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[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Insulin is made up of how many polypeptide chains?\nA. four, B. three, C. twelve, D. two\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Insulin is made up of how many polypeptide chains? A. four, B. three, C. twelve, D. two Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the term for the energy of movement?\nA. molecular energy, B. mechanical energy, C. intrinsic energy, D. potential energy\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: 1. Mechanical energy is the energy of movement. It is found in objects that are moving or have the potential to move.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the term for the energy of movement? A. molecular energy, B. mechanical energy, C. intrinsic energy, D. potential energy Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: 1. Mechanical energy is the energy of movement. It is found in objects that are moving or have the potential to move. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of organisms are helpless at birth and require lots of help from their parents?\nA. altricial organisms, B. precocial organisms, C. Microorganisms, D. multicellular organisms\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Organisms can use different strategies to increase their reproduction rate. Altricial organisms are helpless at birth, and their parents give them a lot of care. This care is often seen in bird species. ( Figure below ). Altricial birds are usually born blind and without feathers. Compared to precocial organisms, altricial organisms have a longer period of development before they reach maturity. Precocial organisms, such as the geese shown below, can take care of themselves at birth and do not require help from their parents ( Figure below ). In order to reproduce as much as possible, altricial and precocial organisms must use very different strategies.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What type of organisms are helpless at birth and require lots of help from their parents? A. altricial organisms, B. precocial organisms, C. Microorganisms, D. multicellular organisms Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Organisms can use different strategies to increase their reproduction rate. Altricial organisms are helpless at birth, and their parents give them a lot of care. This care is often seen in bird species. ( Figure below ). Altricial birds are usually born blind and without feathers. Compared to precocial organisms, altricial organisms have a longer period of development before they reach maturity. Precocial organisms, such as the geese shown below, can take care of themselves at birth and do not require help from their parents ( Figure below ). In order to reproduce as much as possible, altricial and precocial organisms must use very different strategies. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Metallic bonds allow metals to do what, in the manner of a willow tree?\nA. grow, B. bend without breaking, C. break easily, D. stand tall\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The thick, rigid trunk of the oak tree on the left might crack and break in a strong wind. The slim, flexible trunk of the willow tree on the right might bend without breaking. In one way, metals are like willow trees. They can bend without breaking. That’s because metals form special bonds called metallic bonds.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Metallic bonds allow metals to do what, in the manner of a willow tree? A. grow, B. bend without breaking, C. break easily, D. stand tall Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The thick, rigid trunk of the oak tree on the left might crack and break in a strong wind. The slim, flexible trunk of the willow tree on the right might bend without breaking. In one way, metals are like willow trees. They can bend without breaking. That’s because metals form special bonds called metallic bonds. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is a substance that can not be broken down any further into other substances?\nA. pure material, B. unbreakable substance, C. pure molecule, D. pure substance\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: pure substance that cannot be broken down into other types of substances.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is a substance that can not be broken down any further into other substances? A. pure material, B. unbreakable substance, C. pure molecule, D. pure substance Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: pure substance that cannot be broken down into other types of substances. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What three characteristics do waves have?\nA. theory , refraction and deflection, B. structure , refraction and deflection, C. reflection, refraction and deflection, D. spin, refraction, and deflection\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Most waves approach the shore at an angle. The part of the wave that is nearer the shore reaches shallow water sooner than the part that is farther out. The shallow part of the wave \"feels\" the bottom first. This slows down the inshore part of the wave and makes the wave \"bend. \" This bending is called refraction .\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What three characteristics do waves have? A. theory , refraction and deflection, B. structure , refraction and deflection, C. reflection, refraction and deflection, D. spin, refraction, and deflection Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Most waves approach the shore at an angle. The part of the wave that is nearer the shore reaches shallow water sooner than the part that is farther out. The shallow part of the wave "feels" the bottom first. This slows down the inshore part of the wave and makes the wave "bend. " This bending is called refraction . Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What organ creates bile?\nA. kidney, B. pancreas, C. liver, D. heart\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The liver is an organ of both digestion and excretion. It produces a fluid called bile , which is secreted into the duodenum. Some bile also goes to the gall bladder , a sac-like organ that stores and concentrates bile and then secretes it into the small intestine. In the duodenum, bile breaks up large globules of lipids into smaller globules that are easier for enzymes to break down. Bile also reduces the acidity of food entering from the highly acidic stomach. This is important because digestive enzymes that work in the duodenum need a neutral environment. The pancreas contributes to the neutral environment by secreting bicarbonate, a basic substance that neutralizes acid.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What organ creates bile? A. kidney, B. pancreas, C. liver, D. heart Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The liver is an organ of both digestion and excretion. It produces a fluid called bile , which is secreted into the duodenum. Some bile also goes to the gall bladder , a sac-like organ that stores and concentrates bile and then secretes it into the small intestine. In the duodenum, bile breaks up large globules of lipids into smaller globules that are easier for enzymes to break down. Bile also reduces the acidity of food entering from the highly acidic stomach. This is important because digestive enzymes that work in the duodenum need a neutral environment. The pancreas contributes to the neutral environment by secreting bicarbonate, a basic substance that neutralizes acid. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons?\nA. proton, B. atom, C. molecule, D. neutron\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Levels of Organization of Living Things Living things are highly organized and structured, following a hierarchy that can be examined on a scale from small to large. The atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules. A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds. Many molecules that are biologically important are macromolecules, large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules). An example of a macromolecule is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Figure 1.15), which contains the instructions for the structure and functioning of all living organisms.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons? A. proton, B. atom, C. molecule, D. neutron Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Levels of Organization of Living Things Living things are highly organized and structured, following a hierarchy that can be examined on a scale from small to large. The atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules. A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds. Many molecules that are biologically important are macromolecules, large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules). An example of a macromolecule is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Figure 1.15), which contains the instructions for the structure and functioning of all living organisms. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Mutation of beneficial proto-oncogenes is a prime culprit in what disease?\nA. diabetes, B. heart disease, C. obesity, D. cancer\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The products of proto-oncogenes are required for normal growth, repair and homeostasis. However, when these genes are mutated, they turn into oncogenes and play a role in the development of cancer. Proto-oncogenes may be growth factors, transcription factors, or other proteins involved in regulation. A very common oncogene, ras , is normally a regulatory GTPase that switches a signal transduction chain on and off. Ras and Ras-related proteins are products of oncogenes found in 20% to 30% of human tumors. The transcription factor myc is an oncogene often seen mutated in Burkitt’s lymphoma, a rare type of lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphocytes.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Mutation of beneficial proto-oncogenes is a prime culprit in what disease? A. diabetes, B. heart disease, C. obesity, D. cancer Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The products of proto-oncogenes are required for normal growth, repair and homeostasis. However, when these genes are mutated, they turn into oncogenes and play a role in the development of cancer. Proto-oncogenes may be growth factors, transcription factors, or other proteins involved in regulation. A very common oncogene, ras , is normally a regulatory GTPase that switches a signal transduction chain on and off. Ras and Ras-related proteins are products of oncogenes found in 20% to 30% of human tumors. The transcription factor myc is an oncogene often seen mutated in Burkitt’s lymphoma, a rare type of lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphocytes. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What happens to charges whenever they are accelerated?\nA. they fuse, B. they die, C. they radiate, D. they darken\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Receiving Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves carry energy away from their source, similar to a sound wave carrying energy away from a standing wave on a guitar string. An antenna for receiving EM signals works in reverse. And like antennas that produce EM waves, receiver antennas are specially designed to resonate at particular frequencies. An incoming electromagnetic wave accelerates electrons in the antenna, setting up a standing wave. If the radio or TV is switched on, electrical components pick up and amplify the signal formed by the accelerating electrons. The signal is then converted to audio and/or video format. Sometimes big receiver dishes are used to focus the signal onto an antenna. In fact, charges radiate whenever they are accelerated. When designing circuits, we often assume that energy does not quickly escape AC circuits, and mostly this is true. A broadcast antenna is specially designed to enhance the rate of electromagnetic radiation, and shielding is necessary to keep the radiation close to zero. Some familiar phenomena are based on the production of electromagnetic waves by varying currents. Your microwave oven, for example, sends electromagnetic waves, called microwaves, from a concealed antenna that has an oscillating current imposed on it.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What happens to charges whenever they are accelerated? A. they fuse, B. they die, C. they radiate, D. they darken Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Receiving Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves carry energy away from their source, similar to a sound wave carrying energy away from a standing wave on a guitar string. An antenna for receiving EM signals works in reverse. And like antennas that produce EM waves, receiver antennas are specially designed to resonate at particular frequencies. An incoming electromagnetic wave accelerates electrons in the antenna, setting up a standing wave. If the radio or TV is switched on, electrical components pick up and amplify the signal formed by the accelerating electrons. The signal is then converted to audio and/or video format. Sometimes big receiver dishes are used to focus the signal onto an antenna. In fact, charges radiate whenever they are accelerated. When designing circuits, we often assume that energy does not quickly escape AC circuits, and mostly this is true. A broadcast antenna is specially designed to enhance the rate of electromagnetic radiation, and shielding is necessary to keep the radiation close to zero. Some familiar phenomena are based on the production of electromagnetic waves by varying currents. Your microwave oven, for example, sends electromagnetic waves, called microwaves, from a concealed antenna that has an oscillating current imposed on it. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is it in bone marrow transplants that may cause a graft versus host reaction?\nA. tumors, B. cancer, C. neutrophils, D. lymphocytes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is it in bone marrow transplants that may cause a graft versus host reaction? A. tumors, B. cancer, C. neutrophils, D. lymphocytes Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The vagina starts at the vulva and ends where?\nA. the uterus, B. testicle, C. pelvic brim, D. clitoris\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The vagina is a tube-like structure about 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) long. It begins at the vulva and extends upward to the uterus. It has muscular walls lined with mucous membranes. The vagina has two major reproductive functions. It receives sperm during sexual intercourse, and it provides a passageway for a baby to leave the mother’s body during birth.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The vagina starts at the vulva and ends where? A. the uterus, B. testicle, C. pelvic brim, D. clitoris Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The vagina is a tube-like structure about 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) long. It begins at the vulva and extends upward to the uterus. It has muscular walls lined with mucous membranes. The vagina has two major reproductive functions. It receives sperm during sexual intercourse, and it provides a passageway for a baby to leave the mother’s body during birth. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements to control what?\nA. transcription, B. differentiation, C. growth, D. mutation\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Regulation of Transcription. Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements to control transcription. The regulatory elements are embedded within the DNA.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements to control what? A. transcription, B. differentiation, C. growth, D. mutation Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Regulation of Transcription. Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements to control transcription. The regulatory elements are embedded within the DNA. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Microfilaments are mostly concentrated just beneath what?\nA. the cytoplasm, B. the cell membrane, C. the nucleus, D. the cell wall\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Microfilaments , shown as (b) in Figure below , are made of two thin actin chains that are twisted around one another. Microfilaments are mostly concentrated just beneath the cell membrane, where they support the cell and help the cell keep its shape. Microfilaments form cytoplasmatic extentions, such as pseudopodia and microvilli , which allow certain cells to move. The actin of the microfilaments interacts with the protein myosin to cause contraction in muscle cells. Microfilaments are found in almost every cell, and are numerous in muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape, such as phagocytes (white blood cells that search the body for bacteria and other invaders).\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Microfilaments are mostly concentrated just beneath what? A. the cytoplasm, B. the cell membrane, C. the nucleus, D. the cell wall Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Microfilaments , shown as (b) in Figure below , are made of two thin actin chains that are twisted around one another. Microfilaments are mostly concentrated just beneath the cell membrane, where they support the cell and help the cell keep its shape. Microfilaments form cytoplasmatic extentions, such as pseudopodia and microvilli , which allow certain cells to move. The actin of the microfilaments interacts with the protein myosin to cause contraction in muscle cells. Microfilaments are found in almost every cell, and are numerous in muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape, such as phagocytes (white blood cells that search the body for bacteria and other invaders). Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What term is used for any combination of two or more atoms?\nA. element, B. synthesis, C. nucleus, D. molecule\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: A molecule is any combination of two or more atoms. The oxygen in the air we breathe is two oxygen atoms connected by a chemical bond to form O 2 , or molecular oxygen. A carbon dioxide molecule is a combination of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, CO 2 . Because carbon dioxide includes two different elements, it is a compound as well as a molecule.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What term is used for any combination of two or more atoms? A. element, B. synthesis, C. nucleus, D. molecule Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: A molecule is any combination of two or more atoms. The oxygen in the air we breathe is two oxygen atoms connected by a chemical bond to form O 2 , or molecular oxygen. A carbon dioxide molecule is a combination of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, CO 2 . Because carbon dioxide includes two different elements, it is a compound as well as a molecule. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is biomass made into fuel called?\nA. toxic fuel, B. renewable fuel, C. benign fuel, D. bio fuel\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: More recently, people have learned to process biomass to make fuel. This is called biofuel . Biofuel is created from crops, such as corn or algae. Biofuel is unique among renewable energy sources. This is because it is liquid. Unlike solar energy, for example, biofuels can be used in a car ( Figure below ). Biofuels burn more cleanly than fossil fuels. They create less pollution and less carbon dioxide. Biofuels, such as ethanol, are added to gasoline. This cuts down the amount of fossil fuels that are used.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is biomass made into fuel called? A. toxic fuel, B. renewable fuel, C. benign fuel, D. bio fuel Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: More recently, people have learned to process biomass to make fuel. This is called biofuel . Biofuel is created from crops, such as corn or algae. Biofuel is unique among renewable energy sources. This is because it is liquid. Unlike solar energy, for example, biofuels can be used in a car ( Figure below ). Biofuels burn more cleanly than fossil fuels. They create less pollution and less carbon dioxide. Biofuels, such as ethanol, are added to gasoline. This cuts down the amount of fossil fuels that are used. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of thin lava forms shapes and tubes as it flows?\nA. spicule, B. xerophyte, C. pāhoehoe, D. xeric\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Pāhoehoe lava is thinner than a'a, and flows more readily. Its surface looks more wrinkly and smooth. Pāhoehoe lava flows in a series of lobes that form strange twisted shapes and natural rock sculptures ( Figure below ). Pāhoehoe lava can form lava tubes. The outer layer of the lava flow cools and solidifies. The inner part of the flow remains fluid. The fluid lava flows through and leaves behind a tube ( Figure below ).\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What type of thin lava forms shapes and tubes as it flows? A. spicule, B. xerophyte, C. pāhoehoe, D. xeric Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Pāhoehoe lava is thinner than a'a, and flows more readily. Its surface looks more wrinkly and smooth. Pāhoehoe lava flows in a series of lobes that form strange twisted shapes and natural rock sculptures ( Figure below ). Pāhoehoe lava can form lava tubes. The outer layer of the lava flow cools and solidifies. The inner part of the flow remains fluid. The fluid lava flows through and leaves behind a tube ( Figure below ). Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The nucleolus, which makes ribosomes, is located within what cell structure?\nA. mitochondria, B. Golgi apparatus, C. epidermis, D. nucleus\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The nucleolus, which makes ribosomes, is also within the nucleus.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The nucleolus, which makes ribosomes, is located within what cell structure? A. mitochondria, B. Golgi apparatus, C. epidermis, D. nucleus Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The nucleolus, which makes ribosomes, is also within the nucleus. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Electrons flow through the electrolyte from the ________ to __________ electrode.\nA. negative; positive, B. negative; neutral, C. positive; negative, D. neutral; negative\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Both dry and wet cells work the same basic way. The electrodes react chemically with the electrolyte, causing one electrode to give up electrons and the other electrode to accept electrons. In the case of zinc and carbon electrodes, the zinc electrode attracts electrons and becomes negatively charged, while the carbon electrode gives up electrons and becomes positively charged. Electrons flow through the electrolyte from the negative to positive electrode. If wires are used to connect the two electrodes at their terminal ends, electric current will flow through the wires and can be used to power a light bulb or other electric device.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Electrons flow through the electrolyte from the ________ to __________ electrode. A. negative; positive, B. negative; neutral, C. positive; negative, D. neutral; negative Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Both dry and wet cells work the same basic way. The electrodes react chemically with the electrolyte, causing one electrode to give up electrons and the other electrode to accept electrons. In the case of zinc and carbon electrodes, the zinc electrode attracts electrons and becomes negatively charged, while the carbon electrode gives up electrons and becomes positively charged. Electrons flow through the electrolyte from the negative to positive electrode. If wires are used to connect the two electrodes at their terminal ends, electric current will flow through the wires and can be used to power a light bulb or other electric device. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the name of the part that connects the vagina with the uterus?\nA. cervix, B. ovary, C. vulva, D. urethra\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The uterus is a hollow organ with muscular walls. The part that connects the vagina with the uterus is called the cervix . The uterus is where a baby develops until birth. The walls of the uterus grow bigger as the baby grows. The muscular walls of the uterus push the baby out during birth.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the name of the part that connects the vagina with the uterus? A. cervix, B. ovary, C. vulva, D. urethra Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The uterus is a hollow organ with muscular walls. The part that connects the vagina with the uterus is called the cervix . The uterus is where a baby develops until birth. The walls of the uterus grow bigger as the baby grows. The muscular walls of the uterus push the baby out during birth. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: No-till farming is one effort to combat what, caused by typical farming practices?\nA. pollution, B. soil erosion, C. drought, D. habitat destruction\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The photos in Figure below show how farming practices can increase soil erosion. Plant roots penetrate the soil and keep it from eroding. Plowing turns over bare soil and cuts through plant roots. Bare soil is exposed to wind and water. In the past, farmers always plowed fields before planting. Some farmers now use no-till farming, which does not disturb the soil as much.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: No-till farming is one effort to combat what, caused by typical farming practices? A. pollution, B. soil erosion, C. drought, D. habitat destruction Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The photos in Figure below show how farming practices can increase soil erosion. Plant roots penetrate the soil and keep it from eroding. Plowing turns over bare soil and cuts through plant roots. Bare soil is exposed to wind and water. In the past, farmers always plowed fields before planting. Some farmers now use no-till farming, which does not disturb the soil as much. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Geysers are created when what is heated beneath the earth's surface?\nA. gases, B. water, C. magma, D. air\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Geysers are also created by water that is heated beneath the Earth’s surface. The water may become superheated by magma. It becomes trapped in a narrow passageway. The heat and pressure build as more water is added. When the pressure is too much, the superheated water bursts out onto the surface. This is a geyser .\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Geysers are created when what is heated beneath the earth's surface? A. gases, B. water, C. magma, D. air Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Geysers are also created by water that is heated beneath the Earth’s surface. The water may become superheated by magma. It becomes trapped in a narrow passageway. The heat and pressure build as more water is added. When the pressure is too much, the superheated water bursts out onto the surface. This is a geyser . Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Increasing voltage with a higher-volt battery does what to the current?\nA. blocks it, B. stops it, C. increases it, D. decreases it\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Ohm’s law may be easier to understand with an analogy. Current flowing through a wire is like water flowing through a hose. Increasing voltage with a higher-volt battery increases the current. This is like opening the tap wider so more water flows through the hose. Increasing resistance reduces the current. This is like stepping on the hose so less water can flow through it. If you still aren’t sure about the relationships among current, voltage, and resistance, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=KvVTh3ak5dQ.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Increasing voltage with a higher-volt battery does what to the current? A. blocks it, B. stops it, C. increases it, D. decreases it Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Ohm’s law may be easier to understand with an analogy. Current flowing through a wire is like water flowing through a hose. Increasing voltage with a higher-volt battery increases the current. This is like opening the tap wider so more water flows through the hose. Increasing resistance reduces the current. This is like stepping on the hose so less water can flow through it. If you still aren’t sure about the relationships among current, voltage, and resistance, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=KvVTh3ak5dQ. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Hydrogen peroxide will decompose over time to produce _______ gas.\nA. methane, B. water and oxygen, C. water and carbon dioxide, D. hydrogen and helium\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Again, substances in all states of matter commonly participate in decomposition reactions. For example, hydrogen peroxide will decompose over time to produce water and oxygen gas according to the following equation:.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Hydrogen peroxide will decompose over time to produce _______ gas. A. methane, B. water and oxygen, C. water and carbon dioxide, D. hydrogen and helium Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Again, substances in all states of matter commonly participate in decomposition reactions. For example, hydrogen peroxide will decompose over time to produce water and oxygen gas according to the following equation:. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What kind of pipettes are suitable for measuring very small amounts of liquids?\nA. clutch pipettes, B. micropipettes, C. frozen pipettes, D. macropipettes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Pipettes are small, but important tools in many biology labs. Micropipettes, such as the ones shown here, are calibrated to measure very small amounts of liquids. For example, 100 microliters (100 µL) is about half the volume of your little finger tip; or even 1 µL, which is much smaller than a drop of water.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What kind of pipettes are suitable for measuring very small amounts of liquids? A. clutch pipettes, B. micropipettes, C. frozen pipettes, D. macropipettes Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Pipettes are small, but important tools in many biology labs. Micropipettes, such as the ones shown here, are calibrated to measure very small amounts of liquids. For example, 100 microliters (100 µL) is about half the volume of your little finger tip; or even 1 µL, which is much smaller than a drop of water. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the measure of the force of gravity pulling down on an object called?\nA. mass, B. factor, C. volume, D. weight\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Weight is a measure of the force of gravity pulling down on an object. Buoyant force pushes up on an object. Weight and buoyant force together determine whether an object sinks or floats. This is illustrated in Figure below .\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the measure of the force of gravity pulling down on an object called? A. mass, B. factor, C. volume, D. weight Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Weight is a measure of the force of gravity pulling down on an object. Buoyant force pushes up on an object. Weight and buoyant force together determine whether an object sinks or floats. This is illustrated in Figure below . Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Boiling points increase with which kind of mass?\nA. protons mass, B. molar mass, C. lipid mass, D. universal mass\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Carboxylic acids have high boiling points compared to other substances of comparable molar mass. Boiling points increase with molar mass.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Boiling points increase with which kind of mass? A. protons mass, B. molar mass, C. lipid mass, D. universal mass Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Carboxylic acids have high boiling points compared to other substances of comparable molar mass. Boiling points increase with molar mass. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The largest absorption of heat comes during the vaporization of what?\nA. carbon dioxide, B. ice, C. magma, D. liquid water\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The total heat absorbed as the ice at -30°C is heated to steam at 140°C is 113.4 kJ. The largest absorption of heat comes during the vaporization of the liquid water.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The largest absorption of heat comes during the vaporization of what? A. carbon dioxide, B. ice, C. magma, D. liquid water Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The total heat absorbed as the ice at -30°C is heated to steam at 140°C is 113.4 kJ. The largest absorption of heat comes during the vaporization of the liquid water. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What do fungi absorb to get their nutrition?\nA. air, B. organic compounds from other organisms, C. water, D. soil\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Most fungi grow on moist soil or rotting vegetation such as dead logs. Some fungi live in water. Others live in or on other organisms. Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from other organisms. The other organisms may be dead or alive, depending on the fungus.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What do fungi absorb to get their nutrition? A. air, B. organic compounds from other organisms, C. water, D. soil Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Most fungi grow on moist soil or rotting vegetation such as dead logs. Some fungi live in water. Others live in or on other organisms. Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from other organisms. The other organisms may be dead or alive, depending on the fungus. Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The variable is the speed of light. for the relationship to hold mathematically, if the speed of light is used in m/s, the wavelength must be in meters and the frequency in what?\nA. hertz, B. miles, C. centimeters, D. gigawatts\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The variable is the speed of light. For the relationship to hold mathematically, if the speed of light is used in m/s, the wavelength must be in meters and the frequency in Hertz.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The variable is the speed of light. for the relationship to hold mathematically, if the speed of light is used in m/s, the wavelength must be in meters and the frequency in what? A. hertz, B. miles, C. centimeters, D. gigawatts Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The variable is the speed of light. For the relationship to hold mathematically, if the speed of light is used in m/s, the wavelength must be in meters and the frequency in Hertz. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: A yolk sac replaces what structure for nourishing a marsupial embryo?\nA. placenta, B. Stomach, C. uterus, D. glucose\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The marsupial embryo is nourished inside the uterus with food from a yolk sac instead of through a placenta. The yolk sac stores enough food for the short period of time the embryo remains in the uterus. After the embryo is born, it moves into the mother’s pouch, where it clings to a nipple. It remains inside the pouch for several months while it continues to grow and develop. Even after the offspring is big enough to leave the pouch, it may often return to the pouch for warmth and nourishment ( Figure below ). Eventually, the offspring is mature enough to remain outside the pouch on its own.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: A yolk sac replaces what structure for nourishing a marsupial embryo? A. placenta, B. Stomach, C. uterus, D. glucose Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The marsupial embryo is nourished inside the uterus with food from a yolk sac instead of through a placenta. The yolk sac stores enough food for the short period of time the embryo remains in the uterus. After the embryo is born, it moves into the mother’s pouch, where it clings to a nipple. It remains inside the pouch for several months while it continues to grow and develop. Even after the offspring is big enough to leave the pouch, it may often return to the pouch for warmth and nourishment ( Figure below ). Eventually, the offspring is mature enough to remain outside the pouch on its own. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the pressure of gas in a gas mixture termed?\nA. gaseous pressure, B. partial energy, C. partial pressure, D. gaseous energy\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The pressure of a gas in a gas mixture is termed the partial pressure.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the pressure of gas in a gas mixture termed? A. gaseous pressure, B. partial energy, C. partial pressure, D. gaseous energy Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The pressure of a gas in a gas mixture is termed the partial pressure. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Making ups about 50 percent of the modern american diet, what food group can be classified according to the number of monomers they contain of simple sugars and/or complex sugars?\nA. proteins, B. fats, C. carbohydrates, D. grains\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Carbohydrate Digestion The average American diet is about 50 percent carbohydrates, which may be classified according to the number of monomers they contain of simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and/or complex sugars (polysaccharides). Glucose, galactose, and fructose are the three monosaccharides that are commonly consumed and are readily absorbed. Your digestive system is also able to break down the disaccharide sucrose (regular table sugar: glucose + fructose), lactose (milk sugar: glucose + galactose), and maltose (grain sugar: glucose + glucose), and the polysaccharides glycogen and starch (chains of monosaccharides). Your bodies do not produce enzymes that can break down most fibrous polysaccharides, such as cellulose. While indigestible polysaccharides do not provide any nutritional value, they do provide dietary fiber, which helps propel food through the alimentary canal. The chemical digestion of starches begins in the mouth and has been reviewed above. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase does the ‘heavy lifting’ for starch and carbohydrate digestion (Figure 23.29). After amylases break down starch into smaller fragments, the brush border enzyme α-dextrinase starts working on αdextrin, breaking off one glucose unit at a time. Three brush border enzymes hydrolyze sucrose, lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides. Sucrase splits sucrose into one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose; maltase breaks down maltose and maltotriose into two and three glucose molecules, respectively; and lactase breaks down lactose into one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. Insufficient lactase can lead to lactose intolerance.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: Making ups about 50 percent of the modern american diet, what food group can be classified according to the number of monomers they contain of simple sugars and/or complex sugars? A. proteins, B. fats, C. carbohydrates, D. grains Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Carbohydrate Digestion The average American diet is about 50 percent carbohydrates, which may be classified according to the number of monomers they contain of simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and/or complex sugars (polysaccharides). Glucose, galactose, and fructose are the three monosaccharides that are commonly consumed and are readily absorbed. Your digestive system is also able to break down the disaccharide sucrose (regular table sugar: glucose + fructose), lactose (milk sugar: glucose + galactose), and maltose (grain sugar: glucose + glucose), and the polysaccharides glycogen and starch (chains of monosaccharides). Your bodies do not produce enzymes that can break down most fibrous polysaccharides, such as cellulose. While indigestible polysaccharides do not provide any nutritional value, they do provide dietary fiber, which helps propel food through the alimentary canal. The chemical digestion of starches begins in the mouth and has been reviewed above. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase does the ‘heavy lifting’ for starch and carbohydrate digestion (Figure 23.29). After amylases break down starch into smaller fragments, the brush border enzyme α-dextrinase starts working on αdextrin, breaking off one glucose unit at a time. Three brush border enzymes hydrolyze sucrose, lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides. Sucrase splits sucrose into one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose; maltase breaks down maltose and maltotriose into two and three glucose molecules, respectively; and lactase breaks down lactose into one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. Insufficient lactase can lead to lactose intolerance. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the process of the fusion of a sperm and an egg called?\nA. stimulation, B. Sperm, C. embryo, D. fertilization\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Fertilization The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization. This can occur either inside ( internal fertilization) or outside ( external fertilization) the body of the female. Humans provide an example of the former, whereas frog reproduction is an example of the latter.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the process of the fusion of a sperm and an egg called? A. stimulation, B. Sperm, C. embryo, D. fertilization Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Fertilization The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization. This can occur either inside ( internal fertilization) or outside ( external fertilization) the body of the female. Humans provide an example of the former, whereas frog reproduction is an example of the latter. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated position to the pronated position?\nA. supination, B. extension, C. flexion, D. pronation\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Supination and Pronation Supination and pronation are movements of the forearm. In the anatomical position, the upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing forward. This is the supinated position of the forearm. In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. When the palm of the hand faces backward, the forearm is in the pronated position, and the radius and ulna form an X-shape. Supination and pronation are the movements of the forearm that go between these two positions. Pronation is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position. This motion is produced by rotation of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, accompanied by movement of the radius at the distal radioulnar joint. The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head of the radius. Because of the slight curvature of the shaft of the radius, this rotation causes the distal end of the radius to cross over the distal ulna at.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated position to the pronated position? A. supination, B. extension, C. flexion, D. pronation Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Supination and Pronation Supination and pronation are movements of the forearm. In the anatomical position, the upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing forward. This is the supinated position of the forearm. In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. When the palm of the hand faces backward, the forearm is in the pronated position, and the radius and ulna form an X-shape. Supination and pronation are the movements of the forearm that go between these two positions. Pronation is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position. This motion is produced by rotation of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, accompanied by movement of the radius at the distal radioulnar joint. The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head of the radius. Because of the slight curvature of the shaft of the radius, this rotation causes the distal end of the radius to cross over the distal ulna at. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What organ system consists of the skin, nails and hair?\nA. nervous system, B. endocrine system, C. digestive system, D. integumentary system\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: The skin is the major organ of the integumentary system , which also includes the nails and hair. In fact, the skin is the body’s largest organ, and a remarkable one at that. Consider these skin facts. The average square inch (6.5 cm 2 ) of skin has 20 blood vessels, 650 sweat glands, and more than a thousand nerve endings. It also has an incredible 60,000 pigment-producing cells. All of these structures are packed into a stack of cells that is just 2 mm thick, or about as thick as the cover of a book.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What organ system consists of the skin, nails and hair? A. nervous system, B. endocrine system, C. digestive system, D. integumentary system Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The skin is the major organ of the integumentary system , which also includes the nails and hair. In fact, the skin is the body’s largest organ, and a remarkable one at that. Consider these skin facts. The average square inch (6.5 cm 2 ) of skin has 20 blood vessels, 650 sweat glands, and more than a thousand nerve endings. It also has an incredible 60,000 pigment-producing cells. All of these structures are packed into a stack of cells that is just 2 mm thick, or about as thick as the cover of a book. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What does it mean to be a diploid organism?\nA. micelles have two copies of each gene, B. taproot has two copies of each gene, C. organism has two copies of each gene, D. yolk has two copies of each gene\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Early land plants also evolved a dominant sporophyte generation. Sporophytes are diploid, so they have two copies of each gene. This gives them a \"back-up\" copy in case of mutation. This was important for coping with the strong solar radiation and higher risk of mutations on land.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What does it mean to be a diploid organism? A. micelles have two copies of each gene, B. taproot has two copies of each gene, C. organism has two copies of each gene, D. yolk has two copies of each gene Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Early land plants also evolved a dominant sporophyte generation. Sporophytes are diploid, so they have two copies of each gene. This gives them a "back-up" copy in case of mutation. This was important for coping with the strong solar radiation and higher risk of mutations on land. Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What do you call the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides bond together?\nA. calcite, B. hydroxyl, C. glucose, D. disaccharide\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: If two monosaccharides bond together, they form a carbohydrate called a disaccharide . An example of a disaccharide is sucrose (table sugar), which consists of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose ( Figure above ). Monosaccharides and disaccharides are also called simple sugars . They provide the major source of energy to living cells.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What do you call the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides bond together? A. calcite, B. hydroxyl, C. glucose, D. disaccharide Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: If two monosaccharides bond together, they form a carbohydrate called a disaccharide . An example of a disaccharide is sucrose (table sugar), which consists of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose ( Figure above ). Monosaccharides and disaccharides are also called simple sugars . They provide the major source of energy to living cells. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the term for a resource that is used in a way that meets the needs of the present without keeping future generations from meeting their needs?\nA. structural, B. innovative, C. tolerable, D. sustainable\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: A resource is renewable if it is remade by natural processes at the same rate that humans use it up. Sunlight and wind are renewable resources because they will not be used up ( Figure below ). The rising and falling of ocean tides is another example of a resource in unlimited supply. A sustainable resource is a resource that is used in a way that meets the needs of the present without keeping future generations from meeting their needs. People can sustainably harvest wood, cork, and bamboo. Farmers can also grow crops sustainably by not planting the same crop in their soil year after year. Planting the same crop each year can remove nutrients from the soil. This means that wood, cork, bamboo, and crops can be sustainable resources.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: What is the term for a resource that is used in a way that meets the needs of the present without keeping future generations from meeting their needs? A. structural, B. innovative, C. tolerable, D. sustainable Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: A resource is renewable if it is remade by natural processes at the same rate that humans use it up. Sunlight and wind are renewable resources because they will not be used up ( Figure below ). The rising and falling of ocean tides is another example of a resource in unlimited supply. A sustainable resource is a resource that is used in a way that meets the needs of the present without keeping future generations from meeting their needs. People can sustainably harvest wood, cork, and bamboo. Farmers can also grow crops sustainably by not planting the same crop in their soil year after year. Planting the same crop each year can remove nutrients from the soil. This means that wood, cork, bamboo, and crops can be sustainable resources. Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called what?\nA. proto-oncogenes, B. stem cell genes, C. ribosomes, D. primary genes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Think: Proto-oncogenes The genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes, genes that cause a cell to become cancerous. Consider what might happen to the cell cycle in a cell with a recently acquired oncogene. In most instances, the alteration of the DNA sequence will result in a less functional (or non-functional) protein. The result is detrimental to the cell and will likely prevent the cell from completing the cell cycle; however, the organism is not harmed because the mutation will not be carried forward. If a cell cannot reproduce, the mutation is not propagated and the damage is minimal. Occasionally, however, a gene mutation causes a change that increases the activity of a positive regulator. For example, a mutation that allows Cdk to be activated without being partnered with cyclin could push the cell cycle past a checkpoint before all of the required conditions are met. If the resulting daughter cells are too damaged to undergo further cell divisions, the mutation would not be propagated and no harm would come to the organism. However, if the atypical daughter cells are able to undergo further cell divisions, subsequent generations of cells will probably accumulate even more mutations, some possibly in additional genes that regulate the cell cycle. The Cdk gene in the above example is only one of many genes that are considered proto-oncogenes. In addition to the cell cycle regulatory proteins, any protein that influences the cycle can be altered in such a way as to override cell cycle checkpoints. An oncogene is any gene that, when altered, leads to an increase in the rate of cell cycle progression.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]" } ]	<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer. Question: The genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called what? A. proto-oncogenes, B. stem cell genes, C. ribosomes, D. primary genes Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer] Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Proto-oncogenes The genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes, genes that cause a cell to become cancerous. Consider what might happen to the cell cycle in a cell with a recently acquired oncogene. In most instances, the alteration of the DNA sequence will result in a less functional (or non-functional) protein. The result is detrimental to the cell and will likely prevent the cell from completing the cell cycle; however, the organism is not harmed because the mutation will not be carried forward. If a cell cannot reproduce, the mutation is not propagated and the damage is minimal. Occasionally, however, a gene mutation causes a change that increases the activity of a positive regulator. For example, a mutation that allows Cdk to be activated without being partnered with cyclin could push the cell cycle past a checkpoint before all of the required conditions are met. If the resulting daughter cells are too damaged to undergo further cell divisions, the mutation would not be propagated and no harm would come to the organism. However, if the atypical daughter cells are able to undergo further cell divisions, subsequent generations of cells will probably accumulate even more mutations, some possibly in additional genes that regulate the cell cycle. The Cdk gene in the above example is only one of many genes that are considered proto-oncogenes. In addition to the cell cycle regulatory proteins, any protein that influences the cycle can be altered in such a way as to override cell cycle checkpoints. An oncogene is any gene that, when altered, leads to an increase in the rate of cell cycle progression. Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>