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Surgery_Schwartz_5002	Surgery_Schwartz	J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(4):1087-1093; discussion 1093-1094. 49. Bedetti B, Bertolaccini L, Rocco R, Schmidt J, Solli P, Scarci M. Segmentectomy versus lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(6):1615-1623. 50. Schuchert MJ, Pettiford BL, Keeley S, et al. Anatomic seg-mentectomy in the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(3):926-932; discussion 932-923. 51. Sienel W, Stremmel C, Kirschbaum A, et al. Frequency of local recurrence following segmentectomy of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer is influenced by segment localisation and width of resection margins–implications for patient selec-tion for segmentectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31(3): 522-527; discussion 527-528. 52. Shapiro M, Weiser TS, Wisnivesky JP, Chin C, Arustamyan M, Swanson SJ. Thoracoscopic segmentectomy compares favorably with thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with small stage I lung cancer.	Surgery_Schwartz. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(4):1087-1093; discussion 1093-1094. 49. Bedetti B, Bertolaccini L, Rocco R, Schmidt J, Solli P, Scarci M. Segmentectomy versus lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(6):1615-1623. 50. Schuchert MJ, Pettiford BL, Keeley S, et al. Anatomic seg-mentectomy in the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(3):926-932; discussion 932-923. 51. Sienel W, Stremmel C, Kirschbaum A, et al. Frequency of local recurrence following segmentectomy of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer is influenced by segment localisation and width of resection margins–implications for patient selec-tion for segmentectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31(3): 522-527; discussion 527-528. 52. Shapiro M, Weiser TS, Wisnivesky JP, Chin C, Arustamyan M, Swanson SJ. Thoracoscopic segmentectomy compares favorably with thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with small stage I lung cancer.
Surgery_Schwartz_5003	Surgery_Schwartz	M, Weiser TS, Wisnivesky JP, Chin C, Arustamyan M, Swanson SJ. Thoracoscopic segmentectomy compares favorably with thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with small stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137(6):1388-1393. 53. Oizumi H, Kanauchi N, Kato H, et al. Total thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36(2):374-377; discussion 377. 54. Schuchert MJ, Pettiford BL, Pennathur A, et al. Anatomic seg-mentectomy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: compari-son of video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138(6):1318-1325. e1311. 55. Watanabe A, Ohori S, Nakashima S, et al. Feasibility of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery segmentectomy for selected peripheral lung carcinomas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;35(5):775-780; discussion 780. 56. Fuwa N, Mitsudomi T, Daimon T, et al. Factors involved in lymph node metastasis in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer–from studies of 604 surgical	Surgery_Schwartz. M, Weiser TS, Wisnivesky JP, Chin C, Arustamyan M, Swanson SJ. Thoracoscopic segmentectomy compares favorably with thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with small stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137(6):1388-1393. 53. Oizumi H, Kanauchi N, Kato H, et al. Total thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36(2):374-377; discussion 377. 54. Schuchert MJ, Pettiford BL, Pennathur A, et al. Anatomic seg-mentectomy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: compari-son of video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138(6):1318-1325. e1311. 55. Watanabe A, Ohori S, Nakashima S, et al. Feasibility of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery segmentectomy for selected peripheral lung carcinomas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;35(5):775-780; discussion 780. 56. Fuwa N, Mitsudomi T, Daimon T, et al. Factors involved in lymph node metastasis in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer–from studies of 604 surgical
Surgery_Schwartz_5004	Surgery_Schwartz	2009;35(5):775-780; discussion 780. 56. Fuwa N, Mitsudomi T, Daimon T, et al. Factors involved in lymph node metastasis in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer–from studies of 604 surgical cases. Lung Cancer. 2007;57(3):311-316. 57. Fernando HC, De Hoyos A, Landreneau RJ, et al. Radiofre-quency ablation for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in marginal surgical candidates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129(3):639-644. 58. Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Abbas G, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer in high-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134(4):857-864. 59. Lencioni R, Crocetti L, Cioni R, et al. Response to radiofre-quency ablation of pulmonary tumours: a prospective, inten-tion-to-treat, multicentre clinical trial (the RAPTURE study). Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):621-628. 60. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung car-cinoma:	Surgery_Schwartz. 2009;35(5):775-780; discussion 780. 56. Fuwa N, Mitsudomi T, Daimon T, et al. Factors involved in lymph node metastasis in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer–from studies of 604 surgical cases. Lung Cancer. 2007;57(3):311-316. 57. Fernando HC, De Hoyos A, Landreneau RJ, et al. Radiofre-quency ablation for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in marginal surgical candidates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129(3):639-644. 58. Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Abbas G, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer in high-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134(4):857-864. 59. Lencioni R, Crocetti L, Cioni R, et al. Response to radiofre-quency ablation of pulmonary tumours: a prospective, inten-tion-to-treat, multicentre clinical trial (the RAPTURE study). Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):621-628. 60. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung car-cinoma:
Surgery_Schwartz_5005	Surgery_Schwartz	trial (the RAPTURE study). Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):621-628. 60. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung car-cinoma: four-year results of a prospective phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(3):677-682. 61. Potters L, Kavanagh B, Galvin JM, et al. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) and American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guideline for the per-formance of stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(2):326-332. 62. Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. JAMA. 2010;303(11):1070-1076. 63. Simon CJ, Dupuy DE, DiPetrillo TA, et al. Pulmonary radio-frequency ablation: long-term safety and efficacy in 153 patients. Radiology. 2007;243(1):268-275. 64. Abbas G, Pennathur A, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD. Radio-frequency and microwave ablation of lung tumors. J	Surgery_Schwartz. trial (the RAPTURE study). Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):621-628. 60. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung car-cinoma: four-year results of a prospective phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(3):677-682. 61. Potters L, Kavanagh B, Galvin JM, et al. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) and American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guideline for the per-formance of stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(2):326-332. 62. Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. JAMA. 2010;303(11):1070-1076. 63. Simon CJ, Dupuy DE, DiPetrillo TA, et al. Pulmonary radio-frequency ablation: long-term safety and efficacy in 153 patients. Radiology. 2007;243(1):268-275. 64. Abbas G, Pennathur A, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD. Radio-frequency and microwave ablation of lung tumors. J
Surgery_Schwartz_5006	Surgery_Schwartz	ablation: long-term safety and efficacy in 153 patients. Radiology. 2007;243(1):268-275. 64. Abbas G, Pennathur A, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD. Radio-frequency and microwave ablation of lung tumors. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100(8):645-650. 65. Lanuti M, Sharma A, Digumarthy SR, et al. Radiofre-quency ablation for treatment of medically inoperable stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137(1):160-166. 66. Pua BB, Solomon SB. Radiofrequency ablation of primary and metastatic lung cancers. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2009;30(2):113-124. 67. Casal RF, Tam AL, Eapen GA. Radiofrequency ablation of lung tumors. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31(1):151-163. 68. Crocetti L, Lencioni R. Radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75(1):23-27. 69. Fernando HC, Schuchert M, Landreneau R, Daly BT. Approaching the high-risk patient: sublobar resection, stereo-tactic body radiation therapy, or radiofrequency ablation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(6):S2123-2127. 70. Timmerman	Surgery_Schwartz. ablation: long-term safety and efficacy in 153 patients. Radiology. 2007;243(1):268-275. 64. Abbas G, Pennathur A, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD. Radio-frequency and microwave ablation of lung tumors. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100(8):645-650. 65. Lanuti M, Sharma A, Digumarthy SR, et al. Radiofre-quency ablation for treatment of medically inoperable stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137(1):160-166. 66. Pua BB, Solomon SB. Radiofrequency ablation of primary and metastatic lung cancers. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2009;30(2):113-124. 67. Casal RF, Tam AL, Eapen GA. Radiofrequency ablation of lung tumors. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31(1):151-163. 68. Crocetti L, Lencioni R. Radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75(1):23-27. 69. Fernando HC, Schuchert M, Landreneau R, Daly BT. Approaching the high-risk patient: sublobar resection, stereo-tactic body radiation therapy, or radiofrequency ablation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(6):S2123-2127. 70. Timmerman
Surgery_Schwartz_5007	Surgery_Schwartz	Landreneau R, Daly BT. Approaching the high-risk patient: sublobar resection, stereo-tactic body radiation therapy, or radiofrequency ablation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(6):S2123-2127. 70. Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of B stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(30):4833-4839. 71. Pisters KM, Ginsberg RJ, Giroux DJ, et al. Induction chemo-therapy before surgery for early-stage lung cancer: a novel approach. Bimodality Lung Oncology Team. J Thorac Car-diovasc Surg. 2000;119(3):429-439. 72. Rosell R, Gomez-Codina J, Camps C, et al. A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with sur-gery alone in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(3):153-158. 73. Brouchet L, Bauvin E, Marcheix B, et al. Impact of induc-tion treatment on postoperative complications in the treat-ment of non–small cell	Surgery_Schwartz. Landreneau R, Daly BT. Approaching the high-risk patient: sublobar resection, stereo-tactic body radiation therapy, or radiofrequency ablation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(6):S2123-2127. 70. Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of B stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(30):4833-4839. 71. Pisters KM, Ginsberg RJ, Giroux DJ, et al. Induction chemo-therapy before surgery for early-stage lung cancer: a novel approach. Bimodality Lung Oncology Team. J Thorac Car-diovasc Surg. 2000;119(3):429-439. 72. Rosell R, Gomez-Codina J, Camps C, et al. A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with sur-gery alone in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(3):153-158. 73. Brouchet L, Bauvin E, Marcheix B, et al. Impact of induc-tion treatment on postoperative complications in the treat-ment of non–small cell
Surgery_Schwartz_5008	Surgery_Schwartz	lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(3):153-158. 73. Brouchet L, Bauvin E, Marcheix B, et al. Impact of induc-tion treatment on postoperative complications in the treat-ment of non–small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(7):626-631. 74. Rusch VW. Management of Pancoast tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(12):997-1005. 75. Rusch VW, Giroux DJ, Kraut MJ, et al. Induction chemoradia-tion and surgical resection for superior sulcus non–small-cell lung carcinomas: long-term results of Southwest Oncol-ogy Group Trial 9416 (Intergroup Trial 0160). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(3):313-318. 76. Dillman RO, Herndon J, Seagren SL, et al. Improved survival in stage III non–small-cell lung cancer: seven-year follow-up of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 8433 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(17):1210-1215. 77. Okawara G, Mackay JA, Evans W, et al. Management of unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1:377-393. 78. Swanson SJ, Herndon JE 2nd, D’Amico	Surgery_Schwartz. lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(3):153-158. 73. Brouchet L, Bauvin E, Marcheix B, et al. Impact of induc-tion treatment on postoperative complications in the treat-ment of non–small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(7):626-631. 74. Rusch VW. Management of Pancoast tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(12):997-1005. 75. Rusch VW, Giroux DJ, Kraut MJ, et al. Induction chemoradia-tion and surgical resection for superior sulcus non–small-cell lung carcinomas: long-term results of Southwest Oncol-ogy Group Trial 9416 (Intergroup Trial 0160). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(3):313-318. 76. Dillman RO, Herndon J, Seagren SL, et al. Improved survival in stage III non–small-cell lung cancer: seven-year follow-up of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 8433 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(17):1210-1215. 77. Okawara G, Mackay JA, Evans W, et al. Management of unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1:377-393. 78. Swanson SJ, Herndon JE 2nd, D’Amico
Surgery_Schwartz_5009	Surgery_Schwartz	G, Mackay JA, Evans W, et al. Management of unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1:377-393. 78. Swanson SJ, Herndon JE 2nd, D’Amico TA, et al. Vid-eoassisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: report of CALGB 39802—a prospective, multi-institution feasibility study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(31):4993-4997. 79. Demmy TL, James TA, Swanson SJ, McKenna RJ Jr, D’Amico TA. Troubleshooting video-assisted thoracic sur-gery lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(5):1744-1752; discussion 1753. 80. Fry WA. Thoracic incisions. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1995;5:177-188. 81. Dewey TM, Mack MJ. Lung cancer. Surgical approaches and incisions. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2000;10:803-820. 82. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Results of a prospective algorithm to remove chest tubes after pulmonary resection with high out-put. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135(2):269-273. 83. Cerfolio RJ, Bass C, Katholi CR. Prospective randomized trial compares suction versus water seal for air	Surgery_Schwartz. G, Mackay JA, Evans W, et al. Management of unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1:377-393. 78. Swanson SJ, Herndon JE 2nd, D’Amico TA, et al. Vid-eoassisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: report of CALGB 39802—a prospective, multi-institution feasibility study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(31):4993-4997. 79. Demmy TL, James TA, Swanson SJ, McKenna RJ Jr, D’Amico TA. Troubleshooting video-assisted thoracic sur-gery lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(5):1744-1752; discussion 1753. 80. Fry WA. Thoracic incisions. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1995;5:177-188. 81. Dewey TM, Mack MJ. Lung cancer. Surgical approaches and incisions. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2000;10:803-820. 82. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Results of a prospective algorithm to remove chest tubes after pulmonary resection with high out-put. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135(2):269-273. 83. Cerfolio RJ, Bass C, Katholi CR. Prospective randomized trial compares suction versus water seal for air
Surgery_Schwartz_5010	Surgery_Schwartz	pulmonary resection with high out-put. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135(2):269-273. 83. Cerfolio RJ, Bass C, Katholi CR. Prospective randomized trial compares suction versus water seal for air leaks. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71(5):1613-1617. 84. Bauer C, Hentz JG, Ducrocq X, et al. Lung function after lobectomy: a randomized, double-blinded trial compar-ing thoracic epidural ropivacaine/sufentanil and intravenous morphine for patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(1):238-244. 85. Casati A, Alessandrini P, Nuzzi M, et al. A prospective, randomized, blinded comparison between continuous Brunicardi_Ch19_p0661-p0750.indd 74601/03/19 7:02 PM	Surgery_Schwartz. pulmonary resection with high out-put. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135(2):269-273. 83. Cerfolio RJ, Bass C, Katholi CR. Prospective randomized trial compares suction versus water seal for air leaks. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71(5):1613-1617. 84. Bauer C, Hentz JG, Ducrocq X, et al. Lung function after lobectomy: a randomized, double-blinded trial compar-ing thoracic epidural ropivacaine/sufentanil and intravenous morphine for patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(1):238-244. 85. Casati A, Alessandrini P, Nuzzi M, et al. A prospective, randomized, blinded comparison between continuous Brunicardi_Ch19_p0661-p0750.indd 74601/03/19 7:02 PM
Surgery_Schwartz_5011	Surgery_Schwartz	CHAPTER 19747CHEST WALL, LUNG, MEDIASTINUM, AND PLEURAthoracic paravertebral and epidural infusion of 0.2% ropi-vacaine after lung resection surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23(12):999-1004. 86. Inderbitzi RG, Leiser A, Furrer M, Althaus U. Three years’ experience in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(6):1410-1415. 87. Warner BW, Bailey WW, Shipley RT. Value of computed tomography of the lung in the management of primary spon-taneous pneumothorax. Am J Surg. 1991;162(1):39-42. 88. Mansharamani N, Balachandran D, Delaney D, Zibrak JD, Silvestri RC, Koziel H. Lung abscess in adults: clinical com-parison of immunocompromised to non-immunocompromised patients. Respir Med. 2002;96(3):178-185. 89. Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, Dieleman J, Stricker BH, Jansen JB. Risk of community-acquired pneu-monia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1955-1960. 90. Conant EF, Wechsler RJ. Actinomycosis	Surgery_Schwartz. CHAPTER 19747CHEST WALL, LUNG, MEDIASTINUM, AND PLEURAthoracic paravertebral and epidural infusion of 0.2% ropi-vacaine after lung resection surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23(12):999-1004. 86. Inderbitzi RG, Leiser A, Furrer M, Althaus U. Three years’ experience in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(6):1410-1415. 87. Warner BW, Bailey WW, Shipley RT. Value of computed tomography of the lung in the management of primary spon-taneous pneumothorax. Am J Surg. 1991;162(1):39-42. 88. Mansharamani N, Balachandran D, Delaney D, Zibrak JD, Silvestri RC, Koziel H. Lung abscess in adults: clinical com-parison of immunocompromised to non-immunocompromised patients. Respir Med. 2002;96(3):178-185. 89. Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, Dieleman J, Stricker BH, Jansen JB. Risk of community-acquired pneu-monia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1955-1960. 90. Conant EF, Wechsler RJ. Actinomycosis
Surgery_Schwartz_5012	Surgery_Schwartz	RJ, Dieleman J, Stricker BH, Jansen JB. Risk of community-acquired pneu-monia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1955-1960. 90. Conant EF, Wechsler RJ. Actinomycosis and nocardiosis of the lung. J Thorac Imaging. 1992;7(4):75-84. 91. Thomson RM, Armstrong JG, Looke DF. Gastroesopha-geal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Chest. 2007;131(4): 1166-1172. 92. Koh WJ, Lee JH, Kwon YS, et al. Prevalence of gastroesopha-geal reflux disease in patients with nontuberculous mycobac-terial lung disease. Chest. 2007;131(6):1825-1830. 93. Angrill J, Agusti C, de Celis R, et al. Bacterial colonisation in patients with bronchiectasis: microbiological pattern and risk factors. Thorax. 2002;57(1):15-19. 94. Barker AF. Bronchiectasis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(18):1383-1393. 95. Ilowite J, Spiegler P, Chawla S. Bronchiectasis: new find-ings in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis.	Surgery_Schwartz. RJ, Dieleman J, Stricker BH, Jansen JB. Risk of community-acquired pneu-monia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1955-1960. 90. Conant EF, Wechsler RJ. Actinomycosis and nocardiosis of the lung. J Thorac Imaging. 1992;7(4):75-84. 91. Thomson RM, Armstrong JG, Looke DF. Gastroesopha-geal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Chest. 2007;131(4): 1166-1172. 92. Koh WJ, Lee JH, Kwon YS, et al. Prevalence of gastroesopha-geal reflux disease in patients with nontuberculous mycobac-terial lung disease. Chest. 2007;131(6):1825-1830. 93. Angrill J, Agusti C, de Celis R, et al. Bacterial colonisation in patients with bronchiectasis: microbiological pattern and risk factors. Thorax. 2002;57(1):15-19. 94. Barker AF. Bronchiectasis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(18):1383-1393. 95. Ilowite J, Spiegler P, Chawla S. Bronchiectasis: new find-ings in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis.
Surgery_Schwartz_5013	Surgery_Schwartz	AF. Bronchiectasis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(18):1383-1393. 95. Ilowite J, Spiegler P, Chawla S. Bronchiectasis: new find-ings in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21(2):163-167. 96. Xu L, Zhang F, Du S, et al. Inhaled antibiotics in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis. Pharmazie. 2016;71:491-498. 97. Steinfort DP, Steinfort C. Effect of long-term nebulized colis-tin on lung function and quality of life in patients with chronic bronchial sepsis. Intern Med J. 2007;37(7):495-498. 98. Kellett F, Robert NM. Nebulised 7% hypertonic saline improves lung function and quality of life in bronchiectasis. Respir Med. 2011;105:1831-1835. 99. Frieden TR, Sterling TR, Munsiff SS, Watt CJ, Dye C. Tuber-culosis. Lancet. 2003;362(9387):887-899. 100. Haque AK. The pathology and pathophysiology of mycobac-teria infections. J Thorac Imaging. 1990;5:8-16. 101. Iseman MD. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med.	Surgery_Schwartz. AF. Bronchiectasis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(18):1383-1393. 95. Ilowite J, Spiegler P, Chawla S. Bronchiectasis: new find-ings in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21(2):163-167. 96. Xu L, Zhang F, Du S, et al. Inhaled antibiotics in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis. Pharmazie. 2016;71:491-498. 97. Steinfort DP, Steinfort C. Effect of long-term nebulized colis-tin on lung function and quality of life in patients with chronic bronchial sepsis. Intern Med J. 2007;37(7):495-498. 98. Kellett F, Robert NM. Nebulised 7% hypertonic saline improves lung function and quality of life in bronchiectasis. Respir Med. 2011;105:1831-1835. 99. Frieden TR, Sterling TR, Munsiff SS, Watt CJ, Dye C. Tuber-culosis. Lancet. 2003;362(9387):887-899. 100. Haque AK. The pathology and pathophysiology of mycobac-teria infections. J Thorac Imaging. 1990;5:8-16. 101. Iseman MD. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med.
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Surgery_Schwartz_5021	Surgery_Schwartz	2002:1563. 139. Strollo DC, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Jett JR. Primary mediastinal tumors. Part II: tumors of the middle and posterior mediastinum. Chest. 1997;112:1344-1357. 140. Takahashi K, Al-Janabi NJ. Computed tomography and mag-netic resonance imaging of mediastinal tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:1325-1339. 141. Storch I, Shah M, Thurer R, Donna E, Ribeiro A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and Tru-Cut biopsy in thoracic lesions: when tissue is the issue. Surg Endosc J. 2008;22(1):86-90. 142. Herman SJ, Holub RV, Weisbrod GL, Chamberlain DW. Ante-rior mediastinal masses: utility of transthoracic needle biopsy. Radiology. 1991;180(1):167-170. 143. Assaad MW, Pantanowitz L. Diagnostic accuracy of image-guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the medi-astinum. Diagn Cytopathol. 2007;35:705-709. 144. Pedote P, Gaudio F, Moschetta M, et al. CT-guided needle biopsy performed with modified coaxial technique in the diagnosis of malignant	Surgery_Schwartz. 2002:1563. 139. Strollo DC, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Jett JR. Primary mediastinal tumors. Part II: tumors of the middle and posterior mediastinum. Chest. 1997;112:1344-1357. 140. Takahashi K, Al-Janabi NJ. Computed tomography and mag-netic resonance imaging of mediastinal tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32:1325-1339. 141. Storch I, Shah M, Thurer R, Donna E, Ribeiro A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and Tru-Cut biopsy in thoracic lesions: when tissue is the issue. Surg Endosc J. 2008;22(1):86-90. 142. Herman SJ, Holub RV, Weisbrod GL, Chamberlain DW. Ante-rior mediastinal masses: utility of transthoracic needle biopsy. Radiology. 1991;180(1):167-170. 143. Assaad MW, Pantanowitz L. Diagnostic accuracy of image-guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the medi-astinum. Diagn Cytopathol. 2007;35:705-709. 144. Pedote P, Gaudio F, Moschetta M, et al. CT-guided needle biopsy performed with modified coaxial technique in the diagnosis of malignant
Surgery_Schwartz_5022	Surgery_Schwartz	of the medi-astinum. Diagn Cytopathol. 2007;35:705-709. 144. Pedote P, Gaudio F, Moschetta M, et al. CT-guided needle biopsy performed with modified coaxial technique in the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas. Radiol Med. 2010;115: 1292-1303. 145. Demmy TL, Krasna MJ. Multicenter VATS experience with mediastinal tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:187-192. 146. Bodner J, Wykypiel H, Greiner A, et al. Early experience with robot-assisted surgery for mediastinal masses. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:259-265. 147. Yim AP. Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of anterior mediastinal masses. Int Surg. 1996;81(4):350-353. 148. Weksler B, Tavares J. Robot-assisted thymectomy is superior to transsternal thymectomy. Surg Endosc. 2012;26:261-266. 149. Chang PC, Chou SH, Kao EL, et al. Bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy vs. extended transsternal thymec-tomy in myasthenia gravis: a prospective study. Eur Surg Res. 2005;37:199-203. 150. Meyers BF, Cooper JD. Transcervical thymectomy for	Surgery_Schwartz. of the medi-astinum. Diagn Cytopathol. 2007;35:705-709. 144. Pedote P, Gaudio F, Moschetta M, et al. CT-guided needle biopsy performed with modified coaxial technique in the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas. Radiol Med. 2010;115: 1292-1303. 145. Demmy TL, Krasna MJ. Multicenter VATS experience with mediastinal tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:187-192. 146. Bodner J, Wykypiel H, Greiner A, et al. Early experience with robot-assisted surgery for mediastinal masses. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:259-265. 147. Yim AP. Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of anterior mediastinal masses. Int Surg. 1996;81(4):350-353. 148. Weksler B, Tavares J. Robot-assisted thymectomy is superior to transsternal thymectomy. Surg Endosc. 2012;26:261-266. 149. Chang PC, Chou SH, Kao EL, et al. Bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy vs. extended transsternal thymec-tomy in myasthenia gravis: a prospective study. Eur Surg Res. 2005;37:199-203. 150. Meyers BF, Cooper JD. Transcervical thymectomy for
Surgery_Schwartz_5023	Surgery_Schwartz	thoracoscopic thymectomy vs. extended transsternal thymec-tomy in myasthenia gravis: a prospective study. Eur Surg Res. 2005;37:199-203. 150. Meyers BF, Cooper JD. Transcervical thymectomy for myas-thenia gravis. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11(2):363-368. 151. Small EJ, Venook AP, Damon LE. Gallium-avid thymic hyper-plasia in an adult after chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Cancer. 1993;72(3):905-908. 152. Smith CS, Schoder H. Thymic extension in the superior medi-astinum in patients with thymic hyperplasia: potential cause of false-positive findings on 18F-FDG PET/CT. AJR Am J Roent-genol. 2007;188:1716-1721. 153. Quint LE. PET: other thoracic malignancies. Cancer Imaging. 2006;6:S82-S88. 154. Luzzi L, Campione A, Gorla A, et al. Role of fluorinefluo-rodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in preoperative assessment of anterior mediastinal masses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:475-479. 155. Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T. Follow-up study of	Surgery_Schwartz. thoracoscopic thymectomy vs. extended transsternal thymec-tomy in myasthenia gravis: a prospective study. Eur Surg Res. 2005;37:199-203. 150. Meyers BF, Cooper JD. Transcervical thymectomy for myas-thenia gravis. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11(2):363-368. 151. Small EJ, Venook AP, Damon LE. Gallium-avid thymic hyper-plasia in an adult after chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. Cancer. 1993;72(3):905-908. 152. Smith CS, Schoder H. Thymic extension in the superior medi-astinum in patients with thymic hyperplasia: potential cause of false-positive findings on 18F-FDG PET/CT. AJR Am J Roent-genol. 2007;188:1716-1721. 153. Quint LE. PET: other thoracic malignancies. Cancer Imaging. 2006;6:S82-S88. 154. Luzzi L, Campione A, Gorla A, et al. Role of fluorinefluo-rodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in preoperative assessment of anterior mediastinal masses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:475-479. 155. Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T. Follow-up study of
Surgery_Schwartz_5024	Surgery_Schwartz	tomography/computed tomography in preoperative assessment of anterior mediastinal masses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:475-479. 155. Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T. Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer. 1981;48(11):2485-2492. 156. Pennathur A, Qureshi I, Schuchert T, et al. Comparison of surgical techniques for early-stage thymoma: feasibility of minimally invasive thymectomy and comparison with open resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141(3):694-701. 157. Chahinian AP. Chemotherapy of thymomas and thymic carci-nomas. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11(2):447-456. 158. Blumberg D, Port JL, Weksler B, et al. Thymoma: a multivari-ate analysis of factors predicting survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60(4):908-913; discussion 914. 159. Weksler B, Shende M. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy for resected stage III thymoma: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:1822-1828; discussion 1828-1829. 160. Suster S, Rosai	Surgery_Schwartz. tomography/computed tomography in preoperative assessment of anterior mediastinal masses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:475-479. 155. Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T. Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer. 1981;48(11):2485-2492. 156. Pennathur A, Qureshi I, Schuchert T, et al. Comparison of surgical techniques for early-stage thymoma: feasibility of minimally invasive thymectomy and comparison with open resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141(3):694-701. 157. Chahinian AP. Chemotherapy of thymomas and thymic carci-nomas. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11(2):447-456. 158. Blumberg D, Port JL, Weksler B, et al. Thymoma: a multivari-ate analysis of factors predicting survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60(4):908-913; discussion 914. 159. Weksler B, Shende M. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy for resected stage III thymoma: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:1822-1828; discussion 1828-1829. 160. Suster S, Rosai
Surgery_Schwartz_5025	Surgery_Schwartz	B, Shende M. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy for resected stage III thymoma: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:1822-1828; discussion 1828-1829. 160. Suster S, Rosai J. Thymic carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 60 cases. Cancer. 1991;67(4):1025-1032. 161. Bousamra M. Neurogenic tumors of the mediastinum. In: Pearson FG, ed. Thoracic Surgery. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Liv-ingstone; 2002:1732. 162. Venissac N, Leo F, Hofman P, Paquis P, Mouroux J. Medi-astinal neurogenic tumors and video-assisted thoracoscopy: always the right choice? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2004;14(1):20-22. 163. Coleman BG, Arger PH, Dalinka MK, Obringer AC, Raney BR, Meadows AT. CT of sarcomatous degeneration in neurofibro-matosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;140(2):383-387. 164. Ducatman BS, Scheithauer BW, Piepgras DG, Reiman HM, Ilstrup DM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer. 1986;57(10):2006-2021. 165. Nichols CR,	Surgery_Schwartz. B, Shende M. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy for resected stage III thymoma: a population-based study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:1822-1828; discussion 1828-1829. 160. Suster S, Rosai J. Thymic carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 60 cases. Cancer. 1991;67(4):1025-1032. 161. Bousamra M. Neurogenic tumors of the mediastinum. In: Pearson FG, ed. Thoracic Surgery. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Liv-ingstone; 2002:1732. 162. Venissac N, Leo F, Hofman P, Paquis P, Mouroux J. Medi-astinal neurogenic tumors and video-assisted thoracoscopy: always the right choice? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2004;14(1):20-22. 163. Coleman BG, Arger PH, Dalinka MK, Obringer AC, Raney BR, Meadows AT. CT of sarcomatous degeneration in neurofibro-matosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;140(2):383-387. 164. Ducatman BS, Scheithauer BW, Piepgras DG, Reiman HM, Ilstrup DM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer. 1986;57(10):2006-2021. 165. Nichols CR,
Surgery_Schwartz_5026	Surgery_Schwartz	BS, Scheithauer BW, Piepgras DG, Reiman HM, Ilstrup DM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer. 1986;57(10):2006-2021. 165. Nichols CR, Saxman S, Williams SD, et al. Primary medi-astinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. A modern single institution experience. Cancer. 1990;65(7):1641-1646. 166. Kesler KA, Rieger KM, Hammoud Z, et al. A 25-year sin-gle institution experience with surgery for primary medias-tinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:371-378. 167. Rice TW. Benign neoplasms and cysts of the mediastinum. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;4(1):25-33. 168. Di Lorenzo M, Collin PP, Vaillancourt R, Duranceau A. Bron-chogenic cysts. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24(10):988-991. 169. Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin B. Bronchogenic cysts of the mediastinum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109(5):1003-1010. 170. St-Georges R, Deslauriers J, Duranceau A, et al. Clinical spec-trum of bronchogenic cysts of the mediastinum	Surgery_Schwartz. BS, Scheithauer BW, Piepgras DG, Reiman HM, Ilstrup DM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer. 1986;57(10):2006-2021. 165. Nichols CR, Saxman S, Williams SD, et al. Primary medi-astinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. A modern single institution experience. Cancer. 1990;65(7):1641-1646. 166. Kesler KA, Rieger KM, Hammoud Z, et al. A 25-year sin-gle institution experience with surgery for primary medias-tinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:371-378. 167. Rice TW. Benign neoplasms and cysts of the mediastinum. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;4(1):25-33. 168. Di Lorenzo M, Collin PP, Vaillancourt R, Duranceau A. Bron-chogenic cysts. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24(10):988-991. 169. Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin B. Bronchogenic cysts of the mediastinum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109(5):1003-1010. 170. St-Georges R, Deslauriers J, Duranceau A, et al. Clinical spec-trum of bronchogenic cysts of the mediastinum
Surgery_Schwartz_5027	Surgery_Schwartz	cysts of the mediastinum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109(5):1003-1010. 170. St-Georges R, Deslauriers J, Duranceau A, et al. Clinical spec-trum of bronchogenic cysts of the mediastinum and lung in the adult. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52(1):6-13. 171. Agostoni E. Mechanics of the pleural space. In: Fisherman AP, Macklem PT, Mead J, et al, eds. Mechanics of Breathing: Handbook of Physiology. Vol 3. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1986. 172. Lawrence GH. Considerations of the anatomy and physiology of the pleural space. In: Lawrence GH, ed. Problems of the Pleural Space. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1983. 173. Rusch VW. Pleural effusion: benign and malignant. In: Pear-son FG, ed. Thoracic Surgery. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:1157. 174. Gammie JS, Banks MC, Fuhrman CR, et al. The pigtail cath-eter for pleural drainage: a less invasive alternative to tube thoracostomy. JSLS. 1999;3(1):57-61. 175. Luketich JD, Kiss M, Hershey J, et al. Chest tube insertion: a	Surgery_Schwartz. cysts of the mediastinum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109(5):1003-1010. 170. St-Georges R, Deslauriers J, Duranceau A, et al. Clinical spec-trum of bronchogenic cysts of the mediastinum and lung in the adult. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52(1):6-13. 171. Agostoni E. Mechanics of the pleural space. In: Fisherman AP, Macklem PT, Mead J, et al, eds. Mechanics of Breathing: Handbook of Physiology. Vol 3. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1986. 172. Lawrence GH. Considerations of the anatomy and physiology of the pleural space. In: Lawrence GH, ed. Problems of the Pleural Space. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1983. 173. Rusch VW. Pleural effusion: benign and malignant. In: Pear-son FG, ed. Thoracic Surgery. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:1157. 174. Gammie JS, Banks MC, Fuhrman CR, et al. The pigtail cath-eter for pleural drainage: a less invasive alternative to tube thoracostomy. JSLS. 1999;3(1):57-61. 175. Luketich JD, Kiss M, Hershey J, et al. Chest tube insertion: a
Surgery_Schwartz_5028	Surgery_Schwartz	CR, et al. The pigtail cath-eter for pleural drainage: a less invasive alternative to tube thoracostomy. JSLS. 1999;3(1):57-61. 175. Luketich JD, Kiss M, Hershey J, et al. Chest tube insertion: a prospective evaluation of pain management. Clin J Pain. 1998;14(2):152-154. 176. Johnston WW. The malignant pleural effusion. A review of cytopathologic diagnoses of 584 specimens from 472 consecu-tive patients. Cancer. 1985;56(4):905-909.Brunicardi_Ch19_p0661-p0750.indd 74801/03/19 7:02 PM	Surgery_Schwartz. CR, et al. The pigtail cath-eter for pleural drainage: a less invasive alternative to tube thoracostomy. JSLS. 1999;3(1):57-61. 175. Luketich JD, Kiss M, Hershey J, et al. Chest tube insertion: a prospective evaluation of pain management. Clin J Pain. 1998;14(2):152-154. 176. Johnston WW. The malignant pleural effusion. A review of cytopathologic diagnoses of 584 specimens from 472 consecu-tive patients. Cancer. 1985;56(4):905-909.Brunicardi_Ch19_p0661-p0750.indd 74801/03/19 7:02 PM
Surgery_Schwartz_5029	Surgery_Schwartz	CHAPTER 19749CHEST WALL, LUNG, MEDIASTINUM, AND PLEURA 177. Ocaña I, Martinez-Vazquez JM, Segura RM, et al. Adenosine deaminase in pleural fluids. Test for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. Chest. 1983;84(1):51-53. 178. Lee YC, Rogers JT, Rodriguez RM, Miller KD, Light RW. Adenosine deaminase levels in nontuberculous lymphocytic pleural effusions. Chest. 2001;120(2):356-361. 179. Tremblay A, Michaud G. Single-center experience with 250 tunneled pleural catheter insertions for malignant pleural effu-sion. Chest. 2006;129(2):362-368. 180. Light RW. Parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clin Chest Med. 1985;6(1):55-62. 181. Rahman NM, Maskell NA, West A, et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:518-526. 182. Miller JI Jr. The history of surgery of empyema, thoracoplasty, Eloesser flap, and muscle flap transposition. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2000;10(1):45-53. 183. Miller JI Jr. Diagnosis and management of	Surgery_Schwartz. CHAPTER 19749CHEST WALL, LUNG, MEDIASTINUM, AND PLEURA 177. Ocaña I, Martinez-Vazquez JM, Segura RM, et al. Adenosine deaminase in pleural fluids. Test for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. Chest. 1983;84(1):51-53. 178. Lee YC, Rogers JT, Rodriguez RM, Miller KD, Light RW. Adenosine deaminase levels in nontuberculous lymphocytic pleural effusions. Chest. 2001;120(2):356-361. 179. Tremblay A, Michaud G. Single-center experience with 250 tunneled pleural catheter insertions for malignant pleural effu-sion. Chest. 2006;129(2):362-368. 180. Light RW. Parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clin Chest Med. 1985;6(1):55-62. 181. Rahman NM, Maskell NA, West A, et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:518-526. 182. Miller JI Jr. The history of surgery of empyema, thoracoplasty, Eloesser flap, and muscle flap transposition. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2000;10(1):45-53. 183. Miller JI Jr. Diagnosis and management of
Surgery_Schwartz_5030	Surgery_Schwartz	JI Jr. The history of surgery of empyema, thoracoplasty, Eloesser flap, and muscle flap transposition. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2000;10(1):45-53. 183. Miller JI Jr. Diagnosis and management of chylothorax. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1996;6(1):139-148. 184. Malthaner RA, Inculet RI. The thoracic duct and chylotho-rax. In: Pearson FG, ed. Thoracic Surgery. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:1228. 185. Rusch VW. A proposed new international TNM staging system for malignant pleural mesothelioma. From the International Mesothelioma Interest Group. Chest. 1995;108(4):1122-1128. 186. Khalil MY, Mapa M, Shin HJ, Shin DM. Advances in the management of malignant mesothelioma. Curr Oncol Rep. 2003;5(4):334-341. 187. Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2002. 188. England DM, Hochholzer L, McCarthy MJ. Localized benign and malignant fibrous tumors of the	Surgery_Schwartz. JI Jr. The history of surgery of empyema, thoracoplasty, Eloesser flap, and muscle flap transposition. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2000;10(1):45-53. 183. Miller JI Jr. Diagnosis and management of chylothorax. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1996;6(1):139-148. 184. Malthaner RA, Inculet RI. The thoracic duct and chylotho-rax. In: Pearson FG, ed. Thoracic Surgery. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:1228. 185. Rusch VW. A proposed new international TNM staging system for malignant pleural mesothelioma. From the International Mesothelioma Interest Group. Chest. 1995;108(4):1122-1128. 186. Khalil MY, Mapa M, Shin HJ, Shin DM. Advances in the management of malignant mesothelioma. Curr Oncol Rep. 2003;5(4):334-341. 187. Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2002. 188. England DM, Hochholzer L, McCarthy MJ. Localized benign and malignant fibrous tumors of the
Surgery_Schwartz_5031	Surgery_Schwartz	of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2002. 188. England DM, Hochholzer L, McCarthy MJ. Localized benign and malignant fibrous tumors of the pleura. A clinicopathologic review of 223 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13(8):640-658.Brunicardi_Ch19_p0661-p0750.indd 74901/03/19 7:02 PM	Surgery_Schwartz. of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2002. 188. England DM, Hochholzer L, McCarthy MJ. Localized benign and malignant fibrous tumors of the pleura. A clinicopathologic review of 223 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13(8):640-658.Brunicardi_Ch19_p0661-p0750.indd 74901/03/19 7:02 PM
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Surgery_Schwartz_5033	Surgery_Schwartz	Congenital Heart DiseaseRaghav Murthy, Tabitha G. Moe, Glen S. Van Arsdell, John J. Nigro, and Tara Karamlou20chapterINTRODUCTIONCongenital heart surgery is a dynamic and evolving field. The last 20 years have brought about rapid developments in technol-ogy, emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, and a more thorough understanding of both the anatomy and patho-physiology of congenital heart disease, leading to the improved care of these challenging patients.These advancements have created a sustained paradigm shift in the field of congenital heart surgery. The traditional strategy of initial palliation followed by definitive correction at a later age, which had pervaded the thinking of most surgeons, began to evolve into emphasizing early repair. Defects such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are now successfully managed with staged palliation, resulting in excellent survival outcomes for these children.The goal in most cases of congenital heart disease (CHD) is	Surgery_Schwartz. Congenital Heart DiseaseRaghav Murthy, Tabitha G. Moe, Glen S. Van Arsdell, John J. Nigro, and Tara Karamlou20chapterINTRODUCTIONCongenital heart surgery is a dynamic and evolving field. The last 20 years have brought about rapid developments in technol-ogy, emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, and a more thorough understanding of both the anatomy and patho-physiology of congenital heart disease, leading to the improved care of these challenging patients.These advancements have created a sustained paradigm shift in the field of congenital heart surgery. The traditional strategy of initial palliation followed by definitive correction at a later age, which had pervaded the thinking of most surgeons, began to evolve into emphasizing early repair. Defects such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are now successfully managed with staged palliation, resulting in excellent survival outcomes for these children.The goal in most cases of congenital heart disease (CHD) is
Surgery_Schwartz_5034	Surgery_Schwartz	left heart syndrome (HLHS) are now successfully managed with staged palliation, resulting in excellent survival outcomes for these children.The goal in most cases of congenital heart disease (CHD) is appropriate timing of complete repair. Rather than subdivid-ing lesions into cyanotic or noncyanotic lesions, a more appro-priate classification divides defects into three categories based on the feasibility of achieving complete repair: (a) defects that have no reasonable palliation and for which repair is the only option; (b) defects for which repair is not possible and for which palliation is the only option; and (c) defects that can either be repaired or palliated in infancy. It bears mentioning that all defects in the second category are those in which the appropriate anatomic components either are not present, as in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or cannot be created from existing structures, i.e., unguarded tricuspid orifice.1Eight out of every 1000 live births will have some	Surgery_Schwartz. left heart syndrome (HLHS) are now successfully managed with staged palliation, resulting in excellent survival outcomes for these children.The goal in most cases of congenital heart disease (CHD) is appropriate timing of complete repair. Rather than subdivid-ing lesions into cyanotic or noncyanotic lesions, a more appro-priate classification divides defects into three categories based on the feasibility of achieving complete repair: (a) defects that have no reasonable palliation and for which repair is the only option; (b) defects for which repair is not possible and for which palliation is the only option; and (c) defects that can either be repaired or palliated in infancy. It bears mentioning that all defects in the second category are those in which the appropriate anatomic components either are not present, as in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or cannot be created from existing structures, i.e., unguarded tricuspid orifice.1Eight out of every 1000 live births will have some
Surgery_Schwartz_5035	Surgery_Schwartz	either are not present, as in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or cannot be created from existing structures, i.e., unguarded tricuspid orifice.1Eight out of every 1000 live births will have some form of CHD, most of which, however, are mild.1 In the United States nearly 40,000 infants are affected each year.2 As of 2010, it is estimated that there are about 2 million people living with CHD in the United States, and as of 2011 there are more adults (>18) than children.2 CHD is the most common birth defect and the most common cause of infant death related to birth defects, accounting for 28% of deaths due to birth defects in the first month of life. There are currently 127 centers in North America that perform congenital heart surgery. The Society for Thoracic Surgeons (STS) reports an overall national mortality of 3.1%.3DEFECTS AMENABLE TO COMPLETE REPAIRAtrial Septal DefectAn atrial septal defect (ASD) is defined as discontinuity of the interatrial septum that permits direct mixing	Surgery_Schwartz. either are not present, as in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or cannot be created from existing structures, i.e., unguarded tricuspid orifice.1Eight out of every 1000 live births will have some form of CHD, most of which, however, are mild.1 In the United States nearly 40,000 infants are affected each year.2 As of 2010, it is estimated that there are about 2 million people living with CHD in the United States, and as of 2011 there are more adults (>18) than children.2 CHD is the most common birth defect and the most common cause of infant death related to birth defects, accounting for 28% of deaths due to birth defects in the first month of life. There are currently 127 centers in North America that perform congenital heart surgery. The Society for Thoracic Surgeons (STS) reports an overall national mortality of 3.1%.3DEFECTS AMENABLE TO COMPLETE REPAIRAtrial Septal DefectAn atrial septal defect (ASD) is defined as discontinuity of the interatrial septum that permits direct mixing
Surgery_Schwartz_5036	Surgery_Schwartz	national mortality of 3.1%.3DEFECTS AMENABLE TO COMPLETE REPAIRAtrial Septal DefectAn atrial septal defect (ASD) is defined as discontinuity of the interatrial septum that permits direct mixing of blood between the systemic venous and pulmonary venous circulations.Embryology. The atrial and ventricular septa form between the third and sixth weeks of fetal development. After the paired heart tubes fuse into a single tube folded onto itself, the distal por-tion of the tube indents to form the roof of the common atrium. Near this portion of the roof, the septum primum originates and descends in a crescentic formation toward the atrioventricular (AV) junction. The ostium primum is situated superiorly to the crux of the heart at the atrioventricular junction. Prior to completion of endocardial cushion fusion with the septum pri-mum, a sequence of fenestrations appear that coalesce into the Introduction 751Defects Amenable to Complete Repair 751Atrial Septal Defect / 751Aortic Stenosis /	Surgery_Schwartz. national mortality of 3.1%.3DEFECTS AMENABLE TO COMPLETE REPAIRAtrial Septal DefectAn atrial septal defect (ASD) is defined as discontinuity of the interatrial septum that permits direct mixing of blood between the systemic venous and pulmonary venous circulations.Embryology. The atrial and ventricular septa form between the third and sixth weeks of fetal development. After the paired heart tubes fuse into a single tube folded onto itself, the distal por-tion of the tube indents to form the roof of the common atrium. Near this portion of the roof, the septum primum originates and descends in a crescentic formation toward the atrioventricular (AV) junction. The ostium primum is situated superiorly to the crux of the heart at the atrioventricular junction. Prior to completion of endocardial cushion fusion with the septum pri-mum, a sequence of fenestrations appear that coalesce into the Introduction 751Defects Amenable to Complete Repair 751Atrial Septal Defect / 751Aortic Stenosis /
Surgery_Schwartz_5037	Surgery_Schwartz	cushion fusion with the septum pri-mum, a sequence of fenestrations appear that coalesce into the Introduction 751Defects Amenable to Complete Repair 751Atrial Septal Defect / 751Aortic Stenosis / 755Patent Ductus Arteriosus / 759Aortic Coarctation / 761Truncus Arteriosus / 764Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection / 765Cor Triatriatum / 768Aortopulmonary Window / 769Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Artery Slings / 769Defects Requiring Palliation 770Tricuspid Atresia / 770Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / 773Defects That May be Palliated or Repaired 777Ebstein’s Anomaly / 777Transposition of the Great Arteries / 780Double-Outlet Right Ventricle / 783Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Noncommitted Ventricular Septal Defect / 783Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Subaortic or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect Without Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Subaortic or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect With Pulmonary Stenosis /	Surgery_Schwartz. cushion fusion with the septum pri-mum, a sequence of fenestrations appear that coalesce into the Introduction 751Defects Amenable to Complete Repair 751Atrial Septal Defect / 751Aortic Stenosis / 755Patent Ductus Arteriosus / 759Aortic Coarctation / 761Truncus Arteriosus / 764Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection / 765Cor Triatriatum / 768Aortopulmonary Window / 769Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Artery Slings / 769Defects Requiring Palliation 770Tricuspid Atresia / 770Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / 773Defects That May be Palliated or Repaired 777Ebstein’s Anomaly / 777Transposition of the Great Arteries / 780Double-Outlet Right Ventricle / 783Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Noncommitted Ventricular Septal Defect / 783Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Subaortic or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect Without Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Subaortic or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect With Pulmonary Stenosis /
Surgery_Schwartz_5038	Surgery_Schwartz	or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect Without Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Subaortic or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect With Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Taussig–Bing Syndrome Without Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Taussig–Bing Syndrome With Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Tetralogy of Fallot / 784Ventricular Septal Defect / 786Atrioventricular Canal Defects / 789Interrupted Aortic Arch / 790Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support / 790Pediatric Heart Transplantation / 791Public Reporting and the STS Database in Congenital Heart Surgery / 792Future Directions / 793Brunicardi_Ch20_p0751-p0800.indd 75122/02/19 2:54 PM 752ostium secundum. During this coalescence, the septum secun-dum grows downward from the roof of the atrium, parallel to and to the right of the septum primum. The septum primum does not fuse, but creates an oblique pathway, called the foramen ovale, within the interatrial septum. After birth, the increase in left atrial pressure	Surgery_Schwartz. or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect Without Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Double-Outlet Right Ventricle With Subaortic or Doubly Committed Ventricular Septal Defect With Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Taussig–Bing Syndrome Without Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Taussig–Bing Syndrome With Pulmonary Stenosis / 784Tetralogy of Fallot / 784Ventricular Septal Defect / 786Atrioventricular Canal Defects / 789Interrupted Aortic Arch / 790Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support / 790Pediatric Heart Transplantation / 791Public Reporting and the STS Database in Congenital Heart Surgery / 792Future Directions / 793Brunicardi_Ch20_p0751-p0800.indd 75122/02/19 2:54 PM 752ostium secundum. During this coalescence, the septum secun-dum grows downward from the roof of the atrium, parallel to and to the right of the septum primum. The septum primum does not fuse, but creates an oblique pathway, called the foramen ovale, within the interatrial septum. After birth, the increase in left atrial pressure
Surgery_Schwartz_5039	Surgery_Schwartz	right of the septum primum. The septum primum does not fuse, but creates an oblique pathway, called the foramen ovale, within the interatrial septum. After birth, the increase in left atrial pressure associated with an increase in SVR relative to PVR typically closes this pathway in approximately 80% of the population, obliterating the interatrial communication.Anatomy. ASDs can be classified into three different types (Fig. 20-1): (a) ostium secundum type defect (Fig. 20-1B,C) (deficiency of septum primum), which are the most prevalent subtype, comprising 80% of all ASDs; (b) ostium primum defects (Fig. 20-1A), which may also be described as partial or transitional AV canal defect; and (c) sinus venosus type defects, comprising approximately 5% to 10% of all ASDs.4Pathophysiology. ASDs result in an increase in pulmonary blood flow secondary to primarily left-to-right shunting through the defect. The direction of the intracardiac shunt is predomi-nantly determined by the compliance of	Surgery_Schwartz. right of the septum primum. The septum primum does not fuse, but creates an oblique pathway, called the foramen ovale, within the interatrial septum. After birth, the increase in left atrial pressure associated with an increase in SVR relative to PVR typically closes this pathway in approximately 80% of the population, obliterating the interatrial communication.Anatomy. ASDs can be classified into three different types (Fig. 20-1): (a) ostium secundum type defect (Fig. 20-1B,C) (deficiency of septum primum), which are the most prevalent subtype, comprising 80% of all ASDs; (b) ostium primum defects (Fig. 20-1A), which may also be described as partial or transitional AV canal defect; and (c) sinus venosus type defects, comprising approximately 5% to 10% of all ASDs.4Pathophysiology. ASDs result in an increase in pulmonary blood flow secondary to primarily left-to-right shunting through the defect. The direction of the intracardiac shunt is predomi-nantly determined by the compliance of
Surgery_Schwartz_5040	Surgery_Schwartz	in an increase in pulmonary blood flow secondary to primarily left-to-right shunting through the defect. The direction of the intracardiac shunt is predomi-nantly determined by the compliance of the respective ventri-cles. In utero, the distensibility, or compliance, of the right and left ventricles is equal, but postnatally the left ventricle (LV) becomes less compliant than the right ventricle (RV). This shift occurs because the resistance of the downstream vascular beds changes after birth. The pulmonary vascular resistance falls with the infant’s first breath, decreasing RV pressure, whereas the systemic vascular resistance rises dramatically, increasing LV pressure. The increase in LV pressure promotes hypertrophy with a thicker muscle mass, which offers a greater resistance to diastolic filling than does the RV; thus, the majority of flow through the ASD occurs from left to right. The greater volume of blood returning to the right atrium causes volume overload in the RV, but	Surgery_Schwartz. in an increase in pulmonary blood flow secondary to primarily left-to-right shunting through the defect. The direction of the intracardiac shunt is predomi-nantly determined by the compliance of the respective ventri-cles. In utero, the distensibility, or compliance, of the right and left ventricles is equal, but postnatally the left ventricle (LV) becomes less compliant than the right ventricle (RV). This shift occurs because the resistance of the downstream vascular beds changes after birth. The pulmonary vascular resistance falls with the infant’s first breath, decreasing RV pressure, whereas the systemic vascular resistance rises dramatically, increasing LV pressure. The increase in LV pressure promotes hypertrophy with a thicker muscle mass, which offers a greater resistance to diastolic filling than does the RV; thus, the majority of flow through the ASD occurs from left to right. The greater volume of blood returning to the right atrium causes volume overload in the RV, but
Surgery_Schwartz_5041	Surgery_Schwartz	filling than does the RV; thus, the majority of flow through the ASD occurs from left to right. The greater volume of blood returning to the right atrium causes volume overload in the RV, but because of its lower muscle mass and low-resistance output, it easily distends to accommodate the increased volume.The long-term consequences of RV volume overload include hypertrophy with elevated RV end-diastolic pressure and a relative pulmonary stenosis across the pulmonary valve because it cannot accommodate the increased RV flow. Com-pliance gradually decreases as the right ventricular pressure approaches systemic pressure, and the size of the left-to-right shunt decreases. Patients at this stage have a balanced circula-tion and may deceptively appear less symptomatic.Key Points1 Congenital heart disease comprises a wide morphologic spec-trum. In general, lesions can be conceptualized as those that can be completely repaired, those that should be palliated, and those that can be either	Surgery_Schwartz. filling than does the RV; thus, the majority of flow through the ASD occurs from left to right. The greater volume of blood returning to the right atrium causes volume overload in the RV, but because of its lower muscle mass and low-resistance output, it easily distends to accommodate the increased volume.The long-term consequences of RV volume overload include hypertrophy with elevated RV end-diastolic pressure and a relative pulmonary stenosis across the pulmonary valve because it cannot accommodate the increased RV flow. Com-pliance gradually decreases as the right ventricular pressure approaches systemic pressure, and the size of the left-to-right shunt decreases. Patients at this stage have a balanced circula-tion and may deceptively appear less symptomatic.Key Points1 Congenital heart disease comprises a wide morphologic spec-trum. In general, lesions can be conceptualized as those that can be completely repaired, those that should be palliated, and those that can be either