KenanZeynalov/petrol_data · Datasets at Hugging Face

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mainly due to the smaller consumption of purchased NG. In
particular, relative to other reﬁnery groups, diesel-associated NG
consumption is signiﬁcantly lower in the High API/High HP group.
This can be rationalized by diesel production processes requiring
hydrogen that is mainly derived from catalytic reforming rather
than NG SMR in the High API/High HP group.
3.3. Life-cycle GHG emissions
Fig. 6 and Table S6 show the life-cycle GHG emissions of various
petroleum products for each reﬁnery group, as well as the overall
GHG emissions, which combine the GHG emissions from all reﬁn-
ery products weighted by their energy values. Although fuel com-
bustion accounts for a large portion of the life-cycle GHG emissions
for all products, the emissions from the combustion phase are dif-
ferent for each product due to its carbon content (i.e., grams of car-
bon per MJ in fuel). In general, RFO has higher carbon content
compared to diesel, which has higher carbon content than gasoline.
Despite this, the major difference in life-cycle GHG emissions
among each reﬁnery group is driven mainly by the reﬁning stage
emissions. In general, High API/High HP reﬁneries emit a smaller
amount of GHGs during the reﬁning stage compared to reﬁneries
with low API gravity and low HP yield. Most of the reﬁneries in this
former group are located in the EU. For example, the difference in
the reﬁning GHG emissions between the High API/High HP and the
High API/Low HP groups, mainly driven by HP yields, are 2.4, 2.5, 2.5
and 3.6 g CO2e/MJ for gasoline, diesel, RFO and overall (i.e., aggre-
gate of all) petroleum products, respectively. Moreover, the differ-
ence in the reﬁning GHG emissions between the High API/Low HP
Fig. 5. Energy intensities of gasoline, diesel and residual fuel oil in each group of reﬁneries.
Fig. 4. Product-speciﬁc efﬁciency of gasoline, diesel and residual fuel oil in each group of reﬁneries (diesel does not include kerosene).
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J. Han et al. / Fuel 157 (2015) 292–298
and Low API groups, mainly driven by API gravity, are 1.6, 2.1, 0.5
and 1.2 g CO2e/MJ for gasoline, diesel, RFO and overall petroleum
products, respectively.
API gravity and HP yield appear to impact the direct and indi-
rect reﬁning GHG emissions of each product to different extents.
For gasoline and diesel, API gravity inﬂuences direct reﬁning emis-
sions because API gravity directly affects the intensity of internal
reﬁnery processing for a given HP yield. Meanwhile, the inﬂuence
of HP yield on indirect reﬁning emissions associated with gasoline
and diesel production is also signiﬁcant. In this context, reﬁneries
with deep conversion units (such as coker, FCC and HYK) have a
greater demand for purchased heavy products (see Fig. 5). HP yield
also inﬂuences the direct emissions of diesel reﬁning through
hydrogen consumption, as discussed above. As shown in Fig. 3,
the total hydrogen consumption decreases signiﬁcantly with high
HP yield.
Some of the life cycle impacts discussed above are attributed to
differences in region and fuel speciﬁcations. For example, because
of the large share of EU diesel in the High API/High HP group, com-
bustion GHG emissions of diesel are about 1.5 g CO2e/MJ lower
than in other groups (because of the lower carbon content of EU
diesel compared to US diesel), while those for gasoline and RFO
are consistent among the three reﬁnery groups. A consequence of
the relatively large share of EU reﬁneries in the High API/High HP
group is the lower GHG emissions in crude recovery for all prod-
ucts. Note that in this study, it is assumed that the crude input into
EU reﬁneries is less GHG-intensive by about 1.8 g CO2e/MJ com-
pared to US reﬁneries. As mentioned earlier, these differences are
primarily due to higher associated methane emissions estimates
for US crude and the contribution of oil sands to crude utilized in
US reﬁneries. The difference in associated methane emissions
estimates results partly from the difference in estimation methods
rather
than
physical
differences,
which
warrants
further
investigation.
4. Discussion and conclusions
This study combined comprehensive LP modeling data, unit-
wide energy analysis and allocation, and a reﬁnery categorization
framework to derive fundamental information of reﬁnery energy
consumption. We analyzed the LP results of selected 43 US and
17 EU reﬁneries with various operational characteristics (e.g., API
gravity, HP, sulfur contents and complexity index), and categorized
them into three groups (Low API, High API/Low HP and High API/
High HP). The results of this study show that reﬁneries that process
heavier crudes and process deep into the barrel to produce lower
yields of heavy products have lower energy efﬁciencies and higher
GHG emissions compared to reﬁneries that process lighter crudes
and produce higher yields of heavy products. The reﬁning energy
intensities (the inverse of energy efﬁciencies) of gasoline and diesel
in the Low API group are 22 and 26 kJ/MJ higher compared to the
High API/Low HP group, mainly owning to API gravity. Moreover,
the reﬁning energy intensities of gasoline and diesel in the High
API/Low HP group are 14 and 26 kJ/MJ higher than the High API/
High HP group, mainly owning to HP yields. Consequently, the
GHG emissions of gasoline and diesel in the Low API group are
1.7 and 3.1 g CO2e/MJ higher compared to those in the High API/
Low HP group and the GHG emissions of gasoline and diesel in
the High API/Low HP group are 3.1 and 5.2 g CO2e/MJ higher com-
pared to those in the High API/High HP group. The higher energy
intensity and higher GHG emissions described above are attributed
to the larger energy-intensive process units (e.g., FCC, cokers and
HYK) used in the more complex reﬁneries. These types of reﬁneries
tend to use energy-intensive units, which are signiﬁcant con-
sumers of utilities (heat and electricity) and hydrogen. Between

mainly due to the smaller consumption of purchased NG. In

particular, relative to other reﬁnery groups, diesel-associated NG

consumption is signiﬁcantly lower in the High API/High HP group.

This can be rationalized by diesel production processes requiring

hydrogen that is mainly derived from catalytic reforming rather

than NG SMR in the High API/High HP group.

3.3. Life-cycle GHG emissions

Fig. 6 and Table S6 show the life-cycle GHG emissions of various

petroleum products for each reﬁnery group, as well as the overall

GHG emissions, which combine the GHG emissions from all reﬁn-

ery products weighted by their energy values. Although fuel com-

bustion accounts for a large portion of the life-cycle GHG emissions

for all products, the emissions from the combustion phase are dif-

ferent for each product due to its carbon content (i.e., grams of car-

bon per MJ in fuel). In general, RFO has higher carbon content

compared to diesel, which has higher carbon content than gasoline.

Despite this, the major difference in life-cycle GHG emissions

among each reﬁnery group is driven mainly by the reﬁning stage

emissions. In general, High API/High HP reﬁneries emit a smaller

amount of GHGs during the reﬁning stage compared to reﬁneries

with low API gravity and low HP yield. Most of the reﬁneries in this

former group are located in the EU. For example, the difference in

the reﬁning GHG emissions between the High API/High HP and the

High API/Low HP groups, mainly driven by HP yields, are 2.4, 2.5, 2.5

and 3.6 g CO2e/MJ for gasoline, diesel, RFO and overall (i.e., aggre-

gate of all) petroleum products, respectively. Moreover, the differ-

ence in the reﬁning GHG emissions between the High API/Low HP

Fig. 5. Energy intensities of gasoline, diesel and residual fuel oil in each group of reﬁneries.

Fig. 4. Product-speciﬁc efﬁciency of gasoline, diesel and residual fuel oil in each group of reﬁneries (diesel does not include kerosene).

296

J. Han et al. / Fuel 157 (2015) 292–298

and Low API groups, mainly driven by API gravity, are 1.6, 2.1, 0.5

and 1.2 g CO2e/MJ for gasoline, diesel, RFO and overall petroleum

products, respectively.

API gravity and HP yield appear to impact the direct and indi-

rect reﬁning GHG emissions of each product to different extents.

For gasoline and diesel, API gravity inﬂuences direct reﬁning emis-

sions because API gravity directly affects the intensity of internal

reﬁnery processing for a given HP yield. Meanwhile, the inﬂuence

of HP yield on indirect reﬁning emissions associated with gasoline

and diesel production is also signiﬁcant. In this context, reﬁneries

with deep conversion units (such as coker, FCC and HYK) have a

greater demand for purchased heavy products (see Fig. 5). HP yield

also inﬂuences the direct emissions of diesel reﬁning through

hydrogen consumption, as discussed above. As shown in Fig. 3,

the total hydrogen consumption decreases signiﬁcantly with high

HP yield.

Some of the life cycle impacts discussed above are attributed to

differences in region and fuel speciﬁcations. For example, because

of the large share of EU diesel in the High API/High HP group, com-

bustion GHG emissions of diesel are about 1.5 g CO2e/MJ lower

than in other groups (because of the lower carbon content of EU

diesel compared to US diesel), while those for gasoline and RFO

are consistent among the three reﬁnery groups. A consequence of

the relatively large share of EU reﬁneries in the High API/High HP

group is the lower GHG emissions in crude recovery for all prod-

ucts. Note that in this study, it is assumed that the crude input into

EU reﬁneries is less GHG-intensive by about 1.8 g CO2e/MJ com-

pared to US reﬁneries. As mentioned earlier, these differences are

primarily due to higher associated methane emissions estimates

for US crude and the contribution of oil sands to crude utilized in

US reﬁneries. The difference in associated methane emissions

estimates results partly from the difference in estimation methods

rather

than

physical

differences,

which

warrants

further

investigation.

4. Discussion and conclusions

This study combined comprehensive LP modeling data, unit-

wide energy analysis and allocation, and a reﬁnery categorization

framework to derive fundamental information of reﬁnery energy

consumption. We analyzed the LP results of selected 43 US and

17 EU reﬁneries with various operational characteristics (e.g., API

gravity, HP, sulfur contents and complexity index), and categorized

them into three groups (Low API, High API/Low HP and High API/

High HP). The results of this study show that reﬁneries that process

heavier crudes and process deep into the barrel to produce lower

yields of heavy products have lower energy efﬁciencies and higher

GHG emissions compared to reﬁneries that process lighter crudes

and produce higher yields of heavy products. The reﬁning energy

intensities (the inverse of energy efﬁciencies) of gasoline and diesel

in the Low API group are 22 and 26 kJ/MJ higher compared to the

High API/Low HP group, mainly owning to API gravity. Moreover,

the reﬁning energy intensities of gasoline and diesel in the High

API/Low HP group are 14 and 26 kJ/MJ higher than the High API/

High HP group, mainly owning to HP yields. Consequently, the

GHG emissions of gasoline and diesel in the Low API group are

1.7 and 3.1 g CO2e/MJ higher compared to those in the High API/

Low HP group and the GHG emissions of gasoline and diesel in

the High API/Low HP group are 3.1 and 5.2 g CO2e/MJ higher com-

pared to those in the High API/High HP group. The higher energy

intensity and higher GHG emissions described above are attributed

to the larger energy-intensive process units (e.g., FCC, cokers and

HYK) used in the more complex reﬁneries. These types of reﬁneries

tend to use energy-intensive units, which are signiﬁcant con-

sumers of utilities (heat and electricity) and hydrogen. Between