id
stringlengths 14
28
| title
stringclasses 18
values | content
stringlengths 2
999
| contents
stringlengths 19
1.02k
|
|---|---|---|---|
Surgery_Schwartz_12702 | Surgery_Schwartz | with the joint bent 90°. Collateral ligaments have a tendency to contract when not placed on tension; this becomes relevant when splinting the hand (see later “Trauma” section on splinting).The wrist consists of eight carpal bones divided into two rows (see Fig. 44-2B).2 The proximal row consists of the scaph-oid, lunate, and triquetrum. The lunate is the principle axis of motion of the hand onto the forearm. It bears approximately 35% of the load of the wrist onto the forearm. The scaphoid is shaped like the keel of a boat and bears 55% of the load of the hand onto the forearm, but it also serves as the principle link between the proximal and distal rows, allowing for motion while maintaining stability. Both the scaphoid and the lunate articulate with the radius. The triquetrum resides ulnar to the lunate. It does not interact with the ulna proximally; rather, it interacts with a cartilage suspended between the ulnar styloid and the distal radius called with triangular fibrocartilage | Surgery_Schwartz. with the joint bent 90°. Collateral ligaments have a tendency to contract when not placed on tension; this becomes relevant when splinting the hand (see later “Trauma” section on splinting).The wrist consists of eight carpal bones divided into two rows (see Fig. 44-2B).2 The proximal row consists of the scaph-oid, lunate, and triquetrum. The lunate is the principle axis of motion of the hand onto the forearm. It bears approximately 35% of the load of the wrist onto the forearm. The scaphoid is shaped like the keel of a boat and bears 55% of the load of the hand onto the forearm, but it also serves as the principle link between the proximal and distal rows, allowing for motion while maintaining stability. Both the scaphoid and the lunate articulate with the radius. The triquetrum resides ulnar to the lunate. It does not interact with the ulna proximally; rather, it interacts with a cartilage suspended between the ulnar styloid and the distal radius called with triangular fibrocartilage |
Surgery_Schwartz_12703 | Surgery_Schwartz | to the lunate. It does not interact with the ulna proximally; rather, it interacts with a cartilage suspended between the ulnar styloid and the distal radius called with triangular fibrocartilage com-plex (TFCC) (see Fig. 44-2B). The remaining 10% of load of the hand onto the forearm is transmitted through the TFCC.3The distal row consists of four bones. The trapezium resides between the scaphoid and the thumb metacarpal. Dis-tally, it has a saddle-shaped surface, which interacts with a reciprocally saddle-shaped base of the thumb metacarpal to allow for high mobility of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint in radial-ulnar and palmar-dorsal directions and opposition (Fig. 44-1B). The trapezoid rests between the scaphoid and the index finger metacarpal. The capitate, the largest carpal bone and first to ossify in a child, lies between the lunate and the middle finger metacarpal, but it also interacts with the scaph-oid on its proximal radial surface. The index and middle finger CMC | Surgery_Schwartz. to the lunate. It does not interact with the ulna proximally; rather, it interacts with a cartilage suspended between the ulnar styloid and the distal radius called with triangular fibrocartilage com-plex (TFCC) (see Fig. 44-2B). The remaining 10% of load of the hand onto the forearm is transmitted through the TFCC.3The distal row consists of four bones. The trapezium resides between the scaphoid and the thumb metacarpal. Dis-tally, it has a saddle-shaped surface, which interacts with a reciprocally saddle-shaped base of the thumb metacarpal to allow for high mobility of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint in radial-ulnar and palmar-dorsal directions and opposition (Fig. 44-1B). The trapezoid rests between the scaphoid and the index finger metacarpal. The capitate, the largest carpal bone and first to ossify in a child, lies between the lunate and the middle finger metacarpal, but it also interacts with the scaph-oid on its proximal radial surface. The index and middle finger CMC |
Surgery_Schwartz_12704 | Surgery_Schwartz | bone and first to ossify in a child, lies between the lunate and the middle finger metacarpal, but it also interacts with the scaph-oid on its proximal radial surface. The index and middle finger CMC joints are highly stable and have minimal mobility. The hamate is the ulnar-most bone in the distal row, sitting between the triquetrum proximally and the ring and small finger metacar-pals distally. The ring and small finger CMC joints are mobile, principally in the flexion-extension direction.The pisiform is a carpal bone only by geography. It is a sesamoid bone within the FCU tendon (see following section). It does not bear load and can be excised, when necessary, without consequence.Muscles Affecting the Hand and WristThe wrist is moved by multiple tendons that originate from the forearm and elbow. The digits of the hand are moved by both intrinsic (originating within the hand) and extrinsic (originating in the forearm) muscles. All of these muscles are innervated by the median, | Surgery_Schwartz. bone and first to ossify in a child, lies between the lunate and the middle finger metacarpal, but it also interacts with the scaph-oid on its proximal radial surface. The index and middle finger CMC joints are highly stable and have minimal mobility. The hamate is the ulnar-most bone in the distal row, sitting between the triquetrum proximally and the ring and small finger metacar-pals distally. The ring and small finger CMC joints are mobile, principally in the flexion-extension direction.The pisiform is a carpal bone only by geography. It is a sesamoid bone within the FCU tendon (see following section). It does not bear load and can be excised, when necessary, without consequence.Muscles Affecting the Hand and WristThe wrist is moved by multiple tendons that originate from the forearm and elbow. The digits of the hand are moved by both intrinsic (originating within the hand) and extrinsic (originating in the forearm) muscles. All of these muscles are innervated by the median, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12705 | Surgery_Schwartz | and elbow. The digits of the hand are moved by both intrinsic (originating within the hand) and extrinsic (originating in the forearm) muscles. All of these muscles are innervated by the median, radial, or ulnar nerves (or their branches) (Fig. 44-3).Three muscles flex the wrist, all of which originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The flexor carpi radialis (FCR, median nerve) inserts on the volar base of the index fin-ger metacarpal. The flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU, ulnar nerve) also originates from the proximal ulna and inserts on the volar base of the small finger metacarpal. The palmaris longus (PL) tendon does not insert on a bone; it inserts on the palmar fascia, located deep to the skin in the central proximal palm, and is absent in up to 15% of patients. The FCR also deviates the wrist radially, whereas the FCU deviates the wrist ulnarly.All three wrist extensors are innervated by the radial nerve or its branches. The extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) Key | Surgery_Schwartz. and elbow. The digits of the hand are moved by both intrinsic (originating within the hand) and extrinsic (originating in the forearm) muscles. All of these muscles are innervated by the median, radial, or ulnar nerves (or their branches) (Fig. 44-3).Three muscles flex the wrist, all of which originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The flexor carpi radialis (FCR, median nerve) inserts on the volar base of the index fin-ger metacarpal. The flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU, ulnar nerve) also originates from the proximal ulna and inserts on the volar base of the small finger metacarpal. The palmaris longus (PL) tendon does not insert on a bone; it inserts on the palmar fascia, located deep to the skin in the central proximal palm, and is absent in up to 15% of patients. The FCR also deviates the wrist radially, whereas the FCU deviates the wrist ulnarly.All three wrist extensors are innervated by the radial nerve or its branches. The extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) Key |
Surgery_Schwartz_12706 | Surgery_Schwartz | deviates the wrist radially, whereas the FCU deviates the wrist ulnarly.All three wrist extensors are innervated by the radial nerve or its branches. The extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) Key Points1 Surgery of the hand is a regional specialty, integrating com-ponents of neurologic, orthopedic, plastic, and vascular surgery.2 Understanding hand anatomy is the key to proper diagnosis of injury, infection, and degenerative disease of the hand.3 After evaluation and/or treatment, patients should be splinted to protect the injured digits and keep the collateral ligaments of the injured joints on tension (metacarpophalangeal joints flexed, interphalangeal joints extended).4 Healing of an injured or diseased structure in the hand is not the endpoint of treatment; the goal of any intervention must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximiza-tion of function.5 If a patient managed conservatively for cellulitis does not improve within 24 to 48 hours of appropriate | Surgery_Schwartz. deviates the wrist radially, whereas the FCU deviates the wrist ulnarly.All three wrist extensors are innervated by the radial nerve or its branches. The extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) Key Points1 Surgery of the hand is a regional specialty, integrating com-ponents of neurologic, orthopedic, plastic, and vascular surgery.2 Understanding hand anatomy is the key to proper diagnosis of injury, infection, and degenerative disease of the hand.3 After evaluation and/or treatment, patients should be splinted to protect the injured digits and keep the collateral ligaments of the injured joints on tension (metacarpophalangeal joints flexed, interphalangeal joints extended).4 Healing of an injured or diseased structure in the hand is not the endpoint of treatment; the goal of any intervention must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximiza-tion of function.5 If a patient managed conservatively for cellulitis does not improve within 24 to 48 hours of appropriate |
Surgery_Schwartz_12707 | Surgery_Schwartz | must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximiza-tion of function.5 If a patient managed conservatively for cellulitis does not improve within 24 to 48 hours of appropriate intravenous antibiotics, abscess must be suspected.6 Clinical examination, particularly noting the area of greatest tenderness and/or inflammation, is the most useful diagnos-tic tool for hand infections.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192620/02/19 2:48 PM 1927SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44originates from the distal shaft of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the index finger metacarpal. The extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the middle finger metacarpal. The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) also originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the small finger metacarpal. The ECRL deviates the wrist radially, whereas the ECU deviates the wrist | Surgery_Schwartz. must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximiza-tion of function.5 If a patient managed conservatively for cellulitis does not improve within 24 to 48 hours of appropriate intravenous antibiotics, abscess must be suspected.6 Clinical examination, particularly noting the area of greatest tenderness and/or inflammation, is the most useful diagnos-tic tool for hand infections.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192620/02/19 2:48 PM 1927SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44originates from the distal shaft of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the index finger metacarpal. The extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the middle finger metacarpal. The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) also originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the small finger metacarpal. The ECRL deviates the wrist radially, whereas the ECU deviates the wrist |
Surgery_Schwartz_12708 | Surgery_Schwartz | also originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the small finger metacarpal. The ECRL deviates the wrist radially, whereas the ECU deviates the wrist ulnarly.The long flexors of the fingers all originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The flexor digitorum super-ficialis (FDS) inserts on the base of the middle phalanx of each finger and primarily flexes the PIP joint. The flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) inserts on the base of the distal phalanx and primarily flexes the DIP joint. The flexor pollicis longus (FPL) originates more distally, from the ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane between them in the forearm. It inserts on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb and primarily flexes the IP joint. All of these tendons can also flex the more proximal joint(s) in their respective rays. All of these muscles are innervated by the median nerve (or its branches) except the FDP to the ring and small fingers, which are | Surgery_Schwartz. also originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the dorsal base of the small finger metacarpal. The ECRL deviates the wrist radially, whereas the ECU deviates the wrist ulnarly.The long flexors of the fingers all originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The flexor digitorum super-ficialis (FDS) inserts on the base of the middle phalanx of each finger and primarily flexes the PIP joint. The flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) inserts on the base of the distal phalanx and primarily flexes the DIP joint. The flexor pollicis longus (FPL) originates more distally, from the ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane between them in the forearm. It inserts on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb and primarily flexes the IP joint. All of these tendons can also flex the more proximal joint(s) in their respective rays. All of these muscles are innervated by the median nerve (or its branches) except the FDP to the ring and small fingers, which are |
Surgery_Schwartz_12709 | Surgery_Schwartz | can also flex the more proximal joint(s) in their respective rays. All of these muscles are innervated by the median nerve (or its branches) except the FDP to the ring and small fingers, which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.The extrinsic extensors of the fingers and thumb are all innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN, branch of the radial nerve). The extensor digitorum communis (EDC) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and extends the MP joints of the fingers. Unlike most tendons that attach directly into a bone, the EDC tendons do not insert on the dorsal base of the proximal phalanx, but rather into a soft tissue sling called the sagittal hood, which surrounds the proximal phalanx base and pulls up on the volar surface in a ABCDFigure 44-1. Directions of finger, hand, and wrist motion. A. Finger abduction (white arrows) and adduction (black arrows). B. Thumb radial (black arrow) and palmar (white arrow) abduction. C. Thumb and small finger | Surgery_Schwartz. can also flex the more proximal joint(s) in their respective rays. All of these muscles are innervated by the median nerve (or its branches) except the FDP to the ring and small fingers, which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.The extrinsic extensors of the fingers and thumb are all innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN, branch of the radial nerve). The extensor digitorum communis (EDC) originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and extends the MP joints of the fingers. Unlike most tendons that attach directly into a bone, the EDC tendons do not insert on the dorsal base of the proximal phalanx, but rather into a soft tissue sling called the sagittal hood, which surrounds the proximal phalanx base and pulls up on the volar surface in a ABCDFigure 44-1. Directions of finger, hand, and wrist motion. A. Finger abduction (white arrows) and adduction (black arrows). B. Thumb radial (black arrow) and palmar (white arrow) abduction. C. Thumb and small finger |
Surgery_Schwartz_12710 | Surgery_Schwartz | of finger, hand, and wrist motion. A. Finger abduction (white arrows) and adduction (black arrows). B. Thumb radial (black arrow) and palmar (white arrow) abduction. C. Thumb and small finger opposition. D. Hand/wrist pronation (black arrow) and supination (white arrow).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192720/02/19 2:48 PM 1928SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIhammock-like manner. More distally in the dorsal forearm, the extensor indices proprius (EIP) and extensor digiti quinti (EDQ) originate from the ulna, radius, and posterior interosseous mem-brane and insert on the sagittal hood of the index and small fingers, respectively.The thumb has three separate extrinsic extensors. All of these originate from the dorsal ulna in the mid-forearm and are innervated by the PIN. The abductor pollicis longus (APL) inserts on the radial base of the thumb metacarpal to produce some extension, but mostly abduction. The extensor pollicis ECRL/ECRBEPLEDQECUTCL23455432Radial AANUlnarSCHMedian | Surgery_Schwartz. of finger, hand, and wrist motion. A. Finger abduction (white arrows) and adduction (black arrows). B. Thumb radial (black arrow) and palmar (white arrow) abduction. C. Thumb and small finger opposition. D. Hand/wrist pronation (black arrow) and supination (white arrow).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192720/02/19 2:48 PM 1928SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIhammock-like manner. More distally in the dorsal forearm, the extensor indices proprius (EIP) and extensor digiti quinti (EDQ) originate from the ulna, radius, and posterior interosseous mem-brane and insert on the sagittal hood of the index and small fingers, respectively.The thumb has three separate extrinsic extensors. All of these originate from the dorsal ulna in the mid-forearm and are innervated by the PIN. The abductor pollicis longus (APL) inserts on the radial base of the thumb metacarpal to produce some extension, but mostly abduction. The extensor pollicis ECRL/ECRBEPLEDQECUTCL23455432Radial AANUlnarSCHMedian |
Surgery_Schwartz_12711 | Surgery_Schwartz | pollicis longus (APL) inserts on the radial base of the thumb metacarpal to produce some extension, but mostly abduction. The extensor pollicis ECRL/ECRBEPLEDQECUTCL23455432Radial AANUlnarSCHMedian NAPLEPBFPLPFCREIP/EDCFigure 44-3. Cross-section of the wrist at the midcarpal level. The relative geography of the neurologic and tendinous structures can be seen. The transverse carpal ligament (TCL) is the roof of the carpal tunnel, passing volar to the median nerve and long flexor tendons. The TCL is also the floor of the ulnar tunnel, or Guyon’s canal, passing dorsal to the ulnar artery and nerve. The wrist and digital extensor tendons are also seen, distal to their compartments on the distal radius and ulna. Bones: C = capitate; H = hamate; P = pisiform; S = scaphoid. Tendons (flexor digitorum superficialis is volar to flexor digitorum profundus within the carpal tunnel): 2 = index finger; 3 = middle finger; 4 = ring finger; 5 = small finger. A = artery; APL = abductor pollicis longus; | Surgery_Schwartz. pollicis longus (APL) inserts on the radial base of the thumb metacarpal to produce some extension, but mostly abduction. The extensor pollicis ECRL/ECRBEPLEDQECUTCL23455432Radial AANUlnarSCHMedian NAPLEPBFPLPFCREIP/EDCFigure 44-3. Cross-section of the wrist at the midcarpal level. The relative geography of the neurologic and tendinous structures can be seen. The transverse carpal ligament (TCL) is the roof of the carpal tunnel, passing volar to the median nerve and long flexor tendons. The TCL is also the floor of the ulnar tunnel, or Guyon’s canal, passing dorsal to the ulnar artery and nerve. The wrist and digital extensor tendons are also seen, distal to their compartments on the distal radius and ulna. Bones: C = capitate; H = hamate; P = pisiform; S = scaphoid. Tendons (flexor digitorum superficialis is volar to flexor digitorum profundus within the carpal tunnel): 2 = index finger; 3 = middle finger; 4 = ring finger; 5 = small finger. A = artery; APL = abductor pollicis longus; |
Surgery_Schwartz_12712 | Surgery_Schwartz | superficialis is volar to flexor digitorum profundus within the carpal tunnel): 2 = index finger; 3 = middle finger; 4 = ring finger; 5 = small finger. A = artery; APL = abductor pollicis longus; ECRB = extensor carpi radialis brevis; ECRL = extensor carpi radialis longus; ECU = extensor carpi ulnaris; EDC = extensor digitorum communis; EDQ = extensor digiti quinti; EIP = extensor indices proprius; EPB = extensor pollicis brevis; EPL = extensor pollicis longus; FCR = flexor carpi radialis; FPL = flexor pollicis longus; N = nerve.ABFigure 44-2. Bony architecture of the hand and wrist. A. Bones of the hand and digits. All rays have metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints. The fingers have proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (PIP and DIP), but the thumb has a single interphalangeal (IP) joint. B. Bones of the wrist. The proximal row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate. The distal row bones articulate with the metacarpals: the trapezium with the thumb, the trapezoid with the | Surgery_Schwartz. superficialis is volar to flexor digitorum profundus within the carpal tunnel): 2 = index finger; 3 = middle finger; 4 = ring finger; 5 = small finger. A = artery; APL = abductor pollicis longus; ECRB = extensor carpi radialis brevis; ECRL = extensor carpi radialis longus; ECU = extensor carpi ulnaris; EDC = extensor digitorum communis; EDQ = extensor digiti quinti; EIP = extensor indices proprius; EPB = extensor pollicis brevis; EPL = extensor pollicis longus; FCR = flexor carpi radialis; FPL = flexor pollicis longus; N = nerve.ABFigure 44-2. Bony architecture of the hand and wrist. A. Bones of the hand and digits. All rays have metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints. The fingers have proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (PIP and DIP), but the thumb has a single interphalangeal (IP) joint. B. Bones of the wrist. The proximal row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate. The distal row bones articulate with the metacarpals: the trapezium with the thumb, the trapezoid with the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12713 | Surgery_Schwartz | B. Bones of the wrist. The proximal row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate. The distal row bones articulate with the metacarpals: the trapezium with the thumb, the trapezoid with the index, the capitate with the middle, and the hamate with the ring and small. The pisiform bone is a sesamoid within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. It overlaps the triquetrum and hamate but does not contribute to a carpal row. CMC = carpometacarpal; TFCC = triangular fibrocartilage complex.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192820/02/19 2:48 PM 1929SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44brevis (EPB) inserts on the base of the thumb proximal pha-lanx. The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) inserts on the base of the thumb distal phalanx.The intrinsic muscles of the hand are what allow humans fine, subtle movements of the hand. Microsurgery, typing, and even video gaming would be difficult, if not impossible, without them.The thenar muscles originate from the volar radial surface of the scaphoid | Surgery_Schwartz. B. Bones of the wrist. The proximal row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate. The distal row bones articulate with the metacarpals: the trapezium with the thumb, the trapezoid with the index, the capitate with the middle, and the hamate with the ring and small. The pisiform bone is a sesamoid within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. It overlaps the triquetrum and hamate but does not contribute to a carpal row. CMC = carpometacarpal; TFCC = triangular fibrocartilage complex.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192820/02/19 2:48 PM 1929SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44brevis (EPB) inserts on the base of the thumb proximal pha-lanx. The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) inserts on the base of the thumb distal phalanx.The intrinsic muscles of the hand are what allow humans fine, subtle movements of the hand. Microsurgery, typing, and even video gaming would be difficult, if not impossible, without them.The thenar muscles originate from the volar radial surface of the scaphoid |
Surgery_Schwartz_12714 | Surgery_Schwartz | movements of the hand. Microsurgery, typing, and even video gaming would be difficult, if not impossible, without them.The thenar muscles originate from the volar radial surface of the scaphoid and trapezium and the flexor retinaculum. The abductor pollicis brevis (APB) inserts on the radial base of the thumb proximal phalanx and abducts the thumb in a radial and volar direction. The opponens pollicis (OP) inserts on the radial distal aspect of the thumb metacarpal and draws the thumb across the palm toward the small finger. The flexor pollicis bre-vis (FPB) inserts on the base of the thumb proximal phalanx and flexes the thumb MP joint. The APB, OP, and superficial head of the FPB are all innervated by the thenar motor branch of the median nerve.The lumbrical muscles are unique in the body in that they originate from a tendon. Each finger’s lumbrical originates from the FDP tendon in the palm. The lumbrical tendon passes along the radial aspect of the digit to flex the MP and extend | Surgery_Schwartz. movements of the hand. Microsurgery, typing, and even video gaming would be difficult, if not impossible, without them.The thenar muscles originate from the volar radial surface of the scaphoid and trapezium and the flexor retinaculum. The abductor pollicis brevis (APB) inserts on the radial base of the thumb proximal phalanx and abducts the thumb in a radial and volar direction. The opponens pollicis (OP) inserts on the radial distal aspect of the thumb metacarpal and draws the thumb across the palm toward the small finger. The flexor pollicis bre-vis (FPB) inserts on the base of the thumb proximal phalanx and flexes the thumb MP joint. The APB, OP, and superficial head of the FPB are all innervated by the thenar motor branch of the median nerve.The lumbrical muscles are unique in the body in that they originate from a tendon. Each finger’s lumbrical originates from the FDP tendon in the palm. The lumbrical tendon passes along the radial aspect of the digit to flex the MP and extend |
Surgery_Schwartz_12715 | Surgery_Schwartz | in that they originate from a tendon. Each finger’s lumbrical originates from the FDP tendon in the palm. The lumbrical tendon passes along the radial aspect of the digit to flex the MP and extend the IP joints. The index and middle lumbricals are median nerve inner-vated, and the ring and small finger lumbricals are ulnar nerve innervated.The hypothenar muscles originate from the pisiform, hamate, and flexor retinaculum and insert on the ulnar base of the small finger proximal phalanx. The abductor digiti quinti (ADQ) abducts the small finger. The opponens digiti quinti (ODQ) brings the small finger across the palm in reciprocal motion to the OP. The flexor digiti quinti (FDQ) flexes the small finger metacarpal. All of these muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve.The interosseous muscles occupy the space between the metacarpal bones. Their tendons insert on the bases of the proxi-mal phalanges. All act to flex the MP joints and extend the IP joints. The three palmar interosseous | Surgery_Schwartz. in that they originate from a tendon. Each finger’s lumbrical originates from the FDP tendon in the palm. The lumbrical tendon passes along the radial aspect of the digit to flex the MP and extend the IP joints. The index and middle lumbricals are median nerve inner-vated, and the ring and small finger lumbricals are ulnar nerve innervated.The hypothenar muscles originate from the pisiform, hamate, and flexor retinaculum and insert on the ulnar base of the small finger proximal phalanx. The abductor digiti quinti (ADQ) abducts the small finger. The opponens digiti quinti (ODQ) brings the small finger across the palm in reciprocal motion to the OP. The flexor digiti quinti (FDQ) flexes the small finger metacarpal. All of these muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve.The interosseous muscles occupy the space between the metacarpal bones. Their tendons insert on the bases of the proxi-mal phalanges. All act to flex the MP joints and extend the IP joints. The three palmar interosseous |
Surgery_Schwartz_12716 | Surgery_Schwartz | occupy the space between the metacarpal bones. Their tendons insert on the bases of the proxi-mal phalanges. All act to flex the MP joints and extend the IP joints. The three palmar interosseous muscles adduct the fin-gers. The four dorsal interosseous muscles abduct the fingers. The adductor pollicis originates from the middle finger metacar-pal and inserts on the ulnar base of the thumb proximal phalanx. It acts to adduct the thumb. All of these muscles, as well as the deep head of the FPB, are innervated by the ulnar nerve.Tendons and PulleysMultiple pulleys pass over or surround the extrinsic tendons en route to or within the hand. Their purpose is to maintain tendon position near the bone, allowing maximal translation of tendon excursion into joint motion.The most well known of the wrist-level pulleys is the flexor retinaculum, also known as the transverse carpal liga-ment. It attaches to the scaphoid tubercle and trapezium radially and the hook of the hamate bone and pisiform | Surgery_Schwartz. occupy the space between the metacarpal bones. Their tendons insert on the bases of the proxi-mal phalanges. All act to flex the MP joints and extend the IP joints. The three palmar interosseous muscles adduct the fin-gers. The four dorsal interosseous muscles abduct the fingers. The adductor pollicis originates from the middle finger metacar-pal and inserts on the ulnar base of the thumb proximal phalanx. It acts to adduct the thumb. All of these muscles, as well as the deep head of the FPB, are innervated by the ulnar nerve.Tendons and PulleysMultiple pulleys pass over or surround the extrinsic tendons en route to or within the hand. Their purpose is to maintain tendon position near the bone, allowing maximal translation of tendon excursion into joint motion.The most well known of the wrist-level pulleys is the flexor retinaculum, also known as the transverse carpal liga-ment. It attaches to the scaphoid tubercle and trapezium radially and the hook of the hamate bone and pisiform |
Surgery_Schwartz_12717 | Surgery_Schwartz | wrist-level pulleys is the flexor retinaculum, also known as the transverse carpal liga-ment. It attaches to the scaphoid tubercle and trapezium radially and the hook of the hamate bone and pisiform ulnarly. Deep to this ligament, between the scaphoid (radially) and the hamate (ulnarly), pass the FDS, FDP, and FPL tendons as well as the median nerve. This area is also known as the carpal tunnel (see Fig. 44-3).On the dorsum of the wrist, the extensor retinaculum is divided into six compartments. Beginning on the radial aspect of the radius, the first compartment contains the APL and EPB tendons. The second holds the ECRL and ECRB tendons. The EPL passes through the third compartment. The fourth com-partment contains the EIP and EDC tendons, the fifth the EDQ, and the sixth the ECU. The sixth compartment is located on the ulnar aspect of the distal ulna. Although the compartments end at the radiocarpal/ulnocarpal joints, the relative geography of the tendons is preserved over the | Surgery_Schwartz. wrist-level pulleys is the flexor retinaculum, also known as the transverse carpal liga-ment. It attaches to the scaphoid tubercle and trapezium radially and the hook of the hamate bone and pisiform ulnarly. Deep to this ligament, between the scaphoid (radially) and the hamate (ulnarly), pass the FDS, FDP, and FPL tendons as well as the median nerve. This area is also known as the carpal tunnel (see Fig. 44-3).On the dorsum of the wrist, the extensor retinaculum is divided into six compartments. Beginning on the radial aspect of the radius, the first compartment contains the APL and EPB tendons. The second holds the ECRL and ECRB tendons. The EPL passes through the third compartment. The fourth com-partment contains the EIP and EDC tendons, the fifth the EDQ, and the sixth the ECU. The sixth compartment is located on the ulnar aspect of the distal ulna. Although the compartments end at the radiocarpal/ulnocarpal joints, the relative geography of the tendons is preserved over the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12718 | Surgery_Schwartz | sixth compartment is located on the ulnar aspect of the distal ulna. Although the compartments end at the radiocarpal/ulnocarpal joints, the relative geography of the tendons is preserved over the carpal bones (see Fig. 44-3).In the hand, the pulleys maintain the long flexor tendons in close apposition to the fingers and thumb. There are no extensor pulleys within the hand. Each finger has five annular and three cruciate pulleys (Fig. 44-4). The second and fourth (A2 and A4) pulleys are the critical structures to prevent bowstringing of the finger.3 The remaining pulleys can be divided as needed for sur-gical exposure or to relieve a stricture area.VascularTwo major arteries serve the hand. The radial artery travels under the brachioradialis muscle in the forearm. At the junc-tion of the middle and distal thirds of the forearm, the artery becomes superficial and palpable, passing just radial to the FCR tendon. At the wrist level, the artery splits into two branches. The smaller, | Surgery_Schwartz. sixth compartment is located on the ulnar aspect of the distal ulna. Although the compartments end at the radiocarpal/ulnocarpal joints, the relative geography of the tendons is preserved over the carpal bones (see Fig. 44-3).In the hand, the pulleys maintain the long flexor tendons in close apposition to the fingers and thumb. There are no extensor pulleys within the hand. Each finger has five annular and three cruciate pulleys (Fig. 44-4). The second and fourth (A2 and A4) pulleys are the critical structures to prevent bowstringing of the finger.3 The remaining pulleys can be divided as needed for sur-gical exposure or to relieve a stricture area.VascularTwo major arteries serve the hand. The radial artery travels under the brachioradialis muscle in the forearm. At the junc-tion of the middle and distal thirds of the forearm, the artery becomes superficial and palpable, passing just radial to the FCR tendon. At the wrist level, the artery splits into two branches. The smaller, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12719 | Surgery_Schwartz | the middle and distal thirds of the forearm, the artery becomes superficial and palpable, passing just radial to the FCR tendon. At the wrist level, the artery splits into two branches. The smaller, superficial branch passes volarly into the palm to contribute to the superficial palmar arch. The larger branch passes dorsally over the scaphoid bone, under the EPL and EPB tendons (known as the anatomic snuffbox) and back volarly between the proximal thumb and index finger metacarpals to form the superficial palmar arch.The ulnar artery travels deep to the FCU muscle in the forearm. When the FCU becomes tendinous, the ulnar artery resides deep and slightly radial to it. At the wrist, the artery travels between the hamate and pisiform bones superficial to the transverse carpal ligament (known as Guyon’s canal) into the palm. The larger, superficial branch forms the superficial A5C3A4C2A3C1A2A1Figure 44-4. Drawing of anteroposterior and lateral view of the pulley | Surgery_Schwartz. the middle and distal thirds of the forearm, the artery becomes superficial and palpable, passing just radial to the FCR tendon. At the wrist level, the artery splits into two branches. The smaller, superficial branch passes volarly into the palm to contribute to the superficial palmar arch. The larger branch passes dorsally over the scaphoid bone, under the EPL and EPB tendons (known as the anatomic snuffbox) and back volarly between the proximal thumb and index finger metacarpals to form the superficial palmar arch.The ulnar artery travels deep to the FCU muscle in the forearm. When the FCU becomes tendinous, the ulnar artery resides deep and slightly radial to it. At the wrist, the artery travels between the hamate and pisiform bones superficial to the transverse carpal ligament (known as Guyon’s canal) into the palm. The larger, superficial branch forms the superficial A5C3A4C2A3C1A2A1Figure 44-4. Drawing of anteroposterior and lateral view of the pulley |
Surgery_Schwartz_12720 | Surgery_Schwartz | carpal ligament (known as Guyon’s canal) into the palm. The larger, superficial branch forms the superficial A5C3A4C2A3C1A2A1Figure 44-4. Drawing of anteroposterior and lateral view of the pulley system.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192920/02/19 2:48 PM 1930SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIpalmar arch. The deeper branch contributes to the deep palmar arch (Fig. 44-5A). In 97% of patients, at least one of the deep or superficial palmar arches is intact, allowing for the entire hand to survive on the radial or ulnar artery.5Each digit receives a radial and ulnar digital artery. For the thumb, the radial digital artery may come from the deep palmar arch or the main body of the radial artery. The larger ulnar digi-tal artery comes off the deep arch as either a discrete unit, the princeps pollicis artery, or less frequently as the first common digital artery, which then splits into the radial digital artery to the index finger and the ulnar digital artery to the thumb. The second, | Surgery_Schwartz. carpal ligament (known as Guyon’s canal) into the palm. The larger, superficial branch forms the superficial A5C3A4C2A3C1A2A1Figure 44-4. Drawing of anteroposterior and lateral view of the pulley system.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 192920/02/19 2:48 PM 1930SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIpalmar arch. The deeper branch contributes to the deep palmar arch (Fig. 44-5A). In 97% of patients, at least one of the deep or superficial palmar arches is intact, allowing for the entire hand to survive on the radial or ulnar artery.5Each digit receives a radial and ulnar digital artery. For the thumb, the radial digital artery may come from the deep palmar arch or the main body of the radial artery. The larger ulnar digi-tal artery comes off the deep arch as either a discrete unit, the princeps pollicis artery, or less frequently as the first common digital artery, which then splits into the radial digital artery to the index finger and the ulnar digital artery to the thumb. The second, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12721 | Surgery_Schwartz | pollicis artery, or less frequently as the first common digital artery, which then splits into the radial digital artery to the index finger and the ulnar digital artery to the thumb. The second, third, and fourth digital arteries typically branch off the superficial palmar arch and pass over the similarly named inter-osseous spaces respectively, ultimately dividing into two proper digital arteries each. The ulnar digital artery of the small finger comes off as a separate branch from the superficial arch. Within the finger, the proper digital arteries travel lateral to the bones and tendons, just palmar to the midaxis of the digit, but dorsal to the proper digital nerves (Fig. 44-5B).NerveThree principal nerves serve the forearm, wrist, and hand: the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. The most critical of these from a sensory standpoint is the median nerve. The median nerve begins as a terminal branch of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. It receives fibers from | Surgery_Schwartz. pollicis artery, or less frequently as the first common digital artery, which then splits into the radial digital artery to the index finger and the ulnar digital artery to the thumb. The second, third, and fourth digital arteries typically branch off the superficial palmar arch and pass over the similarly named inter-osseous spaces respectively, ultimately dividing into two proper digital arteries each. The ulnar digital artery of the small finger comes off as a separate branch from the superficial arch. Within the finger, the proper digital arteries travel lateral to the bones and tendons, just palmar to the midaxis of the digit, but dorsal to the proper digital nerves (Fig. 44-5B).NerveThree principal nerves serve the forearm, wrist, and hand: the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. The most critical of these from a sensory standpoint is the median nerve. The median nerve begins as a terminal branch of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. It receives fibers from |
Surgery_Schwartz_12722 | Surgery_Schwartz | The most critical of these from a sensory standpoint is the median nerve. The median nerve begins as a terminal branch of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. It receives fibers from C5–T1. The palmar cuta-neous branch of the median nerve separates from the main body of the nerve 6 cm proximal to the volar wrist crease and serves the proximal, radial-sided palm. The main body of the median nerve splits into several branches after the carpal tunnel: a radial digital branch to the thumb, an ulnar digital nerve to the thumb, and a radial digital nerve to the index finger (sometimes begin-ning as a single first common digital nerve); the second common digital nerve that branches into the ulnar digital nerve to the index finger and the radial digital nerve to the middle finger; and a third common digital nerve that branches into the ulnar digital nerve to the middle finger and a radial digital nerve to the ring finger. The digital nerves provide volar-sided sensation from | Surgery_Schwartz. The most critical of these from a sensory standpoint is the median nerve. The median nerve begins as a terminal branch of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. It receives fibers from C5–T1. The palmar cuta-neous branch of the median nerve separates from the main body of the nerve 6 cm proximal to the volar wrist crease and serves the proximal, radial-sided palm. The main body of the median nerve splits into several branches after the carpal tunnel: a radial digital branch to the thumb, an ulnar digital nerve to the thumb, and a radial digital nerve to the index finger (sometimes begin-ning as a single first common digital nerve); the second common digital nerve that branches into the ulnar digital nerve to the index finger and the radial digital nerve to the middle finger; and a third common digital nerve that branches into the ulnar digital nerve to the middle finger and a radial digital nerve to the ring finger. The digital nerves provide volar-sided sensation from |
Surgery_Schwartz_12723 | Surgery_Schwartz | and a third common digital nerve that branches into the ulnar digital nerve to the middle finger and a radial digital nerve to the ring finger. The digital nerves provide volar-sided sensation from the metacarpal head level to the tip of the digit. They also, through their dorsal branches, provide dorsal-sided sensation to the dig-its from the midportion of the middle phalanx distally via dorsal branches. The thenar motor branch of the median nerve most commonly passes through the carpal tunnel and then travels in a recurrent fashion back to the thenar muscles. Less commonly, the nerve passes through or proximal to the transverse carpal ligament en route to its muscles.In the forearm, the median nerve gives motor branches to all of the flexor muscles except the FCU, and the ring and small finger portions of the FDP. Distal median motor fibers (with the exception of those to the thenar muscles) are carried through a large branch called the anterior interosseous nerve.The ulnar nerve is | Surgery_Schwartz. and a third common digital nerve that branches into the ulnar digital nerve to the middle finger and a radial digital nerve to the ring finger. The digital nerves provide volar-sided sensation from the metacarpal head level to the tip of the digit. They also, through their dorsal branches, provide dorsal-sided sensation to the dig-its from the midportion of the middle phalanx distally via dorsal branches. The thenar motor branch of the median nerve most commonly passes through the carpal tunnel and then travels in a recurrent fashion back to the thenar muscles. Less commonly, the nerve passes through or proximal to the transverse carpal ligament en route to its muscles.In the forearm, the median nerve gives motor branches to all of the flexor muscles except the FCU, and the ring and small finger portions of the FDP. Distal median motor fibers (with the exception of those to the thenar muscles) are carried through a large branch called the anterior interosseous nerve.The ulnar nerve is |
Surgery_Schwartz_12724 | Surgery_Schwartz | finger portions of the FDP. Distal median motor fibers (with the exception of those to the thenar muscles) are carried through a large branch called the anterior interosseous nerve.The ulnar nerve is a terminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. It receives innervation from C8 and T1 roots. The FCU and FDP (ring/small) receive motor fibers from the ulnar nerve. In the distal forearm, 5 cm above the head of the ulna, the nerve gives off a dorsal sensory branch. Once in the hand, the nerve splits into the motor branch and sensory branches. The motor branch curves radially at the hook of the hamate bone to innervate the intrinsic muscles, as described ear-lier. The sensory branches become the ulnar digital nerve to the small finger and the fourth common digital nerve, which splits into the ulnar digital nerve to the ring finger and the radial digi-tal nerve to the small finger. The sensory nerves provide distal dorsal sensation similar to the median nerve branches.The | Surgery_Schwartz. finger portions of the FDP. Distal median motor fibers (with the exception of those to the thenar muscles) are carried through a large branch called the anterior interosseous nerve.The ulnar nerve is a terminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. It receives innervation from C8 and T1 roots. The FCU and FDP (ring/small) receive motor fibers from the ulnar nerve. In the distal forearm, 5 cm above the head of the ulna, the nerve gives off a dorsal sensory branch. Once in the hand, the nerve splits into the motor branch and sensory branches. The motor branch curves radially at the hook of the hamate bone to innervate the intrinsic muscles, as described ear-lier. The sensory branches become the ulnar digital nerve to the small finger and the fourth common digital nerve, which splits into the ulnar digital nerve to the ring finger and the radial digi-tal nerve to the small finger. The sensory nerves provide distal dorsal sensation similar to the median nerve branches.The |
Surgery_Schwartz_12725 | Surgery_Schwartz | splits into the ulnar digital nerve to the ring finger and the radial digi-tal nerve to the small finger. The sensory nerves provide distal dorsal sensation similar to the median nerve branches.The radial nerve is the larger of two terminal branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It receives fibers from C5–T1 nerve roots. It innervates all of the extensor muscles of the forearm and wrist through the PIN branch except for the ECRL, which is innervated by the main body of the radial nerve in the distal upper arm. There is no ulnar nerve contribution to extension of the wrist, thumb, or finger MP joints. As noted ear-lier, the ulnar innervated intrinsic hand muscles are the principle ABFigure 44-5. Arteries of the hand and finger. A. Relative position of the superficial and deep palmar arches to the bony structures and each other; note the radial artery passes dorsal to the thumb metacarpal base, through the first web space, and anterior to the index metacarpal base as it | Surgery_Schwartz. splits into the ulnar digital nerve to the ring finger and the radial digi-tal nerve to the small finger. The sensory nerves provide distal dorsal sensation similar to the median nerve branches.The radial nerve is the larger of two terminal branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It receives fibers from C5–T1 nerve roots. It innervates all of the extensor muscles of the forearm and wrist through the PIN branch except for the ECRL, which is innervated by the main body of the radial nerve in the distal upper arm. There is no ulnar nerve contribution to extension of the wrist, thumb, or finger MP joints. As noted ear-lier, the ulnar innervated intrinsic hand muscles are the principle ABFigure 44-5. Arteries of the hand and finger. A. Relative position of the superficial and deep palmar arches to the bony structures and each other; note the radial artery passes dorsal to the thumb metacarpal base, through the first web space, and anterior to the index metacarpal base as it |
Surgery_Schwartz_12726 | Surgery_Schwartz | palmar arches to the bony structures and each other; note the radial artery passes dorsal to the thumb metacarpal base, through the first web space, and anterior to the index metacarpal base as it forms the deep arch. B. The neurovascular bundles lay volar to the midaxis of the digit with the artery dorsal to the nerve; Grayson’s ligament (volar) and Cleland’s ligament (dorsal) connect the bone to the skin surrounding the bundle.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193020/02/19 2:48 PM 1931SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44extensors of the finger IP joints, although the long finger exten-sors (EDC, EIP, EDQ) make a secondary contribution to this function.In the proximal dorsal forearm, the superficial radial nerve (SRN) is the other terminal branch of the radial nerve. It travels deep to the brachioradialis muscle until 6 cm proximal to the radial styloid, where it becomes superficial. The SRN provides sensation to the dorsal hand and the radial three and a half dig-its up to the | Surgery_Schwartz. palmar arches to the bony structures and each other; note the radial artery passes dorsal to the thumb metacarpal base, through the first web space, and anterior to the index metacarpal base as it forms the deep arch. B. The neurovascular bundles lay volar to the midaxis of the digit with the artery dorsal to the nerve; Grayson’s ligament (volar) and Cleland’s ligament (dorsal) connect the bone to the skin surrounding the bundle.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193020/02/19 2:48 PM 1931SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44extensors of the finger IP joints, although the long finger exten-sors (EDC, EIP, EDQ) make a secondary contribution to this function.In the proximal dorsal forearm, the superficial radial nerve (SRN) is the other terminal branch of the radial nerve. It travels deep to the brachioradialis muscle until 6 cm proximal to the radial styloid, where it becomes superficial. The SRN provides sensation to the dorsal hand and the radial three and a half dig-its up to the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12727 | Surgery_Schwartz | to the brachioradialis muscle until 6 cm proximal to the radial styloid, where it becomes superficial. The SRN provides sensation to the dorsal hand and the radial three and a half dig-its up to the level of the mid-middle phalanx (where the dorsal branches of the proper digital nerves take over, as described earlier). The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve provides sensation to the ulnar one and a half digits and dorsal hand in complement to the SRN.HAND EXAMINATIONEmergency Department/Inpatient ConsultationA common scenario in which the hand surgeon will be intro-duced to the patient is in trauma or other acute situations. The patient is evaluated by inspection, palpation, and provocative testing.On inspection, one should first note the position of the hand. The resting hand has a normal cascade of the fingers, with the small finger flexed most and the index finger least (Fig. 44-6). Disturbance of this suggests a tendon or skeletal problem. Also note any gross deformities or wounds | Surgery_Schwartz. to the brachioradialis muscle until 6 cm proximal to the radial styloid, where it becomes superficial. The SRN provides sensation to the dorsal hand and the radial three and a half dig-its up to the level of the mid-middle phalanx (where the dorsal branches of the proper digital nerves take over, as described earlier). The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve provides sensation to the ulnar one and a half digits and dorsal hand in complement to the SRN.HAND EXAMINATIONEmergency Department/Inpatient ConsultationA common scenario in which the hand surgeon will be intro-duced to the patient is in trauma or other acute situations. The patient is evaluated by inspection, palpation, and provocative testing.On inspection, one should first note the position of the hand. The resting hand has a normal cascade of the fingers, with the small finger flexed most and the index finger least (Fig. 44-6). Disturbance of this suggests a tendon or skeletal problem. Also note any gross deformities or wounds |
Surgery_Schwartz_12728 | Surgery_Schwartz | cascade of the fingers, with the small finger flexed most and the index finger least (Fig. 44-6). Disturbance of this suggests a tendon or skeletal problem. Also note any gross deformities or wounds and what deeper structures, if any, are visible in such wounds. Observe for abnormal coloration of a portion or all of the hand (this can be confounded by ambient temperature or other injuries), edema, and/or clubbing of the fingertips.Palpation typically begins with the radial and ulnar artery pulses at the wrist level. Pencil Doppler examination can sup-plement this and evaluate distal vessels. A pulsatile signal is normally detectable by pencil Doppler in the pad of the finger at the center of the whorl of creases. Discrepancies between digits should be noted. If all other tests are inconclusive, pricking the involved digit with a 25-gauge needle should produce bright red capillary bleeding. If an attached digit demonstrates inadequate or absent blood flow (warm ischemia), the urgency | Surgery_Schwartz. cascade of the fingers, with the small finger flexed most and the index finger least (Fig. 44-6). Disturbance of this suggests a tendon or skeletal problem. Also note any gross deformities or wounds and what deeper structures, if any, are visible in such wounds. Observe for abnormal coloration of a portion or all of the hand (this can be confounded by ambient temperature or other injuries), edema, and/or clubbing of the fingertips.Palpation typically begins with the radial and ulnar artery pulses at the wrist level. Pencil Doppler examination can sup-plement this and evaluate distal vessels. A pulsatile signal is normally detectable by pencil Doppler in the pad of the finger at the center of the whorl of creases. Discrepancies between digits should be noted. If all other tests are inconclusive, pricking the involved digit with a 25-gauge needle should produce bright red capillary bleeding. If an attached digit demonstrates inadequate or absent blood flow (warm ischemia), the urgency |
Surgery_Schwartz_12729 | Surgery_Schwartz | pricking the involved digit with a 25-gauge needle should produce bright red capillary bleeding. If an attached digit demonstrates inadequate or absent blood flow (warm ischemia), the urgency of complet-ing the evaluation and initiating treatment markedly increases.Sensation must be evaluated prior to any administration of local anesthetic. At a minimum, light and sharp touch sensation should be documented for the radial and ulnar aspects of the tip of each digit. Beware of writing “sensation intact” at the con-clusion of this evaluation. Rather, one should document what was tested (e.g., “light and sharp touch sensation present and symmetric to the tips of all digits of the injured hand”). For a more detailed evaluation of hand sensation, two-point discrimi-nation may be assessed using a bent paperclip or monofilament. In the setting of a sharp injury, sensory deficit implies a lacer-ated structure until proven otherwise. Once sensation has been evaluated and documented, the injured | Surgery_Schwartz. pricking the involved digit with a 25-gauge needle should produce bright red capillary bleeding. If an attached digit demonstrates inadequate or absent blood flow (warm ischemia), the urgency of complet-ing the evaluation and initiating treatment markedly increases.Sensation must be evaluated prior to any administration of local anesthetic. At a minimum, light and sharp touch sensation should be documented for the radial and ulnar aspects of the tip of each digit. Beware of writing “sensation intact” at the con-clusion of this evaluation. Rather, one should document what was tested (e.g., “light and sharp touch sensation present and symmetric to the tips of all digits of the injured hand”). For a more detailed evaluation of hand sensation, two-point discrimi-nation may be assessed using a bent paperclip or monofilament. In the setting of a sharp injury, sensory deficit implies a lacer-ated structure until proven otherwise. Once sensation has been evaluated and documented, the injured |
Surgery_Schwartz_12730 | Surgery_Schwartz | bent paperclip or monofilament. In the setting of a sharp injury, sensory deficit implies a lacer-ated structure until proven otherwise. Once sensation has been evaluated and documented, the injured hand can be anesthetized for patient comfort during the remainder of the examination (see below).Ability to flex and extend the wrist and digital joints is typically examined next. At the wrist level, the FCR and FCU tendons should be palpable during flexion. The wrist exten-sors are not as readily palpated due to the extensor retinaculum. Ability to flex the DIP joint (FDP) is tested by blocking the finger at the middle phalanx level. To test the FDS to each finger, hold the remaining three fingers in slight hyperextension and ask the patient to flex the involved digit (Fig. 44-7). This maneuver makes use of the fact that the FDP tendons share a common muscle belly. Placing the remaining fingers in exten-sion prevents the FDP from firing, and allows the FDS, which has a separate muscle | Surgery_Schwartz. bent paperclip or monofilament. In the setting of a sharp injury, sensory deficit implies a lacer-ated structure until proven otherwise. Once sensation has been evaluated and documented, the injured hand can be anesthetized for patient comfort during the remainder of the examination (see below).Ability to flex and extend the wrist and digital joints is typically examined next. At the wrist level, the FCR and FCU tendons should be palpable during flexion. The wrist exten-sors are not as readily palpated due to the extensor retinaculum. Ability to flex the DIP joint (FDP) is tested by blocking the finger at the middle phalanx level. To test the FDS to each finger, hold the remaining three fingers in slight hyperextension and ask the patient to flex the involved digit (Fig. 44-7). This maneuver makes use of the fact that the FDP tendons share a common muscle belly. Placing the remaining fingers in exten-sion prevents the FDP from firing, and allows the FDS, which has a separate muscle |
Surgery_Schwartz_12731 | Surgery_Schwartz | makes use of the fact that the FDP tendons share a common muscle belly. Placing the remaining fingers in exten-sion prevents the FDP from firing, and allows the FDS, which has a separate muscle belly for each tendon, to fire. Strength in grip, finger abduction, and thumb opposition is tested and compared to the uninjured side. Range of motion for the wrist, MP, and IP joints should be noted and compared to the opposite side.If there is suspicion for closed space infection, the hand should be evaluated for erythema, swelling, fluctuance, and localized tenderness. The dorsum of the hand does not have fascial septae; thus, dorsal infections can spread more widely than palmar ones. The epitrochlear and axillary nodes should be palpated for enlargement and tenderness. Findings for spe-cific infectious processes will be discussed in the “Infections” section.ABFigure 44-6. In the normal resting hand, the fingers assume a slightly flexed posture from the index finger (least) to the small | Surgery_Schwartz. makes use of the fact that the FDP tendons share a common muscle belly. Placing the remaining fingers in exten-sion prevents the FDP from firing, and allows the FDS, which has a separate muscle belly for each tendon, to fire. Strength in grip, finger abduction, and thumb opposition is tested and compared to the uninjured side. Range of motion for the wrist, MP, and IP joints should be noted and compared to the opposite side.If there is suspicion for closed space infection, the hand should be evaluated for erythema, swelling, fluctuance, and localized tenderness. The dorsum of the hand does not have fascial septae; thus, dorsal infections can spread more widely than palmar ones. The epitrochlear and axillary nodes should be palpated for enlargement and tenderness. Findings for spe-cific infectious processes will be discussed in the “Infections” section.ABFigure 44-6. In the normal resting hand, the fingers assume a slightly flexed posture from the index finger (least) to the small |
Surgery_Schwartz_12732 | Surgery_Schwartz | infectious processes will be discussed in the “Infections” section.ABFigure 44-6. In the normal resting hand, the fingers assume a slightly flexed posture from the index finger (least) to the small finger (most). A. Anteroposterior view. B. Lateral view.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193120/02/19 2:48 PM 1932SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIAdditional exam maneuvers and findings, such as those for office consultations, will be discussed with each disease pro-cess covered later in this chapter.HAND IMAGINGPlain X-RaysAlmost every hand evaluation should include plain X-rays of the injured or affected part. A standard, anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique view of the hand or wrist (as appropriate) is rapid, inexpensive, and usually provides sufficient information about the bony structures to achieve a diagnosis in conjunction with the symptoms and findings.6Lucencies within the bone should be noted. Most com-monly, these represent fractures, but they can on occasion rep-resent | Surgery_Schwartz. infectious processes will be discussed in the “Infections” section.ABFigure 44-6. In the normal resting hand, the fingers assume a slightly flexed posture from the index finger (least) to the small finger (most). A. Anteroposterior view. B. Lateral view.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193120/02/19 2:48 PM 1932SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIAdditional exam maneuvers and findings, such as those for office consultations, will be discussed with each disease pro-cess covered later in this chapter.HAND IMAGINGPlain X-RaysAlmost every hand evaluation should include plain X-rays of the injured or affected part. A standard, anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique view of the hand or wrist (as appropriate) is rapid, inexpensive, and usually provides sufficient information about the bony structures to achieve a diagnosis in conjunction with the symptoms and findings.6Lucencies within the bone should be noted. Most com-monly, these represent fractures, but they can on occasion rep-resent |
Surgery_Schwartz_12733 | Surgery_Schwartz | to achieve a diagnosis in conjunction with the symptoms and findings.6Lucencies within the bone should be noted. Most com-monly, these represent fractures, but they can on occasion rep-resent neoplastic or degenerative processes. Great care should be taken to evaluate the entire X-ray, typically beginning away from the area of the patient’s complaint. Additional injuries can be missed, which might affect the treatment plan selected and eventual outcome.Congruency of adjacent joints should also be noted. The MP and IP joints of the fingers should all be in the same plain on any given view. Incongruency of the joint(s) of one finger implies fracture with rotation. At the wrist level, the proxi-mal and distal edge of the proximal row and proximal edge of the distal row should be smooth arcs, known as Gilula’s arcs (Fig. 44-8A). Disruption of these implies ligamentous injury or possibly dislocation (Fig. 44-8B).7Computed TomographyComputed tomography (CT) scanning of the hand and wrist | Surgery_Schwartz. to achieve a diagnosis in conjunction with the symptoms and findings.6Lucencies within the bone should be noted. Most com-monly, these represent fractures, but they can on occasion rep-resent neoplastic or degenerative processes. Great care should be taken to evaluate the entire X-ray, typically beginning away from the area of the patient’s complaint. Additional injuries can be missed, which might affect the treatment plan selected and eventual outcome.Congruency of adjacent joints should also be noted. The MP and IP joints of the fingers should all be in the same plain on any given view. Incongruency of the joint(s) of one finger implies fracture with rotation. At the wrist level, the proxi-mal and distal edge of the proximal row and proximal edge of the distal row should be smooth arcs, known as Gilula’s arcs (Fig. 44-8A). Disruption of these implies ligamentous injury or possibly dislocation (Fig. 44-8B).7Computed TomographyComputed tomography (CT) scanning of the hand and wrist |
Surgery_Schwartz_12734 | Surgery_Schwartz | known as Gilula’s arcs (Fig. 44-8A). Disruption of these implies ligamentous injury or possibly dislocation (Fig. 44-8B).7Computed TomographyComputed tomography (CT) scanning of the hand and wrist can provide additional bony information when plain X-rays are insufficient. Comminuted fractures of the distal radius can be better visualized for number and orientation of fragments. Scaphoid fractures can be evaluated for displacement and com-minution preoperatively as well as for the presence of bony bridging postoperatively (Fig. 44-9). Recent studies have sug-gested that in the setting of suspected scaphoid fractures with negative radiographs, the use of CT scans may decrease the healthcare costs and patient morbidity.8 CT scans are also useful for CMC fractures of the hand where overlap on a plain X-ray lateral view may make diagnosis difficult.Unlike the trunk and more proximal extremities, CT scans with contrast are less useful to demonstrate abscess cavities due to the small area | Surgery_Schwartz. known as Gilula’s arcs (Fig. 44-8A). Disruption of these implies ligamentous injury or possibly dislocation (Fig. 44-8B).7Computed TomographyComputed tomography (CT) scanning of the hand and wrist can provide additional bony information when plain X-rays are insufficient. Comminuted fractures of the distal radius can be better visualized for number and orientation of fragments. Scaphoid fractures can be evaluated for displacement and com-minution preoperatively as well as for the presence of bony bridging postoperatively (Fig. 44-9). Recent studies have sug-gested that in the setting of suspected scaphoid fractures with negative radiographs, the use of CT scans may decrease the healthcare costs and patient morbidity.8 CT scans are also useful for CMC fractures of the hand where overlap on a plain X-ray lateral view may make diagnosis difficult.Unlike the trunk and more proximal extremities, CT scans with contrast are less useful to demonstrate abscess cavities due to the small area |
Surgery_Schwartz_12735 | Surgery_Schwartz | on a plain X-ray lateral view may make diagnosis difficult.Unlike the trunk and more proximal extremities, CT scans with contrast are less useful to demonstrate abscess cavities due to the small area of these spaces.UltrasonographyUltrasonography has the advantages of being able to demon-strate soft tissue structures and being available on nights and weekends. Unfortunately, it is also highly operator dependent. In the middle of the night when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not available, ultrasound may be able to demonstrate a Figure 44-7. The examiner holds the untested fingers in full exten-sion, preventing contracture of the flexor digitorum profundus. In this position, the patient is asked to flex the finger, and only the flexor digitorum superficialis will be able to fire.ABFigure 44-8. Gilula’s arcs are seen shown in this normal patient (A) and in a patient with a scaphoid fracture and perilunate dislocation (B).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193220/02/19 2:48 PM | Surgery_Schwartz. on a plain X-ray lateral view may make diagnosis difficult.Unlike the trunk and more proximal extremities, CT scans with contrast are less useful to demonstrate abscess cavities due to the small area of these spaces.UltrasonographyUltrasonography has the advantages of being able to demon-strate soft tissue structures and being available on nights and weekends. Unfortunately, it is also highly operator dependent. In the middle of the night when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not available, ultrasound may be able to demonstrate a Figure 44-7. The examiner holds the untested fingers in full exten-sion, preventing contracture of the flexor digitorum profundus. In this position, the patient is asked to flex the finger, and only the flexor digitorum superficialis will be able to fire.ABFigure 44-8. Gilula’s arcs are seen shown in this normal patient (A) and in a patient with a scaphoid fracture and perilunate dislocation (B).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193220/02/19 2:48 PM |
Surgery_Schwartz_12736 | Surgery_Schwartz | 44-8. Gilula’s arcs are seen shown in this normal patient (A) and in a patient with a scaphoid fracture and perilunate dislocation (B).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193220/02/19 2:48 PM 1933SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Figure 44-9. A. Preoperative images demonstrate a nonunion of a scaphoid fracture sustained 4 years earlier. B. Postoperatively, cross-sectional imaging with a computed tomography scan in the coronal plan demonstrates bone crossing the previous fracture line. This can be difficult to discern on plain X-rays due to overlap of bone fragments.ABlarge deep infection in the hand but is rarely more useful than a thorough clinical examination. Additionally, the use of dynamic ultrasound may be used to evaluate tendon motion and aid in the diagnosis of tendon pathology or injury.9Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI provides the best noninvasive visualization of the soft tis-sue structures. With contrast, MRI can demonstrate an occult abscess. Unfortunately, it is | Surgery_Schwartz. 44-8. Gilula’s arcs are seen shown in this normal patient (A) and in a patient with a scaphoid fracture and perilunate dislocation (B).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193220/02/19 2:48 PM 1933SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Figure 44-9. A. Preoperative images demonstrate a nonunion of a scaphoid fracture sustained 4 years earlier. B. Postoperatively, cross-sectional imaging with a computed tomography scan in the coronal plan demonstrates bone crossing the previous fracture line. This can be difficult to discern on plain X-rays due to overlap of bone fragments.ABlarge deep infection in the hand but is rarely more useful than a thorough clinical examination. Additionally, the use of dynamic ultrasound may be used to evaluate tendon motion and aid in the diagnosis of tendon pathology or injury.9Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI provides the best noninvasive visualization of the soft tis-sue structures. With contrast, MRI can demonstrate an occult abscess. Unfortunately, it is |
Surgery_Schwartz_12737 | Surgery_Schwartz | or injury.9Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI provides the best noninvasive visualization of the soft tis-sue structures. With contrast, MRI can demonstrate an occult abscess. Unfortunately, it is often not available on an urgent basis for hand issues when this information is often needed. MRI can also demonstrate soft tissue injuries such as cartilage or ligament tears or tendonitis (usually by demonstrating edema in the area in question). It can demonstrate occult fractures that are not sufficiently displaced to be seen on X-ray or CT (again, by demonstrating edema). MRI can also demonstrate vascular disturbance of a bone, as in a patient with avascular necrosis of the scaphoid (Fig. 44-10).AngiographyAngiography of the upper extremity is rarely used. In many cen-ters, MRI and CT angiography provide sufficient resolution of the vascular structures to make traditional angiography unnec-essary. Also, primary vascular disease of the upper extremity is relatively uncommon. In the trauma | Surgery_Schwartz. or injury.9Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI provides the best noninvasive visualization of the soft tis-sue structures. With contrast, MRI can demonstrate an occult abscess. Unfortunately, it is often not available on an urgent basis for hand issues when this information is often needed. MRI can also demonstrate soft tissue injuries such as cartilage or ligament tears or tendonitis (usually by demonstrating edema in the area in question). It can demonstrate occult fractures that are not sufficiently displaced to be seen on X-ray or CT (again, by demonstrating edema). MRI can also demonstrate vascular disturbance of a bone, as in a patient with avascular necrosis of the scaphoid (Fig. 44-10).AngiographyAngiography of the upper extremity is rarely used. In many cen-ters, MRI and CT angiography provide sufficient resolution of the vascular structures to make traditional angiography unnec-essary. Also, primary vascular disease of the upper extremity is relatively uncommon. In the trauma |
Surgery_Schwartz_12738 | Surgery_Schwartz | provide sufficient resolution of the vascular structures to make traditional angiography unnec-essary. Also, primary vascular disease of the upper extremity is relatively uncommon. In the trauma setting, vascular distur-bance usually mandates exploration and direct visualization of the structures in question, and angiography is thus obviated.For a patient with vascular disease of the upper extrem-ity, angiography of the upper extremity is usually performed through a femoral access much like with the leg. An arterial catheter can be used to deliver thrombolytic drugs to treat a thrombotic process.TRAUMAThe upper extremity–injured patient may have additional inju-ries to other parts of the body. All injured patients should receive an appropriate trauma survey to look for additional injuries.The patient with upper extremity trauma is evaluated as described in the “Hand Examination” section. Sensory exami-nation should be performed early. Once sensory status has been documented, | Surgery_Schwartz. provide sufficient resolution of the vascular structures to make traditional angiography unnec-essary. Also, primary vascular disease of the upper extremity is relatively uncommon. In the trauma setting, vascular distur-bance usually mandates exploration and direct visualization of the structures in question, and angiography is thus obviated.For a patient with vascular disease of the upper extrem-ity, angiography of the upper extremity is usually performed through a femoral access much like with the leg. An arterial catheter can be used to deliver thrombolytic drugs to treat a thrombotic process.TRAUMAThe upper extremity–injured patient may have additional inju-ries to other parts of the body. All injured patients should receive an appropriate trauma survey to look for additional injuries.The patient with upper extremity trauma is evaluated as described in the “Hand Examination” section. Sensory exami-nation should be performed early. Once sensory status has been documented, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12739 | Surgery_Schwartz | injuries.The patient with upper extremity trauma is evaluated as described in the “Hand Examination” section. Sensory exami-nation should be performed early. Once sensory status has been documented, administration of local anesthesia can provide comfort to the patient during the remainder of the evaluation Figure 44-10. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging shows perfused bone as white. In this patient, there is the absence of white-ness where the scaphoid should be (dashed circle), consistent with avascular necrosis.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193320/02/19 2:48 PM 1934SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIand subsequent treatment. Patients with nonclean wounds who received fewer than three prior doses of tetanus toxoid (or more than 5 years since last tetanus vaccination) or have an unknown history of prior doses should receive tetanus immunoglobulin as well as tetanus vaccination.10Fractures and DislocationsFor dislocations and displaced fractures, a visible deformity is often | Surgery_Schwartz. injuries.The patient with upper extremity trauma is evaluated as described in the “Hand Examination” section. Sensory exami-nation should be performed early. Once sensory status has been documented, administration of local anesthesia can provide comfort to the patient during the remainder of the evaluation Figure 44-10. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging shows perfused bone as white. In this patient, there is the absence of white-ness where the scaphoid should be (dashed circle), consistent with avascular necrosis.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193320/02/19 2:48 PM 1934SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIand subsequent treatment. Patients with nonclean wounds who received fewer than three prior doses of tetanus toxoid (or more than 5 years since last tetanus vaccination) or have an unknown history of prior doses should receive tetanus immunoglobulin as well as tetanus vaccination.10Fractures and DislocationsFor dislocations and displaced fractures, a visible deformity is often |
Surgery_Schwartz_12740 | Surgery_Schwartz | unknown history of prior doses should receive tetanus immunoglobulin as well as tetanus vaccination.10Fractures and DislocationsFor dislocations and displaced fractures, a visible deformity is often present. Nondisplaced fractures may not show a gross deformity but will have edema and tenderness to palpation at the fracture site. A fracture is described by its displacement, rotation, and angulation. A fracture is also described in terms of comminution and the number and complexity of fracture fragments. Displacement is described as a percentage of the diameter of the bone; rotation is described in degrees of supina-tion or pronation with respect to the rest of the hand; angula-tion is described in degrees. To avoid confusion, it is useful to describe which direction the angle of the fracture points. All injuries should be evaluated for nearby wounds (open) that may introduce bacteria into the fracture site or joint space.Once the initial force on the fracture ceases, the tendons | Surgery_Schwartz. unknown history of prior doses should receive tetanus immunoglobulin as well as tetanus vaccination.10Fractures and DislocationsFor dislocations and displaced fractures, a visible deformity is often present. Nondisplaced fractures may not show a gross deformity but will have edema and tenderness to palpation at the fracture site. A fracture is described by its displacement, rotation, and angulation. A fracture is also described in terms of comminution and the number and complexity of fracture fragments. Displacement is described as a percentage of the diameter of the bone; rotation is described in degrees of supina-tion or pronation with respect to the rest of the hand; angula-tion is described in degrees. To avoid confusion, it is useful to describe which direction the angle of the fracture points. All injuries should be evaluated for nearby wounds (open) that may introduce bacteria into the fracture site or joint space.Once the initial force on the fracture ceases, the tendons |
Surgery_Schwartz_12741 | Surgery_Schwartz | fracture points. All injuries should be evaluated for nearby wounds (open) that may introduce bacteria into the fracture site or joint space.Once the initial force on the fracture ceases, the tendons passing beyond the fracture site provide the principal deforming force. Their force is directed proximally and, to a lesser extent, volarly. Based on this, the stability of a fracture can be deter-mined by the orientation of the fracture with respect to the shaft of the bone. Transverse fractures are typically stable. Oblique fractures typically shorten. Spiral fractures typically rotate as they shorten and thus require surgical treatment.Fractures of the tuft of the distal phalanx are common. Catching of a finger in a closing door is a common causative mechanism. These fractures are often nondisplaced and do not require treatment beyond protection of the distal phalanx from additional trauma while the fracture heals.Displaced transverse fractures of the phalanges can usu-ally be reduced | Surgery_Schwartz. fracture points. All injuries should be evaluated for nearby wounds (open) that may introduce bacteria into the fracture site or joint space.Once the initial force on the fracture ceases, the tendons passing beyond the fracture site provide the principal deforming force. Their force is directed proximally and, to a lesser extent, volarly. Based on this, the stability of a fracture can be deter-mined by the orientation of the fracture with respect to the shaft of the bone. Transverse fractures are typically stable. Oblique fractures typically shorten. Spiral fractures typically rotate as they shorten and thus require surgical treatment.Fractures of the tuft of the distal phalanx are common. Catching of a finger in a closing door is a common causative mechanism. These fractures are often nondisplaced and do not require treatment beyond protection of the distal phalanx from additional trauma while the fracture heals.Displaced transverse fractures of the phalanges can usu-ally be reduced |
Surgery_Schwartz_12742 | Surgery_Schwartz | and do not require treatment beyond protection of the distal phalanx from additional trauma while the fracture heals.Displaced transverse fractures of the phalanges can usu-ally be reduced with distraction. The distal part is pulled away from the main body of the hand and then pushed in the direc-tion of the proximal shaft of the finger, and then distraction is released. Postreduction X-rays should routinely be performed to document satisfactory reduction. Oblique and spiral frac-tures usually are unstable after reduction. The involved digit(s) should be splinted until appropriate surgical intervention can be performed.Articular fractures of the IP and MP joints are worrisome because they may compromise motion. Chip fractures must be evaluated for instability of the collateral ligaments. If the joint is stable, the patient should initially be splinted for comfort. Motion therapy should be instituted early (ideally within the first week) to prevent stiffness. For larger fractures, the | Surgery_Schwartz. and do not require treatment beyond protection of the distal phalanx from additional trauma while the fracture heals.Displaced transverse fractures of the phalanges can usu-ally be reduced with distraction. The distal part is pulled away from the main body of the hand and then pushed in the direc-tion of the proximal shaft of the finger, and then distraction is released. Postreduction X-rays should routinely be performed to document satisfactory reduction. Oblique and spiral frac-tures usually are unstable after reduction. The involved digit(s) should be splinted until appropriate surgical intervention can be performed.Articular fractures of the IP and MP joints are worrisome because they may compromise motion. Chip fractures must be evaluated for instability of the collateral ligaments. If the joint is stable, the patient should initially be splinted for comfort. Motion therapy should be instituted early (ideally within the first week) to prevent stiffness. For larger fractures, the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12743 | Surgery_Schwartz | If the joint is stable, the patient should initially be splinted for comfort. Motion therapy should be instituted early (ideally within the first week) to prevent stiffness. For larger fractures, the patient should be splinted until surgical treatment can be performed. In surgery, the fracture is typically internally fixated to allow for early motion, again with the goal of preventing stiffness.11,12Dislocations of the PIP joints produce traction on the neurovascular structures but usually do not lacerate them. In general, the patient should not be sent home with a joint that remains dislocated. Most commonly, the distal part is dorsal to the proximal shaft and sits in a hyperextended position. For this patient, the examiner gently applies pressure to the base of the distal part until it passes beyond the head of the proximal phalanx. Once there, the relocated PIP joint is gently flexed, confirming the joint is in fact reduced. The joint is splinted in slight flexion to prevent | Surgery_Schwartz. If the joint is stable, the patient should initially be splinted for comfort. Motion therapy should be instituted early (ideally within the first week) to prevent stiffness. For larger fractures, the patient should be splinted until surgical treatment can be performed. In surgery, the fracture is typically internally fixated to allow for early motion, again with the goal of preventing stiffness.11,12Dislocations of the PIP joints produce traction on the neurovascular structures but usually do not lacerate them. In general, the patient should not be sent home with a joint that remains dislocated. Most commonly, the distal part is dorsal to the proximal shaft and sits in a hyperextended position. For this patient, the examiner gently applies pressure to the base of the distal part until it passes beyond the head of the proximal phalanx. Once there, the relocated PIP joint is gently flexed, confirming the joint is in fact reduced. The joint is splinted in slight flexion to prevent |
Surgery_Schwartz_12744 | Surgery_Schwartz | it passes beyond the head of the proximal phalanx. Once there, the relocated PIP joint is gently flexed, confirming the joint is in fact reduced. The joint is splinted in slight flexion to prevent redislocation. On occasion, the head of the proximal phalanx may pass between the two slips of the FDS tendon. For these patients, the joint may not be reducible in a closed fashion.Angulated fractures of the small finger metacarpal neck (“boxer’s fracture”) are another common injury seen in the ER. Typical history is that the patient struck another individual or rigid object with a hook punch. These are often stable after reduction using the Jahss maneuver (Fig. 44-11).13Fractures of the thumb metacarpal base are often unstable. The Bennett fracture displaces the volar-ulnar base of the bone. The remainder of the articular surface and the shaft typically dislocate dorsoradially and shorten. The thumb often appears grossly shortened, and the proximal shaft of the metacarpal may reside at the | Surgery_Schwartz. it passes beyond the head of the proximal phalanx. Once there, the relocated PIP joint is gently flexed, confirming the joint is in fact reduced. The joint is splinted in slight flexion to prevent redislocation. On occasion, the head of the proximal phalanx may pass between the two slips of the FDS tendon. For these patients, the joint may not be reducible in a closed fashion.Angulated fractures of the small finger metacarpal neck (“boxer’s fracture”) are another common injury seen in the ER. Typical history is that the patient struck another individual or rigid object with a hook punch. These are often stable after reduction using the Jahss maneuver (Fig. 44-11).13Fractures of the thumb metacarpal base are often unstable. The Bennett fracture displaces the volar-ulnar base of the bone. The remainder of the articular surface and the shaft typically dislocate dorsoradially and shorten. The thumb often appears grossly shortened, and the proximal shaft of the metacarpal may reside at the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12745 | Surgery_Schwartz | remainder of the articular surface and the shaft typically dislocate dorsoradially and shorten. The thumb often appears grossly shortened, and the proximal shaft of the metacarpal may reside at the level of the trapezium or even the scaphoid on X-ray. In a Rolando fracture, a second fracture line occurs between the remaining articular surface and the shaft. These fractures nearly always require open reduction and internal fixation.Most nondisplaced fractures do not require surgical treat-ment. The scaphoid bone of the wrist is a notable exception to this rule. Due to peculiarities in its vascular supply, particularly vulnerable at its proximal end, nondisplaced scaphoid fractures can fail to unite in up to 20% of patients even with appropriate immobilization. Recent developments in hardware and surgi-cal technique have allowed stabilization of the fracture with minimal surgical exposure. One prospective randomized series of scaphoid wrist fractures demonstrated shortening of time to | Surgery_Schwartz. remainder of the articular surface and the shaft typically dislocate dorsoradially and shorten. The thumb often appears grossly shortened, and the proximal shaft of the metacarpal may reside at the level of the trapezium or even the scaphoid on X-ray. In a Rolando fracture, a second fracture line occurs between the remaining articular surface and the shaft. These fractures nearly always require open reduction and internal fixation.Most nondisplaced fractures do not require surgical treat-ment. The scaphoid bone of the wrist is a notable exception to this rule. Due to peculiarities in its vascular supply, particularly vulnerable at its proximal end, nondisplaced scaphoid fractures can fail to unite in up to 20% of patients even with appropriate immobilization. Recent developments in hardware and surgi-cal technique have allowed stabilization of the fracture with minimal surgical exposure. One prospective randomized series of scaphoid wrist fractures demonstrated shortening of time to |
Surgery_Schwartz_12746 | Surgery_Schwartz | and surgi-cal technique have allowed stabilization of the fracture with minimal surgical exposure. One prospective randomized series of scaphoid wrist fractures demonstrated shortening of time to union by up to 6 weeks in the surgically treated group, but no difference in rate of union.14 Surgery may be useful in the younger, more active patient who would benefit from an earlier return to full activity.Ligament injuries of the wrist can be difficult to recognize. Patients often present late and may not be able to localize their pain. In severe cases, the ligaments of the wrist can rupture to the point of dislocation of the capitate off the lunate or even the lunate off the radius. Mayfield and colleagues classified the progression of this injury into four groups.15 In the most severe group, the lunate dislocates off the radius into the carpal tunnel. In some circumstances, the scaphoid bone may break rather than Figure 44-11. The Jahss maneuver. The surgeon fully flexes the patient’s | Surgery_Schwartz. and surgi-cal technique have allowed stabilization of the fracture with minimal surgical exposure. One prospective randomized series of scaphoid wrist fractures demonstrated shortening of time to union by up to 6 weeks in the surgically treated group, but no difference in rate of union.14 Surgery may be useful in the younger, more active patient who would benefit from an earlier return to full activity.Ligament injuries of the wrist can be difficult to recognize. Patients often present late and may not be able to localize their pain. In severe cases, the ligaments of the wrist can rupture to the point of dislocation of the capitate off the lunate or even the lunate off the radius. Mayfield and colleagues classified the progression of this injury into four groups.15 In the most severe group, the lunate dislocates off the radius into the carpal tunnel. In some circumstances, the scaphoid bone may break rather than Figure 44-11. The Jahss maneuver. The surgeon fully flexes the patient’s |
Surgery_Schwartz_12747 | Surgery_Schwartz | the lunate dislocates off the radius into the carpal tunnel. In some circumstances, the scaphoid bone may break rather than Figure 44-11. The Jahss maneuver. The surgeon fully flexes the patient’s small finger into the palm and secures it in his distal hand. The proximal hand controls the wrist and places the thumb on the patient’s fracture apex (the most prominent dorsal point). The examiner distracts the fracture, pushes dorsally with the distal hand (up arrow), and resists dorsal motion with the proximal hand (down arrow).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193420/02/19 2:48 PM 1935SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44the scapholunate ligament rupturing. Attention to the congru-ency or disruption of Gilula’s arcs will help the examiner to recognize this injury. For patients with type 4 (most severe) and some with type 3 injury, the examiner should also evaluate for sensory disturbance in the median nerve distribution because this may indicate acute carpal tunnel syndrome and | Surgery_Schwartz. the lunate dislocates off the radius into the carpal tunnel. In some circumstances, the scaphoid bone may break rather than Figure 44-11. The Jahss maneuver. The surgeon fully flexes the patient’s small finger into the palm and secures it in his distal hand. The proximal hand controls the wrist and places the thumb on the patient’s fracture apex (the most prominent dorsal point). The examiner distracts the fracture, pushes dorsally with the distal hand (up arrow), and resists dorsal motion with the proximal hand (down arrow).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193420/02/19 2:48 PM 1935SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44the scapholunate ligament rupturing. Attention to the congru-ency or disruption of Gilula’s arcs will help the examiner to recognize this injury. For patients with type 4 (most severe) and some with type 3 injury, the examiner should also evaluate for sensory disturbance in the median nerve distribution because this may indicate acute carpal tunnel syndrome and |
Surgery_Schwartz_12748 | Surgery_Schwartz | type 4 (most severe) and some with type 3 injury, the examiner should also evaluate for sensory disturbance in the median nerve distribution because this may indicate acute carpal tunnel syndrome and necessitate more urgent intervention. Although the Mayfield pattern of injury is most common, force can also transmit along alternate paths through the carpus.16After reduction of fractures and dislocations (as well as after surgical repair of these and many other injuries), the hand must be splinted in a protected position. For the fingers, MP joints should be splinted 90°, and the IP joints at 0° (called the intrinsic plus position). The wrist is generally splinted at 20° extension because this puts the hand in a more functional posi-tion. This keeps the collateral ligaments on tension and helps prevent secondary contracture. In general, one of three splints should be used for the emergency department (ED) patient (Fig. 44-12). The ulnar gutter splint uses places plaster around the | Surgery_Schwartz. type 4 (most severe) and some with type 3 injury, the examiner should also evaluate for sensory disturbance in the median nerve distribution because this may indicate acute carpal tunnel syndrome and necessitate more urgent intervention. Although the Mayfield pattern of injury is most common, force can also transmit along alternate paths through the carpus.16After reduction of fractures and dislocations (as well as after surgical repair of these and many other injuries), the hand must be splinted in a protected position. For the fingers, MP joints should be splinted 90°, and the IP joints at 0° (called the intrinsic plus position). The wrist is generally splinted at 20° extension because this puts the hand in a more functional posi-tion. This keeps the collateral ligaments on tension and helps prevent secondary contracture. In general, one of three splints should be used for the emergency department (ED) patient (Fig. 44-12). The ulnar gutter splint uses places plaster around the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12749 | Surgery_Schwartz | and helps prevent secondary contracture. In general, one of three splints should be used for the emergency department (ED) patient (Fig. 44-12). The ulnar gutter splint uses places plaster around the ulnar border of the hand. It is generally appropriate for small finger injuries only. Dorsal plaster splints can be used for injuries of any of the fingers. Plaster is more readily con-toured to the dorsal surface of the hand than the volar surface, particularly in the setting of trauma-associated edema. For thumb injuries, the thumb spica splint is used to keep the thumb radially and palmarly abducted from the hand. Lastly, sugar tong splints include a volar and dorsal slab that includes the elbow in order to prevent supination and pronation. Sugar tong splints are most often used in the setting of acute distal radius or ulna fractures.TendonsInjuries to the flexor and extensor tendons compromise the mobility and strength of the digits. On inspection, injury is nor-mally suspected by | Surgery_Schwartz. and helps prevent secondary contracture. In general, one of three splints should be used for the emergency department (ED) patient (Fig. 44-12). The ulnar gutter splint uses places plaster around the ulnar border of the hand. It is generally appropriate for small finger injuries only. Dorsal plaster splints can be used for injuries of any of the fingers. Plaster is more readily con-toured to the dorsal surface of the hand than the volar surface, particularly in the setting of trauma-associated edema. For thumb injuries, the thumb spica splint is used to keep the thumb radially and palmarly abducted from the hand. Lastly, sugar tong splints include a volar and dorsal slab that includes the elbow in order to prevent supination and pronation. Sugar tong splints are most often used in the setting of acute distal radius or ulna fractures.TendonsInjuries to the flexor and extensor tendons compromise the mobility and strength of the digits. On inspection, injury is nor-mally suspected by |
Surgery_Schwartz_12750 | Surgery_Schwartz | setting of acute distal radius or ulna fractures.TendonsInjuries to the flexor and extensor tendons compromise the mobility and strength of the digits. On inspection, injury is nor-mally suspected by loss of the normal cascade of the fingers. The patient should be examined as described earlier to evaluate for which tendon motion is deficient. If the patient is unable to cooperate, extension of the wrist will produce passive flexion of the fingers and also demonstrate a deficit. This is referred to at the tenodesis maneuver.Flexor tendon injuries are described based on zones (Fig. 44-13). Up until 40 years ago, zone 2 injuries were always reconstructed and never repaired primarily due to concern that the bulk of repair within the flexor sheath would prevent tendon glide. The work of Dr. Kleinert and colleagues at the University of Lou-isville changed this “axiom” and established the principle of pri-mary repair and early controlled mobilization postoperatively.17 Flexor tendon | Surgery_Schwartz. setting of acute distal radius or ulna fractures.TendonsInjuries to the flexor and extensor tendons compromise the mobility and strength of the digits. On inspection, injury is nor-mally suspected by loss of the normal cascade of the fingers. The patient should be examined as described earlier to evaluate for which tendon motion is deficient. If the patient is unable to cooperate, extension of the wrist will produce passive flexion of the fingers and also demonstrate a deficit. This is referred to at the tenodesis maneuver.Flexor tendon injuries are described based on zones (Fig. 44-13). Up until 40 years ago, zone 2 injuries were always reconstructed and never repaired primarily due to concern that the bulk of repair within the flexor sheath would prevent tendon glide. The work of Dr. Kleinert and colleagues at the University of Lou-isville changed this “axiom” and established the principle of pri-mary repair and early controlled mobilization postoperatively.17 Flexor tendon |
Surgery_Schwartz_12751 | Surgery_Schwartz | Dr. Kleinert and colleagues at the University of Lou-isville changed this “axiom” and established the principle of pri-mary repair and early controlled mobilization postoperatively.17 Flexor tendon injuries should always be repaired in the operat-ing room. Although they do not need to be repaired on the day 3Figure 44-12. Commons splints used for hand injuries/surgeries. A. Ulnar gutter splint. The ring and small fingers are included and maintain an interphalangeal (IP) joint extension and metacarpopha-langeal (MP) joint flexion to 90°. B. Dorsal four-finger splint. As with the ulnar gutter splint, finger MP joints are flexed to 90° with IP joints kept fully extended. C. Thumb spica splint. One easy method to fabricate is to place one slab of plaster radially over the wrist and thumb with a second square of plaster over the thenar eminence, which joins the first. D. Sugar tong splint. This dorsal and volar slab splints immobilizes the wrist and elbow in neutral and 90° positions, | Surgery_Schwartz. Dr. Kleinert and colleagues at the University of Lou-isville changed this “axiom” and established the principle of pri-mary repair and early controlled mobilization postoperatively.17 Flexor tendon injuries should always be repaired in the operat-ing room. Although they do not need to be repaired on the day 3Figure 44-12. Commons splints used for hand injuries/surgeries. A. Ulnar gutter splint. The ring and small fingers are included and maintain an interphalangeal (IP) joint extension and metacarpopha-langeal (MP) joint flexion to 90°. B. Dorsal four-finger splint. As with the ulnar gutter splint, finger MP joints are flexed to 90° with IP joints kept fully extended. C. Thumb spica splint. One easy method to fabricate is to place one slab of plaster radially over the wrist and thumb with a second square of plaster over the thenar eminence, which joins the first. D. Sugar tong splint. This dorsal and volar slab splints immobilizes the wrist and elbow in neutral and 90° positions, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12752 | Surgery_Schwartz | with a second square of plaster over the thenar eminence, which joins the first. D. Sugar tong splint. This dorsal and volar slab splints immobilizes the wrist and elbow in neutral and 90° positions, respectively.Figure 44-13. The zones of flexor tendon injury. I. Flexor digito-rum superficialis insertion to the flexor digitorum profundus inser-tion. II. Start of the A1 pulley to the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion. III. End of the carpal tunnel to the start of the A1 pulley. IV. Within the carpal tunnel. V. Proximal to the carpal tunnel.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193520/02/19 2:48 PM 1936SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIof injury, the closer to the day of injury they are repaired, the easier it will be to retrieve the retracted proximal end in surgery. The laceration should be washed out and closed at the skin level only using permanent sutures. The hand should be splinted as described earlier; one notable difference is that the wrist should be splinted at slight | Surgery_Schwartz. with a second square of plaster over the thenar eminence, which joins the first. D. Sugar tong splint. This dorsal and volar slab splints immobilizes the wrist and elbow in neutral and 90° positions, respectively.Figure 44-13. The zones of flexor tendon injury. I. Flexor digito-rum superficialis insertion to the flexor digitorum profundus inser-tion. II. Start of the A1 pulley to the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion. III. End of the carpal tunnel to the start of the A1 pulley. IV. Within the carpal tunnel. V. Proximal to the carpal tunnel.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193520/02/19 2:48 PM 1936SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIof injury, the closer to the day of injury they are repaired, the easier it will be to retrieve the retracted proximal end in surgery. The laceration should be washed out and closed at the skin level only using permanent sutures. The hand should be splinted as described earlier; one notable difference is that the wrist should be splinted at slight |
Surgery_Schwartz_12753 | Surgery_Schwartz | should be washed out and closed at the skin level only using permanent sutures. The hand should be splinted as described earlier; one notable difference is that the wrist should be splinted at slight flexion (about 20°) to help decrease the retracting force on the proximal cut tendon end.Extensor tendons do not pass through a sheath in the fin-gers. As such, bulkiness of repair is less of a concern. With proper supervision/experience and equipment, primary extensor tendon repair can be performed in the ED.Very distal extensor injuries near the insertion on the dor-sal base of the distal phalanx may not have sufficient distal ten-don to hold a suture. Closed injuries, called mallet fingers, can be treated with extension splinting of the DIP joint for 6 contin-uous weeks. For patients with open injuries, a dermatotenodesis suture is performed. A 2-0 or 3-0 suture is passed through the distal skin, tendon remnant, and proximal tendon as a mattress suture. Using a suture of a different | Surgery_Schwartz. should be washed out and closed at the skin level only using permanent sutures. The hand should be splinted as described earlier; one notable difference is that the wrist should be splinted at slight flexion (about 20°) to help decrease the retracting force on the proximal cut tendon end.Extensor tendons do not pass through a sheath in the fin-gers. As such, bulkiness of repair is less of a concern. With proper supervision/experience and equipment, primary extensor tendon repair can be performed in the ED.Very distal extensor injuries near the insertion on the dor-sal base of the distal phalanx may not have sufficient distal ten-don to hold a suture. Closed injuries, called mallet fingers, can be treated with extension splinting of the DIP joint for 6 contin-uous weeks. For patients with open injuries, a dermatotenodesis suture is performed. A 2-0 or 3-0 suture is passed through the distal skin, tendon remnant, and proximal tendon as a mattress suture. Using a suture of a different |
Surgery_Schwartz_12754 | Surgery_Schwartz | open injuries, a dermatotenodesis suture is performed. A 2-0 or 3-0 suture is passed through the distal skin, tendon remnant, and proximal tendon as a mattress suture. Using a suture of a different color than the skin clos-ing sutures will help prevent removing the dermatotenodesis suture(s) too soon. The DIP joint is splinted in extension.More proximal injuries are typically repaired with a 3-0 braided permanent suture. Horizontal mattress or figure-of-eight sutures should be used, two per tendon if possible. Great care should be used to ensure matching the appropriate proximal and distal tendon ends. The patient is splinted with IP joints in extension and the wrist in extension per usual. MP joints should be splinted in 45° flexion, sometimes less. Although this posi-tion is not ideal for MP collateral ligaments, it is important for taking tension off of the tendon repairs.Nerve InjuriesIn the setting of a sharp injury, a sensory deficit implies a nerve laceration until proven | Surgery_Schwartz. open injuries, a dermatotenodesis suture is performed. A 2-0 or 3-0 suture is passed through the distal skin, tendon remnant, and proximal tendon as a mattress suture. Using a suture of a different color than the skin clos-ing sutures will help prevent removing the dermatotenodesis suture(s) too soon. The DIP joint is splinted in extension.More proximal injuries are typically repaired with a 3-0 braided permanent suture. Horizontal mattress or figure-of-eight sutures should be used, two per tendon if possible. Great care should be used to ensure matching the appropriate proximal and distal tendon ends. The patient is splinted with IP joints in extension and the wrist in extension per usual. MP joints should be splinted in 45° flexion, sometimes less. Although this posi-tion is not ideal for MP collateral ligaments, it is important for taking tension off of the tendon repairs.Nerve InjuriesIn the setting of a sharp injury, a sensory deficit implies a nerve laceration until proven |
Surgery_Schwartz_12755 | Surgery_Schwartz | for MP collateral ligaments, it is important for taking tension off of the tendon repairs.Nerve InjuriesIn the setting of a sharp injury, a sensory deficit implies a nerve laceration until proven otherwise. For blunt injuries, even dis-placed fractures and dislocations, nerves are often contused but not lacerated and are managed expectantly. Nerve repairs require appropriate microsurgical equipment and suture; they should not be performed in the ED. As with tendons, nerve injuries do not require immediate exploration. However, earlier exploration will allow for easier identification of structures and less scar tissue to be present. The nerve must be resected back to healthy nerve fascicle prior to repair. Delay between injury and repair can thus make a difference between the ability to repair a nerve primarily or the need to use a graft. The injured hand should be splinted with MPs at 90° and IPs at 0°, as described earlier.Vascular InjuriesVascular injuries have the potential to be | Surgery_Schwartz. for MP collateral ligaments, it is important for taking tension off of the tendon repairs.Nerve InjuriesIn the setting of a sharp injury, a sensory deficit implies a nerve laceration until proven otherwise. For blunt injuries, even dis-placed fractures and dislocations, nerves are often contused but not lacerated and are managed expectantly. Nerve repairs require appropriate microsurgical equipment and suture; they should not be performed in the ED. As with tendons, nerve injuries do not require immediate exploration. However, earlier exploration will allow for easier identification of structures and less scar tissue to be present. The nerve must be resected back to healthy nerve fascicle prior to repair. Delay between injury and repair can thus make a difference between the ability to repair a nerve primarily or the need to use a graft. The injured hand should be splinted with MPs at 90° and IPs at 0°, as described earlier.Vascular InjuriesVascular injuries have the potential to be |
Surgery_Schwartz_12756 | Surgery_Schwartz | a nerve primarily or the need to use a graft. The injured hand should be splinted with MPs at 90° and IPs at 0°, as described earlier.Vascular InjuriesVascular injuries have the potential to be limb or digit threaten-ing. A partial laceration of an artery at the wrist level can poten-tially cause exsanguinating hemorrhage. Consultations for these injuries must be evaluated urgently.Initial treatment for an actively bleeding wound should be direct local pressure for no less than 10 continuous minutes. If this is unsuccessful, an upper extremity tourniquet inflated to 100 mmHg above the systolic pressure should be used. One should keep this tourniquet time to less than 2 hours to avoid tissue necrosis. Once bleeding is controlled well enough to evaluate the wound, it may be cautiously explored to evaluate for bleeding points. One must be very cautious if attempting to ligate these to ensure that adjacent structures such as nerves are not included in the ligature.The hand must be | Surgery_Schwartz. a nerve primarily or the need to use a graft. The injured hand should be splinted with MPs at 90° and IPs at 0°, as described earlier.Vascular InjuriesVascular injuries have the potential to be limb or digit threaten-ing. A partial laceration of an artery at the wrist level can poten-tially cause exsanguinating hemorrhage. Consultations for these injuries must be evaluated urgently.Initial treatment for an actively bleeding wound should be direct local pressure for no less than 10 continuous minutes. If this is unsuccessful, an upper extremity tourniquet inflated to 100 mmHg above the systolic pressure should be used. One should keep this tourniquet time to less than 2 hours to avoid tissue necrosis. Once bleeding is controlled well enough to evaluate the wound, it may be cautiously explored to evaluate for bleeding points. One must be very cautious if attempting to ligate these to ensure that adjacent structures such as nerves are not included in the ligature.The hand must be |
Surgery_Schwartz_12757 | Surgery_Schwartz | explored to evaluate for bleeding points. One must be very cautious if attempting to ligate these to ensure that adjacent structures such as nerves are not included in the ligature.The hand must be evaluated for adequacy of perfusion to the hand as a whole as well as the individual digits. Capillary refill, turgor, Doppler signal, and bleeding to pinprick all pro-vide useful information regarding vascular status. The finger or hand with vascular compromise requires urgent operative explo-ration. Unlike the complete amputation, in which the amputated part can be cold preserved (see later section, “Amputation and Replantation”), devascularization without amputation produces warm ischemia, which is tolerated only for a matter of hours.For the noncritical vascular injury, two treatment options exist. Simple ligation will control hemorrhage. At least one of the palmar arterial arches is intact in 97% of patients, so this will usually not compromise hand perfusion.5 Each digit also has two | Surgery_Schwartz. explored to evaluate for bleeding points. One must be very cautious if attempting to ligate these to ensure that adjacent structures such as nerves are not included in the ligature.The hand must be evaluated for adequacy of perfusion to the hand as a whole as well as the individual digits. Capillary refill, turgor, Doppler signal, and bleeding to pinprick all pro-vide useful information regarding vascular status. The finger or hand with vascular compromise requires urgent operative explo-ration. Unlike the complete amputation, in which the amputated part can be cold preserved (see later section, “Amputation and Replantation”), devascularization without amputation produces warm ischemia, which is tolerated only for a matter of hours.For the noncritical vascular injury, two treatment options exist. Simple ligation will control hemorrhage. At least one of the palmar arterial arches is intact in 97% of patients, so this will usually not compromise hand perfusion.5 Each digit also has two |
Surgery_Schwartz_12758 | Surgery_Schwartz | exist. Simple ligation will control hemorrhage. At least one of the palmar arterial arches is intact in 97% of patients, so this will usually not compromise hand perfusion.5 Each digit also has two arterial inflows and can survive on one (see “Amputations and Replantation” section). In the academic hospital setting, however, consideration should be given to repairing all vascular injuries. Instructing a resident in vascular repair in the noncriti-cal setting will produce a more skilled and prepared resident for when a critical vascular injury does arise.ANESTHESIALocal AnesthesiaAnesthetic blockade can be administered at the wrist level, digi-tal level, or with local infiltration as needed. Keep in mind that all local anesthetics are less effective in areas of inflammation.The agents most commonly used are lidocaine and bupiva-caine. Lidocaine has the advantage of rapid onset, whereas bupi-vacaine has the advantage of long duration (average 6–8 hours).18 Although bupivacaine can | Surgery_Schwartz. exist. Simple ligation will control hemorrhage. At least one of the palmar arterial arches is intact in 97% of patients, so this will usually not compromise hand perfusion.5 Each digit also has two arterial inflows and can survive on one (see “Amputations and Replantation” section). In the academic hospital setting, however, consideration should be given to repairing all vascular injuries. Instructing a resident in vascular repair in the noncriti-cal setting will produce a more skilled and prepared resident for when a critical vascular injury does arise.ANESTHESIALocal AnesthesiaAnesthetic blockade can be administered at the wrist level, digi-tal level, or with local infiltration as needed. Keep in mind that all local anesthetics are less effective in areas of inflammation.The agents most commonly used are lidocaine and bupiva-caine. Lidocaine has the advantage of rapid onset, whereas bupi-vacaine has the advantage of long duration (average 6–8 hours).18 Although bupivacaine can |
Surgery_Schwartz_12759 | Surgery_Schwartz | most commonly used are lidocaine and bupiva-caine. Lidocaine has the advantage of rapid onset, whereas bupi-vacaine has the advantage of long duration (average 6–8 hours).18 Although bupivacaine can produce irreversible heart block in high doses, this is rarely an issue with the amounts typically used in the hand. For pediatric patients, the tolerated dose is 2.5 mg/kg. This can be easily remembered by noting that when using 0.25% bupivacaine, 1 mL/kg is acceptable dosing.A commonly held axiom is that epinephrine is unaccept-able to be used in the hand. Several recent large series have dispelled this myth.19 Epinephrine should not be used in the fingertip and not in concentrations higher than 1:100,000 (i.e., what is present in commercially available local anesthetic with epinephrine). Beyond that, its use is acceptable and may be use-ful in an ED where tourniquet control may not be available. Also, because most ED procedures are done under pure local anesthesia, many patients will | Surgery_Schwartz. most commonly used are lidocaine and bupiva-caine. Lidocaine has the advantage of rapid onset, whereas bupi-vacaine has the advantage of long duration (average 6–8 hours).18 Although bupivacaine can produce irreversible heart block in high doses, this is rarely an issue with the amounts typically used in the hand. For pediatric patients, the tolerated dose is 2.5 mg/kg. This can be easily remembered by noting that when using 0.25% bupivacaine, 1 mL/kg is acceptable dosing.A commonly held axiom is that epinephrine is unaccept-able to be used in the hand. Several recent large series have dispelled this myth.19 Epinephrine should not be used in the fingertip and not in concentrations higher than 1:100,000 (i.e., what is present in commercially available local anesthetic with epinephrine). Beyond that, its use is acceptable and may be use-ful in an ED where tourniquet control may not be available. Also, because most ED procedures are done under pure local anesthesia, many patients will |
Surgery_Schwartz_12760 | Surgery_Schwartz | Beyond that, its use is acceptable and may be use-ful in an ED where tourniquet control may not be available. Also, because most ED procedures are done under pure local anesthesia, many patients will not tolerate the discomfort of the tourniquet beyond 30 minutes.20 Epinephrine will provide hemostasis and also prolong the effect of the local anesthetic.Studies have reported that the addition of sodium bicar-bonate (NaHCO3) in order to buffer local anesthetic solutions and decrease the pain experienced during the administration of local anesthetic.21 This decrease in pain has been attributed to decreasing the acidity of local anesthetic solutions. In the clinical setting, the mixing of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in a 1:9 ratio is ade-quate to provide a decrease in pain during the injection of local anesthetic.22Simple lacerations, particularly on the dorsum of the hand, can be anesthetized with local infiltration. This is performed in the | Surgery_Schwartz. Beyond that, its use is acceptable and may be use-ful in an ED where tourniquet control may not be available. Also, because most ED procedures are done under pure local anesthesia, many patients will not tolerate the discomfort of the tourniquet beyond 30 minutes.20 Epinephrine will provide hemostasis and also prolong the effect of the local anesthetic.Studies have reported that the addition of sodium bicar-bonate (NaHCO3) in order to buffer local anesthetic solutions and decrease the pain experienced during the administration of local anesthetic.21 This decrease in pain has been attributed to decreasing the acidity of local anesthetic solutions. In the clinical setting, the mixing of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in a 1:9 ratio is ade-quate to provide a decrease in pain during the injection of local anesthetic.22Simple lacerations, particularly on the dorsum of the hand, can be anesthetized with local infiltration. This is performed in the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12761 | Surgery_Schwartz | provide a decrease in pain during the injection of local anesthetic.22Simple lacerations, particularly on the dorsum of the hand, can be anesthetized with local infiltration. This is performed in the standard fashion.Blocking of the digital nerves at the metacarpal head level is useful for volar injuries distal to this point and for dorsal injuries beyond the midpoint of the middle phalanx (via dor-sal branches of the proper digital nerves). Fingertip injuries are particularly well anesthetized by this technique. A digit can be anesthetized via a flexor sheath approach or via the dorsal web space (Fig. 44-14A,B).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193620/02/19 2:48 PM 1937SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Figure 44-14. Local anesthesia can be administered at the digital or the wrist level. A. A single injection into the flexor tendon sheath at the metacarpal head level provides complete anesthesia for the digit. B. Alternatively, one can inject from a dorsal approach into the | Surgery_Schwartz. provide a decrease in pain during the injection of local anesthetic.22Simple lacerations, particularly on the dorsum of the hand, can be anesthetized with local infiltration. This is performed in the standard fashion.Blocking of the digital nerves at the metacarpal head level is useful for volar injuries distal to this point and for dorsal injuries beyond the midpoint of the middle phalanx (via dor-sal branches of the proper digital nerves). Fingertip injuries are particularly well anesthetized by this technique. A digit can be anesthetized via a flexor sheath approach or via the dorsal web space (Fig. 44-14A,B).Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193620/02/19 2:48 PM 1937SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Figure 44-14. Local anesthesia can be administered at the digital or the wrist level. A. A single injection into the flexor tendon sheath at the metacarpal head level provides complete anesthesia for the digit. B. Alternatively, one can inject from a dorsal approach into the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12762 | Surgery_Schwartz | level. A. A single injection into the flexor tendon sheath at the metacarpal head level provides complete anesthesia for the digit. B. Alternatively, one can inject from a dorsal approach into the web space on either side. C. The superficial radial nerve is blocked by infiltrating subcutaneously over the distal radius from the radial artery pulse to the distal radioulnar joint. The dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve is blocked in similar fashion over the distal ulna. D. To block the ulnar nerve, insert the needle parallel to the plane of the palm and deep to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon; aspirate to confirm the needle is not in the adjacent ulnar artery. E. To block the median nerve, insert the needle just ulnar to the palmaris longus tendon into the carpal tunnel. One should feel two points of resistance: one when piercing the skin, the second when piercing the antebrachial fascia.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193720/02/19 2:48 PM 1938SPECIFIC | Surgery_Schwartz. level. A. A single injection into the flexor tendon sheath at the metacarpal head level provides complete anesthesia for the digit. B. Alternatively, one can inject from a dorsal approach into the web space on either side. C. The superficial radial nerve is blocked by infiltrating subcutaneously over the distal radius from the radial artery pulse to the distal radioulnar joint. The dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve is blocked in similar fashion over the distal ulna. D. To block the ulnar nerve, insert the needle parallel to the plane of the palm and deep to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon; aspirate to confirm the needle is not in the adjacent ulnar artery. E. To block the median nerve, insert the needle just ulnar to the palmaris longus tendon into the carpal tunnel. One should feel two points of resistance: one when piercing the skin, the second when piercing the antebrachial fascia.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193720/02/19 2:48 PM 1938SPECIFIC |
Surgery_Schwartz_12763 | Surgery_Schwartz | tunnel. One should feel two points of resistance: one when piercing the skin, the second when piercing the antebrachial fascia.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193720/02/19 2:48 PM 1938SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIBlocking one or more nerves as they cross the wrist can provide several advantages: anesthesia for multiple injured dig-its, avoiding areas of inflammation where the local anesthetic agent may be less effective, and avoiding injection where the volume of fluid injected may make treatment harder (such as fracture reduction). Four major nerves cross the wrist: the median nerve, SRN, ulnar nerve, and dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve (Fig. 44-14C–E). When blocking the median and ulnar nerves, beware of intraneural injection, which can cause irreversible neural scarring. If the patient complains of severe paresthesias with injection or high resistance is encountered, the needle should be repositioned.Hand Surgery Under Local AnesthesiaWide awake hand surgery is | Surgery_Schwartz. tunnel. One should feel two points of resistance: one when piercing the skin, the second when piercing the antebrachial fascia.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193720/02/19 2:48 PM 1938SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIBlocking one or more nerves as they cross the wrist can provide several advantages: anesthesia for multiple injured dig-its, avoiding areas of inflammation where the local anesthetic agent may be less effective, and avoiding injection where the volume of fluid injected may make treatment harder (such as fracture reduction). Four major nerves cross the wrist: the median nerve, SRN, ulnar nerve, and dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve (Fig. 44-14C–E). When blocking the median and ulnar nerves, beware of intraneural injection, which can cause irreversible neural scarring. If the patient complains of severe paresthesias with injection or high resistance is encountered, the needle should be repositioned.Hand Surgery Under Local AnesthesiaWide awake hand surgery is |
Surgery_Schwartz_12764 | Surgery_Schwartz | If the patient complains of severe paresthesias with injection or high resistance is encountered, the needle should be repositioned.Hand Surgery Under Local AnesthesiaWide awake hand surgery is surgery that is performed under sur-geon-administered local anesthesia with field sterility but with-out the use of sedation or a tourniquet. A major benefit of this approach is the reduction of healthcare costs due to the elimination of an anesthesia provider and postoperative monitoring because only local anesthesia is used. Further benefits of sedation-free sur-gery include decreased time spent in the hospital for surgery and the ability of patients to follow instructions during surgery. This advantage is evident during flexor tendon repairs, where intra-operative active movement allows direct visualization of the tendon repair under active movement.23 Perceived weaknesses of sedation-free surgery include patient intraoperative anxiety and fear of pain during the administration of local | Surgery_Schwartz. If the patient complains of severe paresthesias with injection or high resistance is encountered, the needle should be repositioned.Hand Surgery Under Local AnesthesiaWide awake hand surgery is surgery that is performed under sur-geon-administered local anesthesia with field sterility but with-out the use of sedation or a tourniquet. A major benefit of this approach is the reduction of healthcare costs due to the elimination of an anesthesia provider and postoperative monitoring because only local anesthesia is used. Further benefits of sedation-free sur-gery include decreased time spent in the hospital for surgery and the ability of patients to follow instructions during surgery. This advantage is evident during flexor tendon repairs, where intra-operative active movement allows direct visualization of the tendon repair under active movement.23 Perceived weaknesses of sedation-free surgery include patient intraoperative anxiety and fear of pain during the administration of local |
Surgery_Schwartz_12765 | Surgery_Schwartz | visualization of the tendon repair under active movement.23 Perceived weaknesses of sedation-free surgery include patient intraoperative anxiety and fear of pain during the administration of local anesthetic. A study by Davison et al, however, found that patients undergoing carpal tunnel release under wide awake local had no difference in anxiety or pain compared to patients undergoing carpal tunnel release with sedation.24Postoperative Pain ManagementSince the recognition of pain as the fifth vital sign in the early 2000s, the number of opioid prescriptions has risen dramati-cally. Accordingly, over the last decade, the United States has seen an increase the number of deaths due to prescription opi-oid overdose. Deaths due to opioid overdose now exceeds the number of deaths caused by heroin and cocaine combined. As healthcare providers, it is essential that we adequately treat post-operative pain with the minimal amount of narcotics necessary. A recent study by Rodgers et al | Surgery_Schwartz. visualization of the tendon repair under active movement.23 Perceived weaknesses of sedation-free surgery include patient intraoperative anxiety and fear of pain during the administration of local anesthetic. A study by Davison et al, however, found that patients undergoing carpal tunnel release under wide awake local had no difference in anxiety or pain compared to patients undergoing carpal tunnel release with sedation.24Postoperative Pain ManagementSince the recognition of pain as the fifth vital sign in the early 2000s, the number of opioid prescriptions has risen dramati-cally. Accordingly, over the last decade, the United States has seen an increase the number of deaths due to prescription opi-oid overdose. Deaths due to opioid overdose now exceeds the number of deaths caused by heroin and cocaine combined. As healthcare providers, it is essential that we adequately treat post-operative pain with the minimal amount of narcotics necessary. A recent study by Rodgers et al |
Surgery_Schwartz_12766 | Surgery_Schwartz | by heroin and cocaine combined. As healthcare providers, it is essential that we adequately treat post-operative pain with the minimal amount of narcotics necessary. A recent study by Rodgers et al identified that the majority of patients undergoing elective hand surgery used prescription pain medication for only 2 or fewer days after surgery. Many patients achieved adequate pain control with over-the-counter pain med-ication and were often left with unused opioid analgesics.25Accordingly, there has been increased emphasis on educat-ing prescribers on the recognition of opioid abuse and guide-lines for appropriate opioid prescribing. Approaches such as multimodal pain management and opioid prescription protocols have shown to achieve adequate pain control while also reduc-ing excess opioid prescriptions.26SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSAmputations and ReplantationAfter replantation was first reported, replantation was attempted for nearly all amputations.27 Over the ensuing decades, more | Surgery_Schwartz. by heroin and cocaine combined. As healthcare providers, it is essential that we adequately treat post-operative pain with the minimal amount of narcotics necessary. A recent study by Rodgers et al identified that the majority of patients undergoing elective hand surgery used prescription pain medication for only 2 or fewer days after surgery. Many patients achieved adequate pain control with over-the-counter pain med-ication and were often left with unused opioid analgesics.25Accordingly, there has been increased emphasis on educat-ing prescribers on the recognition of opioid abuse and guide-lines for appropriate opioid prescribing. Approaches such as multimodal pain management and opioid prescription protocols have shown to achieve adequate pain control while also reduc-ing excess opioid prescriptions.26SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSAmputations and ReplantationAfter replantation was first reported, replantation was attempted for nearly all amputations.27 Over the ensuing decades, more |
Surgery_Schwartz_12767 | Surgery_Schwartz | opioid prescriptions.26SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSAmputations and ReplantationAfter replantation was first reported, replantation was attempted for nearly all amputations.27 Over the ensuing decades, more stringent guidelines have been established regarding what should be replanted. Indications for replantation include ampu-tations of the thumb, multiple digit amputations, and amputa-tions in children. Relative contraindications to replantation include crush injuries, injuries to a single digit distal to the PIP joint, and patients who are unable to tolerate a long surgical procedure. As with all guidelines, one should evaluate the par-ticular needs of the injured patient.In preparation for replantation, the amputated part and proximal stump should be appropriately treated. The ampu-tated part should be wrapped in moistened gauze and placed in a sealed plastic bag. This bag should then be placed in an ice water bath. Do not use dry ice, and do not allow the part to contact ice directly; | Surgery_Schwartz. opioid prescriptions.26SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSAmputations and ReplantationAfter replantation was first reported, replantation was attempted for nearly all amputations.27 Over the ensuing decades, more stringent guidelines have been established regarding what should be replanted. Indications for replantation include ampu-tations of the thumb, multiple digit amputations, and amputa-tions in children. Relative contraindications to replantation include crush injuries, injuries to a single digit distal to the PIP joint, and patients who are unable to tolerate a long surgical procedure. As with all guidelines, one should evaluate the par-ticular needs of the injured patient.In preparation for replantation, the amputated part and proximal stump should be appropriately treated. The ampu-tated part should be wrapped in moistened gauze and placed in a sealed plastic bag. This bag should then be placed in an ice water bath. Do not use dry ice, and do not allow the part to contact ice directly; |
Surgery_Schwartz_12768 | Surgery_Schwartz | should be wrapped in moistened gauze and placed in a sealed plastic bag. This bag should then be placed in an ice water bath. Do not use dry ice, and do not allow the part to contact ice directly; frostbite can occur in the amputated part, which will decrease its chance of survival after replantation. Bleeding should be controlled in the proximal stump by as mini-mal a means necessary, and the stump should be dressed with a nonadherent gauze and bulky dressing.For digital amputations deemed unsalvageable, revision amputation can be performed in the ED if appropriate equip-ment is available. Bony prominences should be smoothed off with a rongeur and/or rasp. Great care must be taken to identify the digital nerves and resect them back as far proximally in the wound as possible; this helps decrease the chance of painful neuroma in the skin closure. Skin may be closed with perma-nent or absorbable sutures; absorbable sutures will spare the patient the discomfort of suture removal several | Surgery_Schwartz. should be wrapped in moistened gauze and placed in a sealed plastic bag. This bag should then be placed in an ice water bath. Do not use dry ice, and do not allow the part to contact ice directly; frostbite can occur in the amputated part, which will decrease its chance of survival after replantation. Bleeding should be controlled in the proximal stump by as mini-mal a means necessary, and the stump should be dressed with a nonadherent gauze and bulky dressing.For digital amputations deemed unsalvageable, revision amputation can be performed in the ED if appropriate equip-ment is available. Bony prominences should be smoothed off with a rongeur and/or rasp. Great care must be taken to identify the digital nerves and resect them back as far proximally in the wound as possible; this helps decrease the chance of painful neuroma in the skin closure. Skin may be closed with perma-nent or absorbable sutures; absorbable sutures will spare the patient the discomfort of suture removal several |
Surgery_Schwartz_12769 | Surgery_Schwartz | the chance of painful neuroma in the skin closure. Skin may be closed with perma-nent or absorbable sutures; absorbable sutures will spare the patient the discomfort of suture removal several weeks later. For more proximal unsalvageable amputations, revision should be performed in the operating room to maximize vascular and neural control.Prostheses can be made for amputated parts. The more proximal the amputation, the more important to function the prosthesis is likely to be. Although finger-level prostheses are generally considered cosmetic, patients with multiple finger amputations proximal to the DIP have demonstrable functional benefit from their prosthesis as well.28Fingertip InjuriesFingertip injuries are among the most common pathologies seen in an ED. The usual history is that a door closed on the finger (commonly the middle, due to its increased length) or something heavy fell on the finger.Initial evaluation should include: wound(s) including the nail bed, perfusion, | Surgery_Schwartz. the chance of painful neuroma in the skin closure. Skin may be closed with perma-nent or absorbable sutures; absorbable sutures will spare the patient the discomfort of suture removal several weeks later. For more proximal unsalvageable amputations, revision should be performed in the operating room to maximize vascular and neural control.Prostheses can be made for amputated parts. The more proximal the amputation, the more important to function the prosthesis is likely to be. Although finger-level prostheses are generally considered cosmetic, patients with multiple finger amputations proximal to the DIP have demonstrable functional benefit from their prosthesis as well.28Fingertip InjuriesFingertip injuries are among the most common pathologies seen in an ED. The usual history is that a door closed on the finger (commonly the middle, due to its increased length) or something heavy fell on the finger.Initial evaluation should include: wound(s) including the nail bed, perfusion, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12770 | Surgery_Schwartz | a door closed on the finger (commonly the middle, due to its increased length) or something heavy fell on the finger.Initial evaluation should include: wound(s) including the nail bed, perfusion, sensation, and presence and severity of fractures. For the common scenario, complex lacerations with minimally displaced fracture(s) and no loss of perfusion, the wound is cleansed, sutured, and splinted in the ED. To properly assess the nail bed, the nail plate (hard part of the nail) should be removed. A Freer periosteal elevator is well suited for this purpose. Lacerations are repaired with 6-0 fast gut suture. Great care must be taken when suturing because excessive traction with the needle can further lacerate the tissue. After repair, the nail folds are splinted with the patient’s own nail plate (if avail-able) or with aluminum foil from the suture pack. This is done to prevent scarring from the nail folds down to the nail bed that would further compromise healing of the nail.In some | Surgery_Schwartz. a door closed on the finger (commonly the middle, due to its increased length) or something heavy fell on the finger.Initial evaluation should include: wound(s) including the nail bed, perfusion, sensation, and presence and severity of fractures. For the common scenario, complex lacerations with minimally displaced fracture(s) and no loss of perfusion, the wound is cleansed, sutured, and splinted in the ED. To properly assess the nail bed, the nail plate (hard part of the nail) should be removed. A Freer periosteal elevator is well suited for this purpose. Lacerations are repaired with 6-0 fast gut suture. Great care must be taken when suturing because excessive traction with the needle can further lacerate the tissue. After repair, the nail folds are splinted with the patient’s own nail plate (if avail-able) or with aluminum foil from the suture pack. This is done to prevent scarring from the nail folds down to the nail bed that would further compromise healing of the nail.In some |
Surgery_Schwartz_12771 | Surgery_Schwartz | plate (if avail-able) or with aluminum foil from the suture pack. This is done to prevent scarring from the nail folds down to the nail bed that would further compromise healing of the nail.In some situations, tissue may have been avulsed in the injury and be unavailable for repair. Choice of treatment options depends on the amount and location of tissue loss (Fig. 44-15). Historically, wounds less than 1 cm2 with no exposed bone can be treated with local wound care and secondary intention. Recently, studies have reported that wounds with an average size of 1.75 cm2 have healed well with excellent functional and aesthetic results.29 For larger wounds or wounds or with bone exposed, one must decide if the finger is worth preserving at the current length or if shortening to allow for primary closure is a Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193820/02/19 2:48 PM 1939SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44better solution. A useful guideline is the amount of fingernail still present; if | Surgery_Schwartz. plate (if avail-able) or with aluminum foil from the suture pack. This is done to prevent scarring from the nail folds down to the nail bed that would further compromise healing of the nail.In some situations, tissue may have been avulsed in the injury and be unavailable for repair. Choice of treatment options depends on the amount and location of tissue loss (Fig. 44-15). Historically, wounds less than 1 cm2 with no exposed bone can be treated with local wound care and secondary intention. Recently, studies have reported that wounds with an average size of 1.75 cm2 have healed well with excellent functional and aesthetic results.29 For larger wounds or wounds or with bone exposed, one must decide if the finger is worth preserving at the current length or if shortening to allow for primary closure is a Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193820/02/19 2:48 PM 1939SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44better solution. A useful guideline is the amount of fingernail still present; if |
Surgery_Schwartz_12772 | Surgery_Schwartz | closure is a Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193820/02/19 2:48 PM 1939SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44better solution. A useful guideline is the amount of fingernail still present; if greater than 50% is present, local or regional flap coverage may be a good solution.If sufficient local tissue is present, homodigital flaps can be considered. A wide range of antegrade and retrograde homodig-ital flaps can be mobilized to cover the defect. Some carry sen-sation or can receive nerve coaptation to recover sensation over time.30 For the thumb only, the entire volar skin including both neurovascular bundles can be raised and advanced distally up to 1.5 cm2.31 The thumb receives separate vascularity to its dorsal skin from the radial artery. This flap is not appropriate for the fingers. Patients retain full sensibility in the advanced skin and can be mobilized within days of surgery (Fig. 44-16A–C).For wounds too large to cover with homodigital tissue, regional flaps can be | Surgery_Schwartz. closure is a Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193820/02/19 2:48 PM 1939SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44better solution. A useful guideline is the amount of fingernail still present; if greater than 50% is present, local or regional flap coverage may be a good solution.If sufficient local tissue is present, homodigital flaps can be considered. A wide range of antegrade and retrograde homodig-ital flaps can be mobilized to cover the defect. Some carry sen-sation or can receive nerve coaptation to recover sensation over time.30 For the thumb only, the entire volar skin including both neurovascular bundles can be raised and advanced distally up to 1.5 cm2.31 The thumb receives separate vascularity to its dorsal skin from the radial artery. This flap is not appropriate for the fingers. Patients retain full sensibility in the advanced skin and can be mobilized within days of surgery (Fig. 44-16A–C).For wounds too large to cover with homodigital tissue, regional flaps can be |
Surgery_Schwartz_12773 | Surgery_Schwartz | fingers. Patients retain full sensibility in the advanced skin and can be mobilized within days of surgery (Fig. 44-16A–C).For wounds too large to cover with homodigital tissue, regional flaps can be considered. The skin from the distal radial thenar eminence can be raised as a random pattern flap (Fig. 44-16D–F). The finger is maintained in flexion for 14 to 21 days until division of the flap pedicle and inset of the flap. Some authors have reported prolonged stiffness in patients over 30 years old, but careful flap design helps minimize this complication.32 Alternatively, the skin from the dorsum of the middle phalanx of an adjacent digit can be raised as a flap to cover the volar P3 (Fig. 44-16G–I). The flap is inset at 14 to 21 days. Long-term studies have shown this flap develops sen-sation over time.33Patients with fingertip injures must be assessed for the possibility of salvage of the injured digit(s) taken within the context of the patient’s recovery needs and goals. The | Surgery_Schwartz. fingers. Patients retain full sensibility in the advanced skin and can be mobilized within days of surgery (Fig. 44-16A–C).For wounds too large to cover with homodigital tissue, regional flaps can be considered. The skin from the distal radial thenar eminence can be raised as a random pattern flap (Fig. 44-16D–F). The finger is maintained in flexion for 14 to 21 days until division of the flap pedicle and inset of the flap. Some authors have reported prolonged stiffness in patients over 30 years old, but careful flap design helps minimize this complication.32 Alternatively, the skin from the dorsum of the middle phalanx of an adjacent digit can be raised as a flap to cover the volar P3 (Fig. 44-16G–I). The flap is inset at 14 to 21 days. Long-term studies have shown this flap develops sen-sation over time.33Patients with fingertip injures must be assessed for the possibility of salvage of the injured digit(s) taken within the context of the patient’s recovery needs and goals. The |
Surgery_Schwartz_12774 | Surgery_Schwartz | sen-sation over time.33Patients with fingertip injures must be assessed for the possibility of salvage of the injured digit(s) taken within the context of the patient’s recovery needs and goals. The surgeon then matches the available options to the particular patient needs.High-Pressure Injection InjuriesHigh-pressure devices are commonly used for cleaning and applications of liquids such as lubricants and paint. Most commonly, the inexperienced worker accidentally discharges the device into his nondominant hand at the base of the digit. Severity of injury depends on the amount and type of liquid injected; hydrophobic compounds cause greater damage.34These injuries are typically quite innocuous to inspection. They are, however, digit-threatening emergencies. The patient should be informed of the severity of the injury, and explora-tion is ideally performed within 6 hours of injury. Up to 50% of such injuries result in loss of the digit, but early recogni-tion and treatment are | Surgery_Schwartz. sen-sation over time.33Patients with fingertip injures must be assessed for the possibility of salvage of the injured digit(s) taken within the context of the patient’s recovery needs and goals. The surgeon then matches the available options to the particular patient needs.High-Pressure Injection InjuriesHigh-pressure devices are commonly used for cleaning and applications of liquids such as lubricants and paint. Most commonly, the inexperienced worker accidentally discharges the device into his nondominant hand at the base of the digit. Severity of injury depends on the amount and type of liquid injected; hydrophobic compounds cause greater damage.34These injuries are typically quite innocuous to inspection. They are, however, digit-threatening emergencies. The patient should be informed of the severity of the injury, and explora-tion is ideally performed within 6 hours of injury. Up to 50% of such injuries result in loss of the digit, but early recogni-tion and treatment are |
Surgery_Schwartz_12775 | Surgery_Schwartz | of the severity of the injury, and explora-tion is ideally performed within 6 hours of injury. Up to 50% of such injuries result in loss of the digit, but early recogni-tion and treatment are associated with increased chance of digit survival.35 Early frank discussion with the patient and initiation of appropriate treatment produce the best results and medicole-gal protection.Compartment SyndromeCompartment syndromes can occur in the forearm and/or the hand. As in other locations, these are potentially limb-threat-ening issues. Principle symptoms are pain in the affected com-partments, tense swelling, tenderness to palpation over the compartment, and pain with passive stretch of the muscles of the compartment.36 Pulse changes are a late finding; normal pulses do not rule out compartment syndrome.There are three compartments in the forearm and four groups of compartments in the hand. The volar forearm is one compartment. On the dorsum of the forearm, there is the dorsal compartment as | Surgery_Schwartz. of the severity of the injury, and explora-tion is ideally performed within 6 hours of injury. Up to 50% of such injuries result in loss of the digit, but early recogni-tion and treatment are associated with increased chance of digit survival.35 Early frank discussion with the patient and initiation of appropriate treatment produce the best results and medicole-gal protection.Compartment SyndromeCompartment syndromes can occur in the forearm and/or the hand. As in other locations, these are potentially limb-threat-ening issues. Principle symptoms are pain in the affected com-partments, tense swelling, tenderness to palpation over the compartment, and pain with passive stretch of the muscles of the compartment.36 Pulse changes are a late finding; normal pulses do not rule out compartment syndrome.There are three compartments in the forearm and four groups of compartments in the hand. The volar forearm is one compartment. On the dorsum of the forearm, there is the dorsal compartment as |
Surgery_Schwartz_12776 | Surgery_Schwartz | are three compartments in the forearm and four groups of compartments in the hand. The volar forearm is one compartment. On the dorsum of the forearm, there is the dorsal compartment as well as the mobile wad compartment, begin-ning proximally over the lateral epicondyle. In the hand, the thenar and hypothenar eminences each represent a compart-ment. The seven interosseous muscles each behave as a separate compartment.Compartment syndrome can be caused by intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Intrinsic causes include edema and hematoma due to fracture. Extrinsic causes include splints and dressings that are circumferentially too tight and intravenous infiltrations. Infiltrations with hyperosmolar fluids such as X-ray contrast are particularly dangerous, because additional water will be drawn in to neutralize the hyperosmolarity.Measurement of compartment pressures can be a useful adjunct to assessment of the patient. The Stryker pressure mea-surement device or similar device is kept in many | Surgery_Schwartz. are three compartments in the forearm and four groups of compartments in the hand. The volar forearm is one compartment. On the dorsum of the forearm, there is the dorsal compartment as well as the mobile wad compartment, begin-ning proximally over the lateral epicondyle. In the hand, the thenar and hypothenar eminences each represent a compart-ment. The seven interosseous muscles each behave as a separate compartment.Compartment syndrome can be caused by intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Intrinsic causes include edema and hematoma due to fracture. Extrinsic causes include splints and dressings that are circumferentially too tight and intravenous infiltrations. Infiltrations with hyperosmolar fluids such as X-ray contrast are particularly dangerous, because additional water will be drawn in to neutralize the hyperosmolarity.Measurement of compartment pressures can be a useful adjunct to assessment of the patient. The Stryker pressure mea-surement device or similar device is kept in many |
Surgery_Schwartz_12777 | Surgery_Schwartz | to neutralize the hyperosmolarity.Measurement of compartment pressures can be a useful adjunct to assessment of the patient. The Stryker pressure mea-surement device or similar device is kept in many operating rooms for this purpose. The needle is inserted into the compart-ment in question, a gentle flush with 0.1 to 0.2 cc of saline clears the measurement chamber, and a reading is obtained. Studies have disagreed about whether the criterion is a measured pres-sure (30–45 mmHg, depending on the series) or within a certain amount of the diastolic blood pressure.37Compartment releases are performed in the operating room under tourniquet control. Release of the volar forearm compartment includes release of the carpal tunnel. As the inci-sion travels distally, it should pass ulnar and then curve back radially just before the carpal tunnel. This avoids a linear inci-sion across a flexion crease and also decreases the chance of injury to the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. One | Surgery_Schwartz. to neutralize the hyperosmolarity.Measurement of compartment pressures can be a useful adjunct to assessment of the patient. The Stryker pressure mea-surement device or similar device is kept in many operating rooms for this purpose. The needle is inserted into the compart-ment in question, a gentle flush with 0.1 to 0.2 cc of saline clears the measurement chamber, and a reading is obtained. Studies have disagreed about whether the criterion is a measured pres-sure (30–45 mmHg, depending on the series) or within a certain amount of the diastolic blood pressure.37Compartment releases are performed in the operating room under tourniquet control. Release of the volar forearm compartment includes release of the carpal tunnel. As the inci-sion travels distally, it should pass ulnar and then curve back radially just before the carpal tunnel. This avoids a linear inci-sion across a flexion crease and also decreases the chance of injury to the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. One |
Surgery_Schwartz_12778 | Surgery_Schwartz | back radially just before the carpal tunnel. This avoids a linear inci-sion across a flexion crease and also decreases the chance of injury to the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. One dorsal forearm incision can release the dorsal compartment and the mobile wad. In the hand, the thenar and hypothenar com-partments are released each with a single incision. The interos-seous compartments are released with incisions over the index and ring metacarpal shafts. Dissection then continues radial and ulnar to each of these bones and provides release of all the mus-cle compartments. Any dead muscle is debrided. Incisions are left open and covered with a nonadherent dressing. The wounds are reexplored in 2 to 3 days to assess for muscle viability. Often the incisions can be closed primarily, but a skin graft may be needed for the forearm.Fingertip injuryGreater than 50%nailbed remainingHeal by secondaryintentionSufficient same digittissueVolar V-YNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesCross-finger | Surgery_Schwartz. back radially just before the carpal tunnel. This avoids a linear inci-sion across a flexion crease and also decreases the chance of injury to the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. One dorsal forearm incision can release the dorsal compartment and the mobile wad. In the hand, the thenar and hypothenar com-partments are released each with a single incision. The interos-seous compartments are released with incisions over the index and ring metacarpal shafts. Dissection then continues radial and ulnar to each of these bones and provides release of all the mus-cle compartments. Any dead muscle is debrided. Incisions are left open and covered with a nonadherent dressing. The wounds are reexplored in 2 to 3 days to assess for muscle viability. Often the incisions can be closed primarily, but a skin graft may be needed for the forearm.Fingertip injuryGreater than 50%nailbed remainingHeal by secondaryintentionSufficient same digittissueVolar V-YNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesCross-finger |
Surgery_Schwartz_12779 | Surgery_Schwartz | but a skin graft may be needed for the forearm.Fingertip injuryGreater than 50%nailbed remainingHeal by secondaryintentionSufficient same digittissueVolar V-YNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesCross-finger flapBilateral V-YMoberg flap(Thumb only)Shorten bone forprimary stumpclosureTissue lossThenar flapWound <1 cm2 andno exposed bonePrimary repairFigure 44-15. Treatment algorithm for management of fingertip injuries. See text for description of flaps.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193920/02/19 2:48 PM 1940SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIFigure 44-16. Local flaps for digital tip coverage. A–C. For thumb injuries, Moberg described elevation of the entire volar skin with both neurovascular bundles for distal advancement. Sensation to the advanced skin is maintained. D–F. An 8-year-old girl underwent fingertip replantation that did not survive. A thenar flap was transferred to cover the defect. Some authors advise against its use in patients over 30 years old. G–I. In this 45-year-old man, the | Surgery_Schwartz. but a skin graft may be needed for the forearm.Fingertip injuryGreater than 50%nailbed remainingHeal by secondaryintentionSufficient same digittissueVolar V-YNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesCross-finger flapBilateral V-YMoberg flap(Thumb only)Shorten bone forprimary stumpclosureTissue lossThenar flapWound <1 cm2 andno exposed bonePrimary repairFigure 44-15. Treatment algorithm for management of fingertip injuries. See text for description of flaps.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 193920/02/19 2:48 PM 1940SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIFigure 44-16. Local flaps for digital tip coverage. A–C. For thumb injuries, Moberg described elevation of the entire volar skin with both neurovascular bundles for distal advancement. Sensation to the advanced skin is maintained. D–F. An 8-year-old girl underwent fingertip replantation that did not survive. A thenar flap was transferred to cover the defect. Some authors advise against its use in patients over 30 years old. G–I. In this 45-year-old man, the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12780 | Surgery_Schwartz | fingertip replantation that did not survive. A thenar flap was transferred to cover the defect. Some authors advise against its use in patients over 30 years old. G–I. In this 45-year-old man, the entire skin of P3 of the long finger was avulsed and unrecoverable. A cross-finger flap was transferred and provides excellent, durable coverage. The border of the flap and surrounding skin is still apparent 4.5 months after surgery.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194020/02/19 2:49 PM 1941SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Figure 44-16. (Continued)Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194120/02/19 2:49 PM 1942SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIFigure 44-16. (Continued)Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194220/02/19 2:49 PM 1943SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44If the examiner feels the patient does not have a compart-ment syndrome, elevation and serial examination are manda-tory. When in doubt, it is safer to release an early compartment syndrome than wait to release and risk | Surgery_Schwartz. fingertip replantation that did not survive. A thenar flap was transferred to cover the defect. Some authors advise against its use in patients over 30 years old. G–I. In this 45-year-old man, the entire skin of P3 of the long finger was avulsed and unrecoverable. A cross-finger flap was transferred and provides excellent, durable coverage. The border of the flap and surrounding skin is still apparent 4.5 months after surgery.Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194020/02/19 2:49 PM 1941SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Figure 44-16. (Continued)Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194120/02/19 2:49 PM 1942SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIFigure 44-16. (Continued)Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194220/02/19 2:49 PM 1943SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44If the examiner feels the patient does not have a compart-ment syndrome, elevation and serial examination are manda-tory. When in doubt, it is safer to release an early compartment syndrome than wait to release and risk |
Surgery_Schwartz_12781 | Surgery_Schwartz | the patient does not have a compart-ment syndrome, elevation and serial examination are manda-tory. When in doubt, it is safer to release an early compartment syndrome than wait to release and risk muscle necrosis. Pro-gression of compartment syndrome can lead to Volkmann’s ischemic contracture with muscle loss and scarring that may compress nerves and other critical structures. Medicolegally, it is far easier to defend releasing an early compartment syn-drome than delaying treatment until the process has progressed to necrosis and/or deeper scarring.COMPLICATIONSNonunionAny fractured bone has the risk of failing to heal. Fortunately, in the fingers and hand, this is a rare problem. Tuft injuries, where soft tissue interposes between the fracture fragments, have rela-tively higher risk of this problem. The nonunited tuft can be treated with debridement and bone grafting or revision amputa-tion depending on the needs and goals of the patient. Phalan-geal and metacarpal nonunions are | Surgery_Schwartz. the patient does not have a compart-ment syndrome, elevation and serial examination are manda-tory. When in doubt, it is safer to release an early compartment syndrome than wait to release and risk muscle necrosis. Pro-gression of compartment syndrome can lead to Volkmann’s ischemic contracture with muscle loss and scarring that may compress nerves and other critical structures. Medicolegally, it is far easier to defend releasing an early compartment syn-drome than delaying treatment until the process has progressed to necrosis and/or deeper scarring.COMPLICATIONSNonunionAny fractured bone has the risk of failing to heal. Fortunately, in the fingers and hand, this is a rare problem. Tuft injuries, where soft tissue interposes between the fracture fragments, have rela-tively higher risk of this problem. The nonunited tuft can be treated with debridement and bone grafting or revision amputa-tion depending on the needs and goals of the patient. Phalan-geal and metacarpal nonunions are |
Surgery_Schwartz_12782 | Surgery_Schwartz | of this problem. The nonunited tuft can be treated with debridement and bone grafting or revision amputa-tion depending on the needs and goals of the patient. Phalan-geal and metacarpal nonunions are also quite rare. They can similarly be treated with debridement of the nonunion, grafting, and rigid fixation.38 More proximally, the scaphoid bone of the wrist has a significant risk of nonunion even if nondisplaced (see Fig. 44-9A). Any patient suspected of a scaphoid injury, namely those with tenderness at the anatomic snuffbox, should be placed in a thumb spica splint and reevaluated within 2 weeks even if initial X-rays show no fracture. Scaphoid nonunions can be quite challenging to repair, and immobilization at the time of injury in a thumb spica splint is essentially always warranted.39StiffnessThe desired outcome of any hand injury is a painless, mobile, functional hand. Multiple factors can contribute to decreased mobility, including complex injuries of soft tissue and bone, | Surgery_Schwartz. of this problem. The nonunited tuft can be treated with debridement and bone grafting or revision amputa-tion depending on the needs and goals of the patient. Phalan-geal and metacarpal nonunions are also quite rare. They can similarly be treated with debridement of the nonunion, grafting, and rigid fixation.38 More proximally, the scaphoid bone of the wrist has a significant risk of nonunion even if nondisplaced (see Fig. 44-9A). Any patient suspected of a scaphoid injury, namely those with tenderness at the anatomic snuffbox, should be placed in a thumb spica splint and reevaluated within 2 weeks even if initial X-rays show no fracture. Scaphoid nonunions can be quite challenging to repair, and immobilization at the time of injury in a thumb spica splint is essentially always warranted.39StiffnessThe desired outcome of any hand injury is a painless, mobile, functional hand. Multiple factors can contribute to decreased mobility, including complex injuries of soft tissue and bone, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12783 | Surgery_Schwartz | desired outcome of any hand injury is a painless, mobile, functional hand. Multiple factors can contribute to decreased mobility, including complex injuries of soft tissue and bone, noncompliance of the patient with postoperative therapy, and inappropriate splinting. The surgeon performing the initial eval-uation can greatly impact this last factor. The goal of splinting is to keep the collateral ligaments on tension (MPs at 90°, IP joints straight). For severe cases of stiffness, mobilization sur-geries such as tenolysis and capsulotomies can be performed, but these rarely produce normal range of motion.40 Prevention of joint contractures with appropriate splinting and early, pro-tected mobilization is the best option to maximize mobility at the end of healing. Healing of an injured or diseased structure in the hand is not the endpoint of treatment; the goal of any inter-vention must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximization of function.NeuromaAny lacerated | Surgery_Schwartz. desired outcome of any hand injury is a painless, mobile, functional hand. Multiple factors can contribute to decreased mobility, including complex injuries of soft tissue and bone, noncompliance of the patient with postoperative therapy, and inappropriate splinting. The surgeon performing the initial eval-uation can greatly impact this last factor. The goal of splinting is to keep the collateral ligaments on tension (MPs at 90°, IP joints straight). For severe cases of stiffness, mobilization sur-geries such as tenolysis and capsulotomies can be performed, but these rarely produce normal range of motion.40 Prevention of joint contractures with appropriate splinting and early, pro-tected mobilization is the best option to maximize mobility at the end of healing. Healing of an injured or diseased structure in the hand is not the endpoint of treatment; the goal of any inter-vention must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximization of function.NeuromaAny lacerated |
Surgery_Schwartz_12784 | Surgery_Schwartz | diseased structure in the hand is not the endpoint of treatment; the goal of any inter-vention must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximization of function.NeuromaAny lacerated nerve will form a neuroma. A neuroma consists of a ball of scar and axon sprouts at the end of the injured nerve.41 In unfavorable circumstances, this neuroma can become painful. The SRN is particularly notorious for this problem. By provid-ing proximal axon sprouts a target, nerve repair is an excellent preventive technique. In some circumstances, such as injuries requiring amputation, this is not possible. As mentioned earlier, the surgeon should resect the nerve stump as far proximally in the wound as possible to avoid the nerve stump healing in the cutaneous scar to minimize this risk.For the patient who develops a painful neuroma, nonsurgi-cal treatments are initiated first. The neuroma can be identified by the presence of a Tinel’s sign. Therapy techniques of desen-sitization, | Surgery_Schwartz. diseased structure in the hand is not the endpoint of treatment; the goal of any inter-vention must be to obtain structure healing, relief of pain, and maximization of function.NeuromaAny lacerated nerve will form a neuroma. A neuroma consists of a ball of scar and axon sprouts at the end of the injured nerve.41 In unfavorable circumstances, this neuroma can become painful. The SRN is particularly notorious for this problem. By provid-ing proximal axon sprouts a target, nerve repair is an excellent preventive technique. In some circumstances, such as injuries requiring amputation, this is not possible. As mentioned earlier, the surgeon should resect the nerve stump as far proximally in the wound as possible to avoid the nerve stump healing in the cutaneous scar to minimize this risk.For the patient who develops a painful neuroma, nonsurgi-cal treatments are initiated first. The neuroma can be identified by the presence of a Tinel’s sign. Therapy techniques of desen-sitization, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12785 | Surgery_Schwartz | the patient who develops a painful neuroma, nonsurgi-cal treatments are initiated first. The neuroma can be identified by the presence of a Tinel’s sign. Therapy techniques of desen-sitization, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation have all proven useful. Corticosteroid injection to the neuroma has also proven useful in some hands.When these techniques fail, surgery is contemplated. The neuroma can be resected, but a new one will form to replace it. The nerve ending can be buried in muscle or even bone to pre-vent the neuroma from residing in a superficial location where it may be impacted frequently.Regional Pain SyndromesInjuries to the upper extremity can occasionally result in the patient experiencing pain beyond the area of initial injury. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetic mediated pain are two terms that have been used in the past to describe this phenomenon. Both are inaccurate, as the sympathetic nervous system is not always involved. Current terminology for this | Surgery_Schwartz. the patient who develops a painful neuroma, nonsurgi-cal treatments are initiated first. The neuroma can be identified by the presence of a Tinel’s sign. Therapy techniques of desen-sitization, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation have all proven useful. Corticosteroid injection to the neuroma has also proven useful in some hands.When these techniques fail, surgery is contemplated. The neuroma can be resected, but a new one will form to replace it. The nerve ending can be buried in muscle or even bone to pre-vent the neuroma from residing in a superficial location where it may be impacted frequently.Regional Pain SyndromesInjuries to the upper extremity can occasionally result in the patient experiencing pain beyond the area of initial injury. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetic mediated pain are two terms that have been used in the past to describe this phenomenon. Both are inaccurate, as the sympathetic nervous system is not always involved. Current terminology for this |
Surgery_Schwartz_12786 | Surgery_Schwartz | mediated pain are two terms that have been used in the past to describe this phenomenon. Both are inaccurate, as the sympathetic nervous system is not always involved. Current terminology for this condition is complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Type I occurs in the absence of a documented nerve injury; type II occurs in the presence of one.42CRPSs manifest as pain beyond the area of initial inju-ries. There is often associated edema and changes in hair and/or sweat distribution. Comparison to the unaffected side is useful to better appreciate these findings. There are currently no imag-ing studies that can be considered diagnostic for CRPS.43For the patient in whom the diagnosis of CRPS is not clear, no definitive diagnostic study exists. Patients suspected of CRPS should be referred for aggressive hand therapy. Brief trials of oral corticosteroids have been successful in some series. Referral to a pain management specialist including a trial of stel-late ganglion blocks is also | Surgery_Schwartz. mediated pain are two terms that have been used in the past to describe this phenomenon. Both are inaccurate, as the sympathetic nervous system is not always involved. Current terminology for this condition is complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Type I occurs in the absence of a documented nerve injury; type II occurs in the presence of one.42CRPSs manifest as pain beyond the area of initial inju-ries. There is often associated edema and changes in hair and/or sweat distribution. Comparison to the unaffected side is useful to better appreciate these findings. There are currently no imag-ing studies that can be considered diagnostic for CRPS.43For the patient in whom the diagnosis of CRPS is not clear, no definitive diagnostic study exists. Patients suspected of CRPS should be referred for aggressive hand therapy. Brief trials of oral corticosteroids have been successful in some series. Referral to a pain management specialist including a trial of stel-late ganglion blocks is also |
Surgery_Schwartz_12787 | Surgery_Schwartz | for aggressive hand therapy. Brief trials of oral corticosteroids have been successful in some series. Referral to a pain management specialist including a trial of stel-late ganglion blocks is also frequently employed.NERVE COMPRESSIONNerves conduct signals along their axonal membranes toward their end organs. Sensory axons carry signals from distal to proximal; motor axons from proximal to distal. Myelin from Schwann cells allows faster conduction of signals. Signals jump from the start of one Schwann cell to the end of the cell (a loca-tion called a gap junction) and only require the slower mem-brane depolarization in these locations.Nerve compression creates a mechanical disturbance of the nerve.44 In early disease, the conduction signal is slowed across the area of compression. When compression occurs to a sufficient degree for a sufficient time, individual axons may die. On a nerve conduction study, this manifests as a decrease in amplitude. Muscles receiving motor axons may | Surgery_Schwartz. for aggressive hand therapy. Brief trials of oral corticosteroids have been successful in some series. Referral to a pain management specialist including a trial of stel-late ganglion blocks is also frequently employed.NERVE COMPRESSIONNerves conduct signals along their axonal membranes toward their end organs. Sensory axons carry signals from distal to proximal; motor axons from proximal to distal. Myelin from Schwann cells allows faster conduction of signals. Signals jump from the start of one Schwann cell to the end of the cell (a loca-tion called a gap junction) and only require the slower mem-brane depolarization in these locations.Nerve compression creates a mechanical disturbance of the nerve.44 In early disease, the conduction signal is slowed across the area of compression. When compression occurs to a sufficient degree for a sufficient time, individual axons may die. On a nerve conduction study, this manifests as a decrease in amplitude. Muscles receiving motor axons may |
Surgery_Schwartz_12788 | Surgery_Schwartz | compression occurs to a sufficient degree for a sufficient time, individual axons may die. On a nerve conduction study, this manifests as a decrease in amplitude. Muscles receiving motor axons may show electri-cal disturbance on electromyogram (EMG) when sufficiently deprived of their axonal input.Compression of sensory nerves typically produces a com-bination of numbness, paresthesias (pins and needles), and pain. Knowledge of the anatomic distribution of the peripheral nerves can aid in diagnosis. Sensory disturbance outside an area of dis-tribution of a particular nerve (e.g., volar and dorsal radial-sided hand numbness for median nerve) makes compression of that nerve less likely. Diseases that cause systemic neuropathy (e.g., diabetes) can make diagnosis more difficult.Nerve compression can theoretically occur anywhere along a peripheral nerve’s course. The most common sites of nerve compression in the upper extremity are the median nerve at the carpal tunnel, ulnar nerve at the | Surgery_Schwartz. compression occurs to a sufficient degree for a sufficient time, individual axons may die. On a nerve conduction study, this manifests as a decrease in amplitude. Muscles receiving motor axons may show electri-cal disturbance on electromyogram (EMG) when sufficiently deprived of their axonal input.Compression of sensory nerves typically produces a com-bination of numbness, paresthesias (pins and needles), and pain. Knowledge of the anatomic distribution of the peripheral nerves can aid in diagnosis. Sensory disturbance outside an area of dis-tribution of a particular nerve (e.g., volar and dorsal radial-sided hand numbness for median nerve) makes compression of that nerve less likely. Diseases that cause systemic neuropathy (e.g., diabetes) can make diagnosis more difficult.Nerve compression can theoretically occur anywhere along a peripheral nerve’s course. The most common sites of nerve compression in the upper extremity are the median nerve at the carpal tunnel, ulnar nerve at the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12789 | Surgery_Schwartz | can theoretically occur anywhere along a peripheral nerve’s course. The most common sites of nerve compression in the upper extremity are the median nerve at the carpal tunnel, ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel, and ulnar nerve at Guyon’s canal. Other, less common locations of nerve 4Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194320/02/19 2:49 PM 1944SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIcompression are described as well. In addition, a nerve can become compressed in scar due to a previous trauma.Carpal Tunnel SyndromeThe most common location of upper extremity nerve compres-sion is the median nerve at the carpal tunnel, called carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The carpal tunnel is bordered by the scaphoid bone radially, the lunate and capitate bones dorsally, and the hook of the hamate bone ulnarly (see Fig. 44-3). The transverse carpal ligament, also called the flexor retinaculum, is its super-ficial border. The FPL, four FDS, and four FDP tendons pass through the carpal tunnel along with the median | Surgery_Schwartz. can theoretically occur anywhere along a peripheral nerve’s course. The most common sites of nerve compression in the upper extremity are the median nerve at the carpal tunnel, ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel, and ulnar nerve at Guyon’s canal. Other, less common locations of nerve 4Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194320/02/19 2:49 PM 1944SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSPART IIcompression are described as well. In addition, a nerve can become compressed in scar due to a previous trauma.Carpal Tunnel SyndromeThe most common location of upper extremity nerve compres-sion is the median nerve at the carpal tunnel, called carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The carpal tunnel is bordered by the scaphoid bone radially, the lunate and capitate bones dorsally, and the hook of the hamate bone ulnarly (see Fig. 44-3). The transverse carpal ligament, also called the flexor retinaculum, is its super-ficial border. The FPL, four FDS, and four FDP tendons pass through the carpal tunnel along with the median |
Surgery_Schwartz_12790 | Surgery_Schwartz | 44-3). The transverse carpal ligament, also called the flexor retinaculum, is its super-ficial border. The FPL, four FDS, and four FDP tendons pass through the carpal tunnel along with the median nerve. Of these 10 structures, the median nerve is relatively superficial and radial to the other nine.An estimated 53 per 10,000 working adults have evidence of CTS. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health website asserts, “There is strong evidence of a positive association between exposure to a combination of risk factors (e.g., force and repetition, force and posture) and CTS.”45 There is disagreement among hand surgeons regarding whether occur-rence of CTS in a patient who does repetitive activities at work represents a work-related injury.Initial evaluation of the patient consists of symptom inven-tory: location and character of the symptoms, sleep disturbance due to symptoms, history of dropping objects, and difficulty manipulating small objects such as buttons, coins, | Surgery_Schwartz. 44-3). The transverse carpal ligament, also called the flexor retinaculum, is its super-ficial border. The FPL, four FDS, and four FDP tendons pass through the carpal tunnel along with the median nerve. Of these 10 structures, the median nerve is relatively superficial and radial to the other nine.An estimated 53 per 10,000 working adults have evidence of CTS. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health website asserts, “There is strong evidence of a positive association between exposure to a combination of risk factors (e.g., force and repetition, force and posture) and CTS.”45 There is disagreement among hand surgeons regarding whether occur-rence of CTS in a patient who does repetitive activities at work represents a work-related injury.Initial evaluation of the patient consists of symptom inven-tory: location and character of the symptoms, sleep disturbance due to symptoms, history of dropping objects, and difficulty manipulating small objects such as buttons, coins, |
Surgery_Schwartz_12791 | Surgery_Schwartz | of symptom inven-tory: location and character of the symptoms, sleep disturbance due to symptoms, history of dropping objects, and difficulty manipulating small objects such as buttons, coins, or jewelry clasps.46Physical examination should begin with inspection. Look for evidence of wasting of the thenar muscles. Tinel’s sign should be tested over the median nerve from the volar wrist flexion crease to the proximal palm, although this test has significant interexam-iner variability.47 Applying pressure over the carpal tunnel while flexing the wrist has been shown in one series to have the high-est sensitivity when compared to Phalen’s and Tinel’s signs.48 Strength of the thumb in opposition should also be tested.Early treatment of CTS consists of conservative man-agement. The patient is given a splint to keep the wrist at 20° extension worn at nighttime. Many patients can have years of symptom relief with this management. As a treatment and diag-nostic modality, corticosteroid | Surgery_Schwartz. of symptom inven-tory: location and character of the symptoms, sleep disturbance due to symptoms, history of dropping objects, and difficulty manipulating small objects such as buttons, coins, or jewelry clasps.46Physical examination should begin with inspection. Look for evidence of wasting of the thenar muscles. Tinel’s sign should be tested over the median nerve from the volar wrist flexion crease to the proximal palm, although this test has significant interexam-iner variability.47 Applying pressure over the carpal tunnel while flexing the wrist has been shown in one series to have the high-est sensitivity when compared to Phalen’s and Tinel’s signs.48 Strength of the thumb in opposition should also be tested.Early treatment of CTS consists of conservative man-agement. The patient is given a splint to keep the wrist at 20° extension worn at nighttime. Many patients can have years of symptom relief with this management. As a treatment and diag-nostic modality, corticosteroid |
Surgery_Schwartz_12792 | Surgery_Schwartz | is given a splint to keep the wrist at 20° extension worn at nighttime. Many patients can have years of symptom relief with this management. As a treatment and diag-nostic modality, corticosteroid injection of the carpal tunnel is often employed. Mixing local anesthetic into the solution pro-vides the benefit of early symptom relief (corticosteroids often take 3–7 days to provide noticeable benefit), and report of postin-jection anesthesia in the median nerve distribution confirms the injection went into the correct location. Multiple authors have shown a strong correlation to relief of symptoms with cortico-steroid injection and good response to carpal tunnel release.49When lesser measures fail or are no longer effective, carpal tunnel release is indicated. Open carpal tunnel release is a time-tested procedure with documented long-term relief of symptoms. A direct incision is made over the carpal tun-nel, typically in line with where the ring finger pad touches the proximal palm in | Surgery_Schwartz. is given a splint to keep the wrist at 20° extension worn at nighttime. Many patients can have years of symptom relief with this management. As a treatment and diag-nostic modality, corticosteroid injection of the carpal tunnel is often employed. Mixing local anesthetic into the solution pro-vides the benefit of early symptom relief (corticosteroids often take 3–7 days to provide noticeable benefit), and report of postin-jection anesthesia in the median nerve distribution confirms the injection went into the correct location. Multiple authors have shown a strong correlation to relief of symptoms with cortico-steroid injection and good response to carpal tunnel release.49When lesser measures fail or are no longer effective, carpal tunnel release is indicated. Open carpal tunnel release is a time-tested procedure with documented long-term relief of symptoms. A direct incision is made over the carpal tun-nel, typically in line with where the ring finger pad touches the proximal palm in |
Surgery_Schwartz_12793 | Surgery_Schwartz | a time-tested procedure with documented long-term relief of symptoms. A direct incision is made over the carpal tun-nel, typically in line with where the ring finger pad touches the proximal palm in flexion. Skin is divided followed by palmar fascia. The carpal tunnel contents are visualized as they exit the carpal tunnel. The transverse carpal ligament is divided with the median nerve visualized and protected at all times. Improve-ment in symptoms is typically noted by the first postoperative visit, although symptom relief may be incomplete for patients with long-standing disease or systemic nerve-affecting diseases such as diabetes.Endoscopic techniques have been devised to address CTS. All involve avoidance of incising the skin directly over the carpal tunnel. In experienced hands, endoscopic carpal tunnel release provides the same relief of CTS with less intense and shorter lasting postoperative pain. After 3 months, however, the results are equivalent to open release.50 In | Surgery_Schwartz. a time-tested procedure with documented long-term relief of symptoms. A direct incision is made over the carpal tun-nel, typically in line with where the ring finger pad touches the proximal palm in flexion. Skin is divided followed by palmar fascia. The carpal tunnel contents are visualized as they exit the carpal tunnel. The transverse carpal ligament is divided with the median nerve visualized and protected at all times. Improve-ment in symptoms is typically noted by the first postoperative visit, although symptom relief may be incomplete for patients with long-standing disease or systemic nerve-affecting diseases such as diabetes.Endoscopic techniques have been devised to address CTS. All involve avoidance of incising the skin directly over the carpal tunnel. In experienced hands, endoscopic carpal tunnel release provides the same relief of CTS with less intense and shorter lasting postoperative pain. After 3 months, however, the results are equivalent to open release.50 In |
Surgery_Schwartz_12794 | Surgery_Schwartz | endoscopic carpal tunnel release provides the same relief of CTS with less intense and shorter lasting postoperative pain. After 3 months, however, the results are equivalent to open release.50 In inexperienced hands, there may be a higher risk of injury to the median nerve with the endoscopic techniques; this procedure is not for the occasional carpal tunnel surgeon.Cubital Tunnel SyndromeThe second most common location of upper extremity nerve compression is the ulnar nerve where it passes behind the elbow at the cubital tunnel. The cubital tunnel retinaculum passes between the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olec-ranon process of the ulna. It stabilizes the ulnar nerve in this location during elbow motion. Over time, or sometimes after trauma, the ulnar nerve can become less stabilized in this area. Motion of the elbow then produces trauma to the nerve as it impacts the retinaculum and medial epicondyle.Cubital tunnel syndrome may produce sensory and motor symptoms.51 The | Surgery_Schwartz. endoscopic carpal tunnel release provides the same relief of CTS with less intense and shorter lasting postoperative pain. After 3 months, however, the results are equivalent to open release.50 In inexperienced hands, there may be a higher risk of injury to the median nerve with the endoscopic techniques; this procedure is not for the occasional carpal tunnel surgeon.Cubital Tunnel SyndromeThe second most common location of upper extremity nerve compression is the ulnar nerve where it passes behind the elbow at the cubital tunnel. The cubital tunnel retinaculum passes between the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olec-ranon process of the ulna. It stabilizes the ulnar nerve in this location during elbow motion. Over time, or sometimes after trauma, the ulnar nerve can become less stabilized in this area. Motion of the elbow then produces trauma to the nerve as it impacts the retinaculum and medial epicondyle.Cubital tunnel syndrome may produce sensory and motor symptoms.51 The |
Surgery_Schwartz_12795 | Surgery_Schwartz | in this area. Motion of the elbow then produces trauma to the nerve as it impacts the retinaculum and medial epicondyle.Cubital tunnel syndrome may produce sensory and motor symptoms.51 The small finger and ulnar half of the ring fin-gers may have numbness, paresthesias, and/or pain. The ulnar nerve also innervates the dorsal surface of the small finger and ulnar side of the ring finger, so numbness in these areas can be explained by cubital tunnel syndrome. The patient may also report weakness in grip due to effects on the FDP tendons to the ring and small fingers and the intrinsic hand muscles. Patients with advanced disease may complain of inability to fully extend the ring and small finger IP joints.Physical examination for cubital tunnel syndrome begins with inspection. Look for wasting in the hypothenar eminence and the interdigital web spaces. When the hand rests flat on the table, the small finger may rest in abduction with respect to the other fingers; this is called | Surgery_Schwartz. in this area. Motion of the elbow then produces trauma to the nerve as it impacts the retinaculum and medial epicondyle.Cubital tunnel syndrome may produce sensory and motor symptoms.51 The small finger and ulnar half of the ring fin-gers may have numbness, paresthesias, and/or pain. The ulnar nerve also innervates the dorsal surface of the small finger and ulnar side of the ring finger, so numbness in these areas can be explained by cubital tunnel syndrome. The patient may also report weakness in grip due to effects on the FDP tendons to the ring and small fingers and the intrinsic hand muscles. Patients with advanced disease may complain of inability to fully extend the ring and small finger IP joints.Physical examination for cubital tunnel syndrome begins with inspection. Look for wasting in the hypothenar eminence and the interdigital web spaces. When the hand rests flat on the table, the small finger may rest in abduction with respect to the other fingers; this is called |
Surgery_Schwartz_12796 | Surgery_Schwartz | for wasting in the hypothenar eminence and the interdigital web spaces. When the hand rests flat on the table, the small finger may rest in abduction with respect to the other fingers; this is called Wartenberg’s sign. Tinel’s sign is often present at the cubital tunnel. Elbow flexion and the shoulder internal rotation tests are affective maneuvers to aid in the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome.52 Grip strength and finger abduction strength should be compared to the unaffected side. Froment’s sign can be tested by placing a sheet of paper between the thumb and index finger and instructing the patient to hold on to the paper while the examiner pulls it away without flexing the finger or thumb (this tests the strength of the adduc-tor pollicis and first dorsal interosseous muscles). If the patient must flex the index finger and/or thumb (FDP-index and FPL, both median nerve supplied) to maintain traction on the paper, this is a positive response.Early treatment of cubital tunnel | Surgery_Schwartz. for wasting in the hypothenar eminence and the interdigital web spaces. When the hand rests flat on the table, the small finger may rest in abduction with respect to the other fingers; this is called Wartenberg’s sign. Tinel’s sign is often present at the cubital tunnel. Elbow flexion and the shoulder internal rotation tests are affective maneuvers to aid in the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome.52 Grip strength and finger abduction strength should be compared to the unaffected side. Froment’s sign can be tested by placing a sheet of paper between the thumb and index finger and instructing the patient to hold on to the paper while the examiner pulls it away without flexing the finger or thumb (this tests the strength of the adduc-tor pollicis and first dorsal interosseous muscles). If the patient must flex the index finger and/or thumb (FDP-index and FPL, both median nerve supplied) to maintain traction on the paper, this is a positive response.Early treatment of cubital tunnel |
Surgery_Schwartz_12797 | Surgery_Schwartz | If the patient must flex the index finger and/or thumb (FDP-index and FPL, both median nerve supplied) to maintain traction on the paper, this is a positive response.Early treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome begins with avoiding maximal flexion of the elbow. Splints are often used for this purpose. Corticosteroid injection is rarely done for this condition; unlike in the carpal tunnel, there is very little space within the tunnel outside of the nerve. Injection in this area runs a risk of intraneural injection, which can cause permanent scar-ring of the nerve and dysfunction.When conservative management fails, surgery has been contemplated. Treatment options include releasing the cubital tunnel retinaculum with or without transposing the nerve ante-rior to the elbow. While some authors advocate anterior trans-position into the flexor-pronator muscle group with the goal of maximizing nerve recovery, recent studies have demonstrated equivalent results between transposition and in situ | Surgery_Schwartz. If the patient must flex the index finger and/or thumb (FDP-index and FPL, both median nerve supplied) to maintain traction on the paper, this is a positive response.Early treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome begins with avoiding maximal flexion of the elbow. Splints are often used for this purpose. Corticosteroid injection is rarely done for this condition; unlike in the carpal tunnel, there is very little space within the tunnel outside of the nerve. Injection in this area runs a risk of intraneural injection, which can cause permanent scar-ring of the nerve and dysfunction.When conservative management fails, surgery has been contemplated. Treatment options include releasing the cubital tunnel retinaculum with or without transposing the nerve ante-rior to the elbow. While some authors advocate anterior trans-position into the flexor-pronator muscle group with the goal of maximizing nerve recovery, recent studies have demonstrated equivalent results between transposition and in situ |
Surgery_Schwartz_12798 | Surgery_Schwartz | anterior trans-position into the flexor-pronator muscle group with the goal of maximizing nerve recovery, recent studies have demonstrated equivalent results between transposition and in situ release of the nerve even in advanced cases. For this reason, the simpler in situ release, either open or endoscopic, is preferred by many surgeons.53Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194420/02/19 2:49 PM 1945SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Other Sites of Nerve CompressionAll nerves crossing the forearm have areas described where compression can occur.51 The median nerve can be compressed as it passes under the pronator teres. The ulnar nerve can be compressed as it passes through Guyon’s canal. The radial nerve, or its posterior interosseous branch, can be compressed as it passes through the radial tunnel (distal to the elbow where the nerve divides and passes under the arch of the supinator muscle). The SRN can be compressed distally in the forearm as it emerges from under the | Surgery_Schwartz. anterior trans-position into the flexor-pronator muscle group with the goal of maximizing nerve recovery, recent studies have demonstrated equivalent results between transposition and in situ release of the nerve even in advanced cases. For this reason, the simpler in situ release, either open or endoscopic, is preferred by many surgeons.53Brunicardi_Ch44_p1925-p1966.indd 194420/02/19 2:49 PM 1945SURGERY OF THE HAND AND WRISTCHAPTER 44Other Sites of Nerve CompressionAll nerves crossing the forearm have areas described where compression can occur.51 The median nerve can be compressed as it passes under the pronator teres. The ulnar nerve can be compressed as it passes through Guyon’s canal. The radial nerve, or its posterior interosseous branch, can be compressed as it passes through the radial tunnel (distal to the elbow where the nerve divides and passes under the arch of the supinator muscle). The SRN can be compressed distally in the forearm as it emerges from under the |
Surgery_Schwartz_12799 | Surgery_Schwartz | the radial tunnel (distal to the elbow where the nerve divides and passes under the arch of the supinator muscle). The SRN can be compressed distally in the forearm as it emerges from under the brachioradialis tendon, called Wartenberg’s syndrome. As mentioned previously, any nerve can become compressed in scar at the site of a previous trauma.DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASEAs with other joints in the body, the joints of the hand and wrist can develop degenerative changes. Symptoms typically begin in the fifth decade of life. Symptoms consist of joint pain and stiffness and often are exacerbated with changes in the weather. Any of the joints can become involved. As the articular carti-lage wears out, pain typically increases and range of motion decreases. The patient should always be asked to what degree symptoms are impeding activities.Physical findings are documented in serial fashion from the initial visit and subsequent visits. Pain with axial loading of the joint may be present. | Surgery_Schwartz. the radial tunnel (distal to the elbow where the nerve divides and passes under the arch of the supinator muscle). The SRN can be compressed distally in the forearm as it emerges from under the brachioradialis tendon, called Wartenberg’s syndrome. As mentioned previously, any nerve can become compressed in scar at the site of a previous trauma.DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASEAs with other joints in the body, the joints of the hand and wrist can develop degenerative changes. Symptoms typically begin in the fifth decade of life. Symptoms consist of joint pain and stiffness and often are exacerbated with changes in the weather. Any of the joints can become involved. As the articular carti-lage wears out, pain typically increases and range of motion decreases. The patient should always be asked to what degree symptoms are impeding activities.Physical findings are documented in serial fashion from the initial visit and subsequent visits. Pain with axial loading of the joint may be present. |
Surgery_Schwartz_12800 | Surgery_Schwartz | to what degree symptoms are impeding activities.Physical findings are documented in serial fashion from the initial visit and subsequent visits. Pain with axial loading of the joint may be present. Decreased range of motion may be a late finding. Instability of the collateral ligaments of the joint is uncommon in the absence of inflammatory arthritis.Plain X-rays are typically sufficient to demonstrate arthri-tis. Initially, the affected joint has a narrower radiolucent space between the bones. As joint degeneration progresses, the joint space further collapses. Bone spurs, loose bodies, and cystic changes in the bone adjacent to the joint all may become appar-ent. X-ray findings do not always correlate with patient symp-toms. Patients with advanced X-ray findings may have minimal symptoms, and vice versa. Treatment is initiated and progressed based on the patient’s symptoms regardless of imaging findings.Initial management begins with rest of the painful joint. Splints are often | Surgery_Schwartz. to what degree symptoms are impeding activities.Physical findings are documented in serial fashion from the initial visit and subsequent visits. Pain with axial loading of the joint may be present. Decreased range of motion may be a late finding. Instability of the collateral ligaments of the joint is uncommon in the absence of inflammatory arthritis.Plain X-rays are typically sufficient to demonstrate arthri-tis. Initially, the affected joint has a narrower radiolucent space between the bones. As joint degeneration progresses, the joint space further collapses. Bone spurs, loose bodies, and cystic changes in the bone adjacent to the joint all may become appar-ent. X-ray findings do not always correlate with patient symp-toms. Patients with advanced X-ray findings may have minimal symptoms, and vice versa. Treatment is initiated and progressed based on the patient’s symptoms regardless of imaging findings.Initial management begins with rest of the painful joint. Splints are often |
Surgery_Schwartz_12801 | Surgery_Schwartz | and vice versa. Treatment is initiated and progressed based on the patient’s symptoms regardless of imaging findings.Initial management begins with rest of the painful joint. Splints are often useful, but may significantly impair the patient in activities and thus are frequently used at nighttime only. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen and naproxen are also useful. Patients on anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications may not be able to take these, and some patients simply do not tolerate the gastric irritation side effect even if they take the medication with food.For patients with localized disease affecting only one or a few joints, corticosteroid injection may be contemplated. Nee-dle insertion can be difficult since these joint spaces are quite narrow even before degenerative disease sets in. Also, many corticosteroid injections are suspensions, not solutions; injected corticosteroid will remain in the joint space and can be seen as a white paste | Surgery_Schwartz. and vice versa. Treatment is initiated and progressed based on the patient’s symptoms regardless of imaging findings.Initial management begins with rest of the painful joint. Splints are often useful, but may significantly impair the patient in activities and thus are frequently used at nighttime only. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen and naproxen are also useful. Patients on anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications may not be able to take these, and some patients simply do not tolerate the gastric irritation side effect even if they take the medication with food.For patients with localized disease affecting only one or a few joints, corticosteroid injection may be contemplated. Nee-dle insertion can be difficult since these joint spaces are quite narrow even before degenerative disease sets in. Also, many corticosteroid injections are suspensions, not solutions; injected corticosteroid will remain in the joint space and can be seen as a white paste |
Subsets and Splits