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[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What happens to the temperature of a system during phase change?\nA. remains constant, B. fluctuates rapidly, C. increases, D. decreases\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: This plot of temperature shows what happens to a 75 g sample of ice initially at 1 atm and −23°C as heat is added at a constant rate: A–B: heating solid ice; B–C: melting ice; C–D: heating liquid water; D– E: vaporizing water; E–F: heating steam. Thus the temperature of a system does not change during a phase change. In this example, as long as even a tiny amount of ice is present, the temperature of the system remains at 0°C during the melting process, and as long as even a small amount of liquid water is present, the temperature of the system remains at 100°C during the boiling process. The rate at which heat is added does not affect the temperature of the ice/water or water/steam mixture because the added heat is being used exclusively to overcome the attractive forces that hold the more condensed phase together. Many cooks think that food will cook faster if the heat is turned up higher so that the water boils more rapidly. Instead, the pot of water will boil to dryness sooner, but the temperature of the water does not depend on how vigorously it boils.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What happens to the temperature of a system during phase change?
A. remains constant, B. fluctuates rapidly, C. increases, D. decreases
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: This plot of temperature shows what happens to a 75 g sample of ice initially at 1 atm and −23°C as heat is added at a constant rate: A–B: heating solid ice; B–C: melting ice; C–D: heating liquid water; D– E: vaporizing water; E–F: heating steam. Thus the temperature of a system does not change during a phase change. In this example, as long as even a tiny amount of ice is present, the temperature of the system remains at 0°C during the melting process, and as long as even a small amount of liquid water is present, the temperature of the system remains at 100°C during the boiling process. The rate at which heat is added does not affect the temperature of the ice/water or water/steam mixture because the added heat is being used exclusively to overcome the attractive forces that hold the more condensed phase together. Many cooks think that food will cook faster if the heat is turned up higher so that the water boils more rapidly. Instead, the pot of water will boil to dryness sooner, but the temperature of the water does not depend on how vigorously it boils.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the major cause of outdoor air pollution?\nA. manufacturing industry, B. burning fossil fuels, C. agricultural equipment, D. electric lines\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The major cause of outdoor air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are burned in power plants, factories, motor vehicles, and home heating systems. Ranching and using chemicals such as fertilizers also cause outdoor air pollution. Erosion of soil in farm fields, mining activities, and construction sites adds dust particles to the air as well. Some specific outdoor air pollutants are described in Table below .\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the major cause of outdoor air pollution?
A. manufacturing industry, B. burning fossil fuels, C. agricultural equipment, D. electric lines
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The major cause of outdoor air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are burned in power plants, factories, motor vehicles, and home heating systems. Ranching and using chemicals such as fertilizers also cause outdoor air pollution. Erosion of soil in farm fields, mining activities, and construction sites adds dust particles to the air as well. Some specific outdoor air pollutants are described in Table below .
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Why does a metal spoon heat up quickly when placed in a hot drink?\nA. insulation, B. high specific heat, C. low specific heat, D. convection\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The Table below compares the specific heat of four different substances. Metals such as iron have low specific heat. It doesn’t take much energy to raise their temperature. That’s why a metal spoon heats up quickly when placed in a cup of hot coffee. Sand also has a relatively low specific heat. Water, on the other hand, has a very high specific heat. It takes a lot more energy to increase the temperature of water than sand. This explains why the sand on a beach gets hot while the water stays cool. Differences in the specific heat of water and land even affect climate. To learn how, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=dkBStF2Rnu4.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Why does a metal spoon heat up quickly when placed in a hot drink?
A. insulation, B. high specific heat, C. low specific heat, D. convection
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The Table below compares the specific heat of four different substances. Metals such as iron have low specific heat. It doesn’t take much energy to raise their temperature. That’s why a metal spoon heats up quickly when placed in a cup of hot coffee. Sand also has a relatively low specific heat. Water, on the other hand, has a very high specific heat. It takes a lot more energy to increase the temperature of water than sand. This explains why the sand on a beach gets hot while the water stays cool. Differences in the specific heat of water and land even affect climate. To learn how, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=dkBStF2Rnu4.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What does the megaspore mother cell produce after meiosis division?\nA. two haploid megaspores, B. two diploid megapores, C. four diploid megaspores, D. four haploid megaspores\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/pollen_release) to see a cedar releasing its pollen in the wind. Female Gametophyte The female cone also has a central axis on which bracts known as megasporophylls (Figure 32.10) are present. In the female cone, megaspore mother cells are present in the megasporangium. The megaspore mother cell divides by meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. One of the megaspores divides to form the multicellular female gametophyte, while the others divide to form the rest of the structure. The female gametophyte is contained within a structure called the archegonium.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What does the megaspore mother cell produce after meiosis division?
A. two haploid megaspores, B. two diploid megapores, C. four diploid megaspores, D. four haploid megaspores
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/pollen_release) to see a cedar releasing its pollen in the wind. Female Gametophyte The female cone also has a central axis on which bracts known as megasporophylls (Figure 32.10) are present. In the female cone, megaspore mother cells are present in the megasporangium. The megaspore mother cell divides by meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. One of the megaspores divides to form the multicellular female gametophyte, while the others divide to form the rest of the structure. The female gametophyte is contained within a structure called the archegonium.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Synaptic connections can change over time depending on what?\nA. weight, B. diet, C. age, D. activity level\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Synaptic connections can change over time depending on what?
A. weight, B. diet, C. age, D. activity level
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the body of a roundworm covered with?\nA. slime, B. thin epidermis, C. tough cuticle, D. thick scales\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Roundworms have a pseudocoelom and hydrostatic skeleton. Their body is covered with tough cuticle.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the body of a roundworm covered with?
A. slime, B. thin epidermis, C. tough cuticle, D. thick scales
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Roundworms have a pseudocoelom and hydrostatic skeleton. Their body is covered with tough cuticle.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The end of the phospholipid molecule that is polar and attracts water is called what?\nA. magnetic, B. hydrophilic, C. cytosolic, D. hydrophobic\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Figure below shows how phospholipid molecules are arranged in a cell membrane. One end (the head) of each phospholipid molecule is polar and attracts water. This end is called hydrophilic (\"water loving\"). The other end (the tail) is nonpolar and repels water. This end is called hydrophobic (\"water hating\"). The nonpolar tails are on the inside of the membrane. The polar heads are on the outside of the membrane. These differences in polarity allow some molecules to pass through the membrane while keeping others out. You can see how this works in the video at the URL below.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: The end of the phospholipid molecule that is polar and attracts water is called what?
A. magnetic, B. hydrophilic, C. cytosolic, D. hydrophobic
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Figure below shows how phospholipid molecules are arranged in a cell membrane. One end (the head) of each phospholipid molecule is polar and attracts water. This end is called hydrophilic ("water loving"). The other end (the tail) is nonpolar and repels water. This end is called hydrophobic ("water hating"). The nonpolar tails are on the inside of the membrane. The polar heads are on the outside of the membrane. These differences in polarity allow some molecules to pass through the membrane while keeping others out. You can see how this works in the video at the URL below.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is known as the universal solvent?\nA. water, B. oil, C. air, D. vinegar\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The ability of a solute to dissolve in a particular solvent is called solubility . Many chemical substances are soluble in water. In fact, so many substances are soluble in water that water is called the universal solvent. Water is a strongly polar solvent, and polar solvents are better at dissolving polar solutes. Many organic compounds and other important biochemicals are polar, so they dissolve well in water. On the other hand, strongly polar solvents like water cannot dissolve strongly nonpolar solutes like oil. Did you ever try to mix oil and water? Even after being well shaken, the two substances quickly separate into distinct layers.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is known as the universal solvent?
A. water, B. oil, C. air, D. vinegar
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The ability of a solute to dissolve in a particular solvent is called solubility . Many chemical substances are soluble in water. In fact, so many substances are soluble in water that water is called the universal solvent. Water is a strongly polar solvent, and polar solvents are better at dissolving polar solutes. Many organic compounds and other important biochemicals are polar, so they dissolve well in water. On the other hand, strongly polar solvents like water cannot dissolve strongly nonpolar solutes like oil. Did you ever try to mix oil and water? Even after being well shaken, the two substances quickly separate into distinct layers.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Any organism that causes disease is called what?\nA. a microbe, B. a virus, C. a pathogen, D. a parasite\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: You have ten times as many bacterial cells as human cells in your body. Luckily for you, most of these bacteria are harmless. However, some of them can cause disease. Any organism that causes disease is called a pathogen . Diseases caused by bacterial pathogens include food poisoning, strep throat, and Lyme disease.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Any organism that causes disease is called what?
A. a microbe, B. a virus, C. a pathogen, D. a parasite
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: You have ten times as many bacterial cells as human cells in your body. Luckily for you, most of these bacteria are harmless. However, some of them can cause disease. Any organism that causes disease is called a pathogen . Diseases caused by bacterial pathogens include food poisoning, strep throat, and Lyme disease.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Electric generators change kinetic energy to what type of energy?\nA. intrinsic, B. electrical, C. light, D. thermal\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Sources of voltage include electric generators and cells. Electric generators change kinetic energy to electrical energy. Chemical cells change chemical energy to electrical energy, and solar cells change solar energy to electrical energy.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Electric generators change kinetic energy to what type of energy?
A. intrinsic, B. electrical, C. light, D. thermal
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Sources of voltage include electric generators and cells. Electric generators change kinetic energy to electrical energy. Chemical cells change chemical energy to electrical energy, and solar cells change solar energy to electrical energy.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Brown algae are important commodities for what?\nA. parasites, B. fish, C. humans, D. reptiles\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Brown algae are important commodities for what?
A. parasites, B. fish, C. humans, D. reptiles
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What does the large central vacuole do?\nA. create glucose, B. use water, C. heat water, D. store water\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: First, plant cells have a large central vacuole that holds a mixture of water, nutrients, and wastes. A plant cell's vacuole can make up 90% of the cell’s volume. The large central vacuole essentially stores water. In animal cells, vacuoles are much smaller.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What does the large central vacuole do?
A. create glucose, B. use water, C. heat water, D. store water
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: First, plant cells have a large central vacuole that holds a mixture of water, nutrients, and wastes. A plant cell's vacuole can make up 90% of the cell’s volume. The large central vacuole essentially stores water. In animal cells, vacuoles are much smaller.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the ratio of solutes in a solution to a volume of solvent in a solution known as?\nA. molality, B. molarity, C. osmolality, D. equilibrium\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Regulation of Water Intake Osmolality is the ratio of solutes in a solution to a volume of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality is thus the ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma. A person’s plasma osmolality value reflects his or her state of hydration. A healthy body maintains plasma osmolality within a narrow range, by employing several mechanisms that regulate both water intake and output. Drinking water is considered voluntary. So how is water intake regulated by the body? Consider someone who is experiencing dehydration, a net loss of water that results in insufficient water in blood and other tissues. The water that leaves the body, as exhaled air, sweat, or urine, is ultimately extracted from blood plasma. As the blood becomes more concentrated, the thirst response—a sequence of physiological processes—is triggered (Figure 26.10). Osmoreceptors are sensory receptors in the thirst center in the hypothalamus that monitor the concentration of solutes (osmolality) of the blood. If blood osmolality increases above its ideal value, the hypothalamus transmits signals that result in a conscious awareness of thirst. The person should (and normally does) respond by drinking water. The hypothalamus of a dehydrated person also releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) through the posterior pituitary gland. ADH signals the kidneys to recover water from urine, effectively diluting the blood plasma. To conserve water, the hypothalamus of a dehydrated person also sends signals via the sympathetic nervous system to the salivary glands in the mouth. The signals result in a decrease in watery, serous output (and an increase in stickier, thicker mucus output). These changes in secretions result in a “dry mouth” and the sensation of thirst.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the ratio of solutes in a solution to a volume of solvent in a solution known as?
A. molality, B. molarity, C. osmolality, D. equilibrium
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Regulation of Water Intake Osmolality is the ratio of solutes in a solution to a volume of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality is thus the ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma. A person’s plasma osmolality value reflects his or her state of hydration. A healthy body maintains plasma osmolality within a narrow range, by employing several mechanisms that regulate both water intake and output. Drinking water is considered voluntary. So how is water intake regulated by the body? Consider someone who is experiencing dehydration, a net loss of water that results in insufficient water in blood and other tissues. The water that leaves the body, as exhaled air, sweat, or urine, is ultimately extracted from blood plasma. As the blood becomes more concentrated, the thirst response—a sequence of physiological processes—is triggered (Figure 26.10). Osmoreceptors are sensory receptors in the thirst center in the hypothalamus that monitor the concentration of solutes (osmolality) of the blood. If blood osmolality increases above its ideal value, the hypothalamus transmits signals that result in a conscious awareness of thirst. The person should (and normally does) respond by drinking water. The hypothalamus of a dehydrated person also releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) through the posterior pituitary gland. ADH signals the kidneys to recover water from urine, effectively diluting the blood plasma. To conserve water, the hypothalamus of a dehydrated person also sends signals via the sympathetic nervous system to the salivary glands in the mouth. The signals result in a decrease in watery, serous output (and an increase in stickier, thicker mucus output). These changes in secretions result in a “dry mouth” and the sensation of thirst.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of rock contains concentrations of valuable minerals?\nA. igneous, B. metamorphic, C. sedimentary, D. ores\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: A mineral deposit that contains enough minerals to be mined for profit is called an ore . Ores are rocks that contain concentrations of valuable minerals. The bauxite shown in the Figure below is a rock that contains minerals that are used to make aluminum.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What type of rock contains concentrations of valuable minerals?
A. igneous, B. metamorphic, C. sedimentary, D. ores
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: A mineral deposit that contains enough minerals to be mined for profit is called an ore . Ores are rocks that contain concentrations of valuable minerals. The bauxite shown in the Figure below is a rock that contains minerals that are used to make aluminum.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: How many digits do primates have on each extremity?\nA. ten, B. five, C. four, D. three\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Primates have five digits (fingers or toes) on each extremity. Unlike the hooves of horses or the paddles of whales, the digits of primates are relatively unspecialized. Therefore, they can be used to do a variety of tasks, including grasping branches and holding tools.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: How many digits do primates have on each extremity?
A. ten, B. five, C. four, D. three
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Primates have five digits (fingers or toes) on each extremity. Unlike the hooves of horses or the paddles of whales, the digits of primates are relatively unspecialized. Therefore, they can be used to do a variety of tasks, including grasping branches and holding tools.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Dna is normally found within what region of a cell?\nA. mitochondria, B. Golgi apparatus, C. nucleus, D. genome sequence\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: the nucleus. The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli, which serve as sites for ribosome synthesis. The nucleus houses the genetic material of the cell: DNA. DNA is normally found as a loosely contained structure called chromatin within the nucleus, where it is wound up and associated with a variety of histone proteins. When a cell is about to divide, the chromatin coils tightly and condenses to form chromosomes. There is a pool of cells constantly dividing within your body. The result is billions of new cells being created each day. Before any cell is ready to divide, it must replicate its DNA so that each new daughter cell will receive an exact copy of the organism’s genome. A variety of enzymes are enlisted during DNA replication. These enzymes unwind the DNA molecule, separate the two strands, and assist with the building of complementary strands along each parent strand. The original DNA strands serve as templates from which the nucleotide sequence of the new strands are determined and synthesized. When replication is completed, two identical DNA molecules exist. Each one contains one original strand and one newly synthesized complementary strand.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Dna is normally found within what region of a cell?
A. mitochondria, B. Golgi apparatus, C. nucleus, D. genome sequence
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: the nucleus. The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli, which serve as sites for ribosome synthesis. The nucleus houses the genetic material of the cell: DNA. DNA is normally found as a loosely contained structure called chromatin within the nucleus, where it is wound up and associated with a variety of histone proteins. When a cell is about to divide, the chromatin coils tightly and condenses to form chromosomes. There is a pool of cells constantly dividing within your body. The result is billions of new cells being created each day. Before any cell is ready to divide, it must replicate its DNA so that each new daughter cell will receive an exact copy of the organism’s genome. A variety of enzymes are enlisted during DNA replication. These enzymes unwind the DNA molecule, separate the two strands, and assist with the building of complementary strands along each parent strand. The original DNA strands serve as templates from which the nucleotide sequence of the new strands are determined and synthesized. When replication is completed, two identical DNA molecules exist. Each one contains one original strand and one newly synthesized complementary strand.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Water and carbon dioxide molecules are reactants in what plant process?\nA. glycolysis, B. photosynthesis, C. breathing, D. digestion\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Water and carbon dioxide molecules are reactants in the process of photosynthesis. Does this mean they are “food” for plants, algae, and blue-green bacteria? Use the definition of “food” to answer this question.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Water and carbon dioxide molecules are reactants in what plant process?
A. glycolysis, B. photosynthesis, C. breathing, D. digestion
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Water and carbon dioxide molecules are reactants in the process of photosynthesis. Does this mean they are “food” for plants, algae, and blue-green bacteria? Use the definition of “food” to answer this question.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Gene therapy is a type of what kind of engineering?\nA. chemical engineering, B. electrical engineering, C. genetic engineering, D. mechanical engineering\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix mutant genes provides methods to treat the disease. Biotechnology in agriculture can enhance resistance to disease, pest, and environmental stress, and improve both crop yield and quality. Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy The process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment is called genetic diagnosis by genetic testing. Depending on the inheritance patterns of a disease-causing gene, family members are advised to undergo genetic testing. For example, women diagnosed with breast cancer are usually advised to have a biopsy so that the medical team can determine the genetic basis of cancer development. Treatment plans are based on the findings of genetic tests that determine the type of cancer. If the cancer is caused by inherited gene mutations, other female relatives are also advised to undergo genetic testing and periodic screening for breast cancer. Genetic testing is also offered for fetuses (or embryos with in vitro fertilization) to determine the presence or absence of disease-causing genes in families with specific debilitating diseases. Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique used to cure disease. In its simplest form, it involves the introduction of a good gene at a random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease that is caused by a mutated gene. The good gene is usually introduced into diseased cells as part of a vector transmitted by a virus that can infect the host cell and deliver the foreign DNA (Figure 17.9). More advanced forms of gene therapy try to correct the mutation at the original site in the genome, such as is the case with treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Gene therapy is a type of what kind of engineering?
A. chemical engineering, B. electrical engineering, C. genetic engineering, D. mechanical engineering
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix mutant genes provides methods to treat the disease. Biotechnology in agriculture can enhance resistance to disease, pest, and environmental stress, and improve both crop yield and quality. Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy The process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment is called genetic diagnosis by genetic testing. Depending on the inheritance patterns of a disease-causing gene, family members are advised to undergo genetic testing. For example, women diagnosed with breast cancer are usually advised to have a biopsy so that the medical team can determine the genetic basis of cancer development. Treatment plans are based on the findings of genetic tests that determine the type of cancer. If the cancer is caused by inherited gene mutations, other female relatives are also advised to undergo genetic testing and periodic screening for breast cancer. Genetic testing is also offered for fetuses (or embryos with in vitro fertilization) to determine the presence or absence of disease-causing genes in families with specific debilitating diseases. Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique used to cure disease. In its simplest form, it involves the introduction of a good gene at a random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease that is caused by a mutated gene. The good gene is usually introduced into diseased cells as part of a vector transmitted by a virus that can infect the host cell and deliver the foreign DNA (Figure 17.9). More advanced forms of gene therapy try to correct the mutation at the original site in the genome, such as is the case with treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is mass number?\nA. to total number of electrons and neutrons in a nucleus, B. the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus, C. the total number of protons and chondrichthyes in a nucleus, D. to total number of protons and electrons in a nucleus\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: All oxygen atoms have eight protons, and most have eight neutrons as well. What is the mass number of an oxygen isotope that has nine neutrons? What is the name of this isotope?.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is mass number?
A. to total number of electrons and neutrons in a nucleus, B. the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus, C. the total number of protons and chondrichthyes in a nucleus, D. to total number of protons and electrons in a nucleus
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: All oxygen atoms have eight protons, and most have eight neutrons as well. What is the mass number of an oxygen isotope that has nine neutrons? What is the name of this isotope?.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What rises through solid rocks where conditions are right?\nA. water, B. magma, C. crystals, D. nitrogen\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Lithospheric plates do a lot of moving on Earth's surface. Slabs of lithosphere smash into each other. They move sideways past each other along faults. Where conditions are right, magma rises through solid rock. It's no wonder that rocks experience stress! Rocks respond differently to different types of stress and under different conditions.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What rises through solid rocks where conditions are right?
A. water, B. magma, C. crystals, D. nitrogen
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Lithospheric plates do a lot of moving on Earth's surface. Slabs of lithosphere smash into each other. They move sideways past each other along faults. Where conditions are right, magma rises through solid rock. It's no wonder that rocks experience stress! Rocks respond differently to different types of stress and under different conditions.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the connecting piece of a sperm packed with?\nA. glucose, B. protein, C. mitochondria, D. Gelatin\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The connecting piece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy. Sperm use the energy to move.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the connecting piece of a sperm packed with?
A. glucose, B. protein, C. mitochondria, D. Gelatin
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The connecting piece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy. Sperm use the energy to move.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is a diagram that shows a single way that energy flows throughout an ecosystem?\nA. food chain, B. fuel chain, C. dependent chain, D. water cycle\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: A food chain is a simple diagram that shows one way energy flows through an ecosystem. Pictured below is an example of a food chain ( Figure below ). Producers form the base of all food chains. The consumers that eat producers are called primary consumers. The consumers that eat primary consumers are secondary consumers. This chain can continue to multiple levels.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is a diagram that shows a single way that energy flows throughout an ecosystem?
A. food chain, B. fuel chain, C. dependent chain, D. water cycle
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: A food chain is a simple diagram that shows one way energy flows through an ecosystem. Pictured below is an example of a food chain ( Figure below ). Producers form the base of all food chains. The consumers that eat producers are called primary consumers. The consumers that eat primary consumers are secondary consumers. This chain can continue to multiple levels.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Different colors of light differ in terms of which important attribute?\nA. prisms, B. wavelengths, C. lenses, D. frequencies\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Nobody really has such colorful eyes! The colors were added digitally after the photo was taken. They represent all the different colors of light. Light is a form of energy that travels in waves. Light of different colors has different wavelengths.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Different colors of light differ in terms of which important attribute?
A. prisms, B. wavelengths, C. lenses, D. frequencies
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Nobody really has such colorful eyes! The colors were added digitally after the photo was taken. They represent all the different colors of light. Light is a form of energy that travels in waves. Light of different colors has different wavelengths.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Ion drives have low thrust but high what?\nA. efficiency, B. acceleration, C. tolerance, D. power\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Ion drives have low thrust but high efficiency. They have already been used on several space missions, including NASA’s Deep Space 1spacecraft and Japan’sHayabusa asteroid sampling probe. Source: Photo courtesy of NASA,http://commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN2000-000482.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Ion drives have low thrust but high what?
A. efficiency, B. acceleration, C. tolerance, D. power
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Ion drives have low thrust but high efficiency. They have already been used on several space missions, including NASA’s Deep Space 1spacecraft and Japan’sHayabusa asteroid sampling probe. Source: Photo courtesy of NASA,http://commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN2000-000482.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: For most waves, energy is proportional to what, a term that describes the height of the wave?\nA. wave frequency, B. wave amplitude, C. wave volume, D. wave threshold\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Light also behaves like a package of energy. It turns out that for light, the energy of the “package” of energy is proportional to its frequency. (For most waves, energy is proportional to wave amplitude, or the height of the wave. ) The mathematical equation that relates the energy (E) of light to its frequency is.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: For most waves, energy is proportional to what, a term that describes the height of the wave?
A. wave frequency, B. wave amplitude, C. wave volume, D. wave threshold
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Light also behaves like a package of energy. It turns out that for light, the energy of the “package” of energy is proportional to its frequency. (For most waves, energy is proportional to wave amplitude, or the height of the wave. ) The mathematical equation that relates the energy (E) of light to its frequency is.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are the primary causes of bone fractures?\nA. step impact or bending, B. spiral impact or bending, C. overuse, D. sideways impact or bending\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Each ionic compound has its own unique name that comes from the names of the ions.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What are the primary causes of bone fractures?
A. step impact or bending, B. spiral impact or bending, C. overuse, D. sideways impact or bending
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Each ionic compound has its own unique name that comes from the names of the ions.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Water is polar and has electrically charged ends, so it is attracted to the oppositely charged end of a phospholipid molecule, which is described by what term meaning \"water-loving\"?\nA. cytosolic, B. aqueous, C. hydrophilic, D. hydrophobic\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: One end of each phospholipid molecule is polar, so it has a partial electric charge. Water is also polar and has electrically charged ends, so it is attracted to the oppositely charged end of a phospholipid molecule. This end of the phospholipid molecule is described as hydrophilic, which means “water loving. ”.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Water is polar and has electrically charged ends, so it is attracted to the oppositely charged end of a phospholipid molecule, which is described by what term meaning "water-loving"?
A. cytosolic, B. aqueous, C. hydrophilic, D. hydrophobic
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: One end of each phospholipid molecule is polar, so it has a partial electric charge. Water is also polar and has electrically charged ends, so it is attracted to the oppositely charged end of a phospholipid molecule. This end of the phospholipid molecule is described as hydrophilic, which means “water loving. ”.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is produced when a base is dissolved in water?\nA. ingredient ions, B. alkaline ions, C. hydroxide ions, D. synthesis ions\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Acids are ionic compounds that produce positively charged hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water. Acids taste sour and react with metals. Bases are ionic compounds that produce negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH - ) when dissolved in water. Bases taste bitter and do not react with metals. Examples of acids are vinegar and battery acid. The acid in vinegar is weak enough to safely eat on a salad. The acid in a car battery is strong enough to eat through skin. Examples of bases include those in antacid tablets and drain cleaner. Bases in antacid tablets are weak enough to take for an upset stomach. Bases in drain cleaner are strong enough to cause serious burns.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is produced when a base is dissolved in water?
A. ingredient ions, B. alkaline ions, C. hydroxide ions, D. synthesis ions
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Acids are ionic compounds that produce positively charged hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water. Acids taste sour and react with metals. Bases are ionic compounds that produce negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH - ) when dissolved in water. Bases taste bitter and do not react with metals. Examples of acids are vinegar and battery acid. The acid in vinegar is weak enough to safely eat on a salad. The acid in a car battery is strong enough to eat through skin. Examples of bases include those in antacid tablets and drain cleaner. Bases in antacid tablets are weak enough to take for an upset stomach. Bases in drain cleaner are strong enough to cause serious burns.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What do mammals conserve heat with?\nA. tendons or hair, B. hair or fur, C. skin or bones, D. fur or muscle\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Mammals conserve heat with their hair or fur. It works like the layer of insulation in the walls of a house. It traps warm air next to the skin so it can’t escape into the environment. Like the squirrel in Figure below , most mammals can make their hair or fur stand up from the skin. This makes it a better insulator. Mammals also have a layer of insulating fat beneath their skin. Other vertebrates lack this layer of fat.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What do mammals conserve heat with?
A. tendons or hair, B. hair or fur, C. skin or bones, D. fur or muscle
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Mammals conserve heat with their hair or fur. It works like the layer of insulation in the walls of a house. It traps warm air next to the skin so it can’t escape into the environment. Like the squirrel in Figure below , most mammals can make their hair or fur stand up from the skin. This makes it a better insulator. Mammals also have a layer of insulating fat beneath their skin. Other vertebrates lack this layer of fat.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is a mutation that changes all or much of a particular chromosome?\nA. muscular mutation, B. chromosomal mutation, C. kinetic mutation, D. biochemical mutation\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: A mutation that changes all or a large part of a chromosome is called a chromosomal mutation. This type of mutation tends to be very serious. Sometimes chromosomes are missing or extra copies are present. An example is the mutation that causes Down syndrome. In this case, there is an extra copy of one of the chromosomes.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is a mutation that changes all or much of a particular chromosome?
A. muscular mutation, B. chromosomal mutation, C. kinetic mutation, D. biochemical mutation
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: A mutation that changes all or a large part of a chromosome is called a chromosomal mutation. This type of mutation tends to be very serious. Sometimes chromosomes are missing or extra copies are present. An example is the mutation that causes Down syndrome. In this case, there is an extra copy of one of the chromosomes.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Defined as a difference in electric potential energy, a source of what is required in order to produce an electrical current?\nA. voltage, B. magnetism, C. wattage, D. momentum\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Current requires a source of voltage, which is a difference in electric potential energy. Sources of voltage include chemical cells and solar cells.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Defined as a difference in electric potential energy, a source of what is required in order to produce an electrical current?
A. voltage, B. magnetism, C. wattage, D. momentum
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Current requires a source of voltage, which is a difference in electric potential energy. Sources of voltage include chemical cells and solar cells.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms?\nA. saturated hydrocarbons, B. caloric hydrocarbons, C. unsaturated hydrocarbons, D. simple carbohydrates\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. As a result, each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms?
A. saturated hydrocarbons, B. caloric hydrocarbons, C. unsaturated hydrocarbons, D. simple carbohydrates
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. As a result, each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is a decrease in the magnitude of the membrane potential?\nA. inflammation, B. ionization, C. digestion, D. depolarization\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is a decrease in the magnitude of the membrane potential?
A. inflammation, B. ionization, C. digestion, D. depolarization
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Water pollution occurs when chemicals, sewage, trash, or heat enter what?\nA. renewable resources, B. air resources, C. water resources, D. natural resources\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Water pollution occurs when chemicals, sewage, trash, or heat enter water resources. Water pollution is threatening the limited supply of clean, fresh water that human beings and other living things depend on.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Water pollution occurs when chemicals, sewage, trash, or heat enter what?
A. renewable resources, B. air resources, C. water resources, D. natural resources
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Water pollution occurs when chemicals, sewage, trash, or heat enter water resources. Water pollution is threatening the limited supply of clean, fresh water that human beings and other living things depend on.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Radioisotopes may vary greatly in their rate of decay, decaying faster if their nuclei are more what?\nA. immature, B. stable, C. mature, D. unstable\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Different radioisotopes may vary greatly in their rate of decay. The more unstable their nuclei are, the faster they decay.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Radioisotopes may vary greatly in their rate of decay, decaying faster if their nuclei are more what?
A. immature, B. stable, C. mature, D. unstable
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Different radioisotopes may vary greatly in their rate of decay. The more unstable their nuclei are, the faster they decay.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Where can composite volcanoes most frequently be found?\nA. convergent boundaries, B. transform boundaries, C. astatine boundaries, D. divergent boundaries\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Composite volcanoes are common at convergent boundaries. Shield volcanoes are produced at divergent plate boundaries and intraplate.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Where can composite volcanoes most frequently be found?
A. convergent boundaries, B. transform boundaries, C. astatine boundaries, D. divergent boundaries
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Composite volcanoes are common at convergent boundaries. Shield volcanoes are produced at divergent plate boundaries and intraplate.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems of amphibians share a body cavity called what?\nA. stoma, B. anus, C. urethra, D. cloaca\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: All amphibians have digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. All three systems share a body cavity called the cloaca. Wastes enter the cloaca from the digestive and excretory systems, and gametes enter the cloaca from the reproductive system. An opening in the cloaca allows the wastes and gametes to leave the body.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: The digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems of amphibians share a body cavity called what?
A. stoma, B. anus, C. urethra, D. cloaca
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: All amphibians have digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. All three systems share a body cavity called the cloaca. Wastes enter the cloaca from the digestive and excretory systems, and gametes enter the cloaca from the reproductive system. An opening in the cloaca allows the wastes and gametes to leave the body.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Vertebrates are a subphylum of what phylum?\nA. hydrozoa, B. porifera, C. arthropoda, D. chordata\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Vertebrates are a subphylum of the phylum Chordata. Like all chordates, vertebrates have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. What other characteristics do vertebrates have? What traits set them apart from invertebrate chordates?.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Vertebrates are a subphylum of what phylum?
A. hydrozoa, B. porifera, C. arthropoda, D. chordata
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Vertebrates are a subphylum of the phylum Chordata. Like all chordates, vertebrates have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. What other characteristics do vertebrates have? What traits set them apart from invertebrate chordates?.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the latin name for mercury?\nA. stibium, B. hydrargyrum, C. spirogyra, D. trichina\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: In this image, you see small pools of elemental mercury. The Latin name for mercury is hydrargyrum, a compound word meaning “water-silver” (hydr- = water, -argyros = silver), since it is liquid like water but shiny like silver. Mercury is the only pure metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the latin name for mercury?
A. stibium, B. hydrargyrum, C. spirogyra, D. trichina
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In this image, you see small pools of elemental mercury. The Latin name for mercury is hydrargyrum, a compound word meaning “water-silver” (hydr- = water, -argyros = silver), since it is liquid like water but shiny like silver. Mercury is the only pure metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The brain is said to contain gray matter, while what related structure contains white matter separated into columns?\nA. amygdala, B. spinal cord, C. orbital lobe, D. brain stem\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: White Columns Just as the gray matter is separated into horns, the white matter of the spinal cord is separated into columns. Ascending tracts of nervous system fibers in these columns carry sensory information up to the brain, whereas descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain. Looking at the spinal cord longitudinally, the columns extend along its length as continuous bands of white matter. Between the two posterior horns of gray matter are the posterior columns. Between the two anterior horns, and bounded by the axons of motor neurons emerging from that gray matter area, are the anterior columns. The white matter on either side of the spinal cord, between the posterior horn and the axons of the anterior horn neurons, are the lateral columns. The posterior columns are composed of axons of ascending tracts. The anterior and lateral columns are composed of many different groups of axons of both ascending and descending tracts—the latter carrying motor commands down from the brain to the spinal cord to control output to the periphery.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: The brain is said to contain gray matter, while what related structure contains white matter separated into columns?
A. amygdala, B. spinal cord, C. orbital lobe, D. brain stem
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: White Columns Just as the gray matter is separated into horns, the white matter of the spinal cord is separated into columns. Ascending tracts of nervous system fibers in these columns carry sensory information up to the brain, whereas descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain. Looking at the spinal cord longitudinally, the columns extend along its length as continuous bands of white matter. Between the two posterior horns of gray matter are the posterior columns. Between the two anterior horns, and bounded by the axons of motor neurons emerging from that gray matter area, are the anterior columns. The white matter on either side of the spinal cord, between the posterior horn and the axons of the anterior horn neurons, are the lateral columns. The posterior columns are composed of axons of ascending tracts. The anterior and lateral columns are composed of many different groups of axons of both ascending and descending tracts—the latter carrying motor commands down from the brain to the spinal cord to control output to the periphery.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of behavior occurs naturally in all animals of a given species?\nA. innate, B. learned, C. reflex, D. observational\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: An innate behavior is any behavior that occurs naturally in all animals of a given species. An innate behavior is also called an instinct . The first time an animal performs an innate behavior, the animal does it well. The animal does not have to practice the behavior in order to get it right or become better at it. Innate behaviors are also predictable. All members of a species perform an innate behavior in the same way. From the examples described above, you can probably tell that innate behaviors usually involve important actions, like eating and caring for the young.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What type of behavior occurs naturally in all animals of a given species?
A. innate, B. learned, C. reflex, D. observational
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: An innate behavior is any behavior that occurs naturally in all animals of a given species. An innate behavior is also called an instinct . The first time an animal performs an innate behavior, the animal does it well. The animal does not have to practice the behavior in order to get it right or become better at it. Innate behaviors are also predictable. All members of a species perform an innate behavior in the same way. From the examples described above, you can probably tell that innate behaviors usually involve important actions, like eating and caring for the young.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What orbits an atoms' nucleus?\nA. negatively charged electrons, B. neutrally charged ions, C. positively charged protons, D. isotopes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: An atom has negatively-charged electrons in orbit around its nucleus.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What orbits an atoms' nucleus?
A. negatively charged electrons, B. neutrally charged ions, C. positively charged protons, D. isotopes
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: An atom has negatively-charged electrons in orbit around its nucleus.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are the three forms of water as found in nature?\nA. solid , mixture , gas, B. ice, vapor, sleet, C. solid, liquid, gas, D. balanced , liquid , gas\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What are the three forms of water as found in nature?
A. solid , mixture , gas, B. ice, vapor, sleet, C. solid, liquid, gas, D. balanced , liquid , gas
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of digestion is chewing an example of?\nA. gravity, B. fluid, C. electromagnetic, D. mechanical\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What type of digestion is chewing an example of?
A. gravity, B. fluid, C. electromagnetic, D. mechanical
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: How many major massive extinctions have been since life began on earth?\nA. one, B. five, C. four, D. three\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Since life began on Earth, there have been at least five major massive extinctions.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: How many major massive extinctions have been since life began on earth?
A. one, B. five, C. four, D. three
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Since life began on Earth, there have been at least five major massive extinctions.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What tool do scientist's use to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms?\nA. photogenetic tree, B. conceptual tree, C. phylogenetic tree, D. superficial tree\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Phylogenetic Trees Scientists use a tool called a phylogenetic tree to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. Scientists consider phylogenetic trees to be a hypothesis of the evolutionary past since one cannot go back to confirm the proposed relationships. In other words, a “tree of life” can be constructed to illustrate when different organisms evolved and to show the relationships among different organisms (Figure 20.2). Unlike a taxonomic classification diagram, a phylogenetic tree can be read like a map of evolutionary history. Many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. Scientists call such trees rooted, which means there is a single ancestral lineage (typically drawn from the bottom or left) to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate. Notice in the rooted phylogenetic tree that the three domains— Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—diverge from a single point and branch off. The small branch that plants and animals (including humans) occupy in this diagram shows how recent and miniscule these groups are compared with other organisms. Unrooted trees don’t show a common ancestor but do show relationships among species.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What tool do scientist's use to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms?
A. photogenetic tree, B. conceptual tree, C. phylogenetic tree, D. superficial tree
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Phylogenetic Trees Scientists use a tool called a phylogenetic tree to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. Scientists consider phylogenetic trees to be a hypothesis of the evolutionary past since one cannot go back to confirm the proposed relationships. In other words, a “tree of life” can be constructed to illustrate when different organisms evolved and to show the relationships among different organisms (Figure 20.2). Unlike a taxonomic classification diagram, a phylogenetic tree can be read like a map of evolutionary history. Many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. Scientists call such trees rooted, which means there is a single ancestral lineage (typically drawn from the bottom or left) to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate. Notice in the rooted phylogenetic tree that the three domains— Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—diverge from a single point and branch off. The small branch that plants and animals (including humans) occupy in this diagram shows how recent and miniscule these groups are compared with other organisms. Unrooted trees don’t show a common ancestor but do show relationships among species.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What kind of bonds are there between carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids?\nA. chemical, B. electrical, C. single, D. double\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: In saturated fatty acids, there are only single bonds between carbon atoms. As a result, the carbons are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Saturated fatty acids are found in fats. Fats are solid lipids that animals use to store energy.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What kind of bonds are there between carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids?
A. chemical, B. electrical, C. single, D. double
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In saturated fatty acids, there are only single bonds between carbon atoms. As a result, the carbons are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Saturated fatty acids are found in fats. Fats are solid lipids that animals use to store energy.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: In winter, water does what, becoming solid and causing hoses to rupture and engine blocks to crack?\nA. shrinks, B. freeze, C. fractures, D. crystallizes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: In the winter, the temperature often gets well below the freezing point of water. This condition can create problem in car radiators. If the water freezes, water hoses will break, the engine block can crack, and significant damage can be done to the car.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: In winter, water does what, becoming solid and causing hoses to rupture and engine blocks to crack?
A. shrinks, B. freeze, C. fractures, D. crystallizes
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In the winter, the temperature often gets well below the freezing point of water. This condition can create problem in car radiators. If the water freezes, water hoses will break, the engine block can crack, and significant damage can be done to the car.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Unlike archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of what?\nA. peptidoglycan, B. substrates, C. hydrogen, D. phospholipids\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Unlike Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule (Figure 3.5). The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration. The capsule enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment. Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Flagella are used for locomotion, while most pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Unlike archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of what?
A. peptidoglycan, B. substrates, C. hydrogen, D. phospholipids
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Unlike Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule (Figure 3.5). The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration. The capsule enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment. Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Flagella are used for locomotion, while most pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What happens to the crust if the moving oceanic crust reaches a deep sea trench?\nA. sinks into mantle, B. ocean volcano, C. it cleaves, D. forms a continent\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: In some places, the oceanic crust comes up to a continent. The moving crust pushes that continent away from the ridge axis as well. If the moving oceanic crust reaches a deep sea trench, the crust sinks into the mantle. The creation and destruction of oceanic crust is the reason that continents move. Seafloor spreading is the mechanism that Wegener was looking for!.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What happens to the crust if the moving oceanic crust reaches a deep sea trench?
A. sinks into mantle, B. ocean volcano, C. it cleaves, D. forms a continent
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In some places, the oceanic crust comes up to a continent. The moving crust pushes that continent away from the ridge axis as well. If the moving oceanic crust reaches a deep sea trench, the crust sinks into the mantle. The creation and destruction of oceanic crust is the reason that continents move. Seafloor spreading is the mechanism that Wegener was looking for!.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Polygenic traits are controlled by more than one of these?\nA. genomes, B. chromosomes, C. genes, D. phenotypes\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Some traits are controlled by more than one gene. They are called polygenic traits. Each gene for a polygenic trait may have two or more alleles. The genes may be on the same or different chromosomes. Polygenic traits may have many possible phenotypes. Skin color and adult height are examples of polygenic traits in humans. Think about all the variation in the heights of adults you know. Normal adults may range from less than 5 feet tall to more than 7 feet tall. There are people at every gradation of height in between these extremes.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Polygenic traits are controlled by more than one of these?
A. genomes, B. chromosomes, C. genes, D. phenotypes
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Some traits are controlled by more than one gene. They are called polygenic traits. Each gene for a polygenic trait may have two or more alleles. The genes may be on the same or different chromosomes. Polygenic traits may have many possible phenotypes. Skin color and adult height are examples of polygenic traits in humans. Think about all the variation in the heights of adults you know. Normal adults may range from less than 5 feet tall to more than 7 feet tall. There are people at every gradation of height in between these extremes.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What system plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis?\nA. nervous system, B. endocrine system, C. circulatory system, D. renal system\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Neural Regulation The nervous system plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis. The primary regulatory sites include the cardiovascular centers in the brain that control both cardiac and vascular functions. In addition, more generalized neural responses from the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system are factors.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What system plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis?
A. nervous system, B. endocrine system, C. circulatory system, D. renal system
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Neural Regulation The nervous system plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis. The primary regulatory sites include the cardiovascular centers in the brain that control both cardiac and vascular functions. In addition, more generalized neural responses from the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system are factors.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: How many nonpolar bonds does an oxygen molecule have?\nA. 3, B. 5, C. 7, D. 2\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: An oxygen molecule has two nonpolar bonds. This is called a double bond. The two oxygen atoms attract equally the four shared electrons.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: How many nonpolar bonds does an oxygen molecule have?
A. 3, B. 5, C. 7, D. 2
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: An oxygen molecule has two nonpolar bonds. This is called a double bond. The two oxygen atoms attract equally the four shared electrons.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of disease occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the body's own molecules?\nA. autoimmune, B. cardiac, C. congenital, D. gastrointestinal\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as “self,” or belonging to the person. Instead, it attacks body cells as though they were dangerous pathogens. There are more than 80 known autoimmune diseases. Recall that regulatory T cells help regulate the immune system. When autoimmune disorders occur, these regulatory T cells fail in their function. This results in damage to various organs and tissues. The type of autoimmune disorder depends on the type of body tissue that is affected.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What type of disease occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the body's own molecules?
A. autoimmune, B. cardiac, C. congenital, D. gastrointestinal
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as “self,” or belonging to the person. Instead, it attacks body cells as though they were dangerous pathogens. There are more than 80 known autoimmune diseases. Recall that regulatory T cells help regulate the immune system. When autoimmune disorders occur, these regulatory T cells fail in their function. This results in damage to various organs and tissues. The type of autoimmune disorder depends on the type of body tissue that is affected.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What organism is an important pioneer on cleared rock and soil surfaces, such as volcanic flows and burned forests?\nA. cysts, B. pigment, C. lichen, D. algae\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What organism is an important pioneer on cleared rock and soil surfaces, such as volcanic flows and burned forests?
A. cysts, B. pigment, C. lichen, D. algae
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What hypothetical link between development of herbivores and plant defenses is observed in nature, for instance in seeds that are unsavory to animals?\nA. abjection, B. natural selection, C. coevolution, D. interconnection\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Animals and Plants: Herbivory Coevolution of flowering plants and insects is a hypothesis that has received much attention and support, especially because both angiosperms and insects diversified at about the same time in the middle Mesozoic. Many authors have attributed the diversity of plants and insects to pollination and herbivory, or consumption of plants by insects and other animals. This is believed to have been as much a driving force as pollination. Coevolution of herbivores and plant defenses is observed in nature. Unlike animals, most plants cannot outrun predators or use mimicry to hide from hungry animals. A sort of arms race exists between plants and herbivores. To “combat” herbivores, some plant seeds—such as acorn and unripened persimmon—are high in alkaloids and therefore unsavory to some animals. Other plants are protected by bark, although some animals developed specialized mouth pieces to tear and chew vegetal material. Spines and thorns (Figure 26.18) deter most animals, except for mammals with thick fur, and some birds have specialized beaks to get past such defenses.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What hypothetical link between development of herbivores and plant defenses is observed in nature, for instance in seeds that are unsavory to animals?
A. abjection, B. natural selection, C. coevolution, D. interconnection
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Animals and Plants: Herbivory Coevolution of flowering plants and insects is a hypothesis that has received much attention and support, especially because both angiosperms and insects diversified at about the same time in the middle Mesozoic. Many authors have attributed the diversity of plants and insects to pollination and herbivory, or consumption of plants by insects and other animals. This is believed to have been as much a driving force as pollination. Coevolution of herbivores and plant defenses is observed in nature. Unlike animals, most plants cannot outrun predators or use mimicry to hide from hungry animals. A sort of arms race exists between plants and herbivores. To “combat” herbivores, some plant seeds—such as acorn and unripened persimmon—are high in alkaloids and therefore unsavory to some animals. Other plants are protected by bark, although some animals developed specialized mouth pieces to tear and chew vegetal material. Spines and thorns (Figure 26.18) deter most animals, except for mammals with thick fur, and some birds have specialized beaks to get past such defenses.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The term salt can refer to essentially any of what compounds?\nA. metallic, B. absorption, C. ionic, D. solvent\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: where the term salt can refer to essentially any ionic compound. An example would be the reaction between hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide:.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: The term salt can refer to essentially any of what compounds?
A. metallic, B. absorption, C. ionic, D. solvent
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: where the term salt can refer to essentially any ionic compound. An example would be the reaction between hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide:.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Where is the hypothalamus–pituitary complex located in the body?\nA. diencephalon of the brain, B. subthalamic of the brain, C. stem of the brain, D. tribulus of the brain\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus The hypothalamus–pituitary complex is located in the diencephalon of the brain. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are connected by a structure called the infundibulum, which contains vasculature and nerve axons. The pituitary gland is divided into two distinct structures with different embryonic origins. The posterior lobe houses the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons. It stores and releases into the bloodstream two hypothalamic hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The anterior lobe is connected to the hypothalamus by vasculature in the infundibulum and produces and secretes six hormones. Their secretion is regulated, however, by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. The six anterior pituitary hormones are: growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL).\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Where is the hypothalamus–pituitary complex located in the body?
A. diencephalon of the brain, B. subthalamic of the brain, C. stem of the brain, D. tribulus of the brain
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus The hypothalamus–pituitary complex is located in the diencephalon of the brain. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are connected by a structure called the infundibulum, which contains vasculature and nerve axons. The pituitary gland is divided into two distinct structures with different embryonic origins. The posterior lobe houses the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons. It stores and releases into the bloodstream two hypothalamic hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The anterior lobe is connected to the hypothalamus by vasculature in the infundibulum and produces and secretes six hormones. Their secretion is regulated, however, by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. The six anterior pituitary hormones are: growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL).
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Where is the guinea worm a serious problem?\nA. africa, B. russia, C. florida, D. ukraine\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Guinea worm is a serious problem in parts of Africa that is being eradicated. Learn what is being done to decrease the number of people suffering from this parasite at the video below:.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Where is the guinea worm a serious problem?
A. africa, B. russia, C. florida, D. ukraine
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Guinea worm is a serious problem in parts of Africa that is being eradicated. Learn what is being done to decrease the number of people suffering from this parasite at the video below:.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide forms what?\nA. carbon monoxide, B. nitrogen, C. calcium carbonate, D. nitrogen carbonate\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The way in which a reaction is written influences the value of the enthalpy change for the reaction. Many reactions are reversible, meaning that the product(s) of the reaction are capable of combining and reforming the reactant(s). If a reaction is written in the reverse direction, the sign of the changes. For example, we can write an equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: The reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide forms what?
A. carbon monoxide, B. nitrogen, C. calcium carbonate, D. nitrogen carbonate
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The way in which a reaction is written influences the value of the enthalpy change for the reaction. Many reactions are reversible, meaning that the product(s) of the reaction are capable of combining and reforming the reactant(s). If a reaction is written in the reverse direction, the sign of the changes. For example, we can write an equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Cilia or flagella structures give protists what ability?\nA. eating, B. movement, C. reproduction, D. breathing\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: An animal-like protist, or a protozoa. These protists have the ability to move, usually with some sort of cilia or flagella, and must obtain their energy from other sources. But obviously, they are much simpler than animals.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Cilia or flagella structures give protists what ability?
A. eating, B. movement, C. reproduction, D. breathing
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: An animal-like protist, or a protozoa. These protists have the ability to move, usually with some sort of cilia or flagella, and must obtain their energy from other sources. But obviously, they are much simpler than animals.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is characterized by uncontrolled cell division of abnormal cells?\nA. radiation, B. hepatitis, C. concussions, D. cancer\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: cell depletion, organ system failure, and impaired tissue injury responses. Telomerase reactivation in these mice caused extension of telomeres, reduced DNA damage, reversed neurodegeneration, and improved the function of the testes, spleen, and intestines. Thus, telomere reactivation may have potential for treating age-related diseases in humans. Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division of abnormal cells. The cells accumulate mutations, proliferate uncontrollably, and can migrate to different parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Scientists have observed that cancerous cells have considerably shortened telomeres and that telomerase is active in these cells. Interestingly, only after the telomeres were shortened in the cancer cells did the telomerase become active. If the action of telomerase in these cells can be inhibited by drugs during cancer therapy, then the cancerous cells could potentially be stopped from further division.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is characterized by uncontrolled cell division of abnormal cells?
A. radiation, B. hepatitis, C. concussions, D. cancer
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: cell depletion, organ system failure, and impaired tissue injury responses. Telomerase reactivation in these mice caused extension of telomeres, reduced DNA damage, reversed neurodegeneration, and improved the function of the testes, spleen, and intestines. Thus, telomere reactivation may have potential for treating age-related diseases in humans. Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division of abnormal cells. The cells accumulate mutations, proliferate uncontrollably, and can migrate to different parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Scientists have observed that cancerous cells have considerably shortened telomeres and that telomerase is active in these cells. Interestingly, only after the telomeres were shortened in the cancer cells did the telomerase become active. If the action of telomerase in these cells can be inhibited by drugs during cancer therapy, then the cancerous cells could potentially be stopped from further division.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Our global ecological footprint depends on resource use per person and what population factor?\nA. population density, B. population decrease, C. population fluctuation, D. population sample\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Our global ecological footprint depends on resource use per person and what population factor?
A. population density, B. population decrease, C. population fluctuation, D. population sample
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What do all sound waves begin with?\nA. oscillating matter, B. enclosing matter, C. talking matter, D. vibrating matter\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: All sound waves begin with vibrating matter. The vibrations generate longitudinal waves that travel through matter in all directions.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What do all sound waves begin with?
A. oscillating matter, B. enclosing matter, C. talking matter, D. vibrating matter
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: All sound waves begin with vibrating matter. The vibrations generate longitudinal waves that travel through matter in all directions.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Animal starch, called glycogen, is stored in the liver and where else?\nA. muscles, B. nerves, C. kidneys, D. hands\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Note the Pattern Because carbohydrates have a carbonyl functional group and several hydroxyl groups, they can undergo a variety of reactions. Two familiar polysaccharides are starch and cellulose, which both hydrolyze to produce thousands of glucose units. They differ only in the connection between glucose units and the amount of branching in the molecule (Figure 24.22 \"The Polysaccharides Starch and Cellulose\"). Starches can be coiled or branched and are hydrolyzed by the enzymes in our saliva and pancreatic juices. Animal starch, called glycogen, is stored in the liver and muscles. It consists of branched glucose units linked by bonds Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Animal starch, called glycogen, is stored in the liver and where else?
A. muscles, B. nerves, C. kidneys, D. hands
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Note the Pattern Because carbohydrates have a carbonyl functional group and several hydroxyl groups, they can undergo a variety of reactions. Two familiar polysaccharides are starch and cellulose, which both hydrolyze to produce thousands of glucose units. They differ only in the connection between glucose units and the amount of branching in the molecule (Figure 24.22 "The Polysaccharides Starch and Cellulose"). Starches can be coiled or branched and are hydrolyzed by the enzymes in our saliva and pancreatic juices. Animal starch, called glycogen, is stored in the liver and muscles. It consists of branched glucose units linked by bonds Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Kepler's laws relate to the motion of what?\nA. continents, B. planets, C. oceans, D. the sun\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The system is isolated from other masses. This allows us to neglect any small effects due to outside masses. The conditions are satisfied, to good approximation, by Earth’s satellites (including the Moon), by objects orbiting the Sun, and by the satellites of other planets. Historically, planets were studied first, and there is a classical set of three laws, called Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, that describe the orbits of all bodies satisfying the two previous conditions (not just planets in our solar system). These descriptive laws are named for the German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), who devised them after careful study (over some 20 years) of a large amount of meticulously recorded observations of planetary motion done by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). Such careful collection and detailed recording of methods and data are hallmarks of good science. Data constitute the evidence from which new interpretations and meanings can be constructed.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Kepler's laws relate to the motion of what?
A. continents, B. planets, C. oceans, D. the sun
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The system is isolated from other masses. This allows us to neglect any small effects due to outside masses. The conditions are satisfied, to good approximation, by Earth’s satellites (including the Moon), by objects orbiting the Sun, and by the satellites of other planets. Historically, planets were studied first, and there is a classical set of three laws, called Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, that describe the orbits of all bodies satisfying the two previous conditions (not just planets in our solar system). These descriptive laws are named for the German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), who devised them after careful study (over some 20 years) of a large amount of meticulously recorded observations of planetary motion done by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). Such careful collection and detailed recording of methods and data are hallmarks of good science. Data constitute the evidence from which new interpretations and meanings can be constructed.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Colloids are used industrially as what?\nA. organisms, B. solutions, C. catalysts, D. impurities\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Suspensions and colloids are two common types of mixtures whose properties are in many ways intermediate between those of true solutions and heterogeneous mixtures. Asuspension is a heterogeneous mixture of particles with diameters of about 1 µm (1000 nm) that are distributed throughout a second phase. Common suspensions include paint, blood, and hot chocolate, which are solid particles in a liquid, and aerosol sprays, which are liquid particles in a gas. If the suspension is allowed to stand, the two phases will separate, which is why paints must be thoroughly stirred or shaken before use. A colloid is also a heterogeneous mixture, but the particles of a colloid are typically smaller than those of a suspension, generally in the range of 2 to about 500 nm in diameter. Colloids include fog and clouds (liquid particles in a gas), milk (solid particles in a liquid), and butter (solid particles in a solid). Other colloids are used industrially as catalysts. Unlike in a suspension, the particles in a colloid do not separate into two phases on standing. The only combination of substances that cannot produce a suspension or a colloid is a mixture of two gases because their particles are so small that they always form true solutions. The properties of suspensions, colloids, and solutions are summarized in Table 13.9 \"Properties of Liquid Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions\".\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Colloids are used industrially as what?
A. organisms, B. solutions, C. catalysts, D. impurities
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Suspensions and colloids are two common types of mixtures whose properties are in many ways intermediate between those of true solutions and heterogeneous mixtures. Asuspension is a heterogeneous mixture of particles with diameters of about 1 µm (1000 nm) that are distributed throughout a second phase. Common suspensions include paint, blood, and hot chocolate, which are solid particles in a liquid, and aerosol sprays, which are liquid particles in a gas. If the suspension is allowed to stand, the two phases will separate, which is why paints must be thoroughly stirred or shaken before use. A colloid is also a heterogeneous mixture, but the particles of a colloid are typically smaller than those of a suspension, generally in the range of 2 to about 500 nm in diameter. Colloids include fog and clouds (liquid particles in a gas), milk (solid particles in a liquid), and butter (solid particles in a solid). Other colloids are used industrially as catalysts. Unlike in a suspension, the particles in a colloid do not separate into two phases on standing. The only combination of substances that cannot produce a suspension or a colloid is a mixture of two gases because their particles are so small that they always form true solutions. The properties of suspensions, colloids, and solutions are summarized in Table 13.9 "Properties of Liquid Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions".
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is defined as the temperature plus precipitation of an area over a long period of time?\nA. conditions, B. weather, C. climate, D. environment\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Climate is the temperature plus precipitation of an area. Not just today, but over a long period of time. Climate affects chemical weathering. Chemical weathering increases as:.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is defined as the temperature plus precipitation of an area over a long period of time?
A. conditions, B. weather, C. climate, D. environment
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Climate is the temperature plus precipitation of an area. Not just today, but over a long period of time. Climate affects chemical weathering. Chemical weathering increases as:.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What manages the material and energy resources of the cell?\nA. metabolism, B. nucleus, C. respiration, D. cell wall\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What manages the material and energy resources of the cell?
A. metabolism, B. nucleus, C. respiration, D. cell wall
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the midpiece of sperm packed with?\nA. protein, B. urine, C. glucose, D. mitochondria\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The midpiece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy. Sperm use the energy in the midpiece to move.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the midpiece of sperm packed with?
A. protein, B. urine, C. glucose, D. mitochondria
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The midpiece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles in cells that produce energy. Sperm use the energy in the midpiece to move.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Dry soils are relatively unproductive because plants need a sufficient quantity of liquid water to carry out what process?\nA. shrinkage, B. flowering, C. photosynthesis, D. contraction\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Dry soils are relatively unproductive because plants need a sufficient quantity of liquid water to carry out what process?
A. shrinkage, B. flowering, C. photosynthesis, D. contraction
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The vitamins and minerals contained in all of the food we consume are important for all of our organ systems. however, there are certain nutrients that affect this?\nA. mental health, B. chain health, C. bone health, D. abnormal health\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Nutrition and Bone Tissue The vitamins and minerals contained in all of the food we consume are important for all of our organ systems. However, there are certain nutrients that affect bone health.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: The vitamins and minerals contained in all of the food we consume are important for all of our organ systems. however, there are certain nutrients that affect this?
A. mental health, B. chain health, C. bone health, D. abnormal health
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Nutrition and Bone Tissue The vitamins and minerals contained in all of the food we consume are important for all of our organ systems. However, there are certain nutrients that affect bone health.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type of plants supplement their mineral nutrition by digesting animals?\nA. herbivorous, B. carnivorous, C. perennials, D. annuals\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What type of plants supplement their mineral nutrition by digesting animals?
A. herbivorous, B. carnivorous, C. perennials, D. annuals
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Daughter cells divide by what?\nA. mitosis, B. electrolysis, C. meiosis, D. nucleus\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The daughter cells then start to divide by meiosis . But they only go through the first of the two cell divisions of meiosis at that time. They go through the second stage of cell division after the female goes through puberty.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Daughter cells divide by what?
A. mitosis, B. electrolysis, C. meiosis, D. nucleus
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The daughter cells then start to divide by meiosis . But they only go through the first of the two cell divisions of meiosis at that time. They go through the second stage of cell division after the female goes through puberty.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Phytochromes regulate many plant responses to what?\nA. light, B. gravity, C. heat, D. oxygen\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Phytochromes regulate many plant responses to what?
A. light, B. gravity, C. heat, D. oxygen
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a central carbon atom bonded to how many oxygen atoms?\nA. four, B. three, C. one, D. two\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a central carbon atom bonded to 2 oxygen atoms.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a central carbon atom bonded to how many oxygen atoms?
A. four, B. three, C. one, D. two
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a central carbon atom bonded to 2 oxygen atoms.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Survivorship curves show the distribution of individuals in a population according to what metric?\nA. age, B. birth rate, C. weight, D. height\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Figure 19.4 Survivorship curves show the distribution of individuals in a population according to age. Humans and most mammals have a Type I survivorship curve, because death primarily occurs in the older years. Birds have a Type II survivorship curve, as death at any age is equally probable. Trees have a Type III survivorship curve because very few survive the younger years, but after a certain age, individuals are much more likely to survive.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Survivorship curves show the distribution of individuals in a population according to what metric?
A. age, B. birth rate, C. weight, D. height
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Figure 19.4 Survivorship curves show the distribution of individuals in a population according to age. Humans and most mammals have a Type I survivorship curve, because death primarily occurs in the older years. Birds have a Type II survivorship curve, as death at any age is equally probable. Trees have a Type III survivorship curve because very few survive the younger years, but after a certain age, individuals are much more likely to survive.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms in which type of covalent bonds?\nA. narrow, B. solar, C. wide, D. polar\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: In polar covalent bonds, electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms, so one atom is slightly negative in charge and one is slightly positive in charge. In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally so the atoms remain neutral in charge.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms in which type of covalent bonds?
A. narrow, B. solar, C. wide, D. polar
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In polar covalent bonds, electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms, so one atom is slightly negative in charge and one is slightly positive in charge. In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally so the atoms remain neutral in charge.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is above each leaf scar?\nA. stipule scar, B. an axillary bud, C. chambered pitch, D. lenticel\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is above each leaf scar?
A. stipule scar, B. an axillary bud, C. chambered pitch, D. lenticel
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Ultimately, the fluid that is lost from the blood vessels is returned through what system?\nA. symptomatic, B. urinary, C. lymphatic, D. venous\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: None of your blood vessels are leaking this badly, or you'd be in the hospital! But your blood vessels do leak a little bit. Water and solutes pass out of the blood vessels and help form the fluid that bathes your body's tissues. Ultimately the fluid that is lost from the blood vessels is returned through the lymphatic system.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Ultimately, the fluid that is lost from the blood vessels is returned through what system?
A. symptomatic, B. urinary, C. lymphatic, D. venous
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: None of your blood vessels are leaking this badly, or you'd be in the hospital! But your blood vessels do leak a little bit. Water and solutes pass out of the blood vessels and help form the fluid that bathes your body's tissues. Ultimately the fluid that is lost from the blood vessels is returned through the lymphatic system.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What type energy sources emit fewer or no greenhouse gases?\nA. renewable, B. fossil, C. animal, D. gas\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: New technologies can be developed. Renewable energy sources emit fewer or no greenhouse gases. These sources are discussed in the chapter Natural Resources .\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What type energy sources emit fewer or no greenhouse gases?
A. renewable, B. fossil, C. animal, D. gas
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: New technologies can be developed. Renewable energy sources emit fewer or no greenhouse gases. These sources are discussed in the chapter Natural Resources .
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence, fusing hydrogen into what?\nA. neon, B. helium, C. nitrogen, D. carbon\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence, fusing hydrogen into helium.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence, fusing hydrogen into what?
A. neon, B. helium, C. nitrogen, D. carbon
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence, fusing hydrogen into helium.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is a measure of how hot or cold the air is?\nA. relativity, B. precipitation, C. variation, D. temperature\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is a measure of how hot or cold the air is?
A. relativity, B. precipitation, C. variation, D. temperature
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Where are more of an insect's internal organs kept?\nA. the abdomen, B. the thorax, C. the chest cavity, D. the head\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: An insect’s abdomen contains most of the internal organs. Like other arthropods, insects have a complete digestive system. They also have an open circulatory system and central nervous system. Like other terrestrial arthropods, they have trachea for breathing air and Malphigian tubules for excretion.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Where are more of an insect's internal organs kept?
A. the abdomen, B. the thorax, C. the chest cavity, D. the head
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: An insect’s abdomen contains most of the internal organs. Like other arthropods, insects have a complete digestive system. They also have an open circulatory system and central nervous system. Like other terrestrial arthropods, they have trachea for breathing air and Malphigian tubules for excretion.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the measure of kinetic energy of the particles in matter?\nA. precipitation, B. temperature, C. friction, D. energy\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter. In everyday usage, temperature indicates a measure of how hot or cold an object is. Temperature is an important parameter in chemistry. When a substance changes from solid to liquid, it is because there was an increase in the temperature of the material. Chemical reactions usually proceed faster if the temperature is increased. Many unstable materials (such as enzymes) will be viable longer at lower temperatures.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the measure of kinetic energy of the particles in matter?
A. precipitation, B. temperature, C. friction, D. energy
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter. In everyday usage, temperature indicates a measure of how hot or cold an object is. Temperature is an important parameter in chemistry. When a substance changes from solid to liquid, it is because there was an increase in the temperature of the material. Chemical reactions usually proceed faster if the temperature is increased. Many unstable materials (such as enzymes) will be viable longer at lower temperatures.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the name for the tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles?\nA. gills, B. vacuoles, C. alveoli, D. ganglion\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Finally, air passes from the bronchi into smaller passages called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the name for the tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles?
A. gills, B. vacuoles, C. alveoli, D. ganglion
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Finally, air passes from the bronchi into smaller passages called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the source of most of the energy used?\nA. the Moon, B. fossil fuels, C. the Earth, D. the sun\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The Sun produces far more energy than humans can use. The Sun is also the source of most of the energy we use. Fossil fuels and wind energy, for example, originate with the Sun. So why don't we get all our energy from the Sun? For one reason, it's not always practical.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the source of most of the energy used?
A. the Moon, B. fossil fuels, C. the Earth, D. the sun
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The Sun produces far more energy than humans can use. The Sun is also the source of most of the energy we use. Fossil fuels and wind energy, for example, originate with the Sun. So why don't we get all our energy from the Sun? For one reason, it's not always practical.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What flows across the membrane resulting in changes in the membrane potential?\nA. ions, B. acids, C. electrons, D. neutrons\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What flows across the membrane resulting in changes in the membrane potential?
A. ions, B. acids, C. electrons, D. neutrons
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: The standard reduction potential can be determined by subtracting the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the anode from the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at this?\nA. Spinner, B. electrode, C. plasma, D. cathode\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The standard reduction potential can be determined by subtracting the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the anode from the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the cathode. The minus sign is necessary because oxidation is the reverse of reduction. E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode +0.34 V = E° 2+ − E°H + /H = E° 2+ − 0 = E° Cu.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: The standard reduction potential can be determined by subtracting the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the anode from the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at this?
A. Spinner, B. electrode, C. plasma, D. cathode
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The standard reduction potential can be determined by subtracting the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the anode from the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the cathode. The minus sign is necessary because oxidation is the reverse of reduction. E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode +0.34 V = E° 2+ − E°H + /H = E° 2+ − 0 = E° Cu.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are proteins made up of?\nA. lewis acids, B. atoms acids, C. amino acids, D. detected acids\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Proteins are formed when hundreds or even thousands of amino acids form amide bonds to make polymers. Proteins play a crucial role in living organisms. A carbohydrate is a compound that has the general formula Cn(H2O)n. Many carbohydrates are relatively small molecules, such as glucose:.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What are proteins made up of?
A. lewis acids, B. atoms acids, C. amino acids, D. detected acids
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Proteins are formed when hundreds or even thousands of amino acids form amide bonds to make polymers. Proteins play a crucial role in living organisms. A carbohydrate is a compound that has the general formula Cn(H2O)n. Many carbohydrates are relatively small molecules, such as glucose:.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What proteins synthesized in cells act as catalysts?\nA. virophages, B. hormones, C. enzymes, D. byproducts\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Chemical reactions constantly occur inside the cells of living things. However, under the conditions inside cells, most biochemical reactions would occur too slowly to maintain life. That’s where enzymes come in. Enzymes are catalysts in living things. Like other catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes are proteins that are synthesized in the cells that need them, based on instructions encoded in the cells’ DNA.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What proteins synthesized in cells act as catalysts?
A. virophages, B. hormones, C. enzymes, D. byproducts
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Chemical reactions constantly occur inside the cells of living things. However, under the conditions inside cells, most biochemical reactions would occur too slowly to maintain life. That’s where enzymes come in. Enzymes are catalysts in living things. Like other catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes are proteins that are synthesized in the cells that need them, based on instructions encoded in the cells’ DNA.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What element is the sun mostly made up of?\nA. manganese, B. helium, C. hydrogen, D. mercury\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The Sun is mostly hydrogen with smaller amounts of helium. The material is in the form of plasma.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What element is the sun mostly made up of?
A. manganese, B. helium, C. hydrogen, D. mercury
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The Sun is mostly hydrogen with smaller amounts of helium. The material is in the form of plasma.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What shape is the gametophyte in ferns?\nA. rectangular, B. diamond, C. circular, D. heart-shaped\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: In ferns, the sporophyte is dominant and produces spores that germinate into a heart-shaped gametophyte.\nAnswer: [answer] D [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What shape is the gametophyte in ferns?
A. rectangular, B. diamond, C. circular, D. heart-shaped
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: In ferns, the sporophyte is dominant and produces spores that germinate into a heart-shaped gametophyte.
Answer: [answer] D [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What makes sunsets appear red?\nA. reflection scattering, B. rayleigh scattering, C. wavelength scattering, D. floral scattering\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Beautiful sunsets are another manifestation of Rayleigh scattering that occurs when light travels long distances through the atmosphere. The blue light and some green is scattered away, making the sun appear red.\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What makes sunsets appear red?
A. reflection scattering, B. rayleigh scattering, C. wavelength scattering, D. floral scattering
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Beautiful sunsets are another manifestation of Rayleigh scattering that occurs when light travels long distances through the atmosphere. The blue light and some green is scattered away, making the sun appear red.
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Skeletal and muscular are examples of what type of system?\nA. internal system, B. interior system, C. organ system, D. shell system\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Skeletal and muscular are examples of what type of system?
A. internal system, B. interior system, C. organ system, D. shell system
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is the process where light bounces back from surfaces that it cannot pass through?\nA. direction, B. absorbtion, C. reflection, D. diffraction\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Reflection of light occurs when light bounces back from a surface that it cannot pass through. If the surface is very smooth, the reflected light forms an image.\nAnswer: [answer] C [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is the process where light bounces back from surfaces that it cannot pass through?
A. direction, B. absorbtion, C. reflection, D. diffraction
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Reflection of light occurs when light bounces back from a surface that it cannot pass through. If the surface is very smooth, the reflected light forms an image.
Answer: [answer] C [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are butterflies and bees an example of?\nA. parasites, B. pollinators, C. species, D. spores\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What are butterflies and bees an example of?
A. parasites, B. pollinators, C. species, D. spores
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What are clouds that form on the ground called?\nA. haze, B. fog, C. canopy, D. smoke\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: Clouds form when air in the atmosphere reaches the dew point. Clouds may form anywhere in the troposphere. Clouds that form on the ground are called fog .\nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What are clouds that form on the ground called?
A. haze, B. fog, C. canopy, D. smoke
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: Clouds form when air in the atmosphere reaches the dew point. Clouds may form anywhere in the troposphere. Clouds that form on the ground are called fog .
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: What is formed when atoms of different elements bond together?\nA. covalent compound, B. univalent compound, C. duality compound, D. phenotype compound\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: The two atoms that are held together in a covalent bond may be atoms of the same element or different elements. When atoms of different elements bond together, it forms a covalent compound.\nAnswer: [answer] A [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: What is formed when atoms of different elements bond together?
A. covalent compound, B. univalent compound, C. duality compound, D. phenotype compound
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think: The two atoms that are held together in a covalent bond may be atoms of the same element or different elements. When atoms of different elements bond together, it forms a covalent compound.
Answer: [answer] A [/answer]</s>
|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.\nQuestion: Where a cell resides, how it appears, and what it does define its what?\nA. life cycle, B. development fate, C. slowing rate, D. minute race\nWrite your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]\nOnly include your solution inside the tokens."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Think: \nAnswer: [answer] B [/answer]"
}
] |
<s>[INST] Given the following question and candidate answers, choose the best answer.
Question: Where a cell resides, how it appears, and what it does define its what?
A. life cycle, B. development fate, C. slowing rate, D. minute race
Write your final solution clearly between the following special tokens:[answer] your_answer_here [/answer]
Only include your solution inside the tokens. [/INST]Think:
Answer: [answer] B [/answer]</s>
|
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