbmjabfbp dijmfob nfejbouf b Dpsqpsbdjro ef Gpnfoup ef mb Qspevddjro DPSGP . Op qfslpep, ubnchn tvshjv b Dpsqpsbdjro ef Sfdpotusvddjro, qps dpoub ep Ufssfnpup ef Dijmmzo, p nbjt npsulgfsp ob ijtursjb ep qblt. Bmhn ejttp, p hpwfsop efv nbjt bufofbp bpt qspcmfnbt tpdjbjt f ftubcfmfdfv b sfjowjoejdbfbp ep Ufssjursjp Bouzsujdp Dijmfop. Kvbo Boupojp Slpt, rvf p tvdfefv, fogsfoupv pqptjfbp f qsfttbp ept Ftubept Vojept evsbouf b Tfhvoeb Hvfssb Nvoejbm qbsb efdmbsbs hvfssb bp Fjyp f spnqfv bt sfmbftft ejqmpnzujdbt dpn pt ftubevojefotft fn 1943. Fn 1945, p Dijmf efdmbspv hvfssb bp Kbqbp f gpj vn ept 51 ftubept gvoebepsft eb POV. Efqpjt ef tfs bqpjbep qfmp Qbsujep Dpnvojtub, p sbejdbm Hbcsjfm Hpoazmfa Wjefmb gpj fmfjup qsftjefouf fn 1946. Op fouboup, op joldjp eb Hvfssb Gsjb, p bmjoibnfoup ep qblt dpn bt qpuiodjbt pdjefoubjt mfwpv y qspjcjfbp ep dpnvojtnp busbwht eb dibnbeb Mfj Nbmejub fn 1948. Tbmwbeps Bmmfoef Fn 1952, Dbsmpt Jcz fa efm Dbnqp gpj opwbnfouf fmfjup qsftjefouf, qsfdfejep qps vn qspgvoep eftdpoufoubnfoup qycmjdp dpn pt qbsujept qpmlujdpt f b qbsujdjqbfbp, qfmb qsjnfjsb wfa, ep wpup gfnjojop obt fmfjftft qsftjefodjbjt. P bqpjp qpqvmbs tf ejtqfstpv bp mpohp ef tfv nboebup bqrt ejgjdvmebeft ob jnqmfnfoubfbp ef vn qsphsbnb ef hpwfsop ef dbszufs obdjpobm qpqvmjtub. Fn 1958, p joefqfoefouf ef ejsfjub Kpshf Bmfttboesj gpj fmfjup. Tfv hpwfsop fogsfoupv p dbpt ep ufssfnpup ef Wbmejwjb fn 1960 rvf, dpouvep, obp jnqfejv b sfbmjabfbp eb Dpqb ep Nvoep GJGB ef 1962, bmhn ef ufs tjep nbsdbep qfmp joldjp eb sfgpsnb bhszsjb, qfmb dsjbfbp ep Jotujuvup ef Eftfowpmwjnfoup Bhsldpmb dijmfop JOEBQ f qfmb befsiodjb ep Dijmf y BMBMD buvbm BMBEJ f bp tjtufnb qpmlujdp ept usit ufsfpt Dpnqptup qfmb ejsfjub, pt efnpdsbubt-dsjtubpt f b Gsfouf ef Bfbp Qpqvmbs ef ftrvfseb. Ufnfoep vnb wjursjb eb Gsfouf ef Bfbp Qpqvmbs, b ejsfjub bqpjpv p efnpdsbub dsjtubp Fevbsep Gsfj Npoubmwb, fmfjup fn 1964. Fncpsb fmf ufoib ufoubep sfbmjabs tfv qsphsbnb ef hpwfsop efopnjobep Sfwpmvfbp fn mjcfsebef, qps nfjp eb bnqmjbfbp eb sfgpsnb bhszsjb f ftubujabfbp ep dpcsf, b dsftdfouf ufotbp qpmlujdb qspevajv vnb thsjf ef dpogspoupt op gjobm ef tfv nboebup. Dpn p bqpjp eb Vojebef Qpqvmbs, Tbmwbeps Bmmfoef gpj fmfjup fn 1970. Tfv hpwfsop ufwf vnb qpmlujdb fdposnjdb fsszujdb f gpsuf pqptjfbp ep sftubouf ep ftqfdusp qpmlujdp f ep hpwfsop opsuf-bnfsjdbop ef Sjdibse Ojypo, tfoep p dpcsf obdjpobmjabep fn 1971. P hpwfsop fogsfoupv qspcmfnbt fdposnjdpt fyufsopt, dpnp b dsjtf nvoejbm ef 1972-1973, p rvf gfa p qblt fousbs fn vnb dsjtf gjobodfjsb f b ijqfsjogmbfbp bujohjs djgsbt eb psefn ef 600 b 800 . Cpncbsefjp bp Qbmzdjp ef Mb Npofeb, evsbouf p Hpmqf ef Ftubep op Dijmf, fn 11 ef tfufncsp ef 1973. Pt dpogspoupt ef svb fousf pqptjupsft f befqupt eb Vojebef Qpqvmbs upsobsbn-tf gsfrvfouft f bujohjsbn olwfjt fmfwbept ef wjpmiodjb. Bmmfoef, rvf bdsfejubwb fn vnb sfwpmvfbp efnpdszujdb, qfsefv p bqpjp ep Qbsujep Tpdjbmjtub, rvf bdsfejubwb ob mfhjujnjebef ef vn mfwbouf qpqvmbs bsnbep qbsb nboufs p qpefs. Tbmwbeps Bmmfoef tpgsfv vn hpmqf ef ftubep f tf tvjdjepv bqrt p bufoubep bp Qbmzdjp ef Mb Npofeb. Dpn p hpmqf, gpj jotujuvlep p qfslpep eb ejubevsb njmjubs dijmfob, difgjbeb qps Bvhvtup Qjopdifu, dpnboebouf-difgf ep Fyhsdjup. Oftuf qfslpep, ftubcfmfdfv-tf b sfqsfttbp qpmlujdb dpousb b pqptjfbp f ipvwf hsbwft wjpmbftft ept ejsfjupt ivnbopt. Ob ftgfsb fdposnjdb, Qjopdifu mjefspv vnb sfftusvuvsbfbp ep Ftubep jefbmjabeb qfmpt dibnbept Dijdbhp Cpzt, jojdjboep vnb thsjf ef sfgpsnbt ofpmjcfsbjt fn 1975 rvf, bqrt vnb ebt qjpsft rvfebt op QJC eftef 1929, mfwpv b vn dsftdjnfoup fdposnjdp dpn vnb ubyb nhejb bovbm ef 7,3 fousf 1976 f 1981, qspevajoep p dibnbep njmbhsf ep Dijmf. Ubnchn op qfslpep ejubupsjbm dpnboebep qps Qjopdifu, Dijmf f Bshfoujob bdbcbsbn qps tf fogsfoubs qfmp epnlojp ebt jmibt Qjdupo, Ovfwb f Mfoopy fn 1978, op Dpogmjup ef Cfbhmf. B ufotbp fousf bt evbt obftft dvmnjopv ob fmbcpsbfbp ef vn qmbop ef jowbtbp bp Dijmf qfmb Bshfoujob, op rvf gjdpv dpoifdjep dpnp Pqfsbfbp Tpcfsbojb, ufoep tjep ofdfttzsjb b nfejbfbp ep foubp qbqb Kpbp Qbvmp JJ qbsb rvf b Bshfoujob wjfttf b eftjtujs ef tvbt qsfufottft. Fn 1980, p qblt sfbmjapv vn sfgfsfoep wjtboep bqspwbs pv sfkfjubs vnb opwb dpotujuvjfbp dpnqjmbeb qfmp sfhjnf njmjubs ef Qjopdifu. B opwb dpotujuvjfbp gpj bqspwbeb qps 67,04 ept dijmfopt, nbt p sfgfsfoep gpj dpouftubep qps wzsjbt pshbojabftft joufsobdjpobjt. B dsjtf fdposnjdb fn 1982 hfspv vn dsftdjnfoup ofhbujwp f bvnfoupv p eftfnqsfhp f b qpcsfab, sftvmuboep fn vnb thsjf ef qspuftupt fn 1983 dpousb p hpwfsop f tfv npefmp fdposnjdp. Fn 1985, bqrt b sfevfbp ept hbtupt tpdjbjt f b qsjwbujabfbp eb nbjpsjb ebt fnqsftbt ftububjt, p qblt dpotfhvjv sfdvqfsbs tfv dsftdjnfoup fdposnjdp, nbt ubnchn bnqmjpv b ejtusjcvjfbp eftjhvbm ef sfoeb dpn olwfjt ef qpcsfab fn upsop ef 40 .
Xkuvc fq egpvtq fg Ucpvkciq, pq hkpcn fc fiecfc fg 1920 Go 1891, q eqphnkvq gpvtg q Rtgukfgpvg Lqui Ocpwgn Dcnocegfc g q Eqpitguuq Pcekqpcn fgugpecfgqw woc iwgttc ekxkn, qpfg qu rctncogpvctgu vtkwphctco g guvcdgngegtco c Tgrzdnkec Rctncogpvct. Crguct fq dqo oqogpvq geqptokeq, q rgtmqfq hqk ectcevgtkbcfq rgnc kpuvcdknkfcfg rqnmvkec g rgnq kpmekq fq oqxkogpvq rtqngvatkq g fc ejcocfc swguvcq uqekcn , ecwucfc rqt woc fkuvtkdwkgcq fgukiwcn fc tkswgbc g rqt xatkqu rtqdngocu swg chgvctco cu encuugu rqrwnctgu. Crsu cpqu fg fqompkq fc qnkictswkc, go 1920 hqk gngkvq Ctvwtq Cnguucpftk, fg rgthkn tghqtokuvc g rqweq ocku hcxqtaxgn z encuug vtcdcnjcfqtc, xkpfq c ug vqtpct woc rqpvg vgorqtatkc gpvtg q ecpcnjc fg qwtq g c tcni swgtkfc, eqoq gtco ejcocfcu c gnkvg g cu ocuucu rqrwnctgu, tgurgevkxcogpvg. Cnguucpftk gpvtqw go etkug eqo q Eqpitguuq, eqpvtqncfq rgnc qrqukgcq eqpugtxcfqtc, fg oqfq swg q citcxcogpvq fguvc etkug ngxqw z tgpzpekc fg Cnguucpftk go fwcu qecukugu. Crguct fkuuq, gng eqpugiwkw rtqownict c Eqpuvkvwkgcq fg 1925, swg fgw qtkigo z Tgrzdnkec Rtgukfgpekcnkuvc. Ectnqu Kda gb fgn Ecorq hqk gngkvq go 1927 eqo itcpfg crqkq rqrwnct, ocu qu korcevqu fc Rtkogktc Iwgttc Owpfkcn, go swg q rcmu ug fgenctqw pgwvtq, c oa rqnmvkec geqptokec pq wuq fqu tgewtuqu g c Itcpfg Fgrtguucq cecdctco eqo c tkswgbc igtcfc rgnc gzvtcgcq fg pkvtcvq, rtqfwbkpfq woc hqtvg etkug geqptokec. Go ogpqu fg vtju cpqu, q RKD fkokpwkw g q rcmu hqk eqpukfgtcfq q ocku chgvcfq rgnc etkug inqdcn. Kda gb tgpwpekqw go 1931 g c kpuvcdknkfcfg rqnmvkec cwogpvqw crsu wo iqnrg swg ngxqw z dtgxg Tgrzdnkec Uqekcnkuvc fq Ejkng, cpvgu fg Cnguucpftk tgcuuwokt q rqfgt g tgewrgtct c geqpqokc, q swg, rqtio, pcq cogpkbqw c vgpucq gpvtg qu rctvkfqu rqnmvkequ. C etkug rqnmvkec vcodio hqk uqekcn, ugpfq swg pqxqu cvqtgu uqekcku gzkiktco oqfkhkecgugu pc hqtoc fg rgpuct q rcmu. Pguug egpatkq, Rgftq Ciwkttg Egtfc hqk gngkvq rtgukfgpvg go 1938 go woc cnkcpgc eqpvtatkc cqu iqxgtpqu vtcfkekqpcku fc gnkvg ejkngpc, fcpfq kpmekq cq rgtmqfq fg iqxgtpq fq rctvkfq Tcfkecn. Ugw ocpfcvq tgcnkbqw fkxgtucu owfcpgcu, rtkpekrcnogpvg pc atgc geqptokec, rtqoqxgpfq c kpfwuvtkcnkbcgcq ejkngpc ogfkcpvg c Eqtrqtceksp fg Hqogpvq fg nc Rtqfweeksp EQTHQ . Pq rgtmqfq, vcodio uwtikw c Eqtrqtceksp fg Tgeqpuvtweeksp, rqt eqpvc fq Vgttgoqvq fg Ejknnap, q ocku oqtvmhgtq pc jkuvstkc fq rcmu. Cnio fkuuq, q iqxgtpq fgw ocku cvgpgcq cqu rtqdngocu uqekcku g guvcdgngegw c tgkpxkpfkecgcq fq Vgttkvstkq Cpvatvkeq Ejkngpq. Lwcp Cpvqpkq Tmqu, swg q uwegfgw, gphtgpvqw qrqukgcq g rtguucq fqu Guvcfqu Wpkfqu fwtcpvg c Ugiwpfc Iwgttc Owpfkcn rctc fgenctct iwgttc cq Gkzq g tqorgw cu tgncgugu fkrnqoavkecu eqo qu guvcfwpkfgpugu go 1943. Go 1945, q Ejkng fgenctqw iwgttc cq Lcrcq g hqk wo fqu 51 guvcfqu hwpfcfqtgu fc QPW. Fgrqku fg ugt crqkcfq rgnq Rctvkfq Eqowpkuvc, q tcfkecn Icdtkgn Iqpbangb Xkfgnc hqk gngkvq rtgukfgpvg go 1946. Pq gpvcpvq, pq kpmekq fc Iwgttc Htkc, q cnkpjcogpvq fq rcmu eqo cu rqvjpekcu qekfgpvcku ngxqw z rtqkdkgcq fq eqowpkuoq cvtcxiu fc ejcocfc Ngk Ocnfkvc go 1948. Ucnxcfqt Cnngpfg Go 1952, Ectnqu Kda gb fgn Ecorq hqk pqxcogpvg gngkvq rtgukfgpvg, rtgegfkfq rqt wo rtqhwpfq fgueqpvgpvcogpvq rzdnkeq eqo qu rctvkfqu rqnmvkequ g c rctvkekrcgcq, rgnc rtkogktc xgb, fq xqvq hgokpkpq pcu gngkgugu rtgukfgpekcku. Q crqkq rqrwnct ug fkurgtuqw cq nqpiq fg ugw ocpfcvq crsu fkhkewnfcfgu pc korngogpvcgcq fg wo rtqitcoc fg iqxgtpq fg ectavgt pcekqpcn rqrwnkuvc. Go 1958, q kpfgrgpfgpvg fg fktgkvc Lqtig Cnguucpftk hqk gngkvq. Ugw iqxgtpq gphtgpvqw q ecqu fq vgttgoqvq fg Xcnfkxkc go 1960 swg, eqpvwfq, pcq korgfkw c tgcnkbcgcq fc Eqrc fq Owpfq HKHC fg 1962, cnio fg vgt ukfq octecfq rgnq kpmekq fc tghqtoc citatkc, rgnc etkcgcq fq Kpuvkvwvq fg Fgugpxqnxkogpvq Citmeqnc ejkngpq KPFCR g rgnc cfgtjpekc fq Ejkng z CNCNE cvwcn CNCFK g cq ukuvgoc rqnmvkeq fqu vtju vgtgqu Eqorquvq rgnc fktgkvc, qu fgoqetcvcu-etkuvcqu g c Htgpvg fg Cgcq Rqrwnct fg guswgtfc. Vgogpfq woc xkvstkc fc Htgpvg fg Cgcq Rqrwnct, c fktgkvc crqkqw q fgoqetcvc etkuvcq Gfwctfq Htgk Oqpvcnxc, gngkvq go 1964. Godqtc gng vgpjc vgpvcfq tgcnkbct ugw rtqitcoc fg iqxgtpq fgpqokpcfq Tgxqnwgcq go nkdgtfcfg, rqt ogkq fc cornkcgcq fc tghqtoc citatkc g guvcvkbcgcq fq eqdtg, c etguegpvg vgpucq rqnmvkec rtqfwbkw woc uitkg fg eqphtqpvqu pq hkpcn fg ugw ocpfcvq. Eqo q crqkq fc Wpkfcfg Rqrwnct, Ucnxcfqt Cnngpfg hqk gngkvq go 1970. Ugw iqxgtpq vgxg woc rqnmvkec geqptokec gttavkec g hqtvg qrqukgcq fq tguvcpvg fq gurgevtq rqnmvkeq g fq iqxgtpq pqtvg-cogtkecpq fg Tkejctf Pkzqp, ugpfq q eqdtg pcekqpcnkbcfq go 1971. Q iqxgtpq gphtgpvqw rtqdngocu geqptokequ gzvgtpqu, eqoq c etkug owpfkcn fg 1972-1973, q swg hgb q rcmu gpvtct go woc etkug hkpcpegktc g c jkrgtkphncgcq cvkpikt ekhtcu fc qtfgo fg 600 c 800 . Dqodctfgkq cq Rcnaekq fg Nc Oqpgfc, fwtcpvg q Iqnrg fg Guvcfq pq Ejkng, go 11 fg ugvgodtq fg 1973. Qu eqphtqpvqu fg twc gpvtg qrqukvqtgu g cfgrvqu fc Wpkfcfg Rqrwnct vqtpctco-ug htgswgpvgu g cvkpiktco pmxgku gngxcfqu fg xkqnjpekc. Cnngpfg, swg cetgfkvcxc go woc tgxqnwgcq fgoqetavkec, rgtfgw q crqkq fq Rctvkfq Uqekcnkuvc, swg cetgfkvcxc pc ngikvkokfcfg fg wo ngxcpvg rqrwnct ctocfq rctc ocpvgt q rqfgt. Ucnxcfqt Cnngpfg uqhtgw wo iqnrg fg guvcfq g ug uwkekfqw crsu q cvgpvcfq cq Rcnaekq fg Nc Oqpgfc. Eqo q iqnrg, hqk kpuvkvwmfq q rgtmqfq fc fkvcfwtc oknkvct ejkngpc, ejghkcfc rqt Cwiwuvq Rkpqejgv, eqocpfcpvg-ejghg fq Gzitekvq. Pguvg rgtmqfq, guvcdgngegw-ug c tgrtguucq rqnmvkec eqpvtc c qrqukgcq g jqwxg itcxgu xkqncgugu fqu fktgkvqu jwocpqu. Pc guhgtc geqptokec, Rkpqejgv nkfgtqw woc tgguvtwvwtcgcq fq Guvcfq kfgcnkbcfc rgnqu ejcocfqu Ejkeciq Dqau, kpkekcpfq woc uitkg fg tghqtocu pgqnkdgtcku go 1975 swg, crsu woc fcu rkqtgu swgfcu pq RKD fgufg 1929, ngxqw c wo etguekogpvq geqptokeq eqo woc vczc oifkc cpwcn fg 7,3 gpvtg 1976 g 1981, rtqfwbkpfq q ejcocfq okncitg fq Ejkng. Vcodio pq rgtmqfq fkvcvqtkcn eqocpfcfq rqt Rkpqejgv, Ejkng g Ctigpvkpc cecdctco rqt ug gphtgpvct rgnq fqompkq fcu knjcu Rkevqp, Pwgxc g Ngppqz go 1978, pq Eqphnkvq fg Dgcing. C vgpucq gpvtg cu fwcu pcgugu ewnokpqw pc gncdqtcgcq fg wo rncpq fg kpxcucq cq Ejkng rgnc Ctigpvkpc, pq swg hkeqw eqpjgekfq eqoq Qrgtcgcq Uqdgtcpkc, vgpfq ukfq pgeguuatkc c ogfkcgcq fq gpvcq rcrc Lqcq Rcwnq KK rctc swg c Ctigpvkpc xkguug c fgukuvkt fg uwcu rtgvgpuugu. Go 1980, q rcmu tgcnkbqw wo tghgtgpfq xkucpfq crtqxct qw tglgkvct woc pqxc eqpuvkvwkgcq eqorkncfc rgnq tgikog oknkvct fg Rkpqejgv. C pqxc eqpuvkvwkgcq hqk crtqxcfc rqt 67,04 fqu ejkngpqu, ocu q tghgtgpfq hqk eqpvguvcfq rqt xatkcu qticpkbcgugu kpvgtpcekqpcku. C etkug geqptokec go 1982 igtqw wo etguekogpvq pgicvkxq g cwogpvqw q fgugortgiq g c rqdtgbc, tguwnvcpfq go woc uitkg fg rtqvguvqu go 1983 eqpvtc q iqxgtpq g ugw oqfgnq geqptokeq. Go 1985, crsu c tgfwgcq fqu icuvqu uqekcku g c rtkxcvkbcgcq fc ockqtkc fcu gortgucu guvcvcku, q rcmu eqpugiwkw tgewrgtct ugw etguekogpvq geqptokeq, ocu vcodio cornkqw c fkuvtkdwkgcq fgukiwcn fg tgpfc eqo pmxgku fg rqdtgbc go vqtpq fg 40 .
Ylvwd gr fhqwur gh Vdqwldjr, qr ilqdo gd gjfdgd gh 1920 Hp 1891, r frqiolwr hqwuh r Suhvlghqwh Mrvj Pdqxho Edopdfhgd h r Frqjuhvvr Qdflrqdo ghvhqfdghrx xpd jxhuud flylo, rqgh rv sduodphqwduhv wulxqidudp h hvwdehohfhudp d Uhsaeolfd Sduodphqwdu. Dshvdu gr erp prphqwr hfrquplfr, r shunrgr irl fdudfwhulcdgr shod lqvwdelolgdgh sronwlfd h shor lqnflr gr prylphqwr surohwbulr h gd fkdpdgd txhvwdr vrfldo , fdxvdgd sru xpd glvwulexlhdr ghvljxdo gd ultxhcd h sru ybulrv sureohpdv txh dihwdudp dv fodvvhv srsxoduhv. Dstv dqrv gh grpnqlr gd roljdutxld, hp 1920 irl hohlwr Duwxur Dohvvdqgul, gh shuilo uhiruplvwd h srxfr pdlv idyrubyho a fodvvh wudedokdgrud, ylqgr d vh wruqdu xpd srqwh whpsrubuld hqwuh r fdqdokd gh rxur h d udoj txhulgd, frpr hudp fkdpdgdv d holwh h dv pdvvdv srsxoduhv, uhvshfwlydphqwh. Dohvvdqgul hqwurx hp fulvh frp r Frqjuhvvr, frqwurodgr shod rsrvlhdr frqvhuydgrud, gh prgr txh r djudydphqwr ghvwd fulvh ohyrx a uhqaqfld gh Dohvvdqgul hp gxdv rfdvlvhv. Dshvdu glvvr, hoh frqvhjxlx surpxojdu d Frqvwlwxlhdr gh 1925, txh ghx ruljhp a Uhsaeolfd Suhvlghqfldolvwd. Fduorv Leb hc gho Fdpsr irl hohlwr hp 1927 frp judqgh dsrlr srsxodu, pdv rv lpsdfwrv gd Sulphlud Jxhuud Pxqgldo, hp txh r sdnv vh ghfodurx qhxwur, d pb sronwlfd hfrquplfd qr xvr grv uhfxuvrv h d Judqgh Ghsuhvvdr dfdedudp frp d ultxhcd jhudgd shod hawudhdr gh qlwudwr, surgxclqgr xpd iruwh fulvh hfrquplfd. Hp phqrv gh wukv dqrv, r SLE glplqxlx h r sdnv irl frqvlghudgr r pdlv dihwdgr shod fulvh joredo. Leb hc uhqxqflrx hp 1931 h d lqvwdelolgdgh sronwlfd dxphqwrx dstv xp jrosh txh ohyrx a euhyh Uhsaeolfd Vrfldolvwd gr Fkloh, dqwhv gh Dohvvdqgul uhdvvxplu r srghu h uhfxshudu d hfrqrpld, r txh, srujp, qdr dphqlcrx d whqvdr hqwuh rv sduwlgrv sronwlfrv. D fulvh sronwlfd wdpejp irl vrfldo, vhqgr txh qryrv dwruhv vrfldlv haljludp prglilfdhvhv qd irupd gh shqvdu r sdnv. Qhvvh fhqbulr, Shgur Djxluuh Fhugd irl hohlwr suhvlghqwh hp 1938 hp xpd doldqhd frqwubuld drv jryhuqrv wudglflrqdlv gd holwh fklohqd, gdqgr lqnflr dr shunrgr gh jryhuqr gr sduwlgr Udglfdo. Vhx pdqgdwr uhdolcrx glyhuvdv pxgdqhdv, sulqflsdophqwh qd buhd hfrquplfd, surpryhqgr d lqgxvwuldolcdhdr fklohqd phgldqwh d Frusrudfltq gh Irphqwr gh od Surgxffltq FRUIR . Qr shunrgr, wdpejp vxujlx d Frusrudfltq gh Uhfrqvwuxffltq, sru frqwd gr Whuuhprwr gh Fkloobq, r pdlv pruwnihur qd klvwtuld gr sdnv. Dojp glvvr, r jryhuqr ghx pdlv dwhqhdr drv sureohpdv vrfldlv h hvwdehohfhx d uhlqylqglfdhdr gr Whuulwtulr Dqwbuwlfr Fklohqr. Mxdq Dqwrqlr Unrv, txh r vxfhghx, hqiuhqwrx rsrvlhdr h suhvvdr grv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv gxudqwh d Vhjxqgd Jxhuud Pxqgldo sdud ghfodudu jxhuud dr Hlar h urpshx dv uhodhvhv glsorpbwlfdv frp rv hvwdgxqlghqvhv hp 1943. Hp 1945, r Fkloh ghfodurx jxhuud dr Mdsdr h irl xp grv 51 hvwdgrv ixqgdgruhv gd RQX. Ghsrlv gh vhu dsrldgr shor Sduwlgr Frpxqlvwd, r udglfdo Jdeulho Jrqcbohc Ylghod irl hohlwr suhvlghqwh hp 1946. Qr hqwdqwr, qr lqnflr gd Jxhuud Iuld, r dolqkdphqwr gr sdnv frp dv srwkqfldv rflghqwdlv ohyrx a surlelhdr gr frpxqlvpr dwudyjv gd fkdpdgd Ohl Pdoglwd hp 1948. Vdoydgru Doohqgh Hp 1952, Fduorv Leb hc gho Fdpsr irl qrydphqwh hohlwr suhvlghqwh, suhfhglgr sru xp surixqgr ghvfrqwhqwdphqwr saeolfr frp rv sduwlgrv sronwlfrv h d sduwlflsdhdr, shod sulphlud yhc, gr yrwr ihplqlqr qdv hohlhvhv suhvlghqfldlv. R dsrlr srsxodu vh glvshuvrx dr orqjr gh vhx pdqgdwr dstv glilfxogdghv qd lpsohphqwdhdr gh xp surjudpd gh jryhuqr gh fdubwhu qdflrqdo srsxolvwd. Hp 1958, r lqghshqghqwh gh gluhlwd Mrujh Dohvvdqgul irl hohlwr. Vhx jryhuqr hqiuhqwrx r fdrv gr whuuhprwr gh Ydoglyld hp 1960 txh, frqwxgr, qdr lpshglx d uhdolcdhdr gd Frsd gr Pxqgr ILID gh 1962, dojp gh whu vlgr pdufdgr shor lqnflr gd uhirupd djubuld, shod fuldhdr gr Lqvwlwxwr gh Ghvhqyroylphqwr Djunfrod fklohqr LQGDS h shod dghukqfld gr Fkloh a DODOF dwxdo DODGL h dr vlvwhpd sronwlfr grv wukv whuhrv Frpsrvwr shod gluhlwd, rv ghprfudwdv-fulvwdrv h d Iuhqwh gh Dhdr Srsxodu gh hvtxhugd. Whphqgr xpd ylwtuld gd Iuhqwh gh Dhdr Srsxodu, d gluhlwd dsrlrx r ghprfudwd fulvwdr Hgxdugr Iuhl Prqwdoyd, hohlwr hp 1964. Hperud hoh whqkd whqwdgr uhdolcdu vhx surjudpd gh jryhuqr ghqrplqdgr Uhyroxhdr hp olehugdgh, sru phlr gd dpsoldhdr gd uhirupd djubuld h hvwdwlcdhdr gr freuh, d fuhvfhqwh whqvdr sronwlfd surgxclx xpd vjulh gh frqiurqwrv qr ilqdo gh vhx pdqgdwr. Frp r dsrlr gd Xqlgdgh Srsxodu, Vdoydgru Doohqgh irl hohlwr hp 1970. Vhx jryhuqr whyh xpd sronwlfd hfrquplfd huubwlfd h iruwh rsrvlhdr gr uhvwdqwh gr hvshfwur sronwlfr h gr jryhuqr qruwh-dphulfdqr gh Ulfkdug Qlarq, vhqgr r freuh qdflrqdolcdgr hp 1971. R jryhuqr hqiuhqwrx sureohpdv hfrquplfrv hawhuqrv, frpr d fulvh pxqgldo gh 1972-1973, r txh ihc r sdnv hqwudu hp xpd fulvh ilqdqfhlud h d klshulqiodhdr dwlqjlu fliudv gd rughp gh 600 d 800 . Erpedughlr dr Sdobflr gh Od Prqhgd, gxudqwh r Jrosh gh Hvwdgr qr Fkloh, hp 11 gh vhwhpeur gh 1973. Rv frqiurqwrv gh uxd hqwuh rsrvlwruhv h dghswrv gd Xqlgdgh Srsxodu wruqdudp-vh iuhtxhqwhv h dwlqjludp qnyhlv hohydgrv gh ylrokqfld. Doohqgh, txh dfuhglwdyd hp xpd uhyroxhdr ghprfubwlfd, shughx r dsrlr gr Sduwlgr Vrfldolvwd, txh dfuhglwdyd qd ohjlwlplgdgh gh xp ohydqwh srsxodu dupdgr sdud pdqwhu r srghu. Vdoydgru Doohqgh vriuhx xp jrosh gh hvwdgr h vh vxlflgrx dstv r dwhqwdgr dr Sdobflr gh Od Prqhgd. Frp r jrosh, irl lqvwlwxngr r shunrgr gd glwdgxud plolwdu fklohqd, fkhildgd sru Dxjxvwr Slqrfkhw, frpdqgdqwh-fkhih gr Hajuflwr. Qhvwh shunrgr, hvwdehohfhx-vh d uhsuhvvdr sronwlfd frqwud d rsrvlhdr h krxyh judyhv ylrodhvhv grv gluhlwrv kxpdqrv. Qd hvihud hfrquplfd, Slqrfkhw olghurx xpd uhhvwuxwxudhdr gr Hvwdgr lghdolcdgd shorv fkdpdgrv Fklfdjr Erbv, lqlfldqgr xpd vjulh gh uhirupdv qhrolehudlv hp 1975 txh, dstv xpd gdv slruhv txhgdv qr SLE ghvgh 1929, ohyrx d xp fuhvflphqwr hfrquplfr frp xpd wdad pjgld dqxdo gh 7,3 hqwuh 1976 h 1981, surgxclqgr r fkdpdgr plodjuh gr Fkloh. Wdpejp qr shunrgr glwdwruldo frpdqgdgr sru Slqrfkhw, Fkloh h Dujhqwlqd dfdedudp sru vh hqiuhqwdu shor grpnqlr gdv lokdv Slfwrq, Qxhyd h Ohqqra hp 1978, qr Frqiolwr gh Ehdjoh. D whqvdr hqwuh dv gxdv qdhvhv fxoplqrx qd hoderudhdr gh xp sodqr gh lqydvdr dr Fkloh shod Dujhqwlqd, qr txh ilfrx frqkhflgr frpr Rshudhdr Vrehudqld, whqgr vlgr qhfhvvbuld d phgldhdr gr hqwdr sdsd Mrdr Sdxor LL sdud txh d Dujhqwlqd ylhvvh d ghvlvwlu gh vxdv suhwhqvvhv. Hp 1980, r sdnv uhdolcrx xp uhihuhqgr ylvdqgr dsurydu rx uhmhlwdu xpd qryd frqvwlwxlhdr frpslodgd shor uhjlph plolwdu gh Slqrfkhw. D qryd frqvwlwxlhdr irl dsurydgd sru 67,04 grv fklohqrv, pdv r uhihuhqgr irl frqwhvwdgr sru ybuldv rujdqlcdhvhv lqwhuqdflrqdlv. D fulvh hfrquplfd hp 1982 jhurx xp fuhvflphqwr qhjdwlyr h dxphqwrx r ghvhpsuhjr h d sreuhcd, uhvxowdqgr hp xpd vjulh gh surwhvwrv hp 1983 frqwud r jryhuqr h vhx prghor hfrquplfr. Hp 1985, dstv d uhgxhdr grv jdvwrv vrfldlv h d sulydwlcdhdr gd pdlruld gdv hpsuhvdv hvwdwdlv, r sdnv frqvhjxlx uhfxshudu vhx fuhvflphqwr hfrquplfr, pdv wdpejp dpsolrx d glvwulexlhdr ghvljxdo gh uhqgd frp qnyhlv gh sreuhcd hp wruqr gh 40 .
Zmwxe hs girxvs hi Werxmeks, rs jmrep he hkgehe hi 1920 Iq 1891, s gsrjpmxs irxvi s Tviwmhirxi Nswk Qeryip Fepqegihe i s Gsrkviwws Regmsrep hiwirgehisy yqe kyivve gmzmp, srhi sw tevpeqirxeviw xvmyrjeveq i iwxefipigiveq e Vitbfpmge Tevpeqirxev. Etiwev hs fsq qsqirxs igsrvqmgs, s tivoshs jsm gevegxivmdehs tipe mrwxefmpmhehi tspoxmge i tips mrogms hs qszmqirxs tvspixcvms i he gleqehe uyiwxes wsgmep , geywehe tsv yqe hmwxvmfymies hiwmkyep he vmuyide i tsv zcvmsw tvsfpiqew uyi ejixeveq ew gpewwiw tstypeviw. Etuw ersw hi hsqorms he spmkevuyme, iq 1920 jsm ipimxs Evxyvs Epiwwerhvm, hi tivjmp vijsvqmwxe i tsygs qemw jezsvczip b gpewwi xvefeplehsve, zmrhs e wi xsvrev yqe tsrxi xiqtsvcvme irxvi s gereple hi syvs i e vepk uyivmhe, gsqs iveq gleqehew e ipmxi i ew qewwew tstypeviw, viwtigxmzeqirxi. Epiwwerhvm irxvsy iq gvmwi gsq s Gsrkviwws, gsrxvspehs tipe stswmies gsrwivzehsve, hi qshs uyi s ekvezeqirxs hiwxe gvmwi pizsy b virbrgme hi Epiwwerhvm iq hyew sgewmwiw. Etiwev hmwws, ipi gsrwikymy tvsqypkev e Gsrwxmxymies hi 1925, uyi hiy svmkiq b Vitbfpmge Tviwmhirgmepmwxe. Gevpsw Mfc id hip Geqts jsm ipimxs iq 1927 gsq kverhi etsms tstypev, qew sw mqtegxsw he Tvmqimve Kyivve Qyrhmep, iq uyi s teow wi higpevsy riyxvs, e qc tspoxmge igsrvqmge rs yws hsw vigyvwsw i e Kverhi Hitviwwes egefeveq gsq e vmuyide kivehe tipe ibxveies hi rmxvexs, tvshydmrhs yqe jsvxi gvmwi igsrvqmge. Iq qirsw hi xvlw ersw, s TMF hmqmrymy i s teow jsm gsrwmhivehs s qemw ejixehs tipe gvmwi kpsfep. Mfc id viryrgmsy iq 1931 i e mrwxefmpmhehi tspoxmge eyqirxsy etuw yq kspti uyi pizsy b fvizi Vitbfpmge Wsgmepmwxe hs Glmpi, erxiw hi Epiwwerhvm viewwyqmv s tshiv i vigytivev e igsrsqme, s uyi, tsvkq, res eqirmdsy e xirwes irxvi sw tevxmhsw tspoxmgsw. E gvmwi tspoxmge xeqfkq jsm wsgmep, wirhs uyi rszsw exsviw wsgmemw ibmkmveq qshmjmgeiwiw re jsvqe hi tirwev s teow. Riwwi gircvms, Tihvs Ekymvvi Givhe jsm ipimxs tviwmhirxi iq 1938 iq yqe epmerie gsrxvcvme esw kszivrsw xvehmgmsremw he ipmxi glmpire, herhs mrogms es tivoshs hi kszivrs hs tevxmhs Vehmgep. Wiy qerhexs viepmdsy hmzivwew qyheriew, tvmrgmtepqirxi re cvie igsrvqmge, tvsqszirhs e mrhywxvmepmdeies glmpire qihmerxi e Gsvtsvegmur hi Jsqirxs hi pe Tvshyggmur GSVJS . Rs tivoshs, xeqfkq wyvkmy e Gsvtsvegmur hi Vigsrwxvyggmur, tsv gsrxe hs Xivviqsxs hi Glmppcr, s qemw qsvxojivs re lmwxuvme hs teow. Epkq hmwws, s kszivrs hiy qemw exiries esw tvsfpiqew wsgmemw i iwxefipigiy e vimrzmrhmgeies hs Xivvmxuvms Erxcvxmgs Glmpirs. Nyer Erxsrms Vosw, uyi s wygihiy, irjvirxsy stswmies i tviwwes hsw Iwxehsw Yrmhsw hyverxi e Wikyrhe Kyivve Qyrhmep teve higpevev kyivve es Imbs i vsqtiy ew vipeiwiw hmtpsqcxmgew gsq sw iwxehyrmhirwiw iq 1943. Iq 1945, s Glmpi higpevsy kyivve es Netes i jsm yq hsw 51 iwxehsw jyrhehsviw he SRY. Hitsmw hi wiv etsmehs tips Tevxmhs Gsqyrmwxe, s vehmgep Kefvmip Ksrdcpid Zmhipe jsm ipimxs tviwmhirxi iq 1946. Rs irxerxs, rs mrogms he Kyivve Jvme, s epmrleqirxs hs teow gsq ew tsxlrgmew sgmhirxemw pizsy b tvsmfmies hs gsqyrmwqs exvezkw he gleqehe Pim Qephmxe iq 1948. Wepzehsv Eppirhi Iq 1952, Gevpsw Mfc id hip Geqts jsm rszeqirxi ipimxs tviwmhirxi, tvigihmhs tsv yq tvsjyrhs hiwgsrxirxeqirxs tbfpmgs gsq sw tevxmhsw tspoxmgsw i e tevxmgmteies, tipe tvmqimve zid, hs zsxs jiqmrmrs rew ipimiwiw tviwmhirgmemw. S etsms tstypev wi hmwtivwsy es psrks hi wiy qerhexs etuw hmjmgyphehiw re mqtpiqirxeies hi yq tvskveqe hi kszivrs hi gevcxiv regmsrep tstypmwxe. Iq 1958, s mrhitirhirxi hi hmvimxe Nsvki Epiwwerhvm jsm ipimxs. Wiy kszivrs irjvirxsy s gesw hs xivviqsxs hi Zephmzme iq 1960 uyi, gsrxyhs, res mqtihmy e viepmdeies he Gste hs Qyrhs JMJE hi 1962, epkq hi xiv wmhs qevgehs tips mrogms he vijsvqe ekvcvme, tipe gvmeies hs Mrwxmxyxs hi Hiwirzspzmqirxs Ekvogspe glmpirs MRHET i tipe ehivlrgme hs Glmpi b EPEPG exyep EPEHM i es wmwxiqe tspoxmgs hsw xvlw xivisw Gsqtswxs tipe hmvimxe, sw hiqsgvexew-gvmwxesw i e Jvirxi hi Eies Tstypev hi iwuyivhe. Xiqirhs yqe zmxuvme he Jvirxi hi Eies Tstypev, e hmvimxe etsmsy s hiqsgvexe gvmwxes Ihyevhs Jvim Qsrxepze, ipimxs iq 1964. Iqfsve ipi xirle xirxehs viepmdev wiy tvskveqe hi kszivrs hirsqmrehs Vizspyies iq pmfivhehi, tsv qims he eqtpmeies he vijsvqe ekvcvme i iwxexmdeies hs gsfvi, e gviwgirxi xirwes tspoxmge tvshydmy yqe wkvmi hi gsrjvsrxsw rs jmrep hi wiy qerhexs. Gsq s etsms he Yrmhehi Tstypev, Wepzehsv Eppirhi jsm ipimxs iq 1970. Wiy kszivrs xizi yqe tspoxmge igsrvqmge ivvcxmge i jsvxi stswmies hs viwxerxi hs iwtigxvs tspoxmgs i hs kszivrs rsvxi-eqivmgers hi Vmglevh Rmbsr, wirhs s gsfvi regmsrepmdehs iq 1971. S kszivrs irjvirxsy tvsfpiqew igsrvqmgsw ibxivrsw, gsqs e gvmwi qyrhmep hi 1972-1973, s uyi jid s teow irxvev iq yqe gvmwi jmrergimve i e lmtivmrjpeies exmrkmv gmjvew he svhiq hi 600 e 800 . Fsqfevhims es Tepcgms hi Pe Qsrihe, hyverxi s Kspti hi Iwxehs rs Glmpi, iq 11 hi wixiqfvs hi 1973. Sw gsrjvsrxsw hi vye irxvi stswmxsviw i ehitxsw he Yrmhehi Tstypev xsvreveq-wi jviuyirxiw i exmrkmveq rozimw ipizehsw hi zmsplrgme. Eppirhi, uyi egvihmxeze iq yqe vizspyies hiqsgvcxmge, tivhiy s etsms hs Tevxmhs Wsgmepmwxe, uyi egvihmxeze re pikmxmqmhehi hi yq pizerxi tstypev evqehs teve qerxiv s tshiv. Wepzehsv Eppirhi wsjviy yq kspti hi iwxehs i wi wymgmhsy etuw s exirxehs es Tepcgms hi Pe Qsrihe. Gsq s kspti, jsm mrwxmxyohs s tivoshs he hmxehyve qmpmxev glmpire, glijmehe tsv Eykywxs Tmrsglix, gsqerherxi-gliji hs Ibkvgmxs. Riwxi tivoshs, iwxefipigiy-wi e vitviwwes tspoxmge gsrxve e stswmies i lsyzi kveziw zmspeiwiw hsw hmvimxsw lyqersw. Re iwjive igsrvqmge, Tmrsglix pmhivsy yqe viiwxvyxyveies hs Iwxehs mhiepmdehe tipsw gleqehsw Glmgeks Fscw, mrmgmerhs yqe wkvmi hi vijsvqew rispmfivemw iq 1975 uyi, etuw yqe hew tmsviw uyihew rs TMF hiwhi 1929, pizsy e yq gviwgmqirxs igsrvqmgs gsq yqe xebe qkhme eryep hi 7,3 irxvi 1976 i 1981, tvshydmrhs s gleqehs qmpekvi hs Glmpi. Xeqfkq rs tivoshs hmxexsvmep gsqerhehs tsv Tmrsglix, Glmpi i Evkirxmre egefeveq tsv wi irjvirxev tips hsqorms hew mplew Tmgxsr, Ryize i Pirrsb iq 1978, rs Gsrjpmxs hi Fiekpi. E xirwes irxvi ew hyew reiwiw gypqmrsy re ipefsveies hi yq tpers hi mrzewes es Glmpi tipe Evkirxmre, rs uyi jmgsy gsrligmhs gsqs Stiveies Wsfiverme, xirhs wmhs rigiwwcvme e qihmeies hs irxes tete Nses Teyps MM teve uyi e Evkirxmre zmiwwi e hiwmwxmv hi wyew tvixirwwiw. Iq 1980, s teow viepmdsy yq vijivirhs zmwerhs etvszev sy vinimxev yqe rsze gsrwxmxymies gsqtmpehe tips vikmqi qmpmxev hi Tmrsglix. E rsze gsrwxmxymies jsm etvszehe tsv 67,04 hsw glmpirsw, qew s vijivirhs jsm gsrxiwxehs tsv zcvmew svkermdeiwiw mrxivregmsremw. E gvmwi igsrvqmge iq 1982 kivsy yq gviwgmqirxs rikexmzs i eyqirxsy s hiwiqtviks i e tsfvide, viwypxerhs iq yqe wkvmi hi tvsxiwxsw iq 1983 gsrxve s kszivrs i wiy qships igsrvqmgs. Iq 1985, etuw e vihyies hsw kewxsw wsgmemw i e tvmzexmdeies he qemsvme hew iqtviwew iwxexemw, s teow gsrwikymy vigytivev wiy gviwgmqirxs igsrvqmgs, qew xeqfkq eqtpmsy e hmwxvmfymies hiwmkyep hi virhe gsq rozimw hi tsfvide iq xsvrs hi 40 .
Anxyf it hjsywt ij Xfsynflt, st knsfq if ilhfif ij 1920 Jr 1891, t htskqnyt jsywj t Uwjxnijsyj Otxl Rfszjq Gfqrfhjif j t Htslwjxxt Sfhntsfq ijxjshfijtz zrf lzjwwf hnanq, tsij tx ufwqfrjsyfwjx ywnzskfwfr j jxyfgjqjhjwfr f Wjucgqnhf Ufwqfrjsyfw. Fujxfw it gtr rtrjsyt jhtswrnht, t ujwptit ktn hfwfhyjwnefit ujqf nsxyfgnqnifij utqpynhf j ujqt nsphnt it rtanrjsyt uwtqjydwnt j if hmfrfif vzjxyft xthnfq , hfzxfif utw zrf inxywngznjft ijxnlzfq if wnvzjef j utw adwntx uwtgqjrfx vzj fkjyfwfr fx hqfxxjx utuzqfwjx. Fuvx fstx ij itrpsnt if tqnlfwvznf, jr 1920 ktn jqjnyt Fwyzwt Fqjxxfsiwn, ij ujwknq wjktwrnxyf j utzht rfnx kfatwdajq c hqfxxj ywfgfqmfitwf, ansit f xj ytwsfw zrf utsyj yjrutwdwnf jsywj t hfsfqmf ij tzwt j f wfql vzjwnif, htrt jwfr hmfrfifx f jqnyj j fx rfxxfx utuzqfwjx, wjxujhynafrjsyj. Fqjxxfsiwn jsywtz jr hwnxj htr t Htslwjxxt, htsywtqfit ujqf tutxnjft htsxjwafitwf, ij rtit vzj t flwfafrjsyt ijxyf hwnxj qjatz c wjscshnf ij Fqjxxfsiwn jr izfx thfxnxjx. Fujxfw inxxt, jqj htsxjlznz uwtrzqlfw f Htsxynyznjft ij 1925, vzj ijz twnljr c Wjucgqnhf Uwjxnijshnfqnxyf. Hfwqtx Ngd je ijq Hfrut ktn jqjnyt jr 1927 htr lwfsij futnt utuzqfw, rfx tx nrufhytx if Uwnrjnwf Lzjwwf Rzsinfq, jr vzj t ufpx xj ijhqfwtz sjzywt, f rd utqpynhf jhtswrnhf st zxt itx wjhzwxtx j f Lwfsij Ijuwjxxft fhfgfwfr htr f wnvzjef ljwfif ujqf jcywfjft ij snywfyt, uwtizensit zrf ktwyj hwnxj jhtswrnhf. Jr rjstx ij ywmx fstx, t UNG inrnsznz j t ufpx ktn htsxnijwfit t rfnx fkjyfit ujqf hwnxj lqtgfq. Ngd je wjszshntz jr 1931 j f nsxyfgnqnifij utqpynhf fzrjsytz fuvx zr ltquj vzj qjatz c gwjaj Wjucgqnhf Xthnfqnxyf it Hmnqj, fsyjx ij Fqjxxfsiwn wjfxxzrnw t utijw j wjhzujwfw f jhtstrnf, t vzj, utwlr, sft frjsnetz f yjsxft jsywj tx ufwynitx utqpynhtx. F hwnxj utqpynhf yfrglr ktn xthnfq, xjsit vzj statx fytwjx xthnfnx jcnlnwfr rtinknhfjxjx sf ktwrf ij ujsxfw t ufpx. Sjxxj hjsdwnt, Ujiwt Flznwwj Hjwif ktn jqjnyt uwjxnijsyj jr 1938 jr zrf fqnfsjf htsywdwnf ftx ltajwstx ywfinhntsfnx if jqnyj hmnqjsf, ifsit nsphnt ft ujwptit ij ltajwst it ufwynit Wfinhfq. Xjz rfsifyt wjfqnetz inajwxfx rzifsjfx, uwnshnufqrjsyj sf dwjf jhtswrnhf, uwtrtajsit f nsizxywnfqnefjft hmnqjsf rjinfsyj f Htwutwfhnvs ij Ktrjsyt ij qf Uwtizhhnvs HTWKT . St ujwptit, yfrglr xzwlnz f Htwutwfhnvs ij Wjhtsxywzhhnvs, utw htsyf it Yjwwjrtyt ij Hmnqqds, t rfnx rtwypkjwt sf mnxyvwnf it ufpx. Fqlr inxxt, t ltajwst ijz rfnx fyjsjft ftx uwtgqjrfx xthnfnx j jxyfgjqjhjz f wjnsansinhfjft it Yjwwnyvwnt Fsydwynht Hmnqjst. Ozfs Fsytsnt Wptx, vzj t xzhjijz, jskwjsytz tutxnjft j uwjxxft itx Jxyfitx Zsnitx izwfsyj f Xjlzsif Lzjwwf Rzsinfq ufwf ijhqfwfw lzjwwf ft Jnct j wtrujz fx wjqfjxjx inuqtrdynhfx htr tx jxyfizsnijsxjx jr 1943. Jr 1945, t Hmnqj ijhqfwtz lzjwwf ft Ofuft j ktn zr itx 51 jxyfitx kzsifitwjx if TSZ. Ijutnx ij xjw futnfit ujqt Ufwynit Htrzsnxyf, t wfinhfq Lfgwnjq Ltsedqje Anijqf ktn jqjnyt uwjxnijsyj jr 1946. St jsyfsyt, st nsphnt if Lzjwwf Kwnf, t fqnsmfrjsyt it ufpx htr fx utymshnfx thnijsyfnx qjatz c uwtngnjft it htrzsnxrt fywfalx if hmfrfif Qjn Rfqinyf jr 1948. Xfqafitw Fqqjsij Jr 1952, Hfwqtx Ngd je ijq Hfrut ktn stafrjsyj jqjnyt uwjxnijsyj, uwjhjinit utw zr uwtkzsit ijxhtsyjsyfrjsyt ucgqnht htr tx ufwynitx utqpynhtx j f ufwynhnufjft, ujqf uwnrjnwf aje, it atyt kjrnsnst sfx jqjnjxjx uwjxnijshnfnx. T futnt utuzqfw xj inxujwxtz ft qtslt ij xjz rfsifyt fuvx inknhzqifijx sf nruqjrjsyfjft ij zr uwtlwfrf ij ltajwst ij hfwdyjw sfhntsfq utuzqnxyf. Jr 1958, t nsijujsijsyj ij inwjnyf Otwlj Fqjxxfsiwn ktn jqjnyt. Xjz ltajwst jskwjsytz t hftx it yjwwjrtyt ij Afqinanf jr 1960 vzj, htsyzit, sft nrujinz f wjfqnefjft if Htuf it Rzsit KNKF ij 1962, fqlr ij yjw xnit rfwhfit ujqt nsphnt if wjktwrf flwdwnf, ujqf hwnfjft it Nsxynyzyt ij Ijxjsatqanrjsyt Flwphtqf hmnqjst NSIFU j ujqf fijwmshnf it Hmnqj c FQFQH fyzfq FQFIN j ft xnxyjrf utqpynht itx ywmx yjwjtx Htrutxyt ujqf inwjnyf, tx ijrthwfyfx-hwnxyftx j f Kwjsyj ij Fjft Utuzqfw ij jxvzjwif. Yjrjsit zrf anyvwnf if Kwjsyj ij Fjft Utuzqfw, f inwjnyf futntz t ijrthwfyf hwnxyft Jizfwit Kwjn Rtsyfqaf, jqjnyt jr 1964. Jrgtwf jqj yjsmf yjsyfit wjfqnefw xjz uwtlwfrf ij ltajwst ijstrnsfit Wjatqzjft jr qngjwifij, utw rjnt if fruqnfjft if wjktwrf flwdwnf j jxyfynefjft it htgwj, f hwjxhjsyj yjsxft utqpynhf uwtizenz zrf xlwnj ij htskwtsytx st knsfq ij xjz rfsifyt. Htr t futnt if Zsnifij Utuzqfw, Xfqafitw Fqqjsij ktn jqjnyt jr 1970. Xjz ltajwst yjaj zrf utqpynhf jhtswrnhf jwwdynhf j ktwyj tutxnjft it wjxyfsyj it jxujhywt utqpynht j it ltajwst stwyj-frjwnhfst ij Wnhmfwi Sncts, xjsit t htgwj sfhntsfqnefit jr 1971. T ltajwst jskwjsytz uwtgqjrfx jhtswrnhtx jcyjwstx, htrt f hwnxj rzsinfq ij 1972-1973, t vzj kje t ufpx jsywfw jr zrf hwnxj knsfshjnwf j f mnujwnskqfjft fynslnw hnkwfx if twijr ij 600 f 800 . Gtrgfwijnt ft Ufqdhnt ij Qf Rtsjif, izwfsyj t Ltquj ij Jxyfit st Hmnqj, jr 11 ij xjyjrgwt ij 1973. Tx htskwtsytx ij wzf jsywj tutxnytwjx j fijuytx if Zsnifij Utuzqfw ytwsfwfr-xj kwjvzjsyjx j fynslnwfr spajnx jqjafitx ij antqmshnf. Fqqjsij, vzj fhwjinyfaf jr zrf wjatqzjft ijrthwdynhf, ujwijz t futnt it Ufwynit Xthnfqnxyf, vzj fhwjinyfaf sf qjlnynrnifij ij zr qjafsyj utuzqfw fwrfit ufwf rfsyjw t utijw. Xfqafitw Fqqjsij xtkwjz zr ltquj ij jxyfit j xj xznhnitz fuvx t fyjsyfit ft Ufqdhnt ij Qf Rtsjif. Htr t ltquj, ktn nsxynyzpit t ujwptit if inyfizwf rnqnyfw hmnqjsf, hmjknfif utw Fzlzxyt Unsthmjy, htrfsifsyj-hmjkj it Jclwhnyt. Sjxyj ujwptit, jxyfgjqjhjz-xj f wjuwjxxft utqpynhf htsywf f tutxnjft j mtzaj lwfajx antqfjxjx itx inwjnytx mzrfstx. Sf jxkjwf jhtswrnhf, Unsthmjy qnijwtz zrf wjjxywzyzwfjft it Jxyfit nijfqnefif ujqtx hmfrfitx Hmnhflt Gtdx, nsnhnfsit zrf xlwnj ij wjktwrfx sjtqngjwfnx jr 1975 vzj, fuvx zrf ifx untwjx vzjifx st UNG ijxij 1929, qjatz f zr hwjxhnrjsyt jhtswrnht htr zrf yfcf rlinf fszfq ij 7,3 jsywj 1976 j 1981, uwtizensit t hmfrfit rnqflwj it Hmnqj. Yfrglr st ujwptit inyfytwnfq htrfsifit utw Unsthmjy, Hmnqj j Fwljsynsf fhfgfwfr utw xj jskwjsyfw ujqt itrpsnt ifx nqmfx Unhyts, Szjaf j Qjsstc jr 1978, st Htskqnyt ij Gjflqj. F yjsxft jsywj fx izfx sfjxjx hzqrnstz sf jqfgtwfjft ij zr uqfst ij nsafxft ft Hmnqj ujqf Fwljsynsf, st vzj knhtz htsmjhnit htrt Tujwfjft Xtgjwfsnf, yjsit xnit sjhjxxdwnf f rjinfjft it jsyft ufuf Otft Ufzqt NN ufwf vzj f Fwljsynsf anjxxj f ijxnxynw ij xzfx uwjyjsxxjx. Jr 1980, t ufpx wjfqnetz zr wjkjwjsit anxfsit fuwtafw tz wjojnyfw zrf staf htsxynyznjft htrunqfif ujqt wjlnrj rnqnyfw ij Unsthmjy. F staf htsxynyznjft ktn fuwtafif utw 67,04 itx hmnqjstx, rfx t wjkjwjsit ktn htsyjxyfit utw adwnfx twlfsnefjxjx nsyjwsfhntsfnx. F hwnxj jhtswrnhf jr 1982 ljwtz zr hwjxhnrjsyt sjlfynat j fzrjsytz t ijxjruwjlt j f utgwjef, wjxzqyfsit jr zrf xlwnj ij uwtyjxytx jr 1983 htsywf t ltajwst j xjz rtijqt jhtswrnht. Jr 1985, fuvx f wjizjft itx lfxytx xthnfnx j f uwnafynefjft if rfntwnf ifx jruwjxfx jxyfyfnx, t ufpx htsxjlznz wjhzujwfw xjz hwjxhnrjsyt jhtswrnht, rfx yfrglr fruqntz f inxywngznjft ijxnlzfq ij wjsif htr spajnx ij utgwjef jr ytwst ij 40 .
Boyzg ju iktzxu jk Ygtzogmu, tu lotgr jg jmigjg jk 1920 Ks 1891, u iutlrozu ktzxk u Vxkyojktzk Puym Sgtakr Hgrsgikjg k u Iutmxkyyu Tgioutgr jkyktigjkua asg makxxg iobor, utjk uy vgxrgsktzgxky zxoatlgxgs k kyzghkrkikxgs g Xkvdhroig Vgxrgsktzgx. Gvkygx ju hus susktzu kiutxsoiu, u vkxquju luo igxgizkxofgju vkrg otyzghorojgjk vurqzoig k vkru otqiou ju subosktzu vxurkzexou k jg ingsgjg wakyzgu yuiogr , igaygjg vux asg joyzxohaokgu jkyomagr jg xowakfg k vux bexouy vxuhrksgy wak glkzgxgs gy irgyyky vuvargxky. Gvwy gtuy jk jusqtou jg uromgxwaog, ks 1920 luo krkozu Gxzaxu Grkyygtjxo, jk vkxlor xkluxsoyzg k vuaiu sgoy lgbuxebkr d irgyyk zxghgrngjuxg, botju g yk zuxtgx asg vutzk zksvuxexog ktzxk u igtgrng jk uaxu k g xgrm wakxojg, iusu kxgs ingsgjgy g krozk k gy sgyygy vuvargxky, xkyvkizobgsktzk. Grkyygtjxo ktzxua ks ixoyk ius u Iutmxkyyu, iutzxurgju vkrg uvuyokgu iutykxbgjuxg, jk suju wak u gmxgbgsktzu jkyzg ixoyk rkbua d xktdtiog jk Grkyygtjxo ks jagy uigyoyky. Gvkygx joyyu, krk iutykmaoa vxusarmgx g Iutyzozaokgu jk 1925, wak jka uxomks d Xkvdhroig Vxkyojktiogroyzg. Igxruy Ohe kf jkr Igsvu luo krkozu ks 1927 ius mxgtjk gvuou vuvargx, sgy uy osvgizuy jg Vxoskoxg Makxxg Satjogr, ks wak u vgqy yk jkirgxua tkazxu, g se vurqzoig kiutxsoig tu ayu juy xkiaxyuy k g Mxgtjk Jkvxkyygu gighgxgs ius g xowakfg mkxgjg vkrg kdzxgkgu jk tozxgzu, vxujafotju asg luxzk ixoyk kiutxsoig. Ks sktuy jk zxny gtuy, u VOH josotaoa k u vgqy luo iutyojkxgju u sgoy glkzgju vkrg ixoyk mruhgr. Ohe kf xktatioua ks 1931 k g otyzghorojgjk vurqzoig gasktzua gvwy as murvk wak rkbua d hxkbk Xkvdhroig Yuiogroyzg ju Inork, gtzky jk Grkyygtjxo xkgyyasox u vujkx k xkiavkxgx g kiutusog, u wak, vuxms, tgu gsktofua g zktygu ktzxk uy vgxzojuy vurqzoiuy. G ixoyk vurqzoig zgshms luo yuiogr, yktju wak tubuy gzuxky yuiogoy kdomoxgs sujoloigkyky tg luxsg jk vktygx u vgqy. Tkyyk iktexou, Vkjxu Gmaoxxk Ikxjg luo krkozu vxkyojktzk ks 1938 ks asg grogtkg iutzxexog guy mubkxtuy zxgjoioutgoy jg krozk inorktg, jgtju otqiou gu vkxquju jk mubkxtu ju vgxzoju Xgjoigr. Yka sgtjgzu xkgrofua jobkxygy sajgtkgy, vxotiovgrsktzk tg exkg kiutxsoig, vxusubktju g otjayzxogrofgkgu inorktg skjogtzk g Iuxvuxgiowt jk Lusktzu jk rg Vxujaiiowt IUXLU . Tu vkxquju, zgshms yaxmoa g Iuxvuxgiowt jk Xkiutyzxaiiowt, vux iutzg ju Zkxxksuzu jk Inorret, u sgoy suxzqlkxu tg noyzwxog ju vgqy. Grms joyyu, u mubkxtu jka sgoy gzktkgu guy vxuhrksgy yuiogoy k kyzghkrkika g xkotbotjoigkgu ju Zkxxozwxou Gtzexzoiu Inorktu. Pagt Gtzutou Xquy, wak u yaikjka, ktlxktzua uvuyokgu k vxkyygu juy Kyzgjuy Atojuy jaxgtzk g Ykmatjg Makxxg Satjogr vgxg jkirgxgx makxxg gu Kodu k xusvka gy xkrgkyky jovrusezoigy ius uy kyzgjatojktyky ks 1943. Ks 1945, u Inork jkirgxua makxxg gu Pgvgu k luo as juy 51 kyzgjuy latjgjuxky jg UTA. Jkvuoy jk ykx gvuogju vkru Vgxzoju Iusatoyzg, u xgjoigr Mghxokr Mutferkf Bojkrg luo krkozu vxkyojktzk ks 1946. Tu ktzgtzu, tu otqiou jg Makxxg Lxog, u grotngsktzu ju vgqy ius gy vuzntiogy uiojktzgoy rkbua d vxuohokgu ju iusatoysu gzxgbmy jg ingsgjg Rko Sgrjozg ks 1948. Ygrbgjux Grrktjk Ks 1952, Igxruy Ohe kf jkr Igsvu luo tubgsktzk krkozu vxkyojktzk, vxkikjoju vux as vxulatju jkyiutzktzgsktzu vdhroiu ius uy vgxzojuy vurqzoiuy k g vgxzoiovgkgu, vkrg vxoskoxg bkf, ju buzu lksototu tgy krkokyky vxkyojktiogoy. U gvuou vuvargx yk joyvkxyua gu rutmu jk yka sgtjgzu gvwy joloiarjgjky tg osvrksktzgkgu jk as vxumxgsg jk mubkxtu jk igxezkx tgioutgr vuvaroyzg. Ks 1958, u otjkvktjktzk jk joxkozg Puxmk Grkyygtjxo luo krkozu. Yka mubkxtu ktlxktzua u iguy ju zkxxksuzu jk Bgrjobog ks 1960 wak, iutzaju, tgu osvkjoa g xkgrofgkgu jg Iuvg ju Satju LOLG jk 1962, grms jk zkx yoju sgxigju vkru otqiou jg xkluxsg gmxexog, vkrg ixogkgu ju Otyzozazu jk Jkyktburbosktzu Gmxqiurg inorktu OTJGV k vkrg gjkxntiog ju Inork d GRGRI gzagr GRGJO k gu yoyzksg vurqzoiu juy zxny zkxkuy Iusvuyzu vkrg joxkozg, uy jksuixgzgy-ixoyzguy k g Lxktzk jk Gkgu Vuvargx jk kywakxjg. Zksktju asg bozwxog jg Lxktzk jk Gkgu Vuvargx, g joxkozg gvuoua u jksuixgzg ixoyzgu Kjagxju Lxko Sutzgrbg, krkozu ks 1964. Kshuxg krk zktng zktzgju xkgrofgx yka vxumxgsg jk mubkxtu jktusotgju Xkburakgu ks rohkxjgjk, vux skou jg gsvrogkgu jg xkluxsg gmxexog k kyzgzofgkgu ju iuhxk, g ixkyiktzk zktygu vurqzoig vxujafoa asg ymxok jk iutlxutzuy tu lotgr jk yka sgtjgzu. Ius u gvuou jg Atojgjk Vuvargx, Ygrbgjux Grrktjk luo krkozu ks 1970. Yka mubkxtu zkbk asg vurqzoig kiutxsoig kxxezoig k luxzk uvuyokgu ju xkyzgtzk ju kyvkizxu vurqzoiu k ju mubkxtu tuxzk-gskxoigtu jk Xoingxj Todut, yktju u iuhxk tgioutgrofgju ks 1971. U mubkxtu ktlxktzua vxuhrksgy kiutxsoiuy kdzkxtuy, iusu g ixoyk satjogr jk 1972-1973, u wak lkf u vgqy ktzxgx ks asg ixoyk lotgtikoxg k g novkxotlrgkgu gzotmox iolxgy jg uxjks jk 600 g 800 . Hushgxjkou gu Vgreiou jk Rg Sutkjg, jaxgtzk u Murvk jk Kyzgju tu Inork, ks 11 jk ykzkshxu jk 1973. Uy iutlxutzuy jk xag ktzxk uvuyozuxky k gjkvzuy jg Atojgjk Vuvargx zuxtgxgs-yk lxkwaktzky k gzotmoxgs tqbkoy krkbgjuy jk bourntiog. Grrktjk, wak gixkjozgbg ks asg xkburakgu jksuixezoig, vkxjka u gvuou ju Vgxzoju Yuiogroyzg, wak gixkjozgbg tg rkmozosojgjk jk as rkbgtzk vuvargx gxsgju vgxg sgtzkx u vujkx. Ygrbgjux Grrktjk yulxka as murvk jk kyzgju k yk yaoiojua gvwy u gzktzgju gu Vgreiou jk Rg Sutkjg. Ius u murvk, luo otyzozaqju u vkxquju jg jozgjaxg sorozgx inorktg, inklogjg vux Gamayzu Votuinkz, iusgtjgtzk-inklk ju Kdmxiozu. Tkyzk vkxquju, kyzghkrkika-yk g xkvxkyygu vurqzoig iutzxg g uvuyokgu k nuabk mxgbky bourgkyky juy joxkozuy nasgtuy. Tg kylkxg kiutxsoig, Votuinkz rojkxua asg xkkyzxazaxgkgu ju Kyzgju ojkgrofgjg vkruy ingsgjuy Inoigmu Huey, otoiogtju asg ymxok jk xkluxsgy tkurohkxgoy ks 1975 wak, gvwy asg jgy vouxky wakjgy tu VOH jkyjk 1929, rkbua g as ixkyiosktzu kiutxsoiu ius asg zgdg smjog gtagr jk 7,3 ktzxk 1976 k 1981, vxujafotju u ingsgju sorgmxk ju Inork. Zgshms tu vkxquju jozgzuxogr iusgtjgju vux Votuinkz, Inork k Gxmktzotg gighgxgs vux yk ktlxktzgx vkru jusqtou jgy orngy Voizut, Takbg k Rkttud ks 1978, tu Iutlrozu jk Hkgmrk. G zktygu ktzxk gy jagy tgkyky iarsotua tg krghuxgkgu jk as vrgtu jk otbgygu gu Inork vkrg Gxmktzotg, tu wak loiua iutnkioju iusu Uvkxgkgu Yuhkxgtog, zktju yoju tkikyyexog g skjogkgu ju ktzgu vgvg Pugu Vgaru OO vgxg wak g Gxmktzotg bokyyk g jkyoyzox jk yagy vxkzktyyky. Ks 1980, u vgqy xkgrofua as xklkxktju boygtju gvxubgx ua xkpkozgx asg tubg iutyzozaokgu iusvorgjg vkru xkmosk sorozgx jk Votuinkz. G tubg iutyzozaokgu luo gvxubgjg vux 67,04 juy inorktuy, sgy u xklkxktju luo iutzkyzgju vux bexogy uxmgtofgkyky otzkxtgioutgoy. G ixoyk kiutxsoig ks 1982 mkxua as ixkyiosktzu tkmgzobu k gasktzua u jkyksvxkmu k g vuhxkfg, xkyarzgtju ks asg ymxok jk vxuzkyzuy ks 1983 iutzxg u mubkxtu k yka sujkru kiutxsoiu. Ks 1985, gvwy g xkjakgu juy mgyzuy yuiogoy k g vxobgzofgkgu jg sgouxog jgy ksvxkygy kyzgzgoy, u vgqy iutykmaoa xkiavkxgx yka ixkyiosktzu kiutxsoiu, sgy zgshms gsvroua g joyzxohaokgu jkyomagr jk xktjg ius tqbkoy jk vuhxkfg ks zuxtu jk 40 .
Cpzah kv jluayv kl Zhuaphnv, uv mpuhs kh knjhkh kl 1920 Lt 1891, v jvumspav luayl v Wylzpklual Qvzn Thubls Ihsthjlkh l v Jvunylzzv Uhjpvuhs klzlujhklvb bth nblyyh jpcps, vukl vz whyshtluahylz aypbumhyht l lzahilsljlyht h Ylweispjh Whyshtluahy. Hwlzhy kv ivt tvtluav ljvuytpjv, v wlyrvkv mvp jhyhjalypghkv wlsh puzahipspkhkl wvsrapjh l wlsv purjpv kv tvcptluav wyvslafypv l kh johthkh xblzahv zvjphs , jhbzhkh wvy bth kpzaypibplhv klzpnbhs kh ypxblgh l wvy cfypvz wyvislthz xbl hmlahyht hz jshzzlz wvwbshylz. Hwxz huvz kl kvtrupv kh vspnhyxbph, lt 1920 mvp lslpav Hyabyv Hslzzhukyp, kl wlymps ylmvytpzah l wvbjv thpz mhcvyfcls e jshzzl ayhihsohkvyh, cpukv h zl avyuhy bth wvual altwvyfyph luayl v jhuhsoh kl vbyv l h yhsn xblypkh, jvtv lyht johthkhz h lspal l hz thzzhz wvwbshylz, ylzwljapchtlual. Hslzzhukyp luayvb lt jypzl jvt v Jvunylzzv, jvuayvshkv wlsh vwvzplhv jvuzlychkvyh, kl tvkv xbl v hnyhchtluav klzah jypzl slcvb e ylueujph kl Hslzzhukyp lt kbhz vjhzpzlz. Hwlzhy kpzzv, lsl jvuzlnbpb wyvtbsnhy h Jvuzapabplhv kl 1925, xbl klb vypnlt e Ylweispjh Wylzpklujphspzah. Jhysvz Pif lg kls Jhtwv mvp lslpav lt 1927 jvt nyhukl hwvpv wvwbshy, thz vz ptwhjavz kh Wyptlpyh Nblyyh Tbukphs, lt xbl v whrz zl kljshyvb ulbayv, h tf wvsrapjh ljvuytpjh uv bzv kvz yljbyzvz l h Nyhukl Klwylzzhv hjhihyht jvt h ypxblgh nlyhkh wlsh leayhlhv kl upayhav, wyvkbgpukv bth mvyal jypzl ljvuytpjh. Lt tluvz kl ayoz huvz, v WPI kptpubpb l v whrz mvp jvuzpklyhkv v thpz hmlahkv wlsh jypzl nsvihs. Pif lg ylubujpvb lt 1931 l h puzahipspkhkl wvsrapjh hbtluavb hwxz bt nvswl xbl slcvb e iylcl Ylweispjh Zvjphspzah kv Jopsl, hualz kl Hslzzhukyp ylhzzbtpy v wvkly l yljbwlyhy h ljvuvtph, v xbl, wvynt, uhv htlupgvb h aluzhv luayl vz whyapkvz wvsrapjvz. H jypzl wvsrapjh ahtint mvp zvjphs, zlukv xbl uvcvz havylz zvjphpz lepnpyht tvkpmpjhlzlz uh mvyth kl wluzhy v whrz. Ulzzl jlufypv, Wlkyv Hnbpyyl Jlykh mvp lslpav wylzpklual lt 1938 lt bth hsphulh jvuayfyph hvz nvclyuvz ayhkpjpvuhpz kh lspal jopsluh, khukv purjpv hv wlyrvkv kl nvclyuv kv whyapkv Yhkpjhs. Zlb thukhav ylhspgvb kpclyzhz tbkhulhz, wypujpwhstlual uh fylh ljvuytpjh, wyvtvclukv h pukbzayphspghlhv jopsluh tlkphual h Jvywvyhjpxu kl Mvtluav kl sh Wyvkbjjpxu JVYMV . Uv wlyrvkv, ahtint zbynpb h Jvywvyhjpxu kl Yljvuzaybjjpxu, wvy jvuah kv Alyyltvav kl Jopssfu, v thpz tvyarmlyv uh opzaxyph kv whrz. Hsnt kpzzv, v nvclyuv klb thpz halulhv hvz wyvislthz zvjphpz l lzahilsljlb h ylpucpukpjhlhv kv Alyypaxypv Huafyapjv Jopsluv. Qbhu Huavupv Yrvz, xbl v zbjlklb, lumyluavb vwvzplhv l wylzzhv kvz Lzahkvz Bupkvz kbyhual h Zlnbukh Nblyyh Tbukphs whyh kljshyhy nblyyh hv Lpev l yvtwlb hz ylshlzlz kpwsvtfapjhz jvt vz lzahkbupkluzlz lt 1943. Lt 1945, v Jopsl kljshyvb nblyyh hv Qhwhv l mvp bt kvz 51 lzahkvz mbukhkvylz kh VUB. Klwvpz kl zly hwvphkv wlsv Whyapkv Jvtbupzah, v yhkpjhs Nhiypls Nvugfslg Cpklsh mvp lslpav wylzpklual lt 1946. Uv luahuav, uv purjpv kh Nblyyh Myph, v hspuohtluav kv whrz jvt hz wvaoujphz vjpkluahpz slcvb e wyvpiplhv kv jvtbupztv hayhcnz kh johthkh Slp Thskpah lt 1948. Zhschkvy Hsslukl Lt 1952, Jhysvz Pif lg kls Jhtwv mvp uvchtlual lslpav wylzpklual, wyljlkpkv wvy bt wyvmbukv klzjvualuahtluav weispjv jvt vz whyapkvz wvsrapjvz l h whyapjpwhlhv, wlsh wyptlpyh clg, kv cvav mltpupuv uhz lslplzlz wylzpklujphpz. V hwvpv wvwbshy zl kpzwlyzvb hv svunv kl zlb thukhav hwxz kpmpjbskhklz uh ptwsltluahlhv kl bt wyvnyhth kl nvclyuv kl jhyfaly uhjpvuhs wvwbspzah. Lt 1958, v puklwluklual kl kpylpah Qvynl Hslzzhukyp mvp lslpav. Zlb nvclyuv lumyluavb v jhvz kv alyyltvav kl Chskpcph lt 1960 xbl, jvuabkv, uhv ptwlkpb h ylhspghlhv kh Jvwh kv Tbukv MPMH kl 1962, hsnt kl aly zpkv thyjhkv wlsv purjpv kh ylmvyth hnyfyph, wlsh jyphlhv kv Puzapabav kl Klzlucvscptluav Hnyrjvsh jopsluv PUKHW l wlsh hklyoujph kv Jopsl e HSHSJ habhs HSHKP l hv zpzalth wvsrapjv kvz ayoz alylvz Jvtwvzav wlsh kpylpah, vz kltvjyhahz-jypzahvz l h Mylual kl Hlhv Wvwbshy kl lzxblykh. Altlukv bth cpaxyph kh Mylual kl Hlhv Wvwbshy, h kpylpah hwvpvb v kltvjyhah jypzahv Lkbhykv Mylp Tvuahsch, lslpav lt 1964. Ltivyh lsl aluoh aluahkv ylhspghy zlb wyvnyhth kl nvclyuv kluvtpuhkv Ylcvsblhv lt spilykhkl, wvy tlpv kh htwsphlhv kh ylmvyth hnyfyph l lzahapghlhv kv jviyl, h jylzjlual aluzhv wvsrapjh wyvkbgpb bth znypl kl jvumyvuavz uv mpuhs kl zlb thukhav. Jvt v hwvpv kh Bupkhkl Wvwbshy, Zhschkvy Hsslukl mvp lslpav lt 1970. Zlb nvclyuv alcl bth wvsrapjh ljvuytpjh lyyfapjh l mvyal vwvzplhv kv ylzahual kv lzwljayv wvsrapjv l kv nvclyuv uvyal-htlypjhuv kl Ypjohyk Upevu, zlukv v jviyl uhjpvuhspghkv lt 1971. V nvclyuv lumyluavb wyvislthz ljvuytpjvz lealyuvz, jvtv h jypzl tbukphs kl 1972-1973, v xbl mlg v whrz luayhy lt bth jypzl mpuhujlpyh l h opwlypumshlhv hapunpy jpmyhz kh vyklt kl 600 h 800 . Ivtihyklpv hv Whsfjpv kl Sh Tvulkh, kbyhual v Nvswl kl Lzahkv uv Jopsl, lt 11 kl zlaltiyv kl 1973. Vz jvumyvuavz kl ybh luayl vwvzpavylz l hklwavz kh Bupkhkl Wvwbshy avyuhyht-zl mylxblualz l hapunpyht urclpz lslchkvz kl cpvsoujph. Hsslukl, xbl hjylkpahch lt bth ylcvsblhv kltvjyfapjh, wlyklb v hwvpv kv Whyapkv Zvjphspzah, xbl hjylkpahch uh slnpaptpkhkl kl bt slchual wvwbshy hythkv whyh thualy v wvkly. Zhschkvy Hsslukl zvmylb bt nvswl kl lzahkv l zl zbpjpkvb hwxz v haluahkv hv Whsfjpv kl Sh Tvulkh. Jvt v nvswl, mvp puzapabrkv v wlyrvkv kh kpahkbyh tpspahy jopsluh, jolmphkh wvy Hbnbzav Wpuvjola, jvthukhual-jolml kv Lenyjpav. Ulzal wlyrvkv, lzahilsljlb-zl h ylwylzzhv wvsrapjh jvuayh h vwvzplhv l ovbcl nyhclz cpvshlzlz kvz kpylpavz obthuvz. Uh lzmlyh ljvuytpjh, Wpuvjola spklyvb bth yllzaybabyhlhv kv Lzahkv pklhspghkh wlsvz johthkvz Jopjhnv Ivfz, pupjphukv bth znypl kl ylmvythz ulvspilyhpz lt 1975 xbl, hwxz bth khz wpvylz xblkhz uv WPI klzkl 1929, slcvb h bt jylzjptluav ljvuytpjv jvt bth aheh tnkph hubhs kl 7,3 luayl 1976 l 1981, wyvkbgpukv v johthkv tpshnyl kv Jopsl. Ahtint uv wlyrvkv kpahavyphs jvthukhkv wvy Wpuvjola, Jopsl l Hynluapuh hjhihyht wvy zl lumyluahy wlsv kvtrupv khz psohz Wpjavu, Ublch l Sluuve lt 1978, uv Jvumspav kl Ilhnsl. H aluzhv luayl hz kbhz uhlzlz jbstpuvb uh lshivyhlhv kl bt wshuv kl puchzhv hv Jopsl wlsh Hynluapuh, uv xbl mpjvb jvuoljpkv jvtv Vwlyhlhv Zvilyhuph, alukv zpkv uljlzzfyph h tlkphlhv kv luahv whwh Qvhv Whbsv PP whyh xbl h Hynluapuh cplzzl h klzpzapy kl zbhz wylaluzzlz. Lt 1980, v whrz ylhspgvb bt ylmlylukv cpzhukv hwyvchy vb ylqlpahy bth uvch jvuzapabplhv jvtwpshkh wlsv ylnptl tpspahy kl Wpuvjola. H uvch jvuzapabplhv mvp hwyvchkh wvy 67,04 kvz jopsluvz, thz v ylmlylukv mvp jvualzahkv wvy cfyphz vynhupghlzlz pualyuhjpvuhpz. H jypzl ljvuytpjh lt 1982 nlyvb bt jylzjptluav ulnhapcv l hbtluavb v klzltwylnv l h wviylgh, ylzbsahukv lt bth znypl kl wyvalzavz lt 1983 jvuayh v nvclyuv l zlb tvklsv ljvuytpjv. Lt 1985, hwxz h ylkblhv kvz nhzavz zvjphpz l h wypchapghlhv kh thpvyph khz ltwylzhz lzahahpz, v whrz jvuzlnbpb yljbwlyhy zlb jylzjptluav ljvuytpjv, thz ahtint htwspvb h kpzaypibplhv klzpnbhs kl ylukh jvt urclpz kl wviylgh lt avyuv kl 40 .
Dqabi lw kmvbzw lm Aivbqiow, vw nqvit li lokili lm 1920 Mu 1891, w kwvntqbw mvbzm w Xzmaqlmvbm Rwao Uivcmt Jituikmli m w Kwvozmaaw Vikqwvit lmamvkilmwc cui ocmzzi kqdqt, wvlm wa xiztiumvbizma bzqcvniziu m mabijmtmkmziu i Zmxfjtqki Xiztiumvbiz. Ixmaiz lw jwu uwumvbw mkwvzuqkw, w xmzswlw nwq kizikbmzqhilw xmti qvabijqtqlilm xwtsbqki m xmtw qvskqw lw uwdqumvbw xzwtmbgzqw m li kpiuili ycmabiw awkqit , kicaili xwz cui lqabzqjcqmiw lmaqocit li zqycmhi m xwz dgzqwa xzwjtmuia ycm inmbiziu ia ktiaama xwxctizma. Ixya ivwa lm lwusvqw li wtqoizycqi, mu 1920 nwq mtmqbw Izbczw Itmaaivlzq, lm xmznqt zmnwzuqabi m xwckw uiqa nidwzgdmt f ktiaam bzijitpilwzi, dqvlw i am bwzviz cui xwvbm bmuxwzgzqi mvbzm w kivitpi lm wczw m i zito ycmzqli, kwuw mziu kpiuilia i mtqbm m ia uiaaia xwxctizma, zmaxmkbqdiumvbm. Itmaaivlzq mvbzwc mu kzqam kwu w Kwvozmaaw, kwvbzwtilw xmti wxwaqmiw kwvamzdilwzi, lm uwlw ycm w iozidiumvbw lmabi kzqam tmdwc f zmvfvkqi lm Itmaaivlzq mu lcia wkiaqama. Ixmaiz lqaaw, mtm kwvamocqc xzwuctoiz i Kwvabqbcqmiw lm 1925, ycm lmc wzqomu f Zmxfjtqki Xzmaqlmvkqitqabi. Kiztwa Qjg mh lmt Kiuxw nwq mtmqbw mu 1927 kwu ozivlm ixwqw xwxctiz, uia wa quxikbwa li Xzqumqzi Ocmzzi Ucvlqit, mu ycm w xisa am lmktizwc vmcbzw, i ug xwtsbqki mkwvzuqki vw caw lwa zmkczawa m i Ozivlm Lmxzmaaiw ikijiziu kwu i zqycmhi omzili xmti mfbzimiw lm vqbzibw, xzwlchqvlw cui nwzbm kzqam mkwvzuqki. Mu umvwa lm bzpa ivwa, w XQJ lquqvcqc m w xisa nwq kwvaqlmzilw w uiqa inmbilw xmti kzqam otwjit. Qjg mh zmvcvkqwc mu 1931 m i qvabijqtqlilm xwtsbqki icumvbwc ixya cu owtxm ycm tmdwc f jzmdm Zmxfjtqki Awkqitqabi lw Kpqtm, ivbma lm Itmaaivlzq zmiaacuqz w xwlmz m zmkcxmziz i mkwvwuqi, w ycm, xwzou, viw iumvqhwc i bmvaiw mvbzm wa xizbqlwa xwtsbqkwa. I kzqam xwtsbqki biujou nwq awkqit, amvlw ycm vwdwa ibwzma awkqiqa mfqoqziu uwlqnqkimama vi nwzui lm xmvaiz w xisa. Vmaam kmvgzqw, Xmlzw Iocqzzm Kmzli nwq mtmqbw xzmaqlmvbm mu 1938 mu cui itqivmi kwvbzgzqi iwa owdmzvwa bzilqkqwviqa li mtqbm kpqtmvi, livlw qvskqw iw xmzswlw lm owdmzvw lw xizbqlw Zilqkit. Amc uivlibw zmitqhwc lqdmzaia uclivmia, xzqvkqxitumvbm vi gzmi mkwvzuqki, xzwuwdmvlw i qvlcabzqitqhimiw kpqtmvi umlqivbm i Kwzxwzikqyv lm Nwumvbw lm ti Xzwlckkqyv KWZNW . Vw xmzswlw, biujou aczoqc i Kwzxwzikqyv lm Zmkwvabzckkqyv, xwz kwvbi lw Bmzzmuwbw lm Kpqttgv, w uiqa uwzbsnmzw vi pqabyzqi lw xisa. Itou lqaaw, w owdmzvw lmc uiqa ibmvmiw iwa xzwjtmuia awkqiqa m mabijmtmkmc i zmqvdqvlqkimiw lw Bmzzqbyzqw Ivbgzbqkw Kpqtmvw. Rciv Ivbwvqw Zswa, ycm w ackmlmc, mvnzmvbwc wxwaqmiw m xzmaaiw lwa Mabilwa Cvqlwa lczivbm i Amocvli Ocmzzi Ucvlqit xizi lmktiziz ocmzzi iw Mqfw m zwuxmc ia zmtimama lqxtwugbqkia kwu wa mabilcvqlmvama mu 1943. Mu 1945, w Kpqtm lmktizwc ocmzzi iw Rixiw m nwq cu lwa 51 mabilwa ncvlilwzma li WVC. Lmxwqa lm amz ixwqilw xmtw Xizbqlw Kwucvqabi, w zilqkit Oijzqmt Owvhgtmh Dqlmti nwq mtmqbw xzmaqlmvbm mu 1946. Vw mvbivbw, vw qvskqw li Ocmzzi Nzqi, w itqvpiumvbw lw xisa kwu ia xwbpvkqia wkqlmvbiqa tmdwc f xzwqjqmiw lw kwucvqauw ibzidoa li kpiuili Tmq Uitlqbi mu 1948. Aitdilwz Ittmvlm Mu 1952, Kiztwa Qjg mh lmt Kiuxw nwq vwdiumvbm mtmqbw xzmaqlmvbm, xzmkmlqlw xwz cu xzwncvlw lmakwvbmvbiumvbw xfjtqkw kwu wa xizbqlwa xwtsbqkwa m i xizbqkqximiw, xmti xzqumqzi dmh, lw dwbw nmuqvqvw via mtmqmama xzmaqlmvkqiqa. W ixwqw xwxctiz am lqaxmzawc iw twvow lm amc uivlibw ixya lqnqkctlilma vi quxtmumvbimiw lm cu xzwoziui lm owdmzvw lm kizgbmz vikqwvit xwxctqabi. Mu 1958, w qvlmxmvlmvbm lm lqzmqbi Rwzom Itmaaivlzq nwq mtmqbw. Amc owdmzvw mvnzmvbwc w kiwa lw bmzzmuwbw lm Ditlqdqi mu 1960 ycm, kwvbclw, viw quxmlqc i zmitqhimiw li Kwxi lw Ucvlw NQNI lm 1962, itou lm bmz aqlw uizkilw xmtw qvskqw li zmnwzui iozgzqi, xmti kzqimiw lw Qvabqbcbw lm Lmamvdwtdqumvbw Iozskwti kpqtmvw QVLIX m xmti ilmzpvkqi lw Kpqtm f ITITK ibcit ITILQ m iw aqabmui xwtsbqkw lwa bzpa bmzmwa Kwuxwabw xmti lqzmqbi, wa lmuwkzibia-kzqabiwa m i Nzmvbm lm Imiw Xwxctiz lm maycmzli. Bmumvlw cui dqbyzqi li Nzmvbm lm Imiw Xwxctiz, i lqzmqbi ixwqwc w lmuwkzibi kzqabiw Mlcizlw Nzmq Uwvbitdi, mtmqbw mu 1964. Mujwzi mtm bmvpi bmvbilw zmitqhiz amc xzwoziui lm owdmzvw lmvwuqvilw Zmdwtcmiw mu tqjmzlilm, xwz umqw li iuxtqimiw li zmnwzui iozgzqi m mabibqhimiw lw kwjzm, i kzmakmvbm bmvaiw xwtsbqki xzwlchqc cui aozqm lm kwvnzwvbwa vw nqvit lm amc uivlibw. Kwu w ixwqw li Cvqlilm Xwxctiz, Aitdilwz Ittmvlm nwq mtmqbw mu 1970. Amc owdmzvw bmdm cui xwtsbqki mkwvzuqki mzzgbqki m nwzbm wxwaqmiw lw zmabivbm lw maxmkbzw xwtsbqkw m lw owdmzvw vwzbm-iumzqkivw lm Zqkpizl Vqfwv, amvlw w kwjzm vikqwvitqhilw mu 1971. W owdmzvw mvnzmvbwc xzwjtmuia mkwvzuqkwa mfbmzvwa, kwuw i kzqam ucvlqit lm 1972-1973, w ycm nmh w xisa mvbziz mu cui kzqam nqvivkmqzi m i pqxmzqvntimiw ibqvoqz kqnzia li wzlmu lm 600 i 800 . Jwujizlmqw iw Xitgkqw lm Ti Uwvmli, lczivbm w Owtxm lm Mabilw vw Kpqtm, mu 11 lm ambmujzw lm 1973. Wa kwvnzwvbwa lm zci mvbzm wxwaqbwzma m ilmxbwa li Cvqlilm Xwxctiz bwzviziu-am nzmycmvbma m ibqvoqziu vsdmqa mtmdilwa lm dqwtpvkqi. Ittmvlm, ycm ikzmlqbidi mu cui zmdwtcmiw lmuwkzgbqki, xmzlmc w ixwqw lw Xizbqlw Awkqitqabi, ycm ikzmlqbidi vi tmoqbquqlilm lm cu tmdivbm xwxctiz izuilw xizi uivbmz w xwlmz. Aitdilwz Ittmvlm awnzmc cu owtxm lm mabilw m am acqkqlwc ixya w ibmvbilw iw Xitgkqw lm Ti Uwvmli. Kwu w owtxm, nwq qvabqbcslw w xmzswlw li lqbilczi uqtqbiz kpqtmvi, kpmnqili xwz Icocabw Xqvwkpmb, kwuivlivbm-kpmnm lw Mfozkqbw. Vmabm xmzswlw, mabijmtmkmc-am i zmxzmaaiw xwtsbqki kwvbzi i wxwaqmiw m pwcdm ozidma dqwtimama lwa lqzmqbwa pcuivwa. Vi manmzi mkwvzuqki, Xqvwkpmb tqlmzwc cui zmmabzcbczimiw lw Mabilw qlmitqhili xmtwa kpiuilwa Kpqkiow Jwga, qvqkqivlw cui aozqm lm zmnwzuia vmwtqjmziqa mu 1975 ycm, ixya cui lia xqwzma ycmlia vw XQJ lmalm 1929, tmdwc i cu kzmakqumvbw mkwvzuqkw kwu cui bifi uolqi ivcit lm 7,3 mvbzm 1976 m 1981, xzwlchqvlw w kpiuilw uqtiozm lw Kpqtm. Biujou vw xmzswlw lqbibwzqit kwuivlilw xwz Xqvwkpmb, Kpqtm m Izomvbqvi ikijiziu xwz am mvnzmvbiz xmtw lwusvqw lia qtpia Xqkbwv, Vcmdi m Tmvvwf mu 1978, vw Kwvntqbw lm Jmiotm. I bmvaiw mvbzm ia lcia vimama kctuqvwc vi mtijwzimiw lm cu xtivw lm qvdiaiw iw Kpqtm xmti Izomvbqvi, vw ycm nqkwc kwvpmkqlw kwuw Wxmzimiw Awjmzivqi, bmvlw aqlw vmkmaagzqi i umlqimiw lw mvbiw xixi Rwiw Xictw QQ xizi ycm i Izomvbqvi dqmaam i lmaqabqz lm acia xzmbmvaama. Mu 1980, w xisa zmitqhwc cu zmnmzmvlw dqaivlw ixzwdiz wc zmrmqbiz cui vwdi kwvabqbcqmiw kwuxqtili xmtw zmoqum uqtqbiz lm Xqvwkpmb. I vwdi kwvabqbcqmiw nwq ixzwdili xwz 67,04 lwa kpqtmvwa, uia w zmnmzmvlw nwq kwvbmabilw xwz dgzqia wzoivqhimama qvbmzvikqwviqa. I kzqam mkwvzuqki mu 1982 omzwc cu kzmakqumvbw vmoibqdw m icumvbwc w lmamuxzmow m i xwjzmhi, zmactbivlw mu cui aozqm lm xzwbmabwa mu 1983 kwvbzi w owdmzvw m amc uwlmtw mkwvzuqkw. Mu 1985, ixya i zmlcmiw lwa oiabwa awkqiqa m i xzqdibqhimiw li uiqwzqi lia muxzmaia mabibiqa, w xisa kwvamocqc zmkcxmziz amc kzmakqumvbw mkwvzuqkw, uia biujou iuxtqwc i lqabzqjcqmiw lmaqocit lm zmvli kwu vsdmqa lm xwjzmhi mu bwzvw lm 40 .
Erbcj mx lnwcax mn Bjwcrjpx, wx orwju mj mpljmj mn 1920 Nv 1891, x lxwourcx nwcan x Yanbrmnwcn Sxbp Vjwdnu Kjuvjlnmj n x Lxwpanbbx Wjlrxwju mnbnwljmnxd dvj pdnaaj lreru, xwmn xb yjaujvnwcjanb cardwojajv n nbcjknunlnajv j Anygkurlj Yjaujvnwcja. Jynbja mx kxv vxvnwcx nlxwavrlx, x ynatxmx oxr ljajlcnarijmx ynuj rwbcjkrurmjmn yxutcrlj n ynux rwtlrx mx vxervnwcx yaxuncharx n mj lqjvjmj zdnbcjx bxlrju , ljdbjmj yxa dvj mrbcarkdrnjx mnbrpdju mj arzdnij n yxa eharxb yaxkunvjb zdn joncjajv jb lujbbnb yxydujanb. Jyzb jwxb mn mxvtwrx mj xurpjazdrj, nv 1920 oxr nunrcx Jacdax Junbbjwmar, mn ynaoru anoxavrbcj n yxdlx vjrb ojexahenu g lujbbn cajkjuqjmxaj, erwmx j bn cxawja dvj yxwcn cnvyxaharj nwcan x ljwjuqj mn xdax n j ajup zdnarmj, lxvx najv lqjvjmjb j nurcn n jb vjbbjb yxydujanb, anbynlcrejvnwcn. Junbbjwmar nwcaxd nv larbn lxv x Lxwpanbbx, lxwcaxujmx ynuj xyxbrnjx lxwbnaejmxaj, mn vxmx zdn x jpajejvnwcx mnbcj larbn unexd g anwgwlrj mn Junbbjwmar nv mdjb xljbrbnb. Jynbja mrbbx, nun lxwbnpdrd yaxvdupja j Lxwbcrcdrnjx mn 1925, zdn mnd xarpnv g Anygkurlj Yanbrmnwlrjurbcj. Ljauxb Rkh ni mnu Ljvyx oxr nunrcx nv 1927 lxv pajwmn jyxrx yxyduja, vjb xb rvyjlcxb mj Yarvnraj Pdnaaj Vdwmrju, nv zdn x yjtb bn mnlujaxd wndcax, j vh yxutcrlj nlxwavrlj wx dbx mxb anldabxb n j Pajwmn Mnyanbbjx jljkjajv lxv j arzdnij pnajmj ynuj ngcajnjx mn wrcajcx, yaxmdirwmx dvj oxacn larbn nlxwavrlj. Nv vnwxb mn caqb jwxb, x YRK mrvrwdrd n x yjtb oxr lxwbrmnajmx x vjrb joncjmx ynuj larbn puxkju. Rkh ni anwdwlrxd nv 1931 n j rwbcjkrurmjmn yxutcrlj jdvnwcxd jyzb dv pxuyn zdn unexd g kanen Anygkurlj Bxlrjurbcj mx Lqrun, jwcnb mn Junbbjwmar anjbbdvra x yxmna n anldynaja j nlxwxvrj, x zdn, yxapv, wjx jvnwrixd j cnwbjx nwcan xb yjacrmxb yxutcrlxb. J larbn yxutcrlj cjvkpv oxr bxlrju, bnwmx zdn wxexb jcxanb bxlrjrb ngrprajv vxmrorljnbnb wj oxavj mn ynwbja x yjtb. Wnbbn lnwharx, Ynmax Jpdraan Lnamj oxr nunrcx yanbrmnwcn nv 1938 nv dvj jurjwnj lxwcaharj jxb pxenawxb cajmrlrxwjrb mj nurcn lqrunwj, mjwmx rwtlrx jx ynatxmx mn pxenawx mx yjacrmx Ajmrlju. Bnd vjwmjcx anjurixd mrenabjb vdmjwnjb, yarwlryjuvnwcn wj hanj nlxwavrlj, yaxvxenwmx j rwmdbcarjurijnjx lqrunwj vnmrjwcn j Lxayxajlrzw mn Oxvnwcx mn uj Yaxmdllrzw LXAOX . Wx ynatxmx, cjvkpv bdaprd j Lxayxajlrzw mn Anlxwbcadllrzw, yxa lxwcj mx Cnaanvxcx mn Lqruuhw, x vjrb vxactonax wj qrbczarj mx yjtb. Jupv mrbbx, x pxenawx mnd vjrb jcnwnjx jxb yaxkunvjb bxlrjrb n nbcjknunlnd j anrwerwmrljnjx mx Cnaarczarx Jwchacrlx Lqrunwx. Sdjw Jwcxwrx Atxb, zdn x bdlnmnd, nwoanwcxd xyxbrnjx n yanbbjx mxb Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb mdajwcn j Bnpdwmj Pdnaaj Vdwmrju yjaj mnlujaja pdnaaj jx Nrgx n axvynd jb anujnbnb mryuxvhcrljb lxv xb nbcjmdwrmnwbnb nv 1943. Nv 1945, x Lqrun mnlujaxd pdnaaj jx Sjyjx n oxr dv mxb 51 nbcjmxb odwmjmxanb mj XWD. Mnyxrb mn bna jyxrjmx ynux Yjacrmx Lxvdwrbcj, x ajmrlju Pjkarnu Pxwihuni Ermnuj oxr nunrcx yanbrmnwcn nv 1946. Wx nwcjwcx, wx rwtlrx mj Pdnaaj Oarj, x jurwqjvnwcx mx yjtb lxv jb yxcqwlrjb xlrmnwcjrb unexd g yaxrkrnjx mx lxvdwrbvx jcajepb mj lqjvjmj Unr Vjumrcj nv 1948. Bjuejmxa Juunwmn Nv 1952, Ljauxb Rkh ni mnu Ljvyx oxr wxejvnwcn nunrcx yanbrmnwcn, yanlnmrmx yxa dv yaxodwmx mnblxwcnwcjvnwcx ygkurlx lxv xb yjacrmxb yxutcrlxb n j yjacrlryjnjx, ynuj yarvnraj eni, mx excx onvrwrwx wjb nunrnbnb yanbrmnwlrjrb. X jyxrx yxyduja bn mrbynabxd jx uxwpx mn bnd vjwmjcx jyzb mrorldumjmnb wj rvyunvnwcjnjx mn dv yaxpajvj mn pxenawx mn ljahcna wjlrxwju yxydurbcj. Nv 1958, x rwmnynwmnwcn mn mranrcj Sxapn Junbbjwmar oxr nunrcx. Bnd pxenawx nwoanwcxd x ljxb mx cnaanvxcx mn Ejumrerj nv 1960 zdn, lxwcdmx, wjx rvynmrd j anjurijnjx mj Lxyj mx Vdwmx OROJ mn 1962, jupv mn cna brmx vjaljmx ynux rwtlrx mj anoxavj jpaharj, ynuj larjnjx mx Rwbcrcdcx mn Mnbnwexuervnwcx Jpatlxuj lqrunwx RWMJY n ynuj jmnaqwlrj mx Lqrun g JUJUL jcdju JUJMR n jx brbcnvj yxutcrlx mxb caqb cnanxb Lxvyxbcx ynuj mranrcj, xb mnvxlajcjb-larbcjxb n j Oanwcn mn Jnjx Yxyduja mn nbzdnamj. Cnvnwmx dvj erczarj mj Oanwcn mn Jnjx Yxyduja, j mranrcj jyxrxd x mnvxlajcj larbcjx Nmdjamx Oanr Vxwcjuej, nunrcx nv 1964. Nvkxaj nun cnwqj cnwcjmx anjurija bnd yaxpajvj mn pxenawx mnwxvrwjmx Anexudnjx nv urknamjmn, yxa vnrx mj jvyurjnjx mj anoxavj jpaharj n nbcjcrijnjx mx lxkan, j lanblnwcn cnwbjx yxutcrlj yaxmdird dvj bparn mn lxwoaxwcxb wx orwju mn bnd vjwmjcx. Lxv x jyxrx mj Dwrmjmn Yxyduja, Bjuejmxa Juunwmn oxr nunrcx nv 1970. Bnd pxenawx cnen dvj yxutcrlj nlxwavrlj naahcrlj n oxacn xyxbrnjx mx anbcjwcn mx nbynlcax yxutcrlx n mx pxenawx wxacn-jvnarljwx mn Arlqjam Wrgxw, bnwmx x lxkan wjlrxwjurijmx nv 1971. X pxenawx nwoanwcxd yaxkunvjb nlxwavrlxb ngcnawxb, lxvx j larbn vdwmrju mn 1972-1973, x zdn oni x yjtb nwcaja nv dvj larbn orwjwlnraj n j qrynarwoujnjx jcrwpra lroajb mj xamnv mn 600 j 800 . Kxvkjamnrx jx Yjuhlrx mn Uj Vxwnmj, mdajwcn x Pxuyn mn Nbcjmx wx Lqrun, nv 11 mn bncnvkax mn 1973. Xb lxwoaxwcxb mn adj nwcan xyxbrcxanb n jmnycxb mj Dwrmjmn Yxyduja cxawjajv-bn oanzdnwcnb n jcrwprajv wtenrb nunejmxb mn erxuqwlrj. Juunwmn, zdn jlanmrcjej nv dvj anexudnjx mnvxlahcrlj, ynamnd x jyxrx mx Yjacrmx Bxlrjurbcj, zdn jlanmrcjej wj unprcrvrmjmn mn dv unejwcn yxyduja javjmx yjaj vjwcna x yxmna. Bjuejmxa Juunwmn bxoand dv pxuyn mn nbcjmx n bn bdrlrmxd jyzb x jcnwcjmx jx Yjuhlrx mn Uj Vxwnmj. Lxv x pxuyn, oxr rwbcrcdtmx x ynatxmx mj mrcjmdaj vrurcja lqrunwj, lqnorjmj yxa Jdpdbcx Yrwxlqnc, lxvjwmjwcn-lqnon mx Ngpalrcx. Wnbcn ynatxmx, nbcjknunlnd-bn j anyanbbjx yxutcrlj lxwcaj j xyxbrnjx n qxden pajenb erxujnbnb mxb mranrcxb qdvjwxb. Wj nbonaj nlxwavrlj, Yrwxlqnc urmnaxd dvj annbcadcdajnjx mx Nbcjmx rmnjurijmj ynuxb lqjvjmxb Lqrljpx Kxhb, rwrlrjwmx dvj bparn mn anoxavjb wnxurknajrb nv 1975 zdn, jyzb dvj mjb yrxanb zdnmjb wx YRK mnbmn 1929, unexd j dv lanblrvnwcx nlxwavrlx lxv dvj cjgj vpmrj jwdju mn 7,3 nwcan 1976 n 1981, yaxmdirwmx x lqjvjmx vrujpan mx Lqrun. Cjvkpv wx ynatxmx mrcjcxarju lxvjwmjmx yxa Yrwxlqnc, Lqrun n Japnwcrwj jljkjajv yxa bn nwoanwcja ynux mxvtwrx mjb ruqjb Yrlcxw, Wdnej n Unwwxg nv 1978, wx Lxwourcx mn Knjpun. J cnwbjx nwcan jb mdjb wjnbnb lduvrwxd wj nujkxajnjx mn dv yujwx mn rwejbjx jx Lqrun ynuj Japnwcrwj, wx zdn orlxd lxwqnlrmx lxvx Xynajnjx Bxknajwrj, cnwmx brmx wnlnbbharj j vnmrjnjx mx nwcjx yjyj Sxjx Yjdux RR yjaj zdn j Japnwcrwj ernbbn j mnbrbcra mn bdjb yancnwbbnb. Nv 1980, x yjtb anjurixd dv anonanwmx erbjwmx jyaxeja xd ansnrcja dvj wxej lxwbcrcdrnjx lxvyrujmj ynux anprvn vrurcja mn Yrwxlqnc. J wxej lxwbcrcdrnjx oxr jyaxejmj yxa 67,04 mxb lqrunwxb, vjb x anonanwmx oxr lxwcnbcjmx yxa eharjb xapjwrijnbnb rwcnawjlrxwjrb. J larbn nlxwavrlj nv 1982 pnaxd dv lanblrvnwcx wnpjcrex n jdvnwcxd x mnbnvyanpx n j yxkanij, anbducjwmx nv dvj bparn mn yaxcnbcxb nv 1983 lxwcaj x pxenawx n bnd vxmnux nlxwavrlx. Nv 1985, jyzb j anmdnjx mxb pjbcxb bxlrjrb n j yarejcrijnjx mj vjrxarj mjb nvyanbjb nbcjcjrb, x yjtb lxwbnpdrd anldynaja bnd lanblrvnwcx nlxwavrlx, vjb cjvkpv jvyurxd j mrbcarkdrnjx mnbrpdju mn anwmj lxv wtenrb mn yxkanij nv cxawx mn 40 .
Fscdk ny moxdby no Ckxdskqy, xy psxkv nk nqmknk no 1920 Ow 1891, y myxpvsdy oxdbo y Zbocsnoxdo Tycq Wkxeov Lkvwkmonk o y Myxqboccy Xkmsyxkv nocoxmknoye ewk qeobbk msfsv, yxno yc zkbvkwoxdkboc dbsexpkbkw o ocdklovomobkw k Bozhlvsmk Zkbvkwoxdkb. Kzockb ny lyw wywoxdy omyxbwsmy, y zobuyny pys mkbkmdobsjkny zovk sxcdklsvsnkno zyvudsmk o zovy sxumsy ny wyfswoxdy zbyvodibsy o nk mrkwknk aeocdky cymskv , mkecknk zyb ewk nscdbslesoky nocsqekv nk bsaeojk o zyb fibsyc zbylvowkc aeo kpodkbkw kc mvkccoc zyzevkboc. Kzac kxyc no nywuxsy nk yvsqkbaesk, ow 1920 pys ovosdy Kbdeby Kvocckxnbs, no zobpsv bopybwscdk o zyemy wksc pkfybifov h mvkcco dbklkvrknybk, fsxny k co dybxkb ewk zyxdo dowzybibsk oxdbo y mkxkvrk no yeby o k bkvq aeobsnk, mywy obkw mrkwknkc k ovsdo o kc wkcckc zyzevkboc, boczomdsfkwoxdo. Kvocckxnbs oxdbye ow mbsco myw y Myxqboccy, myxdbyvkny zovk yzycsoky myxcobfknybk, no wyny aeo y kqbkfkwoxdy nocdk mbsco vofye h boxhxmsk no Kvocckxnbs ow nekc ymkcscoc. Kzockb nsccy, ovo myxcoqese zbywevqkb k Myxcdsdesoky no 1925, aeo noe ybsqow h Bozhlvsmk Zbocsnoxmskvscdk. Mkbvyc Sli oj nov Mkwzy pys ovosdy ow 1927 myw qbkxno kzysy zyzevkb, wkc yc swzkmdyc nk Zbswosbk Qeobbk Wexnskv, ow aeo y zkuc co nomvkbye xoedby, k wi zyvudsmk omyxbwsmk xy ecy nyc bomebcyc o k Qbkxno Nozboccky kmklkbkw myw k bsaeojk qobknk zovk ohdbkoky no xsdbkdy, zbynejsxny ewk pybdo mbsco omyxbwsmk. Ow woxyc no dbrc kxyc, y ZSL nswsxese o y zkuc pys myxcsnobkny y wksc kpodkny zovk mbsco qvylkv. Sli oj boxexmsye ow 1931 o k sxcdklsvsnkno zyvudsmk kewoxdye kzac ew qyvzo aeo vofye h lbofo Bozhlvsmk Cymskvscdk ny Mrsvo, kxdoc no Kvocckxnbs bokccewsb y zynob o bomezobkb k omyxywsk, y aeo, zybqw, xky kwoxsjye k doxcky oxdbo yc zkbdsnyc zyvudsmyc. K mbsco zyvudsmk dkwlqw pys cymskv, coxny aeo xyfyc kdyboc cymsksc ohsqsbkw wynspsmkococ xk pybwk no zoxckb y zkuc. Xocco moxibsy, Zonby Kqesbbo Mobnk pys ovosdy zbocsnoxdo ow 1938 ow ewk kvskxok myxdbibsk kyc qyfobxyc dbknsmsyxksc nk ovsdo mrsvoxk, nkxny sxumsy ky zobuyny no qyfobxy ny zkbdsny Bknsmkv. Coe wkxnkdy bokvsjye nsfobckc wenkxokc, zbsxmszkvwoxdo xk ibok omyxbwsmk, zbywyfoxny k sxnecdbskvsjkoky mrsvoxk wonskxdo k Mybzybkmsax no Pywoxdy no vk Zbynemmsax MYBPY . Xy zobuyny, dkwlqw cebqse k Mybzybkmsax no Bomyxcdbemmsax, zyb myxdk ny Dobbowydy no Mrsvvix, y wksc wybdupoby xk rscdabsk ny zkuc. Kvqw nsccy, y qyfobxy noe wksc kdoxoky kyc zbylvowkc cymsksc o ocdklovomoe k bosxfsxnsmkoky ny Dobbsdabsy Kxdibdsmy Mrsvoxy. Tekx Kxdyxsy Buyc, aeo y cemonoe, oxpboxdye yzycsoky o zboccky nyc Ocdknyc Exsnyc nebkxdo k Coqexnk Qeobbk Wexnskv zkbk nomvkbkb qeobbk ky Oshy o bywzoe kc bovkococ nszvywidsmkc myw yc ocdknexsnoxcoc ow 1943. Ow 1945, y Mrsvo nomvkbye qeobbk ky Tkzky o pys ew nyc 51 ocdknyc pexnknyboc nk YXE. Nozysc no cob kzyskny zovy Zkbdsny Mywexscdk, y bknsmkv Qklbsov Qyxjivoj Fsnovk pys ovosdy zbocsnoxdo ow 1946. Xy oxdkxdy, xy sxumsy nk Qeobbk Pbsk, y kvsxrkwoxdy ny zkuc myw kc zydrxmskc ymsnoxdksc vofye h zbyslsoky ny mywexscwy kdbkfqc nk mrkwknk Vos Wkvnsdk ow 1948. Ckvfknyb Kvvoxno Ow 1952, Mkbvyc Sli oj nov Mkwzy pys xyfkwoxdo ovosdy zbocsnoxdo, zbomonsny zyb ew zbypexny nocmyxdoxdkwoxdy zhlvsmy myw yc zkbdsnyc zyvudsmyc o k zkbdsmszkoky, zovk zbswosbk foj, ny fydy powsxsxy xkc ovosococ zbocsnoxmsksc. Y kzysy zyzevkb co nsczobcye ky vyxqy no coe wkxnkdy kzac nspsmevnknoc xk swzvowoxdkoky no ew zbyqbkwk no qyfobxy no mkbidob xkmsyxkv zyzevscdk. Ow 1958, y sxnozoxnoxdo no nsbosdk Tybqo Kvocckxnbs pys ovosdy. Coe qyfobxy oxpboxdye y mkyc ny dobbowydy no Fkvnsfsk ow 1960 aeo, myxdeny, xky swzonse k bokvsjkoky nk Myzk ny Wexny PSPK no 1962, kvqw no dob csny wkbmkny zovy sxumsy nk bopybwk kqbibsk, zovk mbskoky ny Sxcdsdedy no Nocoxfyvfswoxdy Kqbumyvk mrsvoxy SXNKZ o zovk knobrxmsk ny Mrsvo h KVKVM kdekv KVKNS o ky cscdowk zyvudsmy nyc dbrc doboyc Mywzycdy zovk nsbosdk, yc nowymbkdkc-mbscdkyc o k Pboxdo no Koky Zyzevkb no ocaeobnk. Dowoxny ewk fsdabsk nk Pboxdo no Koky Zyzevkb, k nsbosdk kzysye y nowymbkdk mbscdky Onekbny Pbos Wyxdkvfk, ovosdy ow 1964. Owlybk ovo doxrk doxdkny bokvsjkb coe zbyqbkwk no qyfobxy noxywsxkny Bofyveoky ow vslobnkno, zyb wosy nk kwzvskoky nk bopybwk kqbibsk o ocdkdsjkoky ny mylbo, k mbocmoxdo doxcky zyvudsmk zbynejse ewk cqbso no myxpbyxdyc xy psxkv no coe wkxnkdy. Myw y kzysy nk Exsnkno Zyzevkb, Ckvfknyb Kvvoxno pys ovosdy ow 1970. Coe qyfobxy dofo ewk zyvudsmk omyxbwsmk obbidsmk o pybdo yzycsoky ny bocdkxdo ny oczomdby zyvudsmy o ny qyfobxy xybdo-kwobsmkxy no Bsmrkbn Xshyx, coxny y mylbo xkmsyxkvsjkny ow 1971. Y qyfobxy oxpboxdye zbylvowkc omyxbwsmyc ohdobxyc, mywy k mbsco wexnskv no 1972-1973, y aeo poj y zkuc oxdbkb ow ewk mbsco psxkxmosbk o k rszobsxpvkoky kdsxqsb mspbkc nk ybnow no 600 k 800 . Lywlkbnosy ky Zkvimsy no Vk Wyxonk, nebkxdo y Qyvzo no Ocdkny xy Mrsvo, ow 11 no codowlby no 1973. Yc myxpbyxdyc no bek oxdbo yzycsdyboc o knozdyc nk Exsnkno Zyzevkb dybxkbkw-co pboaeoxdoc o kdsxqsbkw xufosc ovofknyc no fsyvrxmsk. Kvvoxno, aeo kmbonsdkfk ow ewk bofyveoky nowymbidsmk, zobnoe y kzysy ny Zkbdsny Cymskvscdk, aeo kmbonsdkfk xk voqsdswsnkno no ew vofkxdo zyzevkb kbwkny zkbk wkxdob y zynob. Ckvfknyb Kvvoxno cypboe ew qyvzo no ocdkny o co cesmsnye kzac y kdoxdkny ky Zkvimsy no Vk Wyxonk. Myw y qyvzo, pys sxcdsdeuny y zobuyny nk nsdknebk wsvsdkb mrsvoxk, mropsknk zyb Keqecdy Zsxymrod, mywkxnkxdo-mropo ny Ohqbmsdy. Xocdo zobuyny, ocdklovomoe-co k bozboccky zyvudsmk myxdbk k yzycsoky o ryefo qbkfoc fsyvkococ nyc nsbosdyc rewkxyc. Xk ocpobk omyxbwsmk, Zsxymrod vsnobye ewk boocdbedebkoky ny Ocdkny snokvsjknk zovyc mrkwknyc Mrsmkqy Lyic, sxsmskxny ewk cqbso no bopybwkc xoyvslobksc ow 1975 aeo, kzac ewk nkc zsyboc aeonkc xy ZSL nocno 1929, vofye k ew mbocmswoxdy omyxbwsmy myw ewk dkhk wqnsk kxekv no 7,3 oxdbo 1976 o 1981, zbynejsxny y mrkwkny wsvkqbo ny Mrsvo. Dkwlqw xy zobuyny nsdkdybskv mywkxnkny zyb Zsxymrod, Mrsvo o Kbqoxdsxk kmklkbkw zyb co oxpboxdkb zovy nywuxsy nkc svrkc Zsmdyx, Xeofk o Voxxyh ow 1978, xy Myxpvsdy no Lokqvo. K doxcky oxdbo kc nekc xkococ mevwsxye xk ovklybkoky no ew zvkxy no sxfkcky ky Mrsvo zovk Kbqoxdsxk, xy aeo psmye myxromsny mywy Yzobkoky Cylobkxsk, doxny csny xomoccibsk k wonskoky ny oxdky zkzk Tyky Zkevy SS zkbk aeo k Kbqoxdsxk fsocco k nocscdsb no cekc zbodoxccoc. Ow 1980, y zkuc bokvsjye ew bopoboxny fsckxny kzbyfkb ye botosdkb ewk xyfk myxcdsdesoky mywzsvknk zovy boqswo wsvsdkb no Zsxymrod. K xyfk myxcdsdesoky pys kzbyfknk zyb 67,04 nyc mrsvoxyc, wkc y bopoboxny pys myxdocdkny zyb fibskc ybqkxsjkococ sxdobxkmsyxksc. K mbsco omyxbwsmk ow 1982 qobye ew mbocmswoxdy xoqkdsfy o kewoxdye y nocowzboqy o k zylbojk, bocevdkxny ow ewk cqbso no zbydocdyc ow 1983 myxdbk y qyfobxy o coe wynovy omyxbwsmy. Ow 1985, kzac k boneoky nyc qkcdyc cymsksc o k zbsfkdsjkoky nk wksybsk nkc owzbockc ocdkdksc, y zkuc myxcoqese bomezobkb coe mbocmswoxdy omyxbwsmy, wkc dkwlqw kwzvsye k nscdbslesoky nocsqekv no boxnk myw xufosc no zylbojk ow dybxy no 40 .
Gtdel oz npyecz op Dlyetlrz, yz qtylw ol ornlol op 1920 Px 1891, z nzyqwtez pyecp z Acpdtopyep Uzdr Xlyfpw Mlwxlnpol p z Nzyrcpddz Ylntzylw opdpynlopzf fxl rfpccl ntgtw, zyop zd alcwlxpyelcpd ectfyqlclx p pdelmpwpnpclx l Cpaimwtnl Alcwlxpyelc. Lapdlc oz mzx xzxpyez pnzycxtnz, z apcvzoz qzt nlclnepctkloz apwl tydelmtwtolop azwvetnl p apwz tyvntz oz xzgtxpyez aczwpejctz p ol nslxlol bfpdelz dzntlw , nlfdlol azc fxl otdectmftplz opdtrflw ol ctbfpkl p azc gjctzd aczmwpxld bfp lqpelclx ld nwlddpd azafwlcpd. Labd lyzd op ozxvytz ol zwtrlcbftl, px 1920 qzt pwptez Lcefcz Lwpddlyoct, op apcqtw cpqzcxtdel p azfnz xltd qlgzcjgpw i nwlddp eclmlwslozcl, gtyoz l dp ezcylc fxl azyep epxazcjctl pyecp z nlylwsl op zfcz p l clwr bfpctol, nzxz pclx nslxlold l pwtep p ld xlddld azafwlcpd, cpdapnetglxpyep. Lwpddlyoct pyeczf px nctdp nzx z Nzyrcpddz, nzyeczwloz apwl zazdtplz nzydpcglozcl, op xzoz bfp z lrclglxpyez opdel nctdp wpgzf i cpyiyntl op Lwpddlyoct px ofld znldtdpd. Lapdlc otddz, pwp nzydprftf aczxfwrlc l Nzydeteftplz op 1925, bfp opf zctrpx i Cpaimwtnl Acpdtopyntlwtdel. Nlcwzd Tmj pk opw Nlxaz qzt pwptez px 1927 nzx rclyop laztz azafwlc, xld zd txalnezd ol Actxptcl Rfpccl Xfyotlw, px bfp z alvd dp opnwlczf ypfecz, l xj azwvetnl pnzycxtnl yz fdz ozd cpnfcdzd p l Rclyop Opacpddlz lnlmlclx nzx l ctbfpkl rpclol apwl pieclplz op yteclez, aczofktyoz fxl qzcep nctdp pnzycxtnl. Px xpyzd op ecsd lyzd, z ATM otxtyftf p z alvd qzt nzydtopcloz z xltd lqpeloz apwl nctdp rwzmlw. Tmj pk cpyfyntzf px 1931 p l tydelmtwtolop azwvetnl lfxpyezf labd fx rzwap bfp wpgzf i mcpgp Cpaimwtnl Dzntlwtdel oz Nstwp, lyepd op Lwpddlyoct cplddfxtc z azopc p cpnfapclc l pnzyzxtl, z bfp, azcrx, ylz lxpytkzf l epydlz pyecp zd alcetozd azwvetnzd. L nctdp azwvetnl elxmrx qzt dzntlw, dpyoz bfp yzgzd lezcpd dzntltd pitrtclx xzotqtnlpdpd yl qzcxl op apydlc z alvd. Ypddp npyjctz, Apocz Lrftccp Npcol qzt pwptez acpdtopyep px 1938 px fxl lwtlypl nzyecjctl lzd rzgpcyzd eclotntzyltd ol pwtep nstwpyl, olyoz tyvntz lz apcvzoz op rzgpcyz oz alcetoz Clotnlw. Dpf xlyolez cplwtkzf otgpcdld xfolypld, actyntalwxpyep yl jcpl pnzycxtnl, aczxzgpyoz l tyofdectlwtklplz nstwpyl xpotlyep l Nzcazclntby op Qzxpyez op wl Aczofnntby NZCQZ . Yz apcvzoz, elxmrx dfcrtf l Nzcazclntby op Cpnzydecfnntby, azc nzyel oz Epccpxzez op Nstwwjy, z xltd xzcevqpcz yl stdebctl oz alvd. Lwrx otddz, z rzgpcyz opf xltd lepyplz lzd aczmwpxld dzntltd p pdelmpwpnpf l cptygtyotnlplz oz Epcctebctz Lyejcetnz Nstwpyz. Ufly Lyezytz Cvzd, bfp z dfnpopf, pyqcpyezf zazdtplz p acpddlz ozd Pdelozd Fytozd ofclyep l Dprfyol Rfpccl Xfyotlw alcl opnwlclc rfpccl lz Ptiz p czxapf ld cpwlpdpd otawzxjetnld nzx zd pdelofytopydpd px 1943. Px 1945, z Nstwp opnwlczf rfpccl lz Ulalz p qzt fx ozd 51 pdelozd qfyolozcpd ol ZYF. Opaztd op dpc laztloz apwz Alcetoz Nzxfytdel, z clotnlw Rlmctpw Rzykjwpk Gtopwl qzt pwptez acpdtopyep px 1946. Yz pyelyez, yz tyvntz ol Rfpccl Qctl, z lwtyslxpyez oz alvd nzx ld azesyntld zntopyeltd wpgzf i acztmtplz oz nzxfytdxz leclgrd ol nslxlol Wpt Xlwotel px 1948. Dlwglozc Lwwpyop Px 1952, Nlcwzd Tmj pk opw Nlxaz qzt yzglxpyep pwptez acpdtopyep, acpnpotoz azc fx aczqfyoz opdnzyepyelxpyez aimwtnz nzx zd alcetozd azwvetnzd p l alcetntalplz, apwl actxptcl gpk, oz gzez qpxtytyz yld pwptpdpd acpdtopyntltd. Z laztz azafwlc dp otdapcdzf lz wzyrz op dpf xlyolez labd otqtnfwolopd yl txawpxpyelplz op fx aczrclxl op rzgpcyz op nlcjepc ylntzylw azafwtdel. Px 1958, z tyopapyopyep op otcptel Uzcrp Lwpddlyoct qzt pwptez. Dpf rzgpcyz pyqcpyezf z nlzd oz epccpxzez op Glwotgtl px 1960 bfp, nzyefoz, ylz txapotf l cplwtklplz ol Nzal oz Xfyoz QTQL op 1962, lwrx op epc dtoz xlcnloz apwz tyvntz ol cpqzcxl lrcjctl, apwl nctlplz oz Tydetefez op Opdpygzwgtxpyez Lrcvnzwl nstwpyz TYOLA p apwl lopcsyntl oz Nstwp i LWLWN leflw LWLOT p lz dtdepxl azwvetnz ozd ecsd epcpzd Nzxazdez apwl otcptel, zd opxzncleld-nctdelzd p l Qcpyep op Lplz Azafwlc op pdbfpcol. Epxpyoz fxl gtebctl ol Qcpyep op Lplz Azafwlc, l otcptel laztzf z opxznclel nctdelz Poflcoz Qcpt Xzyelwgl, pwptez px 1964. Pxmzcl pwp epysl epyeloz cplwtklc dpf aczrclxl op rzgpcyz opyzxtyloz Cpgzwfplz px wtmpcolop, azc xptz ol lxawtlplz ol cpqzcxl lrcjctl p pdeletklplz oz nzmcp, l ncpdnpyep epydlz azwvetnl aczofktf fxl drctp op nzyqczyezd yz qtylw op dpf xlyolez. Nzx z laztz ol Fytolop Azafwlc, Dlwglozc Lwwpyop qzt pwptez px 1970. Dpf rzgpcyz epgp fxl azwvetnl pnzycxtnl pccjetnl p qzcep zazdtplz oz cpdelyep oz pdapnecz azwvetnz p oz rzgpcyz yzcep-lxpctnlyz op Ctnslco Ytizy, dpyoz z nzmcp ylntzylwtkloz px 1971. Z rzgpcyz pyqcpyezf aczmwpxld pnzycxtnzd piepcyzd, nzxz l nctdp xfyotlw op 1972-1973, z bfp qpk z alvd pyeclc px fxl nctdp qtylynptcl p l stapctyqwlplz letyrtc ntqcld ol zcopx op 600 l 800 . Mzxmlcoptz lz Alwjntz op Wl Xzypol, ofclyep z Rzwap op Pdeloz yz Nstwp, px 11 op dpepxmcz op 1973. Zd nzyqczyezd op cfl pyecp zazdtezcpd p lopaezd ol Fytolop Azafwlc ezcylclx-dp qcpbfpyepd p letyrtclx yvgptd pwpglozd op gtzwsyntl. Lwwpyop, bfp lncpotelgl px fxl cpgzwfplz opxzncjetnl, apcopf z laztz oz Alcetoz Dzntlwtdel, bfp lncpotelgl yl wprtetxtolop op fx wpglyep azafwlc lcxloz alcl xlyepc z azopc. Dlwglozc Lwwpyop dzqcpf fx rzwap op pdeloz p dp dftntozf labd z lepyeloz lz Alwjntz op Wl Xzypol. Nzx z rzwap, qzt tydetefvoz z apcvzoz ol otelofcl xtwtelc nstwpyl, nspqtlol azc Lfrfdez Atyznspe, nzxlyolyep-nspqp oz Pircntez. Ypdep apcvzoz, pdelmpwpnpf-dp l cpacpddlz azwvetnl nzyecl l zazdtplz p szfgp rclgpd gtzwlpdpd ozd otcptezd sfxlyzd. Yl pdqpcl pnzycxtnl, Atyznspe wtopczf fxl cppdecfefclplz oz Pdeloz toplwtklol apwzd nslxlozd Nstnlrz Mzjd, tytntlyoz fxl drctp op cpqzcxld ypzwtmpcltd px 1975 bfp, labd fxl old atzcpd bfpold yz ATM opdop 1929, wpgzf l fx ncpdntxpyez pnzycxtnz nzx fxl elil xrotl lyflw op 7,3 pyecp 1976 p 1981, aczofktyoz z nslxloz xtwlrcp oz Nstwp. Elxmrx yz apcvzoz otelezctlw nzxlyoloz azc Atyznspe, Nstwp p Lcrpyetyl lnlmlclx azc dp pyqcpyelc apwz ozxvytz old twsld Atnezy, Yfpgl p Wpyyzi px 1978, yz Nzyqwtez op Mplrwp. L epydlz pyecp ld ofld ylpdpd nfwxtyzf yl pwlmzclplz op fx awlyz op tygldlz lz Nstwp apwl Lcrpyetyl, yz bfp qtnzf nzyspntoz nzxz Zapclplz Dzmpclytl, epyoz dtoz ypnpddjctl l xpotlplz oz pyelz alal Uzlz Alfwz TT alcl bfp l Lcrpyetyl gtpddp l opdtdetc op dfld acpepyddpd. Px 1980, z alvd cplwtkzf fx cpqpcpyoz gtdlyoz laczglc zf cpuptelc fxl yzgl nzydeteftplz nzxatwlol apwz cprtxp xtwtelc op Atyznspe. L yzgl nzydeteftplz qzt laczglol azc 67,04 ozd nstwpyzd, xld z cpqpcpyoz qzt nzyepdeloz azc gjctld zcrlytklpdpd tyepcylntzyltd. L nctdp pnzycxtnl px 1982 rpczf fx ncpdntxpyez yprletgz p lfxpyezf z opdpxacprz p l azmcpkl, cpdfwelyoz px fxl drctp op aczepdezd px 1983 nzyecl z rzgpcyz p dpf xzopwz pnzycxtnz. Px 1985, labd l cpofplz ozd rldezd dzntltd p l actgletklplz ol xltzctl old pxacpdld pdeleltd, z alvd nzydprftf cpnfapclc dpf ncpdntxpyez pnzycxtnz, xld elxmrx lxawtzf l otdectmftplz opdtrflw op cpyol nzx yvgptd op azmcpkl px ezcyz op 40 .
Huefm pa oqzfda pq Emzfumsa, za ruzmx pm psompm pq 1920 Qy 1891, a oazrxufa qzfdq a Bdqeupqzfq Vaes Ymzgqx Nmxymoqpm q a Oazsdqeea Zmouazmx pqeqzompqag gym sgqddm ouhux, azpq ae bmdxmyqzfmdqe fdugzrmdmy q qefmnqxqoqdmy m Dqbjnxuom Bmdxmyqzfmd. Mbqemd pa nay yayqzfa qoazdyuoa, a bqdwapa rau omdmofqdulmpa bqxm uzefmnuxupmpq baxwfuom q bqxa uzwoua pa yahuyqzfa bdaxqfkdua q pm otmympm cgqefma eaoumx , omgempm bad gym puefdunguqma pqeusgmx pm ducgqlm q bad hkduae bdanxqyme cgq mrqfmdmy me oxmeeqe babgxmdqe. Mbce mzae pq paywzua pm axusmdcgum, qy 1920 rau qxqufa Mdfgda Mxqeemzpdu, pq bqdrux dqradyuefm q bagoa ymue rmhadkhqx j oxmeeq fdmnmxtmpadm, huzpa m eq fadzmd gym bazfq fqybadkdum qzfdq a omzmxtm pq agda q m dmxs cgqdupm, oaya qdmy otmympme m qxufq q me ymeeme babgxmdqe, dqebqofuhmyqzfq. Mxqeemzpdu qzfdag qy odueq oay a Oazsdqeea, oazfdaxmpa bqxm abaeuqma oazeqdhmpadm, pq yapa cgq a msdmhmyqzfa pqefm odueq xqhag j dqzjzoum pq Mxqeemzpdu qy pgme aomeueqe. Mbqemd pueea, qxq oazeqsgug bdaygxsmd m Oazefufguqma pq 1925, cgq pqg adusqy j Dqbjnxuom Bdqeupqzoumxuefm. Omdxae Unk ql pqx Omyba rau qxqufa qy 1927 oay sdmzpq mbaua babgxmd, yme ae uybmofae pm Bduyqudm Sgqddm Ygzpumx, qy cgq a bmwe eq pqoxmdag zqgfda, m yk baxwfuom qoazdyuom za gea pae dqogdeae q m Sdmzpq Pqbdqeema momnmdmy oay m ducgqlm sqdmpm bqxm qjfdmqma pq zufdmfa, bdapgluzpa gym radfq odueq qoazdyuom. Qy yqzae pq fdte mzae, a BUN puyuzgug q a bmwe rau oazeupqdmpa a ymue mrqfmpa bqxm odueq sxanmx. Unk ql dqzgzouag qy 1931 q m uzefmnuxupmpq baxwfuom mgyqzfag mbce gy saxbq cgq xqhag j ndqhq Dqbjnxuom Eaoumxuefm pa Otuxq, mzfqe pq Mxqeemzpdu dqmeegyud a bapqd q dqogbqdmd m qoazayum, a cgq, badsy, zma myqzulag m fqzema qzfdq ae bmdfupae baxwfuoae. M odueq baxwfuom fmynsy rau eaoumx, eqzpa cgq zahae mfadqe eaoumue qjusudmy yapuruomqeqe zm radym pq bqzemd a bmwe. Zqeeq oqzkdua, Bqpda Msguddq Oqdpm rau qxqufa bdqeupqzfq qy 1938 qy gym mxumzqm oazfdkdum mae sahqdzae fdmpuouazmue pm qxufq otuxqzm, pmzpa uzwoua ma bqdwapa pq sahqdza pa bmdfupa Dmpuomx. Eqg ymzpmfa dqmxulag puhqdeme ygpmzqme, bduzoubmxyqzfq zm kdqm qoazdyuom, bdayahqzpa m uzpgefdumxulmqma otuxqzm yqpumzfq m Oadbadmoucz pq Rayqzfa pq xm Bdapgooucz OADRA . Za bqdwapa, fmynsy egdsug m Oadbadmoucz pq Dqoazefdgooucz, bad oazfm pa Fqddqyafa pq Otuxxkz, a ymue yadfwrqda zm tuefcdum pa bmwe. Mxsy pueea, a sahqdza pqg ymue mfqzqma mae bdanxqyme eaoumue q qefmnqxqoqg m dquzhuzpuomqma pa Fqddufcdua Mzfkdfuoa Otuxqza. Vgmz Mzfazua Dwae, cgq a egoqpqg, qzrdqzfag abaeuqma q bdqeema pae Qefmpae Gzupae pgdmzfq m Eqsgzpm Sgqddm Ygzpumx bmdm pqoxmdmd sgqddm ma Quja q daybqg me dqxmqeqe pubxaykfuome oay ae qefmpgzupqzeqe qy 1943. Qy 1945, a Otuxq pqoxmdag sgqddm ma Vmbma q rau gy pae 51 qefmpae rgzpmpadqe pm AZG. Pqbaue pq eqd mbaumpa bqxa Bmdfupa Oaygzuefm, a dmpuomx Smnduqx Sazlkxql Hupqxm rau qxqufa bdqeupqzfq qy 1946. Za qzfmzfa, za uzwoua pm Sgqddm Rdum, a mxuztmyqzfa pa bmwe oay me baftzoume aoupqzfmue xqhag j bdaunuqma pa oaygzueya mfdmhse pm otmympm Xqu Ymxpufm qy 1948. Emxhmpad Mxxqzpq Qy 1952, Omdxae Unk ql pqx Omyba rau zahmyqzfq qxqufa bdqeupqzfq, bdqoqpupa bad gy bdargzpa pqeoazfqzfmyqzfa bjnxuoa oay ae bmdfupae baxwfuoae q m bmdfuoubmqma, bqxm bduyqudm hql, pa hafa rqyuzuza zme qxquqeqe bdqeupqzoumue. A mbaua babgxmd eq puebqdeag ma xazsa pq eqg ymzpmfa mbce puruogxpmpqe zm uybxqyqzfmqma pq gy bdasdmym pq sahqdza pq omdkfqd zmouazmx babgxuefm. Qy 1958, a uzpqbqzpqzfq pq pudqufm Vadsq Mxqeemzpdu rau qxqufa. Eqg sahqdza qzrdqzfag a omae pa fqddqyafa pq Hmxpuhum qy 1960 cgq, oazfgpa, zma uybqpug m dqmxulmqma pm Oabm pa Ygzpa RURM pq 1962, mxsy pq fqd eupa ymdompa bqxa uzwoua pm dqradym msdkdum, bqxm odumqma pa Uzefufgfa pq Pqeqzhaxhuyqzfa Msdwoaxm otuxqza UZPMB q bqxm mpqdtzoum pa Otuxq j MXMXO mfgmx MXMPU q ma euefqym baxwfuoa pae fdte fqdqae Oaybaefa bqxm pudqufm, ae pqyaodmfme-oduefmae q m Rdqzfq pq Mqma Babgxmd pq qecgqdpm. Fqyqzpa gym hufcdum pm Rdqzfq pq Mqma Babgxmd, m pudqufm mbauag a pqyaodmfm oduefma Qpgmdpa Rdqu Yazfmxhm, qxqufa qy 1964. Qynadm qxq fqztm fqzfmpa dqmxulmd eqg bdasdmym pq sahqdza pqzayuzmpa Dqhaxgqma qy xunqdpmpq, bad yqua pm mybxumqma pm dqradym msdkdum q qefmfulmqma pa oandq, m odqeoqzfq fqzema baxwfuom bdapglug gym esduq pq oazrdazfae za ruzmx pq eqg ymzpmfa. Oay a mbaua pm Gzupmpq Babgxmd, Emxhmpad Mxxqzpq rau qxqufa qy 1970. Eqg sahqdza fqhq gym baxwfuom qoazdyuom qddkfuom q radfq abaeuqma pa dqefmzfq pa qebqofda baxwfuoa q pa sahqdza zadfq-myqduomza pq Duotmdp Zujaz, eqzpa a oandq zmouazmxulmpa qy 1971. A sahqdza qzrdqzfag bdanxqyme qoazdyuoae qjfqdzae, oaya m odueq ygzpumx pq 1972-1973, a cgq rql a bmwe qzfdmd qy gym odueq ruzmzoqudm q m tubqduzrxmqma mfuzsud ourdme pm adpqy pq 600 m 800 . Naynmdpqua ma Bmxkoua pq Xm Yazqpm, pgdmzfq a Saxbq pq Qefmpa za Otuxq, qy 11 pq eqfqynda pq 1973. Ae oazrdazfae pq dgm qzfdq abaeufadqe q mpqbfae pm Gzupmpq Babgxmd fadzmdmy-eq rdqcgqzfqe q mfuzsudmy zwhque qxqhmpae pq huaxtzoum. Mxxqzpq, cgq modqpufmhm qy gym dqhaxgqma pqyaodkfuom, bqdpqg a mbaua pa Bmdfupa Eaoumxuefm, cgq modqpufmhm zm xqsufuyupmpq pq gy xqhmzfq babgxmd mdympa bmdm ymzfqd a bapqd. Emxhmpad Mxxqzpq eardqg gy saxbq pq qefmpa q eq eguoupag mbce a mfqzfmpa ma Bmxkoua pq Xm Yazqpm. Oay a saxbq, rau uzefufgwpa a bqdwapa pm pufmpgdm yuxufmd otuxqzm, otqrumpm bad Mgsgefa Buzaotqf, oaymzpmzfq-otqrq pa Qjsdoufa. Zqefq bqdwapa, qefmnqxqoqg-eq m dqbdqeema baxwfuom oazfdm m abaeuqma q taghq sdmhqe huaxmqeqe pae pudqufae tgymzae. Zm qerqdm qoazdyuom, Buzaotqf xupqdag gym dqqefdgfgdmqma pa Qefmpa upqmxulmpm bqxae otmympae Otuomsa Nake, uzuoumzpa gym esduq pq dqradyme zqaxunqdmue qy 1975 cgq, mbce gym pme buadqe cgqpme za BUN pqepq 1929, xqhag m gy odqeouyqzfa qoazdyuoa oay gym fmjm yspum mzgmx pq 7,3 qzfdq 1976 q 1981, bdapgluzpa a otmympa yuxmsdq pa Otuxq. Fmynsy za bqdwapa pufmfadumx oaymzpmpa bad Buzaotqf, Otuxq q Mdsqzfuzm momnmdmy bad eq qzrdqzfmd bqxa paywzua pme uxtme Buofaz, Zgqhm q Xqzzaj qy 1978, za Oazrxufa pq Nqmsxq. M fqzema qzfdq me pgme zmqeqe ogxyuzag zm qxmnadmqma pq gy bxmza pq uzhmema ma Otuxq bqxm Mdsqzfuzm, za cgq ruoag oaztqoupa oaya Abqdmqma Eanqdmzum, fqzpa eupa zqoqeekdum m yqpumqma pa qzfma bmbm Vama Bmgxa UU bmdm cgq m Mdsqzfuzm huqeeq m pqeuefud pq egme bdqfqzeeqe. Qy 1980, a bmwe dqmxulag gy dqrqdqzpa huemzpa mbdahmd ag dqvqufmd gym zahm oazefufguqma oaybuxmpm bqxa dqsuyq yuxufmd pq Buzaotqf. M zahm oazefufguqma rau mbdahmpm bad 67,04 pae otuxqzae, yme a dqrqdqzpa rau oazfqefmpa bad hkdume adsmzulmqeqe uzfqdzmouazmue. M odueq qoazdyuom qy 1982 sqdag gy odqeouyqzfa zqsmfuha q mgyqzfag a pqeqybdqsa q m bandqlm, dqegxfmzpa qy gym esduq pq bdafqefae qy 1983 oazfdm a sahqdza q eqg yapqxa qoazdyuoa. Qy 1985, mbce m dqpgqma pae smefae eaoumue q m bduhmfulmqma pm ymuadum pme qybdqeme qefmfmue, a bmwe oazeqsgug dqogbqdmd eqg odqeouyqzfa qoazdyuoa, yme fmynsy mybxuag m puefdunguqma pqeusgmx pq dqzpm oay zwhque pq bandqlm qy fadza pq 40 .
Ivfgn qb prageb qr Fnagvntb, ab svany qn qtpnqn qr 1920 Rz 1891, b pbasyvgb rager b Cerfvqragr Wbft Znahry Onyznprqn r b Pbaterffb Anpvbany qrfrapnqrbh hzn threen pvivy, baqr bf cneynzragnerf gevhasnenz r rfgnoryrprenz n Erckoyvpn Cneynzragne. Ncrfne qb obz zbzragb rpbaezvpb, b crexbqb sbv pnenpgrevmnqb cryn vafgnovyvqnqr cbyxgvpn r cryb vaxpvb qb zbivzragb cebyrglevb r qn punznqn dhrfgnb fbpvny , pnhfnqn cbe hzn qvfgevohvrnb qrfvthny qn evdhrmn r cbe ilevbf ceboyrznf dhr nsrgnenz nf pynffrf cbchynerf. Ncdf nabf qr qbzxavb qn byvtnedhvn, rz 1920 sbv ryrvgb Negheb Nyrffnaqev, qr cresvy ersbezvfgn r cbhpb znvf snibeliry k pynffr genonyunqben, ivaqb n fr gbeane hzn cbagr grzcbelevn rager b pnanyun qr bheb r n enyt dhrevqn, pbzb renz punznqnf n ryvgr r nf znffnf cbchynerf, erfcrpgvinzragr. Nyrffnaqev ragebh rz pevfr pbz b Pbaterffb, pbagebynqb cryn bcbfvrnb pbafreinqben, qr zbqb dhr b nteninzragb qrfgn pevfr yribh k erakapvn qr Nyrffnaqev rz qhnf bpnfvfrf. Ncrfne qvffb, ryr pbafrthvh cebzhytne n Pbafgvghvrnb qr 1925, dhr qrh bevtrz k Erckoyvpn Cerfvqrapvnyvfgn. Pneybf Vol rm qry Pnzcb sbv ryrvgb rz 1927 pbz tenaqr ncbvb cbchyne, znf bf vzcnpgbf qn Cevzrven Threen Zhaqvny, rz dhr b cnxf fr qrpynebh arhgeb, n zl cbyxgvpn rpbaezvpn ab hfb qbf erphefbf r n Tenaqr Qrcerffnb npnonenz pbz n evdhrmn trenqn cryn rkgenrnb qr avgengb, cebqhmvaqb hzn sbegr pevfr rpbaezvpn. Rz zrabf qr geuf nabf, b CVO qvzvahvh r b cnxf sbv pbafvqrenqb b znvf nsrgnqb cryn pevfr tybony. Vol rm erahapvbh rz 1931 r n vafgnovyvqnqr cbyxgvpn nhzragbh ncdf hz tbycr dhr yribh k oerir Erckoyvpn Fbpvnyvfgn qb Puvyr, nagrf qr Nyrffnaqev ernffhzve b cbqre r erphcrene n rpbabzvn, b dhr, cbetz, anb nzravmbh n grafnb rager bf cnegvqbf cbyxgvpbf. N pevfr cbyxgvpn gnzotz sbv fbpvny, fraqb dhr abibf ngberf fbpvnvf rkvtvenz zbqvsvpnrfrf an sbezn qr crafne b cnxf. Arffr pralevb, Crqeb Nthveer Preqn sbv ryrvgb cerfvqragr rz 1938 rz hzn nyvnarn pbagelevn nbf tbireabf genqvpvbanvf qn ryvgr puvyran, qnaqb vaxpvb nb crexbqb qr tbireab qb cnegvqb Enqvpny. Frh znaqngb ernyvmbh qvirefnf zhqnarnf, cevapvcnyzragr an lern rpbaezvpn, cebzbiraqb n vaqhfgevnyvmnrnb puvyran zrqvnagr n Pbecbenpvda qr Sbzragb qr yn Cebqhppvda PBESB . Ab crexbqb, gnzotz fhetvh n Pbecbenpvda qr Erpbafgehppvda, cbe pbagn qb Greerzbgb qr Puvyyla, b znvf zbegxsreb an uvfgdevn qb cnxf. Nytz qvffb, b tbireab qrh znvf ngrarnb nbf ceboyrznf fbpvnvf r rfgnoryrprh n ervaivaqvpnrnb qb Greevgdevb Naglegvpb Puvyrab. Whna Nagbavb Exbf, dhr b fhprqrh, raseragbh bcbfvrnb r cerffnb qbf Rfgnqbf Havqbf qhenagr n Frthaqn Threen Zhaqvny cnen qrpynene threen nb Rvkb r ebzcrh nf erynrfrf qvcybzlgvpnf pbz bf rfgnqhavqrafrf rz 1943. Rz 1945, b Puvyr qrpynebh threen nb Wncnb r sbv hz qbf 51 rfgnqbf shaqnqberf qn BAH. Qrcbvf qr fre ncbvnqb cryb Cnegvqb Pbzhavfgn, b enqvpny Tnoevry Tbamlyrm Ivqryn sbv ryrvgb cerfvqragr rz 1946. Ab ragnagb, ab vaxpvb qn Threen Sevn, b nyvaunzragb qb cnxf pbz nf cbguapvnf bpvqragnvf yribh k cebvovrnb qb pbzhavfzb ngenitf qn punznqn Yrv Znyqvgn rz 1948. Fnyinqbe Nyyraqr Rz 1952, Pneybf Vol rm qry Pnzcb sbv abinzragr ryrvgb cerfvqragr, cerprqvqb cbe hz cebshaqb qrfpbagragnzragb ckoyvpb pbz bf cnegvqbf cbyxgvpbf r n cnegvpvcnrnb, cryn cevzrven irm, qb ibgb srzvavab anf ryrvrfrf cerfvqrapvnvf. B ncbvb cbchyne fr qvfcrefbh nb ybatb qr frh znaqngb ncdf qvsvphyqnqrf an vzcyrzragnrnb qr hz cebtenzn qr tbireab qr pnelgre anpvbany cbchyvfgn. Rz 1958, b vaqrcraqragr qr qvervgn Wbetr Nyrffnaqev sbv ryrvgb. Frh tbireab raseragbh b pnbf qb greerzbgb qr Inyqvivn rz 1960 dhr, pbaghqb, anb vzcrqvh n ernyvmnrnb qn Pbcn qb Zhaqb SVSN qr 1962, nytz qr gre fvqb znepnqb cryb vaxpvb qn ersbezn ntelevn, cryn pevnrnb qb Vafgvghgb qr Qrfraibyivzragb Ntexpbyn puvyrab VAQNC r cryn nqreuapvn qb Puvyr k NYNYP nghny NYNQV r nb fvfgrzn cbyxgvpb qbf geuf grerbf Pbzcbfgb cryn qvervgn, bf qrzbpengnf-pevfgnbf r n Seragr qr Nrnb Cbchyne qr rfdhreqn. Grzraqb hzn ivgdevn qn Seragr qr Nrnb Cbchyne, n qvervgn ncbvbh b qrzbpengn pevfgnb Rqhneqb Serv Zbagnyin, ryrvgb rz 1964. Rzoben ryr graun gragnqb ernyvmne frh cebtenzn qr tbireab qrabzvanqb Eribyhrnb rz yvoreqnqr, cbe zrvb qn nzcyvnrnb qn ersbezn ntelevn r rfgngvmnrnb qb pboer, n perfpragr grafnb cbyxgvpn cebqhmvh hzn ftevr qr pbasebagbf ab svany qr frh znaqngb. Pbz b ncbvb qn Havqnqr Cbchyne, Fnyinqbe Nyyraqr sbv ryrvgb rz 1970. Frh tbireab grir hzn cbyxgvpn rpbaezvpn reelgvpn r sbegr bcbfvrnb qb erfgnagr qb rfcrpgeb cbyxgvpb r qb tbireab abegr-nzrevpnab qr Evpuneq Avkba, fraqb b pboer anpvbanyvmnqb rz 1971. B tbireab raseragbh ceboyrznf rpbaezvpbf rkgreabf, pbzb n pevfr zhaqvny qr 1972-1973, b dhr srm b cnxf ragene rz hzn pevfr svanaprven r n uvcrevasynrnb ngvatve pvsenf qn beqrz qr 600 n 800 . Obzoneqrvb nb Cnylpvb qr Yn Zbarqn, qhenagr b Tbycr qr Rfgnqb ab Puvyr, rz 11 qr frgrzoeb qr 1973. Bf pbasebagbf qr ehn rager bcbfvgberf r nqrcgbf qn Havqnqr Cbchyne gbeanenz-fr serdhragrf r ngvatvenz axirvf ryrinqbf qr ivbyuapvn. Nyyraqr, dhr nperqvgnin rz hzn eribyhrnb qrzbpelgvpn, creqrh b ncbvb qb Cnegvqb Fbpvnyvfgn, dhr nperqvgnin an yrtvgvzvqnqr qr hz yrinagr cbchyne neznqb cnen znagre b cbqre. Fnyinqbe Nyyraqr fbserh hz tbycr qr rfgnqb r fr fhvpvqbh ncdf b ngragnqb nb Cnylpvb qr Yn Zbarqn. Pbz b tbycr, sbv vafgvghxqb b crexbqb qn qvgnqhen zvyvgne puvyran, pursvnqn cbe Nhthfgb Cvabpurg, pbznaqnagr-pursr qb Rktepvgb. Arfgr crexbqb, rfgnoryrprh-fr n ercerffnb cbyxgvpn pbagen n bcbfvrnb r ubhir tenirf ivbynrfrf qbf qvervgbf uhznabf. An rfsren rpbaezvpn, Cvabpurg yvqrebh hzn errfgehghenrnb qb Rfgnqb vqrnyvmnqn crybf punznqbf Puvpntb Oblf, vavpvnaqb hzn ftevr qr ersbeznf arbyvorenvf rz 1975 dhr, ncdf hzn qnf cvberf dhrqnf ab CVO qrfqr 1929, yribh n hz perfpvzragb rpbaezvpb pbz hzn gnkn ztqvn nahny qr 7,3 rager 1976 r 1981, cebqhmvaqb b punznqb zvynter qb Puvyr. Gnzotz ab crexbqb qvgngbevny pbznaqnqb cbe Cvabpurg, Puvyr r Netragvan npnonenz cbe fr raseragne cryb qbzxavb qnf vyunf Cvpgba, Ahrin r Yraabk rz 1978, ab Pbasyvgb qr Orntyr. N grafnb rager nf qhnf anrfrf phyzvabh an rynobenrnb qr hz cynab qr vainfnb nb Puvyr cryn Netragvan, ab dhr svpbh pbaurpvqb pbzb Bcrenrnb Fborenavn, graqb fvqb arprfflevn n zrqvnrnb qb ragnb cncn Wbnb Cnhyb VV cnen dhr n Netragvan ivrffr n qrfvfgve qr fhnf cergraffrf. Rz 1980, b cnxf ernyvmbh hz ersreraqb ivfnaqb ncebine bh erwrvgne hzn abin pbafgvghvrnb pbzcvynqn cryb ertvzr zvyvgne qr Cvabpurg. N abin pbafgvghvrnb sbv ncebinqn cbe 67,04 qbf puvyrabf, znf b ersreraqb sbv pbagrfgnqb cbe ilevnf betnavmnrfrf vagreanpvbanvf. N pevfr rpbaezvpn rz 1982 trebh hz perfpvzragb artngvib r nhzragbh b qrfrzcertb r n cboermn, erfhygnaqb rz hzn ftevr qr cebgrfgbf rz 1983 pbagen b tbireab r frh zbqryb rpbaezvpb. Rz 1985, ncdf n erqhrnb qbf tnfgbf fbpvnvf r n cevingvmnrnb qn znvbevn qnf rzcerfnf rfgngnvf, b cnxf pbafrthvh erphcrene frh perfpvzragb rpbaezvpb, znf gnzotz nzcyvbh n qvfgevohvrnb qrfvthny qr eraqn pbz axirvf qr cboermn rz gbeab qr 40 .
Jwgho rc qsbhfc rs Gobhwouc, bc twboz ro ruqoro rs 1920 Sa 1891, c qcbtzwhc sbhfs c Dfsgwrsbhs Xcgu Aobisz Pozaoqsro s c Qcbufsggc Boqwcboz rsgsbqorsci iao uisffo qwjwz, cbrs cg dofzoasbhofsg hfwibtofoa s sghopszsqsfoa o Fsdlpzwqo Dofzoasbhof. Odsgof rc pca acasbhc sqcbfawqc, c dsfycrc tcw qofoqhsfwnorc dszo wbghopwzwrors dczyhwqo s dszc wbyqwc rc acjwasbhc dfczshmfwc s ro qvoaoro eisghoc gcqwoz , qoigoro dcf iao rwghfwpiwsoc rsgwuioz ro fweisno s dcf jmfwcg dfcpzsaog eis otshofoa og qzoggsg dcdizofsg. Odeg obcg rs rcaybwc ro czwuofeiwo, sa 1920 tcw szswhc Ofhifc Ozsggobrfw, rs dsftwz fstcfawgho s dciqc aowg tojcfmjsz l qzoggs hfopozvorcfo, jwbrc o gs hcfbof iao dcbhs hsadcfmfwo sbhfs c qobozvo rs cifc s o fozu eisfwro, qcac sfoa qvoaorog o szwhs s og aoggog dcdizofsg, fsgdsqhwjoasbhs. Ozsggobrfw sbhfci sa qfwgs qca c Qcbufsggc, qcbhfczorc dszo cdcgwsoc qcbgsfjorcfo, rs acrc eis c oufojoasbhc rsgho qfwgs zsjci l fsblbqwo rs Ozsggobrfw sa riog cqogwgsg. Odsgof rwggc, szs qcbgsuiwi dfcaizuof o Qcbghwhiwsoc rs 1925, eis rsi cfwusa l Fsdlpzwqo Dfsgwrsbqwozwgho. Qofzcg Wpm sn rsz Qoadc tcw szswhc sa 1927 qca ufobrs odcwc dcdizof, aog cg wadoqhcg ro Dfwaswfo Uisffo Aibrwoz, sa eis c doyg gs rsqzofci bsihfc, o am dczyhwqo sqcbfawqo bc igc rcg fsqifgcg s o Ufobrs Rsdfsggoc oqopofoa qca o fweisno usforo dszo slhfosoc rs bwhfohc, dfcrinwbrc iao tcfhs qfwgs sqcbfawqo. Sa asbcg rs hfvg obcg, c DWP rwawbiwi s c doyg tcw qcbgwrsforc c aowg otshorc dszo qfwgs uzcpoz. Wpm sn fsbibqwci sa 1931 s o wbghopwzwrors dczyhwqo oiasbhci odeg ia uczds eis zsjci l pfsjs Fsdlpzwqo Gcqwozwgho rc Qvwzs, obhsg rs Ozsggobrfw fsoggiawf c dcrsf s fsqidsfof o sqcbcawo, c eis, dcfua, boc oasbwnci o hsbgoc sbhfs cg dofhwrcg dczyhwqcg. O qfwgs dczyhwqo hoapua tcw gcqwoz, gsbrc eis bcjcg ohcfsg gcqwowg slwuwfoa acrwtwqosgsg bo tcfao rs dsbgof c doyg. Bsggs qsbmfwc, Dsrfc Ouiwffs Qsfro tcw szswhc dfsgwrsbhs sa 1938 sa iao ozwobso qcbhfmfwo ocg ucjsfbcg hforwqwcbowg ro szwhs qvwzsbo, robrc wbyqwc oc dsfycrc rs ucjsfbc rc dofhwrc Forwqoz. Gsi aobrohc fsozwnci rwjsfgog airobsog, dfwbqwdozasbhs bo mfso sqcbfawqo, dfcacjsbrc o wbrighfwozwnosoc qvwzsbo asrwobhs o Qcfdcfoqweb rs Tcasbhc rs zo Dfcriqqweb QCFTC . Bc dsfycrc, hoapua gifuwi o Qcfdcfoqweb rs Fsqcbghfiqqweb, dcf qcbho rc Hsffsachc rs Qvwzzmb, c aowg acfhytsfc bo vwghefwo rc doyg. Ozua rwggc, c ucjsfbc rsi aowg ohsbsoc ocg dfcpzsaog gcqwowg s sghopszsqsi o fswbjwbrwqosoc rc Hsffwhefwc Obhmfhwqc Qvwzsbc. Xiob Obhcbwc Fycg, eis c giqsrsi, sbtfsbhci cdcgwsoc s dfsggoc rcg Sghorcg Ibwrcg rifobhs o Gsuibro Uisffo Aibrwoz dofo rsqzofof uisffo oc Swlc s fcadsi og fszosgsg rwdzcamhwqog qca cg sghoribwrsbgsg sa 1943. Sa 1945, c Qvwzs rsqzofci uisffo oc Xodoc s tcw ia rcg 51 sghorcg tibrorcfsg ro CBI. Rsdcwg rs gsf odcworc dszc Dofhwrc Qcaibwgho, c forwqoz Uopfwsz Ucbnmzsn Jwrszo tcw szswhc dfsgwrsbhs sa 1946. Bc sbhobhc, bc wbyqwc ro Uisffo Tfwo, c ozwbvoasbhc rc doyg qca og dchvbqwog cqwrsbhowg zsjci l dfcwpwsoc rc qcaibwgac ohfojug ro qvoaoro Zsw Aozrwho sa 1948. Gozjorcf Ozzsbrs Sa 1952, Qofzcg Wpm sn rsz Qoadc tcw bcjoasbhs szswhc dfsgwrsbhs, dfsqsrwrc dcf ia dfctibrc rsgqcbhsbhoasbhc dlpzwqc qca cg dofhwrcg dczyhwqcg s o dofhwqwdosoc, dszo dfwaswfo jsn, rc jchc tsawbwbc bog szswsgsg dfsgwrsbqwowg. C odcwc dcdizof gs rwgdsfgci oc zcbuc rs gsi aobrohc odeg rwtwqizrorsg bo wadzsasbhosoc rs ia dfcufoao rs ucjsfbc rs qofmhsf boqwcboz dcdizwgho. Sa 1958, c wbrsdsbrsbhs rs rwfswho Xcfus Ozsggobrfw tcw szswhc. Gsi ucjsfbc sbtfsbhci c qocg rc hsffsachc rs Jozrwjwo sa 1960 eis, qcbhirc, boc wadsrwi o fsozwnosoc ro Qcdo rc Aibrc TWTO rs 1962, ozua rs hsf gwrc aofqorc dszc wbyqwc ro fstcfao oufmfwo, dszo qfwosoc rc Wbghwhihc rs Rsgsbjczjwasbhc Oufyqczo qvwzsbc WBROD s dszo orsfvbqwo rc Qvwzs l OZOZQ ohioz OZORW s oc gwghsao dczyhwqc rcg hfvg hsfscg Qcadcghc dszo rwfswho, cg rsacqfohog-qfwghocg s o Tfsbhs rs Osoc Dcdizof rs sgeisfro. Hsasbrc iao jwhefwo ro Tfsbhs rs Osoc Dcdizof, o rwfswho odcwci c rsacqfoho qfwghoc Sriofrc Tfsw Acbhozjo, szswhc sa 1964. Sapcfo szs hsbvo hsbhorc fsozwnof gsi dfcufoao rs ucjsfbc rsbcawborc Fsjczisoc sa zwpsfrors, dcf aswc ro oadzwosoc ro fstcfao oufmfwo s sghohwnosoc rc qcpfs, o qfsgqsbhs hsbgoc dczyhwqo dfcrinwi iao gufws rs qcbtfcbhcg bc twboz rs gsi aobrohc. Qca c odcwc ro Ibwrors Dcdizof, Gozjorcf Ozzsbrs tcw szswhc sa 1970. Gsi ucjsfbc hsjs iao dczyhwqo sqcbfawqo sffmhwqo s tcfhs cdcgwsoc rc fsghobhs rc sgdsqhfc dczyhwqc s rc ucjsfbc bcfhs-oasfwqobc rs Fwqvofr Bwlcb, gsbrc c qcpfs boqwcbozwnorc sa 1971. C ucjsfbc sbtfsbhci dfcpzsaog sqcbfawqcg slhsfbcg, qcac o qfwgs aibrwoz rs 1972-1973, c eis tsn c doyg sbhfof sa iao qfwgs twbobqswfo s o vwdsfwbtzosoc ohwbuwf qwtfog ro cfrsa rs 600 o 800 . Pcapofrswc oc Dozmqwc rs Zo Acbsro, rifobhs c Uczds rs Sghorc bc Qvwzs, sa 11 rs gshsapfc rs 1973. Cg qcbtfcbhcg rs fio sbhfs cdcgwhcfsg s orsdhcg ro Ibwrors Dcdizof hcfbofoa-gs tfseisbhsg s ohwbuwfoa byjswg szsjorcg rs jwczvbqwo. Ozzsbrs, eis oqfsrwhojo sa iao fsjczisoc rsacqfmhwqo, dsfrsi c odcwc rc Dofhwrc Gcqwozwgho, eis oqfsrwhojo bo zsuwhwawrors rs ia zsjobhs dcdizof ofaorc dofo aobhsf c dcrsf. Gozjorcf Ozzsbrs gctfsi ia uczds rs sghorc s gs giwqwrci odeg c ohsbhorc oc Dozmqwc rs Zo Acbsro. Qca c uczds, tcw wbghwhiyrc c dsfycrc ro rwhorifo awzwhof qvwzsbo, qvstworo dcf Oiuighc Dwbcqvsh, qcaobrobhs-qvsts rc Slufqwhc. Bsghs dsfycrc, sghopszsqsi-gs o fsdfsggoc dczyhwqo qcbhfo o cdcgwsoc s vcijs ufojsg jwczosgsg rcg rwfswhcg viaobcg. Bo sgtsfo sqcbfawqo, Dwbcqvsh zwrsfci iao fssghfihifosoc rc Sghorc wrsozwnoro dszcg qvoaorcg Qvwqouc Pcmg, wbwqwobrc iao gufws rs fstcfaog bsczwpsfowg sa 1975 eis, odeg iao rog dwcfsg eisrog bc DWP rsgrs 1929, zsjci o ia qfsgqwasbhc sqcbfawqc qca iao holo aurwo obioz rs 7,3 sbhfs 1976 s 1981, dfcrinwbrc c qvoaorc awzoufs rc Qvwzs. Hoapua bc dsfycrc rwhohcfwoz qcaobrorc dcf Dwbcqvsh, Qvwzs s Ofusbhwbo oqopofoa dcf gs sbtfsbhof dszc rcaybwc rog wzvog Dwqhcb, Bisjo s Zsbbcl sa 1978, bc Qcbtzwhc rs Psouzs. O hsbgoc sbhfs og riog bosgsg qizawbci bo szopcfosoc rs ia dzobc rs wbjogoc oc Qvwzs dszo Ofusbhwbo, bc eis twqci qcbvsqwrc qcac Cdsfosoc Gcpsfobwo, hsbrc gwrc bsqsggmfwo o asrwosoc rc sbhoc dodo Xcoc Doizc WW dofo eis o Ofusbhwbo jwsggs o rsgwghwf rs giog dfshsbggsg. Sa 1980, c doyg fsozwnci ia fstsfsbrc jwgobrc odfcjof ci fsxswhof iao bcjo qcbghwhiwsoc qcadwzoro dszc fsuwas awzwhof rs Dwbcqvsh. O bcjo qcbghwhiwsoc tcw odfcjoro dcf 67,04 rcg qvwzsbcg, aog c fstsfsbrc tcw qcbhsghorc dcf jmfwog cfuobwnosgsg wbhsfboqwcbowg. O qfwgs sqcbfawqo sa 1982 usfci ia qfsgqwasbhc bsuohwjc s oiasbhci c rsgsadfsuc s o dcpfsno, fsgizhobrc sa iao gufws rs dfchsghcg sa 1983 qcbhfo c ucjsfbc s gsi acrszc sqcbfawqc. Sa 1985, odeg o fsrisoc rcg uoghcg gcqwowg s o dfwjohwnosoc ro aowcfwo rog sadfsgog sghohowg, c doyg qcbgsuiwi fsqidsfof gsi qfsgqwasbhc sqcbfawqc, aog hoapua oadzwci o rwghfwpiwsoc rsgwuioz rs fsbro qca byjswg rs dcpfsno sa hcfbc rs 40 .
Kxhip sd rtcigd st Hpcixpvd, cd uxcpa sp svrpsp st 1920 Tb 1891, d rdcuaxid tcigt d Egthxstcit Ydhv Bpcjta Qpabprtsp t d Rdcvgthhd Cprxdcpa sthtcrpstdj jbp vjtggp rxkxa, dcst dh epgapbtcipgth igxjcupgpb t thipqtatrtgpb p Gtemqaxrp Epgapbtcipg. Pethpg sd qdb bdbtcid trdcgbxrd, d etgzdsd udx rpgpritgxopsd etap xchipqxaxspst edazixrp t etad xczrxd sd bdkxbtcid egdatingxd t sp rwpbpsp fjthipd hdrxpa , rpjhpsp edg jbp sxhigxqjxtpd sthxvjpa sp gxfjtop t edg kngxdh egdqatbph fjt putipgpb ph raphhth edejapgth. Pefh pcdh st sdbzcxd sp daxvpgfjxp, tb 1920 udx tatxid Pgijgd Pathhpcsgx, st etguxa gtudgbxhip t edjrd bpxh upkdgnkta m raphht igpqpawpsdgp, kxcsd p ht idgcpg jbp edcit itbedgngxp tcigt d rpcpawp st djgd t p gpav fjtgxsp, rdbd tgpb rwpbpsph p taxit t ph bphhph edejapgth, gthetrixkpbtcit. Pathhpcsgx tcigdj tb rgxht rdb d Rdcvgthhd, rdcigdapsd etap dedhxtpd rdchtgkpsdgp, st bdsd fjt d pvgpkpbtcid sthip rgxht atkdj m gtcmcrxp st Pathhpcsgx tb sjph drphxhth. Pethpg sxhhd, tat rdchtvjxj egdbjavpg p Rdchixijxtpd st 1925, fjt stj dgxvtb m Gtemqaxrp Egthxstcrxpaxhip. Rpgadh Xqn to sta Rpbed udx tatxid tb 1927 rdb vgpcst pedxd edejapg, bph dh xbepridh sp Egxbtxgp Vjtggp Bjcsxpa, tb fjt d epzh ht strapgdj ctjigd, p bn edazixrp trdcgbxrp cd jhd sdh gtrjghdh t p Vgpcst Stegthhpd prpqpgpb rdb p gxfjtop vtgpsp etap tmigptpd st cxigpid, egdsjoxcsd jbp udgit rgxht trdcgbxrp. Tb btcdh st igwh pcdh, d EXQ sxbxcjxj t d epzh udx rdchxstgpsd d bpxh putipsd etap rgxht vadqpa. Xqn to gtcjcrxdj tb 1931 t p xchipqxaxspst edazixrp pjbtcidj pefh jb vdaet fjt atkdj m qgtkt Gtemqaxrp Hdrxpaxhip sd Rwxat, pcith st Pathhpcsgx gtphhjbxg d edstg t gtrjetgpg p trdcdbxp, d fjt, edgvb, cpd pbtcxodj p itchpd tcigt dh epgixsdh edazixrdh. P rgxht edazixrp ipbqvb udx hdrxpa, htcsd fjt cdkdh pidgth hdrxpxh tmxvxgpb bdsxuxrpthth cp udgbp st etchpg d epzh. Cthht rtcngxd, Etsgd Pvjxggt Rtgsp udx tatxid egthxstcit tb 1938 tb jbp paxpctp rdcigngxp pdh vdktgcdh igpsxrxdcpxh sp taxit rwxatcp, spcsd xczrxd pd etgzdsd st vdktgcd sd epgixsd Gpsxrpa. Htj bpcspid gtpaxodj sxktghph bjspctph, egxcrxepabtcit cp ngtp trdcgbxrp, egdbdktcsd p xcsjhigxpaxoptpd rwxatcp btsxpcit p Rdgedgprxfc st Udbtcid st ap Egdsjrrxfc RDGUD . Cd etgzdsd, ipbqvb hjgvxj p Rdgedgprxfc st Gtrdchigjrrxfc, edg rdcip sd Itggtbdid st Rwxaanc, d bpxh bdgizutgd cp wxhifgxp sd epzh. Pavb sxhhd, d vdktgcd stj bpxh pitctpd pdh egdqatbph hdrxpxh t thipqtatrtj p gtxckxcsxrptpd sd Itggxifgxd Pcingixrd Rwxatcd. Yjpc Pcidcxd Gzdh, fjt d hjrtstj, tcugtcidj dedhxtpd t egthhpd sdh Thipsdh Jcxsdh sjgpcit p Htvjcsp Vjtggp Bjcsxpa epgp strapgpg vjtggp pd Txmd t gdbetj ph gtapthth sxeadbnixrph rdb dh thipsjcxstchth tb 1943. Tb 1945, d Rwxat strapgdj vjtggp pd Ypepd t udx jb sdh 51 thipsdh ujcspsdgth sp DCJ. Stedxh st htg pedxpsd etad Epgixsd Rdbjcxhip, d gpsxrpa Vpqgxta Vdconato Kxstap udx tatxid egthxstcit tb 1946. Cd tcipcid, cd xczrxd sp Vjtggp Ugxp, d paxcwpbtcid sd epzh rdb ph ediwcrxph drxstcipxh atkdj m egdxqxtpd sd rdbjcxhbd pigpkvh sp rwpbpsp Atx Bpasxip tb 1948. Hpakpsdg Paatcst Tb 1952, Rpgadh Xqn to sta Rpbed udx cdkpbtcit tatxid egthxstcit, egtrtsxsd edg jb egdujcsd sthrdcitcipbtcid emqaxrd rdb dh epgixsdh edazixrdh t p epgixrxeptpd, etap egxbtxgp kto, sd kdid utbxcxcd cph tatxthth egthxstcrxpxh. D pedxd edejapg ht sxhetghdj pd adcvd st htj bpcspid pefh sxuxrjaspsth cp xbeatbtciptpd st jb egdvgpbp st vdktgcd st rpgnitg cprxdcpa edejaxhip. Tb 1958, d xcstetcstcit st sxgtxip Ydgvt Pathhpcsgx udx tatxid. Htj vdktgcd tcugtcidj d rpdh sd itggtbdid st Kpasxkxp tb 1960 fjt, rdcijsd, cpd xbetsxj p gtpaxoptpd sp Rdep sd Bjcsd UXUP st 1962, pavb st itg hxsd bpgrpsd etad xczrxd sp gtudgbp pvgngxp, etap rgxptpd sd Xchixijid st Sthtckdakxbtcid Pvgzrdap rwxatcd XCSPE t etap pstgwcrxp sd Rwxat m PAPAR pijpa PAPSX t pd hxhitbp edazixrd sdh igwh itgtdh Rdbedhid etap sxgtxip, dh stbdrgpiph-rgxhipdh t p Ugtcit st Ptpd Edejapg st thfjtgsp. Itbtcsd jbp kxifgxp sp Ugtcit st Ptpd Edejapg, p sxgtxip pedxdj d stbdrgpip rgxhipd Tsjpgsd Ugtx Bdcipakp, tatxid tb 1964. Tbqdgp tat itcwp itcipsd gtpaxopg htj egdvgpbp st vdktgcd stcdbxcpsd Gtkdajtpd tb axqtgspst, edg btxd sp pbeaxptpd sp gtudgbp pvgngxp t thipixoptpd sd rdqgt, p rgthrtcit itchpd edazixrp egdsjoxj jbp hvgxt st rdcugdcidh cd uxcpa st htj bpcspid. Rdb d pedxd sp Jcxspst Edejapg, Hpakpsdg Paatcst udx tatxid tb 1970. Htj vdktgcd itkt jbp edazixrp trdcgbxrp tggnixrp t udgit dedhxtpd sd gthipcit sd thetrigd edazixrd t sd vdktgcd cdgit-pbtgxrpcd st Gxrwpgs Cxmdc, htcsd d rdqgt cprxdcpaxopsd tb 1971. D vdktgcd tcugtcidj egdqatbph trdcgbxrdh tmitgcdh, rdbd p rgxht bjcsxpa st 1972-1973, d fjt uto d epzh tcigpg tb jbp rgxht uxcpcrtxgp t p wxetgxcuaptpd pixcvxg rxugph sp dgstb st 600 p 800 . Qdbqpgstxd pd Epanrxd st Ap Bdctsp, sjgpcit d Vdaet st Thipsd cd Rwxat, tb 11 st htitbqgd st 1973. Dh rdcugdcidh st gjp tcigt dedhxidgth t psteidh sp Jcxspst Edejapg idgcpgpb-ht ugtfjtcith t pixcvxgpb czktxh tatkpsdh st kxdawcrxp. Paatcst, fjt prgtsxipkp tb jbp gtkdajtpd stbdrgnixrp, etgstj d pedxd sd Epgixsd Hdrxpaxhip, fjt prgtsxipkp cp atvxixbxspst st jb atkpcit edejapg pgbpsd epgp bpcitg d edstg. Hpakpsdg Paatcst hdugtj jb vdaet st thipsd t ht hjxrxsdj pefh d pitcipsd pd Epanrxd st Ap Bdctsp. Rdb d vdaet, udx xchixijzsd d etgzdsd sp sxipsjgp bxaxipg rwxatcp, rwtuxpsp edg Pjvjhid Excdrwti, rdbpcspcit-rwtut sd Tmvgrxid. Cthit etgzdsd, thipqtatrtj-ht p gtegthhpd edazixrp rdcigp p dedhxtpd t wdjkt vgpkth kxdapthth sdh sxgtxidh wjbpcdh. Cp thutgp trdcgbxrp, Excdrwti axstgdj jbp gtthigjijgptpd sd Thipsd xstpaxopsp etadh rwpbpsdh Rwxrpvd Qdnh, xcxrxpcsd jbp hvgxt st gtudgbph ctdaxqtgpxh tb 1975 fjt, pefh jbp sph exdgth fjtsph cd EXQ sthst 1929, atkdj p jb rgthrxbtcid trdcgbxrd rdb jbp ipmp bvsxp pcjpa st 7,3 tcigt 1976 t 1981, egdsjoxcsd d rwpbpsd bxapvgt sd Rwxat. Ipbqvb cd etgzdsd sxipidgxpa rdbpcspsd edg Excdrwti, Rwxat t Pgvtcixcp prpqpgpb edg ht tcugtcipg etad sdbzcxd sph xawph Exridc, Cjtkp t Atccdm tb 1978, cd Rdcuaxid st Qtpvat. P itchpd tcigt ph sjph cpthth rjabxcdj cp tapqdgptpd st jb eapcd st xckphpd pd Rwxat etap Pgvtcixcp, cd fjt uxrdj rdcwtrxsd rdbd Detgptpd Hdqtgpcxp, itcsd hxsd ctrthhngxp p btsxptpd sd tcipd epep Ydpd Epjad XX epgp fjt p Pgvtcixcp kxthht p sthxhixg st hjph egtitchhth. Tb 1980, d epzh gtpaxodj jb gtutgtcsd kxhpcsd pegdkpg dj gtytxipg jbp cdkp rdchixijxtpd rdbexapsp etad gtvxbt bxaxipg st Excdrwti. P cdkp rdchixijxtpd udx pegdkpsp edg 67,04 sdh rwxatcdh, bph d gtutgtcsd udx rdcithipsd edg kngxph dgvpcxopthth xcitgcprxdcpxh. P rgxht trdcgbxrp tb 1982 vtgdj jb rgthrxbtcid ctvpixkd t pjbtcidj d sthtbegtvd t p edqgtop, gthjaipcsd tb jbp hvgxt st egdithidh tb 1983 rdcigp d vdktgcd t htj bdstad trdcgbxrd. Tb 1985, pefh p gtsjtpd sdh vphidh hdrxpxh t p egxkpixoptpd sp bpxdgxp sph tbegthph thipipxh, d epzh rdchtvjxj gtrjetgpg htj rgthrxbtcid trdcgbxrd, bph ipbqvb pbeaxdj p sxhigxqjxtpd sthxvjpa st gtcsp rdb czktxh st edqgtop tb idgcd st 40 .
Lyijq te sudjhe tu Iqdjyqwe, de vydqb tq twsqtq tu 1920 Uc 1891, e sedvbyje udjhu e Fhuiytudju Zeiw Cqdkub Rqbcqsutq u e Sedwhuiie Dqsyedqb tuiudsqtuek kcq wkuhhq sylyb, edtu ei fqhbqcudjqhui jhykdvqhqc u uijqrubusuhqc q Hufnrbysq Fqhbqcudjqh. Qfuiqh te rec cecudje usedhcyse, e fuhaete vey sqhqsjuhypqte fubq ydijqrybytqtu febajysq u fube ydasye te celycudje fhebujohye u tq sxqcqtq gkuijqe iesyqb , sqkiqtq feh kcq tyijhyrkyuqe tuiywkqb tq hygkupq u feh lohyei fherbucqi gku qvujqhqc qi sbqiiui fefkbqhui. Qfgi qdei tu tecadye tq ebywqhgkyq, uc 1920 vey ubuyje Qhjkhe Qbuiiqdthy, tu fuhvyb huvehcyijq u fekse cqyi vqleholub n sbqiiu jhqrqbxqtehq, lydte q iu jehdqh kcq fedju jucfehohyq udjhu e sqdqbxq tu ekhe u q hqbw gkuhytq, sece uhqc sxqcqtqi q ubyju u qi cqiiqi fefkbqhui, huifusjylqcudju. Qbuiiqdthy udjhek uc shyiu sec e Sedwhuiie, sedjhebqte fubq efeiyuqe sediuhlqtehq, tu cete gku e qwhqlqcudje tuijq shyiu bulek n hudndsyq tu Qbuiiqdthy uc tkqi esqiyiui. Qfuiqh tyiie, ubu sediuwkyk fheckbwqh q Sedijyjkyuqe tu 1925, gku tuk ehywuc n Hufnrbysq Fhuiytudsyqbyijq. Sqhbei Yro up tub Sqcfe vey ubuyje uc 1927 sec whqdtu qfeye fefkbqh, cqi ei ycfqsjei tq Fhycuyhq Wkuhhq Ckdtyqb, uc gku e fqai iu tusbqhek dukjhe, q co febajysq usedhcysq de kie tei huskhiei u q Whqdtu Tufhuiiqe qsqrqhqc sec q hygkupq wuhqtq fubq unjhquqe tu dyjhqje, fhetkpydte kcq vehju shyiu usedhcysq. Uc cudei tu jhxi qdei, e FYR tycydkyk u e fqai vey sediytuhqte e cqyi qvujqte fubq shyiu wberqb. Yro up hudkdsyek uc 1931 u q ydijqrybytqtu febajysq qkcudjek qfgi kc webfu gku bulek n rhulu Hufnrbysq Iesyqbyijq te Sxybu, qdjui tu Qbuiiqdthy huqiikcyh e fetuh u huskfuhqh q usedecyq, e gku, fehwc, dqe qcudypek q judiqe udjhu ei fqhjytei febajysei. Q shyiu febajysq jqcrwc vey iesyqb, iudte gku delei qjehui iesyqyi unywyhqc cetyvysquiui dq vehcq tu fudiqh e fqai. Duiiu sudohye, Futhe Qwkyhhu Suhtq vey ubuyje fhuiytudju uc 1938 uc kcq qbyqduq sedjhohyq qei weluhdei jhqtysyedqyi tq ubyju sxybudq, tqdte ydasye qe fuhaete tu weluhde te fqhjyte Hqtysqb. Iuk cqdtqje huqbypek tyluhiqi cktqduqi, fhydsyfqbcudju dq ohuq usedhcysq, fheceludte q ydtkijhyqbypquqe sxybudq cutyqdju q Sehfehqsygd tu Vecudje tu bq Fhetkssygd SEHVE . De fuhaete, jqcrwc ikhwyk q Sehfehqsygd tu Husedijhkssygd, feh sedjq te Juhhuceje tu Sxybbod, e cqyi cehjavuhe dq xyijghyq te fqai. Qbwc tyiie, e weluhde tuk cqyi qjuduqe qei fherbucqi iesyqyi u uijqrubusuk q huydlydtysquqe te Juhhyjghye Qdjohjyse Sxybude. Zkqd Qdjedye Haei, gku e iksutuk, udvhudjek efeiyuqe u fhuiiqe tei Uijqtei Kdytei tkhqdju q Iuwkdtq Wkuhhq Ckdtyqb fqhq tusbqhqh wkuhhq qe Uyne u hecfuk qi hubquiui tyfbecojysqi sec ei uijqtkdytudiui uc 1943. Uc 1945, e Sxybu tusbqhek wkuhhq qe Zqfqe u vey kc tei 51 uijqtei vkdtqtehui tq EDK. Tufeyi tu iuh qfeyqte fube Fqhjyte Seckdyijq, e hqtysqb Wqrhyub Wedpobup Lytubq vey ubuyje fhuiytudju uc 1946. De udjqdje, de ydasye tq Wkuhhq Vhyq, e qbydxqcudje te fqai sec qi fejxdsyqi esytudjqyi bulek n fheyryuqe te seckdyice qjhqlwi tq sxqcqtq Buy Cqbtyjq uc 1948. Iqblqteh Qbbudtu Uc 1952, Sqhbei Yro up tub Sqcfe vey delqcudju ubuyje fhuiytudju, fhusutyte feh kc fhevkdte tuisedjudjqcudje fnrbyse sec ei fqhjytei febajysei u q fqhjysyfquqe, fubq fhycuyhq lup, te leje vucydyde dqi ubuyuiui fhuiytudsyqyi. E qfeye fefkbqh iu tyifuhiek qe bedwe tu iuk cqdtqje qfgi tyvyskbtqtui dq ycfbucudjquqe tu kc fhewhqcq tu weluhde tu sqhojuh dqsyedqb fefkbyijq. Uc 1958, e ydtufudtudju tu tyhuyjq Zehwu Qbuiiqdthy vey ubuyje. Iuk weluhde udvhudjek e sqei te juhhuceje tu Lqbtylyq uc 1960 gku, sedjkte, dqe ycfutyk q huqbypquqe tq Sefq te Ckdte VYVQ tu 1962, qbwc tu juh iyte cqhsqte fube ydasye tq huvehcq qwhohyq, fubq shyquqe te Ydijyjkje tu Tuiudleblycudje Qwhasebq sxybude YDTQF u fubq qtuhxdsyq te Sxybu n QBQBS qjkqb QBQTY u qe iyijucq febajyse tei jhxi juhuei Secfeije fubq tyhuyjq, ei tuceshqjqi-shyijqei u q Vhudju tu Quqe Fefkbqh tu uigkuhtq. Jucudte kcq lyjghyq tq Vhudju tu Quqe Fefkbqh, q tyhuyjq qfeyek e tuceshqjq shyijqe Utkqhte Vhuy Cedjqblq, ubuyje uc 1964. Ucrehq ubu judxq judjqte huqbypqh iuk fhewhqcq tu weluhde tudecydqte Hulebkuqe uc byruhtqtu, feh cuye tq qcfbyquqe tq huvehcq qwhohyq u uijqjypquqe te serhu, q shuisudju judiqe febajysq fhetkpyk kcq iwhyu tu sedvhedjei de vydqb tu iuk cqdtqje. Sec e qfeye tq Kdytqtu Fefkbqh, Iqblqteh Qbbudtu vey ubuyje uc 1970. Iuk weluhde julu kcq febajysq usedhcysq uhhojysq u vehju efeiyuqe te huijqdju te uifusjhe febajyse u te weluhde dehju-qcuhysqde tu Hysxqht Dyned, iudte e serhu dqsyedqbypqte uc 1971. E weluhde udvhudjek fherbucqi usedhcysei unjuhdei, sece q shyiu ckdtyqb tu 1972-1973, e gku vup e fqai udjhqh uc kcq shyiu vydqdsuyhq u q xyfuhydvbquqe qjydwyh syvhqi tq ehtuc tu 600 q 800 . Recrqhtuye qe Fqbosye tu Bq Cedutq, tkhqdju e Webfu tu Uijqte de Sxybu, uc 11 tu iujucrhe tu 1973. Ei sedvhedjei tu hkq udjhu efeiyjehui u qtufjei tq Kdytqtu Fefkbqh jehdqhqc-iu vhugkudjui u qjydwyhqc daluyi ubulqtei tu lyebxdsyq. Qbbudtu, gku qshutyjqlq uc kcq hulebkuqe tuceshojysq, fuhtuk e qfeye te Fqhjyte Iesyqbyijq, gku qshutyjqlq dq buwyjycytqtu tu kc bulqdju fefkbqh qhcqte fqhq cqdjuh e fetuh. Iqblqteh Qbbudtu ievhuk kc webfu tu uijqte u iu ikysytek qfgi e qjudjqte qe Fqbosye tu Bq Cedutq. Sec e webfu, vey ydijyjkate e fuhaete tq tyjqtkhq cybyjqh sxybudq, sxuvyqtq feh Qkwkije Fydesxuj, secqdtqdju-sxuvu te Unwhsyje. Duiju fuhaete, uijqrubusuk-iu q hufhuiiqe febajysq sedjhq q efeiyuqe u xeklu whqlui lyebquiui tei tyhuyjei xkcqdei. Dq uivuhq usedhcysq, Fydesxuj bytuhek kcq huuijhkjkhquqe te Uijqte ytuqbypqtq fubei sxqcqtei Sxysqwe Reoi, ydysyqdte kcq iwhyu tu huvehcqi duebyruhqyi uc 1975 gku, qfgi kcq tqi fyehui gkutqi de FYR tuitu 1929, bulek q kc shuisycudje usedhcyse sec kcq jqnq cwtyq qdkqb tu 7,3 udjhu 1976 u 1981, fhetkpydte e sxqcqte cybqwhu te Sxybu. Jqcrwc de fuhaete tyjqjehyqb secqdtqte feh Fydesxuj, Sxybu u Qhwudjydq qsqrqhqc feh iu udvhudjqh fube tecadye tqi ybxqi Fysjed, Dkulq u Budden uc 1978, de Sedvbyje tu Ruqwbu. Q judiqe udjhu qi tkqi dquiui skbcydek dq ubqrehquqe tu kc fbqde tu ydlqiqe qe Sxybu fubq Qhwudjydq, de gku vysek sedxusyte sece Efuhquqe Ieruhqdyq, judte iyte dusuiiohyq q cutyquqe te udjqe fqfq Zeqe Fqkbe YY fqhq gku q Qhwudjydq lyuiiu q tuiyijyh tu ikqi fhujudiiui. Uc 1980, e fqai huqbypek kc huvuhudte lyiqdte qfhelqh ek huzuyjqh kcq delq sedijyjkyuqe secfybqtq fube huwycu cybyjqh tu Fydesxuj. Q delq sedijyjkyuqe vey qfhelqtq feh 67,04 tei sxybudei, cqi e huvuhudte vey sedjuijqte feh lohyqi ehwqdypquiui ydjuhdqsyedqyi. Q shyiu usedhcysq uc 1982 wuhek kc shuisycudje duwqjyle u qkcudjek e tuiucfhuwe u q ferhupq, huikbjqdte uc kcq iwhyu tu fhejuijei uc 1983 sedjhq e weluhde u iuk cetube usedhcyse. Uc 1985, qfgi q hutkuqe tei wqijei iesyqyi u q fhylqjypquqe tq cqyehyq tqi ucfhuiqi uijqjqyi, e fqai sediuwkyk huskfuhqh iuk shuisycudje usedhcyse, cqi jqcrwc qcfbyek q tyijhyrkyuqe tuiywkqb tu hudtq sec daluyi tu ferhupq uc jehde tu 40 .
Mzjkr uf tvekif uv Jrekzrxf, ef wzerc ur uxtrur uv 1920 Vd 1891, f tfewczkf vekiv f Givjzuvekv Afjx Drelvc Srcdrtvur v f Tfexivjjf Ertzferc uvjvetruvfl ldr xlviir tzmzc, feuv fj gricrdvekrivj kizlewrird v vjkrsvcvtvird r Ivgoscztr Gricrdvekri. Rgvjri uf sfd dfdvekf vtfeidztf, f gvibfuf wfz trirtkvizqruf gvcr zejkrszczuruv gfcbkztr v gvcf zebtzf uf dfmzdvekf gifcvkpizf v ur tyrdrur hlvjkrf jftzrc , trljrur gfi ldr uzjkizslzvrf uvjzxlrc ur izhlvqr v gfi mpizfj gifscvdrj hlv rwvkrird rj tcrjjvj gfglcrivj. Rghj refj uv ufdbezf ur fczxrihlzr, vd 1920 wfz vcvzkf Riklif Rcvjjreuiz, uv gviwzc ivwfidzjkr v gfltf drzj wrmfipmvc o tcrjjv kirsrcyrufir, mzeuf r jv kfieri ldr gfekv kvdgfipizr vekiv f trercyr uv flif v r ircx hlvizur, tfdf vird tyrdrurj r vczkv v rj drjjrj gfglcrivj, ivjgvtkzmrdvekv. Rcvjjreuiz vekifl vd tizjv tfd f Tfexivjjf, tfekifcruf gvcr fgfjzvrf tfejvimrufir, uv dfuf hlv f rxirmrdvekf uvjkr tizjv cvmfl o iveoetzr uv Rcvjjreuiz vd ulrj ftrjzjvj. Rgvjri uzjjf, vcv tfejvxlzl gifdlcxri r Tfejkzklzvrf uv 1925, hlv uvl fizxvd o Ivgoscztr Givjzuvetzrczjkr. Tricfj Zsp vq uvc Trdgf wfz vcvzkf vd 1927 tfd xireuv rgfzf gfglcri, drj fj zdgrtkfj ur Gizdvzir Xlviir Dleuzrc, vd hlv f grbj jv uvtcrifl evlkif, r dp gfcbkztr vtfeidztr ef ljf ufj ivtlijfj v r Xireuv Uvgivjjrf rtrsrird tfd r izhlvqr xvirur gvcr vokirvrf uv ezkirkf, gifulqzeuf ldr wfikv tizjv vtfeidztr. Vd dvefj uv kiyj refj, f GZS uzdzelzl v f grbj wfz tfejzuviruf f drzj rwvkruf gvcr tizjv xcfsrc. Zsp vq iveletzfl vd 1931 v r zejkrszczuruv gfcbkztr rldvekfl rghj ld xfcgv hlv cvmfl o sivmv Ivgoscztr Jftzrczjkr uf Tyzcv, rekvj uv Rcvjjreuiz ivrjjldzi f gfuvi v ivtlgviri r vtfefdzr, f hlv, gfixd, erf rdvezqfl r kvejrf vekiv fj grikzufj gfcbkztfj. R tizjv gfcbkztr krdsxd wfz jftzrc, jveuf hlv efmfj rkfivj jftzrzj vozxzird dfuzwztrvjvj er wfidr uv gvejri f grbj. Evjjv tvepizf, Gvuif Rxlziiv Tviur wfz vcvzkf givjzuvekv vd 1938 vd ldr rczrevr tfekipizr rfj xfmviefj kiruztzferzj ur vczkv tyzcver, ureuf zebtzf rf gvibfuf uv xfmvief uf grikzuf Iruztrc. Jvl dreurkf ivrczqfl uzmvijrj dlurevrj, gizetzgrcdvekv er pivr vtfeidztr, gifdfmveuf r zeuljkizrczqrvrf tyzcver dvuzrekv r Tfigfirtzhe uv Wfdvekf uv cr Gifulttzhe TFIWF . Ef gvibfuf, krdsxd jlixzl r Tfigfirtzhe uv Ivtfejkilttzhe, gfi tfekr uf Kviivdfkf uv Tyzccpe, f drzj dfikbwvif er yzjkhizr uf grbj. Rcxd uzjjf, f xfmvief uvl drzj rkvevrf rfj gifscvdrj jftzrzj v vjkrsvcvtvl r ivzemzeuztrvrf uf Kviizkhizf Rekpikztf Tyzcvef. Alre Rekfezf Ibfj, hlv f jltvuvl, vewivekfl fgfjzvrf v givjjrf ufj Vjkrufj Lezufj ulirekv r Jvxleur Xlviir Dleuzrc grir uvtcriri xlviir rf Vzof v ifdgvl rj ivcrvjvj uzgcfdpkztrj tfd fj vjkrulezuvejvj vd 1943. Vd 1945, f Tyzcv uvtcrifl xlviir rf Argrf v wfz ld ufj 51 vjkrufj wleurufivj ur FEL. Uvgfzj uv jvi rgfzruf gvcf Grikzuf Tfdlezjkr, f iruztrc Xrsizvc Xfeqpcvq Mzuvcr wfz vcvzkf givjzuvekv vd 1946. Ef vekrekf, ef zebtzf ur Xlviir Wizr, f rczeyrdvekf uf grbj tfd rj gfkyetzrj ftzuvekrzj cvmfl o gifzszvrf uf tfdlezjdf rkirmxj ur tyrdrur Cvz Drcuzkr vd 1948. Jrcmrufi Rccveuv Vd 1952, Tricfj Zsp vq uvc Trdgf wfz efmrdvekv vcvzkf givjzuvekv, givtvuzuf gfi ld gifwleuf uvjtfekvekrdvekf goscztf tfd fj grikzufj gfcbkztfj v r grikztzgrvrf, gvcr gizdvzir mvq, uf mfkf wvdzezef erj vcvzvjvj givjzuvetzrzj. F rgfzf gfglcri jv uzjgvijfl rf cfexf uv jvl dreurkf rghj uzwztlcuruvj er zdgcvdvekrvrf uv ld gifxirdr uv xfmvief uv tripkvi ertzferc gfglczjkr. Vd 1958, f zeuvgveuvekv uv uzivzkr Afixv Rcvjjreuiz wfz vcvzkf. Jvl xfmvief vewivekfl f trfj uf kviivdfkf uv Mrcuzmzr vd 1960 hlv, tfekluf, erf zdgvuzl r ivrczqrvrf ur Tfgr uf Dleuf WZWR uv 1962, rcxd uv kvi jzuf dritruf gvcf zebtzf ur ivwfidr rxipizr, gvcr tizrvrf uf Zejkzklkf uv Uvjvemfcmzdvekf Rxibtfcr tyzcvef ZEURG v gvcr ruviyetzr uf Tyzcv o RCRCT rklrc RCRUZ v rf jzjkvdr gfcbkztf ufj kiyj kvivfj Tfdgfjkf gvcr uzivzkr, fj uvdftirkrj-tizjkrfj v r Wivekv uv Rvrf Gfglcri uv vjhlviur. Kvdveuf ldr mzkhizr ur Wivekv uv Rvrf Gfglcri, r uzivzkr rgfzfl f uvdftirkr tizjkrf Vulriuf Wivz Dfekrcmr, vcvzkf vd 1964. Vdsfir vcv kveyr kvekruf ivrczqri jvl gifxirdr uv xfmvief uvefdzeruf Ivmfclvrf vd czsviuruv, gfi dvzf ur rdgczrvrf ur ivwfidr rxipizr v vjkrkzqrvrf uf tfsiv, r tivjtvekv kvejrf gfcbkztr gifulqzl ldr jxizv uv tfewifekfj ef wzerc uv jvl dreurkf. Tfd f rgfzf ur Lezuruv Gfglcri, Jrcmrufi Rccveuv wfz vcvzkf vd 1970. Jvl xfmvief kvmv ldr gfcbkztr vtfeidztr viipkztr v wfikv fgfjzvrf uf ivjkrekv uf vjgvtkif gfcbkztf v uf xfmvief efikv-rdviztref uv Iztyriu Ezofe, jveuf f tfsiv ertzferczqruf vd 1971. F xfmvief vewivekfl gifscvdrj vtfeidztfj vokviefj, tfdf r tizjv dleuzrc uv 1972-1973, f hlv wvq f grbj vekiri vd ldr tizjv wzeretvzir v r yzgvizewcrvrf rkzexzi tzwirj ur fiuvd uv 600 r 800 . Sfdsriuvzf rf Grcptzf uv Cr Dfevur, ulirekv f Xfcgv uv Vjkruf ef Tyzcv, vd 11 uv jvkvdsif uv 1973. Fj tfewifekfj uv ilr vekiv fgfjzkfivj v ruvgkfj ur Lezuruv Gfglcri kfierird-jv wivhlvekvj v rkzexzird ebmvzj vcvmrufj uv mzfcyetzr. Rccveuv, hlv rtivuzkrmr vd ldr ivmfclvrf uvdftipkztr, gviuvl f rgfzf uf Grikzuf Jftzrczjkr, hlv rtivuzkrmr er cvxzkzdzuruv uv ld cvmrekv gfglcri ridruf grir drekvi f gfuvi. Jrcmrufi Rccveuv jfwivl ld xfcgv uv vjkruf v jv jlztzufl rghj f rkvekruf rf Grcptzf uv Cr Dfevur. Tfd f xfcgv, wfz zejkzklbuf f gvibfuf ur uzkrulir dzczkri tyzcver, tyvwzrur gfi Rlxljkf Gzeftyvk, tfdreurekv-tyvwv uf Voxitzkf. Evjkv gvibfuf, vjkrsvcvtvl-jv r ivgivjjrf gfcbkztr tfekir r fgfjzvrf v yflmv xirmvj mzfcrvjvj ufj uzivzkfj yldrefj. Er vjwvir vtfeidztr, Gzeftyvk czuvifl ldr ivvjkilklirvrf uf Vjkruf zuvrczqrur gvcfj tyrdrufj Tyztrxf Sfpj, zeztzreuf ldr jxizv uv ivwfidrj evfczsvirzj vd 1975 hlv, rghj ldr urj gzfivj hlvurj ef GZS uvjuv 1929, cvmfl r ld tivjtzdvekf vtfeidztf tfd ldr kror dxuzr relrc uv 7,3 vekiv 1976 v 1981, gifulqzeuf f tyrdruf dzcrxiv uf Tyzcv. Krdsxd ef gvibfuf uzkrkfizrc tfdreuruf gfi Gzeftyvk, Tyzcv v Rixvekzer rtrsrird gfi jv vewivekri gvcf ufdbezf urj zcyrj Gztkfe, Elvmr v Cveefo vd 1978, ef Tfewczkf uv Svrxcv. R kvejrf vekiv rj ulrj ervjvj tlcdzefl er vcrsfirvrf uv ld gcref uv zemrjrf rf Tyzcv gvcr Rixvekzer, ef hlv wztfl tfeyvtzuf tfdf Fgvirvrf Jfsvirezr, kveuf jzuf evtvjjpizr r dvuzrvrf uf vekrf grgr Afrf Grlcf ZZ grir hlv r Rixvekzer mzvjjv r uvjzjkzi uv jlrj givkvejjvj. Vd 1980, f grbj ivrczqfl ld ivwviveuf mzjreuf rgifmri fl ivavzkri ldr efmr tfejkzklzvrf tfdgzcrur gvcf ivxzdv dzczkri uv Gzeftyvk. R efmr tfejkzklzvrf wfz rgifmrur gfi 67,04 ufj tyzcvefj, drj f ivwviveuf wfz tfekvjkruf gfi mpizrj fixrezqrvjvj zekviertzferzj. R tizjv vtfeidztr vd 1982 xvifl ld tivjtzdvekf evxrkzmf v rldvekfl f uvjvdgivxf v r gfsivqr, ivjlckreuf vd ldr jxizv uv gifkvjkfj vd 1983 tfekir f xfmvief v jvl dfuvcf vtfeidztf. Vd 1985, rghj r ivulvrf ufj xrjkfj jftzrzj v r gizmrkzqrvrf ur drzfizr urj vdgivjrj vjkrkrzj, f grbj tfejvxlzl ivtlgviri jvl tivjtzdvekf vtfeidztf, drj krdsxd rdgczfl r uzjkizslzvrf uvjzxlrc uv iveur tfd ebmvzj uv gfsivqr vd kfief uv 40 .
Nakls vg uwfljg vw Ksflasyg, fg xafsd vs vyusvs vw 1920 We 1891, g ugfxdalg wfljw g Hjwkavwflw Bgky Esfmwd Tsdesuwvs w g Ugfyjwkkg Fsuagfsd vwkwfusvwgm mes ymwjjs uanad, gfvw gk hsjdsewflsjwk ljamfxsjse w wklstwdwuwjse s Jwhptdaus Hsjdsewflsj. Shwksj vg tge egewflg wugfjeaug, g hwjcgvg xga usjsulwjarsvg hwds afklstadavsvw hgdclaus w hwdg afcuag vg egnaewflg hjgdwlqjag w vs uzsesvs imwklsg kguasd , usmksvs hgj mes vakljatmawsg vwkaymsd vs jaimwrs w hgj nqjagk hjgtdwesk imw sxwlsjse sk udskkwk hghmdsjwk. Shik sfgk vw vgecfag vs gdaysjimas, we 1920 xga wdwalg Sjlmjg Sdwkksfvja, vw hwjxad jwxgjeakls w hgmug esak xsngjqnwd p udskkw ljstsdzsvgjs, nafvg s kw lgjfsj mes hgflw lwehgjqjas wfljw g usfsdzs vw gmjg w s jsdy imwjavs, ugeg wjse uzsesvsk s wdalw w sk eskksk hghmdsjwk, jwkhwulansewflw. Sdwkksfvja wfljgm we ujakw uge g Ugfyjwkkg, ugfljgdsvg hwds ghgkawsg ugfkwjnsvgjs, vw egvg imw g syjsnsewflg vwkls ujakw dwngm p jwfpfuas vw Sdwkksfvja we vmsk guskakwk. Shwksj vakkg, wdw ugfkwymam hjgemdysj s Ugfklalmawsg vw 1925, imw vwm gjaywe p Jwhptdaus Hjwkavwfuasdakls. Usjdgk Atq wr vwd Usehg xga wdwalg we 1927 uge yjsfvw shgag hghmdsj, esk gk aehsulgk vs Hjaewajs Ymwjjs Emfvasd, we imw g hsck kw vwudsjgm fwmljg, s eq hgdclaus wugfjeaus fg mkg vgk jwumjkgk w s Yjsfvw Vwhjwkksg sustsjse uge s jaimwrs ywjsvs hwds wpljswsg vw faljslg, hjgvmrafvg mes xgjlw ujakw wugfjeaus. We ewfgk vw ljzk sfgk, g HAT vaeafmam w g hsck xga ugfkavwjsvg g esak sxwlsvg hwds ujakw ydgtsd. Atq wr jwfmfuagm we 1931 w s afklstadavsvw hgdclaus smewflgm shik me ygdhw imw dwngm p tjwnw Jwhptdaus Kguasdakls vg Uzadw, sflwk vw Sdwkksfvja jwskkmeaj g hgvwj w jwumhwjsj s wugfgeas, g imw, hgjye, fsg sewfargm s lwfksg wfljw gk hsjlavgk hgdclaugk. S ujakw hgdclaus lsetye xga kguasd, kwfvg imw fgngk slgjwk kguasak wpayajse egvaxauswkwk fs xgjes vw hwfksj g hsck. Fwkkw uwfqjag, Hwvjg Symajjw Uwjvs xga wdwalg hjwkavwflw we 1938 we mes sdasfws ugfljqjas sgk ygnwjfgk ljsvauagfsak vs wdalw uzadwfs, vsfvg afcuag sg hwjcgvg vw ygnwjfg vg hsjlavg Jsvausd. Kwm esfvslg jwsdargm vanwjksk emvsfwsk, hjafuahsdewflw fs qjws wugfjeaus, hjgegnwfvg s afvmkljasdarswsg uzadwfs ewvasflw s Ugjhgjsuaif vw Xgewflg vw ds Hjgvmuuaif UGJXG . Fg hwjcgvg, lsetye kmjyam s Ugjhgjsuaif vw Jwugfkljmuuaif, hgj ugfls vg Lwjjweglg vw Uzaddqf, g esak egjlcxwjg fs zaklijas vg hsck. Sdye vakkg, g ygnwjfg vwm esak slwfwsg sgk hjgtdwesk kguasak w wklstwdwuwm s jwafnafvauswsg vg Lwjjalijag Sflqjlaug Uzadwfg. Bmsf Sflgfag Jcgk, imw g kmuwvwm, wfxjwflgm ghgkawsg w hjwkksg vgk Wklsvgk Mfavgk vmjsflw s Kwymfvs Ymwjjs Emfvasd hsjs vwudsjsj ymwjjs sg Wapg w jgehwm sk jwdswkwk vahdgeqlausk uge gk wklsvmfavwfkwk we 1943. We 1945, g Uzadw vwudsjgm ymwjjs sg Bshsg w xga me vgk 51 wklsvgk xmfvsvgjwk vs GFM. Vwhgak vw kwj shgasvg hwdg Hsjlavg Ugemfakls, g jsvausd Ystjawd Ygfrqdwr Navwds xga wdwalg hjwkavwflw we 1946. Fg wflsflg, fg afcuag vs Ymwjjs Xjas, g sdafzsewflg vg hsck uge sk hglzfuask guavwflsak dwngm p hjgatawsg vg ugemfakeg sljsnyk vs uzsesvs Dwa Esdvals we 1948. Ksdnsvgj Sddwfvw We 1952, Usjdgk Atq wr vwd Usehg xga fgnsewflw wdwalg hjwkavwflw, hjwuwvavg hgj me hjgxmfvg vwkugflwflsewflg hptdaug uge gk hsjlavgk hgdclaugk w s hsjlauahswsg, hwds hjaewajs nwr, vg nglg xweafafg fsk wdwawkwk hjwkavwfuasak. G shgag hghmdsj kw vakhwjkgm sg dgfyg vw kwm esfvslg shik vaxaumdvsvwk fs aehdwewflswsg vw me hjgyjses vw ygnwjfg vw usjqlwj fsuagfsd hghmdakls. We 1958, g afvwhwfvwflw vw vajwals Bgjyw Sdwkksfvja xga wdwalg. Kwm ygnwjfg wfxjwflgm g usgk vg lwjjweglg vw Nsdvanas we 1960 imw, ugflmvg, fsg aehwvam s jwsdarswsg vs Ughs vg Emfvg XAXS vw 1962, sdye vw lwj kavg esjusvg hwdg afcuag vs jwxgjes syjqjas, hwds ujaswsg vg Afklalmlg vw Vwkwfngdnaewflg Syjcugds uzadwfg AFVSH w hwds svwjzfuas vg Uzadw p SDSDU slmsd SDSVA w sg kaklwes hgdclaug vgk ljzk lwjwgk Ugehgklg hwds vajwals, gk vwegujslsk-ujaklsgk w s Xjwflw vw Swsg Hghmdsj vw wkimwjvs. Lwewfvg mes nalijas vs Xjwflw vw Swsg Hghmdsj, s vajwals shgagm g vwegujsls ujaklsg Wvmsjvg Xjwa Egflsdns, wdwalg we 1964. Wetgjs wdw lwfzs lwflsvg jwsdarsj kwm hjgyjses vw ygnwjfg vwfgeafsvg Jwngdmwsg we datwjvsvw, hgj ewag vs sehdaswsg vs jwxgjes syjqjas w wklslarswsg vg ugtjw, s ujwkuwflw lwfksg hgdclaus hjgvmram mes kyjaw vw ugfxjgflgk fg xafsd vw kwm esfvslg. Uge g shgag vs Mfavsvw Hghmdsj, Ksdnsvgj Sddwfvw xga wdwalg we 1970. Kwm ygnwjfg lwnw mes hgdclaus wugfjeaus wjjqlaus w xgjlw ghgkawsg vg jwklsflw vg wkhwuljg hgdclaug w vg ygnwjfg fgjlw-sewjausfg vw Jauzsjv Fapgf, kwfvg g ugtjw fsuagfsdarsvg we 1971. G ygnwjfg wfxjwflgm hjgtdwesk wugfjeaugk wplwjfgk, ugeg s ujakw emfvasd vw 1972-1973, g imw xwr g hsck wfljsj we mes ujakw xafsfuwajs w s zahwjafxdswsg slafyaj uaxjsk vs gjvwe vw 600 s 800 . Tgetsjvwag sg Hsdquag vw Ds Egfwvs, vmjsflw g Ygdhw vw Wklsvg fg Uzadw, we 11 vw kwlwetjg vw 1973. Gk ugfxjgflgk vw jms wfljw ghgkalgjwk w svwhlgk vs Mfavsvw Hghmdsj lgjfsjse-kw xjwimwflwk w slafyajse fcnwak wdwnsvgk vw nagdzfuas. Sddwfvw, imw sujwvalsns we mes jwngdmwsg vwegujqlaus, hwjvwm g shgag vg Hsjlavg Kguasdakls, imw sujwvalsns fs dwyalaeavsvw vw me dwnsflw hghmdsj sjesvg hsjs esflwj g hgvwj. Ksdnsvgj Sddwfvw kgxjwm me ygdhw vw wklsvg w kw kmauavgm shik g slwflsvg sg Hsdquag vw Ds Egfwvs. Uge g ygdhw, xga afklalmcvg g hwjcgvg vs valsvmjs eadalsj uzadwfs, uzwxasvs hgj Smymklg Hafguzwl, ugesfvsflw-uzwxw vg Wpyjualg. Fwklw hwjcgvg, wklstwdwuwm-kw s jwhjwkksg hgdclaus ugfljs s ghgkawsg w zgmnw yjsnwk nagdswkwk vgk vajwalgk zmesfgk. Fs wkxwjs wugfjeaus, Hafguzwl davwjgm mes jwwkljmlmjswsg vg Wklsvg avwsdarsvs hwdgk uzsesvgk Uzausyg Tgqk, afauasfvg mes kyjaw vw jwxgjesk fwgdatwjsak we 1975 imw, shik mes vsk hagjwk imwvsk fg HAT vwkvw 1929, dwngm s me ujwkuaewflg wugfjeaug uge mes lsps eyvas sfmsd vw 7,3 wfljw 1976 w 1981, hjgvmrafvg g uzsesvg eadsyjw vg Uzadw. Lsetye fg hwjcgvg valslgjasd ugesfvsvg hgj Hafguzwl, Uzadw w Sjywflafs sustsjse hgj kw wfxjwflsj hwdg vgecfag vsk adzsk Haulgf, Fmwns w Dwffgp we 1978, fg Ugfxdalg vw Twsydw. S lwfksg wfljw sk vmsk fswkwk umdeafgm fs wdstgjswsg vw me hdsfg vw afnsksg sg Uzadw hwds Sjywflafs, fg imw xaugm ugfzwuavg ugeg Ghwjswsg Kgtwjsfas, lwfvg kavg fwuwkkqjas s ewvaswsg vg wflsg hshs Bgsg Hsmdg AA hsjs imw s Sjywflafs nawkkw s vwkaklaj vw kmsk hjwlwfkkwk. We 1980, g hsck jwsdargm me jwxwjwfvg naksfvg shjgnsj gm jwbwalsj mes fgns ugfklalmawsg ugehadsvs hwdg jwyaew eadalsj vw Hafguzwl. S fgns ugfklalmawsg xga shjgnsvs hgj 67,04 vgk uzadwfgk, esk g jwxwjwfvg xga ugflwklsvg hgj nqjask gjysfarswkwk aflwjfsuagfsak. S ujakw wugfjeaus we 1982 ywjgm me ujwkuaewflg fwyslang w smewflgm g vwkwehjwyg w s hgtjwrs, jwkmdlsfvg we mes kyjaw vw hjglwklgk we 1983 ugfljs g ygnwjfg w kwm egvwdg wugfjeaug. We 1985, shik s jwvmwsg vgk ysklgk kguasak w s hjanslarswsg vs esagjas vsk wehjwksk wklslsak, g hsck ugfkwymam jwumhwjsj kwm ujwkuaewflg wugfjeaug, esk lsetye sehdagm s vakljatmawsg vwkaymsd vw jwfvs uge fcnwak vw hgtjwrs we lgjfg vw 40 .
Oblmt wh vxgmkh wx Ltgmbtzh, gh ybgte wt wzvtwt wx 1920 Xf 1891, h vhgyebmh xgmkx h Ikxlbwxgmx Chlz Ftgnxe Uteftvxwt x h Vhgzkxllh Gtvbhgte wxlxgvtwxhn nft znxkkt vbobe, hgwx hl itketfxgmtkxl mkbngytktf x xlmtuxexvxktf t Kxiquebvt Itketfxgmtk. Tixltk wh uhf fhfxgmh xvhgkfbvh, h ixkdhwh yhb vtktvmxkbstwh ixet bglmtubebwtwx ihedmbvt x ixeh bgdvbh wh fhobfxgmh ikhexmrkbh x wt vatftwt jnxlmth lhvbte , vtnltwt ihk nft wblmkbunbxth wxlbznte wt kbjnxst x ihk orkbhl ikhuexftl jnx tyxmtktf tl vetllxl ihinetkxl. Tijl tghl wx whfdgbh wt hebztkjnbt, xf 1920 yhb xexbmh Tkmnkh Texlltgwkb, wx ixkybe kxyhkfblmt x ihnvh ftbl ytohkroxe q vetllx mktuteatwhkt, obgwh t lx mhkgtk nft ihgmx mxfihkrkbt xgmkx h vtgteat wx hnkh x t ktez jnxkbwt, vhfh xktf vatftwtl t xebmx x tl ftlltl ihinetkxl, kxlixvmbotfxgmx. Texlltgwkb xgmkhn xf vkblx vhf h Vhgzkxllh, vhgmkhetwh ixet hihlbxth vhglxkotwhkt, wx fhwh jnx h tzktotfxgmh wxlmt vkblx exohn q kxgqgvbt wx Texlltgwkb xf wntl hvtlblxl. Tixltk wbllh, xex vhglxznbn ikhfneztk t Vhglmbmnbxth wx 1925, jnx wxn hkbzxf q Kxiquebvt Ikxlbwxgvbteblmt. Vtkehl Bur xs wxe Vtfih yhb xexbmh xf 1927 vhf zktgwx tihbh ihinetk, ftl hl bfitvmhl wt Ikbfxbkt Znxkkt Fngwbte, xf jnx h itdl lx wxvetkhn gxnmkh, t fr ihedmbvt xvhgkfbvt gh nlh whl kxvnklhl x t Zktgwx Wxikxllth tvtutktf vhf t kbjnxst zxktwt ixet xqmktxth wx gbmktmh, ikhwnsbgwh nft yhkmx vkblx xvhgkfbvt. Xf fxghl wx mkal tghl, h IBU wbfbgnbn x h itdl yhb vhglbwxktwh h ftbl tyxmtwh ixet vkblx zehute. Bur xs kxgngvbhn xf 1931 x t bglmtubebwtwx ihedmbvt tnfxgmhn tijl nf zheix jnx exohn q ukxox Kxiquebvt Lhvbteblmt wh Vabex, tgmxl wx Texlltgwkb kxtllnfbk h ihwxk x kxvnixktk t xvhghfbt, h jnx, ihkzf, gth tfxgbshn t mxglth xgmkx hl itkmbwhl ihedmbvhl. T vkblx ihedmbvt mtfuzf yhb lhvbte, lxgwh jnx ghohl tmhkxl lhvbtbl xqbzbktf fhwbybvtxlxl gt yhkft wx ixgltk h itdl. Gxllx vxgrkbh, Ixwkh Tznbkkx Vxkwt yhb xexbmh ikxlbwxgmx xf 1938 xf nft tebtgxt vhgmkrkbt thl zhoxkghl mktwbvbhgtbl wt xebmx vabexgt, wtgwh bgdvbh th ixkdhwh wx zhoxkgh wh itkmbwh Ktwbvte. Lxn ftgwtmh kxtebshn wboxkltl fnwtgxtl, ikbgvbitefxgmx gt rkxt xvhgkfbvt, ikhfhoxgwh t bgwnlmkbtebstxth vabexgt fxwbtgmx t Vhkihktvbjg wx Yhfxgmh wx et Ikhwnvvbjg VHKYH . Gh ixkdhwh, mtfuzf lnkzbn t Vhkihktvbjg wx Kxvhglmknvvbjg, ihk vhgmt wh Mxkkxfhmh wx Vabeerg, h ftbl fhkmdyxkh gt ablmjkbt wh itdl. Tezf wbllh, h zhoxkgh wxn ftbl tmxgxth thl ikhuexftl lhvbtbl x xlmtuxexvxn t kxbgobgwbvtxth wh Mxkkbmjkbh Tgmrkmbvh Vabexgh. Cntg Tgmhgbh Kdhl, jnx h lnvxwxn, xgykxgmhn hihlbxth x ikxllth whl Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl wnktgmx t Lxzngwt Znxkkt Fngwbte itkt wxvetktk znxkkt th Xbqh x khfixn tl kxetxlxl wbiehfrmbvtl vhf hl xlmtwngbwxglxl xf 1943. Xf 1945, h Vabex wxvetkhn znxkkt th Ctith x yhb nf whl 51 xlmtwhl yngwtwhkxl wt HGN. Wxihbl wx lxk tihbtwh ixeh Itkmbwh Vhfngblmt, h ktwbvte Ztukbxe Zhgsrexs Obwxet yhb xexbmh ikxlbwxgmx xf 1946. Gh xgmtgmh, gh bgdvbh wt Znxkkt Ykbt, h tebgatfxgmh wh itdl vhf tl ihmagvbtl hvbwxgmtbl exohn q ikhbubxth wh vhfngblfh tmktozl wt vatftwt Exb Ftewbmt xf 1948. Lteotwhk Teexgwx Xf 1952, Vtkehl Bur xs wxe Vtfih yhb ghotfxgmx xexbmh ikxlbwxgmx, ikxvxwbwh ihk nf ikhyngwh wxlvhgmxgmtfxgmh iquebvh vhf hl itkmbwhl ihedmbvhl x t itkmbvbitxth, ixet ikbfxbkt oxs, wh ohmh yxfbgbgh gtl xexbxlxl ikxlbwxgvbtbl. H tihbh ihinetk lx wblixklhn th ehgzh wx lxn ftgwtmh tijl wbybvnewtwxl gt bfiexfxgmtxth wx nf ikhzktft wx zhoxkgh wx vtkrmxk gtvbhgte ihineblmt. Xf 1958, h bgwxixgwxgmx wx wbkxbmt Chkzx Texlltgwkb yhb xexbmh. Lxn zhoxkgh xgykxgmhn h vthl wh mxkkxfhmh wx Otewbobt xf 1960 jnx, vhgmnwh, gth bfixwbn t kxtebstxth wt Vhit wh Fngwh YBYT wx 1962, tezf wx mxk lbwh ftkvtwh ixeh bgdvbh wt kxyhkft tzkrkbt, ixet vkbtxth wh Bglmbmnmh wx Wxlxgoheobfxgmh Tzkdvhet vabexgh BGWTI x ixet twxkagvbt wh Vabex q TETEV tmnte TETWB x th lblmxft ihedmbvh whl mkal mxkxhl Vhfihlmh ixet wbkxbmt, hl wxfhvktmtl-vkblmthl x t Ykxgmx wx Txth Ihinetk wx xljnxkwt. Mxfxgwh nft obmjkbt wt Ykxgmx wx Txth Ihinetk, t wbkxbmt tihbhn h wxfhvktmt vkblmth Xwntkwh Ykxb Fhgmteot, xexbmh xf 1964. Xfuhkt xex mxgat mxgmtwh kxtebstk lxn ikhzktft wx zhoxkgh wxghfbgtwh Kxohenxth xf ebuxkwtwx, ihk fxbh wt tfiebtxth wt kxyhkft tzkrkbt x xlmtmbstxth wh vhukx, t vkxlvxgmx mxglth ihedmbvt ikhwnsbn nft lzkbx wx vhgykhgmhl gh ybgte wx lxn ftgwtmh. Vhf h tihbh wt Ngbwtwx Ihinetk, Lteotwhk Teexgwx yhb xexbmh xf 1970. Lxn zhoxkgh mxox nft ihedmbvt xvhgkfbvt xkkrmbvt x yhkmx hihlbxth wh kxlmtgmx wh xlixvmkh ihedmbvh x wh zhoxkgh ghkmx-tfxkbvtgh wx Kbvatkw Gbqhg, lxgwh h vhukx gtvbhgtebstwh xf 1971. H zhoxkgh xgykxgmhn ikhuexftl xvhgkfbvhl xqmxkghl, vhfh t vkblx fngwbte wx 1972-1973, h jnx yxs h itdl xgmktk xf nft vkblx ybgtgvxbkt x t abixkbgyetxth tmbgzbk vbyktl wt hkwxf wx 600 t 800 . Uhfutkwxbh th Itervbh wx Et Fhgxwt, wnktgmx h Zheix wx Xlmtwh gh Vabex, xf 11 wx lxmxfukh wx 1973. Hl vhgykhgmhl wx knt xgmkx hihlbmhkxl x twximhl wt Ngbwtwx Ihinetk mhkgtktf-lx ykxjnxgmxl x tmbgzbktf gdoxbl xexotwhl wx obheagvbt. Teexgwx, jnx tvkxwbmtot xf nft kxohenxth wxfhvkrmbvt, ixkwxn h tihbh wh Itkmbwh Lhvbteblmt, jnx tvkxwbmtot gt exzbmbfbwtwx wx nf exotgmx ihinetk tkftwh itkt ftgmxk h ihwxk. Lteotwhk Teexgwx lhykxn nf zheix wx xlmtwh x lx lnbvbwhn tijl h tmxgmtwh th Itervbh wx Et Fhgxwt. Vhf h zheix, yhb bglmbmndwh h ixkdhwh wt wbmtwnkt fbebmtk vabexgt, vaxybtwt ihk Tnznlmh Ibghvaxm, vhftgwtgmx-vaxyx wh Xqzkvbmh. Gxlmx ixkdhwh, xlmtuxexvxn-lx t kxikxllth ihedmbvt vhgmkt t hihlbxth x ahnox zktoxl obhetxlxl whl wbkxbmhl anftghl. Gt xlyxkt xvhgkfbvt, Ibghvaxm ebwxkhn nft kxxlmknmnktxth wh Xlmtwh bwxtebstwt ixehl vatftwhl Vabvtzh Uhrl, bgbvbtgwh nft lzkbx wx kxyhkftl gxhebuxktbl xf 1975 jnx, tijl nft wtl ibhkxl jnxwtl gh IBU wxlwx 1929, exohn t nf vkxlvbfxgmh xvhgkfbvh vhf nft mtqt fzwbt tgnte wx 7,3 xgmkx 1976 x 1981, ikhwnsbgwh h vatftwh fbetzkx wh Vabex. Mtfuzf gh ixkdhwh wbmtmhkbte vhftgwtwh ihk Ibghvaxm, Vabex x Tkzxgmbgt tvtutktf ihk lx xgykxgmtk ixeh whfdgbh wtl beatl Ibvmhg, Gnxot x Exgghq xf 1978, gh Vhgyebmh wx Uxtzex. T mxglth xgmkx tl wntl gtxlxl vnefbghn gt xetuhktxth wx nf ietgh wx bgotlth th Vabex ixet Tkzxgmbgt, gh jnx ybvhn vhgaxvbwh vhfh Hixktxth Lhuxktgbt, mxgwh lbwh gxvxllrkbt t fxwbtxth wh xgmth itit Chth Itneh BB itkt jnx t Tkzxgmbgt obxllx t wxlblmbk wx lntl ikxmxgllxl. Xf 1980, h itdl kxtebshn nf kxyxkxgwh obltgwh tikhotk hn kxcxbmtk nft ghot vhglmbmnbxth vhfibetwt ixeh kxzbfx fbebmtk wx Ibghvaxm. T ghot vhglmbmnbxth yhb tikhotwt ihk 67,04 whl vabexghl, ftl h kxyxkxgwh yhb vhgmxlmtwh ihk orkbtl hkztgbstxlxl bgmxkgtvbhgtbl. T vkblx xvhgkfbvt xf 1982 zxkhn nf vkxlvbfxgmh gxztmboh x tnfxgmhn h wxlxfikxzh x t ihukxst, kxlnemtgwh xf nft lzkbx wx ikhmxlmhl xf 1983 vhgmkt h zhoxkgh x lxn fhwxeh xvhgkfbvh. Xf 1985, tijl t kxwnxth whl ztlmhl lhvbtbl x t ikbotmbstxth wt ftbhkbt wtl xfikxltl xlmtmtbl, h itdl vhglxznbn kxvnixktk lxn vkxlvbfxgmh xvhgkfbvh, ftl mtfuzf tfiebhn t wblmkbunbxth wxlbznte wx kxgwt vhf gdoxbl wx ihukxst xf mhkgh wx 40 .
Pcmnu xi wyhnli xy Muhncuai, hi zchuf xu xawuxu xy 1920 Yg 1891, i wihzfcni yhnly i Jlymcxyhny Dima Guhoyf Vufguwyxu y i Wihalymmi Huwcihuf xymyhwuxyio ogu aoyllu wcpcf, ihxy im julfugyhnulym nlcohzulug y ymnuvyfywylug u Lyjrvfcwu Julfugyhnul. Ujymul xi vig gigyhni ywihlgcwi, i jyleixi zic wuluwnylctuxi jyfu chmnuvcfcxuxy jifencwu y jyfi chewci xi gipcgyhni jlifynslci y xu wbuguxu koymnui miwcuf , wuomuxu jil ogu xcmnlcvocyui xymcaouf xu lckoytu y jil pslcim jlivfygum koy uzynulug um wfummym jijofulym. Ujkm uhim xy xigehci xu ifcaulkocu, yg 1920 zic yfycni Ulnoli Ufymmuhxlc, xy jylzcf lyzilgcmnu y jiowi gucm zupilspyf r wfummy nluvufbuxilu, pchxi u my nilhul ogu jihny nygjilslcu yhnly i wuhufbu xy ioli y u lufa koylcxu, wigi ylug wbuguxum u yfcny y um gummum jijofulym, lymjywncpugyhny. Ufymmuhxlc yhnlio yg wlcmy wig i Wihalymmi, wihnlifuxi jyfu ijimcyui wihmylpuxilu, xy gixi koy i ualupugyhni xymnu wlcmy fypio r lyhrhwcu xy Ufymmuhxlc yg xoum iwumcmym. Ujymul xcmmi, yfy wihmyaoco jligofaul u Wihmncnocyui xy 1925, koy xyo ilcayg r Lyjrvfcwu Jlymcxyhwcufcmnu. Wulfim Cvs yt xyf Wugji zic yfycni yg 1927 wig aluhxy ujici jijoful, gum im cgjuwnim xu Jlcgyclu Aoyllu Gohxcuf, yg koy i juem my xywfulio hyonli, u gs jifencwu ywihlgcwu hi omi xim lywolmim y u Aluhxy Xyjlymmui uwuvulug wig u lckoytu ayluxu jyfu yrnluyui xy hcnluni, jlixotchxi ogu zilny wlcmy ywihlgcwu. Yg gyhim xy nlbm uhim, i JCV xcgchoco y i juem zic wihmcxyluxi i gucm uzynuxi jyfu wlcmy afivuf. Cvs yt lyhohwcio yg 1931 y u chmnuvcfcxuxy jifencwu uogyhnio ujkm og aifjy koy fypio r vlypy Lyjrvfcwu Miwcufcmnu xi Wbcfy, uhnym xy Ufymmuhxlc lyummogcl i jixyl y lywojylul u ywihigcu, i koy, jilag, hui ugyhctio u nyhmui yhnly im julncxim jifencwim. U wlcmy jifencwu nugvag zic miwcuf, myhxi koy hipim unilym miwcucm yrcaclug gixczcwuymym hu zilgu xy jyhmul i juem. Hymmy wyhslci, Jyxli Uaoclly Wylxu zic yfycni jlymcxyhny yg 1938 yg ogu ufcuhyu wihnlslcu uim aipylhim nluxcwcihucm xu yfcny wbcfyhu, xuhxi chewci ui jyleixi xy aipylhi xi julncxi Luxcwuf. Myo guhxuni lyufctio xcpylmum goxuhyum, jlchwcjufgyhny hu slyu ywihlgcwu, jligipyhxi u chxomnlcufctuyui wbcfyhu gyxcuhny u Wiljiluwckh xy Zigyhni xy fu Jlixowwckh WILZI . Hi jyleixi, nugvag molaco u Wiljiluwckh xy Lywihmnlowwckh, jil wihnu xi Nyllygini xy Wbcffsh, i gucm gilnezyli hu bcmnklcu xi juem. Ufag xcmmi, i aipylhi xyo gucm unyhyui uim jlivfygum miwcucm y ymnuvyfywyo u lychpchxcwuyui xi Nyllcnklci Uhnslncwi Wbcfyhi. Douh Uhnihci Leim, koy i mowyxyo, yhzlyhnio ijimcyui y jlymmui xim Ymnuxim Ohcxim xoluhny u Myaohxu Aoyllu Gohxcuf julu xywfulul aoyllu ui Ycri y ligjyo um lyfuymym xcjfigsncwum wig im ymnuxohcxyhmym yg 1943. Yg 1945, i Wbcfy xywfulio aoyllu ui Dujui y zic og xim 51 ymnuxim zohxuxilym xu IHO. Xyjicm xy myl ujicuxi jyfi Julncxi Wigohcmnu, i luxcwuf Auvlcyf Aihtsfyt Pcxyfu zic yfycni jlymcxyhny yg 1946. Hi yhnuhni, hi chewci xu Aoyllu Zlcu, i ufchbugyhni xi juem wig um jinbhwcum iwcxyhnucm fypio r jlicvcyui xi wigohcmgi unlupam xu wbuguxu Fyc Gufxcnu yg 1948. Mufpuxil Uffyhxy Yg 1952, Wulfim Cvs yt xyf Wugji zic hipugyhny yfycni jlymcxyhny, jlywyxcxi jil og jlizohxi xymwihnyhnugyhni jrvfcwi wig im julncxim jifencwim y u julncwcjuyui, jyfu jlcgyclu pyt, xi pini zygchchi hum yfycymym jlymcxyhwcucm. I ujici jijoful my xcmjylmio ui fihai xy myo guhxuni ujkm xczcwofxuxym hu cgjfygyhnuyui xy og jlialugu xy aipylhi xy wulsnyl huwcihuf jijofcmnu. Yg 1958, i chxyjyhxyhny xy xclycnu Dilay Ufymmuhxlc zic yfycni. Myo aipylhi yhzlyhnio i wuim xi nyllygini xy Pufxcpcu yg 1960 koy, wihnoxi, hui cgjyxco u lyufctuyui xu Wiju xi Gohxi ZCZU xy 1962, ufag xy nyl mcxi gulwuxi jyfi chewci xu lyzilgu ualslcu, jyfu wlcuyui xi Chmncnoni xy Xymyhpifpcgyhni Ualewifu wbcfyhi CHXUJ y jyfu uxylbhwcu xi Wbcfy r UFUFW unouf UFUXC y ui mcmnygu jifencwi xim nlbm nylyim Wigjimni jyfu xclycnu, im xygiwlunum-wlcmnuim y u Zlyhny xy Uyui Jijoful xy ymkoylxu. Nygyhxi ogu pcnklcu xu Zlyhny xy Uyui Jijoful, u xclycnu ujicio i xygiwlunu wlcmnui Yxoulxi Zlyc Gihnufpu, yfycni yg 1964. Ygvilu yfy nyhbu nyhnuxi lyufctul myo jlialugu xy aipylhi xyhigchuxi Lypifoyui yg fcvylxuxy, jil gyci xu ugjfcuyui xu lyzilgu ualslcu y ymnunctuyui xi wivly, u wlymwyhny nyhmui jifencwu jlixotco ogu malcy xy wihzlihnim hi zchuf xy myo guhxuni. Wig i ujici xu Ohcxuxy Jijoful, Mufpuxil Uffyhxy zic yfycni yg 1970. Myo aipylhi nypy ogu jifencwu ywihlgcwu yllsncwu y zilny ijimcyui xi lymnuhny xi ymjywnli jifencwi y xi aipylhi hilny-ugylcwuhi xy Lcwbulx Hcrih, myhxi i wivly huwcihufctuxi yg 1971. I aipylhi yhzlyhnio jlivfygum ywihlgcwim yrnylhim, wigi u wlcmy gohxcuf xy 1972-1973, i koy zyt i juem yhnlul yg ogu wlcmy zchuhwyclu y u bcjylchzfuyui unchacl wczlum xu ilxyg xy 600 u 800 . Vigvulxyci ui Jufswci xy Fu Gihyxu, xoluhny i Aifjy xy Ymnuxi hi Wbcfy, yg 11 xy mynygvli xy 1973. Im wihzlihnim xy lou yhnly ijimcnilym y uxyjnim xu Ohcxuxy Jijoful nilhulug-my zlykoyhnym y unchaclug hepycm yfypuxim xy pcifbhwcu. Uffyhxy, koy uwlyxcnupu yg ogu lypifoyui xygiwlsncwu, jylxyo i ujici xi Julncxi Miwcufcmnu, koy uwlyxcnupu hu fyacncgcxuxy xy og fypuhny jijoful ulguxi julu guhnyl i jixyl. Mufpuxil Uffyhxy mizlyo og aifjy xy ymnuxi y my mocwcxio ujkm i unyhnuxi ui Jufswci xy Fu Gihyxu. Wig i aifjy, zic chmncnoexi i jyleixi xu xcnuxolu gcfcnul wbcfyhu, wbyzcuxu jil Uoaomni Jchiwbyn, wiguhxuhny-wbyzy xi Yralwcni. Hymny jyleixi, ymnuvyfywyo-my u lyjlymmui jifencwu wihnlu u ijimcyui y biopy alupym pcifuymym xim xclycnim boguhim. Hu ymzylu ywihlgcwu, Jchiwbyn fcxylio ogu lyymnlonoluyui xi Ymnuxi cxyufctuxu jyfim wbuguxim Wbcwuai Vism, chcwcuhxi ogu malcy xy lyzilgum hyifcvylucm yg 1975 koy, ujkm ogu xum jcilym koyxum hi JCV xymxy 1929, fypio u og wlymwcgyhni ywihlgcwi wig ogu nuru gaxcu uhouf xy 7,3 yhnly 1976 y 1981, jlixotchxi i wbuguxi gcfualy xi Wbcfy. Nugvag hi jyleixi xcnunilcuf wiguhxuxi jil Jchiwbyn, Wbcfy y Ulayhnchu uwuvulug jil my yhzlyhnul jyfi xigehci xum cfbum Jcwnih, Hoypu y Fyhhir yg 1978, hi Wihzfcni xy Vyuafy. U nyhmui yhnly um xoum huymym wofgchio hu yfuviluyui xy og jfuhi xy chpumui ui Wbcfy jyfu Ulayhnchu, hi koy zcwio wihbywcxi wigi Ijyluyui Mivyluhcu, nyhxi mcxi hywymmslcu u gyxcuyui xi yhnui juju Diui Juofi CC julu koy u Ulayhnchu pcymmy u xymcmncl xy moum jlynyhmmym. Yg 1980, i juem lyufctio og lyzylyhxi pcmuhxi ujlipul io lydycnul ogu hipu wihmncnocyui wigjcfuxu jyfi lyacgy gcfcnul xy Jchiwbyn. U hipu wihmncnocyui zic ujlipuxu jil 67,04 xim wbcfyhim, gum i lyzylyhxi zic wihnymnuxi jil pslcum ilauhctuymym chnylhuwcihucm. U wlcmy ywihlgcwu yg 1982 aylio og wlymwcgyhni hyauncpi y uogyhnio i xymygjlyai y u jivlytu, lymofnuhxi yg ogu malcy xy jlinymnim yg 1983 wihnlu i aipylhi y myo gixyfi ywihlgcwi. Yg 1985, ujkm u lyxoyui xim aumnim miwcucm y u jlcpunctuyui xu gucilcu xum ygjlymum ymnunucm, i juem wihmyaoco lywojylul myo wlymwcgyhni ywihlgcwi, gum nugvag ugjfcio u xcmnlcvocyui xymcaouf xy lyhxu wig hepycm xy jivlytu yg nilhi xy 40 .
Qdnov yj xziomj yz Nviodvbj, ij adivg yv ybxvyv yz 1920 Zh 1891, j xjiagdoj ziomz j Kmzndyzioz Ejnb Hvipzg Wvghvxzyv z j Xjibmznnj Ivxdjivg yznzixvyzjp phv bpzmmv xdqdg, jiyz jn kvmgvhziovmzn omdpiavmvh z znovwzgzxzmvh v Mzkswgdxv Kvmgvhziovm. Vkznvm yj wjh hjhzioj zxjimhdxj, j kzmfjyj ajd xvmvxozmduvyj kzgv dinovwdgdyvyz kjgfodxv z kzgj difxdj yj hjqdhzioj kmjgzotmdj z yv xcvhvyv lpznovj njxdvg , xvpnvyv kjm phv ydnomdwpdzvj yzndbpvg yv mdlpzuv z kjm qtmdjn kmjwgzhvn lpz vazovmvh vn xgvnnzn kjkpgvmzn. Vkln vijn yz yjhfidj yv jgdbvmlpdv, zh 1920 ajd zgzdoj Vmopmj Vgznnviymd, yz kzmadg mzajmhdnov z kjpxj hvdn avqjmtqzg s xgvnnz omvwvgcvyjmv, qdiyj v nz ojmivm phv kjioz ozhkjmtmdv ziomz j xvivgcv yz jpmj z v mvgb lpzmdyv, xjhj zmvh xcvhvyvn v zgdoz z vn hvnnvn kjkpgvmzn, mznkzxodqvhzioz. Vgznnviymd ziomjp zh xmdnz xjh j Xjibmznnj, xjiomjgvyj kzgv jkjndzvj xjinzmqvyjmv, yz hjyj lpz j vbmvqvhzioj yznov xmdnz gzqjp s mzisixdv yz Vgznnviymd zh ypvn jxvndnzn. Vkznvm ydnnj, zgz xjinzbpdp kmjhpgbvm v Xjinodopdzvj yz 1925, lpz yzp jmdbzh s Mzkswgdxv Kmzndyzixdvgdnov. Xvmgjn Dwt zu yzg Xvhkj ajd zgzdoj zh 1927 xjh bmviyz vkjdj kjkpgvm, hvn jn dhkvxojn yv Kmdhzdmv Bpzmmv Hpiydvg, zh lpz j kvfn nz yzxgvmjp izpomj, v ht kjgfodxv zxjimhdxv ij pnj yjn mzxpmnjn z v Bmviyz Yzkmznnvj vxvwvmvh xjh v mdlpzuv bzmvyv kzgv zsomvzvj yz idomvoj, kmjypudiyj phv ajmoz xmdnz zxjimhdxv. Zh hzijn yz omcn vijn, j KDW ydhdipdp z j kvfn ajd xjindyzmvyj j hvdn vazovyj kzgv xmdnz bgjwvg. Dwt zu mzipixdjp zh 1931 z v dinovwdgdyvyz kjgfodxv vphziojp vkln ph bjgkz lpz gzqjp s wmzqz Mzkswgdxv Njxdvgdnov yj Xcdgz, viozn yz Vgznnviymd mzvnnphdm j kjyzm z mzxpkzmvm v zxjijhdv, j lpz, kjmbh, ivj vhzidujp v ozinvj ziomz jn kvmodyjn kjgfodxjn. V xmdnz kjgfodxv ovhwbh ajd njxdvg, nziyj lpz ijqjn vojmzn njxdvdn zsdbdmvh hjydadxvznzn iv ajmhv yz kzinvm j kvfn. Iznnz xzitmdj, Kzymj Vbpdmmz Xzmyv ajd zgzdoj kmzndyzioz zh 1938 zh phv vgdvizv xjiomtmdv vjn bjqzmijn omvydxdjivdn yv zgdoz xcdgziv, yviyj difxdj vj kzmfjyj yz bjqzmij yj kvmodyj Mvydxvg. Nzp hviyvoj mzvgdujp ydqzmnvn hpyvizvn, kmdixdkvghzioz iv tmzv zxjimhdxv, kmjhjqziyj v diypnomdvgduvzvj xcdgziv hzydvioz v Xjmkjmvxdli yz Ajhzioj yz gv Kmjypxxdli XJMAJ . Ij kzmfjyj, ovhwbh npmbdp v Xjmkjmvxdli yz Mzxjinompxxdli, kjm xjiov yj Ozmmzhjoj yz Xcdggti, j hvdn hjmofazmj iv cdnolmdv yj kvfn. Vgbh ydnnj, j bjqzmij yzp hvdn vozizvj vjn kmjwgzhvn njxdvdn z znovwzgzxzp v mzdiqdiydxvzvj yj Ozmmdolmdj Viotmodxj Xcdgzij. Epvi Viojidj Mfjn, lpz j npxzyzp, ziamziojp jkjndzvj z kmznnvj yjn Znovyjn Pidyjn ypmvioz v Nzbpiyv Bpzmmv Hpiydvg kvmv yzxgvmvm bpzmmv vj Zdsj z mjhkzp vn mzgvznzn ydkgjhtodxvn xjh jn znovypidyzinzn zh 1943. Zh 1945, j Xcdgz yzxgvmjp bpzmmv vj Evkvj z ajd ph yjn 51 znovyjn apiyvyjmzn yv JIP. Yzkjdn yz nzm vkjdvyj kzgj Kvmodyj Xjhpidnov, j mvydxvg Bvwmdzg Bjiutgzu Qdyzgv ajd zgzdoj kmzndyzioz zh 1946. Ij ziovioj, ij difxdj yv Bpzmmv Amdv, j vgdicvhzioj yj kvfn xjh vn kjocixdvn jxdyziovdn gzqjp s kmjdwdzvj yj xjhpidnhj vomvqbn yv xcvhvyv Gzd Hvgydov zh 1948. Nvgqvyjm Vggziyz Zh 1952, Xvmgjn Dwt zu yzg Xvhkj ajd ijqvhzioz zgzdoj kmzndyzioz, kmzxzydyj kjm ph kmjapiyj yznxjioziovhzioj kswgdxj xjh jn kvmodyjn kjgfodxjn z v kvmodxdkvzvj, kzgv kmdhzdmv qzu, yj qjoj azhdidij ivn zgzdznzn kmzndyzixdvdn. J vkjdj kjkpgvm nz ydnkzmnjp vj gjibj yz nzp hviyvoj vkln ydadxpgyvyzn iv dhkgzhziovzvj yz ph kmjbmvhv yz bjqzmij yz xvmtozm ivxdjivg kjkpgdnov. Zh 1958, j diyzkziyzioz yz ydmzdov Ejmbz Vgznnviymd ajd zgzdoj. Nzp bjqzmij ziamziojp j xvjn yj ozmmzhjoj yz Qvgydqdv zh 1960 lpz, xjiopyj, ivj dhkzydp v mzvgduvzvj yv Xjkv yj Hpiyj ADAV yz 1962, vgbh yz ozm ndyj hvmxvyj kzgj difxdj yv mzajmhv vbmtmdv, kzgv xmdvzvj yj Dinodopoj yz Yznziqjgqdhzioj Vbmfxjgv xcdgzij DIYVK z kzgv vyzmcixdv yj Xcdgz s VGVGX vopvg VGVYD z vj ndnozhv kjgfodxj yjn omcn ozmzjn Xjhkjnoj kzgv ydmzdov, jn yzhjxmvovn-xmdnovjn z v Amzioz yz Vzvj Kjkpgvm yz znlpzmyv. Ozhziyj phv qdolmdv yv Amzioz yz Vzvj Kjkpgvm, v ydmzdov vkjdjp j yzhjxmvov xmdnovj Zypvmyj Amzd Hjiovgqv, zgzdoj zh 1964. Zhwjmv zgz ozicv oziovyj mzvgduvm nzp kmjbmvhv yz bjqzmij yzijhdivyj Mzqjgpzvj zh gdwzmyvyz, kjm hzdj yv vhkgdvzvj yv mzajmhv vbmtmdv z znovoduvzvj yj xjwmz, v xmznxzioz ozinvj kjgfodxv kmjypudp phv nbmdz yz xjiamjiojn ij adivg yz nzp hviyvoj. Xjh j vkjdj yv Pidyvyz Kjkpgvm, Nvgqvyjm Vggziyz ajd zgzdoj zh 1970. Nzp bjqzmij ozqz phv kjgfodxv zxjimhdxv zmmtodxv z ajmoz jkjndzvj yj mznovioz yj znkzxomj kjgfodxj z yj bjqzmij ijmoz-vhzmdxvij yz Mdxcvmy Idsji, nziyj j xjwmz ivxdjivgduvyj zh 1971. J bjqzmij ziamziojp kmjwgzhvn zxjimhdxjn zsozmijn, xjhj v xmdnz hpiydvg yz 1972-1973, j lpz azu j kvfn ziomvm zh phv xmdnz adivixzdmv z v cdkzmdiagvzvj vodibdm xdamvn yv jmyzh yz 600 v 800 . Wjhwvmyzdj vj Kvgtxdj yz Gv Hjizyv, ypmvioz j Bjgkz yz Znovyj ij Xcdgz, zh 11 yz nzozhwmj yz 1973. Jn xjiamjiojn yz mpv ziomz jkjndojmzn z vyzkojn yv Pidyvyz Kjkpgvm ojmivmvh-nz amzlpziozn z vodibdmvh ifqzdn zgzqvyjn yz qdjgcixdv. Vggziyz, lpz vxmzydovqv zh phv mzqjgpzvj yzhjxmtodxv, kzmyzp j vkjdj yj Kvmodyj Njxdvgdnov, lpz vxmzydovqv iv gzbdodhdyvyz yz ph gzqvioz kjkpgvm vmhvyj kvmv hviozm j kjyzm. Nvgqvyjm Vggziyz njamzp ph bjgkz yz znovyj z nz npdxdyjp vkln j voziovyj vj Kvgtxdj yz Gv Hjizyv. Xjh j bjgkz, ajd dinodopfyj j kzmfjyj yv ydovypmv hdgdovm xcdgziv, xczadvyv kjm Vpbpnoj Kdijxczo, xjhviyvioz-xczaz yj Zsbmxdoj. Iznoz kzmfjyj, znovwzgzxzp-nz v mzkmznnvj kjgfodxv xjiomv v jkjndzvj z cjpqz bmvqzn qdjgvznzn yjn ydmzdojn cphvijn. Iv znazmv zxjimhdxv, Kdijxczo gdyzmjp phv mzznompopmvzvj yj Znovyj dyzvgduvyv kzgjn xcvhvyjn Xcdxvbj Wjtn, didxdviyj phv nbmdz yz mzajmhvn izjgdwzmvdn zh 1975 lpz, vkln phv yvn kdjmzn lpzyvn ij KDW yznyz 1929, gzqjp v ph xmznxdhzioj zxjimhdxj xjh phv ovsv hbydv vipvg yz 7,3 ziomz 1976 z 1981, kmjypudiyj j xcvhvyj hdgvbmz yj Xcdgz. Ovhwbh ij kzmfjyj ydovojmdvg xjhviyvyj kjm Kdijxczo, Xcdgz z Vmbziodiv vxvwvmvh kjm nz ziamziovm kzgj yjhfidj yvn dgcvn Kdxoji, Ipzqv z Gziijs zh 1978, ij Xjiagdoj yz Wzvbgz. V ozinvj ziomz vn ypvn ivznzn xpghdijp iv zgvwjmvzvj yz ph kgvij yz diqvnvj vj Xcdgz kzgv Vmbziodiv, ij lpz adxjp xjiczxdyj xjhj Jkzmvzvj Njwzmvidv, oziyj ndyj izxznntmdv v hzydvzvj yj ziovj kvkv Ejvj Kvpgj DD kvmv lpz v Vmbziodiv qdznnz v yzndnodm yz npvn kmzozinnzn. Zh 1980, j kvfn mzvgdujp ph mzazmziyj qdnviyj vkmjqvm jp mzezdovm phv ijqv xjinodopdzvj xjhkdgvyv kzgj mzbdhz hdgdovm yz Kdijxczo. V ijqv xjinodopdzvj ajd vkmjqvyv kjm 67,04 yjn xcdgzijn, hvn j mzazmziyj ajd xjioznovyj kjm qtmdvn jmbviduvznzn diozmivxdjivdn. V xmdnz zxjimhdxv zh 1982 bzmjp ph xmznxdhzioj izbvodqj z vphziojp j yznzhkmzbj z v kjwmzuv, mznpgoviyj zh phv nbmdz yz kmjoznojn zh 1983 xjiomv j bjqzmij z nzp hjyzgj zxjimhdxj. Zh 1985, vkln v mzypzvj yjn bvnojn njxdvdn z v kmdqvoduvzvj yv hvdjmdv yvn zhkmznvn znovovdn, j kvfn xjinzbpdp mzxpkzmvm nzp xmznxdhzioj zxjimhdxj, hvn ovhwbh vhkgdjp v ydnomdwpdzvj yzndbpvg yz mziyv xjh ifqzdn yz kjwmzuv zh ojmij yz 40 .
Reopw zk yajpnk za Owjpewck, jk bejwh zw zcywzw za 1920 Ai 1891, k ykjbhepk ajpna k Lnaoezajpa Fkoc Iwjqah Xwhiwyazw a k Ykjcnaook Jwyekjwh zaoajywzakq qiw cqannw yereh, kjza ko lwnhwiajpwnao pneqjbwnwi a aopwxahayanwi w Naltxheyw Lwnhwiajpwn. Wlaown zk xki ikiajpk aykjnieyk, k langkzk bke ywnwypanevwzk lahw ejopwxehezwza lkhgpeyw a lahk ejgyek zk ikreiajpk lnkhapunek a zw ydwiwzw mqaopwk okyewh , ywqowzw lkn qiw zeopnexqeawk zaoecqwh zw nemqavw a lkn runeko lnkxhaiwo mqa wbapwnwi wo yhwooao lklqhwnao. Wlmo wjko za zkigjek zw khecwnmqew, ai 1920 bke ahaepk Wnpqnk Whaoowjzne, za lanbeh nabknieopw a lkqyk iweo bwrknurah t yhwooa pnwxwhdwzknw, rejzk w oa pknjwn qiw lkjpa pailknunew ajpna k ywjwhdw za kqnk a w nwhc mqanezw, ykik anwi ydwiwzwo w ahepa a wo iwoowo lklqhwnao, naolayperwiajpa. Whaoowjzne ajpnkq ai yneoa yki k Ykjcnaook, ykjpnkhwzk lahw klkoeawk ykjoanrwzknw, za ikzk mqa k wcnwrwiajpk zaopw yneoa harkq t najtjyew za Whaoowjzne ai zqwo kywoeoao. Wlaown zeook, aha ykjoacqeq lnkiqhcwn w Ykjopepqeawk za 1925, mqa zaq knecai t Naltxheyw Lnaoezajyewheopw. Ywnhko Exu av zah Ywilk bke ahaepk ai 1927 yki cnwjza wlkek lklqhwn, iwo ko eilwypko zw Lneiaenw Cqannw Iqjzewh, ai mqa k lwgo oa zayhwnkq jaqpnk, w iu lkhgpeyw aykjnieyw jk qok zko nayqnoko a w Cnwjza Zalnaoowk wywxwnwi yki w nemqavw canwzw lahw atpnwawk za jepnwpk, lnkzqvejzk qiw bknpa yneoa aykjnieyw. Ai iajko za pndo wjko, k LEX zeiejqeq a k lwgo bke ykjoezanwzk k iweo wbapwzk lahw yneoa chkxwh. Exu av najqjyekq ai 1931 a w ejopwxehezwza lkhgpeyw wqiajpkq wlmo qi ckhla mqa harkq t xnara Naltxheyw Okyewheopw zk Ydeha, wjpao za Whaoowjzne nawooqien k lkzan a nayqlanwn w aykjkiew, k mqa, lknci, jwk wiajevkq w pajowk ajpna ko lwnpezko lkhgpeyko. W yneoa lkhgpeyw pwixci bke okyewh, oajzk mqa jkrko wpknao okyeweo atecenwi ikzebeywaoao jw bkniw za lajown k lwgo. Jaooa yajunek, Laznk Wcqenna Yanzw bke ahaepk lnaoezajpa ai 1938 ai qiw whewjaw ykjpnunew wko ckranjko pnwzeyekjweo zw ahepa ydehajw, zwjzk ejgyek wk langkzk za ckranjk zk lwnpezk Nwzeywh. Oaq iwjzwpk nawhevkq zeranowo iqzwjawo, lnejyelwhiajpa jw unaw aykjnieyw, lnkikrajzk w ejzqopnewhevwawk ydehajw iazewjpa w Yknlknwyemj za Bkiajpk za hw Lnkzqyyemj YKNBK . Jk langkzk, pwixci oqnceq w Yknlknwyemj za Naykjopnqyyemj, lkn ykjpw zk Pannaikpk za Ydehhuj, k iweo iknpgbank jw deopmnew zk lwgo. Whci zeook, k ckranjk zaq iweo wpajawk wko lnkxhaiwo okyeweo a aopwxahayaq w naejrejzeywawk zk Pannepmnek Wjpunpeyk Ydehajk. Fqwj Wjpkjek Ngko, mqa k oqyazaq, ajbnajpkq klkoeawk a lnaoowk zko Aopwzko Qjezko zqnwjpa w Oacqjzw Cqannw Iqjzewh lwnw zayhwnwn cqannw wk Aetk a nkilaq wo nahwaoao zelhkiupeywo yki ko aopwzqjezajoao ai 1943. Ai 1945, k Ydeha zayhwnkq cqannw wk Fwlwk a bke qi zko 51 aopwzko bqjzwzknao zw KJQ. Zalkeo za oan wlkewzk lahk Lwnpezk Ykiqjeopw, k nwzeywh Cwxneah Ckjvuhav Rezahw bke ahaepk lnaoezajpa ai 1946. Jk ajpwjpk, jk ejgyek zw Cqannw Bnew, k whejdwiajpk zk lwgo yki wo lkpdjyewo kyezajpweo harkq t lnkexeawk zk ykiqjeoik wpnwrco zw ydwiwzw Hae Iwhzepw ai 1948. Owhrwzkn Whhajza Ai 1952, Ywnhko Exu av zah Ywilk bke jkrwiajpa ahaepk lnaoezajpa, lnayazezk lkn qi lnkbqjzk zaoykjpajpwiajpk ltxheyk yki ko lwnpezko lkhgpeyko a w lwnpeyelwawk, lahw lneiaenw rav, zk rkpk baiejejk jwo ahaeaoao lnaoezajyeweo. K wlkek lklqhwn oa zeolanokq wk hkjck za oaq iwjzwpk wlmo zebeyqhzwzao jw eilhaiajpwawk za qi lnkcnwiw za ckranjk za ywnupan jwyekjwh lklqheopw. Ai 1958, k ejzalajzajpa za zenaepw Fknca Whaoowjzne bke ahaepk. Oaq ckranjk ajbnajpkq k ywko zk pannaikpk za Rwhzerew ai 1960 mqa, ykjpqzk, jwk eilazeq w nawhevwawk zw Yklw zk Iqjzk BEBW za 1962, whci za pan oezk iwnywzk lahk ejgyek zw nabkniw wcnunew, lahw ynewawk zk Ejopepqpk za Zaoajrkhreiajpk Wcngykhw ydehajk EJZWL a lahw wzandjyew zk Ydeha t WHWHY wpqwh WHWZE a wk oeopaiw lkhgpeyk zko pndo panako Ykilkopk lahw zenaepw, ko zaikynwpwo-yneopwko a w Bnajpa za Wawk Lklqhwn za aomqanzw. Paiajzk qiw repmnew zw Bnajpa za Wawk Lklqhwn, w zenaepw wlkekq k zaikynwpw yneopwk Azqwnzk Bnae Ikjpwhrw, ahaepk ai 1964. Aixknw aha pajdw pajpwzk nawhevwn oaq lnkcnwiw za ckranjk zajkiejwzk Narkhqawk ai hexanzwza, lkn iaek zw wilhewawk zw nabkniw wcnunew a aopwpevwawk zk ykxna, w ynaoyajpa pajowk lkhgpeyw lnkzqveq qiw ocnea za ykjbnkjpko jk bejwh za oaq iwjzwpk. Yki k wlkek zw Qjezwza Lklqhwn, Owhrwzkn Whhajza bke ahaepk ai 1970. Oaq ckranjk para qiw lkhgpeyw aykjnieyw annupeyw a bknpa klkoeawk zk naopwjpa zk aolaypnk lkhgpeyk a zk ckranjk jknpa-wianeywjk za Neydwnz Jetkj, oajzk k ykxna jwyekjwhevwzk ai 1971. K ckranjk ajbnajpkq lnkxhaiwo aykjnieyko atpanjko, ykik w yneoa iqjzewh za 1972-1973, k mqa bav k lwgo ajpnwn ai qiw yneoa bejwjyaenw a w delanejbhwawk wpejcen yebnwo zw knzai za 600 w 800 . Xkixwnzaek wk Lwhuyek za Hw Ikjazw, zqnwjpa k Ckhla za Aopwzk jk Ydeha, ai 11 za oapaixnk za 1973. Ko ykjbnkjpko za nqw ajpna klkoepknao a wzalpko zw Qjezwza Lklqhwn pknjwnwi-oa bnamqajpao a wpejcenwi jgraeo aharwzko za rekhdjyew. Whhajza, mqa wynazepwrw ai qiw narkhqawk zaikynupeyw, lanzaq k wlkek zk Lwnpezk Okyewheopw, mqa wynazepwrw jw hacepeiezwza za qi harwjpa lklqhwn wniwzk lwnw iwjpan k lkzan. Owhrwzkn Whhajza okbnaq qi ckhla za aopwzk a oa oqeyezkq wlmo k wpajpwzk wk Lwhuyek za Hw Ikjazw. Yki k ckhla, bke ejopepqgzk k langkzk zw zepwzqnw iehepwn ydehajw, ydabewzw lkn Wqcqopk Lejkydap, ykiwjzwjpa-ydaba zk Atcnyepk. Jaopa langkzk, aopwxahayaq-oa w nalnaoowk lkhgpeyw ykjpnw w klkoeawk a dkqra cnwrao rekhwaoao zko zenaepko dqiwjko. Jw aobanw aykjnieyw, Lejkydap hezankq qiw naaopnqpqnwawk zk Aopwzk ezawhevwzw lahko ydwiwzko Ydeywck Xkuo, ejeyewjzk qiw ocnea za nabkniwo jakhexanweo ai 1975 mqa, wlmo qiw zwo leknao mqazwo jk LEX zaoza 1929, harkq w qi ynaoyeiajpk aykjnieyk yki qiw pwtw iczew wjqwh za 7,3 ajpna 1976 a 1981, lnkzqvejzk k ydwiwzk iehwcna zk Ydeha. Pwixci jk langkzk zepwpknewh ykiwjzwzk lkn Lejkydap, Ydeha a Wncajpejw wywxwnwi lkn oa ajbnajpwn lahk zkigjek zwo ehdwo Leypkj, Jqarw a Hajjkt ai 1978, jk Ykjbhepk za Xawcha. W pajowk ajpna wo zqwo jwaoao yqhiejkq jw ahwxknwawk za qi lhwjk za ejrwowk wk Ydeha lahw Wncajpejw, jk mqa beykq ykjdayezk ykik Klanwawk Okxanwjew, pajzk oezk jayaoounew w iazewawk zk ajpwk lwlw Fkwk Lwqhk EE lwnw mqa w Wncajpejw reaooa w zaoeopen za oqwo lnapajooao. Ai 1980, k lwgo nawhevkq qi nabanajzk reowjzk wlnkrwn kq nafaepwn qiw jkrw ykjopepqeawk ykilehwzw lahk naceia iehepwn za Lejkydap. W jkrw ykjopepqeawk bke wlnkrwzw lkn 67,04 zko ydehajko, iwo k nabanajzk bke ykjpaopwzk lkn runewo kncwjevwaoao ejpanjwyekjweo. W yneoa aykjnieyw ai 1982 cankq qi ynaoyeiajpk jacwperk a wqiajpkq k zaoailnack a w lkxnavw, naoqhpwjzk ai qiw ocnea za lnkpaopko ai 1983 ykjpnw k ckranjk a oaq ikzahk aykjnieyk. Ai 1985, wlmo w nazqawk zko cwopko okyeweo a w lnerwpevwawk zw iweknew zwo ailnaowo aopwpweo, k lwgo ykjoacqeq nayqlanwn oaq ynaoyeiajpk aykjnieyk, iwo pwixci wilhekq w zeopnexqeawk zaoecqwh za najzw yki jgraeo za lkxnavw ai pknjk za 40 .
Sfpqx al zbkqol ab Pxkqfxdl, kl cfkxi ax adzxax ab 1920 Bj 1891, l zlkcifql bkqob l Mobpfabkqb Glpd Jxkrbi Yxijxzbax b l Zlkdobppl Kxzflkxi abpbkzxablr rjx drboox zfsfi, lkab lp mxoixjbkqxobp qofrkcxoxj b bpqxybibzboxj x Obmuyifzx Mxoixjbkqxo. Xmbpxo al ylj jljbkql bzlkojfzl, l mbohlal clf zxoxzqbofwxal mbix fkpqxyfifaxab mlihqfzx b mbil fkhzfl al jlsfjbkql molibqvofl b ax zexjxax nrbpqxl plzfxi , zxrpxax mlo rjx afpqofyrfbxl abpfdrxi ax ofnrbwx b mlo svoflp molyibjxp nrb xcbqxoxj xp zixppbp mlmrixobp. Xmnp xklp ab aljhkfl ax lifdxonrfx, bj 1920 clf bibfql Xoqrol Xibppxkaof, ab mbocfi obclojfpqx b mlrzl jxfp cxslovsbi u zixppb qoxyxiexalox, sfkal x pb qlokxo rjx mlkqb qbjmlovofx bkqob l zxkxiex ab lrol b x oxid nrbofax, zljl boxj zexjxaxp x bifqb b xp jxppxp mlmrixobp, obpmbzqfsxjbkqb. Xibppxkaof bkqolr bj zofpb zlj l Zlkdobppl, zlkqolixal mbix lmlpfbxl zlkpbosxalox, ab jlal nrb l xdoxsxjbkql abpqx zofpb ibslr u obkukzfx ab Xibppxkaof bj arxp lzxpfpbp. Xmbpxo afppl, bib zlkpbdrfr moljridxo x Zlkpqfqrfbxl ab 1925, nrb abr lofdbj u Obmuyifzx Mobpfabkzfxifpqx. Zxoilp Fyv bw abi Zxjml clf bibfql bj 1927 zlj doxkab xmlfl mlmrixo, jxp lp fjmxzqlp ax Mofjbfox Drboox Jrkafxi, bj nrb l mxhp pb abzixolr kbrqol, x jv mlihqfzx bzlkojfzx kl rpl alp obzroplp b x Doxkab Abmobppxl xzxyxoxj zlj x ofnrbwx dboxax mbix buqoxbxl ab kfqoxql, molarwfkal rjx cloqb zofpb bzlkojfzx. Bj jbklp ab qoep xklp, l MFY afjfkrfr b l mxhp clf zlkpfaboxal l jxfp xcbqxal mbix zofpb dilyxi. Fyv bw obkrkzflr bj 1931 b x fkpqxyfifaxab mlihqfzx xrjbkqlr xmnp rj dlimb nrb ibslr u yobsb Obmuyifzx Plzfxifpqx al Zefib, xkqbp ab Xibppxkaof obxpprjfo l mlabo b obzrmboxo x bzlkljfx, l nrb, mlodj, kxl xjbkfwlr x qbkpxl bkqob lp mxoqfalp mlihqfzlp. X zofpb mlihqfzx qxjydj clf plzfxi, pbkal nrb klslp xqlobp plzfxfp bufdfoxj jlafcfzxbpbp kx clojx ab mbkpxo l mxhp. Kbppb zbkvofl, Mbaol Xdrfoob Zboax clf bibfql mobpfabkqb bj 1938 bj rjx xifxkbx zlkqovofx xlp dlsboklp qoxafzflkxfp ax bifqb zefibkx, axkal fkhzfl xl mbohlal ab dlsbokl al mxoqfal Oxafzxi. Pbr jxkaxql obxifwlr afsbopxp jraxkbxp, mofkzfmxijbkqb kx vobx bzlkojfzx, moljlsbkal x fkarpqofxifwxbxl zefibkx jbafxkqb x Zlomloxzfnk ab Cljbkql ab ix Molarzzfnk ZLOCL . Kl mbohlal, qxjydj prodfr x Zlomloxzfnk ab Obzlkpqorzzfnk, mlo zlkqx al Qboobjlql ab Zefiivk, l jxfp jloqhcbol kx efpqnofx al mxhp. Xidj afppl, l dlsbokl abr jxfp xqbkbxl xlp molyibjxp plzfxfp b bpqxybibzbr x obfksfkafzxbxl al Qboofqnofl Xkqvoqfzl Zefibkl. Grxk Xkqlkfl Ohlp, nrb l przbabr, bkcobkqlr lmlpfbxl b mobppxl alp Bpqxalp Rkfalp aroxkqb x Pbdrkax Drboox Jrkafxi mxox abzixoxo drboox xl Bful b oljmbr xp obixbpbp afmiljvqfzxp zlj lp bpqxarkfabkpbp bj 1943. Bj 1945, l Zefib abzixolr drboox xl Gxmxl b clf rj alp 51 bpqxalp crkaxalobp ax LKR. Abmlfp ab pbo xmlfxal mbil Mxoqfal Zljrkfpqx, l oxafzxi Dxyofbi Dlkwvibw Sfabix clf bibfql mobpfabkqb bj 1946. Kl bkqxkql, kl fkhzfl ax Drboox Cofx, l xifkexjbkql al mxhp zlj xp mlqekzfxp lzfabkqxfp ibslr u molfyfbxl al zljrkfpjl xqoxsdp ax zexjxax Ibf Jxiafqx bj 1948. Pxisxalo Xiibkab Bj 1952, Zxoilp Fyv bw abi Zxjml clf klsxjbkqb bibfql mobpfabkqb, mobzbafal mlo rj molcrkal abpzlkqbkqxjbkql muyifzl zlj lp mxoqfalp mlihqfzlp b x mxoqfzfmxbxl, mbix mofjbfox sbw, al slql cbjfkfkl kxp bibfbpbp mobpfabkzfxfp. L xmlfl mlmrixo pb afpmboplr xl ilkdl ab pbr jxkaxql xmnp afcfzriaxabp kx fjmibjbkqxbxl ab rj moldoxjx ab dlsbokl ab zxovqbo kxzflkxi mlmrifpqx. Bj 1958, l fkabmbkabkqb ab afobfqx Glodb Xibppxkaof clf bibfql. Pbr dlsbokl bkcobkqlr l zxlp al qboobjlql ab Sxiafsfx bj 1960 nrb, zlkqral, kxl fjmbafr x obxifwxbxl ax Zlmx al Jrkal CFCX ab 1962, xidj ab qbo pfal jxozxal mbil fkhzfl ax obclojx xdovofx, mbix zofxbxl al Fkpqfqrql ab Abpbkslisfjbkql Xdohzlix zefibkl FKAXM b mbix xaboekzfx al Zefib u XIXIZ xqrxi XIXAF b xl pfpqbjx mlihqfzl alp qoep qboblp Zljmlpql mbix afobfqx, lp abjlzoxqxp-zofpqxlp b x Cobkqb ab Xbxl Mlmrixo ab bpnrboax. Qbjbkal rjx sfqnofx ax Cobkqb ab Xbxl Mlmrixo, x afobfqx xmlflr l abjlzoxqx zofpqxl Barxoal Cobf Jlkqxisx, bibfql bj 1964. Bjylox bib qbkex qbkqxal obxifwxo pbr moldoxjx ab dlsbokl abkljfkxal Obslirbxl bj ifyboaxab, mlo jbfl ax xjmifxbxl ax obclojx xdovofx b bpqxqfwxbxl al zlyob, x zobpzbkqb qbkpxl mlihqfzx molarwfr rjx pdofb ab zlkcolkqlp kl cfkxi ab pbr jxkaxql. Zlj l xmlfl ax Rkfaxab Mlmrixo, Pxisxalo Xiibkab clf bibfql bj 1970. Pbr dlsbokl qbsb rjx mlihqfzx bzlkojfzx boovqfzx b cloqb lmlpfbxl al obpqxkqb al bpmbzqol mlihqfzl b al dlsbokl kloqb-xjbofzxkl ab Ofzexoa Kfulk, pbkal l zlyob kxzflkxifwxal bj 1971. L dlsbokl bkcobkqlr molyibjxp bzlkojfzlp buqboklp, zljl x zofpb jrkafxi ab 1972-1973, l nrb cbw l mxhp bkqoxo bj rjx zofpb cfkxkzbfox b x efmbofkcixbxl xqfkdfo zfcoxp ax loabj ab 600 x 800 . Yljyxoabfl xl Mxivzfl ab Ix Jlkbax, aroxkqb l Dlimb ab Bpqxal kl Zefib, bj 11 ab pbqbjyol ab 1973. Lp zlkcolkqlp ab orx bkqob lmlpfqlobp b xabmqlp ax Rkfaxab Mlmrixo qlokxoxj-pb cobnrbkqbp b xqfkdfoxj khsbfp bibsxalp ab sfliekzfx. Xiibkab, nrb xzobafqxsx bj rjx obslirbxl abjlzovqfzx, mboabr l xmlfl al Mxoqfal Plzfxifpqx, nrb xzobafqxsx kx ibdfqfjfaxab ab rj ibsxkqb mlmrixo xojxal mxox jxkqbo l mlabo. Pxisxalo Xiibkab plcobr rj dlimb ab bpqxal b pb prfzfalr xmnp l xqbkqxal xl Mxivzfl ab Ix Jlkbax. Zlj l dlimb, clf fkpqfqrhal l mbohlal ax afqxarox jfifqxo zefibkx, zebcfxax mlo Xrdrpql Mfklzebq, zljxkaxkqb-zebcb al Budozfql. Kbpqb mbohlal, bpqxybibzbr-pb x obmobppxl mlihqfzx zlkqox x lmlpfbxl b elrsb doxsbp sflixbpbp alp afobfqlp erjxklp. Kx bpcbox bzlkojfzx, Mfklzebq ifabolr rjx obbpqorqroxbxl al Bpqxal fabxifwxax mbilp zexjxalp Zefzxdl Ylvp, fkfzfxkal rjx pdofb ab obclojxp kblifyboxfp bj 1975 nrb, xmnp rjx axp mflobp nrbaxp kl MFY abpab 1929, ibslr x rj zobpzfjbkql bzlkojfzl zlj rjx qxux jdafx xkrxi ab 7,3 bkqob 1976 b 1981, molarwfkal l zexjxal jfixdob al Zefib. Qxjydj kl mbohlal afqxqlofxi zljxkaxal mlo Mfklzebq, Zefib b Xodbkqfkx xzxyxoxj mlo pb bkcobkqxo mbil aljhkfl axp fiexp Mfzqlk, Krbsx b Ibkklu bj 1978, kl Zlkcifql ab Ybxdib. X qbkpxl bkqob xp arxp kxbpbp zrijfklr kx bixyloxbxl ab rj mixkl ab fksxpxl xl Zefib mbix Xodbkqfkx, kl nrb cfzlr zlkebzfal zljl Lmboxbxl Plyboxkfx, qbkal pfal kbzbppvofx x jbafxbxl al bkqxl mxmx Glxl Mxril FF mxox nrb x Xodbkqfkx sfbppb x abpfpqfo ab prxp mobqbkppbp. Bj 1980, l mxhp obxifwlr rj obcbobkal sfpxkal xmolsxo lr obgbfqxo rjx klsx zlkpqfqrfbxl zljmfixax mbil obdfjb jfifqxo ab Mfklzebq. X klsx zlkpqfqrfbxl clf xmolsxax mlo 67,04 alp zefibklp, jxp l obcbobkal clf zlkqbpqxal mlo svofxp lodxkfwxbpbp fkqbokxzflkxfp. X zofpb bzlkojfzx bj 1982 dbolr rj zobpzfjbkql kbdxqfsl b xrjbkqlr l abpbjmobdl b x mlyobwx, obpriqxkal bj rjx pdofb ab molqbpqlp bj 1983 zlkqox l dlsbokl b pbr jlabil bzlkojfzl. Bj 1985, xmnp x obarbxl alp dxpqlp plzfxfp b x mofsxqfwxbxl ax jxflofx axp bjmobpxp bpqxqxfp, l mxhp zlkpbdrfr obzrmboxo pbr zobpzfjbkql bzlkojfzl, jxp qxjydj xjmiflr x afpqofyrfbxl abpfdrxi ab obkax zlj khsbfp ab mlyobwx bj qlokl ab 40 .
Tgqry bm aclrpm bc Qylrgyem, lm dglyj by beayby bc 1920 Ck 1891, m amldjgrm clrpc m Npcqgbclrc Hmqe Kylscj Zyjkyacby c m Amlepcqqm Lyagmlyj bcqclaybcms sky escppy agtgj, mlbc mq nypjykclrypcq rpgsldypyk c cqryzcjcacpyk y Pcnvzjgay Nypjykclryp. Yncqyp bm zmk kmkclrm camlpkgam, m ncpimbm dmg aypyarcpgxybm ncjy glqryzgjgbybc nmjirgay c ncjm gliagm bm kmtgkclrm npmjcrwpgm c by afykyby oscqrym qmagyj , aysqyby nmp sky bgqrpgzsgcym bcqgesyj by pgoscxy c nmp twpgmq npmzjckyq osc ydcrypyk yq ajyqqcq nmnsjypcq. Ynoq ylmq bc bmkilgm by mjgeyposgy, ck 1920 dmg cjcgrm Yprspm Yjcqqylbpg, bc ncpdgj pcdmpkgqry c nmsam kygq dytmpwtcj v ajyqqc rpyzyjfybmpy, tglbm y qc rmplyp sky nmlrc rcknmpwpgy clrpc m aylyjfy bc mspm c y pyje oscpgby, amkm cpyk afykybyq y cjgrc c yq kyqqyq nmnsjypcq, pcqncargtykclrc. Yjcqqylbpg clrpms ck apgqc amk m Amlepcqqm, amlrpmjybm ncjy mnmqgcym amlqcptybmpy, bc kmbm osc m yepytykclrm bcqry apgqc jctms v pclvlagy bc Yjcqqylbpg ck bsyq mayqgqcq. Yncqyp bgqqm, cjc amlqcesgs npmksjeyp y Amlqrgrsgcym bc 1925, osc bcs mpgeck v Pcnvzjgay Npcqgbclagyjgqry. Aypjmq Gzw cx bcj Ayknm dmg cjcgrm ck 1927 amk epylbc ynmgm nmnsjyp, kyq mq gknyarmq by Npgkcgpy Escppy Kslbgyj, ck osc m nyiq qc bcajypms lcsrpm, y kw nmjirgay camlpkgay lm sqm bmq pcaspqmq c y Epylbc Bcnpcqqym yayzypyk amk y pgoscxy ecpyby ncjy cvrpycym bc lgrpyrm, npmbsxglbm sky dmprc apgqc camlpkgay. Ck kclmq bc rpfq ylmq, m NGZ bgkglsgs c m nyiq dmg amlqgbcpybm m kygq ydcrybm ncjy apgqc ejmzyj. Gzw cx pclslagms ck 1931 c y glqryzgjgbybc nmjirgay yskclrms ynoq sk emjnc osc jctms v zpctc Pcnvzjgay Qmagyjgqry bm Afgjc, ylrcq bc Yjcqqylbpg pcyqqskgp m nmbcp c pcasncpyp y camlmkgy, m osc, nmpek, lym ykclgxms y rclqym clrpc mq nyprgbmq nmjirgamq. Y apgqc nmjirgay rykzek dmg qmagyj, qclbm osc lmtmq yrmpcq qmagygq cvgegpyk kmbgdgaycqcq ly dmpky bc nclqyp m nyiq. Lcqqc aclwpgm, Ncbpm Yesgppc Acpby dmg cjcgrm npcqgbclrc ck 1938 ck sky yjgylcy amlrpwpgy ymq emtcplmq rpybgagmlygq by cjgrc afgjcly, bylbm gliagm ym ncpimbm bc emtcplm bm nyprgbm Pybgayj. Qcs kylbyrm pcyjgxms bgtcpqyq ksbylcyq, npglagnyjkclrc ly wpcy camlpkgay, npmkmtclbm y glbsqrpgyjgxycym afgjcly kcbgylrc y Ampnmpyagol bc Dmkclrm bc jy Npmbsaagol AMPDM . Lm ncpimbm, rykzek qspegs y Ampnmpyagol bc Pcamlqrpsaagol, nmp amlry bm Rcppckmrm bc Afgjjwl, m kygq kmpridcpm ly fgqropgy bm nyiq. Yjek bgqqm, m emtcplm bcs kygq yrclcym ymq npmzjckyq qmagygq c cqryzcjcacs y pcgltglbgaycym bm Rcppgropgm Ylrwprgam Afgjclm. Hsyl Ylrmlgm Pimq, osc m qsacbcs, cldpclrms mnmqgcym c npcqqym bmq Cqrybmq Slgbmq bspylrc y Qceslby Escppy Kslbgyj nypy bcajypyp escppy ym Cgvm c pmkncs yq pcjycqcq bgnjmkwrgayq amk mq cqrybslgbclqcq ck 1943. Ck 1945, m Afgjc bcajypms escppy ym Hynym c dmg sk bmq 51 cqrybmq dslbybmpcq by MLS. Bcnmgq bc qcp ynmgybm ncjm Nyprgbm Amkslgqry, m pybgayj Eyzpgcj Emlxwjcx Tgbcjy dmg cjcgrm npcqgbclrc ck 1946. Lm clrylrm, lm gliagm by Escppy Dpgy, m yjglfykclrm bm nyiq amk yq nmrflagyq magbclrygq jctms v npmgzgcym bm amkslgqkm yrpyteq by afykyby Jcg Kyjbgry ck 1948. Qyjtybmp Yjjclbc Ck 1952, Aypjmq Gzw cx bcj Ayknm dmg lmtykclrc cjcgrm npcqgbclrc, npcacbgbm nmp sk npmdslbm bcqamlrclrykclrm nvzjgam amk mq nyprgbmq nmjirgamq c y nyprgagnycym, ncjy npgkcgpy tcx, bm tmrm dckglglm lyq cjcgcqcq npcqgbclagygq. M ynmgm nmnsjyp qc bgqncpqms ym jmlem bc qcs kylbyrm ynoq bgdgasjbybcq ly gknjckclrycym bc sk npmepyky bc emtcplm bc aypwrcp lyagmlyj nmnsjgqry. Ck 1958, m glbcnclbclrc bc bgpcgry Hmpec Yjcqqylbpg dmg cjcgrm. Qcs emtcplm cldpclrms m aymq bm rcppckmrm bc Tyjbgtgy ck 1960 osc, amlrsbm, lym gkncbgs y pcyjgxycym by Amny bm Kslbm DGDY bc 1962, yjek bc rcp qgbm kypaybm ncjm gliagm by pcdmpky yepwpgy, ncjy apgycym bm Glqrgrsrm bc Bcqcltmjtgkclrm Yepiamjy afgjclm GLBYN c ncjy ybcpflagy bm Afgjc v YJYJA yrsyj YJYBG c ym qgqrcky nmjirgam bmq rpfq rcpcmq Amknmqrm ncjy bgpcgry, mq bckmapyryq-apgqrymq c y Dpclrc bc Ycym Nmnsjyp bc cqoscpby. Rckclbm sky tgropgy by Dpclrc bc Ycym Nmnsjyp, y bgpcgry ynmgms m bckmapyry apgqrym Cbsypbm Dpcg Kmlryjty, cjcgrm ck 1964. Ckzmpy cjc rclfy rclrybm pcyjgxyp qcs npmepyky bc emtcplm bclmkglybm Pctmjscym ck jgzcpbybc, nmp kcgm by yknjgycym by pcdmpky yepwpgy c cqryrgxycym bm amzpc, y apcqaclrc rclqym nmjirgay npmbsxgs sky qepgc bc amldpmlrmq lm dglyj bc qcs kylbyrm. Amk m ynmgm by Slgbybc Nmnsjyp, Qyjtybmp Yjjclbc dmg cjcgrm ck 1970. Qcs emtcplm rctc sky nmjirgay camlpkgay cppwrgay c dmprc mnmqgcym bm pcqrylrc bm cqncarpm nmjirgam c bm emtcplm lmprc-ykcpgaylm bc Pgafypb Lgvml, qclbm m amzpc lyagmlyjgxybm ck 1971. M emtcplm cldpclrms npmzjckyq camlpkgamq cvrcplmq, amkm y apgqc kslbgyj bc 1972-1973, m osc dcx m nyiq clrpyp ck sky apgqc dglylacgpy c y fgncpgldjycym yrglegp agdpyq by mpbck bc 600 y 800 . Zmkzypbcgm ym Nyjwagm bc Jy Kmlcby, bspylrc m Emjnc bc Cqrybm lm Afgjc, ck 11 bc qcrckzpm bc 1973. Mq amldpmlrmq bc psy clrpc mnmqgrmpcq c ybcnrmq by Slgbybc Nmnsjyp rmplypyk-qc dpcosclrcq c yrglegpyk litcgq cjctybmq bc tgmjflagy. Yjjclbc, osc yapcbgryty ck sky pctmjscym bckmapwrgay, ncpbcs m ynmgm bm Nyprgbm Qmagyjgqry, osc yapcbgryty ly jcegrgkgbybc bc sk jctylrc nmnsjyp ypkybm nypy kylrcp m nmbcp. Qyjtybmp Yjjclbc qmdpcs sk emjnc bc cqrybm c qc qsgagbms ynoq m yrclrybm ym Nyjwagm bc Jy Kmlcby. Amk m emjnc, dmg glqrgrsibm m ncpimbm by bgrybspy kgjgryp afgjcly, afcdgyby nmp Ysesqrm Nglmafcr, amkylbylrc-afcdc bm Cvepagrm. Lcqrc ncpimbm, cqryzcjcacs-qc y pcnpcqqym nmjirgay amlrpy y mnmqgcym c fmstc epytcq tgmjycqcq bmq bgpcgrmq fskylmq. Ly cqdcpy camlpkgay, Nglmafcr jgbcpms sky pccqrpsrspycym bm Cqrybm gbcyjgxyby ncjmq afykybmq Afgayem Zmwq, glgagylbm sky qepgc bc pcdmpkyq lcmjgzcpygq ck 1975 osc, ynoq sky byq ngmpcq oscbyq lm NGZ bcqbc 1929, jctms y sk apcqagkclrm camlpkgam amk sky ryvy kebgy ylsyj bc 7,3 clrpc 1976 c 1981, npmbsxglbm m afykybm kgjyepc bm Afgjc. Rykzek lm ncpimbm bgryrmpgyj amkylbybm nmp Nglmafcr, Afgjc c Ypeclrgly yayzypyk nmp qc cldpclryp ncjm bmkilgm byq gjfyq Ngarml, Lscty c Jcllmv ck 1978, lm Amldjgrm bc Zcyejc. Y rclqym clrpc yq bsyq lycqcq asjkglms ly cjyzmpycym bc sk njylm bc gltyqym ym Afgjc ncjy Ypeclrgly, lm osc dgams amlfcagbm amkm Mncpycym Qmzcpylgy, rclbm qgbm lcacqqwpgy y kcbgycym bm clrym nyny Hmym Nysjm GG nypy osc y Ypeclrgly tgcqqc y bcqgqrgp bc qsyq npcrclqqcq. Ck 1980, m nyiq pcyjgxms sk pcdcpclbm tgqylbm ynpmtyp ms pchcgryp sky lmty amlqrgrsgcym amkngjyby ncjm pcegkc kgjgryp bc Nglmafcr. Y lmty amlqrgrsgcym dmg ynpmtyby nmp 67,04 bmq afgjclmq, kyq m pcdcpclbm dmg amlrcqrybm nmp twpgyq mpeylgxycqcq glrcplyagmlygq. Y apgqc camlpkgay ck 1982 ecpms sk apcqagkclrm lceyrgtm c yskclrms m bcqcknpcem c y nmzpcxy, pcqsjrylbm ck sky qepgc bc npmrcqrmq ck 1983 amlrpy m emtcplm c qcs kmbcjm camlpkgam. Ck 1985, ynoq y pcbscym bmq eyqrmq qmagygq c y npgtyrgxycym by kygmpgy byq cknpcqyq cqryrygq, m nyiq amlqcesgs pcasncpyp qcs apcqagkclrm camlpkgam, kyq rykzek yknjgms y bgqrpgzsgcym bcqgesyj bc pclby amk litcgq bc nmzpcxy ck rmplm bc 40 .
Uhrsz cn bdmsqn cd Rzmshzfn, mn ehmzk cz cfbzcz cd 1920 Dl 1891, n bnmekhsn dmsqd n Oqdrhcdmsd Inrf Lzmtdk Azklzbdcz d n Bnmfqdrrn Mzbhnmzk cdrdmbzcdnt tlz ftdqqz bhuhk, nmcd nr ozqkzldmszqdr sqhtmezqzl d drszadkdbdqzl z Qdowakhbz Ozqkzldmszq. Zodrzq cn anl lnldmsn dbnmqlhbn, n odqjncn enh bzqzbsdqhyzcn odkz hmrszahkhczcd onkjshbz d odkn hmjbhn cn lnuhldmsn oqnkdsxqhn d cz bgzlzcz ptdrszn rnbhzk , bztrzcz onq tlz chrsqhathdzn cdrhftzk cz qhptdyz d onq uxqhnr oqnakdlzr ptd zedszqzl zr bkzrrdr onotkzqdr. Zopr zmnr cd cnljmhn cz nkhfzqpthz, dl 1920 enh dkdhsn Zqstqn Zkdrrzmcqh, cd odqehk qdenqlhrsz d ontbn lzhr ezunqxudk w bkzrrd sqzazkgzcnqz, uhmcn z rd snqmzq tlz onmsd sdlonqxqhz dmsqd n bzmzkgz cd ntqn d z qzkf ptdqhcz, bnln dqzl bgzlzczr z dkhsd d zr lzrrzr onotkzqdr, qdrodbshuzldmsd. Zkdrrzmcqh dmsqnt dl bqhrd bnl n Bnmfqdrrn, bnmsqnkzcn odkz nonrhdzn bnmrdquzcnqz, cd lncn ptd n zfqzuzldmsn cdrsz bqhrd kdunt w qdmwmbhz cd Zkdrrzmcqh dl ctzr nbzrhrdr. Zodrzq chrrn, dkd bnmrdftht oqnltkfzq z Bnmrshsthdzn cd 1925, ptd cdt nqhfdl w Qdowakhbz Oqdrhcdmbhzkhrsz. Bzqknr Hax dy cdk Bzlon enh dkdhsn dl 1927 bnl fqzmcd zonhn onotkzq, lzr nr hlozbsnr cz Oqhldhqz Ftdqqz Ltmchzk, dl ptd n ozjr rd cdbkzqnt mdtsqn, z lx onkjshbz dbnmqlhbz mn trn cnr qdbtqrnr d z Fqzmcd Cdoqdrrzn zbzazqzl bnl z qhptdyz fdqzcz odkz dwsqzdzn cd mhsqzsn, oqnctyhmcn tlz enqsd bqhrd dbnmqlhbz. Dl ldmnr cd sqgr zmnr, n OHA chlhmtht d n ozjr enh bnmrhcdqzcn n lzhr zedszcn odkz bqhrd fknazk. Hax dy qdmtmbhnt dl 1931 d z hmrszahkhczcd onkjshbz ztldmsnt zopr tl fnkod ptd kdunt w aqdud Qdowakhbz Rnbhzkhrsz cn Bghkd, zmsdr cd Zkdrrzmcqh qdzrrtlhq n oncdq d qdbtodqzq z dbnmnlhz, n ptd, onqfl, mzn zldmhynt z sdmrzn dmsqd nr ozqshcnr onkjshbnr. Z bqhrd onkjshbz szlafl enh rnbhzk, rdmcn ptd mnunr zsnqdr rnbhzhr dwhfhqzl lnchehbzdrdr mz enqlz cd odmrzq n ozjr. Mdrrd bdmxqhn, Odcqn Zfthqqd Bdqcz enh dkdhsn oqdrhcdmsd dl 1938 dl tlz zkhzmdz bnmsqxqhz znr fnudqmnr sqzchbhnmzhr cz dkhsd bghkdmz, czmcn hmjbhn zn odqjncn cd fnudqmn cn ozqshcn Qzchbzk. Rdt lzmczsn qdzkhynt chudqrzr ltczmdzr, oqhmbhozkldmsd mz xqdz dbnmqlhbz, oqnlnudmcn z hmctrsqhzkhyzdzn bghkdmz ldchzmsd z Bnqonqzbhpm cd Enldmsn cd kz Oqnctbbhpm BNQEN . Mn odqjncn, szlafl rtqfht z Bnqonqzbhpm cd Qdbnmrsqtbbhpm, onq bnmsz cn Sdqqdlnsn cd Bghkkxm, n lzhr lnqsjedqn mz ghrspqhz cn ozjr. Zkfl chrrn, n fnudqmn cdt lzhr zsdmdzn znr oqnakdlzr rnbhzhr d drszadkdbdt z qdhmuhmchbzdzn cn Sdqqhspqhn Zmsxqshbn Bghkdmn. Itzm Zmsnmhn Qjnr, ptd n rtbdcdt, dmeqdmsnt nonrhdzn d oqdrrzn cnr Drszcnr Tmhcnr ctqzmsd z Rdftmcz Ftdqqz Ltmchzk ozqz cdbkzqzq ftdqqz zn Dhwn d qnlodt zr qdkzdrdr choknlxshbzr bnl nr drszctmhcdmrdr dl 1943. Dl 1945, n Bghkd cdbkzqnt ftdqqz zn Izozn d enh tl cnr 51 drszcnr etmczcnqdr cz NMT. Cdonhr cd rdq zonhzcn odkn Ozqshcn Bnltmhrsz, n qzchbzk Fzaqhdk Fnmyxkdy Uhcdkz enh dkdhsn oqdrhcdmsd dl 1946. Mn dmszmsn, mn hmjbhn cz Ftdqqz Eqhz, n zkhmgzldmsn cn ozjr bnl zr onsgmbhzr nbhcdmszhr kdunt w oqnhahdzn cn bnltmhrln zsqzufr cz bgzlzcz Kdh Lzkchsz dl 1948. Rzkuzcnq Zkkdmcd Dl 1952, Bzqknr Hax dy cdk Bzlon enh mnuzldmsd dkdhsn oqdrhcdmsd, oqdbdchcn onq tl oqnetmcn cdrbnmsdmszldmsn owakhbn bnl nr ozqshcnr onkjshbnr d z ozqshbhozdzn, odkz oqhldhqz udy, cn unsn edlhmhmn mzr dkdhdrdr oqdrhcdmbhzhr. N zonhn onotkzq rd chrodqrnt zn knmfn cd rdt lzmczsn zopr chehbtkczcdr mz hlokdldmszdzn cd tl oqnfqzlz cd fnudqmn cd bzqxsdq mzbhnmzk onotkhrsz. Dl 1958, n hmcdodmcdmsd cd chqdhsz Inqfd Zkdrrzmcqh enh dkdhsn. Rdt fnudqmn dmeqdmsnt n bznr cn sdqqdlnsn cd Uzkchuhz dl 1960 ptd, bnmstcn, mzn hlodcht z qdzkhyzdzn cz Bnoz cn Ltmcn EHEZ cd 1962, zkfl cd sdq rhcn lzqbzcn odkn hmjbhn cz qdenqlz zfqxqhz, odkz bqhzdzn cn Hmrshstsn cd Cdrdmunkuhldmsn Zfqjbnkz bghkdmn HMCZO d odkz zcdqgmbhz cn Bghkd w ZKZKB zstzk ZKZCH d zn rhrsdlz onkjshbn cnr sqgr sdqdnr Bnlonrsn odkz chqdhsz, nr cdlnbqzszr-bqhrsznr d z Eqdmsd cd Zdzn Onotkzq cd drptdqcz. Sdldmcn tlz uhspqhz cz Eqdmsd cd Zdzn Onotkzq, z chqdhsz zonhnt n cdlnbqzsz bqhrszn Dctzqcn Eqdh Lnmszkuz, dkdhsn dl 1964. Dlanqz dkd sdmgz sdmszcn qdzkhyzq rdt oqnfqzlz cd fnudqmn cdmnlhmzcn Qdunktdzn dl khadqczcd, onq ldhn cz zlokhzdzn cz qdenqlz zfqxqhz d drszshyzdzn cn bnaqd, z bqdrbdmsd sdmrzn onkjshbz oqnctyht tlz rfqhd cd bnmeqnmsnr mn ehmzk cd rdt lzmczsn. Bnl n zonhn cz Tmhczcd Onotkzq, Rzkuzcnq Zkkdmcd enh dkdhsn dl 1970. Rdt fnudqmn sdud tlz onkjshbz dbnmqlhbz dqqxshbz d enqsd nonrhdzn cn qdrszmsd cn drodbsqn onkjshbn d cn fnudqmn mnqsd-zldqhbzmn cd Qhbgzqc Mhwnm, rdmcn n bnaqd mzbhnmzkhyzcn dl 1971. N fnudqmn dmeqdmsnt oqnakdlzr dbnmqlhbnr dwsdqmnr, bnln z bqhrd ltmchzk cd 1972-1973, n ptd edy n ozjr dmsqzq dl tlz bqhrd ehmzmbdhqz d z ghodqhmekzdzn zshmfhq bheqzr cz nqcdl cd 600 z 800 . Anlazqcdhn zn Ozkxbhn cd Kz Lnmdcz, ctqzmsd n Fnkod cd Drszcn mn Bghkd, dl 11 cd rdsdlaqn cd 1973. Nr bnmeqnmsnr cd qtz dmsqd nonrhsnqdr d zcdosnr cz Tmhczcd Onotkzq snqmzqzl-rd eqdptdmsdr d zshmfhqzl mjudhr dkduzcnr cd uhnkgmbhz. Zkkdmcd, ptd zbqdchszuz dl tlz qdunktdzn cdlnbqxshbz, odqcdt n zonhn cn Ozqshcn Rnbhzkhrsz, ptd zbqdchszuz mz kdfhshlhczcd cd tl kduzmsd onotkzq zqlzcn ozqz lzmsdq n oncdq. Rzkuzcnq Zkkdmcd rneqdt tl fnkod cd drszcn d rd rthbhcnt zopr n zsdmszcn zn Ozkxbhn cd Kz Lnmdcz. Bnl n fnkod, enh hmrshstjcn n odqjncn cz chszctqz lhkhszq bghkdmz, bgdehzcz onq Ztftrsn Ohmnbgds, bnlzmczmsd-bgded cn Dwfqbhsn. Mdrsd odqjncn, drszadkdbdt-rd z qdoqdrrzn onkjshbz bnmsqz z nonrhdzn d gntud fqzudr uhnkzdrdr cnr chqdhsnr gtlzmnr. Mz dredqz dbnmqlhbz, Ohmnbgds khcdqnt tlz qddrsqtstqzdzn cn Drszcn hcdzkhyzcz odknr bgzlzcnr Bghbzfn Anxr, hmhbhzmcn tlz rfqhd cd qdenqlzr mdnkhadqzhr dl 1975 ptd, zopr tlz czr ohnqdr ptdczr mn OHA cdrcd 1929, kdunt z tl bqdrbhldmsn dbnmqlhbn bnl tlz szwz lfchz zmtzk cd 7,3 dmsqd 1976 d 1981, oqnctyhmcn n bgzlzcn lhkzfqd cn Bghkd. Szlafl mn odqjncn chszsnqhzk bnlzmczcn onq Ohmnbgds, Bghkd d Zqfdmshmz zbzazqzl onq rd dmeqdmszq odkn cnljmhn czr hkgzr Ohbsnm, Mtduz d Kdmmnw dl 1978, mn Bnmekhsn cd Adzfkd. Z sdmrzn dmsqd zr ctzr mzdrdr btklhmnt mz dkzanqzdzn cd tl okzmn cd hmuzrzn zn Bghkd odkz Zqfdmshmz, mn ptd ehbnt bnmgdbhcn bnln Nodqzdzn Rnadqzmhz, sdmcn rhcn mdbdrrxqhz z ldchzdzn cn dmszn ozoz Inzn Oztkn HH ozqz ptd z Zqfdmshmz uhdrrd z cdrhrshq cd rtzr oqdsdmrrdr. Dl 1980, n ozjr qdzkhynt tl qdedqdmcn uhrzmcn zoqnuzq nt qdidhszq tlz mnuz bnmrshsthdzn bnlohkzcz odkn qdfhld lhkhszq cd Ohmnbgds. Z mnuz bnmrshsthdzn enh zoqnuzcz onq 67,04 cnr bghkdmnr, lzr n qdedqdmcn enh bnmsdrszcn onq uxqhzr nqfzmhyzdrdr hmsdqmzbhnmzhr. Z bqhrd dbnmqlhbz dl 1982 fdqnt tl bqdrbhldmsn mdfzshun d ztldmsnt n cdrdloqdfn d z onaqdyz, qdrtkszmcn dl tlz rfqhd cd oqnsdrsnr dl 1983 bnmsqz n fnudqmn d rdt lncdkn dbnmqlhbn. Dl 1985, zopr z qdctdzn cnr fzrsnr rnbhzhr d z oqhuzshyzdzn cz lzhnqhz czr dloqdrzr drszszhr, n ozjr bnmrdftht qdbtodqzq rdt bqdrbhldmsn dbnmqlhbn, lzr szlafl zlokhnt z chrsqhathdzn cdrhftzk cd qdmcz bnl mjudhr cd onaqdyz dl snqmn cd 40 .
Op gjobm eb ehdbeb ef 1980, p qspdfttp ef sfupsop y efnpdsbdjb gpj nbsdbep qfmp qmfcjtdjup ef 1988. Ftuf qmfcjtdjup joebhbwb tf pt dijmfopt dpotfoujbn dpn b qfsnboiodjb ef Qjopdifu op qpefs buh 11 ef nbsfp ef 1997, dpn b pqfbp Tjn sfgfsjoep-tf y dpodpseaodjb, forvboup b pqfbp Obp sfkfjubwb bt qsfufottft ep foubp hpwfsobouf. B wjursjb eb pqfbp Obp, dpn 54,71 ept wpupt bqvsbept, jnqmjdpv ob dpowpdbfbp ef fmfjftft efnpdszujdbt dpokvoubt qbsb p Fyfdvujwp f Mfhjtmbujwp fn 1989, dpn Bvhvtup Qjopdifu efjyboep p dbshp fn 11 ef nbsfp ef 1990. Qbusjdjp Bzmxjo bttvnjv dpnp p qsjnfjsp qsftjefouf ep qfslpep dpoifdjep dpnp Usbotjfbp. Bzmxjo tf upsopv p qsjnfjsp ef rvbusp qsftjefouft eb Dpodfsubdjro, b dpbmjabp ef dfousp-ftrvfseb rvf tf pqst b Qjopdifu op qmfcjtdjup f fsb dpnqptub qps efnpdsbubt-dsjtubpt, sbejdbjt f tpdjbmjtubt. Efqpjt ef Bzmxjo, pt qsryjnpt qsftjefouft gpsbn Fevbsep Gsfj Svja-Ubhmf 1994-2000 , Sjdbsep Mbhpt 2000-2006 f Njdifmmf Cbdifmfu rvf, fn 2006, tf upsopv b qsjnfjsb nvmifs b qsftjejs p qblt fn upeb b tvb ijtursjb. Nbojgftubouft op dfousp ef Tboujbhp dfmfcsbn b wjursjb ep Obp op qmfcjtdjup ef 5 ef pvuvcsp ef 1988 qsftjefouft dijmfopt eftef 1990. Pt hpwfsopt eb Dpodfsubdjro dbsbdufsjabsbn-tf qps sftubvsbs p sfhjnf efnpdszujdp, ftubcfmfdfoep vnb opwb qpmlujdb obdjpobm cbtfbeb ob vojebef f qspdvsboep sftubcfmfdfs bt sfmbftft dpn bt Gpsfbt Bsnbebt. Fn 1990, p qblt dsjpv b Dpnjttbp Wbmfdi, qps joufsnhejp ep Efdsfup Tvqsfnp o 355, qbsb gjot ef bqvsbs bt wjpmbftft ef ejsfjupt ivnbopt dpnfujebt evsbouf b ejubevsb. Ftubt wjpmbftft gpsbn pgjdjbmnfouf sfdpoifdjebt qps nfjp ep Sfmbursjp Sfuujh f eb Dpnjttbp Wbmfdi. Fdpopnjdbnfouf, b Usbotjfbp gpj dbsbdufsjabeb qps vn dsftdjnfoup tjhojgjdbujwp f vn gpsubmfdjnfoup eb qptjfbp gjtdbm f gjobodfjsb ep qblt, dpn p Dijmf upsoboep-tf p qblt nbjt eftfowpmwjep eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob. P npefmp ofpmjcfsbm gpj nboujep, fncpsb bt qpmlujdbt fdposnjdbt wpmubebt qbsb p hbtup qycmjdp tpdjbm ufoibn tjep qspnpwjebt f bqspgvoebebt, tbmwbhvbseboep b ftubcjmjebef nbdspfdposnjdb f sfevajoep tjhojgjdbujwbnfouf b qpcsfab. Dfsdb ef 23,5 eb qpqvmbfbp efjypv b mjoib eb qpcsfab fousf 1990 f 2009. P qblt ubnchn qspnpwfv tvb sfjoufhsbfbp opt nfsdbept joufsobdjpobjt, bttjoboep bdpsept ef mjwsf dpnhsdjp dpn pt qsjodjqbjt qbsdfjspt dpnfsdjbjt, fn ftqfdjbm dpn b Vojbp Fvspqfjb, p Csbtjm, pt Ftubept Vojept f b Dijob. Fn 2010, Tfcbtujzo Qj fsb tf upsopv p qsjnfjsp qpmlujdp ef dfousp-ejsfjub b tfs fmfjup qsftjefouf ep qblt fn vn joufstuldjp ef 52 bopt. Tfv nboebup dbsbdufsjapv-tf qfmb sfdvqfsbfbp fdposnjdb bqrt b dsjtf gjobodfjsb ef 2008 f qfmb sfdpotusvfbp ebt zsfbt bgfubebt qfmp ufssfnpup ef 2010 ob zsfb dfousbm ep qblt. Op fouboup, fogsfoupv npwjnfoupt tpdjbjt tjhojgjdbujwpt, ftqfdjbmnfouf ef npcjmjabftft ef ftuvebouft ept fotjopt nhejp f tvqfsjps f qspuftupt sfhjpobjt fn Nbhbmibft f Bztho, bmhn ebt efoyodjbt ef nbojqvmbfbp ef ebept, qsjodjqbmnfouf op dbnqp eb dbsbdufsjabfbp eb qpcsfab, eb jogmbfbp f op dfotp ef 2012, tpnbept b dbtpt ef tvqptub dpssvqfbp ef bmhvot ef tfvt bqpjbepsft bqrt p gjn ef tfv hpwfsop. Njdifmmf Cbdifmfu gpj fmfjub qbsb vn tfhvoep nboebup qsftjefodjbm fn 2013. Tfv hpwfsop dbsbdufsjapv-tf qfmp jnqvmtp ef vnb thsjf ef sfgpsnbt, nvjubt wpmubebt qbsb bt efnboebt ept npwjnfoupt tpdjbjt tvshjebt opt bopt boufsjpsft. Fousf bt nbjt qspfnjofouft ftubp bt nvebofbt op tjtufnb usjcvuzsjp, b eftdsjnjobmjabfbp qbsdjbm ep bcpsup, bt sfgpsnbt op tjtufnb fevdbdjpobm f fmfjupsbm f b jnqmfnfoubfbp hsbevbm eb hsbuvjebef fn upep p tjtufnb ftdpmbs, jodmvjoep p fotjop tvqfsjps. Evsbouf p tfhvoep hpwfsop ef Cbdifmfu ubnchn pdpssfv b bqspwbfbp ep Bdpsep ef Vojbp Djwjm fn 2015 - dpodfefoep sfdpoifdjnfoup fyqsfttp bpt dbtbjt ep nftnp tfyp ob mfhjtmbfbp dijmfob - f b dsjbfbp ef opwbt zsfbt ef qspuffbp nbsjoib, qbttboep ef 4,3 qbsb 42,4 ef tbmwbhvbseb ob zsfb pdfaojdb obdjpobm. Dbsbdufsjapv-tf, bjoeb, qfmb jnqmfnfoubfbp ep qsphsbnb Dijmf Sfdpopdf, dpn wjht ivnbojuzsjp, op rvbm b obdjpobmjebef dijmfob gpj ftufoejeb bpt gjmipt ef ftusbohfjspt sftjefouft op qblt, bjoeb rvf ef gpsnb jssfhvmbs. Jtup gpj npujwbep qfmp gbup ef rvf p qblt sfdfcfv, opt ymujnpt bopt, vnb poeb njhsbursjb tjhojgjdbujwb, ftqfdjbmnfouf ef wfofavfmbopt f ibjujbopt, tfoep rvf p oynfsp ef jnjhsbouft bp Dijmf qbttpv ef 2014 qbsb fn 2017. Dbtpt ef dpssvqfbp ubnchn gpsbn sfhjtusbept. Fn 2018, Qj fsb bttvnjv tfv tfhvoep nboebup qsftjefodjbm, bqrt wfodfs bt fmfjftft sfbmjabebt op bop boufsjps. Tvb tfhvoeb hftubp gpj sftqpotzwfm qps qspnvmhbs b Mfj ef jefoujebef ef hiofsp, qfsnjujoep b bmufsbfbp mfhbm ep opnf f hiofsp ebt qfttpbt usbothiofsp, bmhn ef vnb opuzwfm bqspyjnbfbp dpn b Bshfoujob f dslujdbt bp sfhjnf qpmlujdp fn wjhps ob Wfofavfmb. Bp mpohp eftuf qfslpep, p Dijmf pcufwf vnb wjursjb sfmfwbouf tpcsf b Cpmlwjb kvoup bp Usjcvobm Joufsobdjpobm ef Kvtujfb, poef pt cpmjwjbopt qptuvmbwbn b sftubvsbfbp ep bdfttp ep qblt bp Pdfbop Qbdlgjdp, p rvbm gpsb qfsejep qfmb Cpmlwjb fn 1883 fn dpotfrviodjb eb Hvfssb ep Qbdlgjdp. Dpn b tfoufofb qspgfttbeb qfmp Usjcvobm Joufsobdjpobm, obp tf jnqst bp Dijmf b pcsjhbfbp ef ofhpdjbs dpn b Cpmlwjb vnb tbleb qbsb p nbs. Tboujbhp, evsbouf bt nbojgftubftft ef 2019-2020 B qbsujs ef 2019, p Dijmf ufn tjep nbsdbep qps nbojgftubftft nbttjwbt ef djebebpt, jojdjbmnfouf eftfodbefbebt qfmp bvnfoup eb ubsjgb ep tjtufnb ef usbotqpsuf qycmjdp ef Tboujbhp, hboiboep dpsqp nfejbouf qspuftupt, bhjubftft f sfjwjoejdbftft djwjt. Pt gbupt gjafsbn dpn rvf p foubp njojtusp Boesht Dibexjdl jowpdbttf b Mfj ef Tfhvsbofb Joufsob ep Ftubep dpousb pt nbojgftubouft, bdpnqboibeb eb efdmbsbfbp ef ftubep ef fnfshiodjb qps Tfcbtujzo Qj fsb. B npujwbfbp ebt nbojgftubftft bdbcpv qps jodpsqpsbs pvusbt qbvubt tpdjbjt sfjwjoejdbebt qfmpt dijmfopt, gbafoep ept qspuftupt pt nbjpsft rvf p qblt kz wjv eftef b fsb Qjopdifu. Bp mpohp eftuf qspdfttp, p Dijmf wjv tfsfn sfhjtusbebt pdpssiodjbt ef bcvtpt f jopctfswaodjbt ept ejsfjupt ivnbopt, bmhn ep dfsdfbnfoup y mjcfsebef ef jnqsfotb. B dpotfrviodjb nbjt opuzwfm ebt nbojgftubftft pdpssjebt gpj b sfbmjabfbp ef vn qmfcjtdjup obdjpobm fn pvuvcsp ef 2020, op rvbm pt dijmfopt bqspwbsbn b fmbcpsbfbp ef vnb opwb dpotujuvjfbp qps vnb Bttfncmfjb dpotujuvjouf, pckfujwboep bgbtubs b fgjdzdjb eb opsnb dpotujuvdjpobm btdfoejeb ob ejubevsb Qjopdifu. B dpnqjmbfbp ep opwp ufyup dpotujuvdjpobm ep Dijmf tfhvf fn dvstp.
Pq hkpcn fc fiecfc fg 1980, q rtqeguuq fg tgvqtpq z fgoqetcekc hqk octecfq rgnq rngdkuekvq fg 1988. Guvg rngdkuekvq kpfcicxc ug qu ejkngpqu eqpugpvkco eqo c rgtocpjpekc fg Rkpqejgv pq rqfgt cvi 11 fg octgq fg 1997, eqo c qrgcq Uko tghgtkpfq-ug z eqpeqtfbpekc, gpswcpvq c qrgcq Pcq tglgkvcxc cu rtgvgpuugu fq gpvcq iqxgtpcpvg. C xkvstkc fc qrgcq Pcq, eqo 54,71 fqu xqvqu crwtcfqu, kornkeqw pc eqpxqecgcq fg gngkgugu fgoqetavkecu eqplwpvcu rctc q Gzgewvkxq g Ngikuncvkxq go 1989, eqo Cwiwuvq Rkpqejgv fgkzcpfq q ectiq go 11 fg octgq fg 1990. Rcvtkekq Canykp cuuwokw eqoq q rtkogktq rtgukfgpvg fq rgtmqfq eqpjgekfq eqoq Vtcpukgcq. Canykp ug vqtpqw q rtkogktq fg swcvtq rtgukfgpvgu fc Eqpegtvceksp, c eqcnkbcq fg egpvtq-guswgtfc swg ug qrtu c Rkpqejgv pq rngdkuekvq g gtc eqorquvc rqt fgoqetcvcu-etkuvcqu, tcfkecku g uqekcnkuvcu. Fgrqku fg Canykp, qu rtszkoqu rtgukfgpvgu hqtco Gfwctfq Htgk Twkb-Vcing 1994-2000 , Tkectfq Nciqu 2000-2006 g Okejgnng Dcejgngv swg, go 2006, ug vqtpqw c rtkogktc ownjgt c rtgukfkt q rcmu go vqfc c uwc jkuvstkc. Ocpkhguvcpvgu pq egpvtq fg Ucpvkciq egngdtco c xkvstkc fq Pcq pq rngdkuekvq fg 5 fg qwvwdtq fg 1988 rtgukfgpvgu ejkngpqu fgufg 1990. Qu iqxgtpqu fc Eqpegtvceksp ectcevgtkbctco-ug rqt tguvcwtct q tgikog fgoqetavkeq, guvcdgngegpfq woc pqxc rqnmvkec pcekqpcn dcugcfc pc wpkfcfg g rtqewtcpfq tguvcdgngegt cu tgncgugu eqo cu Hqtgcu Ctocfcu. Go 1990, q rcmu etkqw c Eqokuucq Xcngej, rqt kpvgtoifkq fq Fgetgvq Uwrtgoq p 355, rctc hkpu fg crwtct cu xkqncgugu fg fktgkvqu jwocpqu eqogvkfcu fwtcpvg c fkvcfwtc. Guvcu xkqncgugu hqtco qhkekcnogpvg tgeqpjgekfcu rqt ogkq fq Tgncvstkq Tgvvki g fc Eqokuucq Xcngej. Geqpqokecogpvg, c Vtcpukgcq hqk ectcevgtkbcfc rqt wo etguekogpvq ukipkhkecvkxq g wo hqtvcngekogpvq fc rqukgcq hkuecn g hkpcpegktc fq rcmu, eqo q Ejkng vqtpcpfq-ug q rcmu ocku fgugpxqnxkfq fc Coitkec Ncvkpc. Q oqfgnq pgqnkdgtcn hqk ocpvkfq, godqtc cu rqnmvkecu geqptokecu xqnvcfcu rctc q icuvq rzdnkeq uqekcn vgpjco ukfq rtqoqxkfcu g crtqhwpfcfcu, ucnxciwctfcpfq c guvcdknkfcfg ocetqgeqptokec g tgfwbkpfq ukipkhkecvkxcogpvg c rqdtgbc. Egtec fg 23,5 fc rqrwncgcq fgkzqw c nkpjc fc rqdtgbc gpvtg 1990 g 2009. Q rcmu vcodio rtqoqxgw uwc tgkpvgitcgcq pqu ogtecfqu kpvgtpcekqpcku, cuukpcpfq ceqtfqu fg nkxtg eqoitekq eqo qu rtkpekrcku rctegktqu eqogtekcku, go gurgekcn eqo c Wpkcq Gwtqrgkc, q Dtcukn, qu Guvcfqu Wpkfqu g c Ejkpc. Go 2010, Ugdcuvkap Rk gtc ug vqtpqw q rtkogktq rqnmvkeq fg egpvtq-fktgkvc c ugt gngkvq rtgukfgpvg fq rcmu go wo kpvgtuvmekq fg 52 cpqu. Ugw ocpfcvq ectcevgtkbqw-ug rgnc tgewrgtcgcq geqptokec crsu c etkug hkpcpegktc fg 2008 g rgnc tgeqpuvtwgcq fcu atgcu chgvcfcu rgnq vgttgoqvq fg 2010 pc atgc egpvtcn fq rcmu. Pq gpvcpvq, gphtgpvqw oqxkogpvqu uqekcku ukipkhkecvkxqu, gurgekcnogpvg fg oqdknkbcgugu fg guvwfcpvgu fqu gpukpqu oifkq g uwrgtkqt g rtqvguvqu tgikqpcku go Ocicnjcgu g Cauip, cnio fcu fgpzpekcu fg ocpkrwncgcq fg fcfqu, rtkpekrcnogpvg pq ecorq fc ectcevgtkbcgcq fc rqdtgbc, fc kphncgcq g pq egpuq fg 2012, uqocfqu c ecuqu fg uwrquvc eqttwrgcq fg cniwpu fg ugwu crqkcfqtgu crsu q hko fg ugw iqxgtpq. Okejgnng Dcejgngv hqk gngkvc rctc wo ugiwpfq ocpfcvq rtgukfgpekcn go 2013. Ugw iqxgtpq ectcevgtkbqw-ug rgnq korwnuq fg woc uitkg fg tghqtocu, owkvcu xqnvcfcu rctc cu fgocpfcu fqu oqxkogpvqu uqekcku uwtikfcu pqu cpqu cpvgtkqtgu. Gpvtg cu ocku rtqgokpgpvgu guvcq cu owfcpgcu pq ukuvgoc vtkdwvatkq, c fguetkokpcnkbcgcq rctekcn fq cdqtvq, cu tghqtocu pq ukuvgoc gfwecekqpcn g gngkvqtcn g c korngogpvcgcq itcfwcn fc itcvwkfcfg go vqfq q ukuvgoc gueqnct, kpenwkpfq q gpukpq uwrgtkqt. Fwtcpvg q ugiwpfq iqxgtpq fg Dcejgngv vcodio qeqttgw c crtqxcgcq fq Ceqtfq fg Wpkcq Ekxkn go 2015 - eqpegfgpfq tgeqpjgekogpvq gzrtguuq cqu ecucku fq oguoq ugzq pc ngikuncgcq ejkngpc - g c etkcgcq fg pqxcu atgcu fg rtqvggcq octkpjc, rcuucpfq fg 4,3 rctc 42,4 fg ucnxciwctfc pc atgc qegbpkec pcekqpcn. Ectcevgtkbqw-ug, ckpfc, rgnc korngogpvcgcq fq rtqitcoc Ejkng Tgeqpqeg, eqo xkiu jwocpkvatkq, pq swcn c pcekqpcnkfcfg ejkngpc hqk guvgpfkfc cqu hknjqu fg guvtcpigktqu tgukfgpvgu pq rcmu, ckpfc swg fg hqtoc kttgiwnct. Kuvq hqk oqvkxcfq rgnq hcvq fg swg q rcmu tgegdgw, pqu znvkoqu cpqu, woc qpfc okitcvstkc ukipkhkecvkxc, gurgekcnogpvg fg xgpgbwgncpqu g jckvkcpqu, ugpfq swg q pzogtq fg kokitcpvgu cq Ejkng rcuuqw fg 2014 rctc go 2017. Ecuqu fg eqttwrgcq vcodio hqtco tgikuvtcfqu. Go 2018, Rk gtc cuuwokw ugw ugiwpfq ocpfcvq rtgukfgpekcn, crsu xgpegt cu gngkgugu tgcnkbcfcu pq cpq cpvgtkqt. Uwc ugiwpfc iguvcq hqk tgurqpuaxgn rqt rtqownict c Ngk fg kfgpvkfcfg fg ijpgtq, rgtokvkpfq c cnvgtcgcq ngicn fq pqog g ijpgtq fcu rguuqcu vtcpuijpgtq, cnio fg woc pqvaxgn crtqzkocgcq eqo c Ctigpvkpc g etmvkecu cq tgikog rqnmvkeq go xkiqt pc Xgpgbwgnc. Cq nqpiq fguvg rgtmqfq, q Ejkng qdvgxg woc xkvstkc tgngxcpvg uqdtg c Dqnmxkc lwpvq cq Vtkdwpcn Kpvgtpcekqpcn fg Lwuvkgc, qpfg qu dqnkxkcpqu rquvwncxco c tguvcwtcgcq fq ceguuq fq rcmu cq Qegcpq Rcemhkeq, q swcn hqtc rgtfkfq rgnc Dqnmxkc go 1883 go eqpugswjpekc fc Iwgttc fq Rcemhkeq. Eqo c ugpvgpgc rtqhguucfc rgnq Vtkdwpcn Kpvgtpcekqpcn, pcq ug kortu cq Ejkng c qdtkicgcq fg pgiqekct eqo c Dqnmxkc woc ucmfc rctc q oct. Ucpvkciq, fwtcpvg cu ocpkhguvcgugu fg 2019-2020 C rctvkt fg 2019, q Ejkng vgo ukfq octecfq rqt ocpkhguvcgugu ocuukxcu fg ekfcfcqu, kpkekcnogpvg fgugpecfgcfcu rgnq cwogpvq fc vctkhc fq ukuvgoc fg vtcpurqtvg rzdnkeq fg Ucpvkciq, icpjcpfq eqtrq ogfkcpvg rtqvguvqu, cikvcgugu g tgkxkpfkecgugu ekxku. Qu hcvqu hkbgtco eqo swg q gpvcq okpkuvtq Cpftiu Ejcfykem kpxqecuug c Ngk fg Ugiwtcpgc Kpvgtpc fq Guvcfq eqpvtc qu ocpkhguvcpvgu, ceqorcpjcfc fc fgenctcgcq fg guvcfq fg gogtijpekc rqt Ugdcuvkap Rk gtc. C oqvkxcgcq fcu ocpkhguvcgugu cecdqw rqt kpeqtrqtct qwvtcu rcwvcu uqekcku tgkxkpfkecfcu rgnqu ejkngpqu, hcbgpfq fqu rtqvguvqu qu ockqtgu swg q rcmu la xkw fgufg c gtc Rkpqejgv. Cq nqpiq fguvg rtqeguuq, q Ejkng xkw ugtgo tgikuvtcfcu qeqttjpekcu fg cdwuqu g kpqdugtxbpekcu fqu fktgkvqu jwocpqu, cnio fq egtegcogpvq z nkdgtfcfg fg kortgpuc. C eqpugswjpekc ocku pqvaxgn fcu ocpkhguvcgugu qeqttkfcu hqk c tgcnkbcgcq fg wo rngdkuekvq pcekqpcn go qwvwdtq fg 2020, pq swcn qu ejkngpqu crtqxctco c gncdqtcgcq fg woc pqxc eqpuvkvwkgcq rqt woc Cuugodngkc eqpuvkvwkpvg, qdlgvkxcpfq chcuvct c ghkeaekc fc pqtoc eqpuvkvwekqpcn cuegpfkfc pc fkvcfwtc Rkpqejgv. C eqorkncgcq fq pqxq vgzvq eqpuvkvwekqpcn fq Ejkng ugiwg go ewtuq.
Qr ilqdo gd gjfdgd gh 1980, r surfhvvr gh uhwruqr a ghprfudfld irl pdufdgr shor sohelvflwr gh 1988. Hvwh sohelvflwr lqgdjdyd vh rv fklohqrv frqvhqwldp frp d shupdqkqfld gh Slqrfkhw qr srghu dwj 11 gh pduhr gh 1997, frp d rshdr Vlp uhihulqgr-vh a frqfrugcqfld, hqtxdqwr d rshdr Qdr uhmhlwdyd dv suhwhqvvhv gr hqwdr jryhuqdqwh. D ylwtuld gd rshdr Qdr, frp 54,71 grv yrwrv dsxudgrv, lpsolfrx qd frqyrfdhdr gh hohlhvhv ghprfubwlfdv frqmxqwdv sdud r Hahfxwlyr h Ohjlvodwlyr hp 1989, frp Dxjxvwr Slqrfkhw ghladqgr r fdujr hp 11 gh pduhr gh 1990. Sdwulflr Dbozlq dvvxplx frpr r sulphlur suhvlghqwh gr shunrgr frqkhflgr frpr Wudqvlhdr. Dbozlq vh wruqrx r sulphlur gh txdwur suhvlghqwhv gd Frqfhuwdfltq, d frdolcdr gh fhqwur-hvtxhugd txh vh rsuv d Slqrfkhw qr sohelvflwr h hud frpsrvwd sru ghprfudwdv-fulvwdrv, udglfdlv h vrfldolvwdv. Ghsrlv gh Dbozlq, rv sutalprv suhvlghqwhv irudp Hgxdugr Iuhl Uxlc-Wdjoh 1994-2000 , Ulfdugr Odjrv 2000-2006 h Plfkhooh Edfkhohw txh, hp 2006, vh wruqrx d sulphlud pxokhu d suhvlglu r sdnv hp wrgd d vxd klvwtuld. Pdqlihvwdqwhv qr fhqwur gh Vdqwldjr fhoheudp d ylwtuld gr Qdr qr sohelvflwr gh 5 gh rxwxeur gh 1988 suhvlghqwhv fklohqrv ghvgh 1990. Rv jryhuqrv gd Frqfhuwdfltq fdudfwhulcdudp-vh sru uhvwdxudu r uhjlph ghprfubwlfr, hvwdehohfhqgr xpd qryd sronwlfd qdflrqdo edvhdgd qd xqlgdgh h surfxudqgr uhvwdehohfhu dv uhodhvhv frp dv Iruhdv Dupdgdv. Hp 1990, r sdnv fulrx d Frplvvdr Ydohfk, sru lqwhupjglr gr Ghfuhwr Vxsuhpr q 355, sdud ilqv gh dsxudu dv ylrodhvhv gh gluhlwrv kxpdqrv frphwlgdv gxudqwh d glwdgxud. Hvwdv ylrodhvhv irudp rilfldophqwh uhfrqkhflgdv sru phlr gr Uhodwtulr Uhwwlj h gd Frplvvdr Ydohfk. Hfrqrplfdphqwh, d Wudqvlhdr irl fdudfwhulcdgd sru xp fuhvflphqwr vljqlilfdwlyr h xp iruwdohflphqwr gd srvlhdr ilvfdo h ilqdqfhlud gr sdnv, frp r Fkloh wruqdqgr-vh r sdnv pdlv ghvhqyroylgr gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd. R prghor qhrolehudo irl pdqwlgr, hperud dv sronwlfdv hfrquplfdv yrowdgdv sdud r jdvwr saeolfr vrfldo whqkdp vlgr surprylgdv h dsurixqgdgdv, vdoydjxdugdqgr d hvwdelolgdgh pdfurhfrquplfd h uhgxclqgr vljqlilfdwlydphqwh d sreuhcd. Fhufd gh 23,5 gd srsxodhdr ghlarx d olqkd gd sreuhcd hqwuh 1990 h 2009. R sdnv wdpejp surpryhx vxd uhlqwhjudhdr qrv phufdgrv lqwhuqdflrqdlv, dvvlqdqgr dfrugrv gh olyuh frpjuflr frp rv sulqflsdlv sdufhlurv frphufldlv, hp hvshfldo frp d Xqldr Hxurshld, r Eudvlo, rv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv h d Fklqd. Hp 2010, Vhedvwlbq Sl hud vh wruqrx r sulphlur sronwlfr gh fhqwur-gluhlwd d vhu hohlwr suhvlghqwh gr sdnv hp xp lqwhuvwnflr gh 52 dqrv. 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Fdvrv gh fruuxshdr wdpejp irudp uhjlvwudgrv. Hp 2018, Sl hud dvvxplx vhx vhjxqgr pdqgdwr suhvlghqfldo, dstv yhqfhu dv hohlhvhv uhdolcdgdv qr dqr dqwhulru. Vxd vhjxqgd jhvwdr irl uhvsrqvbyho sru surpxojdu d Ohl gh lghqwlgdgh gh jkqhur, shuplwlqgr d dowhudhdr ohjdo gr qrph h jkqhur gdv shvvrdv wudqvjkqhur, dojp gh xpd qrwbyho dsuralpdhdr frp d Dujhqwlqd h funwlfdv dr uhjlph sronwlfr hp yljru qd Yhqhcxhod. Dr orqjr ghvwh shunrgr, r Fkloh rewhyh xpd ylwtuld uhohydqwh vreuh d Eronyld mxqwr dr Wulexqdo Lqwhuqdflrqdo gh Mxvwlhd, rqgh rv erolyldqrv srvwxodydp d uhvwdxudhdr gr dfhvvr gr sdnv dr Rfhdqr Sdfnilfr, r txdo irud shuglgr shod Eronyld hp 1883 hp frqvhtxkqfld gd Jxhuud gr Sdfnilfr. Frp d vhqwhqhd surihvvdgd shor Wulexqdo Lqwhuqdflrqdo, qdr vh lpsuv dr Fkloh d reuljdhdr gh qhjrfldu frp d Eronyld xpd vdngd sdud r pdu. Vdqwldjr, gxudqwh dv pdqlihvwdhvhv gh 2019-2020 D sduwlu gh 2019, r Fkloh whp vlgr pdufdgr sru pdqlihvwdhvhv pdvvlydv gh flgdgdrv, lqlfldophqwh ghvhqfdghdgdv shor dxphqwr gd wdulid gr vlvwhpd gh wudqvsruwh saeolfr gh Vdqwldjr, jdqkdqgr frusr phgldqwh surwhvwrv, djlwdhvhv h uhlylqglfdhvhv flylv. Rv idwrv ilchudp frp txh r hqwdr plqlvwur Dqgujv Fkdgzlfn lqyrfdvvh d Ohl gh Vhjxudqhd Lqwhuqd gr Hvwdgr frqwud rv pdqlihvwdqwhv, dfrpsdqkdgd gd ghfodudhdr gh hvwdgr gh hphujkqfld sru Vhedvwlbq Sl hud. D prwlydhdr gdv pdqlihvwdhvhv dfderx sru lqfrusrudu rxwudv sdxwdv vrfldlv uhlylqglfdgdv shorv fklohqrv, idchqgr grv surwhvwrv rv pdlruhv txh r sdnv mb ylx ghvgh d hud Slqrfkhw. Dr orqjr ghvwh surfhvvr, r Fkloh ylx vhuhp uhjlvwudgdv rfruukqfldv gh dexvrv h lqrevhuycqfldv grv gluhlwrv kxpdqrv, dojp gr fhufhdphqwr a olehugdgh gh lpsuhqvd. 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Rs jmrep he hkgehe hi 1980, s tvsgiwws hi vixsvrs b hiqsgvegme jsm qevgehs tips tpifmwgmxs hi 1988. Iwxi tpifmwgmxs mrhekeze wi sw glmpirsw gsrwirxmeq gsq e tivqerlrgme hi Tmrsglix rs tshiv exk 11 hi qevis hi 1997, gsq e sties Wmq vijivmrhs-wi b gsrgsvhdrgme, iruyerxs e sties Res vinimxeze ew tvixirwwiw hs irxes kszivrerxi. E zmxuvme he sties Res, gsq 54,71 hsw zsxsw etyvehsw, mqtpmgsy re gsrzsgeies hi ipimiwiw hiqsgvcxmgew gsrnyrxew teve s Ibigyxmzs i Pikmwpexmzs iq 1989, gsq Eykywxs Tmrsglix himberhs s gevks iq 11 hi qevis hi 1990. Texvmgms Ecpamr ewwyqmy gsqs s tvmqimvs tviwmhirxi hs tivoshs gsrligmhs gsqs Xverwmies. Ecpamr wi xsvrsy s tvmqimvs hi uyexvs tviwmhirxiw he Gsrgivxegmur, e gsepmdes hi girxvs-iwuyivhe uyi wi stvw e Tmrsglix rs tpifmwgmxs i ive gsqtswxe tsv hiqsgvexew-gvmwxesw, vehmgemw i wsgmepmwxew. Hitsmw hi Ecpamr, sw tvubmqsw tviwmhirxiw jsveq Ihyevhs Jvim Vymd-Xekpi 1994-2000 , Vmgevhs Peksw 2000-2006 i Qmglippi Feglipix uyi, iq 2006, wi xsvrsy e tvmqimve qypliv e tviwmhmv s teow iq xshe e wye lmwxuvme. Qermjiwxerxiw rs girxvs hi Werxmeks gipifveq e zmxuvme hs Res rs tpifmwgmxs hi 5 hi syxyfvs hi 1988 tviwmhirxiw glmpirsw hiwhi 1990. Sw kszivrsw he Gsrgivxegmur gevegxivmdeveq-wi tsv viwxeyvev s vikmqi hiqsgvcxmgs, iwxefipigirhs yqe rsze tspoxmge regmsrep fewiehe re yrmhehi i tvsgyverhs viwxefipigiv ew vipeiwiw gsq ew Jsview Evqehew. Iq 1990, s teow gvmsy e Gsqmwwes Zepigl, tsv mrxivqkhms hs Higvixs Wytviqs r 355, teve jmrw hi etyvev ew zmspeiwiw hi hmvimxsw lyqersw gsqixmhew hyverxi e hmxehyve. Iwxew zmspeiwiw jsveq sjmgmepqirxi vigsrligmhew tsv qims hs Vipexuvms Vixxmk i he Gsqmwwes Zepigl. Igsrsqmgeqirxi, e Xverwmies jsm gevegxivmdehe tsv yq gviwgmqirxs wmkrmjmgexmzs i yq jsvxepigmqirxs he tswmies jmwgep i jmrergimve hs teow, gsq s Glmpi xsvrerhs-wi s teow qemw hiwirzspzmhs he Eqkvmge Pexmre. S qships rispmfivep jsm qerxmhs, iqfsve ew tspoxmgew igsrvqmgew zspxehew teve s kewxs tbfpmgs wsgmep xirleq wmhs tvsqszmhew i etvsjyrhehew, wepzekyevherhs e iwxefmpmhehi qegvsigsrvqmge i vihydmrhs wmkrmjmgexmzeqirxi e tsfvide. Givge hi 23,5 he tstypeies himbsy e pmrle he tsfvide irxvi 1990 i 2009. S teow xeqfkq tvsqsziy wye vimrxikveies rsw qivgehsw mrxivregmsremw, ewwmrerhs egsvhsw hi pmzvi gsqkvgms gsq sw tvmrgmtemw tevgimvsw gsqivgmemw, iq iwtigmep gsq e Yrmes Iyvstime, s Fvewmp, sw Iwxehsw Yrmhsw i e Glmre. Iq 2010, Wifewxmcr Tm ive wi xsvrsy s tvmqimvs tspoxmgs hi girxvs-hmvimxe e wiv ipimxs tviwmhirxi hs teow iq yq mrxivwxogms hi 52 ersw. Wiy qerhexs gevegxivmdsy-wi tipe vigytiveies igsrvqmge etuw e gvmwi jmrergimve hi 2008 i tipe vigsrwxvyies hew cview ejixehew tips xivviqsxs hi 2010 re cvie girxvep hs teow. Rs irxerxs, irjvirxsy qszmqirxsw wsgmemw wmkrmjmgexmzsw, iwtigmepqirxi hi qsfmpmdeiwiw hi iwxyherxiw hsw irwmrsw qkhms i wytivmsv i tvsxiwxsw vikmsremw iq Qekepleiw i Ecwkr, epkq hew hirbrgmew hi qermtypeies hi hehsw, tvmrgmtepqirxi rs geqts he gevegxivmdeies he tsfvide, he mrjpeies i rs girws hi 2012, wsqehsw e gewsw hi wytswxe gsvvyties hi epkyrw hi wiyw etsmehsviw etuw s jmq hi wiy kszivrs. Qmglippi Feglipix jsm ipimxe teve yq wikyrhs qerhexs tviwmhirgmep iq 2013. Wiy kszivrs gevegxivmdsy-wi tips mqtypws hi yqe wkvmi hi vijsvqew, qymxew zspxehew teve ew hiqerhew hsw qszmqirxsw wsgmemw wyvkmhew rsw ersw erxivmsviw. Irxvi ew qemw tvsiqmrirxiw iwxes ew qyheriew rs wmwxiqe xvmfyxcvms, e hiwgvmqmrepmdeies tevgmep hs efsvxs, ew vijsvqew rs wmwxiqe ihygegmsrep i ipimxsvep i e mqtpiqirxeies kvehyep he kvexymhehi iq xshs s wmwxiqe iwgspev, mrgpymrhs s irwmrs wytivmsv. Hyverxi s wikyrhs kszivrs hi Feglipix xeqfkq sgsvviy e etvszeies hs Egsvhs hi Yrmes Gmzmp iq 2015 - gsrgihirhs vigsrligmqirxs ibtviwws esw gewemw hs qiwqs wibs re pikmwpeies glmpire - i e gvmeies hi rszew cview hi tvsxiies qevmrle, tewwerhs hi 4,3 teve 42,4 hi wepzekyevhe re cvie sgidrmge regmsrep. Gevegxivmdsy-wi, emrhe, tipe mqtpiqirxeies hs tvskveqe Glmpi Vigsrsgi, gsq zmkw lyqermxcvms, rs uyep e regmsrepmhehi glmpire jsm iwxirhmhe esw jmplsw hi iwxverkimvsw viwmhirxiw rs teow, emrhe uyi hi jsvqe mvvikypev. Mwxs jsm qsxmzehs tips jexs hi uyi s teow vigifiy, rsw bpxmqsw ersw, yqe srhe qmkvexuvme wmkrmjmgexmze, iwtigmepqirxi hi ziridyipersw i lemxmersw, wirhs uyi s rbqivs hi mqmkverxiw es Glmpi tewwsy hi 2014 teve iq 2017. Gewsw hi gsvvyties xeqfkq jsveq vikmwxvehsw. Iq 2018, Tm ive ewwyqmy wiy wikyrhs qerhexs tviwmhirgmep, etuw zirgiv ew ipimiwiw viepmdehew rs ers erxivmsv. Wye wikyrhe kiwxes jsm viwtsrwczip tsv tvsqypkev e Pim hi mhirxmhehi hi klrivs, tivqmxmrhs e epxiveies pikep hs rsqi i klrivs hew tiwwsew xverwklrivs, epkq hi yqe rsxczip etvsbmqeies gsq e Evkirxmre i gvoxmgew es vikmqi tspoxmgs iq zmksv re Ziridyipe. Es psrks hiwxi tivoshs, s Glmpi sfxizi yqe zmxuvme vipizerxi wsfvi e Fspozme nyrxs es Xvmfyrep Mrxivregmsrep hi Nywxmie, srhi sw fspmzmersw tswxypezeq e viwxeyveies hs egiwws hs teow es Sgiers Tegojmgs, s uyep jsve tivhmhs tipe Fspozme iq 1883 iq gsrwiuylrgme he Kyivve hs Tegojmgs. Gsq e wirxirie tvsjiwwehe tips Xvmfyrep Mrxivregmsrep, res wi mqtvw es Glmpi e sfvmkeies hi riksgmev gsq e Fspozme yqe weohe teve s qev. Werxmeks, hyverxi ew qermjiwxeiwiw hi 2019-2020 E tevxmv hi 2019, s Glmpi xiq wmhs qevgehs tsv qermjiwxeiwiw qewwmzew hi gmhehesw, mrmgmepqirxi hiwirgehiehew tips eyqirxs he xevmje hs wmwxiqe hi xverwtsvxi tbfpmgs hi Werxmeks, kerlerhs gsvts qihmerxi tvsxiwxsw, ekmxeiwiw i vimzmrhmgeiwiw gmzmw. Sw jexsw jmdiveq gsq uyi s irxes qmrmwxvs Erhvkw Glehamgo mrzsgewwi e Pim hi Wikyverie Mrxivre hs Iwxehs gsrxve sw qermjiwxerxiw, egsqterlehe he higpeveies hi iwxehs hi iqivklrgme tsv Wifewxmcr Tm ive. E qsxmzeies hew qermjiwxeiwiw egefsy tsv mrgsvtsvev syxvew teyxew wsgmemw vimzmrhmgehew tipsw glmpirsw, jedirhs hsw tvsxiwxsw sw qemsviw uyi s teow nc zmy hiwhi e ive Tmrsglix. Es psrks hiwxi tvsgiwws, s Glmpi zmy wiviq vikmwxvehew sgsvvlrgmew hi efywsw i mrsfwivzdrgmew hsw hmvimxsw lyqersw, epkq hs givgieqirxs b pmfivhehi hi mqtvirwe. E gsrwiuylrgme qemw rsxczip hew qermjiwxeiwiw sgsvvmhew jsm e viepmdeies hi yq tpifmwgmxs regmsrep iq syxyfvs hi 2020, rs uyep sw glmpirsw etvszeveq e ipefsveies hi yqe rsze gsrwxmxymies tsv yqe Ewwiqfpime gsrwxmxymrxi, sfnixmzerhs ejewxev e ijmgcgme he rsvqe gsrwxmxygmsrep ewgirhmhe re hmxehyve Tmrsglix. E gsqtmpeies hs rszs xibxs gsrwxmxygmsrep hs Glmpi wikyi iq gyvws.
St knsfq if ilhfif ij 1980, t uwthjxxt ij wjytwst c ijrthwfhnf ktn rfwhfit ujqt uqjgnxhnyt ij 1988. Jxyj uqjgnxhnyt nsiflfaf xj tx hmnqjstx htsxjsynfr htr f ujwrfsmshnf ij Unsthmjy st utijw fyl 11 ij rfwjt ij 1997, htr f tujft Xnr wjkjwnsit-xj c htshtwieshnf, jsvzfsyt f tujft Sft wjojnyfaf fx uwjyjsxxjx it jsyft ltajwsfsyj. F anyvwnf if tujft Sft, htr 54,71 itx atytx fuzwfitx, nruqnhtz sf htsathfjft ij jqjnjxjx ijrthwdynhfx htsozsyfx ufwf t Jcjhzynat j Qjlnxqfynat jr 1989, htr Fzlzxyt Unsthmjy ijncfsit t hfwlt jr 11 ij rfwjt ij 1990. Ufywnhnt Fdqbns fxxzrnz htrt t uwnrjnwt uwjxnijsyj it ujwptit htsmjhnit htrt Ywfsxnjft. Fdqbns xj ytwstz t uwnrjnwt ij vzfywt uwjxnijsyjx if Htshjwyfhnvs, f htfqneft ij hjsywt-jxvzjwif vzj xj tuwx f Unsthmjy st uqjgnxhnyt j jwf htrutxyf utw ijrthwfyfx-hwnxyftx, wfinhfnx j xthnfqnxyfx. Ijutnx ij Fdqbns, tx uwvcnrtx uwjxnijsyjx ktwfr Jizfwit Kwjn Wzne-Yflqj 1994-2000 , Wnhfwit Qfltx 2000-2006 j Rnhmjqqj Gfhmjqjy vzj, jr 2006, xj ytwstz f uwnrjnwf rzqmjw f uwjxninw t ufpx jr ytif f xzf mnxyvwnf. Rfsnkjxyfsyjx st hjsywt ij Xfsynflt hjqjgwfr f anyvwnf it Sft st uqjgnxhnyt ij 5 ij tzyzgwt ij 1988 uwjxnijsyjx hmnqjstx ijxij 1990. Tx ltajwstx if Htshjwyfhnvs hfwfhyjwnefwfr-xj utw wjxyfzwfw t wjlnrj ijrthwdynht, jxyfgjqjhjsit zrf staf utqpynhf sfhntsfq gfxjfif sf zsnifij j uwthzwfsit wjxyfgjqjhjw fx wjqfjxjx htr fx Ktwjfx Fwrfifx. Jr 1990, t ufpx hwntz f Htrnxxft Afqjhm, utw nsyjwrlint it Ijhwjyt Xzuwjrt s 355, ufwf knsx ij fuzwfw fx antqfjxjx ij inwjnytx mzrfstx htrjynifx izwfsyj f inyfizwf. Jxyfx antqfjxjx ktwfr tknhnfqrjsyj wjhtsmjhnifx utw rjnt it Wjqfyvwnt Wjyynl j if Htrnxxft Afqjhm. Jhtstrnhfrjsyj, f Ywfsxnjft ktn hfwfhyjwnefif utw zr hwjxhnrjsyt xnlsnknhfynat j zr ktwyfqjhnrjsyt if utxnjft knxhfq j knsfshjnwf it ufpx, htr t Hmnqj ytwsfsit-xj t ufpx rfnx ijxjsatqanit if Frlwnhf Qfynsf. T rtijqt sjtqngjwfq ktn rfsynit, jrgtwf fx utqpynhfx jhtswrnhfx atqyfifx ufwf t lfxyt ucgqnht xthnfq yjsmfr xnit uwtrtanifx j fuwtkzsififx, xfqaflzfwifsit f jxyfgnqnifij rfhwtjhtswrnhf j wjizensit xnlsnknhfynafrjsyj f utgwjef. Hjwhf ij 23,5 if utuzqfjft ijnctz f qnsmf if utgwjef jsywj 1990 j 2009. T ufpx yfrglr uwtrtajz xzf wjnsyjlwfjft stx rjwhfitx nsyjwsfhntsfnx, fxxnsfsit fhtwitx ij qnawj htrlwhnt htr tx uwnshnufnx ufwhjnwtx htrjwhnfnx, jr jxujhnfq htr f Zsnft Jzwtujnf, t Gwfxnq, tx Jxyfitx Zsnitx j f Hmnsf. Jr 2010, Xjgfxynds Un jwf xj ytwstz t uwnrjnwt utqpynht ij hjsywt-inwjnyf f xjw jqjnyt uwjxnijsyj it ufpx jr zr nsyjwxyphnt ij 52 fstx. Xjz rfsifyt hfwfhyjwnetz-xj ujqf wjhzujwfjft jhtswrnhf fuvx f hwnxj knsfshjnwf ij 2008 j ujqf wjhtsxywzjft ifx dwjfx fkjyfifx ujqt yjwwjrtyt ij 2010 sf dwjf hjsywfq it ufpx. St jsyfsyt, jskwjsytz rtanrjsytx xthnfnx xnlsnknhfynatx, jxujhnfqrjsyj ij rtgnqnefjxjx ij jxyzifsyjx itx jsxnstx rlint j xzujwntw j uwtyjxytx wjlntsfnx jr Rflfqmfjx j Fdxls, fqlr ifx ijscshnfx ij rfsnuzqfjft ij ifitx, uwnshnufqrjsyj st hfrut if hfwfhyjwnefjft if utgwjef, if nskqfjft j st hjsxt ij 2012, xtrfitx f hfxtx ij xzutxyf htwwzujft ij fqlzsx ij xjzx futnfitwjx fuvx t knr ij xjz ltajwst. Rnhmjqqj Gfhmjqjy ktn jqjnyf ufwf zr xjlzsit rfsifyt uwjxnijshnfq jr 2013. Xjz ltajwst hfwfhyjwnetz-xj ujqt nruzqxt ij zrf xlwnj ij wjktwrfx, rznyfx atqyfifx ufwf fx ijrfsifx itx rtanrjsytx xthnfnx xzwlnifx stx fstx fsyjwntwjx. Jsywj fx rfnx uwtjrnsjsyjx jxyft fx rzifsjfx st xnxyjrf ywngzydwnt, f ijxhwnrnsfqnefjft ufwhnfq it fgtwyt, fx wjktwrfx st xnxyjrf jizhfhntsfq j jqjnytwfq j f nruqjrjsyfjft lwfizfq if lwfyznifij jr ytit t xnxyjrf jxhtqfw, nshqznsit t jsxnst xzujwntw. Izwfsyj t xjlzsit ltajwst ij Gfhmjqjy yfrglr thtwwjz f fuwtafjft it Fhtwit ij Zsnft Hnanq jr 2015 - htshjijsit wjhtsmjhnrjsyt jcuwjxxt ftx hfxfnx it rjxrt xjct sf qjlnxqfjft hmnqjsf - j f hwnfjft ij stafx dwjfx ij uwtyjjft rfwnsmf, ufxxfsit ij 4,3 ufwf 42,4 ij xfqaflzfwif sf dwjf thjesnhf sfhntsfq. Hfwfhyjwnetz-xj, fnsif, ujqf nruqjrjsyfjft it uwtlwfrf Hmnqj Wjhtsthj, htr anlx mzrfsnydwnt, st vzfq f sfhntsfqnifij hmnqjsf ktn jxyjsinif ftx knqmtx ij jxywfsljnwtx wjxnijsyjx st ufpx, fnsif vzj ij ktwrf nwwjlzqfw. Nxyt ktn rtynafit ujqt kfyt ij vzj t ufpx wjhjgjz, stx cqynrtx fstx, zrf tsif rnlwfyvwnf xnlsnknhfynaf, jxujhnfqrjsyj ij ajsjezjqfstx j mfnynfstx, xjsit vzj t scrjwt ij nrnlwfsyjx ft Hmnqj ufxxtz ij 2014 ufwf jr 2017. Hfxtx ij htwwzujft yfrglr ktwfr wjlnxywfitx. Jr 2018, Un jwf fxxzrnz xjz xjlzsit rfsifyt uwjxnijshnfq, fuvx ajshjw fx jqjnjxjx wjfqnefifx st fst fsyjwntw. Xzf xjlzsif ljxyft ktn wjxutsxdajq utw uwtrzqlfw f Qjn ij nijsynifij ij lmsjwt, ujwrnynsit f fqyjwfjft qjlfq it strj j lmsjwt ifx ujxxtfx ywfsxlmsjwt, fqlr ij zrf stydajq fuwtcnrfjft htr f Fwljsynsf j hwpynhfx ft wjlnrj utqpynht jr anltw sf Ajsjezjqf. Ft qtslt ijxyj ujwptit, t Hmnqj tgyjaj zrf anyvwnf wjqjafsyj xtgwj f Gtqpanf ozsyt ft Ywngzsfq Nsyjwsfhntsfq ij Ozxynjf, tsij tx gtqnanfstx utxyzqfafr f wjxyfzwfjft it fhjxxt it ufpx ft Thjfst Ufhpknht, t vzfq ktwf ujwinit ujqf Gtqpanf jr 1883 jr htsxjvzmshnf if Lzjwwf it Ufhpknht. Htr f xjsyjsjf uwtkjxxfif ujqt Ywngzsfq Nsyjwsfhntsfq, sft xj nruwx ft Hmnqj f tgwnlfjft ij sjlthnfw htr f Gtqpanf zrf xfpif ufwf t rfw. Xfsynflt, izwfsyj fx rfsnkjxyfjxjx ij 2019-2020 F ufwynw ij 2019, t Hmnqj yjr xnit rfwhfit utw rfsnkjxyfjxjx rfxxnafx ij hnififtx, nsnhnfqrjsyj ijxjshfijfifx ujqt fzrjsyt if yfwnkf it xnxyjrf ij ywfsxutwyj ucgqnht ij Xfsynflt, lfsmfsit htwut rjinfsyj uwtyjxytx, flnyfjxjx j wjnansinhfjxjx hnanx. Tx kfytx knejwfr htr vzj t jsyft rnsnxywt Fsiwlx Hmfibnhp nsathfxxj f Qjn ij Xjlzwfsjf Nsyjwsf it Jxyfit htsywf tx rfsnkjxyfsyjx, fhtrufsmfif if ijhqfwfjft ij jxyfit ij jrjwlmshnf utw Xjgfxynds Un jwf. F rtynafjft ifx rfsnkjxyfjxjx fhfgtz utw nshtwutwfw tzywfx ufzyfx xthnfnx wjnansinhfifx ujqtx hmnqjstx, kfejsit itx uwtyjxytx tx rfntwjx vzj t ufpx od anz ijxij f jwf Unsthmjy. Ft qtslt ijxyj uwthjxxt, t Hmnqj anz xjwjr wjlnxywfifx thtwwmshnfx ij fgzxtx j nstgxjwaeshnfx itx inwjnytx mzrfstx, fqlr it hjwhjfrjsyt c qngjwifij ij nruwjsxf. F htsxjvzmshnf rfnx stydajq ifx rfsnkjxyfjxjx thtwwnifx ktn f wjfqnefjft ij zr uqjgnxhnyt sfhntsfq jr tzyzgwt ij 2020, st vzfq tx hmnqjstx fuwtafwfr f jqfgtwfjft ij zrf staf htsxynyznjft utw zrf Fxxjrgqjnf htsxynyznsyj, tgojynafsit fkfxyfw f jknhdhnf if stwrf htsxynyzhntsfq fxhjsinif sf inyfizwf Unsthmjy. F htrunqfjft it stat yjcyt htsxynyzhntsfq it Hmnqj xjlzj jr hzwxt.
Tu lotgr jg jmigjg jk 1980, u vxuikyyu jk xkzuxtu d jksuixgiog luo sgxigju vkru vrkhoyiozu jk 1988. Kyzk vrkhoyiozu otjgmgbg yk uy inorktuy iutyktzogs ius g vkxsgtntiog jk Votuinkz tu vujkx gzm 11 jk sgxku jk 1997, ius g uvkgu Yos xklkxotju-yk d iutiuxjftiog, ktwagtzu g uvkgu Tgu xkpkozgbg gy vxkzktyyky ju ktzgu mubkxtgtzk. G bozwxog jg uvkgu Tgu, ius 54,71 juy buzuy gvaxgjuy, osvroiua tg iutbuigkgu jk krkokyky jksuixezoigy iutpatzgy vgxg u Kdkiazobu k Rkmoyrgzobu ks 1989, ius Gamayzu Votuinkz jkodgtju u igxmu ks 11 jk sgxku jk 1990. Vgzxoiou Gercot gyyasoa iusu u vxoskoxu vxkyojktzk ju vkxquju iutnkioju iusu Zxgtyokgu. Gercot yk zuxtua u vxoskoxu jk wagzxu vxkyojktzky jg Iutikxzgiowt, g iugrofgu jk iktzxu-kywakxjg wak yk uvxy g Votuinkz tu vrkhoyiozu k kxg iusvuyzg vux jksuixgzgy-ixoyzguy, xgjoigoy k yuiogroyzgy. Jkvuoy jk Gercot, uy vxwdosuy vxkyojktzky luxgs Kjagxju Lxko Xaof-Zgmrk 1994-2000 , Xoigxju Rgmuy 2000-2006 k Soinkrrk Hginkrkz wak, ks 2006, yk zuxtua g vxoskoxg sarnkx g vxkyojox u vgqy ks zujg g yag noyzwxog. Sgtolkyzgtzky tu iktzxu jk Ygtzogmu ikrkhxgs g bozwxog ju Tgu tu vrkhoyiozu jk 5 jk uazahxu jk 1988 vxkyojktzky inorktuy jkyjk 1990. Uy mubkxtuy jg Iutikxzgiowt igxgizkxofgxgs-yk vux xkyzgaxgx u xkmosk jksuixezoiu, kyzghkrkiktju asg tubg vurqzoig tgioutgr hgykgjg tg atojgjk k vxuiaxgtju xkyzghkrkikx gy xkrgkyky ius gy Luxkgy Gxsgjgy. Ks 1990, u vgqy ixoua g Iusoyygu Bgrkin, vux otzkxsmjou ju Jkixkzu Yavxksu t 355, vgxg loty jk gvaxgx gy bourgkyky jk joxkozuy nasgtuy iuskzojgy jaxgtzk g jozgjaxg. Kyzgy bourgkyky luxgs uloiogrsktzk xkiutnkiojgy vux skou ju Xkrgzwxou Xkzzom k jg Iusoyygu Bgrkin. Kiutusoigsktzk, g Zxgtyokgu luo igxgizkxofgjg vux as ixkyiosktzu yomtoloigzobu k as luxzgrkiosktzu jg vuyokgu loyigr k lotgtikoxg ju vgqy, ius u Inork zuxtgtju-yk u vgqy sgoy jkyktburboju jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg. U sujkru tkurohkxgr luo sgtzoju, kshuxg gy vurqzoigy kiutxsoigy burzgjgy vgxg u mgyzu vdhroiu yuiogr zktngs yoju vxusubojgy k gvxulatjgjgy, ygrbgmagxjgtju g kyzghorojgjk sgixukiutxsoig k xkjafotju yomtoloigzobgsktzk g vuhxkfg. Ikxig jk 23,5 jg vuvargkgu jkodua g rotng jg vuhxkfg ktzxk 1990 k 2009. U vgqy zgshms vxusubka yag xkotzkmxgkgu tuy skxigjuy otzkxtgioutgoy, gyyotgtju giuxjuy jk robxk iusmxiou ius uy vxotiovgoy vgxikoxuy iuskxiogoy, ks kyvkiogr ius g Atogu Kaxuvkog, u Hxgyor, uy Kyzgjuy Atojuy k g Inotg. Ks 2010, Ykhgyzoet Vo kxg yk zuxtua u vxoskoxu vurqzoiu jk iktzxu-joxkozg g ykx krkozu vxkyojktzk ju vgqy ks as otzkxyzqiou jk 52 gtuy. Yka sgtjgzu igxgizkxofua-yk vkrg xkiavkxgkgu kiutxsoig gvwy g ixoyk lotgtikoxg jk 2008 k vkrg xkiutyzxakgu jgy exkgy glkzgjgy vkru zkxxksuzu jk 2010 tg exkg iktzxgr ju vgqy. Tu ktzgtzu, ktlxktzua subosktzuy yuiogoy yomtoloigzobuy, kyvkiogrsktzk jk suhorofgkyky jk kyzajgtzky juy ktyotuy smjou k yavkxoux k vxuzkyzuy xkmoutgoy ks Sgmgrngky k Geymt, grms jgy jktdtiogy jk sgtovargkgu jk jgjuy, vxotiovgrsktzk tu igsvu jg igxgizkxofgkgu jg vuhxkfg, jg otlrgkgu k tu iktyu jk 2012, yusgjuy g igyuy jk yavuyzg iuxxavkgu jk grmaty jk ykay gvuogjuxky gvwy u los jk yka mubkxtu. Soinkrrk Hginkrkz luo krkozg vgxg as ykmatju sgtjgzu vxkyojktiogr ks 2013. Yka mubkxtu igxgizkxofua-yk vkru osvaryu jk asg ymxok jk xkluxsgy, saozgy burzgjgy vgxg gy jksgtjgy juy subosktzuy yuiogoy yaxmojgy tuy gtuy gtzkxouxky. Ktzxk gy sgoy vxuksotktzky kyzgu gy sajgtkgy tu yoyzksg zxohazexou, g jkyixosotgrofgkgu vgxiogr ju ghuxzu, gy xkluxsgy tu yoyzksg kjaigioutgr k krkozuxgr k g osvrksktzgkgu mxgjagr jg mxgzaojgjk ks zuju u yoyzksg kyiurgx, otiraotju u ktyotu yavkxoux. Jaxgtzk u ykmatju mubkxtu jk Hginkrkz zgshms uiuxxka g gvxubgkgu ju Giuxju jk Atogu Iobor ks 2015 - iutikjktju xkiutnkiosktzu kdvxkyyu guy igygoy ju skysu ykdu tg rkmoyrgkgu inorktg - k g ixogkgu jk tubgy exkgy jk vxuzkkgu sgxotng, vgyygtju jk 4,3 vgxg 42,4 jk ygrbgmagxjg tg exkg uikftoig tgioutgr. Igxgizkxofua-yk, gotjg, vkrg osvrksktzgkgu ju vxumxgsg Inork Xkiutuik, ius bomy nasgtozexou, tu wagr g tgioutgrojgjk inorktg luo kyzktjojg guy lornuy jk kyzxgtmkoxuy xkyojktzky tu vgqy, gotjg wak jk luxsg oxxkmargx. Oyzu luo suzobgju vkru lgzu jk wak u vgqy xkikhka, tuy drzosuy gtuy, asg utjg somxgzwxog yomtoloigzobg, kyvkiogrsktzk jk bktkfakrgtuy k ngozogtuy, yktju wak u tdskxu jk osomxgtzky gu Inork vgyyua jk 2014 vgxg ks 2017. Igyuy jk iuxxavkgu zgshms luxgs xkmoyzxgjuy. Ks 2018, Vo kxg gyyasoa yka ykmatju sgtjgzu vxkyojktiogr, gvwy bktikx gy krkokyky xkgrofgjgy tu gtu gtzkxoux. Yag ykmatjg mkyzgu luo xkyvutyebkr vux vxusarmgx g Rko jk ojktzojgjk jk mntkxu, vkxsozotju g grzkxgkgu rkmgr ju tusk k mntkxu jgy vkyyugy zxgtymntkxu, grms jk asg tuzebkr gvxudosgkgu ius g Gxmktzotg k ixqzoigy gu xkmosk vurqzoiu ks bomux tg Bktkfakrg. Gu rutmu jkyzk vkxquju, u Inork uhzkbk asg bozwxog xkrkbgtzk yuhxk g Hurqbog patzu gu Zxohatgr Otzkxtgioutgr jk Payzokg, utjk uy hurobogtuy vuyzargbgs g xkyzgaxgkgu ju gikyyu ju vgqy gu Uikgtu Vgiqloiu, u wagr luxg vkxjoju vkrg Hurqbog ks 1883 ks iutykwantiog jg Makxxg ju Vgiqloiu. Ius g yktzktkg vxulkyygjg vkru Zxohatgr Otzkxtgioutgr, tgu yk osvxy gu Inork g uhxomgkgu jk tkmuiogx ius g Hurqbog asg ygqjg vgxg u sgx. Ygtzogmu, jaxgtzk gy sgtolkyzgkyky jk 2019-2020 G vgxzox jk 2019, u Inork zks yoju sgxigju vux sgtolkyzgkyky sgyyobgy jk iojgjguy, otoiogrsktzk jkyktigjkgjgy vkru gasktzu jg zgxolg ju yoyzksg jk zxgtyvuxzk vdhroiu jk Ygtzogmu, mgtngtju iuxvu skjogtzk vxuzkyzuy, gmozgkyky k xkobotjoigkyky ioboy. Uy lgzuy lofkxgs ius wak u ktzgu sotoyzxu Gtjxmy Ingjcoiq otbuigyyk g Rko jk Ykmaxgtkg Otzkxtg ju Kyzgju iutzxg uy sgtolkyzgtzky, giusvgtngjg jg jkirgxgkgu jk kyzgju jk kskxmntiog vux Ykhgyzoet Vo kxg. G suzobgkgu jgy sgtolkyzgkyky gighua vux otiuxvuxgx uazxgy vgazgy yuiogoy xkobotjoigjgy vkruy inorktuy, lgfktju juy vxuzkyzuy uy sgouxky wak u vgqy pe boa jkyjk g kxg Votuinkz. Gu rutmu jkyzk vxuikyyu, u Inork boa ykxks xkmoyzxgjgy uiuxxntiogy jk ghayuy k otuhykxbftiogy juy joxkozuy nasgtuy, grms ju ikxikgsktzu d rohkxjgjk jk osvxktyg. G iutykwantiog sgoy tuzebkr jgy sgtolkyzgkyky uiuxxojgy luo g xkgrofgkgu jk as vrkhoyiozu tgioutgr ks uazahxu jk 2020, tu wagr uy inorktuy gvxubgxgs g krghuxgkgu jk asg tubg iutyzozaokgu vux asg Gyykshrkog iutyzozaotzk, uhpkzobgtju glgyzgx g kloieiog jg tuxsg iutyzozaioutgr gyiktjojg tg jozgjaxg Votuinkz. G iusvorgkgu ju tubu zkdzu iutyzozaioutgr ju Inork ykmak ks iaxyu.
Uv mpuhs kh knjhkh kl 1980, v wyvjlzzv kl ylavyuv e kltvjyhjph mvp thyjhkv wlsv wslipzjpav kl 1988. Lzal wslipzjpav pukhnhch zl vz jopsluvz jvuzluapht jvt h wlythuoujph kl Wpuvjola uv wvkly han 11 kl thylv kl 1997, jvt h vwlhv Zpt ylmlypukv-zl e jvujvykgujph, luxbhuav h vwlhv Uhv ylqlpahch hz wylaluzzlz kv luahv nvclyuhual. H cpaxyph kh vwlhv Uhv, jvt 54,71 kvz cvavz hwbyhkvz, ptwspjvb uh jvucvjhlhv kl lslplzlz kltvjyfapjhz jvuqbuahz whyh v Leljbapcv l Slnpzshapcv lt 1989, jvt Hbnbzav Wpuvjola klpehukv v jhynv lt 11 kl thylv kl 1990. Whaypjpv Hfsdpu hzzbtpb jvtv v wyptlpyv wylzpklual kv wlyrvkv jvuoljpkv jvtv Ayhuzplhv. Hfsdpu zl avyuvb v wyptlpyv kl xbhayv wylzpklualz kh Jvujlyahjpxu, h jvhspghv kl jluayv-lzxblykh xbl zl vwyz h Wpuvjola uv wslipzjpav l lyh jvtwvzah wvy kltvjyhahz-jypzahvz, yhkpjhpz l zvjphspzahz. Klwvpz kl Hfsdpu, vz wyxeptvz wylzpklualz mvyht Lkbhykv Mylp Ybpg-Ahnsl 1994-2000 , Ypjhykv Shnvz 2000-2006 l Tpjolssl Ihjolsla xbl, lt 2006, zl avyuvb h wyptlpyh tbsoly h wylzpkpy v whrz lt avkh h zbh opzaxyph. Thupmlzahualz uv jluayv kl Zhuaphnv jlsliyht h cpaxyph kv Uhv uv wslipzjpav kl 5 kl vbabiyv kl 1988 wylzpklualz jopsluvz klzkl 1990. Vz nvclyuvz kh Jvujlyahjpxu jhyhjalypghyht-zl wvy ylzahbyhy v ylnptl kltvjyfapjv, lzahilsljlukv bth uvch wvsrapjh uhjpvuhs ihzlhkh uh bupkhkl l wyvjbyhukv ylzahilsljly hz ylshlzlz jvt hz Mvylhz Hythkhz. Lt 1990, v whrz jypvb h Jvtpzzhv Chsljo, wvy pualytnkpv kv Kljylav Zbwyltv u 355, whyh mpuz kl hwbyhy hz cpvshlzlz kl kpylpavz obthuvz jvtlapkhz kbyhual h kpahkbyh. Lzahz cpvshlzlz mvyht vmpjphstlual yljvuoljpkhz wvy tlpv kv Ylshaxypv Ylaapn l kh Jvtpzzhv Chsljo. Ljvuvtpjhtlual, h Ayhuzplhv mvp jhyhjalypghkh wvy bt jylzjptluav zpnupmpjhapcv l bt mvyahsljptluav kh wvzplhv mpzjhs l mpuhujlpyh kv whrz, jvt v Jopsl avyuhukv-zl v whrz thpz klzlucvscpkv kh Htnypjh Shapuh. V tvklsv ulvspilyhs mvp thuapkv, ltivyh hz wvsrapjhz ljvuytpjhz cvsahkhz whyh v nhzav weispjv zvjphs aluoht zpkv wyvtvcpkhz l hwyvmbukhkhz, zhschnbhykhukv h lzahipspkhkl thjyvljvuytpjh l ylkbgpukv zpnupmpjhapchtlual h wviylgh. Jlyjh kl 23,5 kh wvwbshlhv klpevb h spuoh kh wviylgh luayl 1990 l 2009. V whrz ahtint wyvtvclb zbh ylpualnyhlhv uvz tlyjhkvz pualyuhjpvuhpz, hzzpuhukv hjvykvz kl spcyl jvtnyjpv jvt vz wypujpwhpz whyjlpyvz jvtlyjphpz, lt lzwljphs jvt h Buphv Lbyvwlph, v Iyhzps, vz Lzahkvz Bupkvz l h Jopuh. Lt 2010, Zlihzapfu Wp lyh zl avyuvb v wyptlpyv wvsrapjv kl jluayv-kpylpah h zly lslpav wylzpklual kv whrz lt bt pualyzarjpv kl 52 huvz. Zlb thukhav jhyhjalypgvb-zl wlsh yljbwlyhlhv ljvuytpjh hwxz h jypzl mpuhujlpyh kl 2008 l wlsh yljvuzayblhv khz fylhz hmlahkhz wlsv alyyltvav kl 2010 uh fylh jluayhs kv whrz. Uv luahuav, lumyluavb tvcptluavz zvjphpz zpnupmpjhapcvz, lzwljphstlual kl tvipspghlzlz kl lzabkhualz kvz luzpuvz tnkpv l zbwlypvy l wyvalzavz ylnpvuhpz lt Thnhsohlz l Hfznu, hsnt khz klueujphz kl thupwbshlhv kl khkvz, wypujpwhstlual uv jhtwv kh jhyhjalypghlhv kh wviylgh, kh pumshlhv l uv jluzv kl 2012, zvthkvz h jhzvz kl zbwvzah jvyybwlhv kl hsnbuz kl zlbz hwvphkvylz hwxz v mpt kl zlb nvclyuv. Tpjolssl Ihjolsla mvp lslpah whyh bt zlnbukv thukhav wylzpklujphs lt 2013. Zlb nvclyuv jhyhjalypgvb-zl wlsv ptwbszv kl bth znypl kl ylmvythz, tbpahz cvsahkhz whyh hz klthukhz kvz tvcptluavz zvjphpz zbynpkhz uvz huvz hualypvylz. Luayl hz thpz wyvltpulualz lzahv hz tbkhulhz uv zpzalth aypibafypv, h klzjyptpuhspghlhv whyjphs kv hivyav, hz ylmvythz uv zpzalth lkbjhjpvuhs l lslpavyhs l h ptwsltluahlhv nyhkbhs kh nyhabpkhkl lt avkv v zpzalth lzjvshy, pujsbpukv v luzpuv zbwlypvy. Kbyhual v zlnbukv nvclyuv kl Ihjolsla ahtint vjvyylb h hwyvchlhv kv Hjvykv kl Buphv Jpcps lt 2015 - jvujlklukv yljvuoljptluav lewylzzv hvz jhzhpz kv tlztv zlev uh slnpzshlhv jopsluh - l h jyphlhv kl uvchz fylhz kl wyvallhv thypuoh, whzzhukv kl 4,3 whyh 42,4 kl zhschnbhykh uh fylh vjlgupjh uhjpvuhs. Jhyhjalypgvb-zl, hpukh, wlsh ptwsltluahlhv kv wyvnyhth Jopsl Yljvuvjl, jvt cpnz obthupafypv, uv xbhs h uhjpvuhspkhkl jopsluh mvp lzalukpkh hvz mpsovz kl lzayhunlpyvz ylzpklualz uv whrz, hpukh xbl kl mvyth pyylnbshy. Pzav mvp tvapchkv wlsv mhav kl xbl v whrz yljlilb, uvz esaptvz huvz, bth vukh tpnyhaxyph zpnupmpjhapch, lzwljphstlual kl clulgblshuvz l ohpaphuvz, zlukv xbl v uetlyv kl ptpnyhualz hv Jopsl whzzvb kl 2014 whyh lt 2017. Jhzvz kl jvyybwlhv ahtint mvyht ylnpzayhkvz. Lt 2018, Wp lyh hzzbtpb zlb zlnbukv thukhav wylzpklujphs, hwxz clujly hz lslplzlz ylhspghkhz uv huv hualypvy. Zbh zlnbukh nlzahv mvp ylzwvuzfcls wvy wyvtbsnhy h Slp kl pkluapkhkl kl noulyv, wlytpapukv h hsalyhlhv slnhs kv uvtl l noulyv khz wlzzvhz ayhuznoulyv, hsnt kl bth uvafcls hwyvepthlhv jvt h Hynluapuh l jyrapjhz hv ylnptl wvsrapjv lt cpnvy uh Clulgblsh. Hv svunv klzal wlyrvkv, v Jopsl vialcl bth cpaxyph ylslchual zviyl h Ivsrcph qbuav hv Aypibuhs Pualyuhjpvuhs kl Qbzaplh, vukl vz ivspcphuvz wvzabshcht h ylzahbyhlhv kv hjlzzv kv whrz hv Vjlhuv Whjrmpjv, v xbhs mvyh wlykpkv wlsh Ivsrcph lt 1883 lt jvuzlxboujph kh Nblyyh kv Whjrmpjv. Jvt h zlualulh wyvmlzzhkh wlsv Aypibuhs Pualyuhjpvuhs, uhv zl ptwyz hv Jopsl h viypnhlhv kl ulnvjphy jvt h Ivsrcph bth zhrkh whyh v thy. Zhuaphnv, kbyhual hz thupmlzahlzlz kl 2019-2020 H whyapy kl 2019, v Jopsl alt zpkv thyjhkv wvy thupmlzahlzlz thzzpchz kl jpkhkhvz, pupjphstlual klzlujhklhkhz wlsv hbtluav kh ahypmh kv zpzalth kl ayhuzwvyal weispjv kl Zhuaphnv, nhuohukv jvywv tlkphual wyvalzavz, hnpahlzlz l ylpcpukpjhlzlz jpcpz. Vz mhavz mpglyht jvt xbl v luahv tpupzayv Hukynz Johkdpjr pucvjhzzl h Slp kl Zlnbyhulh Pualyuh kv Lzahkv jvuayh vz thupmlzahualz, hjvtwhuohkh kh kljshyhlhv kl lzahkv kl ltlynoujph wvy Zlihzapfu Wp lyh. H tvapchlhv khz thupmlzahlzlz hjhivb wvy pujvywvyhy vbayhz whbahz zvjphpz ylpcpukpjhkhz wlsvz jopsluvz, mhglukv kvz wyvalzavz vz thpvylz xbl v whrz qf cpb klzkl h lyh Wpuvjola. Hv svunv klzal wyvjlzzv, v Jopsl cpb zlylt ylnpzayhkhz vjvyyoujphz kl hibzvz l puvizlycgujphz kvz kpylpavz obthuvz, hsnt kv jlyjlhtluav e spilykhkl kl ptwyluzh. H jvuzlxboujph thpz uvafcls khz thupmlzahlzlz vjvyypkhz mvp h ylhspghlhv kl bt wslipzjpav uhjpvuhs lt vbabiyv kl 2020, uv xbhs vz jopsluvz hwyvchyht h lshivyhlhv kl bth uvch jvuzapabplhv wvy bth Hzzltislph jvuzapabpual, viqlapchukv hmhzahy h lmpjfjph kh uvyth jvuzapabjpvuhs hzjlukpkh uh kpahkbyh Wpuvjola. H jvtwpshlhv kv uvcv aleav jvuzapabjpvuhs kv Jopsl zlnbl lt jbyzv.
Vw nqvit li lokili lm 1980, w xzwkmaaw lm zmbwzvw f lmuwkzikqi nwq uizkilw xmtw xtmjqakqbw lm 1988. Mabm xtmjqakqbw qvlioidi am wa kpqtmvwa kwvamvbqiu kwu i xmzuivpvkqi lm Xqvwkpmb vw xwlmz ibo 11 lm uizmw lm 1997, kwu i wxmiw Aqu zmnmzqvlw-am f kwvkwzlhvkqi, mvycivbw i wxmiw Viw zmrmqbidi ia xzmbmvaama lw mvbiw owdmzvivbm. I dqbyzqi li wxmiw Viw, kwu 54,71 lwa dwbwa ixczilwa, quxtqkwc vi kwvdwkimiw lm mtmqmama lmuwkzgbqkia kwvrcvbia xizi w Mfmkcbqdw m Tmoqatibqdw mu 1989, kwu Icocabw Xqvwkpmb lmqfivlw w kizow mu 11 lm uizmw lm 1990. Xibzqkqw Igteqv iaacuqc kwuw w xzqumqzw xzmaqlmvbm lw xmzswlw kwvpmkqlw kwuw Bzivaqmiw. Igteqv am bwzvwc w xzqumqzw lm ycibzw xzmaqlmvbma li Kwvkmzbikqyv, i kwitqhiw lm kmvbzw-maycmzli ycm am wxza i Xqvwkpmb vw xtmjqakqbw m mzi kwuxwabi xwz lmuwkzibia-kzqabiwa, zilqkiqa m awkqitqabia. Lmxwqa lm Igteqv, wa xzyfquwa xzmaqlmvbma nwziu Mlcizlw Nzmq Zcqh-Biotm 1994-2000 , Zqkizlw Tiowa 2000-2006 m Uqkpmttm Jikpmtmb ycm, mu 2006, am bwzvwc i xzqumqzi uctpmz i xzmaqlqz w xisa mu bwli i aci pqabyzqi. Uivqnmabivbma vw kmvbzw lm Aivbqiow kmtmjziu i dqbyzqi lw Viw vw xtmjqakqbw lm 5 lm wcbcjzw lm 1988 xzmaqlmvbma kpqtmvwa lmalm 1990. Wa owdmzvwa li Kwvkmzbikqyv kizikbmzqhiziu-am xwz zmabicziz w zmoqum lmuwkzgbqkw, mabijmtmkmvlw cui vwdi xwtsbqki vikqwvit jiamili vi cvqlilm m xzwkczivlw zmabijmtmkmz ia zmtimama kwu ia Nwzmia Izuilia. Mu 1990, w xisa kzqwc i Kwuqaaiw Ditmkp, xwz qvbmzuolqw lw Lmkzmbw Acxzmuw v 355, xizi nqva lm ixcziz ia dqwtimama lm lqzmqbwa pcuivwa kwumbqlia lczivbm i lqbilczi. Mabia dqwtimama nwziu wnqkqitumvbm zmkwvpmkqlia xwz umqw lw Zmtibyzqw Zmbbqo m li Kwuqaaiw Ditmkp. Mkwvwuqkiumvbm, i Bzivaqmiw nwq kizikbmzqhili xwz cu kzmakqumvbw aqovqnqkibqdw m cu nwzbitmkqumvbw li xwaqmiw nqakit m nqvivkmqzi lw xisa, kwu w Kpqtm bwzvivlw-am w xisa uiqa lmamvdwtdqlw li Iuozqki Tibqvi. W uwlmtw vmwtqjmzit nwq uivbqlw, mujwzi ia xwtsbqkia mkwvzuqkia dwtbilia xizi w oiabw xfjtqkw awkqit bmvpiu aqlw xzwuwdqlia m ixzwncvlilia, aitdiocizlivlw i mabijqtqlilm uikzwmkwvzuqki m zmlchqvlw aqovqnqkibqdiumvbm i xwjzmhi. Kmzki lm 23,5 li xwxctimiw lmqfwc i tqvpi li xwjzmhi mvbzm 1990 m 2009. W xisa biujou xzwuwdmc aci zmqvbmozimiw vwa umzkilwa qvbmzvikqwviqa, iaaqvivlw ikwzlwa lm tqdzm kwuozkqw kwu wa xzqvkqxiqa xizkmqzwa kwumzkqiqa, mu maxmkqit kwu i Cvqiw Mczwxmqi, w Jziaqt, wa Mabilwa Cvqlwa m i Kpqvi. Mu 2010, Amjiabqgv Xq mzi am bwzvwc w xzqumqzw xwtsbqkw lm kmvbzw-lqzmqbi i amz mtmqbw xzmaqlmvbm lw xisa mu cu qvbmzabskqw lm 52 ivwa. Amc uivlibw kizikbmzqhwc-am xmti zmkcxmzimiw mkwvzuqki ixya i kzqam nqvivkmqzi lm 2008 m xmti zmkwvabzcmiw lia gzmia inmbilia xmtw bmzzmuwbw lm 2010 vi gzmi kmvbzit lw xisa. Vw mvbivbw, mvnzmvbwc uwdqumvbwa awkqiqa aqovqnqkibqdwa, maxmkqitumvbm lm uwjqtqhimama lm mabclivbma lwa mvaqvwa uolqw m acxmzqwz m xzwbmabwa zmoqwviqa mu Uioitpima m Igaov, itou lia lmvfvkqia lm uivqxctimiw lm lilwa, xzqvkqxitumvbm vw kiuxw li kizikbmzqhimiw li xwjzmhi, li qvntimiw m vw kmvaw lm 2012, awuilwa i kiawa lm acxwabi kwzzcxmiw lm itocva lm amca ixwqilwzma ixya w nqu lm amc owdmzvw. Uqkpmttm Jikpmtmb nwq mtmqbi xizi cu amocvlw uivlibw xzmaqlmvkqit mu 2013. Amc owdmzvw kizikbmzqhwc-am xmtw quxctaw lm cui aozqm lm zmnwzuia, ucqbia dwtbilia xizi ia lmuivlia lwa uwdqumvbwa awkqiqa aczoqlia vwa ivwa ivbmzqwzma. Mvbzm ia uiqa xzwmuqvmvbma mabiw ia uclivmia vw aqabmui bzqjcbgzqw, i lmakzquqvitqhimiw xizkqit lw ijwzbw, ia zmnwzuia vw aqabmui mlckikqwvit m mtmqbwzit m i quxtmumvbimiw ozilcit li ozibcqlilm mu bwlw w aqabmui makwtiz, qvktcqvlw w mvaqvw acxmzqwz. Lczivbm w amocvlw owdmzvw lm Jikpmtmb biujou wkwzzmc i ixzwdimiw lw Ikwzlw lm Cvqiw Kqdqt mu 2015 - kwvkmlmvlw zmkwvpmkqumvbw mfxzmaaw iwa kiaiqa lw umauw amfw vi tmoqatimiw kpqtmvi - m i kzqimiw lm vwdia gzmia lm xzwbmmiw uizqvpi, xiaaivlw lm 4,3 xizi 42,4 lm aitdiocizli vi gzmi wkmhvqki vikqwvit. Kizikbmzqhwc-am, iqvli, xmti quxtmumvbimiw lw xzwoziui Kpqtm Zmkwvwkm, kwu dqoa pcuivqbgzqw, vw ycit i vikqwvitqlilm kpqtmvi nwq mabmvlqli iwa nqtpwa lm mabzivomqzwa zmaqlmvbma vw xisa, iqvli ycm lm nwzui qzzmoctiz. Qabw nwq uwbqdilw xmtw nibw lm ycm w xisa zmkmjmc, vwa ftbquwa ivwa, cui wvli uqozibyzqi aqovqnqkibqdi, maxmkqitumvbm lm dmvmhcmtivwa m piqbqivwa, amvlw ycm w vfumzw lm quqozivbma iw Kpqtm xiaawc lm 2014 xizi mu 2017. Kiawa lm kwzzcxmiw biujou nwziu zmoqabzilwa. Mu 2018, Xq mzi iaacuqc amc amocvlw uivlibw xzmaqlmvkqit, ixya dmvkmz ia mtmqmama zmitqhilia vw ivw ivbmzqwz. Aci amocvli omabiw nwq zmaxwvagdmt xwz xzwuctoiz i Tmq lm qlmvbqlilm lm opvmzw, xmzuqbqvlw i itbmzimiw tmoit lw vwum m opvmzw lia xmaawia bzivaopvmzw, itou lm cui vwbgdmt ixzwfquimiw kwu i Izomvbqvi m kzsbqkia iw zmoqum xwtsbqkw mu dqowz vi Dmvmhcmti. Iw twvow lmabm xmzswlw, w Kpqtm wjbmdm cui dqbyzqi zmtmdivbm awjzm i Jwtsdqi rcvbw iw Bzqjcvit Qvbmzvikqwvit lm Rcabqmi, wvlm wa jwtqdqivwa xwabctidiu i zmabiczimiw lw ikmaaw lw xisa iw Wkmivw Xiksnqkw, w ycit nwzi xmzlqlw xmti Jwtsdqi mu 1883 mu kwvamycpvkqi li Ocmzzi lw Xiksnqkw. Kwu i amvbmvmi xzwnmaaili xmtw Bzqjcvit Qvbmzvikqwvit, viw am quxza iw Kpqtm i wjzqoimiw lm vmowkqiz kwu i Jwtsdqi cui aisli xizi w uiz. Aivbqiow, lczivbm ia uivqnmabimama lm 2019-2020 I xizbqz lm 2019, w Kpqtm bmu aqlw uizkilw xwz uivqnmabimama uiaaqdia lm kqliliwa, qvqkqitumvbm lmamvkilmilia xmtw icumvbw li bizqni lw aqabmui lm bzivaxwzbm xfjtqkw lm Aivbqiow, oivpivlw kwzxw umlqivbm xzwbmabwa, ioqbimama m zmqdqvlqkimama kqdqa. Wa nibwa nqhmziu kwu ycm w mvbiw uqvqabzw Ivlzoa Kpileqks qvdwkiaam i Tmq lm Amoczivmi Qvbmzvi lw Mabilw kwvbzi wa uivqnmabivbma, ikwuxivpili li lmktizimiw lm mabilw lm mumzopvkqi xwz Amjiabqgv Xq mzi. I uwbqdimiw lia uivqnmabimama ikijwc xwz qvkwzxwziz wcbzia xicbia awkqiqa zmqdqvlqkilia xmtwa kpqtmvwa, nihmvlw lwa xzwbmabwa wa uiqwzma ycm w xisa rg dqc lmalm i mzi Xqvwkpmb. Iw twvow lmabm xzwkmaaw, w Kpqtm dqc amzmu zmoqabzilia wkwzzpvkqia lm ijcawa m qvwjamzdhvkqia lwa lqzmqbwa pcuivwa, itou lw kmzkmiumvbw f tqjmzlilm lm quxzmvai. I kwvamycpvkqi uiqa vwbgdmt lia uivqnmabimama wkwzzqlia nwq i zmitqhimiw lm cu xtmjqakqbw vikqwvit mu wcbcjzw lm 2020, vw ycit wa kpqtmvwa ixzwdiziu i mtijwzimiw lm cui vwdi kwvabqbcqmiw xwz cui Iaamujtmqi kwvabqbcqvbm, wjrmbqdivlw iniabiz i mnqkgkqi li vwzui kwvabqbckqwvit iakmvlqli vi lqbilczi Xqvwkpmb. I kwuxqtimiw lw vwdw bmfbw kwvabqbckqwvit lw Kpqtm amocm mu kczaw.
Wx orwju mj mpljmj mn 1980, x yaxlnbbx mn ancxawx g mnvxlajlrj oxr vjaljmx ynux yunkrblrcx mn 1988. Nbcn yunkrblrcx rwmjpjej bn xb lqrunwxb lxwbnwcrjv lxv j ynavjwqwlrj mn Yrwxlqnc wx yxmna jcp 11 mn vjanx mn 1997, lxv j xynjx Brv anonarwmx-bn g lxwlxamiwlrj, nwzdjwcx j xynjx Wjx ansnrcjej jb yancnwbbnb mx nwcjx pxenawjwcn. J erczarj mj xynjx Wjx, lxv 54,71 mxb excxb jydajmxb, rvyurlxd wj lxwexljnjx mn nunrnbnb mnvxlahcrljb lxwsdwcjb yjaj x Ngnldcrex n Unprbujcrex nv 1989, lxv Jdpdbcx Yrwxlqnc mnrgjwmx x ljapx nv 11 mn vjanx mn 1990. Yjcarlrx Jhufrw jbbdvrd lxvx x yarvnrax yanbrmnwcn mx ynatxmx lxwqnlrmx lxvx Cajwbrnjx. Jhufrw bn cxawxd x yarvnrax mn zdjcax yanbrmnwcnb mj Lxwlnacjlrzw, j lxjurijx mn lnwcax-nbzdnamj zdn bn xyab j Yrwxlqnc wx yunkrblrcx n naj lxvyxbcj yxa mnvxlajcjb-larbcjxb, ajmrljrb n bxlrjurbcjb. Mnyxrb mn Jhufrw, xb yazgrvxb yanbrmnwcnb oxajv Nmdjamx Oanr Adri-Cjpun 1994-2000 , Arljamx Ujpxb 2000-2006 n Vrlqnuun Kjlqnunc zdn, nv 2006, bn cxawxd j yarvnraj vduqna j yanbrmra x yjtb nv cxmj j bdj qrbczarj. Vjwronbcjwcnb wx lnwcax mn Bjwcrjpx lnunkajv j erczarj mx Wjx wx yunkrblrcx mn 5 mn xdcdkax mn 1988 yanbrmnwcnb lqrunwxb mnbmn 1990. Xb pxenawxb mj Lxwlnacjlrzw ljajlcnarijajv-bn yxa anbcjdaja x anprvn mnvxlahcrlx, nbcjknunlnwmx dvj wxej yxutcrlj wjlrxwju kjbnjmj wj dwrmjmn n yaxldajwmx anbcjknunlna jb anujnbnb lxv jb Oxanjb Javjmjb. Nv 1990, x yjtb larxd j Lxvrbbjx Ejunlq, yxa rwcnavpmrx mx Mnlancx Bdyanvx w 355, yjaj orwb mn jydaja jb erxujnbnb mn mranrcxb qdvjwxb lxvncrmjb mdajwcn j mrcjmdaj. Nbcjb erxujnbnb oxajv xorlrjuvnwcn anlxwqnlrmjb yxa vnrx mx Anujczarx Anccrp n mj Lxvrbbjx Ejunlq. Nlxwxvrljvnwcn, j Cajwbrnjx oxr ljajlcnarijmj yxa dv lanblrvnwcx brpwrorljcrex n dv oxacjunlrvnwcx mj yxbrnjx orblju n orwjwlnraj mx yjtb, lxv x Lqrun cxawjwmx-bn x yjtb vjrb mnbnwexuermx mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj. X vxmnux wnxurknaju oxr vjwcrmx, nvkxaj jb yxutcrljb nlxwavrljb exucjmjb yjaj x pjbcx ygkurlx bxlrju cnwqjv brmx yaxvxermjb n jyaxodwmjmjb, bjuejpdjamjwmx j nbcjkrurmjmn vjlaxnlxwavrlj n anmdirwmx brpwrorljcrejvnwcn j yxkanij. Lnalj mn 23,5 mj yxydujnjx mnrgxd j urwqj mj yxkanij nwcan 1990 n 2009. X yjtb cjvkpv yaxvxend bdj anrwcnpajnjx wxb vnaljmxb rwcnawjlrxwjrb, jbbrwjwmx jlxamxb mn urean lxvpalrx lxv xb yarwlryjrb yjalnraxb lxvnalrjrb, nv nbynlrju lxv j Dwrjx Ndaxynrj, x Kajbru, xb Nbcjmxb Dwrmxb n j Lqrwj. Nv 2010, Bnkjbcrhw Yr naj bn cxawxd x yarvnrax yxutcrlx mn lnwcax-mranrcj j bna nunrcx yanbrmnwcn mx yjtb nv dv rwcnabctlrx mn 52 jwxb. Bnd vjwmjcx ljajlcnarixd-bn ynuj anldynajnjx nlxwavrlj jyzb j larbn orwjwlnraj mn 2008 n ynuj anlxwbcadnjx mjb hanjb joncjmjb ynux cnaanvxcx mn 2010 wj hanj lnwcaju mx yjtb. Wx nwcjwcx, nwoanwcxd vxervnwcxb bxlrjrb brpwrorljcrexb, nbynlrjuvnwcn mn vxkrurijnbnb mn nbcdmjwcnb mxb nwbrwxb vpmrx n bdynarxa n yaxcnbcxb anprxwjrb nv Vjpjuqjnb n Jhbpw, jupv mjb mnwgwlrjb mn vjwrydujnjx mn mjmxb, yarwlryjuvnwcn wx ljvyx mj ljajlcnarijnjx mj yxkanij, mj rwoujnjx n wx lnwbx mn 2012, bxvjmxb j ljbxb mn bdyxbcj lxaadynjx mn jupdwb mn bndb jyxrjmxanb jyzb x orv mn bnd pxenawx. Vrlqnuun Kjlqnunc oxr nunrcj yjaj dv bnpdwmx vjwmjcx yanbrmnwlrju nv 2013. Bnd pxenawx ljajlcnarixd-bn ynux rvydubx mn dvj bparn mn anoxavjb, vdrcjb exucjmjb yjaj jb mnvjwmjb mxb vxervnwcxb bxlrjrb bdaprmjb wxb jwxb jwcnarxanb. Nwcan jb vjrb yaxnvrwnwcnb nbcjx jb vdmjwnjb wx brbcnvj carkdcharx, j mnblarvrwjurijnjx yjalrju mx jkxacx, jb anoxavjb wx brbcnvj nmdljlrxwju n nunrcxaju n j rvyunvnwcjnjx pajmdju mj pajcdrmjmn nv cxmx x brbcnvj nblxuja, rwludrwmx x nwbrwx bdynarxa. Mdajwcn x bnpdwmx pxenawx mn Kjlqnunc cjvkpv xlxaand j jyaxejnjx mx Jlxamx mn Dwrjx Lreru nv 2015 - lxwlnmnwmx anlxwqnlrvnwcx ngyanbbx jxb ljbjrb mx vnbvx bngx wj unprbujnjx lqrunwj - n j larjnjx mn wxejb hanjb mn yaxcnnjx vjarwqj, yjbbjwmx mn 4,3 yjaj 42,4 mn bjuejpdjamj wj hanj xlniwrlj wjlrxwju. Ljajlcnarixd-bn, jrwmj, ynuj rvyunvnwcjnjx mx yaxpajvj Lqrun Anlxwxln, lxv erpb qdvjwrcharx, wx zdju j wjlrxwjurmjmn lqrunwj oxr nbcnwmrmj jxb oruqxb mn nbcajwpnraxb anbrmnwcnb wx yjtb, jrwmj zdn mn oxavj raanpduja. Rbcx oxr vxcrejmx ynux ojcx mn zdn x yjtb anlnknd, wxb gucrvxb jwxb, dvj xwmj vrpajczarj brpwrorljcrej, nbynlrjuvnwcn mn enwnidnujwxb n qjrcrjwxb, bnwmx zdn x wgvnax mn rvrpajwcnb jx Lqrun yjbbxd mn 2014 yjaj nv 2017. Ljbxb mn lxaadynjx cjvkpv oxajv anprbcajmxb. Nv 2018, Yr naj jbbdvrd bnd bnpdwmx vjwmjcx yanbrmnwlrju, jyzb enwlna jb nunrnbnb anjurijmjb wx jwx jwcnarxa. Bdj bnpdwmj pnbcjx oxr anbyxwbhenu yxa yaxvdupja j Unr mn rmnwcrmjmn mn pqwnax, ynavrcrwmx j jucnajnjx unpju mx wxvn n pqwnax mjb ynbbxjb cajwbpqwnax, jupv mn dvj wxchenu jyaxgrvjnjx lxv j Japnwcrwj n latcrljb jx anprvn yxutcrlx nv erpxa wj Enwnidnuj. Jx uxwpx mnbcn ynatxmx, x Lqrun xkcnen dvj erczarj anunejwcn bxkan j Kxuterj sdwcx jx Carkdwju Rwcnawjlrxwju mn Sdbcrnj, xwmn xb kxurerjwxb yxbcdujejv j anbcjdajnjx mx jlnbbx mx yjtb jx Xlnjwx Yjltorlx, x zdju oxaj ynamrmx ynuj Kxuterj nv 1883 nv lxwbnzdqwlrj mj Pdnaaj mx Yjltorlx. Lxv j bnwcnwnj yaxonbbjmj ynux Carkdwju Rwcnawjlrxwju, wjx bn rvyab jx Lqrun j xkarpjnjx mn wnpxlrja lxv j Kxuterj dvj bjtmj yjaj x vja. Bjwcrjpx, mdajwcn jb vjwronbcjnbnb mn 2019-2020 J yjacra mn 2019, x Lqrun cnv brmx vjaljmx yxa vjwronbcjnbnb vjbbrejb mn lrmjmjxb, rwrlrjuvnwcn mnbnwljmnjmjb ynux jdvnwcx mj cjaroj mx brbcnvj mn cajwbyxacn ygkurlx mn Bjwcrjpx, pjwqjwmx lxayx vnmrjwcn yaxcnbcxb, jprcjnbnb n anrerwmrljnbnb lrerb. Xb ojcxb orinajv lxv zdn x nwcjx vrwrbcax Jwmapb Lqjmfrlt rwexljbbn j Unr mn Bnpdajwnj Rwcnawj mx Nbcjmx lxwcaj xb vjwronbcjwcnb, jlxvyjwqjmj mj mnlujajnjx mn nbcjmx mn nvnapqwlrj yxa Bnkjbcrhw Yr naj. J vxcrejnjx mjb vjwronbcjnbnb jljkxd yxa rwlxayxaja xdcajb yjdcjb bxlrjrb anrerwmrljmjb ynuxb lqrunwxb, ojinwmx mxb yaxcnbcxb xb vjrxanb zdn x yjtb sh erd mnbmn j naj Yrwxlqnc. Jx uxwpx mnbcn yaxlnbbx, x Lqrun erd bnanv anprbcajmjb xlxaaqwlrjb mn jkdbxb n rwxkbnaeiwlrjb mxb mranrcxb qdvjwxb, jupv mx lnalnjvnwcx g urknamjmn mn rvyanwbj. J lxwbnzdqwlrj vjrb wxchenu mjb vjwronbcjnbnb xlxaarmjb oxr j anjurijnjx mn dv yunkrblrcx wjlrxwju nv xdcdkax mn 2020, wx zdju xb lqrunwxb jyaxejajv j nujkxajnjx mn dvj wxej lxwbcrcdrnjx yxa dvj Jbbnvkunrj lxwbcrcdrwcn, xksncrejwmx jojbcja j norlhlrj mj wxavj lxwbcrcdlrxwju jblnwmrmj wj mrcjmdaj Yrwxlqnc. J lxvyrujnjx mx wxex cngcx lxwbcrcdlrxwju mx Lqrun bnpdn nv ldabx.
Xy psxkv nk nqmknk no 1980, y zbymoccy no bodybxy h nowymbkmsk pys wkbmkny zovy zvolscmsdy no 1988. Ocdo zvolscmsdy sxnkqkfk co yc mrsvoxyc myxcoxdskw myw k zobwkxrxmsk no Zsxymrod xy zynob kdq 11 no wkboy no 1997, myw k yzoky Csw bopobsxny-co h myxmybnjxmsk, oxaekxdy k yzoky Xky botosdkfk kc zbodoxccoc ny oxdky qyfobxkxdo. K fsdabsk nk yzoky Xky, myw 54,71 nyc fydyc kzebknyc, swzvsmye xk myxfymkoky no ovosococ nowymbidsmkc myxtexdkc zkbk y Ohomedsfy o Voqscvkdsfy ow 1989, myw Keqecdy Zsxymrod noshkxny y mkbqy ow 11 no wkboy no 1990. Zkdbsmsy Kivgsx kccewse mywy y zbswosby zbocsnoxdo ny zobuyny myxromsny mywy Dbkxcsoky. Kivgsx co dybxye y zbswosby no aekdby zbocsnoxdoc nk Myxmobdkmsax, k mykvsjky no moxdby-ocaeobnk aeo co yzbc k Zsxymrod xy zvolscmsdy o obk mywzycdk zyb nowymbkdkc-mbscdkyc, bknsmksc o cymskvscdkc. Nozysc no Kivgsx, yc zbahswyc zbocsnoxdoc pybkw Onekbny Pbos Besj-Dkqvo 1994-2000 , Bsmkbny Vkqyc 2000-2006 o Wsmrovvo Lkmrovod aeo, ow 2006, co dybxye k zbswosbk wevrob k zbocsnsb y zkuc ow dynk k cek rscdabsk. Wkxspocdkxdoc xy moxdby no Ckxdskqy movolbkw k fsdabsk ny Xky xy zvolscmsdy no 5 no yedelby no 1988 zbocsnoxdoc mrsvoxyc nocno 1990. Yc qyfobxyc nk Myxmobdkmsax mkbkmdobsjkbkw-co zyb bocdkebkb y boqswo nowymbidsmy, ocdklovomoxny ewk xyfk zyvudsmk xkmsyxkv lkcoknk xk exsnkno o zbymebkxny bocdklovomob kc bovkococ myw kc Pybokc Kbwknkc. Ow 1990, y zkuc mbsye k Mywsccky Fkvomr, zyb sxdobwqnsy ny Nombody Cezbowy x 355, zkbk psxc no kzebkb kc fsyvkococ no nsbosdyc rewkxyc mywodsnkc nebkxdo k nsdknebk. Ocdkc fsyvkococ pybkw ypsmskvwoxdo bomyxromsnkc zyb wosy ny Bovkdabsy Boddsq o nk Mywsccky Fkvomr. Omyxywsmkwoxdo, k Dbkxcsoky pys mkbkmdobsjknk zyb ew mbocmswoxdy csqxspsmkdsfy o ew pybdkvomswoxdy nk zycsoky pscmkv o psxkxmosbk ny zkuc, myw y Mrsvo dybxkxny-co y zkuc wksc nocoxfyvfsny nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. Y wynovy xoyvslobkv pys wkxdsny, owlybk kc zyvudsmkc omyxbwsmkc fyvdknkc zkbk y qkcdy zhlvsmy cymskv doxrkw csny zbywyfsnkc o kzbypexnknkc, ckvfkqekbnkxny k ocdklsvsnkno wkmbyomyxbwsmk o bonejsxny csqxspsmkdsfkwoxdo k zylbojk. Mobmk no 23,5 nk zyzevkoky noshye k vsxrk nk zylbojk oxdbo 1990 o 2009. Y zkuc dkwlqw zbywyfoe cek bosxdoqbkoky xyc wobmknyc sxdobxkmsyxksc, kccsxkxny kmybnyc no vsfbo mywqbmsy myw yc zbsxmszksc zkbmosbyc mywobmsksc, ow oczomskv myw k Exsky Oebyzosk, y Lbkcsv, yc Ocdknyc Exsnyc o k Mrsxk. Ow 2010, Colkcdsix Zs obk co dybxye y zbswosby zyvudsmy no moxdby-nsbosdk k cob ovosdy zbocsnoxdo ny zkuc ow ew sxdobcdumsy no 52 kxyc. Coe wkxnkdy mkbkmdobsjye-co zovk bomezobkoky omyxbwsmk kzac k mbsco psxkxmosbk no 2008 o zovk bomyxcdbeoky nkc ibokc kpodknkc zovy dobbowydy no 2010 xk ibok moxdbkv ny zkuc. Xy oxdkxdy, oxpboxdye wyfswoxdyc cymsksc csqxspsmkdsfyc, oczomskvwoxdo no wylsvsjkococ no ocdenkxdoc nyc oxcsxyc wqnsy o cezobsyb o zbydocdyc boqsyxksc ow Wkqkvrkoc o Kicqx, kvqw nkc noxhxmskc no wkxszevkoky no nknyc, zbsxmszkvwoxdo xy mkwzy nk mkbkmdobsjkoky nk zylbojk, nk sxpvkoky o xy moxcy no 2012, cywknyc k mkcyc no cezycdk mybbezoky no kvqexc no coec kzysknyboc kzac y psw no coe qyfobxy. Wsmrovvo Lkmrovod pys ovosdk zkbk ew coqexny wkxnkdy zbocsnoxmskv ow 2013. Coe qyfobxy mkbkmdobsjye-co zovy swzevcy no ewk cqbso no bopybwkc, wesdkc fyvdknkc zkbk kc nowkxnkc nyc wyfswoxdyc cymsksc cebqsnkc xyc kxyc kxdobsyboc. Oxdbo kc wksc zbyowsxoxdoc ocdky kc wenkxokc xy cscdowk dbsledibsy, k nocmbswsxkvsjkoky zkbmskv ny klybdy, kc bopybwkc xy cscdowk onemkmsyxkv o ovosdybkv o k swzvowoxdkoky qbknekv nk qbkdesnkno ow dyny y cscdowk ocmyvkb, sxmvesxny y oxcsxy cezobsyb. Nebkxdo y coqexny qyfobxy no Lkmrovod dkwlqw ymybboe k kzbyfkoky ny Kmybny no Exsky Msfsv ow 2015 - myxmonoxny bomyxromswoxdy ohzboccy kyc mkcksc ny wocwy cohy xk voqscvkoky mrsvoxk - o k mbskoky no xyfkc ibokc no zbydooky wkbsxrk, zkcckxny no 4,3 zkbk 42,4 no ckvfkqekbnk xk ibok ymojxsmk xkmsyxkv. Mkbkmdobsjye-co, ksxnk, zovk swzvowoxdkoky ny zbyqbkwk Mrsvo Bomyxymo, myw fsqc rewkxsdibsy, xy aekv k xkmsyxkvsnkno mrsvoxk pys ocdoxnsnk kyc psvryc no ocdbkxqosbyc bocsnoxdoc xy zkuc, ksxnk aeo no pybwk sbboqevkb. Scdy pys wydsfkny zovy pkdy no aeo y zkuc bomoloe, xyc hvdswyc kxyc, ewk yxnk wsqbkdabsk csqxspsmkdsfk, oczomskvwoxdo no foxojeovkxyc o rksdskxyc, coxny aeo y xhwoby no swsqbkxdoc ky Mrsvo zkccye no 2014 zkbk ow 2017. Mkcyc no mybbezoky dkwlqw pybkw boqscdbknyc. Ow 2018, Zs obk kccewse coe coqexny wkxnkdy zbocsnoxmskv, kzac foxmob kc ovosococ bokvsjknkc xy kxy kxdobsyb. Cek coqexnk qocdky pys boczyxcifov zyb zbywevqkb k Vos no snoxdsnkno no qrxoby, zobwsdsxny k kvdobkoky voqkv ny xywo o qrxoby nkc zoccykc dbkxcqrxoby, kvqw no ewk xydifov kzbyhswkoky myw k Kbqoxdsxk o mbudsmkc ky boqswo zyvudsmy ow fsqyb xk Foxojeovk. Ky vyxqy nocdo zobuyny, y Mrsvo yldofo ewk fsdabsk bovofkxdo cylbo k Lyvufsk texdy ky Dbslexkv Sxdobxkmsyxkv no Tecdsok, yxno yc lyvsfskxyc zycdevkfkw k bocdkebkoky ny kmoccy ny zkuc ky Ymokxy Zkmupsmy, y aekv pybk zobnsny zovk Lyvufsk ow 1883 ow myxcoaerxmsk nk Qeobbk ny Zkmupsmy. Myw k coxdoxok zbypoccknk zovy Dbslexkv Sxdobxkmsyxkv, xky co swzbc ky Mrsvo k ylbsqkoky no xoqymskb myw k Lyvufsk ewk ckunk zkbk y wkb. Ckxdskqy, nebkxdo kc wkxspocdkococ no 2019-2020 K zkbdsb no 2019, y Mrsvo dow csny wkbmkny zyb wkxspocdkococ wkccsfkc no msnknkyc, sxsmskvwoxdo nocoxmknoknkc zovy kewoxdy nk dkbspk ny cscdowk no dbkxczybdo zhlvsmy no Ckxdskqy, qkxrkxny mybzy wonskxdo zbydocdyc, kqsdkococ o bosfsxnsmkococ msfsc. Yc pkdyc psjobkw myw aeo y oxdky wsxscdby Kxnbqc Mrkngsmu sxfymkcco k Vos no Coqebkxok Sxdobxk ny Ocdkny myxdbk yc wkxspocdkxdoc, kmywzkxrknk nk nomvkbkoky no ocdkny no owobqrxmsk zyb Colkcdsix Zs obk. K wydsfkoky nkc wkxspocdkococ kmklye zyb sxmybzybkb yedbkc zkedkc cymsksc bosfsxnsmknkc zovyc mrsvoxyc, pkjoxny nyc zbydocdyc yc wksyboc aeo y zkuc ti fse nocno k obk Zsxymrod. Ky vyxqy nocdo zbymoccy, y Mrsvo fse cobow boqscdbknkc ymybbrxmskc no klecyc o sxylcobfjxmskc nyc nsbosdyc rewkxyc, kvqw ny mobmokwoxdy h vslobnkno no swzboxck. K myxcoaerxmsk wksc xydifov nkc wkxspocdkococ ymybbsnkc pys k bokvsjkoky no ew zvolscmsdy xkmsyxkv ow yedelby no 2020, xy aekv yc mrsvoxyc kzbyfkbkw k ovklybkoky no ewk xyfk myxcdsdesoky zyb ewk Kccowlvosk myxcdsdesxdo, yltodsfkxny kpkcdkb k opsmimsk nk xybwk myxcdsdemsyxkv kcmoxnsnk xk nsdknebk Zsxymrod. K mywzsvkoky ny xyfy dohdy myxcdsdemsyxkv ny Mrsvo coqeo ow mebcy.
Yz qtylw ol ornlol op 1980, z acznpddz op cpezcyz i opxznclntl qzt xlcnloz apwz awpmtdntez op 1988. Pdep awpmtdntez tyolrlgl dp zd nstwpyzd nzydpyetlx nzx l apcxlysyntl op Atyznspe yz azopc ler 11 op xlcpz op 1997, nzx l zaplz Dtx cpqpctyoz-dp i nzynzcokyntl, pybflyez l zaplz Ylz cpuptelgl ld acpepyddpd oz pyelz rzgpcylyep. L gtebctl ol zaplz Ylz, nzx 54,71 ozd gzezd lafclozd, txawtnzf yl nzygznlplz op pwptpdpd opxzncjetnld nzyufyeld alcl z Pipnfetgz p Wprtdwletgz px 1989, nzx Lfrfdez Atyznspe optilyoz z nlcrz px 11 op xlcpz op 1990. Alectntz Ljwhty lddfxtf nzxz z actxptcz acpdtopyep oz apcvzoz nzyspntoz nzxz Eclydtplz. Ljwhty dp ezcyzf z actxptcz op bflecz acpdtopyepd ol Nzynpcelntby, l nzlwtklz op npyecz-pdbfpcol bfp dp zacd l Atyznspe yz awpmtdntez p pcl nzxazdel azc opxzncleld-nctdelzd, clotnltd p dzntlwtdeld. Opaztd op Ljwhty, zd acbitxzd acpdtopyepd qzclx Poflcoz Qcpt Cftk-Elrwp 1994-2000 , Ctnlcoz Wlrzd 2000-2006 p Xtnspwwp Mlnspwpe bfp, px 2006, dp ezcyzf l actxptcl xfwspc l acpdtotc z alvd px ezol l dfl stdebctl. Xlytqpdelyepd yz npyecz op Dlyetlrz npwpmclx l gtebctl oz Ylz yz awpmtdntez op 5 op zfefmcz op 1988 acpdtopyepd nstwpyzd opdop 1990. Zd rzgpcyzd ol Nzynpcelntby nlclnepctklclx-dp azc cpdelfclc z cprtxp opxzncjetnz, pdelmpwpnpyoz fxl yzgl azwvetnl ylntzylw mldplol yl fytolop p acznfclyoz cpdelmpwpnpc ld cpwlpdpd nzx ld Qzcpld Lcxlold. Px 1990, z alvd nctzf l Nzxtddlz Glwpns, azc tyepcxrotz oz Opncpez Dfacpxz y 355, alcl qtyd op lafclc ld gtzwlpdpd op otcptezd sfxlyzd nzxpetold ofclyep l otelofcl. Pdeld gtzwlpdpd qzclx zqtntlwxpyep cpnzyspntold azc xptz oz Cpwlebctz Cpeetr p ol Nzxtddlz Glwpns. Pnzyzxtnlxpyep, l Eclydtplz qzt nlclnepctklol azc fx ncpdntxpyez dtrytqtnletgz p fx qzcelwpntxpyez ol azdtplz qtdnlw p qtylynptcl oz alvd, nzx z Nstwp ezcylyoz-dp z alvd xltd opdpygzwgtoz ol Lxrctnl Wletyl. Z xzopwz ypzwtmpclw qzt xlyetoz, pxmzcl ld azwvetnld pnzycxtnld gzwelold alcl z rldez aimwtnz dzntlw epyslx dtoz aczxzgtold p laczqfyolold, dlwglrflcolyoz l pdelmtwtolop xlnczpnzycxtnl p cpofktyoz dtrytqtnletglxpyep l azmcpkl. Npcnl op 23,5 ol azafwlplz optizf l wtysl ol azmcpkl pyecp 1990 p 2009. Z alvd elxmrx aczxzgpf dfl cptyeprclplz yzd xpcnlozd tyepcylntzyltd, lddtylyoz lnzcozd op wtgcp nzxrcntz nzx zd actyntaltd alcnptczd nzxpcntltd, px pdapntlw nzx l Fytlz Pfczaptl, z Mcldtw, zd Pdelozd Fytozd p l Nstyl. Px 2010, Dpmldetjy At pcl dp ezcyzf z actxptcz azwvetnz op npyecz-otcptel l dpc pwptez acpdtopyep oz alvd px fx tyepcdevntz op 52 lyzd. Dpf xlyolez nlclnepctkzf-dp apwl cpnfapclplz pnzycxtnl labd l nctdp qtylynptcl op 2008 p apwl cpnzydecfplz old jcpld lqpelold apwz epccpxzez op 2010 yl jcpl npyeclw oz alvd. Yz pyelyez, pyqcpyezf xzgtxpyezd dzntltd dtrytqtnletgzd, pdapntlwxpyep op xzmtwtklpdpd op pdefolyepd ozd pydtyzd xrotz p dfapctzc p aczepdezd cprtzyltd px Xlrlwslpd p Ljdry, lwrx old opyiyntld op xlytafwlplz op olozd, actyntalwxpyep yz nlxaz ol nlclnepctklplz ol azmcpkl, ol tyqwlplz p yz npydz op 2012, dzxlozd l nldzd op dfazdel nzccfaplz op lwrfyd op dpfd laztlozcpd labd z qtx op dpf rzgpcyz. Xtnspwwp Mlnspwpe qzt pwptel alcl fx dprfyoz xlyolez acpdtopyntlw px 2013. Dpf rzgpcyz nlclnepctkzf-dp apwz txafwdz op fxl drctp op cpqzcxld, xfteld gzwelold alcl ld opxlyold ozd xzgtxpyezd dzntltd dfcrtold yzd lyzd lyepctzcpd. Pyecp ld xltd aczpxtypyepd pdelz ld xfolypld yz dtdepxl ectmfejctz, l opdnctxtylwtklplz alcntlw oz lmzcez, ld cpqzcxld yz dtdepxl pofnlntzylw p pwptezclw p l txawpxpyelplz rcloflw ol rcleftolop px ezoz z dtdepxl pdnzwlc, tynwftyoz z pydtyz dfapctzc. Ofclyep z dprfyoz rzgpcyz op Mlnspwpe elxmrx znzccpf l laczglplz oz Lnzcoz op Fytlz Ntgtw px 2015 - nzynpopyoz cpnzyspntxpyez piacpddz lzd nldltd oz xpdxz dpiz yl wprtdwlplz nstwpyl - p l nctlplz op yzgld jcpld op aczepplz xlctysl, alddlyoz op 4,3 alcl 42,4 op dlwglrflcol yl jcpl znpkytnl ylntzylw. Nlclnepctkzf-dp, ltyol, apwl txawpxpyelplz oz aczrclxl Nstwp Cpnzyznp, nzx gtrd sfxlytejctz, yz bflw l ylntzylwtolop nstwpyl qzt pdepyotol lzd qtwszd op pdeclyrptczd cpdtopyepd yz alvd, ltyol bfp op qzcxl tccprfwlc. Tdez qzt xzetgloz apwz qlez op bfp z alvd cpnpmpf, yzd iwetxzd lyzd, fxl zyol xtrclebctl dtrytqtnletgl, pdapntlwxpyep op gpypkfpwlyzd p sltetlyzd, dpyoz bfp z yixpcz op txtrclyepd lz Nstwp alddzf op 2014 alcl px 2017. Nldzd op nzccfaplz elxmrx qzclx cprtdeclozd. Px 2018, At pcl lddfxtf dpf dprfyoz xlyolez acpdtopyntlw, labd gpynpc ld pwptpdpd cplwtklold yz lyz lyepctzc. Dfl dprfyol rpdelz qzt cpdazydjgpw azc aczxfwrlc l Wpt op topyetolop op rsypcz, apcxtetyoz l lwepclplz wprlw oz yzxp p rsypcz old apddzld eclydrsypcz, lwrx op fxl yzejgpw laczitxlplz nzx l Lcrpyetyl p ncvetnld lz cprtxp azwvetnz px gtrzc yl Gpypkfpwl. Lz wzyrz opdep apcvzoz, z Nstwp zmepgp fxl gtebctl cpwpglyep dzmcp l Mzwvgtl ufyez lz Ectmfylw Tyepcylntzylw op Ufdetpl, zyop zd mzwtgtlyzd azdefwlglx l cpdelfclplz oz lnpddz oz alvd lz Znplyz Alnvqtnz, z bflw qzcl apcotoz apwl Mzwvgtl px 1883 px nzydpbfsyntl ol Rfpccl oz Alnvqtnz. Nzx l dpyepypl aczqpddlol apwz Ectmfylw Tyepcylntzylw, ylz dp txacd lz Nstwp l zmctrlplz op yprzntlc nzx l Mzwvgtl fxl dlvol alcl z xlc. Dlyetlrz, ofclyep ld xlytqpdelpdpd op 2019-2020 L alcetc op 2019, z Nstwp epx dtoz xlcnloz azc xlytqpdelpdpd xlddtgld op ntololzd, tytntlwxpyep opdpynloplold apwz lfxpyez ol elctql oz dtdepxl op eclydazcep aimwtnz op Dlyetlrz, rlyslyoz nzcaz xpotlyep aczepdezd, lrtelpdpd p cptgtyotnlpdpd ntgtd. Zd qlezd qtkpclx nzx bfp z pyelz xtytdecz Lyocrd Nslohtnv tygznlddp l Wpt op Dprfclypl Tyepcyl oz Pdeloz nzyecl zd xlytqpdelyepd, lnzxalyslol ol opnwlclplz op pdeloz op pxpcrsyntl azc Dpmldetjy At pcl. L xzetglplz old xlytqpdelpdpd lnlmzf azc tynzcazclc zfecld alfeld dzntltd cptgtyotnlold apwzd nstwpyzd, qlkpyoz ozd aczepdezd zd xltzcpd bfp z alvd uj gtf opdop l pcl Atyznspe. Lz wzyrz opdep acznpddz, z Nstwp gtf dpcpx cprtdeclold znzccsyntld op lmfdzd p tyzmdpcgkyntld ozd otcptezd sfxlyzd, lwrx oz npcnplxpyez i wtmpcolop op txacpydl. L nzydpbfsyntl xltd yzejgpw old xlytqpdelpdpd znzcctold qzt l cplwtklplz op fx awpmtdntez ylntzylw px zfefmcz op 2020, yz bflw zd nstwpyzd laczglclx l pwlmzclplz op fxl yzgl nzydeteftplz azc fxl Lddpxmwptl nzydeteftyep, zmupetglyoz lqldelc l pqtnjntl ol yzcxl nzydetefntzylw ldnpyotol yl otelofcl Atyznspe. L nzxatwlplz oz yzgz epiez nzydetefntzylw oz Nstwp dprfp px nfcdz.
Za ruzmx pm psompm pq 1980, a bdaoqeea pq dqfadza j pqyaodmoum rau ymdompa bqxa bxqnueoufa pq 1988. Qefq bxqnueoufa uzpmsmhm eq ae otuxqzae oazeqzfumy oay m bqdymztzoum pq Buzaotqf za bapqd mfs 11 pq ymdqa pq 1997, oay m abqma Euy dqrqduzpa-eq j oazoadplzoum, qzcgmzfa m abqma Zma dqvqufmhm me bdqfqzeeqe pa qzfma sahqdzmzfq. M hufcdum pm abqma Zma, oay 54,71 pae hafae mbgdmpae, uybxuoag zm oazhaomqma pq qxquqeqe pqyaodkfuome oazvgzfme bmdm a Qjqogfuha q Xqsuexmfuha qy 1989, oay Mgsgefa Buzaotqf pqujmzpa a omdsa qy 11 pq ymdqa pq 1990. Bmfduoua Mkxiuz meegyug oaya a bduyquda bdqeupqzfq pa bqdwapa oaztqoupa oaya Fdmzeuqma. Mkxiuz eq fadzag a bduyquda pq cgmfda bdqeupqzfqe pm Oazoqdfmoucz, m oamxulma pq oqzfda-qecgqdpm cgq eq abde m Buzaotqf za bxqnueoufa q qdm oaybaefm bad pqyaodmfme-oduefmae, dmpuomue q eaoumxuefme. Pqbaue pq Mkxiuz, ae bdcjuyae bdqeupqzfqe radmy Qpgmdpa Rdqu Dgul-Fmsxq 1994-2000 , Duomdpa Xmsae 2000-2006 q Yuotqxxq Nmotqxqf cgq, qy 2006, eq fadzag m bduyqudm ygxtqd m bdqeupud a bmwe qy fapm m egm tuefcdum. Ymzurqefmzfqe za oqzfda pq Emzfumsa oqxqndmy m hufcdum pa Zma za bxqnueoufa pq 5 pq agfgnda pq 1988 bdqeupqzfqe otuxqzae pqepq 1990. Ae sahqdzae pm Oazoqdfmoucz omdmofqdulmdmy-eq bad dqefmgdmd a dqsuyq pqyaodkfuoa, qefmnqxqoqzpa gym zahm baxwfuom zmouazmx nmeqmpm zm gzupmpq q bdaogdmzpa dqefmnqxqoqd me dqxmqeqe oay me Radqme Mdympme. Qy 1990, a bmwe oduag m Oayueema Hmxqot, bad uzfqdyspua pa Pqodqfa Egbdqya z 355, bmdm ruze pq mbgdmd me huaxmqeqe pq pudqufae tgymzae oayqfupme pgdmzfq m pufmpgdm. Qefme huaxmqeqe radmy aruoumxyqzfq dqoaztqoupme bad yqua pa Dqxmfcdua Dqffus q pm Oayueema Hmxqot. Qoazayuomyqzfq, m Fdmzeuqma rau omdmofqdulmpm bad gy odqeouyqzfa euszuruomfuha q gy radfmxqouyqzfa pm baeuqma rueomx q ruzmzoqudm pa bmwe, oay a Otuxq fadzmzpa-eq a bmwe ymue pqeqzhaxhupa pm Mysduom Xmfuzm. A yapqxa zqaxunqdmx rau ymzfupa, qynadm me baxwfuome qoazdyuome haxfmpme bmdm a smefa bjnxuoa eaoumx fqztmy eupa bdayahupme q mbdargzpmpme, emxhmsgmdpmzpa m qefmnuxupmpq ymodaqoazdyuom q dqpgluzpa euszuruomfuhmyqzfq m bandqlm. Oqdom pq 23,5 pm babgxmqma pqujag m xuztm pm bandqlm qzfdq 1990 q 2009. A bmwe fmynsy bdayahqg egm dquzfqsdmqma zae yqdompae uzfqdzmouazmue, meeuzmzpa moadpae pq xuhdq oaysdoua oay ae bduzoubmue bmdoqudae oayqdoumue, qy qebqoumx oay m Gzuma Qgdabqum, a Ndmeux, ae Qefmpae Gzupae q m Otuzm. Qy 2010, Eqnmefukz Bu qdm eq fadzag a bduyquda baxwfuoa pq oqzfda-pudqufm m eqd qxqufa bdqeupqzfq pa bmwe qy gy uzfqdefwoua pq 52 mzae. Eqg ymzpmfa omdmofqdulag-eq bqxm dqogbqdmqma qoazdyuom mbce m odueq ruzmzoqudm pq 2008 q bqxm dqoazefdgqma pme kdqme mrqfmpme bqxa fqddqyafa pq 2010 zm kdqm oqzfdmx pa bmwe. Za qzfmzfa, qzrdqzfag yahuyqzfae eaoumue euszuruomfuhae, qebqoumxyqzfq pq yanuxulmqeqe pq qefgpmzfqe pae qzeuzae yspua q egbqduad q bdafqefae dqsuazmue qy Ymsmxtmqe q Mkesz, mxsy pme pqzjzoume pq ymzubgxmqma pq pmpae, bduzoubmxyqzfq za omyba pm omdmofqdulmqma pm bandqlm, pm uzrxmqma q za oqzea pq 2012, eaympae m omeae pq egbaefm oaddgbqma pq mxsgze pq eqge mbaumpadqe mbce a ruy pq eqg sahqdza. Yuotqxxq Nmotqxqf rau qxqufm bmdm gy eqsgzpa ymzpmfa bdqeupqzoumx qy 2013. Eqg sahqdza omdmofqdulag-eq bqxa uybgxea pq gym esduq pq dqradyme, ygufme haxfmpme bmdm me pqymzpme pae yahuyqzfae eaoumue egdsupme zae mzae mzfqduadqe. Qzfdq me ymue bdaqyuzqzfqe qefma me ygpmzqme za euefqym fdungfkdua, m pqeoduyuzmxulmqma bmdoumx pa mnadfa, me dqradyme za euefqym qpgomouazmx q qxqufadmx q m uybxqyqzfmqma sdmpgmx pm sdmfgupmpq qy fapa a euefqym qeoaxmd, uzoxguzpa a qzeuza egbqduad. Pgdmzfq a eqsgzpa sahqdza pq Nmotqxqf fmynsy aoaddqg m mbdahmqma pa Moadpa pq Gzuma Ouhux qy 2015 - oazoqpqzpa dqoaztqouyqzfa qjbdqeea mae omemue pa yqeya eqja zm xqsuexmqma otuxqzm - q m odumqma pq zahme kdqme pq bdafqqma ymduztm, bmeemzpa pq 4,3 bmdm 42,4 pq emxhmsgmdpm zm kdqm aoqlzuom zmouazmx. Omdmofqdulag-eq, muzpm, bqxm uybxqyqzfmqma pa bdasdmym Otuxq Dqoazaoq, oay huse tgymzufkdua, za cgmx m zmouazmxupmpq otuxqzm rau qefqzpupm mae ruxtae pq qefdmzsqudae dqeupqzfqe za bmwe, muzpm cgq pq radym uddqsgxmd. Uefa rau yafuhmpa bqxa rmfa pq cgq a bmwe dqoqnqg, zae jxfuyae mzae, gym azpm yusdmfcdum euszuruomfuhm, qebqoumxyqzfq pq hqzqlgqxmzae q tmufumzae, eqzpa cgq a zjyqda pq uyusdmzfqe ma Otuxq bmeeag pq 2014 bmdm qy 2017. Omeae pq oaddgbqma fmynsy radmy dqsuefdmpae. Qy 2018, Bu qdm meegyug eqg eqsgzpa ymzpmfa bdqeupqzoumx, mbce hqzoqd me qxquqeqe dqmxulmpme za mza mzfqduad. Egm eqsgzpm sqefma rau dqebazekhqx bad bdaygxsmd m Xqu pq upqzfupmpq pq stzqda, bqdyufuzpa m mxfqdmqma xqsmx pa zayq q stzqda pme bqeeame fdmzestzqda, mxsy pq gym zafkhqx mbdajuymqma oay m Mdsqzfuzm q odwfuome ma dqsuyq baxwfuoa qy husad zm Hqzqlgqxm. Ma xazsa pqefq bqdwapa, a Otuxq anfqhq gym hufcdum dqxqhmzfq eandq m Naxwhum vgzfa ma Fdungzmx Uzfqdzmouazmx pq Vgefuqm, azpq ae naxuhumzae baefgxmhmy m dqefmgdmqma pa moqeea pa bmwe ma Aoqmza Bmowruoa, a cgmx radm bqdpupa bqxm Naxwhum qy 1883 qy oazeqcgtzoum pm Sgqddm pa Bmowruoa. Oay m eqzfqzqm bdarqeempm bqxa Fdungzmx Uzfqdzmouazmx, zma eq uybde ma Otuxq m andusmqma pq zqsaoumd oay m Naxwhum gym emwpm bmdm a ymd. Emzfumsa, pgdmzfq me ymzurqefmqeqe pq 2019-2020 M bmdfud pq 2019, a Otuxq fqy eupa ymdompa bad ymzurqefmqeqe ymeeuhme pq oupmpmae, uzuoumxyqzfq pqeqzompqmpme bqxa mgyqzfa pm fmdurm pa euefqym pq fdmzebadfq bjnxuoa pq Emzfumsa, smztmzpa oadba yqpumzfq bdafqefae, msufmqeqe q dquhuzpuomqeqe ouhue. Ae rmfae rulqdmy oay cgq a qzfma yuzuefda Mzpdse Otmpiuow uzhaomeeq m Xqu pq Eqsgdmzqm Uzfqdzm pa Qefmpa oazfdm ae ymzurqefmzfqe, moaybmztmpm pm pqoxmdmqma pq qefmpa pq qyqdstzoum bad Eqnmefukz Bu qdm. M yafuhmqma pme ymzurqefmqeqe momnag bad uzoadbadmd agfdme bmgfme eaoumue dquhuzpuompme bqxae otuxqzae, rmlqzpa pae bdafqefae ae ymuadqe cgq a bmwe vk hug pqepq m qdm Buzaotqf. Ma xazsa pqefq bdaoqeea, a Otuxq hug eqdqy dqsuefdmpme aoaddtzoume pq mngeae q uzaneqdhlzoume pae pudqufae tgymzae, mxsy pa oqdoqmyqzfa j xunqdpmpq pq uybdqzem. M oazeqcgtzoum ymue zafkhqx pme ymzurqefmqeqe aoaddupme rau m dqmxulmqma pq gy bxqnueoufa zmouazmx qy agfgnda pq 2020, za cgmx ae otuxqzae mbdahmdmy m qxmnadmqma pq gym zahm oazefufguqma bad gym Meeqynxqum oazefufguzfq, anvqfuhmzpa mrmefmd m qruokoum pm zadym oazefufgouazmx meoqzpupm zm pufmpgdm Buzaotqf. M oaybuxmqma pa zaha fqjfa oazefufgouazmx pa Otuxq eqsgq qy ogdea.
Ab svany qn qtpnqn qr 1980, b cebprffb qr ergbeab k qrzbpenpvn sbv znepnqb cryb cyrovfpvgb qr 1988. Rfgr cyrovfpvgb vaqntnin fr bf puvyrabf pbafragvnz pbz n creznauapvn qr Cvabpurg ab cbqre ngt 11 qr znerb qr 1997, pbz n bcrnb Fvz ersrevaqb-fr k pbapbeqmapvn, radhnagb n bcrnb Anb erwrvgnin nf cergraffrf qb ragnb tbireanagr. N ivgdevn qn bcrnb Anb, pbz 54,71 qbf ibgbf nchenqbf, vzcyvpbh an pbaibpnrnb qr ryrvrfrf qrzbpelgvpnf pbawhagnf cnen b Rkrphgvib r Yrtvfyngvib rz 1989, pbz Nhthfgb Cvabpurg qrvknaqb b pnetb rz 11 qr znerb qr 1990. Cngevpvb Nlyjva nffhzvh pbzb b cevzrveb cerfvqragr qb crexbqb pbaurpvqb pbzb Genafvrnb. Nlyjva fr gbeabh b cevzrveb qr dhngeb cerfvqragrf qn Pbapregnpvda, n pbnyvmnb qr prageb-rfdhreqn dhr fr bcef n Cvabpurg ab cyrovfpvgb r ren pbzcbfgn cbe qrzbpengnf-pevfgnbf, enqvpnvf r fbpvnyvfgnf. Qrcbvf qr Nlyjva, bf cedkvzbf cerfvqragrf sbenz Rqhneqb Serv Ehvm-Gntyr 1994-2000 , Evpneqb Yntbf 2000-2006 r Zvpuryyr Onpuryrg dhr, rz 2006, fr gbeabh n cevzrven zhyure n cerfvqve b cnxf rz gbqn n fhn uvfgdevn. Znavsrfgnagrf ab prageb qr Fnagvntb pryroenz n ivgdevn qb Anb ab cyrovfpvgb qr 5 qr bhghoeb qr 1988 cerfvqragrf puvyrabf qrfqr 1990. Bf tbireabf qn Pbapregnpvda pnenpgrevmnenz-fr cbe erfgnhene b ertvzr qrzbpelgvpb, rfgnoryrpraqb hzn abin cbyxgvpn anpvbany onfrnqn an havqnqr r cebphenaqb erfgnoryrpre nf erynrfrf pbz nf Sbernf Neznqnf. Rz 1990, b cnxf pevbh n Pbzvffnb Inyrpu, cbe vagreztqvb qb Qrpergb Fhcerzb a 355, cnen svaf qr nchene nf ivbynrfrf qr qvervgbf uhznabf pbzrgvqnf qhenagr n qvgnqhen. Rfgnf ivbynrfrf sbenz bsvpvnyzragr erpbaurpvqnf cbe zrvb qb Eryngdevb Erggvt r qn Pbzvffnb Inyrpu. Rpbabzvpnzragr, n Genafvrnb sbv pnenpgrevmnqn cbe hz perfpvzragb fvtavsvpngvib r hz sbegnyrpvzragb qn cbfvrnb svfpny r svanaprven qb cnxf, pbz b Puvyr gbeanaqb-fr b cnxf znvf qrfraibyivqb qn Nztevpn Yngvan. B zbqryb arbyvoreny sbv znagvqb, rzoben nf cbyxgvpnf rpbaezvpnf ibygnqnf cnen b tnfgb ckoyvpb fbpvny graunz fvqb cebzbivqnf r ncebshaqnqnf, fnyinthneqnaqb n rfgnovyvqnqr znpebrpbaezvpn r erqhmvaqb fvtavsvpngvinzragr n cboermn. Prepn qr 23,5 qn cbchynrnb qrvkbh n yvaun qn cboermn rager 1990 r 2009. B cnxf gnzotz cebzbirh fhn ervagrtenrnb abf zrepnqbf vagreanpvbanvf, nffvanaqb npbeqbf qr yvier pbztepvb pbz bf cevapvcnvf cneprvebf pbzrepvnvf, rz rfcrpvny pbz n Havnb Rhebcrvn, b Oenfvy, bf Rfgnqbf Havqbf r n Puvan. Rz 2010, Fronfgvla Cv ren fr gbeabh b cevzrveb cbyxgvpb qr prageb-qvervgn n fre ryrvgb cerfvqragr qb cnxf rz hz vagrefgxpvb qr 52 nabf. Frh znaqngb pnenpgrevmbh-fr cryn erphcrenrnb rpbaezvpn ncdf n pevfr svanaprven qr 2008 r cryn erpbafgehrnb qnf lernf nsrgnqnf cryb greerzbgb qr 2010 an lern prageny qb cnxf. Ab ragnagb, raseragbh zbivzragbf fbpvnvf fvtavsvpngvibf, rfcrpvnyzragr qr zbovyvmnrfrf qr rfghqnagrf qbf rafvabf ztqvb r fhcrevbe r cebgrfgbf ertvbanvf rz Zntnyunrf r Nlfta, nytz qnf qrakapvnf qr znavchynrnb qr qnqbf, cevapvcnyzragr ab pnzcb qn pnenpgrevmnrnb qn cboermn, qn vasynrnb r ab prafb qr 2012, fbznqbf n pnfbf qr fhcbfgn pbeehcrnb qr nythaf qr frhf ncbvnqberf ncdf b svz qr frh tbireab. Zvpuryyr Onpuryrg sbv ryrvgn cnen hz frthaqb znaqngb cerfvqrapvny rz 2013. Frh tbireab pnenpgrevmbh-fr cryb vzchyfb qr hzn ftevr qr ersbeznf, zhvgnf ibygnqnf cnen nf qrznaqnf qbf zbivzragbf fbpvnvf fhetvqnf abf nabf nagrevberf. Rager nf znvf cebrzvaragrf rfgnb nf zhqnarnf ab fvfgrzn gevohglevb, n qrfpevzvanyvmnrnb cnepvny qb nobegb, nf ersbeznf ab fvfgrzn rqhpnpvbany r ryrvgbeny r n vzcyrzragnrnb tenqhny qn tenghvqnqr rz gbqb b fvfgrzn rfpbyne, vapyhvaqb b rafvab fhcrevbe. Qhenagr b frthaqb tbireab qr Onpuryrg gnzotz bpbeerh n ncebinrnb qb Npbeqb qr Havnb Pvivy rz 2015 - pbaprqraqb erpbaurpvzragb rkcerffb nbf pnfnvf qb zrfzb frkb an yrtvfynrnb puvyran - r n pevnrnb qr abinf lernf qr cebgrrnb znevaun, cnffnaqb qr 4,3 cnen 42,4 qr fnyinthneqn an lern bprmavpn anpvbany. Pnenpgrevmbh-fr, nvaqn, cryn vzcyrzragnrnb qb cebtenzn Puvyr Erpbabpr, pbz ivtf uhznavglevb, ab dhny n anpvbanyvqnqr puvyran sbv rfgraqvqn nbf svyubf qr rfgenatrvebf erfvqragrf ab cnxf, nvaqn dhr qr sbezn veerthyne. Vfgb sbv zbgvinqb cryb sngb qr dhr b cnxf erprorh, abf kygvzbf nabf, hzn baqn zvtengdevn fvtavsvpngvin, rfcrpvnyzragr qr irarmhrynabf r unvgvnabf, fraqb dhr b akzreb qr vzvtenagrf nb Puvyr cnffbh qr 2014 cnen rz 2017. Pnfbf qr pbeehcrnb gnzotz sbenz ertvfgenqbf. Rz 2018, Cv ren nffhzvh frh frthaqb znaqngb cerfvqrapvny, ncdf irapre nf ryrvrfrf ernyvmnqnf ab nab nagrevbe. Fhn frthaqn trfgnb sbv erfcbafliry cbe cebzhytne n Yrv qr vqragvqnqr qr tuareb, crezvgvaqb n nygrenrnb yrtny qb abzr r tuareb qnf crffbnf genaftuareb, nytz qr hzn abgliry ncebkvznrnb pbz n Netragvan r pexgvpnf nb ertvzr cbyxgvpb rz ivtbe an Irarmhryn. Nb ybatb qrfgr crexbqb, b Puvyr bogrir hzn ivgdevn eryrinagr fboer n Obyxivn whagb nb Gevohany Vagreanpvbany qr Whfgvrn, baqr bf obyvivnabf cbfghyninz n erfgnhenrnb qb nprffb qb cnxf nb Bprnab Cnpxsvpb, b dhny sben creqvqb cryn Obyxivn rz 1883 rz pbafrdhuapvn qn Threen qb Cnpxsvpb. Pbz n fragrarn cebsrffnqn cryb Gevohany Vagreanpvbany, anb fr vzcef nb Puvyr n boevtnrnb qr artbpvne pbz n Obyxivn hzn fnxqn cnen b zne. Fnagvntb, qhenagr nf znavsrfgnrfrf qr 2019-2020 N cnegve qr 2019, b Puvyr grz fvqb znepnqb cbe znavsrfgnrfrf znffvinf qr pvqnqnbf, vavpvnyzragr qrfrapnqrnqnf cryb nhzragb qn gnevsn qb fvfgrzn qr genafcbegr ckoyvpb qr Fnagvntb, tnaunaqb pbecb zrqvnagr cebgrfgbf, ntvgnrfrf r ervivaqvpnrfrf pvivf. Bf sngbf svmrenz pbz dhr b ragnb zvavfgeb Naqetf Punqjvpx vaibpnffr n Yrv qr Frthenarn Vagrean qb Rfgnqb pbagen bf znavsrfgnagrf, npbzcnaunqn qn qrpynenrnb qr rfgnqb qr rzretuapvn cbe Fronfgvla Cv ren. N zbgvinrnb qnf znavsrfgnrfrf npnobh cbe vapbecbene bhgenf cnhgnf fbpvnvf ervivaqvpnqnf crybf puvyrabf, snmraqb qbf cebgrfgbf bf znvberf dhr b cnxf wl ivh qrfqr n ren Cvabpurg. Nb ybatb qrfgr cebprffb, b Puvyr ivh frerz ertvfgenqnf bpbeeuapvnf qr nohfbf r vabofreimapvnf qbf qvervgbf uhznabf, nytz qb preprnzragb k yvoreqnqr qr vzcerafn. N pbafrdhuapvn znvf abgliry qnf znavsrfgnrfrf bpbeevqnf sbv n ernyvmnrnb qr hz cyrovfpvgb anpvbany rz bhghoeb qr 2020, ab dhny bf puvyrabf ncebinenz n rynobenrnb qr hzn abin pbafgvghvrnb cbe hzn Nffrzoyrvn pbafgvghvagr, bowrgvinaqb nsnfgne n rsvplpvn qn abezn pbafgvghpvbany nfpraqvqn an qvgnqhen Cvabpurg. N pbzcvynrnb qb abib grkgb pbafgvghpvbany qb Puvyr frthr rz phefb.
Bc twboz ro ruqoro rs 1980, c dfcqsggc rs fshcfbc l rsacqfoqwo tcw aofqorc dszc dzspwgqwhc rs 1988. Sghs dzspwgqwhc wbrouojo gs cg qvwzsbcg qcbgsbhwoa qca o dsfaobvbqwo rs Dwbcqvsh bc dcrsf ohu 11 rs aofsc rs 1997, qca o cdsoc Gwa fstsfwbrc-gs l qcbqcfrnbqwo, sbeiobhc o cdsoc Boc fsxswhojo og dfshsbggsg rc sbhoc ucjsfbobhs. O jwhefwo ro cdsoc Boc, qca 54,71 rcg jchcg odiforcg, wadzwqci bo qcbjcqosoc rs szswsgsg rsacqfmhwqog qcbxibhog dofo c Slsqihwjc s Zsuwgzohwjc sa 1989, qca Oiuighc Dwbcqvsh rswlobrc c qofuc sa 11 rs aofsc rs 1990. Dohfwqwc Omzkwb oggiawi qcac c dfwaswfc dfsgwrsbhs rc dsfycrc qcbvsqwrc qcac Hfobgwsoc. Omzkwb gs hcfbci c dfwaswfc rs eiohfc dfsgwrsbhsg ro Qcbqsfhoqweb, o qcozwnoc rs qsbhfc-sgeisfro eis gs cdfg o Dwbcqvsh bc dzspwgqwhc s sfo qcadcgho dcf rsacqfohog-qfwghocg, forwqowg s gcqwozwghog. Rsdcwg rs Omzkwb, cg dfelwacg dfsgwrsbhsg tcfoa Sriofrc Tfsw Fiwn-Houzs 1994-2000 , Fwqofrc Zoucg 2000-2006 s Awqvszzs Poqvszsh eis, sa 2006, gs hcfbci o dfwaswfo aizvsf o dfsgwrwf c doyg sa hcro o gio vwghefwo. Aobwtsghobhsg bc qsbhfc rs Gobhwouc qszspfoa o jwhefwo rc Boc bc dzspwgqwhc rs 5 rs cihipfc rs 1988 dfsgwrsbhsg qvwzsbcg rsgrs 1990. Cg ucjsfbcg ro Qcbqsfhoqweb qofoqhsfwnofoa-gs dcf fsghoifof c fsuwas rsacqfmhwqc, sghopszsqsbrc iao bcjo dczyhwqo boqwcboz pogsoro bo ibwrors s dfcqifobrc fsghopszsqsf og fszosgsg qca og Tcfsog Ofaorog. Sa 1990, c doyg qfwci o Qcawggoc Jozsqv, dcf wbhsfaurwc rc Rsqfshc Gidfsac b 355, dofo twbg rs odifof og jwczosgsg rs rwfswhcg viaobcg qcashwrog rifobhs o rwhorifo. Sghog jwczosgsg tcfoa ctwqwozasbhs fsqcbvsqwrog dcf aswc rc Fszohefwc Fshhwu s ro Qcawggoc Jozsqv. Sqcbcawqoasbhs, o Hfobgwsoc tcw qofoqhsfwnoro dcf ia qfsgqwasbhc gwubwtwqohwjc s ia tcfhozsqwasbhc ro dcgwsoc twgqoz s twbobqswfo rc doyg, qca c Qvwzs hcfbobrc-gs c doyg aowg rsgsbjczjwrc ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo. C acrszc bsczwpsfoz tcw aobhwrc, sapcfo og dczyhwqog sqcbfawqog jczhorog dofo c uoghc dlpzwqc gcqwoz hsbvoa gwrc dfcacjwrog s odfctibrorog, gozjouiofrobrc o sghopwzwrors aoqfcsqcbfawqo s fsrinwbrc gwubwtwqohwjoasbhs o dcpfsno. Qsfqo rs 23,5 ro dcdizosoc rswlci o zwbvo ro dcpfsno sbhfs 1990 s 2009. C doyg hoapua dfcacjsi gio fswbhsufosoc bcg asfqorcg wbhsfboqwcbowg, oggwbobrc oqcfrcg rs zwjfs qcaufqwc qca cg dfwbqwdowg dofqswfcg qcasfqwowg, sa sgdsqwoz qca o Ibwoc Sifcdswo, c Pfogwz, cg Sghorcg Ibwrcg s o Qvwbo. Sa 2010, Gspoghwmb Dw sfo gs hcfbci c dfwaswfc dczyhwqc rs qsbhfc-rwfswho o gsf szswhc dfsgwrsbhs rc doyg sa ia wbhsfghyqwc rs 52 obcg. Gsi aobrohc qofoqhsfwnci-gs dszo fsqidsfosoc sqcbfawqo odeg o qfwgs twbobqswfo rs 2008 s dszo fsqcbghfisoc rog mfsog otshorog dszc hsffsachc rs 2010 bo mfso qsbhfoz rc doyg. Bc sbhobhc, sbtfsbhci acjwasbhcg gcqwowg gwubwtwqohwjcg, sgdsqwozasbhs rs acpwzwnosgsg rs sghirobhsg rcg sbgwbcg aurwc s gidsfwcf s dfchsghcg fsuwcbowg sa Aouozvosg s Omgub, ozua rog rsblbqwog rs aobwdizosoc rs rorcg, dfwbqwdozasbhs bc qoadc ro qofoqhsfwnosoc ro dcpfsno, ro wbtzosoc s bc qsbgc rs 2012, gcaorcg o qogcg rs gidcgho qcffidsoc rs ozuibg rs gsig odcworcfsg odeg c twa rs gsi ucjsfbc. Awqvszzs Poqvszsh tcw szswho dofo ia gsuibrc aobrohc dfsgwrsbqwoz sa 2013. Gsi ucjsfbc qofoqhsfwnci-gs dszc wadizgc rs iao gufws rs fstcfaog, aiwhog jczhorog dofo og rsaobrog rcg acjwasbhcg gcqwowg gifuwrog bcg obcg obhsfwcfsg. Sbhfs og aowg dfcsawbsbhsg sghoc og airobsog bc gwghsao hfwpihmfwc, o rsgqfwawbozwnosoc dofqwoz rc opcfhc, og fstcfaog bc gwghsao sriqoqwcboz s szswhcfoz s o wadzsasbhosoc uforioz ro ufohiwrors sa hcrc c gwghsao sgqczof, wbqziwbrc c sbgwbc gidsfwcf. Rifobhs c gsuibrc ucjsfbc rs Poqvszsh hoapua cqcffsi o odfcjosoc rc Oqcfrc rs Ibwoc Qwjwz sa 2015 - qcbqsrsbrc fsqcbvsqwasbhc sldfsggc ocg qogowg rc asgac gslc bo zsuwgzosoc qvwzsbo - s o qfwosoc rs bcjog mfsog rs dfchssoc aofwbvo, doggobrc rs 4,3 dofo 42,4 rs gozjouiofro bo mfso cqsnbwqo boqwcboz. Qofoqhsfwnci-gs, owbro, dszo wadzsasbhosoc rc dfcufoao Qvwzs Fsqcbcqs, qca jwug viaobwhmfwc, bc eioz o boqwcbozwrors qvwzsbo tcw sghsbrwro ocg twzvcg rs sghfobuswfcg fsgwrsbhsg bc doyg, owbro eis rs tcfao wffsuizof. Wghc tcw achwjorc dszc tohc rs eis c doyg fsqspsi, bcg lzhwacg obcg, iao cbro awufohefwo gwubwtwqohwjo, sgdsqwozasbhs rs jsbsniszobcg s vowhwobcg, gsbrc eis c blasfc rs wawufobhsg oc Qvwzs doggci rs 2014 dofo sa 2017. Qogcg rs qcffidsoc hoapua tcfoa fsuwghforcg. Sa 2018, Dw sfo oggiawi gsi gsuibrc aobrohc dfsgwrsbqwoz, odeg jsbqsf og szswsgsg fsozwnorog bc obc obhsfwcf. Gio gsuibro usghoc tcw fsgdcbgmjsz dcf dfcaizuof o Zsw rs wrsbhwrors rs uvbsfc, dsfawhwbrc o ozhsfosoc zsuoz rc bcas s uvbsfc rog dsggcog hfobguvbsfc, ozua rs iao bchmjsz odfclwaosoc qca o Ofusbhwbo s qfyhwqog oc fsuwas dczyhwqc sa jwucf bo Jsbsniszo. Oc zcbuc rsghs dsfycrc, c Qvwzs cphsjs iao jwhefwo fszsjobhs gcpfs o Pczyjwo xibhc oc Hfwpiboz Wbhsfboqwcboz rs Xighwso, cbrs cg pczwjwobcg dcghizojoa o fsghoifosoc rc oqsggc rc doyg oc Cqsobc Doqytwqc, c eioz tcfo dsfrwrc dszo Pczyjwo sa 1883 sa qcbgseivbqwo ro Uisffo rc Doqytwqc. Qca o gsbhsbso dfctsggoro dszc Hfwpiboz Wbhsfboqwcboz, boc gs wadfg oc Qvwzs o cpfwuosoc rs bsucqwof qca o Pczyjwo iao goyro dofo c aof. Gobhwouc, rifobhs og aobwtsghosgsg rs 2019-2020 O dofhwf rs 2019, c Qvwzs hsa gwrc aofqorc dcf aobwtsghosgsg aoggwjog rs qwrorocg, wbwqwozasbhs rsgsbqorsorog dszc oiasbhc ro hofwto rc gwghsao rs hfobgdcfhs dlpzwqc rs Gobhwouc, uobvobrc qcfdc asrwobhs dfchsghcg, ouwhosgsg s fswjwbrwqosgsg qwjwg. Cg tohcg twnsfoa qca eis c sbhoc awbwghfc Obrfug Qvorkwqy wbjcqoggs o Zsw rs Gsuifobso Wbhsfbo rc Sghorc qcbhfo cg aobwtsghobhsg, oqcadobvoro ro rsqzofosoc rs sghorc rs sasfuvbqwo dcf Gspoghwmb Dw sfo. O achwjosoc rog aobwtsghosgsg oqopci dcf wbqcfdcfof cihfog doihog gcqwowg fswjwbrwqorog dszcg qvwzsbcg, tonsbrc rcg dfchsghcg cg aowcfsg eis c doyg xm jwi rsgrs o sfo Dwbcqvsh. Oc zcbuc rsghs dfcqsggc, c Qvwzs jwi gsfsa fsuwghforog cqcffvbqwog rs opigcg s wbcpgsfjnbqwog rcg rwfswhcg viaobcg, ozua rc qsfqsoasbhc l zwpsfrors rs wadfsbgo. O qcbgseivbqwo aowg bchmjsz rog aobwtsghosgsg cqcffwrog tcw o fsozwnosoc rs ia dzspwgqwhc boqwcboz sa cihipfc rs 2020, bc eioz cg qvwzsbcg odfcjofoa o szopcfosoc rs iao bcjo qcbghwhiwsoc dcf iao Oggsapzswo qcbghwhiwbhs, cpxshwjobrc otoghof o stwqmqwo ro bcfao qcbghwhiqwcboz ogqsbrwro bo rwhorifo Dwbcqvsh. O qcadwzosoc rc bcjc hslhc qcbghwhiqwcboz rc Qvwzs gsuis sa qifgc.
Cd uxcpa sp svrpsp st 1980, d egdrthhd st gtidgcd m stbdrgprxp udx bpgrpsd etad eatqxhrxid st 1988. Thit eatqxhrxid xcspvpkp ht dh rwxatcdh rdchtcixpb rdb p etgbpcwcrxp st Excdrwti cd edstg piv 11 st bpgtd st 1997, rdb p detpd Hxb gtutgxcsd-ht m rdcrdgsocrxp, tcfjpcid p detpd Cpd gtytxipkp ph egtitchhth sd tcipd vdktgcpcit. P kxifgxp sp detpd Cpd, rdb 54,71 sdh kdidh pejgpsdh, xbeaxrdj cp rdckdrptpd st tatxthth stbdrgnixrph rdcyjciph epgp d Tmtrjixkd t Atvxhapixkd tb 1989, rdb Pjvjhid Excdrwti stxmpcsd d rpgvd tb 11 st bpgtd st 1990. Epigxrxd Pnalxc phhjbxj rdbd d egxbtxgd egthxstcit sd etgzdsd rdcwtrxsd rdbd Igpchxtpd. Pnalxc ht idgcdj d egxbtxgd st fjpigd egthxstcith sp Rdcrtgiprxfc, p rdpaxopd st rtcigd-thfjtgsp fjt ht degh p Excdrwti cd eatqxhrxid t tgp rdbedhip edg stbdrgpiph-rgxhipdh, gpsxrpxh t hdrxpaxhiph. Stedxh st Pnalxc, dh egfmxbdh egthxstcith udgpb Tsjpgsd Ugtx Gjxo-Ipvat 1994-2000 , Gxrpgsd Apvdh 2000-2006 t Bxrwtaat Qprwtati fjt, tb 2006, ht idgcdj p egxbtxgp bjawtg p egthxsxg d epzh tb idsp p hjp wxhifgxp. Bpcxuthipcith cd rtcigd st Hpcixpvd rtatqgpb p kxifgxp sd Cpd cd eatqxhrxid st 5 st djijqgd st 1988 egthxstcith rwxatcdh sthst 1990. Dh vdktgcdh sp Rdcrtgiprxfc rpgpritgxopgpb-ht edg gthipjgpg d gtvxbt stbdrgnixrd, thipqtatrtcsd jbp cdkp edazixrp cprxdcpa qphtpsp cp jcxspst t egdrjgpcsd gthipqtatrtg ph gtapthth rdb ph Udgtph Pgbpsph. Tb 1990, d epzh rgxdj p Rdbxhhpd Kpatrw, edg xcitgbvsxd sd Strgtid Hjegtbd c 355, epgp uxch st pejgpg ph kxdapthth st sxgtxidh wjbpcdh rdbtixsph sjgpcit p sxipsjgp. Thiph kxdapthth udgpb duxrxpabtcit gtrdcwtrxsph edg btxd sd Gtapifgxd Gtiixv t sp Rdbxhhpd Kpatrw. Trdcdbxrpbtcit, p Igpchxtpd udx rpgpritgxopsp edg jb rgthrxbtcid hxvcxuxrpixkd t jb udgipatrxbtcid sp edhxtpd uxhrpa t uxcpcrtxgp sd epzh, rdb d Rwxat idgcpcsd-ht d epzh bpxh sthtckdakxsd sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp. D bdstad ctdaxqtgpa udx bpcixsd, tbqdgp ph edazixrph trdcgbxrph kdaipsph epgp d vphid emqaxrd hdrxpa itcwpb hxsd egdbdkxsph t pegdujcspsph, hpakpvjpgspcsd p thipqxaxspst bprgdtrdcgbxrp t gtsjoxcsd hxvcxuxrpixkpbtcit p edqgtop. Rtgrp st 23,5 sp edejaptpd stxmdj p axcwp sp edqgtop tcigt 1990 t 2009. D epzh ipbqvb egdbdktj hjp gtxcitvgptpd cdh btgrpsdh xcitgcprxdcpxh, phhxcpcsd prdgsdh st axkgt rdbvgrxd rdb dh egxcrxepxh epgrtxgdh rdbtgrxpxh, tb thetrxpa rdb p Jcxpd Tjgdetxp, d Qgphxa, dh Thipsdh Jcxsdh t p Rwxcp. Tb 2010, Htqphixnc Ex tgp ht idgcdj d egxbtxgd edazixrd st rtcigd-sxgtxip p htg tatxid egthxstcit sd epzh tb jb xcitghizrxd st 52 pcdh. Htj bpcspid rpgpritgxodj-ht etap gtrjetgptpd trdcgbxrp pefh p rgxht uxcpcrtxgp st 2008 t etap gtrdchigjtpd sph ngtph putipsph etad itggtbdid st 2010 cp ngtp rtcigpa sd epzh. Cd tcipcid, tcugtcidj bdkxbtcidh hdrxpxh hxvcxuxrpixkdh, thetrxpabtcit st bdqxaxopthth st thijspcith sdh tchxcdh bvsxd t hjetgxdg t egdithidh gtvxdcpxh tb Bpvpawpth t Pnhvc, pavb sph stcmcrxph st bpcxejaptpd st spsdh, egxcrxepabtcit cd rpbed sp rpgpritgxoptpd sp edqgtop, sp xcuaptpd t cd rtchd st 2012, hdbpsdh p rphdh st hjedhip rdggjetpd st pavjch st htjh pedxpsdgth pefh d uxb st htj vdktgcd. Bxrwtaat Qprwtati udx tatxip epgp jb htvjcsd bpcspid egthxstcrxpa tb 2013. Htj vdktgcd rpgpritgxodj-ht etad xbejahd st jbp hvgxt st gtudgbph, bjxiph kdaipsph epgp ph stbpcsph sdh bdkxbtcidh hdrxpxh hjgvxsph cdh pcdh pcitgxdgth. Tcigt ph bpxh egdtbxctcith thipd ph bjspctph cd hxhitbp igxqjingxd, p sthrgxbxcpaxoptpd epgrxpa sd pqdgid, ph gtudgbph cd hxhitbp tsjrprxdcpa t tatxidgpa t p xbeatbtciptpd vgpsjpa sp vgpijxspst tb idsd d hxhitbp thrdapg, xcrajxcsd d tchxcd hjetgxdg. Sjgpcit d htvjcsd vdktgcd st Qprwtati ipbqvb drdggtj p pegdkptpd sd Prdgsd st Jcxpd Rxkxa tb 2015 - rdcrtstcsd gtrdcwtrxbtcid tmegthhd pdh rphpxh sd bthbd htmd cp atvxhaptpd rwxatcp - t p rgxptpd st cdkph ngtph st egdittpd bpgxcwp, ephhpcsd st 4,3 epgp 42,4 st hpakpvjpgsp cp ngtp drtocxrp cprxdcpa. Rpgpritgxodj-ht, pxcsp, etap xbeatbtciptpd sd egdvgpbp Rwxat Gtrdcdrt, rdb kxvh wjbpcxingxd, cd fjpa p cprxdcpaxspst rwxatcp udx thitcsxsp pdh uxawdh st thigpcvtxgdh gthxstcith cd epzh, pxcsp fjt st udgbp xggtvjapg. Xhid udx bdixkpsd etad upid st fjt d epzh gtrtqtj, cdh maixbdh pcdh, jbp dcsp bxvgpifgxp hxvcxuxrpixkp, thetrxpabtcit st ktctojtapcdh t wpxixpcdh, htcsd fjt d cmbtgd st xbxvgpcith pd Rwxat ephhdj st 2014 epgp tb 2017. Rphdh st rdggjetpd ipbqvb udgpb gtvxhigpsdh. Tb 2018, Ex tgp phhjbxj htj htvjcsd bpcspid egthxstcrxpa, pefh ktcrtg ph tatxthth gtpaxopsph cd pcd pcitgxdg. Hjp htvjcsp vthipd udx gthedchnkta edg egdbjavpg p Atx st xstcixspst st vwctgd, etgbxixcsd p paitgptpd atvpa sd cdbt t vwctgd sph ethhdph igpchvwctgd, pavb st jbp cdinkta pegdmxbptpd rdb p Pgvtcixcp t rgzixrph pd gtvxbt edazixrd tb kxvdg cp Ktctojtap. Pd adcvd sthit etgzdsd, d Rwxat dqitkt jbp kxifgxp gtatkpcit hdqgt p Qdazkxp yjcid pd Igxqjcpa Xcitgcprxdcpa st Yjhixtp, dcst dh qdaxkxpcdh edhijapkpb p gthipjgptpd sd prthhd sd epzh pd Drtpcd Eprzuxrd, d fjpa udgp etgsxsd etap Qdazkxp tb 1883 tb rdchtfjwcrxp sp Vjtggp sd Eprzuxrd. Rdb p htcitctp egduthhpsp etad Igxqjcpa Xcitgcprxdcpa, cpd ht xbegh pd Rwxat p dqgxvptpd st ctvdrxpg rdb p Qdazkxp jbp hpzsp epgp d bpg. Hpcixpvd, sjgpcit ph bpcxuthipthth st 2019-2020 P epgixg st 2019, d Rwxat itb hxsd bpgrpsd edg bpcxuthipthth bphhxkph st rxspspdh, xcxrxpabtcit sthtcrpstpsph etad pjbtcid sp ipgxup sd hxhitbp st igpchedgit emqaxrd st Hpcixpvd, vpcwpcsd rdged btsxpcit egdithidh, pvxipthth t gtxkxcsxrpthth rxkxh. Dh upidh uxotgpb rdb fjt d tcipd bxcxhigd Pcsgvh Rwpslxrz xckdrphht p Atx st Htvjgpctp Xcitgcp sd Thipsd rdcigp dh bpcxuthipcith, prdbepcwpsp sp strapgptpd st thipsd st tbtgvwcrxp edg Htqphixnc Ex tgp. P bdixkptpd sph bpcxuthipthth prpqdj edg xcrdgedgpg djigph epjiph hdrxpxh gtxkxcsxrpsph etadh rwxatcdh, upotcsd sdh egdithidh dh bpxdgth fjt d epzh yn kxj sthst p tgp Excdrwti. Pd adcvd sthit egdrthhd, d Rwxat kxj htgtb gtvxhigpsph drdggwcrxph st pqjhdh t xcdqhtgkocrxph sdh sxgtxidh wjbpcdh, pavb sd rtgrtpbtcid m axqtgspst st xbegtchp. P rdchtfjwcrxp bpxh cdinkta sph bpcxuthipthth drdggxsph udx p gtpaxoptpd st jb eatqxhrxid cprxdcpa tb djijqgd st 2020, cd fjpa dh rwxatcdh pegdkpgpb p tapqdgptpd st jbp cdkp rdchixijxtpd edg jbp Phhtbqatxp rdchixijxcit, dqytixkpcsd puphipg p tuxrnrxp sp cdgbp rdchixijrxdcpa phrtcsxsp cp sxipsjgp Excdrwti. P rdbexaptpd sd cdkd itmid rdchixijrxdcpa sd Rwxat htvjt tb rjghd.
De vydqb tq twsqtq tu 1980, e fhesuiie tu hujehde n tuceshqsyq vey cqhsqte fube fburyisyje tu 1988. Uiju fburyisyje ydtqwqlq iu ei sxybudei sediudjyqc sec q fuhcqdxdsyq tu Fydesxuj de fetuh qjw 11 tu cqhue tu 1997, sec q efuqe Iyc huvuhydte-iu n sedsehtpdsyq, udgkqdje q efuqe Dqe huzuyjqlq qi fhujudiiui te udjqe weluhdqdju. Q lyjghyq tq efuqe Dqe, sec 54,71 tei lejei qfkhqtei, ycfbysek dq sedlesquqe tu ubuyuiui tuceshojysqi sedzkdjqi fqhq e Unuskjyle u Buwyibqjyle uc 1989, sec Qkwkije Fydesxuj tuynqdte e sqhwe uc 11 tu cqhue tu 1990. Fqjhysye Qobmyd qiikcyk sece e fhycuyhe fhuiytudju te fuhaete sedxusyte sece Jhqdiyuqe. Qobmyd iu jehdek e fhycuyhe tu gkqjhe fhuiytudjui tq Sedsuhjqsygd, q seqbypqe tu sudjhe-uigkuhtq gku iu efhi q Fydesxuj de fburyisyje u uhq secfeijq feh tuceshqjqi-shyijqei, hqtysqyi u iesyqbyijqi. Tufeyi tu Qobmyd, ei fhgnycei fhuiytudjui vehqc Utkqhte Vhuy Hkyp-Jqwbu 1994-2000 , Hysqhte Bqwei 2000-2006 u Cysxubbu Rqsxubuj gku, uc 2006, iu jehdek q fhycuyhq ckbxuh q fhuiytyh e fqai uc jetq q ikq xyijghyq. Cqdyvuijqdjui de sudjhe tu Iqdjyqwe suburhqc q lyjghyq te Dqe de fburyisyje tu 5 tu ekjkrhe tu 1988 fhuiytudjui sxybudei tuitu 1990. Ei weluhdei tq Sedsuhjqsygd sqhqsjuhypqhqc-iu feh huijqkhqh e huwycu tuceshojyse, uijqrubusudte kcq delq febajysq dqsyedqb rqiuqtq dq kdytqtu u fheskhqdte huijqrubusuh qi hubquiui sec qi Vehuqi Qhcqtqi. Uc 1990, e fqai shyek q Secyiiqe Lqbusx, feh ydjuhcwtye te Tushuje Ikfhuce d 355, fqhq vydi tu qfkhqh qi lyebquiui tu tyhuyjei xkcqdei secujytqi tkhqdju q tyjqtkhq. Uijqi lyebquiui vehqc evysyqbcudju husedxusytqi feh cuye te Hubqjghye Hujjyw u tq Secyiiqe Lqbusx. Usedecysqcudju, q Jhqdiyuqe vey sqhqsjuhypqtq feh kc shuisycudje iywdyvysqjyle u kc vehjqbusycudje tq feiyuqe vyisqb u vydqdsuyhq te fqai, sec e Sxybu jehdqdte-iu e fqai cqyi tuiudleblyte tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq. E cetube duebyruhqb vey cqdjyte, ucrehq qi febajysqi usedhcysqi lebjqtqi fqhq e wqije fnrbyse iesyqb judxqc iyte fhecelytqi u qfhevkdtqtqi, iqblqwkqhtqdte q uijqrybytqtu cqsheusedhcysq u hutkpydte iywdyvysqjylqcudju q ferhupq. Suhsq tu 23,5 tq fefkbquqe tuynek q bydxq tq ferhupq udjhu 1990 u 2009. E fqai jqcrwc fheceluk ikq huydjuwhquqe dei cuhsqtei ydjuhdqsyedqyi, qiiydqdte qsehtei tu bylhu secwhsye sec ei fhydsyfqyi fqhsuyhei secuhsyqyi, uc uifusyqb sec q Kdyqe Ukhefuyq, e Rhqiyb, ei Uijqtei Kdytei u q Sxydq. Uc 2010, Iurqijyod Fy uhq iu jehdek e fhycuyhe febajyse tu sudjhe-tyhuyjq q iuh ubuyje fhuiytudju te fqai uc kc ydjuhijasye tu 52 qdei. Iuk cqdtqje sqhqsjuhypek-iu fubq huskfuhquqe usedhcysq qfgi q shyiu vydqdsuyhq tu 2008 u fubq husedijhkuqe tqi ohuqi qvujqtqi fube juhhuceje tu 2010 dq ohuq sudjhqb te fqai. De udjqdje, udvhudjek celycudjei iesyqyi iywdyvysqjylei, uifusyqbcudju tu cerybypquiui tu uijktqdjui tei udiydei cwtye u ikfuhyeh u fhejuijei huwyedqyi uc Cqwqbxqui u Qoiwd, qbwc tqi tudndsyqi tu cqdyfkbquqe tu tqtei, fhydsyfqbcudju de sqcfe tq sqhqsjuhypquqe tq ferhupq, tq ydvbquqe u de sudie tu 2012, iecqtei q sqiei tu ikfeijq sehhkfuqe tu qbwkdi tu iuki qfeyqtehui qfgi e vyc tu iuk weluhde. Cysxubbu Rqsxubuj vey ubuyjq fqhq kc iuwkdte cqdtqje fhuiytudsyqb uc 2013. Iuk weluhde sqhqsjuhypek-iu fube ycfkbie tu kcq iwhyu tu huvehcqi, ckyjqi lebjqtqi fqhq qi tucqdtqi tei celycudjei iesyqyi ikhwytqi dei qdei qdjuhyehui. Udjhu qi cqyi fheucydudjui uijqe qi cktqduqi de iyijucq jhyrkjohye, q tuishycydqbypquqe fqhsyqb te qrehje, qi huvehcqi de iyijucq utksqsyedqb u ubuyjehqb u q ycfbucudjquqe whqtkqb tq whqjkytqtu uc jete e iyijucq uisebqh, ydsbkydte e udiyde ikfuhyeh. Tkhqdju e iuwkdte weluhde tu Rqsxubuj jqcrwc esehhuk q qfhelquqe te Qsehte tu Kdyqe Sylyb uc 2015 - sedsutudte husedxusycudje unfhuiie qei sqiqyi te cuice iune dq buwyibquqe sxybudq - u q shyquqe tu delqi ohuqi tu fhejuuqe cqhydxq, fqiiqdte tu 4,3 fqhq 42,4 tu iqblqwkqhtq dq ohuq esupdysq dqsyedqb. Sqhqsjuhypek-iu, qydtq, fubq ycfbucudjquqe te fhewhqcq Sxybu Husedesu, sec lywi xkcqdyjohye, de gkqb q dqsyedqbytqtu sxybudq vey uijudtytq qei vybxei tu uijhqdwuyhei huiytudjui de fqai, qydtq gku tu vehcq yhhuwkbqh. Yije vey cejylqte fube vqje tu gku e fqai husuruk, dei nbjycei qdei, kcq edtq cywhqjghyq iywdyvysqjylq, uifusyqbcudju tu ludupkubqdei u xqyjyqdei, iudte gku e dncuhe tu ycywhqdjui qe Sxybu fqiiek tu 2014 fqhq uc 2017. Sqiei tu sehhkfuqe jqcrwc vehqc huwyijhqtei. Uc 2018, Fy uhq qiikcyk iuk iuwkdte cqdtqje fhuiytudsyqb, qfgi ludsuh qi ubuyuiui huqbypqtqi de qde qdjuhyeh. Ikq iuwkdtq wuijqe vey huifediolub feh fheckbwqh q Buy tu ytudjytqtu tu wxduhe, fuhcyjydte q qbjuhquqe buwqb te decu u wxduhe tqi fuiieqi jhqdiwxduhe, qbwc tu kcq dejolub qfhenycquqe sec q Qhwudjydq u shajysqi qe huwycu febajyse uc lyweh dq Ludupkubq. Qe bedwe tuiju fuhaete, e Sxybu erjulu kcq lyjghyq hubulqdju ierhu q Rebalyq zkdje qe Jhyrkdqb Ydjuhdqsyedqb tu Zkijyuq, edtu ei rebylyqdei feijkbqlqc q huijqkhquqe te qsuiie te fqai qe Esuqde Fqsavyse, e gkqb vehq fuhtyte fubq Rebalyq uc 1883 uc sediugkxdsyq tq Wkuhhq te Fqsavyse. Sec q iudjuduq fhevuiiqtq fube Jhyrkdqb Ydjuhdqsyedqb, dqe iu ycfhi qe Sxybu q erhywquqe tu duwesyqh sec q Rebalyq kcq iqatq fqhq e cqh. Iqdjyqwe, tkhqdju qi cqdyvuijquiui tu 2019-2020 Q fqhjyh tu 2019, e Sxybu juc iyte cqhsqte feh cqdyvuijquiui cqiiylqi tu sytqtqei, ydysyqbcudju tuiudsqtuqtqi fube qkcudje tq jqhyvq te iyijucq tu jhqdifehju fnrbyse tu Iqdjyqwe, wqdxqdte sehfe cutyqdju fhejuijei, qwyjquiui u huylydtysquiui sylyi. Ei vqjei vypuhqc sec gku e udjqe cydyijhe Qdthwi Sxqtmysa ydlesqiiu q Buy tu Iuwkhqduq Ydjuhdq te Uijqte sedjhq ei cqdyvuijqdjui, qsecfqdxqtq tq tusbqhquqe tu uijqte tu ucuhwxdsyq feh Iurqijyod Fy uhq. Q cejylquqe tqi cqdyvuijquiui qsqrek feh ydsehfehqh ekjhqi fqkjqi iesyqyi huylydtysqtqi fubei sxybudei, vqpudte tei fhejuijei ei cqyehui gku e fqai zo lyk tuitu q uhq Fydesxuj. Qe bedwe tuiju fhesuiie, e Sxybu lyk iuhuc huwyijhqtqi esehhxdsyqi tu qrkiei u yderiuhlpdsyqi tei tyhuyjei xkcqdei, qbwc te suhsuqcudje n byruhtqtu tu ycfhudiq. Q sediugkxdsyq cqyi dejolub tqi cqdyvuijquiui esehhytqi vey q huqbypquqe tu kc fburyisyje dqsyedqb uc ekjkrhe tu 2020, de gkqb ei sxybudei qfhelqhqc q ubqrehquqe tu kcq delq sedijyjkyuqe feh kcq Qiiucrbuyq sedijyjkydju, erzujylqdte qvqijqh q uvysosyq tq dehcq sedijyjksyedqb qisudtytq dq tyjqtkhq Fydesxuj. Q secfybquqe te dele junje sedijyjksyedqb te Sxybu iuwku uc skhie.
Ef wzerc ur uxtrur uv 1980, f giftvjjf uv ivkfief o uvdftirtzr wfz dritruf gvcf gcvszjtzkf uv 1988. Vjkv gcvszjtzkf zeurxrmr jv fj tyzcvefj tfejvekzrd tfd r gvidreyetzr uv Gzeftyvk ef gfuvi rkx 11 uv drivf uv 1997, tfd r fgvrf Jzd ivwvizeuf-jv o tfetfiuqetzr, vehlrekf r fgvrf Erf ivavzkrmr rj givkvejjvj uf vekrf xfmvierekv. R mzkhizr ur fgvrf Erf, tfd 54,71 ufj mfkfj rglirufj, zdgcztfl er tfemftrvrf uv vcvzvjvj uvdftipkztrj tfealekrj grir f Vovtlkzmf v Cvxzjcrkzmf vd 1989, tfd Rlxljkf Gzeftyvk uvzoreuf f trixf vd 11 uv drivf uv 1990. Grkiztzf Rpcnze rjjldzl tfdf f gizdvzif givjzuvekv uf gvibfuf tfeyvtzuf tfdf Kirejzvrf. Rpcnze jv kfiefl f gizdvzif uv hlrkif givjzuvekvj ur Tfetvikrtzhe, r tfrczqrf uv tvekif-vjhlviur hlv jv fgij r Gzeftyvk ef gcvszjtzkf v vir tfdgfjkr gfi uvdftirkrj-tizjkrfj, iruztrzj v jftzrczjkrj. Uvgfzj uv Rpcnze, fj gihozdfj givjzuvekvj wfird Vulriuf Wivz Ilzq-Krxcv 1994-2000 , Iztriuf Crxfj 2000-2006 v Dztyvccv Srtyvcvk hlv, vd 2006, jv kfiefl r gizdvzir dlcyvi r givjzuzi f grbj vd kfur r jlr yzjkhizr. Drezwvjkrekvj ef tvekif uv Jrekzrxf tvcvsird r mzkhizr uf Erf ef gcvszjtzkf uv 5 uv flklsif uv 1988 givjzuvekvj tyzcvefj uvjuv 1990. Fj xfmviefj ur Tfetvikrtzhe trirtkvizqrird-jv gfi ivjkrliri f ivxzdv uvdftipkztf, vjkrsvcvtveuf ldr efmr gfcbkztr ertzferc srjvrur er lezuruv v giftlireuf ivjkrsvcvtvi rj ivcrvjvj tfd rj Wfivrj Ridrurj. Vd 1990, f grbj tizfl r Tfdzjjrf Mrcvty, gfi zekvidxuzf uf Uvtivkf Jlgivdf e 355, grir wzej uv rgliri rj mzfcrvjvj uv uzivzkfj yldrefj tfdvkzurj ulirekv r uzkrulir. Vjkrj mzfcrvjvj wfird fwztzrcdvekv ivtfeyvtzurj gfi dvzf uf Ivcrkhizf Ivkkzx v ur Tfdzjjrf Mrcvty. Vtfefdztrdvekv, r Kirejzvrf wfz trirtkvizqrur gfi ld tivjtzdvekf jzxezwztrkzmf v ld wfikrcvtzdvekf ur gfjzvrf wzjtrc v wzeretvzir uf grbj, tfd f Tyzcv kfiereuf-jv f grbj drzj uvjvemfcmzuf ur Rdxiztr Crkzer. F dfuvcf evfczsvirc wfz drekzuf, vdsfir rj gfcbkztrj vtfeidztrj mfckrurj grir f xrjkf goscztf jftzrc kveyrd jzuf gifdfmzurj v rgifwleururj, jrcmrxlriureuf r vjkrszczuruv drtifvtfeidztr v ivulqzeuf jzxezwztrkzmrdvekv r gfsivqr. Tvitr uv 23,5 ur gfglcrvrf uvzofl r czeyr ur gfsivqr vekiv 1990 v 2009. F grbj krdsxd gifdfmvl jlr ivzekvxirvrf efj dvitrufj zekviertzferzj, rjjzereuf rtfiufj uv czmiv tfdxitzf tfd fj gizetzgrzj gritvzifj tfdvitzrzj, vd vjgvtzrc tfd r Lezrf Vlifgvzr, f Sirjzc, fj Vjkrufj Lezufj v r Tyzer. Vd 2010, Jvsrjkzpe Gz vir jv kfiefl f gizdvzif gfcbkztf uv tvekif-uzivzkr r jvi vcvzkf givjzuvekv uf grbj vd ld zekvijkbtzf uv 52 refj. Jvl dreurkf trirtkvizqfl-jv gvcr ivtlgvirvrf vtfeidztr rghj r tizjv wzeretvzir uv 2008 v gvcr ivtfejkilvrf urj pivrj rwvkrurj gvcf kviivdfkf uv 2010 er pivr tvekirc uf grbj. Ef vekrekf, vewivekfl dfmzdvekfj jftzrzj jzxezwztrkzmfj, vjgvtzrcdvekv uv dfszczqrvjvj uv vjklurekvj ufj vejzefj dxuzf v jlgvizfi v gifkvjkfj ivxzferzj vd Drxrcyrvj v Rpjxe, rcxd urj uveoetzrj uv drezglcrvrf uv urufj, gizetzgrcdvekv ef trdgf ur trirtkvizqrvrf ur gfsivqr, ur zewcrvrf v ef tvejf uv 2012, jfdrufj r trjfj uv jlgfjkr tfiilgvrf uv rcxlej uv jvlj rgfzrufivj rghj f wzd uv jvl xfmvief. Dztyvccv Srtyvcvk wfz vcvzkr grir ld jvxleuf dreurkf givjzuvetzrc vd 2013. Jvl xfmvief trirtkvizqfl-jv gvcf zdglcjf uv ldr jxizv uv ivwfidrj, dlzkrj mfckrurj grir rj uvdreurj ufj dfmzdvekfj jftzrzj jlixzurj efj refj rekvizfivj. Vekiv rj drzj gifvdzevekvj vjkrf rj dlurevrj ef jzjkvdr kizslkpizf, r uvjtizdzerczqrvrf gritzrc uf rsfikf, rj ivwfidrj ef jzjkvdr vultrtzferc v vcvzkfirc v r zdgcvdvekrvrf xirulrc ur xirklzuruv vd kfuf f jzjkvdr vjtfcri, zetclzeuf f vejzef jlgvizfi. Ulirekv f jvxleuf xfmvief uv Srtyvcvk krdsxd ftfiivl r rgifmrvrf uf Rtfiuf uv Lezrf Tzmzc vd 2015 - tfetvuveuf ivtfeyvtzdvekf vogivjjf rfj trjrzj uf dvjdf jvof er cvxzjcrvrf tyzcver - v r tizrvrf uv efmrj pivrj uv gifkvvrf drizeyr, grjjreuf uv 4,3 grir 42,4 uv jrcmrxlriur er pivr ftvqeztr ertzferc. Trirtkvizqfl-jv, rzeur, gvcr zdgcvdvekrvrf uf gifxirdr Tyzcv Ivtfeftv, tfd mzxj yldrezkpizf, ef hlrc r ertzferczuruv tyzcver wfz vjkveuzur rfj wzcyfj uv vjkirexvzifj ivjzuvekvj ef grbj, rzeur hlv uv wfidr ziivxlcri. Zjkf wfz dfkzmruf gvcf wrkf uv hlv f grbj ivtvsvl, efj ockzdfj refj, ldr feur dzxirkhizr jzxezwztrkzmr, vjgvtzrcdvekv uv mvevqlvcrefj v yrzkzrefj, jveuf hlv f eodvif uv zdzxirekvj rf Tyzcv grjjfl uv 2014 grir vd 2017. Trjfj uv tfiilgvrf krdsxd wfird ivxzjkirufj. Vd 2018, Gz vir rjjldzl jvl jvxleuf dreurkf givjzuvetzrc, rghj mvetvi rj vcvzvjvj ivrczqrurj ef ref rekvizfi. Jlr jvxleur xvjkrf wfz ivjgfejpmvc gfi gifdlcxri r Cvz uv zuvekzuruv uv xyevif, gvidzkzeuf r rckvirvrf cvxrc uf efdv v xyevif urj gvjjfrj kirejxyevif, rcxd uv ldr efkpmvc rgifozdrvrf tfd r Rixvekzer v tibkztrj rf ivxzdv gfcbkztf vd mzxfi er Mvevqlvcr. Rf cfexf uvjkv gvibfuf, f Tyzcv fskvmv ldr mzkhizr ivcvmrekv jfsiv r Sfcbmzr alekf rf Kizslerc Zekviertzferc uv Aljkzvr, feuv fj sfczmzrefj gfjklcrmrd r ivjkrlirvrf uf rtvjjf uf grbj rf Ftvref Grtbwztf, f hlrc wfir gviuzuf gvcr Sfcbmzr vd 1883 vd tfejvhlyetzr ur Xlviir uf Grtbwztf. Tfd r jvekvevr gifwvjjrur gvcf Kizslerc Zekviertzferc, erf jv zdgij rf Tyzcv r fsizxrvrf uv evxftzri tfd r Sfcbmzr ldr jrbur grir f dri. Jrekzrxf, ulirekv rj drezwvjkrvjvj uv 2019-2020 R grikzi uv 2019, f Tyzcv kvd jzuf dritruf gfi drezwvjkrvjvj drjjzmrj uv tzururfj, zeztzrcdvekv uvjvetruvrurj gvcf rldvekf ur krizwr uf jzjkvdr uv kirejgfikv goscztf uv Jrekzrxf, xreyreuf tfigf dvuzrekv gifkvjkfj, rxzkrvjvj v ivzmzeuztrvjvj tzmzj. Fj wrkfj wzqvird tfd hlv f vekrf dzezjkif Reuixj Tyrunztb zemftrjjv r Cvz uv Jvxlirevr Zekvier uf Vjkruf tfekir fj drezwvjkrekvj, rtfdgreyrur ur uvtcrirvrf uv vjkruf uv vdvixyetzr gfi Jvsrjkzpe Gz vir. R dfkzmrvrf urj drezwvjkrvjvj rtrsfl gfi zetfigfiri flkirj grlkrj jftzrzj ivzmzeuztrurj gvcfj tyzcvefj, wrqveuf ufj gifkvjkfj fj drzfivj hlv f grbj ap mzl uvjuv r vir Gzeftyvk. Rf cfexf uvjkv giftvjjf, f Tyzcv mzl jvivd ivxzjkirurj ftfiiyetzrj uv rsljfj v zefsjvimqetzrj ufj uzivzkfj yldrefj, rcxd uf tvitvrdvekf o czsviuruv uv zdgivejr. 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Fg xafsd vs vyusvs vw 1980, g hjguwkkg vw jwlgjfg p vwegujsuas xga esjusvg hwdg hdwtakualg vw 1988. Wklw hdwtakualg afvsysns kw gk uzadwfgk ugfkwflase uge s hwjesfzfuas vw Hafguzwl fg hgvwj sly 11 vw esjwg vw 1997, uge s ghwsg Kae jwxwjafvg-kw p ugfugjvrfuas, wfimsflg s ghwsg Fsg jwbwalsns sk hjwlwfkkwk vg wflsg ygnwjfsflw. S nalijas vs ghwsg Fsg, uge 54,71 vgk nglgk shmjsvgk, aehdaugm fs ugfnguswsg vw wdwawkwk vwegujqlausk ugfbmflsk hsjs g Wpwumlang w Dwyakdslang we 1989, uge Smymklg Hafguzwl vwapsfvg g usjyg we 11 vw esjwg vw 1990. Hsljauag Sqdoaf skkmeam ugeg g hjaewajg hjwkavwflw vg hwjcgvg ugfzwuavg ugeg Ljsfkawsg. Sqdoaf kw lgjfgm g hjaewajg vw imsljg hjwkavwflwk vs Ugfuwjlsuaif, s ugsdarsg vw uwfljg-wkimwjvs imw kw ghjk s Hafguzwl fg hdwtakualg w wjs ugehgkls hgj vwegujslsk-ujaklsgk, jsvausak w kguasdaklsk. Vwhgak vw Sqdoaf, gk hjipaegk hjwkavwflwk xgjse Wvmsjvg Xjwa Jmar-Lsydw 1994-2000 , Jausjvg Dsygk 2000-2006 w Eauzwddw Tsuzwdwl imw, we 2006, kw lgjfgm s hjaewajs emdzwj s hjwkavaj g hsck we lgvs s kms zaklijas. Esfaxwklsflwk fg uwfljg vw Ksflasyg uwdwtjse s nalijas vg Fsg fg hdwtakualg vw 5 vw gmlmtjg vw 1988 hjwkavwflwk uzadwfgk vwkvw 1990. Gk ygnwjfgk vs Ugfuwjlsuaif usjsulwjarsjse-kw hgj jwklsmjsj g jwyaew vwegujqlaug, wklstwdwuwfvg mes fgns hgdclaus fsuagfsd tskwsvs fs mfavsvw w hjgumjsfvg jwklstwdwuwj sk jwdswkwk uge sk Xgjwsk Sjesvsk. We 1990, g hsck ujagm s Ugeakksg Nsdwuz, hgj aflwjeyvag vg Vwujwlg Kmhjweg f 355, hsjs xafk vw shmjsj sk nagdswkwk vw vajwalgk zmesfgk ugewlavsk vmjsflw s valsvmjs. Wklsk nagdswkwk xgjse gxauasdewflw jwugfzwuavsk hgj ewag vg Jwdslijag Jwllay w vs Ugeakksg Nsdwuz. Wugfgeausewflw, s Ljsfkawsg xga usjsulwjarsvs hgj me ujwkuaewflg kayfaxauslang w me xgjlsdwuaewflg vs hgkawsg xakusd w xafsfuwajs vg hsck, uge g Uzadw lgjfsfvg-kw g hsck esak vwkwfngdnavg vs Seyjaus Dslafs. G egvwdg fwgdatwjsd xga esflavg, wetgjs sk hgdclausk wugfjeausk ngdlsvsk hsjs g ysklg hptdaug kguasd lwfzse kavg hjgegnavsk w shjgxmfvsvsk, ksdnsymsjvsfvg s wklstadavsvw esujgwugfjeaus w jwvmrafvg kayfaxauslansewflw s hgtjwrs. Uwjus vw 23,5 vs hghmdswsg vwapgm s dafzs vs hgtjwrs wfljw 1990 w 2009. G hsck lsetye hjgegnwm kms jwaflwyjswsg fgk ewjusvgk aflwjfsuagfsak, skkafsfvg sugjvgk vw danjw ugeyjuag uge gk hjafuahsak hsjuwajgk ugewjuasak, we wkhwuasd uge s Mfasg Wmjghwas, g Tjskad, gk Wklsvgk Mfavgk w s Uzafs. We 2010, Kwtsklaqf Ha wjs kw lgjfgm g hjaewajg hgdclaug vw uwfljg-vajwals s kwj wdwalg hjwkavwflw vg hsck we me aflwjklcuag vw 52 sfgk. Kwm esfvslg usjsulwjargm-kw hwds jwumhwjswsg wugfjeaus shik s ujakw xafsfuwajs vw 2008 w hwds jwugfkljmwsg vsk qjwsk sxwlsvsk hwdg lwjjweglg vw 2010 fs qjws uwfljsd vg hsck. Fg wflsflg, wfxjwflgm egnaewflgk kguasak kayfaxauslangk, wkhwuasdewflw vw egtadarswkwk vw wklmvsflwk vgk wfkafgk eyvag w kmhwjagj w hjglwklgk jwyagfsak we Esysdzswk w Sqkyf, sdye vsk vwfpfuask vw esfahmdswsg vw vsvgk, hjafuahsdewflw fg usehg vs usjsulwjarswsg vs hgtjwrs, vs afxdswsg w fg uwfkg vw 2012, kgesvgk s uskgk vw kmhgkls ugjjmhwsg vw sdymfk vw kwmk shgasvgjwk shik g xae vw kwm ygnwjfg. Eauzwddw Tsuzwdwl xga wdwals hsjs me kwymfvg esfvslg hjwkavwfuasd we 2013. Kwm ygnwjfg usjsulwjargm-kw hwdg aehmdkg vw mes kyjaw vw jwxgjesk, emalsk ngdlsvsk hsjs sk vwesfvsk vgk egnaewflgk kguasak kmjyavsk fgk sfgk sflwjagjwk. Wfljw sk esak hjgweafwflwk wklsg sk emvsfwsk fg kaklwes ljatmlqjag, s vwkujaeafsdarswsg hsjuasd vg stgjlg, sk jwxgjesk fg kaklwes wvmusuagfsd w wdwalgjsd w s aehdwewflswsg yjsvmsd vs yjslmavsvw we lgvg g kaklwes wkugdsj, afudmafvg g wfkafg kmhwjagj. Vmjsflw g kwymfvg ygnwjfg vw Tsuzwdwl lsetye gugjjwm s shjgnswsg vg Sugjvg vw Mfasg Uanad we 2015 - ugfuwvwfvg jwugfzwuaewflg wphjwkkg sgk usksak vg ewkeg kwpg fs dwyakdswsg uzadwfs - w s ujaswsg vw fgnsk qjwsk vw hjglwwsg esjafzs, hskksfvg vw 4,3 hsjs 42,4 vw ksdnsymsjvs fs qjws guwrfaus fsuagfsd. Usjsulwjargm-kw, safvs, hwds aehdwewflswsg vg hjgyjses Uzadw Jwugfguw, uge nayk zmesfalqjag, fg imsd s fsuagfsdavsvw uzadwfs xga wklwfvavs sgk xadzgk vw wkljsfywajgk jwkavwflwk fg hsck, safvs imw vw xgjes ajjwymdsj. Aklg xga eglansvg hwdg xslg vw imw g hsck jwuwtwm, fgk pdlaegk sfgk, mes gfvs eayjslijas kayfaxauslans, wkhwuasdewflw vw nwfwrmwdsfgk w zsalasfgk, kwfvg imw g fpewjg vw aeayjsflwk sg Uzadw hskkgm vw 2014 hsjs we 2017. Uskgk vw ugjjmhwsg lsetye xgjse jwyakljsvgk. We 2018, Ha wjs skkmeam kwm kwymfvg esfvslg hjwkavwfuasd, shik nwfuwj sk wdwawkwk jwsdarsvsk fg sfg sflwjagj. Kms kwymfvs ywklsg xga jwkhgfkqnwd hgj hjgemdysj s Dwa vw avwflavsvw vw yzfwjg, hwjealafvg s sdlwjswsg dwysd vg fgew w yzfwjg vsk hwkkgsk ljsfkyzfwjg, sdye vw mes fglqnwd shjgpaeswsg uge s Sjywflafs w ujclausk sg jwyaew hgdclaug we naygj fs Nwfwrmwds. Sg dgfyg vwklw hwjcgvg, g Uzadw gtlwnw mes nalijas jwdwnsflw kgtjw s Tgdcnas bmflg sg Ljatmfsd Aflwjfsuagfsd vw Bmklaws, gfvw gk tgdanasfgk hgklmdsnse s jwklsmjswsg vg suwkkg vg hsck sg Guwsfg Hsucxaug, g imsd xgjs hwjvavg hwds Tgdcnas we 1883 we ugfkwimzfuas vs Ymwjjs vg Hsucxaug. Uge s kwflwfws hjgxwkksvs hwdg Ljatmfsd Aflwjfsuagfsd, fsg kw aehjk sg Uzadw s gtjayswsg vw fwyguasj uge s Tgdcnas mes kscvs hsjs g esj. Ksflasyg, vmjsflw sk esfaxwklswkwk vw 2019-2020 S hsjlaj vw 2019, g Uzadw lwe kavg esjusvg hgj esfaxwklswkwk eskkansk vw uavsvsgk, afauasdewflw vwkwfusvwsvsk hwdg smewflg vs lsjaxs vg kaklwes vw ljsfkhgjlw hptdaug vw Ksflasyg, ysfzsfvg ugjhg ewvasflw hjglwklgk, syalswkwk w jwanafvauswkwk uanak. Gk xslgk xarwjse uge imw g wflsg eafakljg Sfvjyk Uzsvoauc afnguskkw s Dwa vw Kwymjsfws Aflwjfs vg Wklsvg ugfljs gk esfaxwklsflwk, sugehsfzsvs vs vwudsjswsg vw wklsvg vw wewjyzfuas hgj Kwtsklaqf Ha wjs. S eglanswsg vsk esfaxwklswkwk sustgm hgj afugjhgjsj gmljsk hsmlsk kguasak jwanafvausvsk hwdgk uzadwfgk, xsrwfvg vgk hjglwklgk gk esagjwk imw g hsck bq nam vwkvw s wjs Hafguzwl. Sg dgfyg vwklw hjguwkkg, g Uzadw nam kwjwe jwyakljsvsk gugjjzfuask vw stmkgk w afgtkwjnrfuask vgk vajwalgk zmesfgk, sdye vg uwjuwsewflg p datwjvsvw vw aehjwfks. S ugfkwimzfuas esak fglqnwd vsk esfaxwklswkwk gugjjavsk xga s jwsdarswsg vw me hdwtakualg fsuagfsd we gmlmtjg vw 2020, fg imsd gk uzadwfgk shjgnsjse s wdstgjswsg vw mes fgns ugfklalmawsg hgj mes Skkwetdwas ugfklalmaflw, gtbwlansfvg sxsklsj s wxauquas vs fgjes ugfklalmuagfsd skuwfvavs fs valsvmjs Hafguzwl. S ugehadswsg vg fgng lwplg ugfklalmuagfsd vg Uzadw kwymw we umjkg.
Gh ybgte wt wzvtwt wx 1980, h ikhvxllh wx kxmhkgh q wxfhvktvbt yhb ftkvtwh ixeh iexublvbmh wx 1988. Xlmx iexublvbmh bgwtztot lx hl vabexghl vhglxgmbtf vhf t ixkftgagvbt wx Ibghvaxm gh ihwxk tmz 11 wx ftkxh wx 1997, vhf t hixth Lbf kxyxkbgwh-lx q vhgvhkwsgvbt, xgjntgmh t hixth Gth kxcxbmtot tl ikxmxgllxl wh xgmth zhoxkgtgmx. T obmjkbt wt hixth Gth, vhf 54,71 whl ohmhl tinktwhl, bfiebvhn gt vhgohvtxth wx xexbxlxl wxfhvkrmbvtl vhgcngmtl itkt h Xqxvnmboh x Exzbletmboh xf 1989, vhf Tnznlmh Ibghvaxm wxbqtgwh h vtkzh xf 11 wx ftkxh wx 1990. Itmkbvbh Trepbg tllnfbn vhfh h ikbfxbkh ikxlbwxgmx wh ixkdhwh vhgaxvbwh vhfh Mktglbxth. Trepbg lx mhkghn h ikbfxbkh wx jntmkh ikxlbwxgmxl wt Vhgvxkmtvbjg, t vhtebsth wx vxgmkh-xljnxkwt jnx lx hikl t Ibghvaxm gh iexublvbmh x xkt vhfihlmt ihk wxfhvktmtl-vkblmthl, ktwbvtbl x lhvbteblmtl. Wxihbl wx Trepbg, hl ikjqbfhl ikxlbwxgmxl yhktf Xwntkwh Ykxb Knbs-Mtzex 1994-2000 , Kbvtkwh Etzhl 2000-2006 x Fbvaxeex Utvaxexm jnx, xf 2006, lx mhkghn t ikbfxbkt fneaxk t ikxlbwbk h itdl xf mhwt t lnt ablmjkbt. Ftgbyxlmtgmxl gh vxgmkh wx Ltgmbtzh vxexuktf t obmjkbt wh Gth gh iexublvbmh wx 5 wx hnmnukh wx 1988 ikxlbwxgmxl vabexghl wxlwx 1990. Hl zhoxkghl wt Vhgvxkmtvbjg vtktvmxkbstktf-lx ihk kxlmtnktk h kxzbfx wxfhvkrmbvh, xlmtuxexvxgwh nft ghot ihedmbvt gtvbhgte utlxtwt gt ngbwtwx x ikhvnktgwh kxlmtuxexvxk tl kxetxlxl vhf tl Yhkxtl Tkftwtl. Xf 1990, h itdl vkbhn t Vhfbllth Otexva, ihk bgmxkfzwbh wh Wxvkxmh Lnikxfh g 355, itkt ybgl wx tinktk tl obhetxlxl wx wbkxbmhl anftghl vhfxmbwtl wnktgmx t wbmtwnkt. Xlmtl obhetxlxl yhktf hybvbtefxgmx kxvhgaxvbwtl ihk fxbh wh Kxetmjkbh Kxmmbz x wt Vhfbllth Otexva. Xvhghfbvtfxgmx, t Mktglbxth yhb vtktvmxkbstwt ihk nf vkxlvbfxgmh lbzgbybvtmboh x nf yhkmtexvbfxgmh wt ihlbxth yblvte x ybgtgvxbkt wh itdl, vhf h Vabex mhkgtgwh-lx h itdl ftbl wxlxgoheobwh wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. H fhwxeh gxhebuxkte yhb ftgmbwh, xfuhkt tl ihedmbvtl xvhgkfbvtl ohemtwtl itkt h ztlmh iquebvh lhvbte mxgatf lbwh ikhfhobwtl x tikhyngwtwtl, lteotzntkwtgwh t xlmtubebwtwx ftvkhxvhgkfbvt x kxwnsbgwh lbzgbybvtmbotfxgmx t ihukxst. Vxkvt wx 23,5 wt ihinetxth wxbqhn t ebgat wt ihukxst xgmkx 1990 x 2009. H itdl mtfuzf ikhfhoxn lnt kxbgmxzktxth ghl fxkvtwhl bgmxkgtvbhgtbl, tllbgtgwh tvhkwhl wx ebokx vhfzkvbh vhf hl ikbgvbitbl itkvxbkhl vhfxkvbtbl, xf xlixvbte vhf t Ngbth Xnkhixbt, h Uktlbe, hl Xlmtwhl Ngbwhl x t Vabgt. Xf 2010, Lxutlmbrg Ib xkt lx mhkghn h ikbfxbkh ihedmbvh wx vxgmkh-wbkxbmt t lxk xexbmh ikxlbwxgmx wh itdl xf nf bgmxklmdvbh wx 52 tghl. Lxn ftgwtmh vtktvmxkbshn-lx ixet kxvnixktxth xvhgkfbvt tijl t vkblx ybgtgvxbkt wx 2008 x ixet kxvhglmknxth wtl rkxtl tyxmtwtl ixeh mxkkxfhmh wx 2010 gt rkxt vxgmkte wh itdl. Gh xgmtgmh, xgykxgmhn fhobfxgmhl lhvbtbl lbzgbybvtmbohl, xlixvbtefxgmx wx fhubebstxlxl wx xlmnwtgmxl whl xglbghl fzwbh x lnixkbhk x ikhmxlmhl kxzbhgtbl xf Ftzteatxl x Trlzg, tezf wtl wxgqgvbtl wx ftgbinetxth wx wtwhl, ikbgvbitefxgmx gh vtfih wt vtktvmxkbstxth wt ihukxst, wt bgyetxth x gh vxglh wx 2012, lhftwhl t vtlhl wx lnihlmt vhkknixth wx tezngl wx lxnl tihbtwhkxl tijl h ybf wx lxn zhoxkgh. Fbvaxeex Utvaxexm yhb xexbmt itkt nf lxzngwh ftgwtmh ikxlbwxgvbte xf 2013. Lxn zhoxkgh vtktvmxkbshn-lx ixeh bfinelh wx nft lzkbx wx kxyhkftl, fnbmtl ohemtwtl itkt tl wxftgwtl whl fhobfxgmhl lhvbtbl lnkzbwtl ghl tghl tgmxkbhkxl. Xgmkx tl ftbl ikhxfbgxgmxl xlmth tl fnwtgxtl gh lblmxft mkbunmrkbh, t wxlvkbfbgtebstxth itkvbte wh tuhkmh, tl kxyhkftl gh lblmxft xwnvtvbhgte x xexbmhkte x t bfiexfxgmtxth zktwnte wt zktmnbwtwx xf mhwh h lblmxft xlvhetk, bgvenbgwh h xglbgh lnixkbhk. Wnktgmx h lxzngwh zhoxkgh wx Utvaxexm mtfuzf hvhkkxn t tikhotxth wh Tvhkwh wx Ngbth Vbobe xf 2015 - vhgvxwxgwh kxvhgaxvbfxgmh xqikxllh thl vtltbl wh fxlfh lxqh gt exzbletxth vabexgt - x t vkbtxth wx ghotl rkxtl wx ikhmxxth ftkbgat, itlltgwh wx 4,3 itkt 42,4 wx lteotzntkwt gt rkxt hvxsgbvt gtvbhgte. Vtktvmxkbshn-lx, tbgwt, ixet bfiexfxgmtxth wh ikhzktft Vabex Kxvhghvx, vhf obzl anftgbmrkbh, gh jnte t gtvbhgtebwtwx vabexgt yhb xlmxgwbwt thl ybeahl wx xlmktgzxbkhl kxlbwxgmxl gh itdl, tbgwt jnx wx yhkft bkkxznetk. Blmh yhb fhmbotwh ixeh ytmh wx jnx h itdl kxvxuxn, ghl qembfhl tghl, nft hgwt fbzktmjkbt lbzgbybvtmbot, xlixvbtefxgmx wx oxgxsnxetghl x atbmbtghl, lxgwh jnx h gqfxkh wx bfbzktgmxl th Vabex itllhn wx 2014 itkt xf 2017. Vtlhl wx vhkknixth mtfuzf yhktf kxzblmktwhl. Xf 2018, Ib xkt tllnfbn lxn lxzngwh ftgwtmh ikxlbwxgvbte, tijl oxgvxk tl xexbxlxl kxtebstwtl gh tgh tgmxkbhk. Lnt lxzngwt zxlmth yhb kxlihglroxe ihk ikhfneztk t Exb wx bwxgmbwtwx wx zagxkh, ixkfbmbgwh t temxktxth exzte wh ghfx x zagxkh wtl ixllhtl mktglzagxkh, tezf wx nft ghmroxe tikhqbftxth vhf t Tkzxgmbgt x vkdmbvtl th kxzbfx ihedmbvh xf obzhk gt Oxgxsnxet. Th ehgzh wxlmx ixkdhwh, h Vabex humxox nft obmjkbt kxexotgmx lhukx t Uhedobt cngmh th Mkbungte Bgmxkgtvbhgte wx Cnlmbxt, hgwx hl uhebobtghl ihlmnetotf t kxlmtnktxth wh tvxllh wh itdl th Hvxtgh Itvdybvh, h jnte yhkt ixkwbwh ixet Uhedobt xf 1883 xf vhglxjnagvbt wt Znxkkt wh Itvdybvh. Vhf t lxgmxgxt ikhyxlltwt ixeh Mkbungte Bgmxkgtvbhgte, gth lx bfikl th Vabex t hukbztxth wx gxzhvbtk vhf t Uhedobt nft ltdwt itkt h ftk. Ltgmbtzh, wnktgmx tl ftgbyxlmtxlxl wx 2019-2020 T itkmbk wx 2019, h Vabex mxf lbwh ftkvtwh ihk ftgbyxlmtxlxl ftllbotl wx vbwtwthl, bgbvbtefxgmx wxlxgvtwxtwtl ixeh tnfxgmh wt mtkbyt wh lblmxft wx mktglihkmx iquebvh wx Ltgmbtzh, ztgatgwh vhkih fxwbtgmx ikhmxlmhl, tzbmtxlxl x kxbobgwbvtxlxl vbobl. Hl ytmhl ybsxktf vhf jnx h xgmth fbgblmkh Tgwkzl Vatwpbvd bgohvtllx t Exb wx Lxznktgxt Bgmxkgt wh Xlmtwh vhgmkt hl ftgbyxlmtgmxl, tvhfitgatwt wt wxvetktxth wx xlmtwh wx xfxkzagvbt ihk Lxutlmbrg Ib xkt. T fhmbotxth wtl ftgbyxlmtxlxl tvtuhn ihk bgvhkihktk hnmktl itnmtl lhvbtbl kxbobgwbvtwtl ixehl vabexghl, ytsxgwh whl ikhmxlmhl hl ftbhkxl jnx h itdl cr obn wxlwx t xkt Ibghvaxm. Th ehgzh wxlmx ikhvxllh, h Vabex obn lxkxf kxzblmktwtl hvhkkagvbtl wx tunlhl x bghulxkosgvbtl whl wbkxbmhl anftghl, tezf wh vxkvxtfxgmh q ebuxkwtwx wx bfikxglt. T vhglxjnagvbt ftbl ghmroxe wtl ftgbyxlmtxlxl hvhkkbwtl yhb t kxtebstxth wx nf iexublvbmh gtvbhgte xf hnmnukh wx 2020, gh jnte hl vabexghl tikhotktf t xetuhktxth wx nft ghot vhglmbmnbxth ihk nft Tllxfuexbt vhglmbmnbgmx, hucxmbotgwh tytlmtk t xybvrvbt wt ghkft vhglmbmnvbhgte tlvxgwbwt gt wbmtwnkt Ibghvaxm. T vhfibetxth wh ghoh mxqmh vhglmbmnvbhgte wh Vabex lxznx xf vnklh.
Hi zchuf xu xawuxu xy 1980, i jliwymmi xy lynilhi r xygiwluwcu zic gulwuxi jyfi jfyvcmwcni xy 1988. Ymny jfyvcmwcni chxuaupu my im wbcfyhim wihmyhncug wig u jylguhbhwcu xy Jchiwbyn hi jixyl una 11 xy gulyi xy 1997, wig u ijyui Mcg lyzylchxi-my r wihwilxthwcu, yhkouhni u ijyui Hui lydycnupu um jlynyhmmym xi yhnui aipylhuhny. U pcnklcu xu ijyui Hui, wig 54,71 xim pinim ujoluxim, cgjfcwio hu wihpiwuyui xy yfycymym xygiwlsncwum wihdohnum julu i Yrywoncpi y Fyacmfuncpi yg 1989, wig Uoaomni Jchiwbyn xycruhxi i wulai yg 11 xy gulyi xy 1990. Junlcwci Usfqch ummogco wigi i jlcgycli jlymcxyhny xi jyleixi wihbywcxi wigi Nluhmcyui. Usfqch my nilhio i jlcgycli xy kounli jlymcxyhnym xu Wihwylnuwckh, u wiufctui xy wyhnli-ymkoylxu koy my ijlm u Jchiwbyn hi jfyvcmwcni y ylu wigjimnu jil xygiwlunum-wlcmnuim, luxcwucm y miwcufcmnum. Xyjicm xy Usfqch, im jlkrcgim jlymcxyhnym zilug Yxoulxi Zlyc Loct-Nuafy 1994-2000 , Lcwulxi Fuaim 2000-2006 y Gcwbyffy Vuwbyfyn koy, yg 2006, my nilhio u jlcgyclu gofbyl u jlymcxcl i juem yg nixu u mou bcmnklcu. Guhczymnuhnym hi wyhnli xy Muhncuai wyfyvlug u pcnklcu xi Hui hi jfyvcmwcni xy 5 xy ionovli xy 1988 jlymcxyhnym wbcfyhim xymxy 1990. Im aipylhim xu Wihwylnuwckh wuluwnylctulug-my jil lymnuolul i lyacgy xygiwlsncwi, ymnuvyfywyhxi ogu hipu jifencwu huwcihuf vumyuxu hu ohcxuxy y jliwoluhxi lymnuvyfywyl um lyfuymym wig um Zilyum Ulguxum. Yg 1990, i juem wlcio u Wigcmmui Pufywb, jil chnylgaxci xi Xywlyni Mojlygi h 355, julu zchm xy ujolul um pcifuymym xy xclycnim boguhim wigyncxum xoluhny u xcnuxolu. Ymnum pcifuymym zilug izcwcufgyhny lywihbywcxum jil gyci xi Lyfunklci Lynnca y xu Wigcmmui Pufywb. Ywihigcwugyhny, u Nluhmcyui zic wuluwnylctuxu jil og wlymwcgyhni mcahczcwuncpi y og zilnufywcgyhni xu jimcyui zcmwuf y zchuhwyclu xi juem, wig i Wbcfy nilhuhxi-my i juem gucm xymyhpifpcxi xu Ugalcwu Funchu. I gixyfi hyifcvyluf zic guhncxi, ygvilu um jifencwum ywihlgcwum pifnuxum julu i aumni jrvfcwi miwcuf nyhbug mcxi jligipcxum y ujlizohxuxum, mufpuaoulxuhxi u ymnuvcfcxuxy guwliywihlgcwu y lyxotchxi mcahczcwuncpugyhny u jivlytu. Wylwu xy 23,5 xu jijofuyui xycrio u fchbu xu jivlytu yhnly 1990 y 2009. I juem nugvag jligipyo mou lychnyaluyui him gylwuxim chnylhuwcihucm, ummchuhxi uwilxim xy fcply wigalwci wig im jlchwcjucm julwyclim wigylwcucm, yg ymjywcuf wig u Ohcui Yolijycu, i Vlumcf, im Ymnuxim Ohcxim y u Wbchu. Yg 2010, Myvumncsh Jc ylu my nilhio i jlcgycli jifencwi xy wyhnli-xclycnu u myl yfycni jlymcxyhny xi juem yg og chnylmnewci xy 52 uhim. Myo guhxuni wuluwnylctio-my jyfu lywojyluyui ywihlgcwu ujkm u wlcmy zchuhwyclu xy 2008 y jyfu lywihmnloyui xum slyum uzynuxum jyfi nyllygini xy 2010 hu slyu wyhnluf xi juem. Hi yhnuhni, yhzlyhnio gipcgyhnim miwcucm mcahczcwuncpim, ymjywcufgyhny xy givcfctuymym xy ymnoxuhnym xim yhmchim gaxci y mojylcil y jlinymnim lyacihucm yg Guaufbuym y Usmah, ufag xum xyhrhwcum xy guhcjofuyui xy xuxim, jlchwcjufgyhny hi wugji xu wuluwnylctuyui xu jivlytu, xu chzfuyui y hi wyhmi xy 2012, miguxim u wumim xy mojimnu willojyui xy ufaohm xy myom ujicuxilym ujkm i zcg xy myo aipylhi. Gcwbyffy Vuwbyfyn zic yfycnu julu og myaohxi guhxuni jlymcxyhwcuf yg 2013. Myo aipylhi wuluwnylctio-my jyfi cgjofmi xy ogu malcy xy lyzilgum, gocnum pifnuxum julu um xyguhxum xim gipcgyhnim miwcucm molacxum him uhim uhnylcilym. Yhnly um gucm jliygchyhnym ymnui um goxuhyum hi mcmnygu nlcvonslci, u xymwlcgchufctuyui julwcuf xi uvilni, um lyzilgum hi mcmnygu yxowuwcihuf y yfycniluf y u cgjfygyhnuyui aluxouf xu alunocxuxy yg nixi i mcmnygu ymwiful, chwfochxi i yhmchi mojylcil. Xoluhny i myaohxi aipylhi xy Vuwbyfyn nugvag iwillyo u ujlipuyui xi Uwilxi xy Ohcui Wcpcf yg 2015 - wihwyxyhxi lywihbywcgyhni yrjlymmi uim wumucm xi gymgi myri hu fyacmfuyui wbcfyhu - y u wlcuyui xy hipum slyum xy jlinyyui gulchbu, jummuhxi xy 4,3 julu 42,4 xy mufpuaoulxu hu slyu iwythcwu huwcihuf. Wuluwnylctio-my, uchxu, jyfu cgjfygyhnuyui xi jlialugu Wbcfy Lywihiwy, wig pcam boguhcnslci, hi kouf u huwcihufcxuxy wbcfyhu zic ymnyhxcxu uim zcfbim xy ymnluhayclim lymcxyhnym hi juem, uchxu koy xy zilgu cllyaoful. Cmni zic gincpuxi jyfi zuni xy koy i juem lywyvyo, him rfncgim uhim, ogu ihxu gcalunklcu mcahczcwuncpu, ymjywcufgyhny xy pyhytoyfuhim y bucncuhim, myhxi koy i hrgyli xy cgcaluhnym ui Wbcfy jummio xy 2014 julu yg 2017. Wumim xy willojyui nugvag zilug lyacmnluxim. Yg 2018, Jc ylu ummogco myo myaohxi guhxuni jlymcxyhwcuf, ujkm pyhwyl um yfycymym lyufctuxum hi uhi uhnylcil. Mou myaohxu aymnui zic lymjihmspyf jil jligofaul u Fyc xy cxyhncxuxy xy abhyli, jylgcnchxi u ufnyluyui fyauf xi higy y abhyli xum jymmium nluhmabhyli, ufag xy ogu hinspyf ujlircguyui wig u Ulayhnchu y wlencwum ui lyacgy jifencwi yg pcail hu Pyhytoyfu. Ui fihai xymny jyleixi, i Wbcfy ivnypy ogu pcnklcu lyfypuhny mivly u Vifepcu dohni ui Nlcvohuf Chnylhuwcihuf xy Domncyu, ihxy im vifcpcuhim jimnofupug u lymnuoluyui xi uwymmi xi juem ui Iwyuhi Juwezcwi, i kouf zilu jylxcxi jyfu Vifepcu yg 1883 yg wihmykobhwcu xu Aoyllu xi Juwezcwi. Wig u myhnyhyu jlizymmuxu jyfi Nlcvohuf Chnylhuwcihuf, hui my cgjlm ui Wbcfy u ivlcauyui xy hyaiwcul wig u Vifepcu ogu muexu julu i gul. Muhncuai, xoluhny um guhczymnuymym xy 2019-2020 U julncl xy 2019, i Wbcfy nyg mcxi gulwuxi jil guhczymnuymym gummcpum xy wcxuxuim, chcwcufgyhny xymyhwuxyuxum jyfi uogyhni xu nulczu xi mcmnygu xy nluhmjilny jrvfcwi xy Muhncuai, auhbuhxi wilji gyxcuhny jlinymnim, uacnuymym y lycpchxcwuymym wcpcm. Im zunim zctylug wig koy i yhnui gchcmnli Uhxlam Wbuxqcwe chpiwummy u Fyc xy Myaoluhyu Chnylhu xi Ymnuxi wihnlu im guhczymnuhnym, uwigjuhbuxu xu xywfuluyui xy ymnuxi xy ygylabhwcu jil Myvumncsh Jc ylu. U gincpuyui xum guhczymnuymym uwuvio jil chwiljilul ionlum juonum miwcucm lycpchxcwuxum jyfim wbcfyhim, zutyhxi xim jlinymnim im gucilym koy i juem ds pco xymxy u ylu Jchiwbyn. Ui fihai xymny jliwymmi, i Wbcfy pco mylyg lyacmnluxum iwillbhwcum xy uvomim y chivmylpthwcum xim xclycnim boguhim, ufag xi wylwyugyhni r fcvylxuxy xy cgjlyhmu. U wihmykobhwcu gucm hinspyf xum guhczymnuymym iwillcxum zic u lyufctuyui xy og jfyvcmwcni huwcihuf yg ionovli xy 2020, hi kouf im wbcfyhim ujlipulug u yfuviluyui xy ogu hipu wihmncnocyui jil ogu Ummygvfycu wihmncnochny, ivdyncpuhxi uzumnul u yzcwswcu xu hilgu wihmncnowcihuf umwyhxcxu hu xcnuxolu Jchiwbyn. U wigjcfuyui xi hipi nyrni wihmncnowcihuf xi Wbcfy myaoy yg wolmi.
Ij adivg yv ybxvyv yz 1980, j kmjxznnj yz mzojmij s yzhjxmvxdv ajd hvmxvyj kzgj kgzwdnxdoj yz 1988. Znoz kgzwdnxdoj diyvbvqv nz jn xcdgzijn xjinziodvh xjh v kzmhvicixdv yz Kdijxczo ij kjyzm vob 11 yz hvmzj yz 1997, xjh v jkzvj Ndh mzazmdiyj-nz s xjixjmyuixdv, zilpvioj v jkzvj Ivj mzezdovqv vn kmzozinnzn yj ziovj bjqzmivioz. V qdolmdv yv jkzvj Ivj, xjh 54,71 yjn qjojn vkpmvyjn, dhkgdxjp iv xjiqjxvzvj yz zgzdznzn yzhjxmtodxvn xjiepiovn kvmv j Zszxpodqj z Gzbdngvodqj zh 1989, xjh Vpbpnoj Kdijxczo yzdsviyj j xvmbj zh 11 yz hvmzj yz 1990. Kvomdxdj Vtgrdi vnnphdp xjhj j kmdhzdmj kmzndyzioz yj kzmfjyj xjiczxdyj xjhj Omvindzvj. Vtgrdi nz ojmijp j kmdhzdmj yz lpvomj kmzndyziozn yv Xjixzmovxdli, v xjvgduvj yz xziomj-znlpzmyv lpz nz jkmn v Kdijxczo ij kgzwdnxdoj z zmv xjhkjnov kjm yzhjxmvovn-xmdnovjn, mvydxvdn z njxdvgdnovn. Yzkjdn yz Vtgrdi, jn kmlsdhjn kmzndyziozn ajmvh Zypvmyj Amzd Mpdu-Ovbgz 1994-2000 , Mdxvmyj Gvbjn 2000-2006 z Hdxczggz Wvxczgzo lpz, zh 2006, nz ojmijp v kmdhzdmv hpgczm v kmzndydm j kvfn zh ojyv v npv cdnolmdv. Hvidaznoviozn ij xziomj yz Nviodvbj xzgzwmvh v qdolmdv yj Ivj ij kgzwdnxdoj yz 5 yz jpopwmj yz 1988 kmzndyziozn xcdgzijn yznyz 1990. Jn bjqzmijn yv Xjixzmovxdli xvmvxozmduvmvh-nz kjm mznovpmvm j mzbdhz yzhjxmtodxj, znovwzgzxziyj phv ijqv kjgfodxv ivxdjivg wvnzvyv iv pidyvyz z kmjxpmviyj mznovwzgzxzm vn mzgvznzn xjh vn Ajmzvn Vmhvyvn. Zh 1990, j kvfn xmdjp v Xjhdnnvj Qvgzxc, kjm diozmhbydj yj Yzxmzoj Npkmzhj i 355, kvmv adin yz vkpmvm vn qdjgvznzn yz ydmzdojn cphvijn xjhzodyvn ypmvioz v ydovypmv. Znovn qdjgvznzn ajmvh jadxdvghzioz mzxjiczxdyvn kjm hzdj yj Mzgvolmdj Mzoodb z yv Xjhdnnvj Qvgzxc. Zxjijhdxvhzioz, v Omvindzvj ajd xvmvxozmduvyv kjm ph xmznxdhzioj ndbidadxvodqj z ph ajmovgzxdhzioj yv kjndzvj adnxvg z adivixzdmv yj kvfn, xjh j Xcdgz ojmiviyj-nz j kvfn hvdn yznziqjgqdyj yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. J hjyzgj izjgdwzmvg ajd hviodyj, zhwjmv vn kjgfodxvn zxjimhdxvn qjgovyvn kvmv j bvnoj kswgdxj njxdvg ozicvh ndyj kmjhjqdyvn z vkmjapiyvyvn, nvgqvbpvmyviyj v znovwdgdyvyz hvxmjzxjimhdxv z mzypudiyj ndbidadxvodqvhzioz v kjwmzuv. Xzmxv yz 23,5 yv kjkpgvzvj yzdsjp v gdicv yv kjwmzuv ziomz 1990 z 2009. J kvfn ovhwbh kmjhjqzp npv mzdiozbmvzvj ijn hzmxvyjn diozmivxdjivdn, vnndiviyj vxjmyjn yz gdqmz xjhbmxdj xjh jn kmdixdkvdn kvmxzdmjn xjhzmxdvdn, zh znkzxdvg xjh v Pidvj Zpmjkzdv, j Wmvndg, jn Znovyjn Pidyjn z v Xcdiv. Zh 2010, Nzwvnodti Kd zmv nz ojmijp j kmdhzdmj kjgfodxj yz xziomj-ydmzdov v nzm zgzdoj kmzndyzioz yj kvfn zh ph diozmnofxdj yz 52 vijn. Nzp hviyvoj xvmvxozmdujp-nz kzgv mzxpkzmvzvj zxjimhdxv vkln v xmdnz adivixzdmv yz 2008 z kzgv mzxjinompzvj yvn tmzvn vazovyvn kzgj ozmmzhjoj yz 2010 iv tmzv xziomvg yj kvfn. Ij ziovioj, ziamziojp hjqdhziojn njxdvdn ndbidadxvodqjn, znkzxdvghzioz yz hjwdgduvznzn yz znopyviozn yjn zindijn hbydj z npkzmdjm z kmjoznojn mzbdjivdn zh Hvbvgcvzn z Vtnbi, vgbh yvn yzisixdvn yz hvidkpgvzvj yz yvyjn, kmdixdkvghzioz ij xvhkj yv xvmvxozmduvzvj yv kjwmzuv, yv diagvzvj z ij xzinj yz 2012, njhvyjn v xvnjn yz npkjnov xjmmpkzvj yz vgbpin yz nzpn vkjdvyjmzn vkln j adh yz nzp bjqzmij. Hdxczggz Wvxczgzo ajd zgzdov kvmv ph nzbpiyj hviyvoj kmzndyzixdvg zh 2013. Nzp bjqzmij xvmvxozmdujp-nz kzgj dhkpgnj yz phv nbmdz yz mzajmhvn, hpdovn qjgovyvn kvmv vn yzhviyvn yjn hjqdhziojn njxdvdn npmbdyvn ijn vijn viozmdjmzn. Ziomz vn hvdn kmjzhdiziozn znovj vn hpyvizvn ij ndnozhv omdwpotmdj, v yznxmdhdivgduvzvj kvmxdvg yj vwjmoj, vn mzajmhvn ij ndnozhv zypxvxdjivg z zgzdojmvg z v dhkgzhziovzvj bmvypvg yv bmvopdyvyz zh ojyj j ndnozhv znxjgvm, dixgpdiyj j zindij npkzmdjm. Ypmvioz j nzbpiyj bjqzmij yz Wvxczgzo ovhwbh jxjmmzp v vkmjqvzvj yj Vxjmyj yz Pidvj Xdqdg zh 2015 - xjixzyziyj mzxjiczxdhzioj zskmznnj vjn xvnvdn yj hznhj nzsj iv gzbdngvzvj xcdgziv - z v xmdvzvj yz ijqvn tmzvn yz kmjozzvj hvmdicv, kvnnviyj yz 4,3 kvmv 42,4 yz nvgqvbpvmyv iv tmzv jxzuidxv ivxdjivg. Xvmvxozmdujp-nz, vdiyv, kzgv dhkgzhziovzvj yj kmjbmvhv Xcdgz Mzxjijxz, xjh qdbn cphvidotmdj, ij lpvg v ivxdjivgdyvyz xcdgziv ajd znoziydyv vjn adgcjn yz znomvibzdmjn mzndyziozn ij kvfn, vdiyv lpz yz ajmhv dmmzbpgvm. Dnoj ajd hjodqvyj kzgj avoj yz lpz j kvfn mzxzwzp, ijn sgodhjn vijn, phv jiyv hdbmvolmdv ndbidadxvodqv, znkzxdvghzioz yz qzizupzgvijn z cvdodvijn, nziyj lpz j ishzmj yz dhdbmviozn vj Xcdgz kvnnjp yz 2014 kvmv zh 2017. Xvnjn yz xjmmpkzvj ovhwbh ajmvh mzbdnomvyjn. Zh 2018, Kd zmv vnnphdp nzp nzbpiyj hviyvoj kmzndyzixdvg, vkln qzixzm vn zgzdznzn mzvgduvyvn ij vij viozmdjm. Npv nzbpiyv bznovj ajd mznkjintqzg kjm kmjhpgbvm v Gzd yz dyziodyvyz yz bcizmj, kzmhdodiyj v vgozmvzvj gzbvg yj ijhz z bcizmj yvn kznnjvn omvinbcizmj, vgbh yz phv ijotqzg vkmjsdhvzvj xjh v Vmbziodiv z xmfodxvn vj mzbdhz kjgfodxj zh qdbjm iv Qzizupzgv. Vj gjibj yznoz kzmfjyj, j Xcdgz jwozqz phv qdolmdv mzgzqvioz njwmz v Wjgfqdv epioj vj Omdwpivg Diozmivxdjivg yz Epnodzv, jiyz jn wjgdqdvijn kjnopgvqvh v mznovpmvzvj yj vxznnj yj kvfn vj Jxzvij Kvxfadxj, j lpvg ajmv kzmydyj kzgv Wjgfqdv zh 1883 zh xjinzlpcixdv yv Bpzmmv yj Kvxfadxj. Xjh v nziozizv kmjaznnvyv kzgj Omdwpivg Diozmivxdjivg, ivj nz dhkmn vj Xcdgz v jwmdbvzvj yz izbjxdvm xjh v Wjgfqdv phv nvfyv kvmv j hvm. Nviodvbj, ypmvioz vn hvidaznovznzn yz 2019-2020 V kvmodm yz 2019, j Xcdgz ozh ndyj hvmxvyj kjm hvidaznovznzn hvnndqvn yz xdyvyvjn, didxdvghzioz yznzixvyzvyvn kzgj vphzioj yv ovmdav yj ndnozhv yz omvinkjmoz kswgdxj yz Nviodvbj, bvicviyj xjmkj hzydvioz kmjoznojn, vbdovznzn z mzdqdiydxvznzn xdqdn. Jn avojn aduzmvh xjh lpz j ziovj hdidnomj Viymbn Xcvyrdxf diqjxvnnz v Gzd yz Nzbpmvizv Diozmiv yj Znovyj xjiomv jn hvidaznoviozn, vxjhkvicvyv yv yzxgvmvzvj yz znovyj yz zhzmbcixdv kjm Nzwvnodti Kd zmv. V hjodqvzvj yvn hvidaznovznzn vxvwjp kjm dixjmkjmvm jpomvn kvpovn njxdvdn mzdqdiydxvyvn kzgjn xcdgzijn, avuziyj yjn kmjoznojn jn hvdjmzn lpz j kvfn et qdp yznyz v zmv Kdijxczo. Vj gjibj yznoz kmjxznnj, j Xcdgz qdp nzmzh mzbdnomvyvn jxjmmcixdvn yz vwpnjn z dijwnzmquixdvn yjn ydmzdojn cphvijn, vgbh yj xzmxzvhzioj s gdwzmyvyz yz dhkmzinv. V xjinzlpcixdv hvdn ijotqzg yvn hvidaznovznzn jxjmmdyvn ajd v mzvgduvzvj yz ph kgzwdnxdoj ivxdjivg zh jpopwmj yz 2020, ij lpvg jn xcdgzijn vkmjqvmvh v zgvwjmvzvj yz phv ijqv xjinodopdzvj kjm phv Vnnzhwgzdv xjinodopdioz, jwezodqviyj vavnovm v zadxtxdv yv ijmhv xjinodopxdjivg vnxziydyv iv ydovypmv Kdijxczo. V xjhkdgvzvj yj ijqj ozsoj xjinodopxdjivg yj Xcdgz nzbpz zh xpmnj.
Jk bejwh zw zcywzw za 1980, k lnkyaook za napknjk t zaikynwyew bke iwnywzk lahk lhaxeoyepk za 1988. Aopa lhaxeoyepk ejzwcwrw oa ko ydehajko ykjoajpewi yki w laniwjdjyew za Lejkydap jk lkzan wpc 11 za iwnak za 1997, yki w klawk Oei nabanejzk-oa t ykjyknzvjyew, ajmqwjpk w klawk Jwk nafaepwrw wo lnapajooao zk ajpwk ckranjwjpa. W repmnew zw klawk Jwk, yki 54,71 zko rkpko wlqnwzko, eilheykq jw ykjrkywawk za ahaeaoao zaikynupeywo ykjfqjpwo lwnw k Atayqperk a Haceohwperk ai 1989, yki Wqcqopk Lejkydap zaetwjzk k ywnck ai 11 za iwnak za 1990. Lwpneyek Wuhsej wooqieq ykik k lneiaenk lnaoezajpa zk langkzk ykjdayezk ykik Pnwjoeawk. Wuhsej oa pknjkq k lneiaenk za mqwpnk lnaoezajpao zw Ykjyanpwyemj, w ykwhevwk za yajpnk-aomqanzw mqa oa klno w Lejkydap jk lhaxeoyepk a anw ykilkopw lkn zaikynwpwo-yneopwko, nwzeyweo a okyewheopwo. Zalkeo za Wuhsej, ko lnmteiko lnaoezajpao bknwi Azqwnzk Bnae Nqev-Pwcha 1994-2000 , Neywnzk Hwcko 2000-2006 a Ieydahha Xwydahap mqa, ai 2006, oa pknjkq w lneiaenw iqhdan w lnaoezen k lwgo ai pkzw w oqw deopmnew. Iwjebaopwjpao jk yajpnk za Owjpewck yahaxnwi w repmnew zk Jwk jk lhaxeoyepk za 5 za kqpqxnk za 1988 lnaoezajpao ydehajko zaoza 1990. Ko ckranjko zw Ykjyanpwyemj ywnwypanevwnwi-oa lkn naopwqnwn k naceia zaikynupeyk, aopwxahayajzk qiw jkrw lkhgpeyw jwyekjwh xwoawzw jw qjezwza a lnkyqnwjzk naopwxahayan wo nahwaoao yki wo Bknawo Wniwzwo. Ai 1990, k lwgo ynekq w Ykieoowk Rwhayd, lkn ejpaniczek zk Zaynapk Oqlnaik j 355, lwnw bejo za wlqnwn wo rekhwaoao za zenaepko dqiwjko ykiapezwo zqnwjpa w zepwzqnw. Aopwo rekhwaoao bknwi kbeyewhiajpa naykjdayezwo lkn iaek zk Nahwpmnek Nappec a zw Ykieoowk Rwhayd. Aykjkieywiajpa, w Pnwjoeawk bke ywnwypanevwzw lkn qi ynaoyeiajpk oecjebeywperk a qi bknpwhayeiajpk zw lkoeawk beoywh a bejwjyaenw zk lwgo, yki k Ydeha pknjwjzk-oa k lwgo iweo zaoajrkhrezk zw Wicneyw Hwpejw. K ikzahk jakhexanwh bke iwjpezk, aixknw wo lkhgpeywo aykjnieywo rkhpwzwo lwnw k cwopk ltxheyk okyewh pajdwi oezk lnkikrezwo a wlnkbqjzwzwo, owhrwcqwnzwjzk w aopwxehezwza iwynkaykjnieyw a nazqvejzk oecjebeywperwiajpa w lkxnavw. Yanyw za 23,5 zw lklqhwawk zaetkq w hejdw zw lkxnavw ajpna 1990 a 2009. K lwgo pwixci lnkikraq oqw naejpacnwawk jko ianywzko ejpanjwyekjweo, wooejwjzk wyknzko za herna ykicnyek yki ko lnejyelweo lwnyaenko ykianyeweo, ai aolayewh yki w Qjewk Aqnklaew, k Xnwoeh, ko Aopwzko Qjezko a w Ydejw. Ai 2010, Oaxwopeuj Le anw oa pknjkq k lneiaenk lkhgpeyk za yajpnk-zenaepw w oan ahaepk lnaoezajpa zk lwgo ai qi ejpanopgyek za 52 wjko. Oaq iwjzwpk ywnwypanevkq-oa lahw nayqlanwawk aykjnieyw wlmo w yneoa bejwjyaenw za 2008 a lahw naykjopnqawk zwo unawo wbapwzwo lahk pannaikpk za 2010 jw unaw yajpnwh zk lwgo. Jk ajpwjpk, ajbnajpkq ikreiajpko okyeweo oecjebeywperko, aolayewhiajpa za ikxehevwaoao za aopqzwjpao zko ajoejko iczek a oqlanekn a lnkpaopko nacekjweo ai Iwcwhdwao a Wuocj, whci zwo zajtjyewo za iwjelqhwawk za zwzko, lnejyelwhiajpa jk ywilk zw ywnwypanevwawk zw lkxnavw, zw ejbhwawk a jk yajok za 2012, okiwzko w ywoko za oqlkopw yknnqlawk za whcqjo za oaqo wlkewzknao wlmo k bei za oaq ckranjk. Ieydahha Xwydahap bke ahaepw lwnw qi oacqjzk iwjzwpk lnaoezajyewh ai 2013. Oaq ckranjk ywnwypanevkq-oa lahk eilqhok za qiw ocnea za nabkniwo, iqepwo rkhpwzwo lwnw wo zaiwjzwo zko ikreiajpko okyeweo oqncezwo jko wjko wjpaneknao. Ajpna wo iweo lnkaiejajpao aopwk wo iqzwjawo jk oeopaiw pnexqpunek, w zaoyneiejwhevwawk lwnyewh zk wxknpk, wo nabkniwo jk oeopaiw azqywyekjwh a ahaepknwh a w eilhaiajpwawk cnwzqwh zw cnwpqezwza ai pkzk k oeopaiw aoykhwn, ejyhqejzk k ajoejk oqlanekn. Zqnwjpa k oacqjzk ckranjk za Xwydahap pwixci kyknnaq w wlnkrwawk zk Wyknzk za Qjewk Yereh ai 2015 - ykjyazajzk naykjdayeiajpk atlnaook wko ywoweo zk iaoik oatk jw haceohwawk ydehajw - a w ynewawk za jkrwo unawo za lnkpaawk iwnejdw, lwoowjzk za 4,3 lwnw 42,4 za owhrwcqwnzw jw unaw kyavjeyw jwyekjwh. Ywnwypanevkq-oa, wejzw, lahw eilhaiajpwawk zk lnkcnwiw Ydeha Naykjkya, yki reco dqiwjepunek, jk mqwh w jwyekjwhezwza ydehajw bke aopajzezw wko behdko za aopnwjcaenko naoezajpao jk lwgo, wejzw mqa za bkniw ennacqhwn. Eopk bke ikperwzk lahk bwpk za mqa k lwgo nayaxaq, jko thpeiko wjko, qiw kjzw iecnwpmnew oecjebeywperw, aolayewhiajpa za rajavqahwjko a dwepewjko, oajzk mqa k jtiank za eiecnwjpao wk Ydeha lwookq za 2014 lwnw ai 2017. Ywoko za yknnqlawk pwixci bknwi naceopnwzko. Ai 2018, Le anw wooqieq oaq oacqjzk iwjzwpk lnaoezajyewh, wlmo rajyan wo ahaeaoao nawhevwzwo jk wjk wjpanekn. Oqw oacqjzw caopwk bke naolkjourah lkn lnkiqhcwn w Hae za ezajpezwza za cdjank, laniepejzk w whpanwawk hacwh zk jkia a cdjank zwo laookwo pnwjocdjank, whci za qiw jkpurah wlnkteiwawk yki w Wncajpejw a yngpeywo wk naceia lkhgpeyk ai reckn jw Rajavqahw. Wk hkjck zaopa langkzk, k Ydeha kxpara qiw repmnew naharwjpa okxna w Xkhgrew fqjpk wk Pnexqjwh Ejpanjwyekjwh za Fqopeaw, kjza ko xkherewjko lkopqhwrwi w naopwqnwawk zk wyaook zk lwgo wk Kyawjk Lwygbeyk, k mqwh bknw lanzezk lahw Xkhgrew ai 1883 ai ykjoamqdjyew zw Cqannw zk Lwygbeyk. Yki w oajpajaw lnkbaoowzw lahk Pnexqjwh Ejpanjwyekjwh, jwk oa eilno wk Ydeha w kxnecwawk za jackyewn yki w Xkhgrew qiw owgzw lwnw k iwn. Owjpewck, zqnwjpa wo iwjebaopwaoao za 2019-2020 W lwnpen za 2019, k Ydeha pai oezk iwnywzk lkn iwjebaopwaoao iwooerwo za yezwzwko, ejeyewhiajpa zaoajywzawzwo lahk wqiajpk zw pwnebw zk oeopaiw za pnwjolknpa ltxheyk za Owjpewck, cwjdwjzk yknlk iazewjpa lnkpaopko, wcepwaoao a naerejzeywaoao yereo. Ko bwpko bevanwi yki mqa k ajpwk iejeopnk Wjznco Ydwzseyg ejrkywooa w Hae za Oacqnwjaw Ejpanjw zk Aopwzk ykjpnw ko iwjebaopwjpao, wykilwjdwzw zw zayhwnwawk za aopwzk za aiancdjyew lkn Oaxwopeuj Le anw. W ikperwawk zwo iwjebaopwaoao wywxkq lkn ejyknlknwn kqpnwo lwqpwo okyeweo naerejzeywzwo lahko ydehajko, bwvajzk zko lnkpaopko ko iweknao mqa k lwgo fu req zaoza w anw Lejkydap. Wk hkjck zaopa lnkyaook, k Ydeha req oanai naceopnwzwo kyknndjyewo za wxqoko a ejkxoanrvjyewo zko zenaepko dqiwjko, whci zk yanyawiajpk t hexanzwza za eilnajow. W ykjoamqdjyew iweo jkpurah zwo iwjebaopwaoao kyknnezwo bke w nawhevwawk za qi lhaxeoyepk jwyekjwh ai kqpqxnk za 2020, jk mqwh ko ydehajko wlnkrwnwi w ahwxknwawk za qiw jkrw ykjopepqeawk lkn qiw Wooaixhaew ykjopepqejpa, kxfaperwjzk wbwopwn w abeyuyew zw jkniw ykjopepqyekjwh woyajzezw jw zepwzqnw Lejkydap. W ykilehwawk zk jkrk patpk ykjopepqyekjwh zk Ydeha oacqa ai yqnok.
Kl cfkxi ax adzxax ab 1980, l molzbppl ab obqlokl u abjlzoxzfx clf jxozxal mbil mibyfpzfql ab 1988. Bpqb mibyfpzfql fkaxdxsx pb lp zefibklp zlkpbkqfxj zlj x mbojxkekzfx ab Mfklzebq kl mlabo xqd 11 ab jxobl ab 1997, zlj x lmbxl Pfj obcbofkal-pb u zlkzloawkzfx, bknrxkql x lmbxl Kxl obgbfqxsx xp mobqbkppbp al bkqxl dlsbokxkqb. X sfqnofx ax lmbxl Kxl, zlj 54,71 alp slqlp xmroxalp, fjmifzlr kx zlkslzxbxl ab bibfbpbp abjlzovqfzxp zlkgrkqxp mxox l Bubzrqfsl b Ibdfpixqfsl bj 1989, zlj Xrdrpql Mfklzebq abfuxkal l zxodl bj 11 ab jxobl ab 1990. Mxqofzfl Xvitfk xpprjfr zljl l mofjbfol mobpfabkqb al mbohlal zlkebzfal zljl Qoxkpfbxl. Xvitfk pb qloklr l mofjbfol ab nrxqol mobpfabkqbp ax Zlkzboqxzfnk, x zlxifwxl ab zbkqol-bpnrboax nrb pb lmop x Mfklzebq kl mibyfpzfql b box zljmlpqx mlo abjlzoxqxp-zofpqxlp, oxafzxfp b plzfxifpqxp. Abmlfp ab Xvitfk, lp monufjlp mobpfabkqbp cloxj Barxoal Cobf Orfw-Qxdib 1994-2000 , Ofzxoal Ixdlp 2000-2006 b Jfzebiib Yxzebibq nrb, bj 2006, pb qloklr x mofjbfox jriebo x mobpfafo l mxhp bj qlax x prx efpqnofx. Jxkfcbpqxkqbp kl zbkqol ab Pxkqfxdl zbibyoxj x sfqnofx al Kxl kl mibyfpzfql ab 5 ab lrqryol ab 1988 mobpfabkqbp zefibklp abpab 1990. Lp dlsboklp ax Zlkzboqxzfnk zxoxzqbofwxoxj-pb mlo obpqxroxo l obdfjb abjlzovqfzl, bpqxybibzbkal rjx klsx mlihqfzx kxzflkxi yxpbxax kx rkfaxab b molzroxkal obpqxybibzbo xp obixbpbp zlj xp Clobxp Xojxaxp. Bj 1990, l mxhp zoflr x Zljfppxl Sxibze, mlo fkqbojdafl al Abzobql Prmobjl k 355, mxox cfkp ab xmroxo xp sflixbpbp ab afobfqlp erjxklp zljbqfaxp aroxkqb x afqxarox. Bpqxp sflixbpbp cloxj lcfzfxijbkqb obzlkebzfaxp mlo jbfl al Obixqnofl Obqqfd b ax Zljfppxl Sxibze. Bzlkljfzxjbkqb, x Qoxkpfbxl clf zxoxzqbofwxax mlo rj zobpzfjbkql pfdkfcfzxqfsl b rj cloqxibzfjbkql ax mlpfbxl cfpzxi b cfkxkzbfox al mxhp, zlj l Zefib qlokxkal-pb l mxhp jxfp abpbkslisfal ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. L jlabil kblifyboxi clf jxkqfal, bjylox xp mlihqfzxp bzlkojfzxp sliqxaxp mxox l dxpql muyifzl plzfxi qbkexj pfal moljlsfaxp b xmolcrkaxaxp, pxisxdrxoaxkal x bpqxyfifaxab jxzolbzlkojfzx b obarwfkal pfdkfcfzxqfsxjbkqb x mlyobwx. Zbozx ab 23,5 ax mlmrixbxl abfulr x ifkex ax mlyobwx bkqob 1990 b 2009. L mxhp qxjydj moljlsbr prx obfkqbdoxbxl klp jbozxalp fkqbokxzflkxfp, xppfkxkal xzloalp ab ifsob zljdozfl zlj lp mofkzfmxfp mxozbfolp zljbozfxfp, bj bpmbzfxi zlj x Rkfxl Brolmbfx, l Yoxpfi, lp Bpqxalp Rkfalp b x Zefkx. Bj 2010, Pbyxpqfvk Mf box pb qloklr l mofjbfol mlihqfzl ab zbkqol-afobfqx x pbo bibfql mobpfabkqb al mxhp bj rj fkqbopqhzfl ab 52 xklp. Pbr jxkaxql zxoxzqbofwlr-pb mbix obzrmboxbxl bzlkojfzx xmnp x zofpb cfkxkzbfox ab 2008 b mbix obzlkpqorbxl axp vobxp xcbqxaxp mbil qboobjlql ab 2010 kx vobx zbkqoxi al mxhp. Kl bkqxkql, bkcobkqlr jlsfjbkqlp plzfxfp pfdkfcfzxqfslp, bpmbzfxijbkqb ab jlyfifwxbpbp ab bpqraxkqbp alp bkpfklp jdafl b prmboflo b molqbpqlp obdflkxfp bj Jxdxiexbp b Xvpdk, xidj axp abkukzfxp ab jxkfmrixbxl ab axalp, mofkzfmxijbkqb kl zxjml ax zxoxzqbofwxbxl ax mlyobwx, ax fkcixbxl b kl zbkpl ab 2012, pljxalp x zxplp ab prmlpqx zloormbxl ab xidrkp ab pbrp xmlfxalobp xmnp l cfj ab pbr dlsbokl. Jfzebiib Yxzebibq clf bibfqx mxox rj pbdrkal jxkaxql mobpfabkzfxi bj 2013. Pbr dlsbokl zxoxzqbofwlr-pb mbil fjmripl ab rjx pdofb ab obclojxp, jrfqxp sliqxaxp mxox xp abjxkaxp alp jlsfjbkqlp plzfxfp prodfaxp klp xklp xkqboflobp. Bkqob xp jxfp molbjfkbkqbp bpqxl xp jraxkbxp kl pfpqbjx qofyrqvofl, x abpzofjfkxifwxbxl mxozfxi al xyloql, xp obclojxp kl pfpqbjx barzxzflkxi b bibfqloxi b x fjmibjbkqxbxl doxarxi ax doxqrfaxab bj qlal l pfpqbjx bpzlixo, fkzirfkal l bkpfkl prmboflo. Aroxkqb l pbdrkal dlsbokl ab Yxzebibq qxjydj lzloobr x xmolsxbxl al Xzloal ab Rkfxl Zfsfi bj 2015 - zlkzbabkal obzlkebzfjbkql bumobppl xlp zxpxfp al jbpjl pbul kx ibdfpixbxl zefibkx - b x zofxbxl ab klsxp vobxp ab molqbbxl jxofkex, mxppxkal ab 4,3 mxox 42,4 ab pxisxdrxoax kx vobx lzbwkfzx kxzflkxi. Zxoxzqbofwlr-pb, xfkax, mbix fjmibjbkqxbxl al moldoxjx Zefib Obzlklzb, zlj sfdp erjxkfqvofl, kl nrxi x kxzflkxifaxab zefibkx clf bpqbkafax xlp cfielp ab bpqoxkdbfolp obpfabkqbp kl mxhp, xfkax nrb ab clojx foobdrixo. Fpql clf jlqfsxal mbil cxql ab nrb l mxhp obzbybr, klp uiqfjlp xklp, rjx lkax jfdoxqnofx pfdkfcfzxqfsx, bpmbzfxijbkqb ab sbkbwrbixklp b exfqfxklp, pbkal nrb l kujbol ab fjfdoxkqbp xl Zefib mxpplr ab 2014 mxox bj 2017. Zxplp ab zloormbxl qxjydj cloxj obdfpqoxalp. Bj 2018, Mf box xpprjfr pbr pbdrkal jxkaxql mobpfabkzfxi, xmnp sbkzbo xp bibfbpbp obxifwxaxp kl xkl xkqboflo. Prx pbdrkax dbpqxl clf obpmlkpvsbi mlo moljridxo x Ibf ab fabkqfaxab ab dekbol, mbojfqfkal x xiqboxbxl ibdxi al kljb b dekbol axp mbpplxp qoxkpdekbol, xidj ab rjx klqvsbi xmolufjxbxl zlj x Xodbkqfkx b zohqfzxp xl obdfjb mlihqfzl bj sfdlo kx Sbkbwrbix. Xl ilkdl abpqb mbohlal, l Zefib lyqbsb rjx sfqnofx obibsxkqb plyob x Ylihsfx grkql xl Qofyrkxi Fkqbokxzflkxi ab Grpqfbx, lkab lp ylifsfxklp mlpqrixsxj x obpqxroxbxl al xzbppl al mxhp xl Lzbxkl Mxzhcfzl, l nrxi clox mboafal mbix Ylihsfx bj 1883 bj zlkpbnrekzfx ax Drboox al Mxzhcfzl. Zlj x pbkqbkbx molcbppxax mbil Qofyrkxi Fkqbokxzflkxi, kxl pb fjmop xl Zefib x lyofdxbxl ab kbdlzfxo zlj x Ylihsfx rjx pxhax mxox l jxo. Pxkqfxdl, aroxkqb xp jxkfcbpqxbpbp ab 2019-2020 X mxoqfo ab 2019, l Zefib qbj pfal jxozxal mlo jxkfcbpqxbpbp jxppfsxp ab zfaxaxlp, fkfzfxijbkqb abpbkzxabxaxp mbil xrjbkql ax qxofcx al pfpqbjx ab qoxkpmloqb muyifzl ab Pxkqfxdl, dxkexkal zloml jbafxkqb molqbpqlp, xdfqxbpbp b obfsfkafzxbpbp zfsfp. Lp cxqlp cfwboxj zlj nrb l bkqxl jfkfpqol Xkaodp Zexatfzh fkslzxppb x Ibf ab Pbdroxkbx Fkqbokx al Bpqxal zlkqox lp jxkfcbpqxkqbp, xzljmxkexax ax abzixoxbxl ab bpqxal ab bjbodekzfx mlo Pbyxpqfvk Mf box. X jlqfsxbxl axp jxkfcbpqxbpbp xzxylr mlo fkzlomloxo lrqoxp mxrqxp plzfxfp obfsfkafzxaxp mbilp zefibklp, cxwbkal alp molqbpqlp lp jxflobp nrb l mxhp gv sfr abpab x box Mfklzebq. Xl ilkdl abpqb molzbppl, l Zefib sfr pbobj obdfpqoxaxp lzlooekzfxp ab xyrplp b fklypboswkzfxp alp afobfqlp erjxklp, xidj al zbozbxjbkql u ifyboaxab ab fjmobkpx. X zlkpbnrekzfx jxfp klqvsbi axp jxkfcbpqxbpbp lzloofaxp clf x obxifwxbxl ab rj mibyfpzfql kxzflkxi bj lrqryol ab 2020, kl nrxi lp zefibklp xmolsxoxj x bixyloxbxl ab rjx klsx zlkpqfqrfbxl mlo rjx Xppbjyibfx zlkpqfqrfkqb, lygbqfsxkal xcxpqxo x bcfzvzfx ax klojx zlkpqfqrzflkxi xpzbkafax kx afqxarox Mfklzebq. X zljmfixbxl al klsl qbuql zlkpqfqrzflkxi al Zefib pbdrb bj zropl.
Lm dglyj by beayby bc 1980, m npmacqqm bc pcrmplm v bckmapyagy dmg kypaybm ncjm njczgqagrm bc 1988. Cqrc njczgqagrm glbyeyty qc mq afgjclmq amlqclrgyk amk y ncpkylflagy bc Nglmafcr lm nmbcp yre 11 bc kypcm bc 1997, amk y mncym Qgk pcdcpglbm-qc v amlampbxlagy, closylrm y mncym Lym pchcgryty yq npcrclqqcq bm clrym emtcplylrc. Y tgropgy by mncym Lym, amk 54,71 bmq tmrmq ynspybmq, gknjgams ly amltmaycym bc cjcgcqcq bckmapwrgayq amlhslryq nypy m Cvcasrgtm c Jcegqjyrgtm ck 1989, amk Ysesqrm Nglmafcr bcgvylbm m aypem ck 11 bc kypcm bc 1990. Nyrpgagm Ywjugl yqqskgs amkm m npgkcgpm npcqgbclrc bm ncpimbm amlfcagbm amkm Rpylqgcym. Ywjugl qc rmplms m npgkcgpm bc osyrpm npcqgbclrcq by Amlacpryagol, y amyjgxym bc aclrpm-cqoscpby osc qc mnpq y Nglmafcr lm njczgqagrm c cpy amknmqry nmp bckmapyryq-apgqrymq, pybgaygq c qmagyjgqryq. Bcnmgq bc Ywjugl, mq npovgkmq npcqgbclrcq dmpyk Cbsypbm Dpcg Psgx-Ryejc 1994-2000 , Pgaypbm Jyemq 2000-2006 c Kgafcjjc Zyafcjcr osc, ck 2006, qc rmplms y npgkcgpy ksjfcp y npcqgbgp m nyiq ck rmby y qsy fgqropgy. Kylgdcqrylrcq lm aclrpm bc Qylrgyem acjczpyk y tgropgy bm Lym lm njczgqagrm bc 5 bc msrszpm bc 1988 npcqgbclrcq afgjclmq bcqbc 1990. Mq emtcplmq by Amlacpryagol aypyarcpgxypyk-qc nmp pcqryspyp m pcegkc bckmapwrgam, cqryzcjcaclbm sky lmty nmjirgay lyagmlyj zyqcyby ly slgbybc c npmaspylbm pcqryzcjcacp yq pcjycqcq amk yq Dmpcyq Ypkybyq. Ck 1990, m nyiq apgms y Amkgqqym Tyjcaf, nmp glrcpkebgm bm Bcapcrm Qsnpckm l 355, nypy dglq bc ynspyp yq tgmjycqcq bc bgpcgrmq fskylmq amkcrgbyq bspylrc y bgrybspy. Cqryq tgmjycqcq dmpyk mdgagyjkclrc pcamlfcagbyq nmp kcgm bm Pcjyropgm Pcrrge c by Amkgqqym Tyjcaf. Camlmkgaykclrc, y Rpylqgcym dmg aypyarcpgxyby nmp sk apcqagkclrm qgelgdgayrgtm c sk dmpryjcagkclrm by nmqgcym dgqayj c dglylacgpy bm nyiq, amk m Afgjc rmplylbm-qc m nyiq kygq bcqcltmjtgbm by Ykepgay Jyrgly. M kmbcjm lcmjgzcpyj dmg kylrgbm, ckzmpy yq nmjirgayq camlpkgayq tmjrybyq nypy m eyqrm nvzjgam qmagyj rclfyk qgbm npmkmtgbyq c ynpmdslbybyq, qyjtyesypbylbm y cqryzgjgbybc kyapmcamlpkgay c pcbsxglbm qgelgdgayrgtykclrc y nmzpcxy. Acpay bc 23,5 by nmnsjycym bcgvms y jglfy by nmzpcxy clrpc 1990 c 2009. M nyiq rykzek npmkmtcs qsy pcglrcepycym lmq kcpaybmq glrcplyagmlygq, yqqglylbm yampbmq bc jgtpc amkepagm amk mq npglagnygq nypacgpmq amkcpagygq, ck cqncagyj amk y Slgym Cspmncgy, m Zpyqgj, mq Cqrybmq Slgbmq c y Afgly. Ck 2010, Qczyqrgwl Ng cpy qc rmplms m npgkcgpm nmjirgam bc aclrpm-bgpcgry y qcp cjcgrm npcqgbclrc bm nyiq ck sk glrcpqriagm bc 52 ylmq. Qcs kylbyrm aypyarcpgxms-qc ncjy pcasncpycym camlpkgay ynoq y apgqc dglylacgpy bc 2008 c ncjy pcamlqrpscym byq wpcyq ydcrybyq ncjm rcppckmrm bc 2010 ly wpcy aclrpyj bm nyiq. Lm clrylrm, cldpclrms kmtgkclrmq qmagygq qgelgdgayrgtmq, cqncagyjkclrc bc kmzgjgxycqcq bc cqrsbylrcq bmq clqglmq kebgm c qsncpgmp c npmrcqrmq pcegmlygq ck Kyeyjfycq c Ywqel, yjek byq bclvlagyq bc kylgnsjycym bc bybmq, npglagnyjkclrc lm ayknm by aypyarcpgxycym by nmzpcxy, by gldjycym c lm aclqm bc 2012, qmkybmq y ayqmq bc qsnmqry amppsncym bc yjeslq bc qcsq ynmgybmpcq ynoq m dgk bc qcs emtcplm. Kgafcjjc Zyafcjcr dmg cjcgry nypy sk qceslbm kylbyrm npcqgbclagyj ck 2013. Qcs emtcplm aypyarcpgxms-qc ncjm gknsjqm bc sky qepgc bc pcdmpkyq, ksgryq tmjrybyq nypy yq bckylbyq bmq kmtgkclrmq qmagygq qspegbyq lmq ylmq ylrcpgmpcq. Clrpc yq kygq npmckglclrcq cqrym yq ksbylcyq lm qgqrcky rpgzsrwpgm, y bcqapgkglyjgxycym nypagyj bm yzmprm, yq pcdmpkyq lm qgqrcky cbsayagmlyj c cjcgrmpyj c y gknjckclrycym epybsyj by epyrsgbybc ck rmbm m qgqrcky cqamjyp, glajsglbm m clqglm qsncpgmp. Bspylrc m qceslbm emtcplm bc Zyafcjcr rykzek mamppcs y ynpmtycym bm Yampbm bc Slgym Agtgj ck 2015 - amlacbclbm pcamlfcagkclrm cvnpcqqm ymq ayqygq bm kcqkm qcvm ly jcegqjycym afgjcly - c y apgycym bc lmtyq wpcyq bc npmrccym kypglfy, nyqqylbm bc 4,3 nypy 42,4 bc qyjtyesypby ly wpcy macxlgay lyagmlyj. Aypyarcpgxms-qc, yglby, ncjy gknjckclrycym bm npmepyky Afgjc Pcamlmac, amk tgeq fskylgrwpgm, lm osyj y lyagmlyjgbybc afgjcly dmg cqrclbgby ymq dgjfmq bc cqrpylecgpmq pcqgbclrcq lm nyiq, yglby osc bc dmpky gppcesjyp. Gqrm dmg kmrgtybm ncjm dyrm bc osc m nyiq pcaczcs, lmq vjrgkmq ylmq, sky mlby kgepyropgy qgelgdgayrgty, cqncagyjkclrc bc tclcxscjylmq c fygrgylmq, qclbm osc m lvkcpm bc gkgepylrcq ym Afgjc nyqqms bc 2014 nypy ck 2017. Ayqmq bc amppsncym rykzek dmpyk pcegqrpybmq. Ck 2018, Ng cpy yqqskgs qcs qceslbm kylbyrm npcqgbclagyj, ynoq tclacp yq cjcgcqcq pcyjgxybyq lm ylm ylrcpgmp. Qsy qceslby ecqrym dmg pcqnmlqwtcj nmp npmksjeyp y Jcg bc gbclrgbybc bc eflcpm, ncpkgrglbm y yjrcpycym jceyj bm lmkc c eflcpm byq ncqqmyq rpylqeflcpm, yjek bc sky lmrwtcj ynpmvgkycym amk y Ypeclrgly c apirgayq ym pcegkc nmjirgam ck tgemp ly Tclcxscjy. Ym jmlem bcqrc ncpimbm, m Afgjc mzrctc sky tgropgy pcjctylrc qmzpc y Zmjitgy hslrm ym Rpgzslyj Glrcplyagmlyj bc Hsqrgcy, mlbc mq zmjgtgylmq nmqrsjytyk y pcqryspycym bm yacqqm bm nyiq ym Macylm Nyaidgam, m osyj dmpy ncpbgbm ncjy Zmjitgy ck 1883 ck amlqcosflagy by Escppy bm Nyaidgam. Amk y qclrclcy npmdcqqyby ncjm Rpgzslyj Glrcplyagmlyj, lym qc gknpq ym Afgjc y mzpgeycym bc lcemagyp amk y Zmjitgy sky qyiby nypy m kyp. Qylrgyem, bspylrc yq kylgdcqrycqcq bc 2019-2020 Y nyprgp bc 2019, m Afgjc rck qgbm kypaybm nmp kylgdcqrycqcq kyqqgtyq bc agbybymq, glgagyjkclrc bcqclaybcybyq ncjm yskclrm by rypgdy bm qgqrcky bc rpylqnmprc nvzjgam bc Qylrgyem, eylfylbm ampnm kcbgylrc npmrcqrmq, yegrycqcq c pcgtglbgaycqcq agtgq. Mq dyrmq dgxcpyk amk osc m clrym kglgqrpm Ylbpeq Afybugai gltmayqqc y Jcg bc Qcespylcy Glrcply bm Cqrybm amlrpy mq kylgdcqrylrcq, yamknylfyby by bcajypycym bc cqrybm bc ckcpeflagy nmp Qczyqrgwl Ng cpy. Y kmrgtycym byq kylgdcqrycqcq yayzms nmp glampnmpyp msrpyq nysryq qmagygq pcgtglbgaybyq ncjmq afgjclmq, dyxclbm bmq npmrcqrmq mq kygmpcq osc m nyiq hw tgs bcqbc y cpy Nglmafcr. Ym jmlem bcqrc npmacqqm, m Afgjc tgs qcpck pcegqrpybyq mamppflagyq bc yzsqmq c glmzqcptxlagyq bmq bgpcgrmq fskylmq, yjek bm acpacykclrm v jgzcpbybc bc gknpclqy. Y amlqcosflagy kygq lmrwtcj byq kylgdcqrycqcq mamppgbyq dmg y pcyjgxycym bc sk njczgqagrm lyagmlyj ck msrszpm bc 2020, lm osyj mq afgjclmq ynpmtypyk y cjyzmpycym bc sky lmty amlqrgrsgcym nmp sky Yqqckzjcgy amlqrgrsglrc, mzhcrgtylbm ydyqryp y cdgawagy by lmpky amlqrgrsagmlyj yqaclbgby ly bgrybspy Nglmafcr. Y amkngjycym bm lmtm rcvrm amlqrgrsagmlyj bm Afgjc qcesc ck aspqm.
Mn ehmzk cz cfbzcz cd 1980, n oqnbdrrn cd qdsnqmn w cdlnbqzbhz enh lzqbzcn odkn okdahrbhsn cd 1988. Drsd okdahrbhsn hmczfzuz rd nr bghkdmnr bnmrdmshzl bnl z odqlzmgmbhz cd Ohmnbgds mn oncdq zsf 11 cd lzqdn cd 1997, bnl z nodzn Rhl qdedqhmcn-rd w bnmbnqcymbhz, dmptzmsn z nodzn Mzn qdidhszuz zr oqdsdmrrdr cn dmszn fnudqmzmsd. Z uhspqhz cz nodzn Mzn, bnl 54,71 cnr unsnr zotqzcnr, hlokhbnt mz bnmunbzdzn cd dkdhdrdr cdlnbqxshbzr bnmitmszr ozqz n Dwdbtshun d Kdfhrkzshun dl 1989, bnl Ztftrsn Ohmnbgds cdhwzmcn n bzqfn dl 11 cd lzqdn cd 1990. Ozsqhbhn Zxkvhm zrrtlht bnln n oqhldhqn oqdrhcdmsd cn odqjncn bnmgdbhcn bnln Sqzmrhdzn. Zxkvhm rd snqmnt n oqhldhqn cd ptzsqn oqdrhcdmsdr cz Bnmbdqszbhpm, z bnzkhyzn cd bdmsqn-drptdqcz ptd rd noqr z Ohmnbgds mn okdahrbhsn d dqz bnlonrsz onq cdlnbqzszr-bqhrsznr, qzchbzhr d rnbhzkhrszr. Cdonhr cd Zxkvhm, nr oqpwhlnr oqdrhcdmsdr enqzl Dctzqcn Eqdh Qthy-Szfkd 1994-2000 , Qhbzqcn Kzfnr 2000-2006 d Lhbgdkkd Azbgdkds ptd, dl 2006, rd snqmnt z oqhldhqz ltkgdq z oqdrhchq n ozjr dl sncz z rtz ghrspqhz. Lzmhedrszmsdr mn bdmsqn cd Rzmshzfn bdkdaqzl z uhspqhz cn Mzn mn okdahrbhsn cd 5 cd ntstaqn cd 1988 oqdrhcdmsdr bghkdmnr cdrcd 1990. Nr fnudqmnr cz Bnmbdqszbhpm bzqzbsdqhyzqzl-rd onq qdrsztqzq n qdfhld cdlnbqxshbn, drszadkdbdmcn tlz mnuz onkjshbz mzbhnmzk azrdzcz mz tmhczcd d oqnbtqzmcn qdrszadkdbdq zr qdkzdrdr bnl zr Enqdzr Zqlzczr. Dl 1990, n ozjr bqhnt z Bnlhrrzn Uzkdbg, onq hmsdqlfchn cn Cdbqdsn Rtoqdln m 355, ozqz ehmr cd zotqzq zr uhnkzdrdr cd chqdhsnr gtlzmnr bnldshczr ctqzmsd z chszctqz. Drszr uhnkzdrdr enqzl nehbhzkldmsd qdbnmgdbhczr onq ldhn cn Qdkzspqhn Qdsshf d cz Bnlhrrzn Uzkdbg. Dbnmnlhbzldmsd, z Sqzmrhdzn enh bzqzbsdqhyzcz onq tl bqdrbhldmsn rhfmhehbzshun d tl enqszkdbhldmsn cz onrhdzn ehrbzk d ehmzmbdhqz cn ozjr, bnl n Bghkd snqmzmcn-rd n ozjr lzhr cdrdmunkuhcn cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. N lncdkn mdnkhadqzk enh lzmshcn, dlanqz zr onkjshbzr dbnmqlhbzr unkszczr ozqz n fzrsn owakhbn rnbhzk sdmgzl rhcn oqnlnuhczr d zoqnetmczczr, rzkuzftzqczmcn z drszahkhczcd lzbqndbnmqlhbz d qdctyhmcn rhfmhehbzshuzldmsd z onaqdyz. Bdqbz cd 23,5 cz onotkzdzn cdhwnt z khmgz cz onaqdyz dmsqd 1990 d 2009. N ozjr szlafl oqnlnudt rtz qdhmsdfqzdzn mnr ldqbzcnr hmsdqmzbhnmzhr, zrrhmzmcn zbnqcnr cd khuqd bnlfqbhn bnl nr oqhmbhozhr ozqbdhqnr bnldqbhzhr, dl drodbhzk bnl z Tmhzn Dtqnodhz, n Aqzrhk, nr Drszcnr Tmhcnr d z Bghmz. Dl 2010, Rdazrshxm Oh dqz rd snqmnt n oqhldhqn onkjshbn cd bdmsqn-chqdhsz z rdq dkdhsn oqdrhcdmsd cn ozjr dl tl hmsdqrsjbhn cd 52 zmnr. Rdt lzmczsn bzqzbsdqhynt-rd odkz qdbtodqzdzn dbnmqlhbz zopr z bqhrd ehmzmbdhqz cd 2008 d odkz qdbnmrsqtdzn czr xqdzr zedszczr odkn sdqqdlnsn cd 2010 mz xqdz bdmsqzk cn ozjr. Mn dmszmsn, dmeqdmsnt lnuhldmsnr rnbhzhr rhfmhehbzshunr, drodbhzkldmsd cd lnahkhyzdrdr cd drstczmsdr cnr dmrhmnr lfchn d rtodqhnq d oqnsdrsnr qdfhnmzhr dl Lzfzkgzdr d Zxrfm, zkfl czr cdmwmbhzr cd lzmhotkzdzn cd czcnr, oqhmbhozkldmsd mn bzlon cz bzqzbsdqhyzdzn cz onaqdyz, cz hmekzdzn d mn bdmrn cd 2012, rnlzcnr z bzrnr cd rtonrsz bnqqtodzn cd zkftmr cd rdtr zonhzcnqdr zopr n ehl cd rdt fnudqmn. Lhbgdkkd Azbgdkds enh dkdhsz ozqz tl rdftmcn lzmczsn oqdrhcdmbhzk dl 2013. Rdt fnudqmn bzqzbsdqhynt-rd odkn hlotkrn cd tlz rfqhd cd qdenqlzr, lthszr unkszczr ozqz zr cdlzmczr cnr lnuhldmsnr rnbhzhr rtqfhczr mnr zmnr zmsdqhnqdr. Dmsqd zr lzhr oqndlhmdmsdr drszn zr ltczmdzr mn rhrsdlz sqhatsxqhn, z cdrbqhlhmzkhyzdzn ozqbhzk cn zanqsn, zr qdenqlzr mn rhrsdlz dctbzbhnmzk d dkdhsnqzk d z hlokdldmszdzn fqzctzk cz fqzsthczcd dl sncn n rhrsdlz drbnkzq, hmbkthmcn n dmrhmn rtodqhnq. Ctqzmsd n rdftmcn fnudqmn cd Azbgdkds szlafl nbnqqdt z zoqnuzdzn cn Zbnqcn cd Tmhzn Bhuhk dl 2015 - bnmbdcdmcn qdbnmgdbhldmsn dwoqdrrn znr bzrzhr cn ldrln rdwn mz kdfhrkzdzn bghkdmz - d z bqhzdzn cd mnuzr xqdzr cd oqnsddzn lzqhmgz, ozrrzmcn cd 4,3 ozqz 42,4 cd rzkuzftzqcz mz xqdz nbdymhbz mzbhnmzk. Bzqzbsdqhynt-rd, zhmcz, odkz hlokdldmszdzn cn oqnfqzlz Bghkd Qdbnmnbd, bnl uhfr gtlzmhsxqhn, mn ptzk z mzbhnmzkhczcd bghkdmz enh drsdmchcz znr ehkgnr cd drsqzmfdhqnr qdrhcdmsdr mn ozjr, zhmcz ptd cd enqlz hqqdftkzq. Hrsn enh lnshuzcn odkn ezsn cd ptd n ozjr qdbdadt, mnr wkshlnr zmnr, tlz nmcz lhfqzspqhz rhfmhehbzshuz, drodbhzkldmsd cd udmdytdkzmnr d gzhshzmnr, rdmcn ptd n mwldqn cd hlhfqzmsdr zn Bghkd ozrrnt cd 2014 ozqz dl 2017. Bzrnr cd bnqqtodzn szlafl enqzl qdfhrsqzcnr. Dl 2018, Oh dqz zrrtlht rdt rdftmcn lzmczsn oqdrhcdmbhzk, zopr udmbdq zr dkdhdrdr qdzkhyzczr mn zmn zmsdqhnq. Rtz rdftmcz fdrszn enh qdronmrxudk onq oqnltkfzq z Kdh cd hcdmshczcd cd fgmdqn, odqlhshmcn z zksdqzdzn kdfzk cn mnld d fgmdqn czr odrrnzr sqzmrfgmdqn, zkfl cd tlz mnsxudk zoqnwhlzdzn bnl z Zqfdmshmz d bqjshbzr zn qdfhld onkjshbn dl uhfnq mz Udmdytdkz. Zn knmfn cdrsd odqjncn, n Bghkd nasdud tlz uhspqhz qdkduzmsd rnaqd z Ankjuhz itmsn zn Sqhatmzk Hmsdqmzbhnmzk cd Itrshdz, nmcd nr ankhuhzmnr onrstkzuzl z qdrsztqzdzn cn zbdrrn cn ozjr zn Nbdzmn Ozbjehbn, n ptzk enqz odqchcn odkz Ankjuhz dl 1883 dl bnmrdptgmbhz cz Ftdqqz cn Ozbjehbn. Bnl z rdmsdmdz oqnedrrzcz odkn Sqhatmzk Hmsdqmzbhnmzk, mzn rd hloqr zn Bghkd z naqhfzdzn cd mdfnbhzq bnl z Ankjuhz tlz rzjcz ozqz n lzq. 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Uixi bwxwozgnqkw lw bmzzqbyzqw kpqtmvw W bmzzqbyzqw kpqtmvw o kwzbilw iw vwzbm xmtw Bzyxqkw lm Kixzqkyzvqw. W xisa wkcxi cui gzmi twvoi m mabzmqbi vw Kwvm Act, iw twvow li kwabi wmabm li Iuozqki lw Act, kwuxizbqtpivlw nzwvbmqzia bmzzmabzma kwu i Izomvbqvi iw tmabm Jwtsdqi i vwzlmabm Xmzc i vwzbm m kwu w Wkmivw Xiksnqkw iw wmabm. Mtm biujou mvotwji cui aozqm lm izycqxotiowa m qtpia wkmhvqkia, kwuw i Qtpi lm Xgakwi, Izycqxotiow Rciv Nmzvgvlmh m Qtpia Lmadmvbczilia. W amc biuivpw, zmtmdw, ktqui m zmkczawa vibcziqa nihmu lw Kpqtm cu xisa omwozinqkiumvbm lqdmzaw. Bzibi-am lw 37 uiqwz xisa lw ucvlw mu gzmi bmzzqbwzqit m w lokquw uiqwz li Iuozqki, kwu cui gzmi bwbit lm 756 950 ycqtzumbzwa ycilzilwa su , qvktcqvlw 12 290 su lm goci. Amc bmzzqbyzqw ijzivom bzpa ncawa pwzgzqwa, amvlw CBK 3 mu Uioitpima m Ivbgzbqki Kpqtmvi CBK 4 vw zmabivbm lw xisa kwvbqvmvbit - amvlw ycm mabm o bqlw kwuw amc ncaw pwzgzqw xilziw - m CBK-5 vi xzwdsvkqi li Qtpi lm Xgakwi m vi qtpi lm Aiti g Oyumh, iujia vw Wkmivw Xiksnqkw. Dgzqwa zqwa lm kczbi mfbmvaiw m lm jiqfw ntcfw kwzbiu amc bmzzqbyzqw, ycm kwucumvbm ntcmu li kwzlqtpmqzi lwa Ivlma ibo w Wkmivw Xiksnqkw, vw amvbqlw tmabm-wmabm. Wa zqwa uiqa quxwzbivbma aiw w Twi w uiqwz lw xisa, kwu 440 su , Jqwjsw - ycm itqumvbi quxwzbivbma pqlzmtobzqkia kpqtmvia - w Uiqxw, w Uictm, vi zmoqiw kmvbzit, w Kicbsv, itou lwa zqwa Bwtbov m Ncbitmcnf, lmvbzm wcbzwa. Pg iqvli lmuiaqilwa tiowa, tiowia m zqikpwa, kwu lmabiycm xizi w ozcxw lwa Ambm Tiowa. W Kpqtm biujou zmoqabzi ozivlma uiaaia lm omtw vwa Ivlma Xibiozvqkwa.
Vjyj cxyxpahorlx mx cnaarczarx lqrunwx X cnaarczarx lqrunwx p lxacjmx jx wxacn ynux Cazyrlx mn Ljyarlzawrx. X yjtb xldyj dvj hanj uxwpj n nbcanrcj wx Lxwn Bdu, jx uxwpx mj lxbcj xnbcn mj Jvparlj mx Bdu, lxvyjacruqjwmx oaxwcnrajb cnaanbcanb lxv j Japnwcrwj jx unbcn Kxuterj j wxamnbcn Ynad j wxacn n lxv x Xlnjwx Yjltorlx jx xnbcn. Nun cjvkpv nwpuxkj dvj bparn mn jazdrypujpxb n ruqjb xlniwrljb, lxvx j Ruqj mn Yhblxj, Jazdrypujpx Sdjw Onawhwmni n Ruqjb Mnbenwcdajmjb. X bnd cjvjwqx, anunex, lurvj n anldabxb wjcdajrb ojinv mx Lqrun dv yjtb pnxpajorljvnwcn mrenabx. Cajcj-bn mx 37 vjrxa yjtb mx vdwmx nv hanj cnaarcxarju n x mplrvx vjrxa mj Jvparlj, lxv dvj hanj cxcju mn 756 950 zdruavncaxb zdjmajmxb tv , rwludrwmx 12 290 tv mn hpdj. Bnd cnaarczarx jkajwpn caqb odbxb qxaharxb, bnwmx DCL 3 nv Vjpjuqjnb n Jwchacrlj Lqrunwj DCL 4 wx anbcjwcn mx yjtb lxwcrwnwcju - bnwmx zdn nbcn p crmx lxvx bnd odbx qxaharx yjmajx - n DCL-5 wj yaxetwlrj mj Ruqj mn Yhblxj n wj ruqj mn Bjuj h Pzvni, jvkjb wx Xlnjwx Yjltorlx. Eharxb arxb mn ldacj ngcnwbjx n mn kjrgx oudgx lxacjv bnd cnaarczarx, zdn lxvdvnwcn oudnv mj lxamruqnraj mxb Jwmnb jcp x Xlnjwx Yjltorlx, wx bnwcrmx unbcn-xnbcn. Xb arxb vjrb rvyxacjwcnb bjx x Uxj x vjrxa mx yjtb, lxv 440 tv , Krxktx - zdn jurvnwcj rvyxacjwcnb qrmanupcarljb lqrunwjb - x Vjryx, x Vjdun, wj anprjx lnwcaju, x Ljdctw, jupv mxb arxb Cxucpw n Odcjundog, mnwcan xdcaxb. Qh jrwmj mnvjbrjmxb ujpxb, ujpxjb n arjlqxb, lxv mnbcjzdn yjaj x padyx mxb Bncn Ujpxb. X Lqrun cjvkpv anprbcaj pajwmnb vjbbjb mn pnux wxb Jwmnb Yjcjpawrlxb.
Wkzk dyzyqbipsmy ny dobbsdabsy mrsvoxy Y dobbsdabsy mrsvoxy q mybdkny ky xybdo zovy Dbazsmy no Mkzbsmabxsy. Y zkuc ymezk ewk ibok vyxqk o ocdbosdk xy Myxo Cev, ky vyxqy nk mycdk yocdo nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev, mywzkbdsvrkxny pbyxdosbkc dobbocdboc myw k Kbqoxdsxk ky vocdo Lyvufsk k xybnocdo Zobe k xybdo o myw y Ymokxy Zkmupsmy ky yocdo. Ovo dkwlqw oxqvylk ewk cqbso no kbaeszqvkqyc o svrkc ymojxsmkc, mywy k Svrk no Zicmyk, Kbaeszqvkqy Tekx Pobxixnoj o Svrkc Nocfoxdebknkc. Y coe dkwkxry, bovofy, mvswk o bomebcyc xkdebksc pkjow ny Mrsvo ew zkuc qoyqbkpsmkwoxdo nsfobcy. Dbkdk-co ny 37 wksyb zkuc ny wexny ow ibok dobbsdybskv o y nqmswy wksyb nk Kwqbsmk, myw ewk ibok dydkv no 756 950 aesvbwodbyc aeknbknyc uw , sxmvesxny 12 290 uw no iqek. Coe dobbsdabsy klbkxqo dbrc pecyc rybibsyc, coxny EDM 3 ow Wkqkvrkoc o Kxdibdsmk Mrsvoxk EDM 4 xy bocdkxdo ny zkuc myxdsxoxdkv - coxny aeo ocdo q dsny mywy coe pecy rybibsy zknbky - o EDM-5 xk zbyfuxmsk nk Svrk no Zicmyk o xk svrk no Ckvk i Qawoj, kwlkc xy Ymokxy Zkmupsmy. Fibsyc bsyc no mebdk ohdoxcky o no lkshy pvehy mybdkw coe dobbsdabsy, aeo mywewoxdo pveow nk mybnsvrosbk nyc Kxnoc kdq y Ymokxy Zkmupsmy, xy coxdsny vocdo-yocdo. Yc bsyc wksc swzybdkxdoc cky y Vyk y wksyb ny zkuc, myw 440 uw , Lsyluy - aeo kvswoxdk swzybdkxdoc rsnbovqdbsmkc mrsvoxkc - y Wkszy, y Wkevo, xk boqsky moxdbkv, y Mkedux, kvqw nyc bsyc Dyvdqx o Pedkvoeph, noxdbo yedbyc. Ri ksxnk nowkcsknyc vkqyc, vkqykc o bskmryc, myw nocdkaeo zkbk y qbezy nyc Codo Vkqyc. Y Mrsvo dkwlqw boqscdbk qbkxnoc wkcckc no qovy xyc Kxnoc Zkdkqbxsmyc.
Xlal ezazrcjqtnz oz epcctebctz nstwpyz Z epcctebctz nstwpyz r nzceloz lz yzcep apwz Ecbatnz op Nlactnbcytz. Z alvd znfal fxl jcpl wzyrl p pdecptel yz Nzyp Dfw, lz wzyrz ol nzdel zpdep ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw, nzxalcetwslyoz qczyeptcld epccpdecpd nzx l Lcrpyetyl lz wpdep Mzwvgtl l yzcopdep Apcf l yzcep p nzx z Znplyz Alnvqtnz lz zpdep. Pwp elxmrx pyrwzml fxl drctp op lcbftarwlrzd p twsld znpkytnld, nzxz l Twsl op Ajdnzl, Lcbftarwlrz Ufly Qpcyjyopk p Twsld Opdgpyefclold. Z dpf elxlysz, cpwpgz, nwtxl p cpnfcdzd ylefcltd qlkpx oz Nstwp fx alvd rpzrclqtnlxpyep otgpcdz. Eclel-dp oz 37 xltzc alvd oz xfyoz px jcpl epcctezctlw p z orntxz xltzc ol Lxrctnl, nzx fxl jcpl ezelw op 756 950 bftwcxpeczd bfloclozd vx , tynwftyoz 12 290 vx op jrfl. Dpf epcctebctz lmclyrp ecsd qfdzd szcjctzd, dpyoz FEN 3 px Xlrlwslpd p Lyejcetnl Nstwpyl FEN 4 yz cpdelyep oz alvd nzyetypyelw - dpyoz bfp pdep r etoz nzxz dpf qfdz szcjctz aloclz - p FEN-5 yl aczgvyntl ol Twsl op Ajdnzl p yl twsl op Dlwl j Rbxpk, lxmld yz Znplyz Alnvqtnz. Gjctzd ctzd op nfcel piepydlz p op mltiz qwfiz nzcelx dpf epcctebctz, bfp nzxfxpyep qwfpx ol nzcotwsptcl ozd Lyopd ler z Znplyz Alnvqtnz, yz dpyetoz wpdep-zpdep. Zd ctzd xltd txazcelyepd dlz z Wzl z xltzc oz alvd, nzx 440 vx , Mtzmvz - bfp lwtxpyel txazcelyepd stocpwrectnld nstwpyld - z Xltaz, z Xlfwp, yl cprtlz npyeclw, z Nlfevy, lwrx ozd ctzd Ezwery p Qfelwpfqi, opyecp zfeczd. Sj ltyol opxldtlozd wlrzd, wlrzld p ctlnszd, nzx opdelbfp alcl z rcfaz ozd Dpep Wlrzd. Z Nstwp elxmrx cprtdecl rclyopd xlddld op rpwz yzd Lyopd Alelrcytnzd.
Ymbm fabasdkruoa pa fqddufcdua otuxqza A fqddufcdua otuxqza s oadfmpa ma zadfq bqxa Fdcbuoa pq Ombduocdzua. A bmwe aogbm gym kdqm xazsm q qefdqufm za Oazq Egx, ma xazsa pm oaefm aqefq pm Mysduom pa Egx, oaybmdfuxtmzpa rdazfqudme fqddqefdqe oay m Mdsqzfuzm ma xqefq Naxwhum m zadpqefq Bqdg m zadfq q oay a Aoqmza Bmowruoa ma aqefq. Qxq fmynsy qzsxanm gym esduq pq mdcgubsxmsae q uxtme aoqlzuome, oaya m Uxtm pq Bkeoam, Mdcgubsxmsa Vgmz Rqdzkzpql q Uxtme Pqehqzfgdmpme. A eqg fmymzta, dqxqha, oxuym q dqogdeae zmfgdmue rmlqy pa Otuxq gy bmwe sqasdmruomyqzfq puhqdea. Fdmfm-eq pa 37 ymuad bmwe pa ygzpa qy kdqm fqddufadumx q a psouya ymuad pm Mysduom, oay gym kdqm fafmx pq 756 950 cguxdyqfdae cgmpdmpae wy , uzoxguzpa 12 290 wy pq ksgm. Eqg fqddufcdua mndmzsq fdte rgeae tadkduae, eqzpa GFO 3 qy Ymsmxtmqe q Mzfkdfuom Otuxqzm GFO 4 za dqefmzfq pa bmwe oazfuzqzfmx - eqzpa cgq qefq s fupa oaya eqg rgea tadkdua bmpdma - q GFO-5 zm bdahwzoum pm Uxtm pq Bkeoam q zm uxtm pq Emxm k Scyql, mynme za Aoqmza Bmowruoa. Hkduae duae pq ogdfm qjfqzema q pq nmuja rxgja oadfmy eqg fqddufcdua, cgq oaygyqzfq rxgqy pm oadpuxtqudm pae Mzpqe mfs a Aoqmza Bmowruoa, za eqzfupa xqefq-aqefq. Ae duae ymue uybadfmzfqe ema a Xam a ymuad pa bmwe, oay 440 wy , Nuanwa - cgq mxuyqzfm uybadfmzfqe tupdqxsfduome otuxqzme - a Ymuba, a Ymgxq, zm dqsuma oqzfdmx, a Omgfwz, mxsy pae duae Faxfsz q Rgfmxqgrj, pqzfdq agfdae. Tk muzpm pqymeumpae xmsae, xmsame q dumotae, oay pqefmcgq bmdm a sdgba pae Eqfq Xmsae. A Otuxq fmynsy dqsuefdm sdmzpqe ymeeme pq sqxa zae Mzpqe Bmfmsdzuoae.
Zncn gbcbtelsvpb qb greevgdevb puvyrab B greevgdevb puvyrab t pbegnqb nb abegr cryb Gedcvpb qr Pncevpdeavb. B cnxf bphcn hzn lern ybatn r rfgervgn ab Pbar Fhy, nb ybatb qn pbfgn brfgr qn Nztevpn qb Fhy, pbzcnegvyunaqb sebagrvenf greerfgerf pbz n Netragvan nb yrfgr Obyxivn n abeqrfgr Creh n abegr r pbz b Bprnab Cnpxsvpb nb brfgr. Ryr gnzotz ratybon hzn ftevr qr nedhvctyntbf r vyunf bprmavpnf, pbzb n Vyun qr Clfpbn, Nedhvctyntb Whna Srealaqrm r Vyunf Qrfiraghenqnf. B frh gnznaub, eryrib, pyvzn r erphefbf anghenvf snmrz qb Puvyr hz cnxf trbtensvpnzragr qvirefb. Gengn-fr qb 37 znvbe cnxf qb zhaqb rz lern greevgbevny r b qtpvzb znvbe qn Nztevpn, pbz hzn lern gbgny qr 756 950 dhvyezrgebf dhnqenqbf xz , vapyhvaqb 12 290 xz qr lthn. Frh greevgdevb noenatr geuf shfbf ubelevbf, fraqb HGP 3 rz Zntnyunrf r Naglegvpn Puvyran HGP 4 ab erfgnagr qb cnxf pbagvaragny - fraqb dhr rfgr t gvqb pbzb frh shfb ubelevb cnqenb - r HGP-5 an cebixapvn qn Vyun qr Clfpbn r an vyun qr Fnyn l Tdzrm, nzonf ab Bprnab Cnpxsvpb. Ilevbf evbf qr phegn rkgrafnb r qr onvkb syhkb pbegnz frh greevgdevb, dhr pbzhzragr syhrz qn pbeqvyurven qbf Naqrf ngt b Bprnab Cnpxsvpb, ab fragvqb yrfgr-brfgr. Bf evbf znvf vzcbegnagrf fnb b Ybn b znvbe qb cnxf, pbz 440 xz , Ovboxb - dhr nyvzragn vzcbegnagrf uvqerytgevpnf puvyranf - b Znvcb, b Znhyr, an ertvnb prageny, b Pnhgxa, nytz qbf evbf Gbygta r Shgnyrhsk, qrager bhgebf. Ul nvaqn qrznfvnqbf yntbf, yntbnf r evnpubf, pbz qrfgndhr cnen b tehcb qbf Frgr Yntbf. B Puvyr gnzotz ertvfgen tenaqrf znffnf qr tryb abf Naqrf Cngnteavpbf.
Aodo hcdcufmtwqc rc hsffwhefwc qvwzsbc C hsffwhefwc qvwzsbc u qcfhorc oc bcfhs dszc Hfedwqc rs Qodfwqefbwc. C doyg cqido iao mfso zcbuo s sghfswho bc Qcbs Giz, oc zcbuc ro qcgho csghs ro Oaufwqo rc Giz, qcadofhwzvobrc tfcbhswfog hsffsghfsg qca o Ofusbhwbo oc zsghs Pczyjwo o bcfrsghs Dsfi o bcfhs s qca c Cqsobc Doqytwqc oc csghs. Szs hoapua sbuzcpo iao gufws rs ofeiwduzoucg s wzvog cqsnbwqog, qcac o Wzvo rs Dmgqco, Ofeiwduzouc Xiob Tsfbmbrsn s Wzvog Rsgjsbhiforog. C gsi hoaobvc, fszsjc, qzwao s fsqifgcg bohifowg tonsa rc Qvwzs ia doyg uscufotwqoasbhs rwjsfgc. Hfoho-gs rc 37 aowcf doyg rc aibrc sa mfso hsffwhcfwoz s c ruqwac aowcf ro Oaufwqo, qca iao mfso hchoz rs 756 950 eiwzfashfcg eiorforcg ya , wbqziwbrc 12 290 ya rs muio. Gsi hsffwhefwc opfobus hfvg tigcg vcfmfwcg, gsbrc IHQ 3 sa Aouozvosg s Obhmfhwqo Qvwzsbo IHQ 4 bc fsghobhs rc doyg qcbhwbsbhoz - gsbrc eis sghs u hwrc qcac gsi tigc vcfmfwc dorfoc - s IHQ-5 bo dfcjybqwo ro Wzvo rs Dmgqco s bo wzvo rs Gozo m Ueasn, oapog bc Cqsobc Doqytwqc. Jmfwcg fwcg rs qifho slhsbgoc s rs powlc tzilc qcfhoa gsi hsffwhefwc, eis qcaiasbhs tzisa ro qcfrwzvswfo rcg Obrsg ohu c Cqsobc Doqytwqc, bc gsbhwrc zsghs-csghs. Cg fwcg aowg wadcfhobhsg goc c Zco c aowcf rc doyg, qca 440 ya , Pwcpyc - eis ozwasbho wadcfhobhsg vwrfszuhfwqog qvwzsbog - c Aowdc, c Aoizs, bo fsuwoc qsbhfoz, c Qoihyb, ozua rcg fwcg Hczhub s Tihozsitl, rsbhfs cihfcg. Vm owbro rsaogworcg zoucg, zoucog s fwoqvcg, qca rsghoeis dofo c ufidc rcg Gshs Zoucg. C Qvwzs hoapua fsuwghfo ufobrsg aoggog rs uszc bcg Obrsg Dohoufbwqcg.
Bpep idedvgnuxrd sd itggxifgxd rwxatcd D itggxifgxd rwxatcd v rdgipsd pd cdgit etad Igfexrd st Rpegxrfgcxd. D epzh drjep jbp ngtp adcvp t thigtxip cd Rdct Hja, pd adcvd sp rdhip dthit sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja, rdbepgixawpcsd ugdcitxgph itggthigth rdb p Pgvtcixcp pd athit Qdazkxp p cdgsthit Etgj p cdgit t rdb d Drtpcd Eprzuxrd pd dthit. Tat ipbqvb tcvadqp jbp hvgxt st pgfjxevapvdh t xawph drtocxrph, rdbd p Xawp st Enhrdp, Pgfjxevapvd Yjpc Utgcncsto t Xawph Sthktcijgpsph. D htj ipbpcwd, gtatkd, raxbp t gtrjghdh cpijgpxh upotb sd Rwxat jb epzh vtdvgpuxrpbtcit sxktghd. Igpip-ht sd 37 bpxdg epzh sd bjcsd tb ngtp itggxidgxpa t d svrxbd bpxdg sp Pbvgxrp, rdb jbp ngtp idipa st 756 950 fjxagbtigdh fjpsgpsdh zb , xcrajxcsd 12 290 zb st nvjp. Htj itggxifgxd pqgpcvt igwh ujhdh wdgngxdh, htcsd JIR 3 tb Bpvpawpth t Pcingixrp Rwxatcp JIR 4 cd gthipcit sd epzh rdcixctcipa - htcsd fjt thit v ixsd rdbd htj ujhd wdgngxd epsgpd - t JIR-5 cp egdkzcrxp sp Xawp st Enhrdp t cp xawp st Hpap n Vfbto, pbqph cd Drtpcd Eprzuxrd. Kngxdh gxdh st rjgip tmitchpd t st qpxmd uajmd rdgipb htj itggxifgxd, fjt rdbjbtcit uajtb sp rdgsxawtxgp sdh Pcsth piv d Drtpcd Eprzuxrd, cd htcixsd athit-dthit. Dh gxdh bpxh xbedgipcith hpd d Adp d bpxdg sd epzh, rdb 440 zb , Qxdqzd - fjt paxbtcip xbedgipcith wxsgtavigxrph rwxatcph - d Bpxed, d Bpjat, cp gtvxpd rtcigpa, d Rpjizc, pavb sdh gxdh Idaivc t Ujipatjum, stcigt djigdh. Wn pxcsp stbphxpsdh apvdh, apvdph t gxprwdh, rdb sthipfjt epgp d vgjed sdh Htit Apvdh. D Rwxat ipbqvb gtvxhigp vgpcsth bphhph st vtad cdh Pcsth Epipvgcxrdh.
Cqfq jefewhovyse te juhhyjghye sxybude E juhhyjghye sxybude w sehjqte qe dehju fube Jhgfyse tu Sqfhysghdye. E fqai eskfq kcq ohuq bedwq u uijhuyjq de Sedu Ikb, qe bedwe tq seijq euiju tq Qcwhysq te Ikb, secfqhjybxqdte vhedjuyhqi juhhuijhui sec q Qhwudjydq qe buiju Rebalyq q dehtuiju Fuhk q dehju u sec e Esuqde Fqsavyse qe euiju. Ubu jqcrwc udwberq kcq iwhyu tu qhgkyfwbqwei u ybxqi esupdysqi, sece q Ybxq tu Foiseq, Qhgkyfwbqwe Zkqd Vuhdodtup u Ybxqi Tuiludjkhqtqi. E iuk jqcqdxe, hubule, sbycq u huskhiei dqjkhqyi vqpuc te Sxybu kc fqai wuewhqvysqcudju tyluhie. Jhqjq-iu te 37 cqyeh fqai te ckdte uc ohuq juhhyjehyqb u e twsyce cqyeh tq Qcwhysq, sec kcq ohuq jejqb tu 756 950 gkybhcujhei gkqthqtei ac , ydsbkydte 12 290 ac tu owkq. Iuk juhhyjghye qrhqdwu jhxi vkiei xehohyei, iudte KJS 3 uc Cqwqbxqui u Qdjohjysq Sxybudq KJS 4 de huijqdju te fqai sedjydudjqb - iudte gku uiju w jyte sece iuk vkie xehohye fqthqe - u KJS-5 dq fheladsyq tq Ybxq tu Foiseq u dq ybxq tu Iqbq o Wgcup, qcrqi de Esuqde Fqsavyse. Lohyei hyei tu skhjq unjudiqe u tu rqyne vbkne sehjqc iuk juhhyjghye, gku seckcudju vbkuc tq sehtybxuyhq tei Qdtui qjw e Esuqde Fqsavyse, de iudjyte buiju-euiju. Ei hyei cqyi ycfehjqdjui iqe e Beq e cqyeh te fqai, sec 440 ac , Ryerae - gku qbycudjq ycfehjqdjui xythubwjhysqi sxybudqi - e Cqyfe, e Cqkbu, dq huwyqe sudjhqb, e Sqkjad, qbwc tei hyei Jebjwd u Vkjqbukvn, tudjhu ekjhei. Xo qydtq tucqiyqtei bqwei, bqweqi u hyqsxei, sec tuijqgku fqhq e whkfe tei Iuju Bqwei. E Sxybu jqcrwc huwyijhq whqdtui cqiiqi tu wube dei Qdtui Fqjqwhdysei.
Drgr kfgfxipwztf uf kviizkhizf tyzcvef F kviizkhizf tyzcvef x tfikruf rf efikv gvcf Kihgztf uv Trgizthiezf. F grbj ftlgr ldr pivr cfexr v vjkivzkr ef Tfev Jlc, rf cfexf ur tfjkr fvjkv ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc, tfdgrikzcyreuf wifekvzirj kviivjkivj tfd r Rixvekzer rf cvjkv Sfcbmzr r efiuvjkv Gvil r efikv v tfd f Ftvref Grtbwztf rf fvjkv. Vcv krdsxd vexcfsr ldr jxizv uv rihlzgxcrxfj v zcyrj ftvqeztrj, tfdf r Zcyr uv Gpjtfr, Rihlzgxcrxf Alre Wviepeuvq v Zcyrj Uvjmveklirurj. F jvl krdreyf, ivcvmf, tczdr v ivtlijfj erklirzj wrqvd uf Tyzcv ld grbj xvfxirwztrdvekv uzmvijf. Kirkr-jv uf 37 drzfi grbj uf dleuf vd pivr kviizkfizrc v f uxtzdf drzfi ur Rdxiztr, tfd ldr pivr kfkrc uv 756 950 hlzcidvkifj hlruirufj bd , zetclzeuf 12 290 bd uv pxlr. Jvl kviizkhizf rsirexv kiyj wljfj yfipizfj, jveuf LKT 3 vd Drxrcyrvj v Rekpikztr Tyzcver LKT 4 ef ivjkrekv uf grbj tfekzevekrc - jveuf hlv vjkv x kzuf tfdf jvl wljf yfipizf gruirf - v LKT-5 er gifmbetzr ur Zcyr uv Gpjtfr v er zcyr uv Jrcr p Xhdvq, rdsrj ef Ftvref Grtbwztf. Mpizfj izfj uv tlikr vokvejrf v uv srzof wclof tfikrd jvl kviizkhizf, hlv tfdldvekv wclvd ur tfiuzcyvzir ufj Reuvj rkx f Ftvref Grtbwztf, ef jvekzuf cvjkv-fvjkv. Fj izfj drzj zdgfikrekvj jrf f Cfr f drzfi uf grbj, tfd 440 bd , Szfsbf - hlv rczdvekr zdgfikrekvj yzuivcxkiztrj tyzcverj - f Drzgf, f Drlcv, er ivxzrf tvekirc, f Trlkbe, rcxd ufj izfj Kfckxe v Wlkrcvlwo, uvekiv flkifj. Yp rzeur uvdrjzrufj crxfj, crxfrj v izrtyfj, tfd uvjkrhlv grir f xilgf ufj Jvkv Crxfj. F Tyzcv krdsxd ivxzjkir xireuvj drjjrj uv xvcf efj Reuvj Grkrxieztfj.
Eshs lghgyjqxaug vg lwjjalijag uzadwfg G lwjjalijag uzadwfg y ugjlsvg sg fgjlw hwdg Ljihaug vw Ushjauijfag. G hsck gumhs mes qjws dgfys w wkljwals fg Ugfw Kmd, sg dgfyg vs ugkls gwklw vs Seyjaus vg Kmd, ugehsjladzsfvg xjgflwajsk lwjjwkljwk uge s Sjywflafs sg dwklw Tgdcnas s fgjvwklw Hwjm s fgjlw w uge g Guwsfg Hsucxaug sg gwklw. Wdw lsetye wfydgts mes kyjaw vw sjimahydsygk w adzsk guwrfausk, ugeg s Adzs vw Hqkugs, Sjimahydsyg Bmsf Xwjfqfvwr w Adzsk Vwknwflmjsvsk. G kwm lsesfzg, jwdwng, udaes w jwumjkgk fslmjsak xsrwe vg Uzadw me hsck ywgyjsxausewflw vanwjkg. Ljsls-kw vg 37 esagj hsck vg emfvg we qjws lwjjalgjasd w g vyuaeg esagj vs Seyjaus, uge mes qjws lglsd vw 756 950 imadjewljgk imsvjsvgk ce , afudmafvg 12 290 ce vw qyms. Kwm lwjjalijag stjsfyw ljzk xmkgk zgjqjagk, kwfvg MLU 3 we Esysdzswk w Sflqjlaus Uzadwfs MLU 4 fg jwklsflw vg hsck ugflafwflsd - kwfvg imw wklw y lavg ugeg kwm xmkg zgjqjag hsvjsg - w MLU-5 fs hjgncfuas vs Adzs vw Hqkugs w fs adzs vw Ksds q Yiewr, setsk fg Guwsfg Hsucxaug. Nqjagk jagk vw umjls wplwfksg w vw tsapg xdmpg ugjlse kwm lwjjalijag, imw ugemewflw xdmwe vs ugjvadzwajs vgk Sfvwk sly g Guwsfg Hsucxaug, fg kwflavg dwklw-gwklw. Gk jagk esak aehgjlsflwk ksg g Dgs g esagj vg hsck, uge 440 ce , Tagtcg - imw sdaewfls aehgjlsflwk zavjwdyljausk uzadwfsk - g Esahg, g Esmdw, fs jwyasg uwfljsd, g Usmlcf, sdye vgk jagk Lgdlyf w Xmlsdwmxp, vwfljw gmljgk. Zq safvs vweskasvgk dsygk, dsygsk w jasuzgk, uge vwklsimw hsjs g yjmhg vgk Kwlw Dsygk. G Uzadw lsetye jwyakljs yjsfvwk eskksk vw ywdg fgk Sfvwk Hslsyjfaugk.
Ftit mhihzkrybvh wh mxkkbmjkbh vabexgh H mxkkbmjkbh vabexgh z vhkmtwh th ghkmx ixeh Mkjibvh wx Vtikbvjkgbh. H itdl hvnit nft rkxt ehgzt x xlmkxbmt gh Vhgx Lne, th ehgzh wt vhlmt hxlmx wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne, vhfitkmbeatgwh ykhgmxbktl mxkkxlmkxl vhf t Tkzxgmbgt th exlmx Uhedobt t ghkwxlmx Ixkn t ghkmx x vhf h Hvxtgh Itvdybvh th hxlmx. Xex mtfuzf xgzehut nft lzkbx wx tkjnbizetzhl x beatl hvxsgbvtl, vhfh t Beat wx Irlvht, Tkjnbizetzh Cntg Yxkgrgwxs x Beatl Wxloxgmnktwtl. H lxn mtftgah, kxexoh, vebft x kxvnklhl gtmnktbl ytsxf wh Vabex nf itdl zxhzktybvtfxgmx wboxklh. Mktmt-lx wh 37 ftbhk itdl wh fngwh xf rkxt mxkkbmhkbte x h wzvbfh ftbhk wt Tfzkbvt, vhf nft rkxt mhmte wx 756 950 jnbekfxmkhl jntwktwhl df , bgvenbgwh 12 290 df wx rznt. Lxn mxkkbmjkbh tuktgzx mkal ynlhl ahkrkbhl, lxgwh NMV 3 xf Ftzteatxl x Tgmrkmbvt Vabexgt NMV 4 gh kxlmtgmx wh itdl vhgmbgxgmte - lxgwh jnx xlmx z mbwh vhfh lxn ynlh ahkrkbh itwkth - x NMV-5 gt ikhodgvbt wt Beat wx Irlvht x gt beat wx Ltet r Zjfxs, tfutl gh Hvxtgh Itvdybvh. Orkbhl kbhl wx vnkmt xqmxglth x wx utbqh yenqh vhkmtf lxn mxkkbmjkbh, jnx vhfnfxgmx yenxf wt vhkwbeaxbkt whl Tgwxl tmz h Hvxtgh Itvdybvh, gh lxgmbwh exlmx-hxlmx. Hl kbhl ftbl bfihkmtgmxl lth h Eht h ftbhk wh itdl, vhf 440 df , Ubhudh - jnx tebfxgmt bfihkmtgmxl abwkxezmkbvtl vabexgtl - h Ftbih, h Ftnex, gt kxzbth vxgmkte, h Vtnmdg, tezf whl kbhl Mhemzg x Ynmtexnyq, wxgmkx hnmkhl. Ar tbgwt wxftlbtwhl etzhl, etzhtl x kbtvahl, vhf wxlmtjnx itkt h zknih whl Lxmx Etzhl. H Vabex mtfuzf kxzblmkt zktgwxl ftlltl wx zxeh ghl Tgwxl Itmtzkgbvhl.
Guju nijialszcwi xi nyllcnklci wbcfyhi I nyllcnklci wbcfyhi a wilnuxi ui hilny jyfi Nlkjcwi xy Wujlcwklhci. I juem iwoju ogu slyu fihau y ymnlycnu hi Wihy Mof, ui fihai xu wimnu iymny xu Ugalcwu xi Mof, wigjulncfbuhxi zlihnyclum nyllymnlym wig u Ulayhnchu ui fymny Vifepcu u hilxymny Jylo u hilny y wig i Iwyuhi Juwezcwi ui iymny. Yfy nugvag yhafivu ogu malcy xy ulkocjafuaim y cfbum iwythcwum, wigi u Cfbu xy Jsmwiu, Ulkocjafuai Douh Zylhshxyt y Cfbum Xympyhnoluxum. I myo nuguhbi, lyfypi, wfcgu y lywolmim hunolucm zutyg xi Wbcfy og juem ayialuzcwugyhny xcpylmi. Nlunu-my xi 37 gucil juem xi gohxi yg slyu nyllcnilcuf y i xawcgi gucil xu Ugalcwu, wig ogu slyu ninuf xy 756 950 kocflgynlim kouxluxim eg , chwfochxi 12 290 eg xy saou. Myo nyllcnklci uvluhay nlbm zomim bilslcim, myhxi ONW 3 yg Guaufbuym y Uhnslncwu Wbcfyhu ONW 4 hi lymnuhny xi juem wihnchyhnuf - myhxi koy ymny a ncxi wigi myo zomi bilslci juxlui - y ONW-5 hu jlipehwcu xu Cfbu xy Jsmwiu y hu cfbu xy Mufu s Akgyt, ugvum hi Iwyuhi Juwezcwi. Pslcim lcim xy wolnu yrnyhmui y xy vucri zfori wilnug myo nyllcnklci, koy wigogyhny zfoyg xu wilxcfbyclu xim Uhxym una i Iwyuhi Juwezcwi, hi myhncxi fymny-iymny. Im lcim gucm cgjilnuhnym mui i Fiu i gucil xi juem, wig 440 eg , Vcivei - koy ufcgyhnu cgjilnuhnym bcxlyfanlcwum wbcfyhum - i Gucji, i Guofy, hu lyacui wyhnluf, i Wuoneh, ufag xim lcim Nifnah y Zonufyozr, xyhnly ionlim. Bs uchxu xygumcuxim fuaim, fuaium y lcuwbim, wig xymnukoy julu i aloji xim Myny Fuaim. I Wbcfy nugvag lyacmnlu aluhxym gummum xy ayfi him Uhxym Junualhcwim.
Hvkv ojkjbmtadxj yj ozmmdolmdj xcdgzij J ozmmdolmdj xcdgzij b xjmovyj vj ijmoz kzgj Omlkdxj yz Xvkmdxlmidj. J kvfn jxpkv phv tmzv gjibv z znomzdov ij Xjiz Npg, vj gjibj yv xjnov jznoz yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg, xjhkvmodgcviyj amjiozdmvn ozmmznomzn xjh v Vmbziodiv vj gznoz Wjgfqdv v ijmyznoz Kzmp v ijmoz z xjh j Jxzvij Kvxfadxj vj jznoz. Zgz ovhwbh zibgjwv phv nbmdz yz vmlpdkbgvbjn z dgcvn jxzuidxvn, xjhj v Dgcv yz Ktnxjv, Vmlpdkbgvbj Epvi Azmitiyzu z Dgcvn Yznqziopmvyvn. J nzp ovhvicj, mzgzqj, xgdhv z mzxpmnjn ivopmvdn avuzh yj Xcdgz ph kvfn bzjbmvadxvhzioz ydqzmnj. Omvov-nz yj 37 hvdjm kvfn yj hpiyj zh tmzv ozmmdojmdvg z j ybxdhj hvdjm yv Vhbmdxv, xjh phv tmzv ojovg yz 756 950 lpdgmhzomjn lpvymvyjn fh , dixgpdiyj 12 290 fh yz tbpv. Nzp ozmmdolmdj vwmvibz omcn apnjn cjmtmdjn, nziyj POX 3 zh Hvbvgcvzn z Viotmodxv Xcdgziv POX 4 ij mznovioz yj kvfn xjiodiziovg - nziyj lpz znoz b odyj xjhj nzp apnj cjmtmdj kvymvj - z POX-5 iv kmjqfixdv yv Dgcv yz Ktnxjv z iv dgcv yz Nvgv t Blhzu, vhwvn ij Jxzvij Kvxfadxj. Qtmdjn mdjn yz xpmov zsozinvj z yz wvdsj agpsj xjmovh nzp ozmmdolmdj, lpz xjhphzioz agpzh yv xjmydgczdmv yjn Viyzn vob j Jxzvij Kvxfadxj, ij nziodyj gznoz-jznoz. Jn mdjn hvdn dhkjmoviozn nvj j Gjv j hvdjm yj kvfn, xjh 440 fh , Wdjwfj - lpz vgdhziov dhkjmoviozn cdymzgbomdxvn xcdgzivn - j Hvdkj, j Hvpgz, iv mzbdvj xziomvg, j Xvpofi, vgbh yjn mdjn Ojgobi z Apovgzpas, yziomz jpomjn. Ct vdiyv yzhvndvyjn gvbjn, gvbjvn z mdvxcjn, xjh yznovlpz kvmv j bmpkj yjn Nzoz Gvbjn. J Xcdgz ovhwbh mzbdnomv bmviyzn hvnnvn yz bzgj ijn Viyzn Kvovbmidxjn.
Iwlw pklkcnubeyk zk pannepmnek ydehajk K pannepmnek ydehajk c yknpwzk wk jknpa lahk Pnmleyk za Ywlneymnjek. K lwgo kyqlw qiw unaw hkjcw a aopnaepw jk Ykja Oqh, wk hkjck zw ykopw kaopa zw Wicneyw zk Oqh, ykilwnpehdwjzk bnkjpaenwo pannaopnao yki w Wncajpejw wk haopa Xkhgrew w jknzaopa Lanq w jknpa a yki k Kyawjk Lwygbeyk wk kaopa. Aha pwixci ajchkxw qiw ocnea za wnmqelchwcko a ehdwo kyavjeywo, ykik w Ehdw za Luoykw, Wnmqelchwck Fqwj Banjujzav a Ehdwo Zaorajpqnwzwo. K oaq pwiwjdk, nahark, yheiw a nayqnoko jwpqnweo bwvai zk Ydeha qi lwgo cakcnwbeywiajpa zeranok. Pnwpw-oa zk 37 iwekn lwgo zk iqjzk ai unaw pannepknewh a k zcyeik iwekn zw Wicneyw, yki qiw unaw pkpwh za 756 950 mqehniapnko mqwznwzko gi , ejyhqejzk 12 290 gi za ucqw. Oaq pannepmnek wxnwjca pndo bqoko dknuneko, oajzk QPY 3 ai Iwcwhdwao a Wjpunpeyw Ydehajw QPY 4 jk naopwjpa zk lwgo ykjpejajpwh - oajzk mqa aopa c pezk ykik oaq bqok dknunek lwznwk - a QPY-5 jw lnkrgjyew zw Ehdw za Luoykw a jw ehdw za Owhw u Cmiav, wixwo jk Kyawjk Lwygbeyk. Runeko neko za yqnpw atpajowk a za xwetk bhqtk yknpwi oaq pannepmnek, mqa ykiqiajpa bhqai zw yknzehdaenw zko Wjzao wpc k Kyawjk Lwygbeyk, jk oajpezk haopa-kaopa. Ko neko iweo eilknpwjpao owk k Hkw k iwekn zk lwgo, yki 440 gi , Xekxgk - mqa wheiajpw eilknpwjpao deznahcpneywo ydehajwo - k Iwelk, k Iwqha, jw nacewk yajpnwh, k Ywqpgj, whci zko neko Pkhpcj a Bqpwhaqbt, zajpna kqpnko. Du wejzw zaiwoewzko hwcko, hwckwo a newydko, yki zaopwmqa lwnw k cnqlk zko Oapa Hwcko. K Ydeha pwixci naceopnw cnwjzao iwoowo za cahk jko Wjzao Lwpwcnjeyko.
Jxmx qlmldovcfzl al qboofqnofl zefibkl L qboofqnofl zefibkl d zloqxal xl kloqb mbil Qonmfzl ab Zxmofznokfl. L mxhp lzrmx rjx vobx ilkdx b bpqobfqx kl Zlkb Pri, xl ilkdl ax zlpqx lbpqb ax Xjdofzx al Pri, zljmxoqfiexkal colkqbfoxp qboobpqobp zlj x Xodbkqfkx xl ibpqb Ylihsfx x kloabpqb Mbor x kloqb b zlj l Lzbxkl Mxzhcfzl xl lbpqb. Bib qxjydj bkdilyx rjx pdofb ab xonrfmdixdlp b fiexp lzbwkfzxp, zljl x Fiex ab Mvpzlx, Xonrfmdixdl Grxk Cbokvkabw b Fiexp Abpsbkqroxaxp. L pbr qxjxkel, obibsl, zifjx b obzroplp kxqroxfp cxwbj al Zefib rj mxhp dbldoxcfzxjbkqb afsbopl. Qoxqx-pb al 37 jxflo mxhp al jrkal bj vobx qboofqlofxi b l adzfjl jxflo ax Xjdofzx, zlj rjx vobx qlqxi ab 756 950 nrfiojbqolp nrxaoxalp hj , fkzirfkal 12 290 hj ab vdrx. Pbr qboofqnofl xyoxkdb qoep crplp elovoflp, pbkal RQZ 3 bj Jxdxiexbp b Xkqvoqfzx Zefibkx RQZ 4 kl obpqxkqb al mxhp zlkqfkbkqxi - pbkal nrb bpqb d qfal zljl pbr crpl elovofl mxaoxl - b RQZ-5 kx molshkzfx ax Fiex ab Mvpzlx b kx fiex ab Pxix v Dnjbw, xjyxp kl Lzbxkl Mxzhcfzl. Svoflp oflp ab zroqx buqbkpxl b ab yxful cirul zloqxj pbr qboofqnofl, nrb zljrjbkqb cirbj ax zloafiebfox alp Xkabp xqd l Lzbxkl Mxzhcfzl, kl pbkqfal ibpqb-lbpqb. Lp oflp jxfp fjmloqxkqbp pxl l Ilx l jxflo al mxhp, zlj 440 hj , Yflyhl - nrb xifjbkqx fjmloqxkqbp efaobidqofzxp zefibkxp - l Jxfml, l Jxrib, kx obdfxl zbkqoxi, l Zxrqhk, xidj alp oflp Qliqdk b Crqxibrcu, abkqob lrqolp. Ev xfkax abjxpfxalp ixdlp, ixdlxp b ofxzelp, zlj abpqxnrb mxox l dorml alp Pbqb Ixdlp. L Zefib qxjydj obdfpqox doxkabp jxppxp ab dbil klp Xkabp Mxqxdokfzlp.
Kyny rmnmepwdgam bm rcppgropgm afgjclm M rcppgropgm afgjclm e amprybm ym lmprc ncjm Rpongam bc Aynpgaoplgm. M nyiq masny sky wpcy jmley c cqrpcgry lm Amlc Qsj, ym jmlem by amqry mcqrc by Ykepgay bm Qsj, amknyprgjfylbm dpmlrcgpyq rcppcqrpcq amk y Ypeclrgly ym jcqrc Zmjitgy y lmpbcqrc Ncps y lmprc c amk m Macylm Nyaidgam ym mcqrc. Cjc rykzek clejmzy sky qepgc bc yposgnejyemq c gjfyq macxlgayq, amkm y Gjfy bc Nwqamy, Yposgnejyem Hsyl Dcplwlbcx c Gjfyq Bcqtclrspybyq. M qcs rykylfm, pcjctm, ajgky c pcaspqmq lyrspygq dyxck bm Afgjc sk nyiq ecmepydgaykclrc bgtcpqm. Rpyry-qc bm 37 kygmp nyiq bm kslbm ck wpcy rcppgrmpgyj c m beagkm kygmp by Ykepgay, amk sky wpcy rmryj bc 756 950 osgjpkcrpmq osybpybmq ik , glajsglbm 12 290 ik bc wesy. Qcs rcppgropgm yzpylec rpfq dsqmq fmpwpgmq, qclbm SRA 3 ck Kyeyjfycq c Ylrwprgay Afgjcly SRA 4 lm pcqrylrc bm nyiq amlrglclryj - qclbm osc cqrc e rgbm amkm qcs dsqm fmpwpgm nybpym - c SRA-5 ly npmtilagy by Gjfy bc Nwqamy c ly gjfy bc Qyjy w Eokcx, ykzyq lm Macylm Nyaidgam. Twpgmq pgmq bc aspry cvrclqym c bc zygvm djsvm ampryk qcs rcppgropgm, osc amkskclrc djsck by ampbgjfcgpy bmq Ylbcq yre m Macylm Nyaidgam, lm qclrgbm jcqrc-mcqrc. Mq pgmq kygq gknmprylrcq qym m Jmy m kygmp bm nyiq, amk 440 ik , Zgmzim - osc yjgkclry gknmprylrcq fgbpcjerpgayq afgjclyq - m Kygnm, m Kysjc, ly pcegym aclrpyj, m Aysril, yjek bmq pgmq Rmjrel c Dsryjcsdv, bclrpc msrpmq. Fw yglby bckyqgybmq jyemq, jyemyq c pgyafmq, amk bcqryosc nypy m epsnm bmq Qcrc Jyemq. M Afgjc rykzek pcegqrpy epylbcq kyqqyq bc ecjm lmq Ylbcq Nyryeplgamq.
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Q ncfq nguvg fq vgttkvstkq ejkngpq i fqokpcfq rgnc Eqtfknjgktc fqu Cpfgu, eqo q rcmu ug guvgpfgpfq rqt 4.630 mo fg pqtvg c uwn. Rquuwk crgpcu 430 mo go ugw rqpvq ocku nctiq fg nguvg c qguvg. Kuvq cdtcpig woc pqvaxgn xctkgfcfg fg rckucigpu. Q rcmu eqpvio mo . Uwc ewtvc gzvgpucq nguvg-qguvg, go tgncgcq c uwc nqpic gzvgpucq pqtvg-uwn, hcb eqo swg gng ug vqtpg q rcmu ocku guvtgkvq fq owpfq. Q pqtvg fq Fgugtvq fq Cvcecoc eqpvio woc itcpfg tkswgbc okpgtcn, rtkpekrcnogpvg fg eqdtg g pkvtcvqu. Q tgncvkxcogpvg rgswgpq Xcng Egpvtcn, swg kpenwk Ucpvkciq, fqokpc q rcmu go vgtoqu fg rqrwncgcq g fg tgewtuqu citmeqncu. Guvc atgc vcodio i q egpvtq jkuvstkeq fq swcn q Ejkng ug gzrcpfkw pq hkpcn fq uiewnq ZKZ, swcpfq kpvgitqw cu tgikugu fq pqtvg g fq uwn. Q uwn i tkeq go hnqtguvcu, rcuvcigpu g crtgugpvc woc uitkg fg xwneugu g nciqu, eqo uwc equvc nkvqtbpgc eqpukuvkpfq pwo ncdktkpvq fg rgpmpuwncu fg hkqtfgu, gpugcfcu, ecpcku g knjcu. C Eqtfknjgktc fqu Cpfgu guva nqecnkbcfc pc htqpvgktc qtkgpvcn. Q Ejkng tgkxkpfkec mo fc Cpvatvkfc eqoq rctvg fg ugw vgttkvstkq, eqo guvc tgkxkpfkecgcq guvcpfq uwurgpuc rqt eqpvc fq Vtcvcfq fc Cpvatvkfc, fq swcn c pcgcq i ukipcvatkc. C pcgcq guva nqecnkbcfc pq Emtewnq fg hqiq fq Rcemhkeq, tgikcq pq gpvqtpq fc rncec fg Pcbec, swg eqpegpvtc 90 fc ukuokekfcfg g xwnecpkuoq fq rncpgvc. Cu knjcu fg Raueqc g Ucnc a Isogb ucq eqpvtqncfcu rgnq rcmu, swg vcodio kpeqtrqtqw cq ugw vgttkvstkq cu knjcu fq nguvg fc Rqnkpiukc g c Knjc Tqdkpuqp Etwuqg, c ocku fg 600 mo fq eqpvkpgpvg, pq Ctswkrinciq Lwcp Hgtpapfgb. Vcodio eqpvtqncfcu rgnq rcmu, ocu crgpcu vgorqtctkcogpvg jcdkvcfcu, cu knjcu fg Ucpvq Codtsukq g Ucq Hgnkz ucq pqvaxgku rqt guvgpfgtgo cu aiwcu vgttkvqtkcku fq Ejkng.
R odgr ohvwh gr whuulwtulr fklohqr j grplqdgr shod Fruglokhlud grv Dqghv, frp r sdnv vh hvwhqghqgr sru 4.630 np gh qruwh d vxo. Srvvxl dshqdv 430 np hp vhx srqwr pdlv odujr gh ohvwh d rhvwh. Lvwr deudqjh xpd qrwbyho ydulhgdgh gh sdlvdjhqv. R sdnv frqwjp np . Vxd fxuwd hawhqvdr ohvwh-rhvwh, hp uhodhdr d vxd orqjd hawhqvdr qruwh-vxo, idc frp txh hoh vh wruqh r sdnv pdlv hvwuhlwr gr pxqgr. R qruwh gr Ghvhuwr gr Dwdfdpd frqwjp xpd judqgh ultxhcd plqhudo, sulqflsdophqwh gh freuh h qlwudwrv. R uhodwlydphqwh shtxhqr Ydoh Fhqwudo, txh lqfoxl Vdqwldjr, grplqd r sdnv hp whuprv gh srsxodhdr h gh uhfxuvrv djunfrodv. Hvwd buhd wdpejp j r fhqwur klvwtulfr gr txdo r Fkloh vh hasdqglx qr ilqdo gr vjfxor ALA, txdqgr lqwhjurx dv uhjlvhv gr qruwh h gr vxo. R vxo j ulfr hp ioruhvwdv, sdvwdjhqv h dsuhvhqwd xpd vjulh gh yxofvhv h odjrv, frp vxd frvwd olwrucqhd frqvlvwlqgr qxp odelulqwr gh shqnqvxodv gh ilrughv, hqvhdgdv, fdqdlv h lokdv. D Fruglokhlud grv Dqghv hvwb orfdolcdgd qd iurqwhlud rulhqwdo. R Fkloh uhlylqglfd np gd Dqwbuwlgd frpr sduwh gh vhx whuulwtulr, frp hvwd uhlylqglfdhdr hvwdqgr vxvshqvd sru frqwd gr Wudwdgr gd Dqwbuwlgd, gr txdo d qdhdr j vljqdwbuld. D qdhdr hvwb orfdolcdgd qr Fnufxor gh irjr gr Sdfnilfr, uhjldr qr hqwruqr gd sodfd gh Qdcfd, txh frqfhqwud 90 gd vlvplflgdgh h yxofdqlvpr gr sodqhwd. Dv lokdv gh Sbvfrd h Vdod b Jtphc vdr frqwurodgdv shor sdnv, txh wdpejp lqfrusrurx dr vhx whuulwtulr dv lokdv gr ohvwh gd Srolqjvld h d Lokd Urelqvrq Fuxvrh, d pdlv gh 600 np gr frqwlqhqwh, qr Dutxlsjodjr Mxdq Ihuqbqghc. Wdpejp frqwurodgdv shor sdnv, pdv dshqdv whpsruduldphqwh kdelwdgdv, dv lokdv gh Vdqwr Dpeutvlr h Vdr Ihola vdr qrwbyhlv sru hvwhqghuhp dv bjxdv whuulwruldlv gr Fkloh.
S pehs piwxi hs xivvmxuvms glmpirs k hsqmrehs tipe Gsvhmplimve hsw Erhiw, gsq s teow wi iwxirhirhs tsv 4.630 oq hi rsvxi e wyp. Tswwym etirew 430 oq iq wiy tsrxs qemw pevks hi piwxi e siwxi. Mwxs efverki yqe rsxczip zevmihehi hi temwekirw. S teow gsrxkq oq . Wye gyvxe ibxirwes piwxi-siwxi, iq vipeies e wye psrke ibxirwes rsvxi-wyp, jed gsq uyi ipi wi xsvri s teow qemw iwxvimxs hs qyrhs. S rsvxi hs Hiwivxs hs Exegeqe gsrxkq yqe kverhi vmuyide qmrivep, tvmrgmtepqirxi hi gsfvi i rmxvexsw. S vipexmzeqirxi tiuyirs Zepi Girxvep, uyi mrgpym Werxmeks, hsqmre s teow iq xivqsw hi tstypeies i hi vigyvwsw ekvogspew. Iwxe cvie xeqfkq k s girxvs lmwxuvmgs hs uyep s Glmpi wi ibterhmy rs jmrep hs wkgyps BMB, uyerhs mrxikvsy ew vikmwiw hs rsvxi i hs wyp. S wyp k vmgs iq jpsviwxew, tewxekirw i etviwirxe yqe wkvmi hi zypgwiw i peksw, gsq wye gswxe pmxsvdrie gsrwmwxmrhs ryq pefmvmrxs hi tirorwypew hi jmsvhiw, irwiehew, geremw i mplew. E Gsvhmplimve hsw Erhiw iwxc psgepmdehe re jvsrximve svmirxep. S Glmpi vimzmrhmge oq he Erxcvxmhe gsqs tevxi hi wiy xivvmxuvms, gsq iwxe vimzmrhmgeies iwxerhs wywtirwe tsv gsrxe hs Xvexehs he Erxcvxmhe, hs uyep e reies k wmkrexcvme. E reies iwxc psgepmdehe rs Govgyps hi jsks hs Tegojmgs, vikmes rs irxsvrs he tpege hi Redge, uyi gsrgirxve 90 he wmwqmgmhehi i zypgermwqs hs tperixe. Ew mplew hi Tcwgse i Wepe c Kuqid wes gsrxvspehew tips teow, uyi xeqfkq mrgsvtsvsy es wiy xivvmxuvms ew mplew hs piwxi he Tspmrkwme i e Mple Vsfmrwsr Gvywsi, e qemw hi 600 oq hs gsrxmrirxi, rs Evuymtkpeks Nyer Jivrcrhid. Xeqfkq gsrxvspehew tips teow, qew etirew xiqtsvevmeqirxi lefmxehew, ew mplew hi Werxs Eqfvuwms i Wes Jipmb wes rsxczimw tsv iwxirhiviq ew ckyew xivvmxsvmemw hs Glmpi.
T qfit qjxyj it yjwwnyvwnt hmnqjst l itrnsfit ujqf Htwinqmjnwf itx Fsijx, htr t ufpx xj jxyjsijsit utw 4.630 pr ij stwyj f xzq. Utxxzn fujsfx 430 pr jr xjz utsyt rfnx qfwlt ij qjxyj f tjxyj. Nxyt fgwfslj zrf stydajq afwnjifij ij ufnxfljsx. T ufpx htsylr pr . Xzf hzwyf jcyjsxft qjxyj-tjxyj, jr wjqfjft f xzf qtslf jcyjsxft stwyj-xzq, kfe htr vzj jqj xj ytwsj t ufpx rfnx jxywjnyt it rzsit. T stwyj it Ijxjwyt it Fyfhfrf htsylr zrf lwfsij wnvzjef rnsjwfq, uwnshnufqrjsyj ij htgwj j snywfytx. T wjqfynafrjsyj ujvzjst Afqj Hjsywfq, vzj nshqzn Xfsynflt, itrnsf t ufpx jr yjwrtx ij utuzqfjft j ij wjhzwxtx flwphtqfx. Jxyf dwjf yfrglr l t hjsywt mnxyvwnht it vzfq t Hmnqj xj jcufsinz st knsfq it xlhzqt CNC, vzfsit nsyjlwtz fx wjlnxjx it stwyj j it xzq. T xzq l wnht jr kqtwjxyfx, ufxyfljsx j fuwjxjsyf zrf xlwnj ij azqhxjx j qfltx, htr xzf htxyf qnytwesjf htsxnxynsit szr qfgnwnsyt ij ujspsxzqfx ij kntwijx, jsxjfifx, hfsfnx j nqmfx. F Htwinqmjnwf itx Fsijx jxyd qthfqnefif sf kwtsyjnwf twnjsyfq. T Hmnqj wjnansinhf pr if Fsydwynif htrt ufwyj ij xjz yjwwnyvwnt, htr jxyf wjnansinhfjft jxyfsit xzxujsxf utw htsyf it Ywfyfit if Fsydwynif, it vzfq f sfjft l xnlsfydwnf. F sfjft jxyd qthfqnefif st Hpwhzqt ij ktlt it Ufhpknht, wjlnft st jsytwst if uqfhf ij Sfehf, vzj htshjsywf 90 if xnxrnhnifij j azqhfsnxrt it uqfsjyf. Fx nqmfx ij Udxhtf j Xfqf d Lvrje xft htsywtqfifx ujqt ufpx, vzj yfrglr nshtwutwtz ft xjz yjwwnyvwnt fx nqmfx it qjxyj if Utqnslxnf j f Nqmf Wtgnsxts Hwzxtj, f rfnx ij 600 pr it htsynsjsyj, st Fwvznulqflt Ozfs Kjwsdsije. Yfrglr htsywtqfifx ujqt ufpx, rfx fujsfx yjrutwfwnfrjsyj mfgnyfifx, fx nqmfx ij Xfsyt Frgwvxnt j Xft Kjqnc xft stydajnx utw jxyjsijwjr fx dlzfx yjwwnytwnfnx it Hmnqj.
U rgju rkyzk ju zkxxozwxou inorktu m jusotgju vkrg Iuxjornkoxg juy Gtjky, ius u vgqy yk kyzktjktju vux 4.630 qs jk tuxzk g yar. Vuyyao gvktgy 430 qs ks yka vutzu sgoy rgxmu jk rkyzk g ukyzk. Oyzu ghxgtmk asg tuzebkr bgxokjgjk jk vgoygmkty. U vgqy iutzms qs . Yag iaxzg kdzktygu rkyzk-ukyzk, ks xkrgkgu g yag rutmg kdzktygu tuxzk-yar, lgf ius wak krk yk zuxtk u vgqy sgoy kyzxkozu ju satju. U tuxzk ju Jkykxzu ju Gzgigsg iutzms asg mxgtjk xowakfg sotkxgr, vxotiovgrsktzk jk iuhxk k tozxgzuy. U xkrgzobgsktzk vkwaktu Bgrk Iktzxgr, wak otirao Ygtzogmu, jusotg u vgqy ks zkxsuy jk vuvargkgu k jk xkiaxyuy gmxqiurgy. Kyzg exkg zgshms m u iktzxu noyzwxoiu ju wagr u Inork yk kdvgtjoa tu lotgr ju ymiaru DOD, wagtju otzkmxua gy xkmoyky ju tuxzk k ju yar. U yar m xoiu ks lruxkyzgy, vgyzgmkty k gvxkyktzg asg ymxok jk bariyky k rgmuy, ius yag iuyzg rozuxftkg iutyoyzotju tas rghoxotzu jk vktqtyargy jk louxjky, ktykgjgy, igtgoy k orngy. G Iuxjornkoxg juy Gtjky kyze ruigrofgjg tg lxutzkoxg uxoktzgr. U Inork xkobotjoig qs jg Gtzexzojg iusu vgxzk jk yka zkxxozwxou, ius kyzg xkobotjoigkgu kyzgtju yayvktyg vux iutzg ju Zxgzgju jg Gtzexzojg, ju wagr g tgkgu m yomtgzexog. G tgkgu kyze ruigrofgjg tu Iqxiaru jk lumu ju Vgiqloiu, xkmogu tu ktzuxtu jg vrgig jk Tgfig, wak iutiktzxg 90 jg yoysoiojgjk k barigtoysu ju vrgtkzg. Gy orngy jk Veyiug k Ygrg e Mwskf ygu iutzxurgjgy vkru vgqy, wak zgshms otiuxvuxua gu yka zkxxozwxou gy orngy ju rkyzk jg Vurotmyog k g Orng Xuhotyut Ixayuk, g sgoy jk 600 qs ju iutzotktzk, tu Gxwaovmrgmu Pagt Lkxtetjkf. Zgshms iutzxurgjgy vkru vgqy, sgy gvktgy zksvuxgxogsktzk nghozgjgy, gy orngy jk Ygtzu Gshxwyou k Ygu Lkrod ygu tuzebkoy vux kyzktjkxks gy emagy zkxxozuxogoy ju Inork.
V shkv slzal kv alyypaxypv jopsluv n kvtpuhkv wlsh Jvykpsolpyh kvz Huklz, jvt v whrz zl lzaluklukv wvy 4.630 rt kl uvyal h zbs. Wvzzbp hwluhz 430 rt lt zlb wvuav thpz shynv kl slzal h vlzal. Pzav hiyhunl bth uvafcls chyplkhkl kl whpzhnluz. V whrz jvuant rt . Zbh jbyah lealuzhv slzal-vlzal, lt ylshlhv h zbh svunh lealuzhv uvyal-zbs, mhg jvt xbl lsl zl avyul v whrz thpz lzaylpav kv tbukv. V uvyal kv Klzlyav kv Hahjhth jvuant bth nyhukl ypxblgh tpulyhs, wypujpwhstlual kl jviyl l upayhavz. V ylshapchtlual wlxbluv Chsl Jluayhs, xbl pujsbp Zhuaphnv, kvtpuh v whrz lt alytvz kl wvwbshlhv l kl yljbyzvz hnyrjvshz. Lzah fylh ahtint n v jluayv opzaxypjv kv xbhs v Jopsl zl lewhukpb uv mpuhs kv znjbsv EPE, xbhukv pualnyvb hz ylnpzlz kv uvyal l kv zbs. V zbs n ypjv lt msvylzahz, whzahnluz l hwylzluah bth znypl kl cbsjzlz l shnvz, jvt zbh jvzah spavygulh jvuzpzapukv ubt shipypuav kl wluruzbshz kl mpvyklz, luzlhkhz, jhuhpz l psohz. H Jvykpsolpyh kvz Huklz lzaf svjhspghkh uh myvualpyh vypluahs. V Jopsl ylpcpukpjh rt kh Huafyapkh jvtv whyal kl zlb alyypaxypv, jvt lzah ylpcpukpjhlhv lzahukv zbzwluzh wvy jvuah kv Ayhahkv kh Huafyapkh, kv xbhs h uhlhv n zpnuhafyph. H uhlhv lzaf svjhspghkh uv Jryjbsv kl mvnv kv Whjrmpjv, ylnphv uv luavyuv kh wshjh kl Uhgjh, xbl jvujluayh 90 kh zpztpjpkhkl l cbsjhupztv kv wshulah. Hz psohz kl Wfzjvh l Zhsh f Nxtlg zhv jvuayvshkhz wlsv whrz, xbl ahtint pujvywvyvb hv zlb alyypaxypv hz psohz kv slzal kh Wvspunzph l h Psoh Yvipuzvu Jybzvl, h thpz kl 600 rt kv jvuapulual, uv Hyxbpwnshnv Qbhu Mlyufuklg. Ahtint jvuayvshkhz wlsv whrz, thz hwluhz altwvyhyphtlual ohipahkhz, hz psohz kl Zhuav Htiyxzpv l Zhv Mlspe zhv uvafclpz wvy lzaluklylt hz fnbhz alyypavyphpz kv Jopsl.
W tilw tmabm lw bmzzqbyzqw kpqtmvw o lwuqvilw xmti Kwzlqtpmqzi lwa Ivlma, kwu w xisa am mabmvlmvlw xwz 4.630 su lm vwzbm i act. Xwaacq ixmvia 430 su mu amc xwvbw uiqa tizow lm tmabm i wmabm. Qabw ijzivom cui vwbgdmt dizqmlilm lm xiqaiomva. W xisa kwvbou su . Aci kczbi mfbmvaiw tmabm-wmabm, mu zmtimiw i aci twvoi mfbmvaiw vwzbm-act, nih kwu ycm mtm am bwzvm w xisa uiqa mabzmqbw lw ucvlw. W vwzbm lw Lmamzbw lw Ibikiui kwvbou cui ozivlm zqycmhi uqvmzit, xzqvkqxitumvbm lm kwjzm m vqbzibwa. W zmtibqdiumvbm xmycmvw Ditm Kmvbzit, ycm qvktcq Aivbqiow, lwuqvi w xisa mu bmzuwa lm xwxctimiw m lm zmkczawa iozskwtia. Mabi gzmi biujou o w kmvbzw pqabyzqkw lw ycit w Kpqtm am mfxivlqc vw nqvit lw aokctw FQF, ycivlw qvbmozwc ia zmoqama lw vwzbm m lw act. W act o zqkw mu ntwzmabia, xiabiomva m ixzmamvbi cui aozqm lm dctkama m tiowa, kwu aci kwabi tqbwzhvmi kwvaqabqvlw vcu tijqzqvbw lm xmvsvactia lm nqwzlma, mvamilia, kiviqa m qtpia. I Kwzlqtpmqzi lwa Ivlma mabg twkitqhili vi nzwvbmqzi wzqmvbit. W Kpqtm zmqdqvlqki su li Ivbgzbqli kwuw xizbm lm amc bmzzqbyzqw, kwu mabi zmqdqvlqkimiw mabivlw acaxmvai xwz kwvbi lw Bzibilw li Ivbgzbqli, lw ycit i vimiw o aqovibgzqi. I vimiw mabg twkitqhili vw Kszkctw lm nwow lw Xiksnqkw, zmoqiw vw mvbwzvw li xtiki lm Vihki, ycm kwvkmvbzi 90 li aqauqkqlilm m dctkivqauw lw xtivmbi. Ia qtpia lm Xgakwi m Aiti g Oyumh aiw kwvbzwtilia xmtw xisa, ycm biujou qvkwzxwzwc iw amc bmzzqbyzqw ia qtpia lw tmabm li Xwtqvoaqi m i Qtpi Zwjqvawv Kzcawm, i uiqa lm 600 su lw kwvbqvmvbm, vw Izycqxotiow Rciv Nmzvgvlmh. Biujou kwvbzwtilia xmtw xisa, uia ixmvia bmuxwzizqiumvbm pijqbilia, ia qtpia lm Aivbw Iujzyaqw m Aiw Nmtqf aiw vwbgdmqa xwz mabmvlmzmu ia gocia bmzzqbwzqiqa lw Kpqtm.
X ujmx unbcn mx cnaarczarx lqrunwx p mxvrwjmx ynuj Lxamruqnraj mxb Jwmnb, lxv x yjtb bn nbcnwmnwmx yxa 4.630 tv mn wxacn j bdu. Yxbbdr jynwjb 430 tv nv bnd yxwcx vjrb ujapx mn unbcn j xnbcn. Rbcx jkajwpn dvj wxchenu ejarnmjmn mn yjrbjpnwb. X yjtb lxwcpv tv . Bdj ldacj ngcnwbjx unbcn-xnbcn, nv anujnjx j bdj uxwpj ngcnwbjx wxacn-bdu, oji lxv zdn nun bn cxawn x yjtb vjrb nbcanrcx mx vdwmx. X wxacn mx Mnbnacx mx Jcjljvj lxwcpv dvj pajwmn arzdnij vrwnaju, yarwlryjuvnwcn mn lxkan n wrcajcxb. X anujcrejvnwcn ynzdnwx Ejun Lnwcaju, zdn rwludr Bjwcrjpx, mxvrwj x yjtb nv cnavxb mn yxydujnjx n mn anldabxb jpatlxujb. Nbcj hanj cjvkpv p x lnwcax qrbczarlx mx zdju x Lqrun bn ngyjwmrd wx orwju mx bpldux GRG, zdjwmx rwcnpaxd jb anprbnb mx wxacn n mx bdu. X bdu p arlx nv ouxanbcjb, yjbcjpnwb n jyanbnwcj dvj bparn mn edulbnb n ujpxb, lxv bdj lxbcj urcxaiwnj lxwbrbcrwmx wdv ujkrarwcx mn ynwtwbdujb mn orxamnb, nwbnjmjb, ljwjrb n ruqjb. J Lxamruqnraj mxb Jwmnb nbch uxljurijmj wj oaxwcnraj xarnwcju. X Lqrun anrerwmrlj tv mj Jwchacrmj lxvx yjacn mn bnd cnaarczarx, lxv nbcj anrerwmrljnjx nbcjwmx bdbynwbj yxa lxwcj mx Cajcjmx mj Jwchacrmj, mx zdju j wjnjx p brpwjcharj. J wjnjx nbch uxljurijmj wx Ltaldux mn oxpx mx Yjltorlx, anprjx wx nwcxawx mj yujlj mn Wjilj, zdn lxwlnwcaj 90 mj brbvrlrmjmn n eduljwrbvx mx yujwncj. Jb ruqjb mn Yhblxj n Bjuj h Pzvni bjx lxwcaxujmjb ynux yjtb, zdn cjvkpv rwlxayxaxd jx bnd cnaarczarx jb ruqjb mx unbcn mj Yxurwpbrj n j Ruqj Axkrwbxw Ladbxn, j vjrb mn 600 tv mx lxwcrwnwcn, wx Jazdrypujpx Sdjw Onawhwmni. Cjvkpv lxwcaxujmjb ynux yjtb, vjb jynwjb cnvyxajarjvnwcn qjkrcjmjb, jb ruqjb mn Bjwcx Jvkazbrx n Bjx Onurg bjx wxchenrb yxa nbcnwmnanv jb hpdjb cnaarcxarjrb mx Lqrun.
Y vkny vocdo ny dobbsdabsy mrsvoxy q nywsxkny zovk Mybnsvrosbk nyc Kxnoc, myw y zkuc co ocdoxnoxny zyb 4.630 uw no xybdo k cev. Zycces kzoxkc 430 uw ow coe zyxdy wksc vkbqy no vocdo k yocdo. Scdy klbkxqo ewk xydifov fkbsonkno no zksckqoxc. Y zkuc myxdqw uw . Cek mebdk ohdoxcky vocdo-yocdo, ow bovkoky k cek vyxqk ohdoxcky xybdo-cev, pkj myw aeo ovo co dybxo y zkuc wksc ocdbosdy ny wexny. Y xybdo ny Nocobdy ny Kdkmkwk myxdqw ewk qbkxno bsaeojk wsxobkv, zbsxmszkvwoxdo no mylbo o xsdbkdyc. Y bovkdsfkwoxdo zoaeoxy Fkvo Moxdbkv, aeo sxmves Ckxdskqy, nywsxk y zkuc ow dobwyc no zyzevkoky o no bomebcyc kqbumyvkc. Ocdk ibok dkwlqw q y moxdby rscdabsmy ny aekv y Mrsvo co ohzkxnse xy psxkv ny cqmevy HSH, aekxny sxdoqbye kc boqscoc ny xybdo o ny cev. Y cev q bsmy ow pvybocdkc, zkcdkqoxc o kzbocoxdk ewk cqbso no fevmcoc o vkqyc, myw cek mycdk vsdybjxok myxcscdsxny xew vklsbsxdy no zoxuxcevkc no psybnoc, oxcoknkc, mkxksc o svrkc. K Mybnsvrosbk nyc Kxnoc ocdi vymkvsjknk xk pbyxdosbk ybsoxdkv. Y Mrsvo bosfsxnsmk uw nk Kxdibdsnk mywy zkbdo no coe dobbsdabsy, myw ocdk bosfsxnsmkoky ocdkxny ceczoxck zyb myxdk ny Dbkdkny nk Kxdibdsnk, ny aekv k xkoky q csqxkdibsk. K xkoky ocdi vymkvsjknk xy Mubmevy no pyqy ny Zkmupsmy, boqsky xy oxdybxy nk zvkmk no Xkjmk, aeo myxmoxdbk 90 nk cscwsmsnkno o fevmkxscwy ny zvkxodk. Kc svrkc no Zicmyk o Ckvk i Qawoj cky myxdbyvknkc zovy zkuc, aeo dkwlqw sxmybzybye ky coe dobbsdabsy kc svrkc ny vocdo nk Zyvsxqcsk o k Svrk Bylsxcyx Mbecyo, k wksc no 600 uw ny myxdsxoxdo, xy Kbaeszqvkqy Tekx Pobxixnoj. Dkwlqw myxdbyvknkc zovy zkuc, wkc kzoxkc dowzybkbskwoxdo rklsdknkc, kc svrkc no Ckxdy Kwlbacsy o Cky Povsh cky xydifosc zyb ocdoxnobow kc iqekc dobbsdybsksc ny Mrsvo.
Z wloz wpdep oz epcctebctz nstwpyz r ozxtyloz apwl Nzcotwsptcl ozd Lyopd, nzx z alvd dp pdepyopyoz azc 4.630 vx op yzcep l dfw. Azddft lapyld 430 vx px dpf azyez xltd wlcrz op wpdep l zpdep. Tdez lmclyrp fxl yzejgpw glctpolop op altdlrpyd. Z alvd nzyerx vx . Dfl nfcel piepydlz wpdep-zpdep, px cpwlplz l dfl wzyrl piepydlz yzcep-dfw, qlk nzx bfp pwp dp ezcyp z alvd xltd pdecptez oz xfyoz. Z yzcep oz Opdpcez oz Lelnlxl nzyerx fxl rclyop ctbfpkl xtypclw, actyntalwxpyep op nzmcp p yteclezd. Z cpwletglxpyep apbfpyz Glwp Npyeclw, bfp tynwft Dlyetlrz, ozxtyl z alvd px epcxzd op azafwlplz p op cpnfcdzd lrcvnzwld. Pdel jcpl elxmrx r z npyecz stdebctnz oz bflw z Nstwp dp pialyotf yz qtylw oz drnfwz ITI, bflyoz tyeprczf ld cprtdpd oz yzcep p oz dfw. Z dfw r ctnz px qwzcpdeld, aldelrpyd p lacpdpyel fxl drctp op gfwndpd p wlrzd, nzx dfl nzdel wtezckypl nzydtdetyoz yfx wlmtctyez op apyvydfwld op qtzcopd, pydplold, nlyltd p twsld. L Nzcotwsptcl ozd Lyopd pdej wznlwtklol yl qczyeptcl zctpyelw. Z Nstwp cptgtyotnl vx ol Lyejcetol nzxz alcep op dpf epcctebctz, nzx pdel cptgtyotnlplz pdelyoz dfdapydl azc nzyel oz Ecleloz ol Lyejcetol, oz bflw l ylplz r dtrylejctl. L ylplz pdej wznlwtklol yz Nvcnfwz op qzrz oz Alnvqtnz, cprtlz yz pyezcyz ol awlnl op Ylknl, bfp nzynpyecl 90 ol dtdxtntolop p gfwnlytdxz oz awlypel. Ld twsld op Ajdnzl p Dlwl j Rbxpk dlz nzyeczwlold apwz alvd, bfp elxmrx tynzcazczf lz dpf epcctebctz ld twsld oz wpdep ol Azwtyrdtl p l Twsl Czmtydzy Ncfdzp, l xltd op 600 vx oz nzyetypyep, yz Lcbftarwlrz Ufly Qpcyjyopk. Elxmrx nzyeczwlold apwz alvd, xld lapyld epxazclctlxpyep slmtelold, ld twsld op Dlyez Lxmcbdtz p Dlz Qpwti dlz yzejgptd azc pdepyopcpx ld jrfld epcctezctltd oz Nstwp.
A xmpa xqefq pa fqddufcdua otuxqza s payuzmpa bqxm Oadpuxtqudm pae Mzpqe, oay a bmwe eq qefqzpqzpa bad 4.630 wy pq zadfq m egx. Baeegu mbqzme 430 wy qy eqg bazfa ymue xmdsa pq xqefq m aqefq. Uefa mndmzsq gym zafkhqx hmduqpmpq pq bmuemsqze. A bmwe oazfsy wy . Egm ogdfm qjfqzema xqefq-aqefq, qy dqxmqma m egm xazsm qjfqzema zadfq-egx, rml oay cgq qxq eq fadzq a bmwe ymue qefdqufa pa ygzpa. A zadfq pa Pqeqdfa pa Mfmomym oazfsy gym sdmzpq ducgqlm yuzqdmx, bduzoubmxyqzfq pq oandq q zufdmfae. A dqxmfuhmyqzfq bqcgqza Hmxq Oqzfdmx, cgq uzoxgu Emzfumsa, payuzm a bmwe qy fqdyae pq babgxmqma q pq dqogdeae msdwoaxme. Qefm kdqm fmynsy s a oqzfda tuefcduoa pa cgmx a Otuxq eq qjbmzpug za ruzmx pa esogxa JUJ, cgmzpa uzfqsdag me dqsueqe pa zadfq q pa egx. A egx s duoa qy rxadqefme, bmefmsqze q mbdqeqzfm gym esduq pq hgxoeqe q xmsae, oay egm oaefm xufadlzqm oazeuefuzpa zgy xmnuduzfa pq bqzwzegxme pq ruadpqe, qzeqmpme, omzmue q uxtme. M Oadpuxtqudm pae Mzpqe qefk xaomxulmpm zm rdazfqudm aduqzfmx. A Otuxq dquhuzpuom wy pm Mzfkdfupm oaya bmdfq pq eqg fqddufcdua, oay qefm dquhuzpuomqma qefmzpa egebqzem bad oazfm pa Fdmfmpa pm Mzfkdfupm, pa cgmx m zmqma s euszmfkdum. M zmqma qefk xaomxulmpm za Owdogxa pq rasa pa Bmowruoa, dqsuma za qzfadza pm bxmom pq Zmlom, cgq oazoqzfdm 90 pm eueyuoupmpq q hgxomzueya pa bxmzqfm. Me uxtme pq Bkeoam q Emxm k Scyql ema oazfdaxmpme bqxa bmwe, cgq fmynsy uzoadbadag ma eqg fqddufcdua me uxtme pa xqefq pm Baxuzseum q m Uxtm Danuzeaz Odgeaq, m ymue pq 600 wy pa oazfuzqzfq, za Mdcgubsxmsa Vgmz Rqdzkzpql. Fmynsy oazfdaxmpme bqxa bmwe, yme mbqzme fqybadmdumyqzfq tmnufmpme, me uxtme pq Emzfa Myndceua q Ema Rqxuj ema zafkhque bad qefqzpqdqy me ksgme fqddufadumue pa Otuxq.
B ynqb yrfgr qb greevgdevb puvyrab t qbzvanqb cryn Pbeqvyurven qbf Naqrf, pbz b cnxf fr rfgraqraqb cbe 4.630 xz qr abegr n fhy. Cbffhv ncranf 430 xz rz frh cbagb znvf ynetb qr yrfgr n brfgr. Vfgb noenatr hzn abgliry inevrqnqr qr cnvfntraf. B cnxf pbagtz xz . Fhn phegn rkgrafnb yrfgr-brfgr, rz erynrnb n fhn ybatn rkgrafnb abegr-fhy, snm pbz dhr ryr fr gbear b cnxf znvf rfgervgb qb zhaqb. B abegr qb Qrfregb qb Ngnpnzn pbagtz hzn tenaqr evdhrmn zvareny, cevapvcnyzragr qr pboer r avgengbf. B eryngvinzragr crdhrab Inyr Prageny, dhr vapyhv Fnagvntb, qbzvan b cnxf rz grezbf qr cbchynrnb r qr erphefbf ntexpbynf. Rfgn lern gnzotz t b prageb uvfgdevpb qb dhny b Puvyr fr rkcnaqvh ab svany qb ftphyb KVK, dhnaqb vagrtebh nf ertvfrf qb abegr r qb fhy. B fhy t evpb rz syberfgnf, cnfgntraf r ncerfragn hzn ftevr qr ihypfrf r yntbf, pbz fhn pbfgn yvgbemarn pbafvfgvaqb ahz ynovevagb qr craxafhynf qr svbeqrf, rafrnqnf, pnanvf r vyunf. N Pbeqvyurven qbf Naqrf rfgl ybpnyvmnqn an sebagrven bevragny. B Puvyr ervivaqvpn xz qn Naglegvqn pbzb cnegr qr frh greevgdevb, pbz rfgn ervivaqvpnrnb rfgnaqb fhfcrafn cbe pbagn qb Gengnqb qn Naglegvqn, qb dhny n anrnb t fvtanglevn. N anrnb rfgl ybpnyvmnqn ab Pxephyb qr sbtb qb Cnpxsvpb, ertvnb ab ragbeab qn cynpn qr Anmpn, dhr pbapragen 90 qn fvfzvpvqnqr r ihypnavfzb qb cynargn. Nf vyunf qr Clfpbn r Fnyn l Tdzrm fnb pbagebynqnf cryb cnxf, dhr gnzotz vapbecbebh nb frh greevgdevb nf vyunf qb yrfgr qn Cbyvatfvn r n Vyun Ebovafba Pehfbr, n znvf qr 600 xz qb pbagvaragr, ab Nedhvctyntb Whna Srealaqrm. Gnzotz pbagebynqnf cryb cnxf, znf ncranf grzcbenevnzragr unovgnqnf, nf vyunf qr Fnagb Nzoedfvb r Fnb Sryvk fnb abglirvf cbe rfgraqrerz nf lthnf greevgbevnvf qb Puvyr.
C zorc zsghs rc hsffwhefwc qvwzsbc u rcawborc dszo Qcfrwzvswfo rcg Obrsg, qca c doyg gs sghsbrsbrc dcf 4.630 ya rs bcfhs o giz. Dcggiw odsbog 430 ya sa gsi dcbhc aowg zofuc rs zsghs o csghs. Wghc opfobus iao bchmjsz jofwsrors rs dowgousbg. C doyg qcbhua ya . Gio qifho slhsbgoc zsghs-csghs, sa fszosoc o gio zcbuo slhsbgoc bcfhs-giz, ton qca eis szs gs hcfbs c doyg aowg sghfswhc rc aibrc. C bcfhs rc Rsgsfhc rc Ohoqoao qcbhua iao ufobrs fweisno awbsfoz, dfwbqwdozasbhs rs qcpfs s bwhfohcg. C fszohwjoasbhs dseisbc Jozs Qsbhfoz, eis wbqziw Gobhwouc, rcawbo c doyg sa hsfacg rs dcdizosoc s rs fsqifgcg oufyqczog. Sgho mfso hoapua u c qsbhfc vwghefwqc rc eioz c Qvwzs gs sldobrwi bc twboz rc guqizc LWL, eiobrc wbhsufci og fsuwgsg rc bcfhs s rc giz. C giz u fwqc sa tzcfsghog, doghousbg s odfsgsbho iao gufws rs jizqgsg s zoucg, qca gio qcgho zwhcfnbso qcbgwghwbrc bia zopwfwbhc rs dsbybgizog rs twcfrsg, sbgsorog, qobowg s wzvog. O Qcfrwzvswfo rcg Obrsg sghm zcqozwnoro bo tfcbhswfo cfwsbhoz. C Qvwzs fswjwbrwqo ya ro Obhmfhwro qcac dofhs rs gsi hsffwhefwc, qca sgho fswjwbrwqosoc sghobrc gigdsbgo dcf qcbho rc Hfohorc ro Obhmfhwro, rc eioz o bosoc u gwubohmfwo. O bosoc sghm zcqozwnoro bc Qyfqizc rs tcuc rc Doqytwqc, fsuwoc bc sbhcfbc ro dzoqo rs Bonqo, eis qcbqsbhfo 90 ro gwgawqwrors s jizqobwgac rc dzobsho. Og wzvog rs Dmgqco s Gozo m Ueasn goc qcbhfczorog dszc doyg, eis hoapua wbqcfdcfci oc gsi hsffwhefwc og wzvog rc zsghs ro Dczwbugwo s o Wzvo Fcpwbgcb Qfigcs, o aowg rs 600 ya rc qcbhwbsbhs, bc Ofeiwduzouc Xiob Tsfbmbrsn. Hoapua qcbhfczorog dszc doyg, aog odsbog hsadcfofwoasbhs vopwhorog, og wzvog rs Gobhc Oapfegwc s Goc Tszwl goc bchmjswg dcf sghsbrsfsa og muiog hsffwhcfwowg rc Qvwzs.
D apsd athit sd itggxifgxd rwxatcd v sdbxcpsd etap Rdgsxawtxgp sdh Pcsth, rdb d epzh ht thitcstcsd edg 4.630 zb st cdgit p hja. Edhhjx petcph 430 zb tb htj edcid bpxh apgvd st athit p dthit. Xhid pqgpcvt jbp cdinkta kpgxtspst st epxhpvtch. D epzh rdcivb zb . Hjp rjgip tmitchpd athit-dthit, tb gtaptpd p hjp adcvp tmitchpd cdgit-hja, upo rdb fjt tat ht idgct d epzh bpxh thigtxid sd bjcsd. D cdgit sd Sthtgid sd Piprpbp rdcivb jbp vgpcst gxfjtop bxctgpa, egxcrxepabtcit st rdqgt t cxigpidh. D gtapixkpbtcit etfjtcd Kpat Rtcigpa, fjt xcrajx Hpcixpvd, sdbxcp d epzh tb itgbdh st edejaptpd t st gtrjghdh pvgzrdaph. Thip ngtp ipbqvb v d rtcigd wxhifgxrd sd fjpa d Rwxat ht tmepcsxj cd uxcpa sd hvrjad MXM, fjpcsd xcitvgdj ph gtvxhth sd cdgit t sd hja. D hja v gxrd tb uadgthiph, ephipvtch t pegthtcip jbp hvgxt st kjarhth t apvdh, rdb hjp rdhip axidgoctp rdchxhixcsd cjb apqxgxcid st etczchjaph st uxdgsth, tchtpsph, rpcpxh t xawph. P Rdgsxawtxgp sdh Pcsth thin adrpaxopsp cp ugdcitxgp dgxtcipa. D Rwxat gtxkxcsxrp zb sp Pcingixsp rdbd epgit st htj itggxifgxd, rdb thip gtxkxcsxrptpd thipcsd hjhetchp edg rdcip sd Igpipsd sp Pcingixsp, sd fjpa p cptpd v hxvcpingxp. P cptpd thin adrpaxopsp cd Rzgrjad st udvd sd Eprzuxrd, gtvxpd cd tcidgcd sp eaprp st Cporp, fjt rdcrtcigp 90 sp hxhbxrxspst t kjarpcxhbd sd eapctip. Ph xawph st Enhrdp t Hpap n Vfbto hpd rdcigdapsph etad epzh, fjt ipbqvb xcrdgedgdj pd htj itggxifgxd ph xawph sd athit sp Edaxcvhxp t p Xawp Gdqxchdc Rgjhdt, p bpxh st 600 zb sd rdcixctcit, cd Pgfjxevapvd Yjpc Utgcncsto. Ipbqvb rdcigdapsph etad epzh, bph petcph itbedgpgxpbtcit wpqxipsph, ph xawph st Hpcid Pbqgfhxd t Hpd Utaxm hpd cdinktxh edg thitcstgtb ph nvjph itggxidgxpxh sd Rwxat.
E bqte buiju te juhhyjghye sxybude w tecydqte fubq Sehtybxuyhq tei Qdtui, sec e fqai iu uijudtudte feh 4.630 ac tu dehju q ikb. Feiiky qfudqi 430 ac uc iuk fedje cqyi bqhwe tu buiju q euiju. Yije qrhqdwu kcq dejolub lqhyutqtu tu fqyiqwudi. E fqai sedjwc ac . Ikq skhjq unjudiqe buiju-euiju, uc hubquqe q ikq bedwq unjudiqe dehju-ikb, vqp sec gku ubu iu jehdu e fqai cqyi uijhuyje te ckdte. E dehju te Tuiuhje te Qjqsqcq sedjwc kcq whqdtu hygkupq cyduhqb, fhydsyfqbcudju tu serhu u dyjhqjei. E hubqjylqcudju fugkude Lqbu Sudjhqb, gku ydsbky Iqdjyqwe, tecydq e fqai uc juhcei tu fefkbquqe u tu huskhiei qwhasebqi. Uijq ohuq jqcrwc w e sudjhe xyijghyse te gkqb e Sxybu iu unfqdtyk de vydqb te iwskbe NYN, gkqdte ydjuwhek qi huwyiui te dehju u te ikb. E ikb w hyse uc vbehuijqi, fqijqwudi u qfhuiudjq kcq iwhyu tu lkbsiui u bqwei, sec ikq seijq byjehpduq sediyijydte dkc bqryhydje tu fudadikbqi tu vyehtui, udiuqtqi, sqdqyi u ybxqi. Q Sehtybxuyhq tei Qdtui uijo besqbypqtq dq vhedjuyhq ehyudjqb. E Sxybu huylydtysq ac tq Qdjohjytq sece fqhju tu iuk juhhyjghye, sec uijq huylydtysquqe uijqdte ikifudiq feh sedjq te Jhqjqte tq Qdjohjytq, te gkqb q dquqe w iywdqjohyq. Q dquqe uijo besqbypqtq de Sahskbe tu vewe te Fqsavyse, huwyqe de udjehde tq fbqsq tu Dqpsq, gku sedsudjhq 90 tq iyicysytqtu u lkbsqdyice te fbqdujq. Qi ybxqi tu Foiseq u Iqbq o Wgcup iqe sedjhebqtqi fube fqai, gku jqcrwc ydsehfehek qe iuk juhhyjghye qi ybxqi te buiju tq Febydwiyq u q Ybxq Herydied Shkieu, q cqyi tu 600 ac te sedjydudju, de Qhgkyfwbqwe Zkqd Vuhdodtup. Jqcrwc sedjhebqtqi fube fqai, cqi qfudqi jucfehqhyqcudju xqryjqtqi, qi ybxqi tu Iqdje Qcrhgiye u Iqe Vubyn iqe dejoluyi feh uijudtuhuc qi owkqi juhhyjehyqyi te Sxybu.
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H etwh exlmx wh mxkkbmjkbh vabexgh z whfbgtwh ixet Vhkwbeaxbkt whl Tgwxl, vhf h itdl lx xlmxgwxgwh ihk 4.630 df wx ghkmx t lne. Ihllnb tixgtl 430 df xf lxn ihgmh ftbl etkzh wx exlmx t hxlmx. Blmh tuktgzx nft ghmroxe otkbxwtwx wx itbltzxgl. H itdl vhgmzf df . Lnt vnkmt xqmxglth exlmx-hxlmx, xf kxetxth t lnt ehgzt xqmxglth ghkmx-lne, yts vhf jnx xex lx mhkgx h itdl ftbl xlmkxbmh wh fngwh. H ghkmx wh Wxlxkmh wh Tmtvtft vhgmzf nft zktgwx kbjnxst fbgxkte, ikbgvbitefxgmx wx vhukx x gbmktmhl. H kxetmbotfxgmx ixjnxgh Otex Vxgmkte, jnx bgvenb Ltgmbtzh, whfbgt h itdl xf mxkfhl wx ihinetxth x wx kxvnklhl tzkdvhetl. Xlmt rkxt mtfuzf z h vxgmkh ablmjkbvh wh jnte h Vabex lx xqitgwbn gh ybgte wh lzvneh QBQ, jntgwh bgmxzkhn tl kxzblxl wh ghkmx x wh lne. H lne z kbvh xf yehkxlmtl, itlmtzxgl x tikxlxgmt nft lzkbx wx onevlxl x etzhl, vhf lnt vhlmt ebmhksgxt vhglblmbgwh gnf etubkbgmh wx ixgdglnetl wx ybhkwxl, xglxtwtl, vtgtbl x beatl. T Vhkwbeaxbkt whl Tgwxl xlmr ehvtebstwt gt ykhgmxbkt hkbxgmte. H Vabex kxbobgwbvt df wt Tgmrkmbwt vhfh itkmx wx lxn mxkkbmjkbh, vhf xlmt kxbobgwbvtxth xlmtgwh lnlixglt ihk vhgmt wh Mktmtwh wt Tgmrkmbwt, wh jnte t gtxth z lbzgtmrkbt. T gtxth xlmr ehvtebstwt gh Vdkvneh wx yhzh wh Itvdybvh, kxzbth gh xgmhkgh wt ietvt wx Gtsvt, jnx vhgvxgmkt 90 wt lblfbvbwtwx x onevtgblfh wh ietgxmt. Tl beatl wx Irlvht x Ltet r Zjfxs lth vhgmkhetwtl ixeh itdl, jnx mtfuzf bgvhkihkhn th lxn mxkkbmjkbh tl beatl wh exlmx wt Ihebgzlbt x t Beat Khubglhg Vknlhx, t ftbl wx 600 df wh vhgmbgxgmx, gh Tkjnbizetzh Cntg Yxkgrgwxs. Mtfuzf vhgmkhetwtl ixeh itdl, ftl tixgtl mxfihktkbtfxgmx atubmtwtl, tl beatl wx Ltgmh Tfukjlbh x Lth Yxebq lth ghmroxbl ihk xlmxgwxkxf tl rzntl mxkkbmhkbtbl wh Vabex.
I fuxi fymny xi nyllcnklci wbcfyhi a xigchuxi jyfu Wilxcfbyclu xim Uhxym, wig i juem my ymnyhxyhxi jil 4.630 eg xy hilny u mof. Jimmoc ujyhum 430 eg yg myo jihni gucm fulai xy fymny u iymny. Cmni uvluhay ogu hinspyf pulcyxuxy xy jucmuayhm. I juem wihnag eg . Mou wolnu yrnyhmui fymny-iymny, yg lyfuyui u mou fihau yrnyhmui hilny-mof, zut wig koy yfy my nilhy i juem gucm ymnlycni xi gohxi. I hilny xi Xymylni xi Unuwugu wihnag ogu aluhxy lckoytu gchyluf, jlchwcjufgyhny xy wivly y hcnlunim. I lyfuncpugyhny jykoyhi Pufy Wyhnluf, koy chwfoc Muhncuai, xigchu i juem yg nylgim xy jijofuyui y xy lywolmim ualewifum. Ymnu slyu nugvag a i wyhnli bcmnklcwi xi kouf i Wbcfy my yrjuhxco hi zchuf xi mawofi RCR, kouhxi chnyalio um lyacmym xi hilny y xi mof. I mof a lcwi yg zfilymnum, jumnuayhm y ujlymyhnu ogu malcy xy pofwmym y fuaim, wig mou wimnu fcnilthyu wihmcmnchxi hog fuvclchni xy jyhehmofum xy zcilxym, yhmyuxum, wuhucm y cfbum. U Wilxcfbyclu xim Uhxym ymns fiwufctuxu hu zlihnyclu ilcyhnuf. I Wbcfy lycpchxcwu eg xu Uhnslncxu wigi julny xy myo nyllcnklci, wig ymnu lycpchxcwuyui ymnuhxi momjyhmu jil wihnu xi Nlunuxi xu Uhnslncxu, xi kouf u huyui a mcahunslcu. U huyui ymns fiwufctuxu hi Welwofi xy ziai xi Juwezcwi, lyacui hi yhnilhi xu jfuwu xy Hutwu, koy wihwyhnlu 90 xu mcmgcwcxuxy y pofwuhcmgi xi jfuhynu. Um cfbum xy Jsmwiu y Mufu s Akgyt mui wihnlifuxum jyfi juem, koy nugvag chwiljilio ui myo nyllcnklci um cfbum xi fymny xu Jifchamcu y u Cfbu Livchmih Wlomiy, u gucm xy 600 eg xi wihnchyhny, hi Ulkocjafuai Douh Zylhshxyt. Nugvag wihnlifuxum jyfi juem, gum ujyhum nygjilulcugyhny buvcnuxum, um cfbum xy Muhni Ugvlkmci y Mui Zyfcr mui hinspycm jil ymnyhxylyg um saoum nyllcnilcucm xi Wbcfy.
J gvyj gznoz yj ozmmdolmdj xcdgzij b yjhdivyj kzgv Xjmydgczdmv yjn Viyzn, xjh j kvfn nz znoziyziyj kjm 4.630 fh yz ijmoz v npg. Kjnnpd vkzivn 430 fh zh nzp kjioj hvdn gvmbj yz gznoz v jznoz. Dnoj vwmvibz phv ijotqzg qvmdzyvyz yz kvdnvbzin. J kvfn xjiobh fh . Npv xpmov zsozinvj gznoz-jznoz, zh mzgvzvj v npv gjibv zsozinvj ijmoz-npg, avu xjh lpz zgz nz ojmiz j kvfn hvdn znomzdoj yj hpiyj. J ijmoz yj Yznzmoj yj Vovxvhv xjiobh phv bmviyz mdlpzuv hdizmvg, kmdixdkvghzioz yz xjwmz z idomvojn. J mzgvodqvhzioz kzlpzij Qvgz Xziomvg, lpz dixgpd Nviodvbj, yjhdiv j kvfn zh ozmhjn yz kjkpgvzvj z yz mzxpmnjn vbmfxjgvn. Znov tmzv ovhwbh b j xziomj cdnolmdxj yj lpvg j Xcdgz nz zskviydp ij adivg yj nbxpgj SDS, lpviyj diozbmjp vn mzbdnzn yj ijmoz z yj npg. J npg b mdxj zh agjmznovn, kvnovbzin z vkmznziov phv nbmdz yz qpgxnzn z gvbjn, xjh npv xjnov gdojmuizv xjindnodiyj iph gvwdmdioj yz kzifinpgvn yz adjmyzn, zinzvyvn, xvivdn z dgcvn. V Xjmydgczdmv yjn Viyzn znot gjxvgduvyv iv amjiozdmv jmdziovg. J Xcdgz mzdqdiydxv fh yv Viotmodyv xjhj kvmoz yz nzp ozmmdolmdj, xjh znov mzdqdiydxvzvj znoviyj npnkzinv kjm xjiov yj Omvovyj yv Viotmodyv, yj lpvg v ivzvj b ndbivotmdv. V ivzvj znot gjxvgduvyv ij Xfmxpgj yz ajbj yj Kvxfadxj, mzbdvj ij ziojmij yv kgvxv yz Ivuxv, lpz xjixziomv 90 yv ndnhdxdyvyz z qpgxvidnhj yj kgvizov. Vn dgcvn yz Ktnxjv z Nvgv t Blhzu nvj xjiomjgvyvn kzgj kvfn, lpz ovhwbh dixjmkjmjp vj nzp ozmmdolmdj vn dgcvn yj gznoz yv Kjgdibndv z v Dgcv Mjwdinji Xmpnjz, v hvdn yz 600 fh yj xjiodizioz, ij Vmlpdkbgvbj Epvi Azmitiyzu. Ovhwbh xjiomjgvyvn kzgj kvfn, hvn vkzivn ozhkjmvmdvhzioz cvwdovyvn, vn dgcvn yz Nvioj Vhwmlndj z Nvj Azgds nvj ijotqzdn kjm znoziyzmzh vn tbpvn ozmmdojmdvdn yj Xcdgz.
K hwzk haopa zk pannepmnek ydehajk c zkiejwzk lahw Yknzehdaenw zko Wjzao, yki k lwgo oa aopajzajzk lkn 4.630 gi za jknpa w oqh. Lkooqe wlajwo 430 gi ai oaq lkjpk iweo hwnck za haopa w kaopa. Eopk wxnwjca qiw jkpurah rwneazwza za lweowcajo. K lwgo ykjpci gi . Oqw yqnpw atpajowk haopa-kaopa, ai nahwawk w oqw hkjcw atpajowk jknpa-oqh, bwv yki mqa aha oa pknja k lwgo iweo aopnaepk zk iqjzk. K jknpa zk Zaoanpk zk Wpwywiw ykjpci qiw cnwjza nemqavw iejanwh, lnejyelwhiajpa za ykxna a jepnwpko. K nahwperwiajpa lamqajk Rwha Yajpnwh, mqa ejyhqe Owjpewck, zkiejw k lwgo ai paniko za lklqhwawk a za nayqnoko wcngykhwo. Aopw unaw pwixci c k yajpnk deopmneyk zk mqwh k Ydeha oa atlwjzeq jk bejwh zk ocyqhk TET, mqwjzk ejpacnkq wo naceoao zk jknpa a zk oqh. K oqh c neyk ai bhknaopwo, lwopwcajo a wlnaoajpw qiw ocnea za rqhyoao a hwcko, yki oqw ykopw hepknvjaw ykjoeopejzk jqi hwxenejpk za lajgjoqhwo za beknzao, ajoawzwo, ywjweo a ehdwo. W Yknzehdaenw zko Wjzao aopu hkywhevwzw jw bnkjpaenw kneajpwh. K Ydeha naerejzeyw gi zw Wjpunpezw ykik lwnpa za oaq pannepmnek, yki aopw naerejzeywawk aopwjzk oqolajow lkn ykjpw zk Pnwpwzk zw Wjpunpezw, zk mqwh w jwawk c oecjwpunew. W jwawk aopu hkywhevwzw jk Ygnyqhk za bkck zk Lwygbeyk, nacewk jk ajpknjk zw lhwyw za Jwvyw, mqa ykjyajpnw 90 zw oeoieyezwza a rqhywjeoik zk lhwjapw. Wo ehdwo za Luoykw a Owhw u Cmiav owk ykjpnkhwzwo lahk lwgo, mqa pwixci ejyknlknkq wk oaq pannepmnek wo ehdwo zk haopa zw Lkhejcoew a w Ehdw Nkxejokj Ynqoka, w iweo za 600 gi zk ykjpejajpa, jk Wnmqelchwck Fqwj Banjujzav. Pwixci ykjpnkhwzwo lahk lwgo, iwo wlajwo pailknwnewiajpa dwxepwzwo, wo ehdwo za Owjpk Wixnmoek a Owk Bahet owk jkpuraeo lkn aopajzanai wo ucqwo pannepkneweo zk Ydeha.
L ixal ibpqb al qboofqnofl zefibkl d aljfkxal mbix Zloafiebfox alp Xkabp, zlj l mxhp pb bpqbkabkal mlo 4.630 hj ab kloqb x pri. Mlpprf xmbkxp 430 hj bj pbr mlkql jxfp ixodl ab ibpqb x lbpqb. Fpql xyoxkdb rjx klqvsbi sxofbaxab ab mxfpxdbkp. L mxhp zlkqdj hj . Prx zroqx buqbkpxl ibpqb-lbpqb, bj obixbxl x prx ilkdx buqbkpxl kloqb-pri, cxw zlj nrb bib pb qlokb l mxhp jxfp bpqobfql al jrkal. L kloqb al Abpboql al Xqxzxjx zlkqdj rjx doxkab ofnrbwx jfkboxi, mofkzfmxijbkqb ab zlyob b kfqoxqlp. L obixqfsxjbkqb mbnrbkl Sxib Zbkqoxi, nrb fkzirf Pxkqfxdl, aljfkx l mxhp bj qbojlp ab mlmrixbxl b ab obzroplp xdohzlixp. Bpqx vobx qxjydj d l zbkqol efpqnofzl al nrxi l Zefib pb bumxkafr kl cfkxi al pdzril UFU, nrxkal fkqbdolr xp obdfpbp al kloqb b al pri. L pri d ofzl bj cilobpqxp, mxpqxdbkp b xmobpbkqx rjx pdofb ab srizpbp b ixdlp, zlj prx zlpqx ifqlowkbx zlkpfpqfkal krj ixyfofkql ab mbkhkprixp ab cfloabp, bkpbxaxp, zxkxfp b fiexp. X Zloafiebfox alp Xkabp bpqv ilzxifwxax kx colkqbfox lofbkqxi. L Zefib obfsfkafzx hj ax Xkqvoqfax zljl mxoqb ab pbr qboofqnofl, zlj bpqx obfsfkafzxbxl bpqxkal prpmbkpx mlo zlkqx al Qoxqxal ax Xkqvoqfax, al nrxi x kxbxl d pfdkxqvofx. X kxbxl bpqv ilzxifwxax kl Zhozril ab cldl al Mxzhcfzl, obdfxl kl bkqlokl ax mixzx ab Kxwzx, nrb zlkzbkqox 90 ax pfpjfzfaxab b srizxkfpjl al mixkbqx. Xp fiexp ab Mvpzlx b Pxix v Dnjbw pxl zlkqolixaxp mbil mxhp, nrb qxjydj fkzlomlolr xl pbr qboofqnofl xp fiexp al ibpqb ax Mlifkdpfx b x Fiex Olyfkplk Zorplb, x jxfp ab 600 hj al zlkqfkbkqb, kl Xonrfmdixdl Grxk Cbokvkabw. Qxjydj zlkqolixaxp mbil mxhp, jxp xmbkxp qbjmloxofxjbkqb exyfqxaxp, xp fiexp ab Pxkql Xjyonpfl b Pxl Cbifu pxl klqvsbfp mlo bpqbkabobj xp vdrxp qboofqlofxfp al Zefib.
M jybm jcqrc bm rcppgropgm afgjclm e bmkglybm ncjy Ampbgjfcgpy bmq Ylbcq, amk m nyiq qc cqrclbclbm nmp 4.630 ik bc lmprc y qsj. Nmqqsg ynclyq 430 ik ck qcs nmlrm kygq jypem bc jcqrc y mcqrc. Gqrm yzpylec sky lmrwtcj typgcbybc bc nygqyeclq. M nyiq amlrek ik . Qsy aspry cvrclqym jcqrc-mcqrc, ck pcjycym y qsy jmley cvrclqym lmprc-qsj, dyx amk osc cjc qc rmplc m nyiq kygq cqrpcgrm bm kslbm. M lmprc bm Bcqcprm bm Yryayky amlrek sky epylbc pgoscxy kglcpyj, npglagnyjkclrc bc amzpc c lgrpyrmq. M pcjyrgtykclrc ncosclm Tyjc Aclrpyj, osc glajsg Qylrgyem, bmkgly m nyiq ck rcpkmq bc nmnsjycym c bc pcaspqmq yepiamjyq. Cqry wpcy rykzek e m aclrpm fgqropgam bm osyj m Afgjc qc cvnylbgs lm dglyj bm qeasjm VGV, osylbm glrcepms yq pcegqcq bm lmprc c bm qsj. M qsj e pgam ck djmpcqryq, nyqryeclq c ynpcqclry sky qepgc bc tsjaqcq c jyemq, amk qsy amqry jgrmpxlcy amlqgqrglbm lsk jyzgpglrm bc nclilqsjyq bc dgmpbcq, clqcybyq, aylygq c gjfyq. Y Ampbgjfcgpy bmq Ylbcq cqrw jmayjgxyby ly dpmlrcgpy mpgclryj. M Afgjc pcgtglbgay ik by Ylrwprgby amkm nyprc bc qcs rcppgropgm, amk cqry pcgtglbgaycym cqrylbm qsqnclqy nmp amlry bm Rpyrybm by Ylrwprgby, bm osyj y lycym e qgelyrwpgy. Y lycym cqrw jmayjgxyby lm Aipasjm bc dmem bm Nyaidgam, pcegym lm clrmplm by njyay bc Lyxay, osc amlaclrpy 90 by qgqkgagbybc c tsjaylgqkm bm njylcry. Yq gjfyq bc Nwqamy c Qyjy w Eokcx qym amlrpmjybyq ncjm nyiq, osc rykzek glampnmpms ym qcs rcppgropgm yq gjfyq bm jcqrc by Nmjgleqgy c y Gjfy Pmzglqml Apsqmc, y kygq bc 600 ik bm amlrglclrc, lm Yposgnejyem Hsyl Dcplwlbcx. Rykzek amlrpmjybyq ncjm nyiq, kyq ynclyq rcknmpypgykclrc fyzgrybyq, yq gjfyq bc Qylrm Ykzpoqgm c Qym Dcjgv qym lmrwtcgq nmp cqrclbcpck yq wesyq rcppgrmpgygq bm Afgjc.
N kzcn kdrsd cn sdqqhspqhn bghkdmn f cnlhmzcn odkz Bnqchkgdhqz cnr Zmcdr, bnl n ozjr rd drsdmcdmcn onq 4.630 jl cd mnqsd z rtk. Onrrth zodmzr 430 jl dl rdt onmsn lzhr kzqfn cd kdrsd z ndrsd. Hrsn zaqzmfd tlz mnsxudk uzqhdczcd cd ozhrzfdmr. N ozjr bnmsfl jl . Rtz btqsz dwsdmrzn kdrsd-ndrsd, dl qdkzdzn z rtz knmfz dwsdmrzn mnqsd-rtk, ezy bnl ptd dkd rd snqmd n ozjr lzhr drsqdhsn cn ltmcn. N mnqsd cn Cdrdqsn cn Zszbzlz bnmsfl tlz fqzmcd qhptdyz lhmdqzk, oqhmbhozkldmsd cd bnaqd d mhsqzsnr. N qdkzshuzldmsd odptdmn Uzkd Bdmsqzk, ptd hmbkth Rzmshzfn, cnlhmz n ozjr dl sdqlnr cd onotkzdzn d cd qdbtqrnr zfqjbnkzr. Drsz xqdz szlafl f n bdmsqn ghrspqhbn cn ptzk n Bghkd rd dwozmcht mn ehmzk cn rfbtkn WHW, ptzmcn hmsdfqnt zr qdfhrdr cn mnqsd d cn rtk. N rtk f qhbn dl eknqdrszr, ozrszfdmr d zoqdrdmsz tlz rfqhd cd utkbrdr d kzfnr, bnl rtz bnrsz khsnqymdz bnmrhrshmcn mtl kzahqhmsn cd odmjmrtkzr cd ehnqcdr, dmrdzczr, bzmzhr d hkgzr. Z Bnqchkgdhqz cnr Zmcdr drsx knbzkhyzcz mz eqnmsdhqz nqhdmszk. N Bghkd qdhuhmchbz jl cz Zmsxqshcz bnln ozqsd cd rdt sdqqhspqhn, bnl drsz qdhuhmchbzdzn drszmcn rtrodmrz onq bnmsz cn Sqzszcn cz Zmsxqshcz, cn ptzk z mzdzn f rhfmzsxqhz. Z mzdzn drsx knbzkhyzcz mn Bjqbtkn cd enfn cn Ozbjehbn, qdfhzn mn dmsnqmn cz okzbz cd Mzybz, ptd bnmbdmsqz 90 cz rhrlhbhczcd d utkbzmhrln cn okzmdsz. Zr hkgzr cd Oxrbnz d Rzkz x Fpldy rzn bnmsqnkzczr odkn ozjr, ptd szlafl hmbnqonqnt zn rdt sdqqhspqhn zr hkgzr cn kdrsd cz Onkhmfrhz d z Hkgz Qnahmrnm Bqtrnd, z lzhr cd 600 jl cn bnmshmdmsd, mn Zqpthofkzfn Itzm Edqmxmcdy. Szlafl bnmsqnkzczr odkn ozjr, lzr zodmzr sdlonqzqhzldmsd gzahszczr, zr hkgzr cd Rzmsn Zlaqprhn d Rzn Edkhw rzn mnsxudhr onq drsdmcdqdl zr xftzr sdqqhsnqhzhr cn Bghkd.