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Anatomy_Gray_2700	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.66 Facial nerve [VII] on the face. A. Terminal branches. B. Branches before entering the parotid gland. Fig. 8.67 Vasculature of the face. A. Lateral view. B. Branches of the maxillary artery. Fig. 8.68 Intracranial venous connections. Fig. 8.69 Lymphatic drainage of the face. Fig. 8.70 SCALP. Fig. 8.71 Layers of the scalp. Fig. 8.72 Occipitofrontalis muscle. A. Frontal belly. B. Occipital belly. Fig. 8.73 Innervation of the scalp. Fig. 8.74 Vasculature of the scalp. Fig. 8.75 Lymphatic drainage of the scalp. Fig. 8.76 Bones of the orbit. Optic canalFrontal boneEthmoidal foraminaEthmoid boneLacrimalgrooveLacrimal bonePalatine boneMaxillaInferior orbital fissureZygomatic boneGreater wing of sphenoidSuperior orbital fissureLesser wing of sphenoid Fig. 8.77 Eyelids.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.66 Facial nerve [VII] on the face. A. Terminal branches. B. Branches before entering the parotid gland. Fig. 8.67 Vasculature of the face. A. Lateral view. B. Branches of the maxillary artery. Fig. 8.68 Intracranial venous connections. Fig. 8.69 Lymphatic drainage of the face. Fig. 8.70 SCALP. Fig. 8.71 Layers of the scalp. Fig. 8.72 Occipitofrontalis muscle. A. Frontal belly. B. Occipital belly. Fig. 8.73 Innervation of the scalp. Fig. 8.74 Vasculature of the scalp. Fig. 8.75 Lymphatic drainage of the scalp. Fig. 8.76 Bones of the orbit. Optic canalFrontal boneEthmoidal foraminaEthmoid boneLacrimalgrooveLacrimal bonePalatine boneMaxillaInferior orbital fissureZygomatic boneGreater wing of sphenoidSuperior orbital fissureLesser wing of sphenoid Fig. 8.77 Eyelids.
Anatomy_Gray_2701	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.77 Eyelids. PeriosteumLevator palpebraesuperioris muscleSuperior conjunctival fornixConjunctivaTarsusSebaceous glandof eyelashTarsal glandOrbital septumSuperior tarsal muscle(smooth muscle)Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscleOrbicularis oculimuscle Fig. 8.78 Orbicularis oculi muscle. Fig. 8.79 Orbital septum. PeriosteumOrbital septumOrbital septumPeriosteumTendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle Fig. 8.80 Tarsal plates. Tendon of levatorpalpebrae superioris muscleSuperior tarsusAnterior lacrimal crestMedial palpebral ligamentInferior tarsusOrbital septumLateral palpebral ligamentOrbital septum Fig. 8.81 Vasculature of the eyelids. Fig. 8.82 Innervation of the eyelids. Fig. 8.83 Lacrimal gland, anterior view. MedialPunctaLacrimal sacNasolacrimal ductLacrimalcanaliculiLacrimal glandTendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle Fig. 8.84 Lacrimal gland and levator palpebrae superioris.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.77 Eyelids. PeriosteumLevator palpebraesuperioris muscleSuperior conjunctival fornixConjunctivaTarsusSebaceous glandof eyelashTarsal glandOrbital septumSuperior tarsal muscle(smooth muscle)Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscleOrbicularis oculimuscle Fig. 8.78 Orbicularis oculi muscle. Fig. 8.79 Orbital septum. PeriosteumOrbital septumOrbital septumPeriosteumTendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle Fig. 8.80 Tarsal plates. Tendon of levatorpalpebrae superioris muscleSuperior tarsusAnterior lacrimal crestMedial palpebral ligamentInferior tarsusOrbital septumLateral palpebral ligamentOrbital septum Fig. 8.81 Vasculature of the eyelids. Fig. 8.82 Innervation of the eyelids. Fig. 8.83 Lacrimal gland, anterior view. MedialPunctaLacrimal sacNasolacrimal ductLacrimalcanaliculiLacrimal glandTendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle Fig. 8.84 Lacrimal gland and levator palpebrae superioris.
Anatomy_Gray_2702	Anatomy_Gray	MedialPunctaLacrimal sacNasolacrimal ductLacrimalcanaliculiLacrimal glandTendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle Fig. 8.84 Lacrimal gland and levator palpebrae superioris. Orbital part of lacrimal glandLacrimal vessels and nervePalpebral part oflacrimal glandTendon oflevator palpebrae superiorisOrbital septum Fig. 8.85 The lacrimal sac. Fig. 8.86 Position of lacrimal sac. Medial palpebral ligamentLacrimal part of orbicularis oculi muscleOrbital septum Posterior lacrimal crestLacrimal sacAnterior lacrimal crestPeriosteumAnteriorPosteriorLateral Fig. 8.87 Innervation of the lacrimal gland.	Anatomy_Gray. MedialPunctaLacrimal sacNasolacrimal ductLacrimalcanaliculiLacrimal glandTendon of levator palpebrae superioris muscle Fig. 8.84 Lacrimal gland and levator palpebrae superioris. Orbital part of lacrimal glandLacrimal vessels and nervePalpebral part oflacrimal glandTendon oflevator palpebrae superiorisOrbital septum Fig. 8.85 The lacrimal sac. Fig. 8.86 Position of lacrimal sac. Medial palpebral ligamentLacrimal part of orbicularis oculi muscleOrbital septum Posterior lacrimal crestLacrimal sacAnterior lacrimal crestPeriosteumAnteriorPosteriorLateral Fig. 8.87 Innervation of the lacrimal gland.
Anatomy_Gray_2703	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.87 Innervation of the lacrimal gland. Lacrimal nerveLacrimal glandForamen rotundumMaxillary nerve [V2]Pterygoid canalGreater petrosal nerveDeep petrosal nerveNerve ofpterygoid canalSympathetic plexusInternal carotid arteryBranch of zygomaticotemporal nerveZygomatic nervePterygopalatine ganglionSensory fibersSympathetic postganglionic fibersParasympathetic preganglionic fibersParasympathetic postganglionic fibersZygomaticotemporal nerveZygomaticofacial nerve Fig. 8.88 Openings into the bony orbit. Nasolacrimal canalInferior orbital fissure Optic canalFrontal boneEthmoidal foraminaEthmoid boneLacrimal bonePalatine boneMaxillaInfra-orbital grooveZygomatic boneGreater wing of sphenoidSuperior orbital fissureLesser wing of sphenoid Fig. 8.89 Optic canal and superior orbital fissure.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.87 Innervation of the lacrimal gland. Lacrimal nerveLacrimal glandForamen rotundumMaxillary nerve [V2]Pterygoid canalGreater petrosal nerveDeep petrosal nerveNerve ofpterygoid canalSympathetic plexusInternal carotid arteryBranch of zygomaticotemporal nerveZygomatic nervePterygopalatine ganglionSensory fibersSympathetic postganglionic fibersParasympathetic preganglionic fibersParasympathetic postganglionic fibersZygomaticotemporal nerveZygomaticofacial nerve Fig. 8.88 Openings into the bony orbit. Nasolacrimal canalInferior orbital fissure Optic canalFrontal boneEthmoidal foraminaEthmoid boneLacrimal bonePalatine boneMaxillaInfra-orbital grooveZygomatic boneGreater wing of sphenoidSuperior orbital fissureLesser wing of sphenoid Fig. 8.89 Optic canal and superior orbital fissure.
Anatomy_Gray_2704	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.89 Optic canal and superior orbital fissure. Lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic nerve [V1]Nasociliary branch of ophthalmic nerve [V1]Frontal branch of the ophthalmic nerve [V1]Optic nerveOptic canalInferior ophthalmic veinSuperior ophthalmic veinOphthalmic arteryInferior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Abducent nerve [VI]Trochlear nerve [IV]Superior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Superior orbital fissureInferior orbital fissureLateralMedial Fig. 8.90 Periorbita. A. Lateral view. B. Common tendinous ring. Fig. 8.91 Fascial sheath of the eyeball. Fig. 8.92 Check ligaments. A. Anterior view. B. Superior view. Medial rectus muscleMedial rectus muscleLateral rectus muscleLateral rectus muscleInferior rectus muscleInferior oblique muscleMedial check ligamentCheck ligament of medial rectusmuscleCheck ligament of lateral rectus muscleLateral check ligamentSuspensory ligamentSuspensory ligamentSuspensoryligamentFascial sheathFascial sheathPeriosteumPeriorbitaLacrimal sacAB	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.89 Optic canal and superior orbital fissure. Lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic nerve [V1]Nasociliary branch of ophthalmic nerve [V1]Frontal branch of the ophthalmic nerve [V1]Optic nerveOptic canalInferior ophthalmic veinSuperior ophthalmic veinOphthalmic arteryInferior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Abducent nerve [VI]Trochlear nerve [IV]Superior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Superior orbital fissureInferior orbital fissureLateralMedial Fig. 8.90 Periorbita. A. Lateral view. B. Common tendinous ring. Fig. 8.91 Fascial sheath of the eyeball. Fig. 8.92 Check ligaments. A. Anterior view. B. Superior view. Medial rectus muscleMedial rectus muscleLateral rectus muscleLateral rectus muscleInferior rectus muscleInferior oblique muscleMedial check ligamentCheck ligament of medial rectusmuscleCheck ligament of lateral rectus muscleLateral check ligamentSuspensory ligamentSuspensory ligamentSuspensoryligamentFascial sheathFascial sheathPeriosteumPeriorbitaLacrimal sacAB
Anatomy_Gray_2705	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.93 Movements of the eyeball. Fig. 8.94 Axes of the eyeball and orbit. Axis of eyeballAxis of orbitMedial Fig. 8.95 Muscles of the eyeball. A. Superior view. B. Lateral view. C. Coronal magnetic resonance image through the eye. Fig. 8.96 Origins of muscles of the eyeball, coronal view. Superior orbital fissureInferior orbital fissureLacrimal nerveFrontal nerveNasociliary nerveOptic nerveLateral rectusMedial rectusSuperior rectusSuperior obliqueLevator palpebrae superiorisInferior rectusInferior ophthalmic veinOphthalmic arteryInferior division of oculomotor nerve [III]Superior division of oculomotor nerve [III]Abducent nerve [VI]Trochlear nerve [IV]LateralMedial Fig. 8.97 Actions of muscles of the eyeball. A. Action of individual muscles (anatomical action). B. Movement of eye when testing specific muscle (clinical testing).	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.93 Movements of the eyeball. Fig. 8.94 Axes of the eyeball and orbit. Axis of eyeballAxis of orbitMedial Fig. 8.95 Muscles of the eyeball. A. Superior view. B. Lateral view. C. Coronal magnetic resonance image through the eye. Fig. 8.96 Origins of muscles of the eyeball, coronal view. Superior orbital fissureInferior orbital fissureLacrimal nerveFrontal nerveNasociliary nerveOptic nerveLateral rectusMedial rectusSuperior rectusSuperior obliqueLevator palpebrae superiorisInferior rectusInferior ophthalmic veinOphthalmic arteryInferior division of oculomotor nerve [III]Superior division of oculomotor nerve [III]Abducent nerve [VI]Trochlear nerve [IV]LateralMedial Fig. 8.97 Actions of muscles of the eyeball. A. Action of individual muscles (anatomical action). B. Movement of eye when testing specific muscle (clinical testing).
Anatomy_Gray_2706	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.97 Actions of muscles of the eyeball. A. Action of individual muscles (anatomical action). B. Movement of eye when testing specific muscle (clinical testing). AbductionAdductionElevationDepressionInferiorobliqueSuperiorobliqueSuperiorrectusInferiorrectusLateralrectusMedialrectusMuscle testedDirection to moveeye when testingmuscleSuperior rectusInferior rectusLateral rectusMedial rectusInferior obliqueSuperior obliqueLook laterally and upwardLook laterally and downwardLook laterally Look mediallyLook medially and upwardLook medially and downwardABMedialLateral Fig. 8.98 The “H-test.” Right eyeLateral rectus [VI]Superior rectus [III]Inferior rectus [III]Medial rectus [III]Superior oblique [IV]Inferior oblique [III]1.2.3.4.5.6.Medial rectus [III]Inferior oblique [III]Superior oblique [IV]Lateral rectus [VI]Inferior rectus [III]Superior rectus [III]Left eye142635 Fig. 8.99 Arterial supply to the orbit and eyeball. Fig. 8.100 Venous drainage of the orbit and eyeball.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.97 Actions of muscles of the eyeball. A. Action of individual muscles (anatomical action). B. Movement of eye when testing specific muscle (clinical testing). AbductionAdductionElevationDepressionInferiorobliqueSuperiorobliqueSuperiorrectusInferiorrectusLateralrectusMedialrectusMuscle testedDirection to moveeye when testingmuscleSuperior rectusInferior rectusLateral rectusMedial rectusInferior obliqueSuperior obliqueLook laterally and upwardLook laterally and downwardLook laterally Look mediallyLook medially and upwardLook medially and downwardABMedialLateral Fig. 8.98 The “H-test.” Right eyeLateral rectus [VI]Superior rectus [III]Inferior rectus [III]Medial rectus [III]Superior oblique [IV]Inferior oblique [III]1.2.3.4.5.6.Medial rectus [III]Inferior oblique [III]Superior oblique [IV]Lateral rectus [VI]Inferior rectus [III]Superior rectus [III]Left eye142635 Fig. 8.99 Arterial supply to the orbit and eyeball. Fig. 8.100 Venous drainage of the orbit and eyeball.
Anatomy_Gray_2707	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.99 Arterial supply to the orbit and eyeball. Fig. 8.100 Venous drainage of the orbit and eyeball. Fig. 8.101 Innervation of the orbit and eyeball. Lacrimal branch of ophthalmic nerve [V1]Nasociliary branchof ophthalmic nerve [V1]Frontal branch of ophthalmic nerve [V1]Optic nerveOptic canalInferior ophthalmic veinSuperior ophthalmic veinOphthalmic arteryInferior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Superior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Abducent nerve [VI]Trochlear nerve [IV]Common tendinous ringLateralMedial Fig. 8.102 Oculomotor nerve [III] and its divisions. Fig. 8.103 Trochlear nerve [IV] in the orbit. Fig. 8.104 Ophthalmic nerve [V1] and its divisions. Fig. 8.105 Relationship of the ophthalmic nerve [V1] and its divisions to the muscles of the eyeball. Fig. 8.106 Course of the nasociliary nerve (from [V1]) in the orbit.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.99 Arterial supply to the orbit and eyeball. Fig. 8.100 Venous drainage of the orbit and eyeball. Fig. 8.101 Innervation of the orbit and eyeball. Lacrimal branch of ophthalmic nerve [V1]Nasociliary branchof ophthalmic nerve [V1]Frontal branch of ophthalmic nerve [V1]Optic nerveOptic canalInferior ophthalmic veinSuperior ophthalmic veinOphthalmic arteryInferior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Superior branch of oculomotor nerve [III]Abducent nerve [VI]Trochlear nerve [IV]Common tendinous ringLateralMedial Fig. 8.102 Oculomotor nerve [III] and its divisions. Fig. 8.103 Trochlear nerve [IV] in the orbit. Fig. 8.104 Ophthalmic nerve [V1] and its divisions. Fig. 8.105 Relationship of the ophthalmic nerve [V1] and its divisions to the muscles of the eyeball. Fig. 8.106 Course of the nasociliary nerve (from [V1]) in the orbit.
Anatomy_Gray_2708	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.105 Relationship of the ophthalmic nerve [V1] and its divisions to the muscles of the eyeball. Fig. 8.106 Course of the nasociliary nerve (from [V1]) in the orbit. Long ciliary nervesShort ciliary nervesLacrimal glandLacrimal nerve (from [V1])Lateral rectus Ciliary ganglionAbducent nerve[VI]Inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve [III]Superior branch of the oculomotor nerve [III]Medial rectus muscleNasociliary nerve (from [V1])Posterior ethmoidal nerveAnterior ethmoidal nerveInfratrochlear nerveLateral Fig. 8.107 Ciliary ganglion. Fig. 8.108 Eyeball. Fig. 8.109 Ophthalmoscopic view of posterior chamber of the right eye. Fig. 8.110 Ciliary body. Fig. 8.111 Layers of the retina in a healthy eye. A. HD-OCT scan of a healthy eye. B. Schematic indicating the layers of the retina on an HD-OCT scan of a healthy eye. C. Diagram illustrating the layers of the retina. Fig. 8.112 High-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT). A. Diseased eye. B. Healthy eye.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.105 Relationship of the ophthalmic nerve [V1] and its divisions to the muscles of the eyeball. Fig. 8.106 Course of the nasociliary nerve (from [V1]) in the orbit. Long ciliary nervesShort ciliary nervesLacrimal glandLacrimal nerve (from [V1])Lateral rectus Ciliary ganglionAbducent nerve[VI]Inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve [III]Superior branch of the oculomotor nerve [III]Medial rectus muscleNasociliary nerve (from [V1])Posterior ethmoidal nerveAnterior ethmoidal nerveInfratrochlear nerveLateral Fig. 8.107 Ciliary ganglion. Fig. 8.108 Eyeball. Fig. 8.109 Ophthalmoscopic view of posterior chamber of the right eye. Fig. 8.110 Ciliary body. Fig. 8.111 Layers of the retina in a healthy eye. A. HD-OCT scan of a healthy eye. B. Schematic indicating the layers of the retina on an HD-OCT scan of a healthy eye. C. Diagram illustrating the layers of the retina. Fig. 8.112 High-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT). A. Diseased eye. B. Healthy eye.
Anatomy_Gray_2709	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.112 High-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT). A. Diseased eye. B. Healthy eye. Fig. 8.113 Right ear. Fig. 8.114 Auricle. Fig. 8.115 Sensory innervation of the auricle. Auriculotemporalbranch of themandibular nerve [V3]Great auricular nerve(C2,C3)Facial nerve [VII]Vagus nerve [X]Lesser occipitalnerve (C2) Fig. 8.116 External acoustic meatus. Fig. 8.117 Middle ear. Fig. 8.118 Tympanic membrane (right ear). A. Diagram. B. Otoscopic view. ABPars flaccidaPosteriormalleolar foldHandle ofmalleusUmboCone of lightAnteriormalleolar foldLateral process(of malleus) Fig. 8.119 Parts of the middle ear. Fig. 8.120 Boundaries of the right middle ear.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.112 High-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT). A. Diseased eye. B. Healthy eye. Fig. 8.113 Right ear. Fig. 8.114 Auricle. Fig. 8.115 Sensory innervation of the auricle. Auriculotemporalbranch of themandibular nerve [V3]Great auricular nerve(C2,C3)Facial nerve [VII]Vagus nerve [X]Lesser occipitalnerve (C2) Fig. 8.116 External acoustic meatus. Fig. 8.117 Middle ear. Fig. 8.118 Tympanic membrane (right ear). A. Diagram. B. Otoscopic view. ABPars flaccidaPosteriormalleolar foldHandle ofmalleusUmboCone of lightAnteriormalleolar foldLateral process(of malleus) Fig. 8.119 Parts of the middle ear. Fig. 8.120 Boundaries of the right middle ear.
Anatomy_Gray_2710	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.119 Parts of the middle ear. Fig. 8.120 Boundaries of the right middle ear. Tegmen tympaniTensor tympani musclePharyngotympanic tubeLesser petrosal nerveBranch from internalcarotid plexusSympathetic plexusInternal carotid arteryChorda tympani nerveTympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Internal jugular veinPromontoryRound windowFacial nerve [VII]Chorda tympani nervePyramidal eminenceAditus tomastoid antrumProminence of facial canalProminence of lateral semicircular canalOval window Fig. 8.121 Mastoid antrum and surrounding bone. A. Diagram. B. High-resolution CT scan of left ear (petrous temporal bone). BAditus to mastoid antrumTegmen tympaniEpitympanic recessPharyngotympanic tubeMiddle earMastoid processCochleaMiddle earExternal auditorymeatusMastoid air cellsMastoid air cellsMastoid antrumA Fig. 8.122 Pharyngotympanic tube. Fig. 8.123 Auditory ossicles. A. Malleus. B. Incus. C. Stapes.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.119 Parts of the middle ear. Fig. 8.120 Boundaries of the right middle ear. Tegmen tympaniTensor tympani musclePharyngotympanic tubeLesser petrosal nerveBranch from internalcarotid plexusSympathetic plexusInternal carotid arteryChorda tympani nerveTympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Internal jugular veinPromontoryRound windowFacial nerve [VII]Chorda tympani nervePyramidal eminenceAditus tomastoid antrumProminence of facial canalProminence of lateral semicircular canalOval window Fig. 8.121 Mastoid antrum and surrounding bone. A. Diagram. B. High-resolution CT scan of left ear (petrous temporal bone). BAditus to mastoid antrumTegmen tympaniEpitympanic recessPharyngotympanic tubeMiddle earMastoid processCochleaMiddle earExternal auditorymeatusMastoid air cellsMastoid air cellsMastoid antrumA Fig. 8.122 Pharyngotympanic tube. Fig. 8.123 Auditory ossicles. A. Malleus. B. Incus. C. Stapes.
Anatomy_Gray_2711	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.122 Pharyngotympanic tube. Fig. 8.123 Auditory ossicles. A. Malleus. B. Incus. C. Stapes. Head of malleusNeck ofmalleusABCAnterior processHandle of malleusLateralprocessIncus articulationShort limbMalleus articulationLong limbBody ofincusBase of stapesAnterior limbHead of stapesPosterior limb Fig. 8.124 Muscles associated with the auditory ossicles (right ear). MalleusIncusPyramidal eminenceTendon ofstapedius muscleFootplate of stapesTympanic membranePharyngotympanic tubeTensor tympani muscle Fig. 8.125 Innervation of the middle ear. Prominence of lateralsemicircular canalTensor tympani musclePromontoryLesser petrosal nervePharyngotympanic tubeBranch from internal carotid plexus(caroticotympanic nerve)Tympanic nerve(from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX])Tympanic plexusRound windowStapesProminence of facial canal Fig. 8.126 Grooves and hiatuses for the greater and lesser petrosal nerves. Fig. 8.127 Location of the internal ear in temporal bone. Fig. 8.128 Internal ear.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.122 Pharyngotympanic tube. Fig. 8.123 Auditory ossicles. A. Malleus. B. Incus. C. Stapes. Head of malleusNeck ofmalleusABCAnterior processHandle of malleusLateralprocessIncus articulationShort limbMalleus articulationLong limbBody ofincusBase of stapesAnterior limbHead of stapesPosterior limb Fig. 8.124 Muscles associated with the auditory ossicles (right ear). MalleusIncusPyramidal eminenceTendon ofstapedius muscleFootplate of stapesTympanic membranePharyngotympanic tubeTensor tympani muscle Fig. 8.125 Innervation of the middle ear. Prominence of lateralsemicircular canalTensor tympani musclePromontoryLesser petrosal nervePharyngotympanic tubeBranch from internal carotid plexus(caroticotympanic nerve)Tympanic nerve(from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX])Tympanic plexusRound windowStapesProminence of facial canal Fig. 8.126 Grooves and hiatuses for the greater and lesser petrosal nerves. Fig. 8.127 Location of the internal ear in temporal bone. Fig. 8.128 Internal ear.
Anatomy_Gray_2712	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.126 Grooves and hiatuses for the greater and lesser petrosal nerves. Fig. 8.127 Location of the internal ear in temporal bone. Fig. 8.128 Internal ear. Fig. 8.129 Bony labyrinth. SacculeHelicotremaDura materCochleaCochlear ductScala tympaniScala vestibuliPharyngotympanic tubeRound windowOpening of cochlear canaliculusTympanic membraneVestibuleUtricleAmpullaAnterior semicircular canal and ductVestibular aqueductLateral semicircular canal and ductPosterior semicircular canal and ductStapes in oval window Fig. 8.130 Cochlea. ModiolusScala vestibuliScalatympaniCochlear ductLamina of modiolusCochlear nerveSpiral ganglionHelicotrema Fig. 8.131 Membranous labyrinth. Fig. 8.132 Membranous labyrinth, cross section. Vestibular membraneScala vestibuliModiolusLamina of modiolusScala tympaniBasilar membraneSpiral ligamentSpiral organ Fig. 8.133 A. Facial nerve in the temporal bone. B. Chorda tympani in the temporal bone. Fig. 8.134 Transmission of sound.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.126 Grooves and hiatuses for the greater and lesser petrosal nerves. Fig. 8.127 Location of the internal ear in temporal bone. Fig. 8.128 Internal ear. Fig. 8.129 Bony labyrinth. SacculeHelicotremaDura materCochleaCochlear ductScala tympaniScala vestibuliPharyngotympanic tubeRound windowOpening of cochlear canaliculusTympanic membraneVestibuleUtricleAmpullaAnterior semicircular canal and ductVestibular aqueductLateral semicircular canal and ductPosterior semicircular canal and ductStapes in oval window Fig. 8.130 Cochlea. ModiolusScala vestibuliScalatympaniCochlear ductLamina of modiolusCochlear nerveSpiral ganglionHelicotrema Fig. 8.131 Membranous labyrinth. Fig. 8.132 Membranous labyrinth, cross section. Vestibular membraneScala vestibuliModiolusLamina of modiolusScala tympaniBasilar membraneSpiral ligamentSpiral organ Fig. 8.133 A. Facial nerve in the temporal bone. B. Chorda tympani in the temporal bone. Fig. 8.134 Transmission of sound.
Anatomy_Gray_2713	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.133 A. Facial nerve in the temporal bone. B. Chorda tympani in the temporal bone. Fig. 8.134 Transmission of sound. Fig. 8.135 Temporal and infratemporal fossae. Zygomatic archArticular tubercleMandibular fossaGroove for middletemporal arteryRamus of mandibleExternal acousticmeatusSupramastoid crestTemporal fossaInfratemporal fossaMasseter muscle Fig. 8.136 Bony features related to the temporal and infratemporal fossae.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.133 A. Facial nerve in the temporal bone. B. Chorda tympani in the temporal bone. Fig. 8.134 Transmission of sound. Fig. 8.135 Temporal and infratemporal fossae. Zygomatic archArticular tubercleMandibular fossaGroove for middletemporal arteryRamus of mandibleExternal acousticmeatusSupramastoid crestTemporal fossaInfratemporal fossaMasseter muscle Fig. 8.136 Bony features related to the temporal and infratemporal fossae.
Anatomy_Gray_2714	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.136 Bony features related to the temporal and infratemporal fossae. Greater wingof sphenoid boneFrontal boneFrontal process ofzygomatic boneZygomaticofacialforamenZygomaticotemporalforamen(on deep surface ofzygomatic bone)Posterior surfaceof maxillaZygomatic boneMaxillary process ofzygomatic boneLateral plate of pterygoidprocess of sphenoid bonePalatine bonePterygopalatinefossaTympanomastoidfissureMastoid processTympanic plateSpine of sphenoidStyloid processPterygomaxillary fissure(leading into pterygopalatine fossa)PterygoidhamulusExternal acousticmeatusSupramastoid crestGroove for middletemporal arteryMandibular fossaArticular tubercleForamen spinosumInfratemporal crestForamen ovaleInfratemporalsurface of maxillaAlveolar foramenPetrotympanic fissureSquamous part oftemporal bone Fig. 8.137 Mandible. A. Lateral view of left side. B. Medial view of left side. Fig. 8.138 Temporomandibular joint. A. Mouth closed. B. Mouth open.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.136 Bony features related to the temporal and infratemporal fossae. Greater wingof sphenoid boneFrontal boneFrontal process ofzygomatic boneZygomaticofacialforamenZygomaticotemporalforamen(on deep surface ofzygomatic bone)Posterior surfaceof maxillaZygomatic boneMaxillary process ofzygomatic boneLateral plate of pterygoidprocess of sphenoid bonePalatine bonePterygopalatinefossaTympanomastoidfissureMastoid processTympanic plateSpine of sphenoidStyloid processPterygomaxillary fissure(leading into pterygopalatine fossa)PterygoidhamulusExternal acousticmeatusSupramastoid crestGroove for middletemporal arteryMandibular fossaArticular tubercleForamen spinosumInfratemporal crestForamen ovaleInfratemporalsurface of maxillaAlveolar foramenPetrotympanic fissureSquamous part oftemporal bone Fig. 8.137 Mandible. A. Lateral view of left side. B. Medial view of left side. Fig. 8.138 Temporomandibular joint. A. Mouth closed. B. Mouth open.
Anatomy_Gray_2715	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.137 Mandible. A. Lateral view of left side. B. Medial view of left side. Fig. 8.138 Temporomandibular joint. A. Mouth closed. B. Mouth open. ABUpper joint cavityArticular discArticular tubercleFibrocartilage onarticular surfaceCapsuleLower joint cavitySynovialmembraneMandibular fossaForward movement of discand mandible at upper jointLateral pterygoidmuscleProtrusionDepressionHinge movementat lower joint Fig. 8.139 Ligaments associated with the temporomandibular joint. Fig. 8.140 Movements of the temporomandibular joint. Protrusion• Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoidRetraction• Posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of masseter, and geniohyoid and digastricDepression• Gravity• Digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid musclesElevation• Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid Fig. 8.141 Masseter muscle. Fig. 8.142 Temporal fossa. A. Lateral view. B. Lateral view showing the infratemporal fossa. Fig. 8.143 Temporalis muscle. Lateral view.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.137 Mandible. A. Lateral view of left side. B. Medial view of left side. Fig. 8.138 Temporomandibular joint. A. Mouth closed. B. Mouth open. ABUpper joint cavityArticular discArticular tubercleFibrocartilage onarticular surfaceCapsuleLower joint cavitySynovialmembraneMandibular fossaForward movement of discand mandible at upper jointLateral pterygoidmuscleProtrusionDepressionHinge movementat lower joint Fig. 8.139 Ligaments associated with the temporomandibular joint. Fig. 8.140 Movements of the temporomandibular joint. Protrusion• Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoidRetraction• Posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of masseter, and geniohyoid and digastricDepression• Gravity• Digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid musclesElevation• Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid Fig. 8.141 Masseter muscle. Fig. 8.142 Temporal fossa. A. Lateral view. B. Lateral view showing the infratemporal fossa. Fig. 8.143 Temporalis muscle. Lateral view.
Anatomy_Gray_2716	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.141 Masseter muscle. Fig. 8.142 Temporal fossa. A. Lateral view. B. Lateral view showing the infratemporal fossa. Fig. 8.143 Temporalis muscle. Lateral view. Fig. 8.144 Nerves and arteries of the temporal fossa. Temporal fasciaZygomaticotemporal nerve(branch of maxillary nerve [V2])Deep temporal arteriesMandibular nerve [V3]Deep temporal nervesZygomaticofacial nerveInfratemporal crestMaxillary artery in infratemporal fossaExternal carotid arterySuperficial temporal arteryMiddle temporal arteryTemporalis muscle Fig. 8.145 Borders of the infratemporal fossa.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.141 Masseter muscle. Fig. 8.142 Temporal fossa. A. Lateral view. B. Lateral view showing the infratemporal fossa. Fig. 8.143 Temporalis muscle. Lateral view. Fig. 8.144 Nerves and arteries of the temporal fossa. Temporal fasciaZygomaticotemporal nerve(branch of maxillary nerve [V2])Deep temporal arteriesMandibular nerve [V3]Deep temporal nervesZygomaticofacial nerveInfratemporal crestMaxillary artery in infratemporal fossaExternal carotid arterySuperficial temporal arteryMiddle temporal arteryTemporalis muscle Fig. 8.145 Borders of the infratemporal fossa.
Anatomy_Gray_2717	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.145 Borders of the infratemporal fossa. Foramen spinosumInfratemporal crestForamen ovaleTensor veli palatiniLevator veli palatiniAlveolar foramenLateral plate of pterygoid processPterygomaxillary fissure(leading into pterygopalatine fossa)Posterior surface of maxillaPterygopalatine fossaGreater wing of sphenoid boneMasseterMylohyoidHyoglossusMiddle constrictorSuperior constrictorPharynxSpine of sphenoidHead and neck of mandiblePetrotympanic fissurePterygomandibular raphe Fig. 8.146 Medial pterygoid muscle. Foramen spinosumInfratemporal crestForamen ovaleTensor veli palatiniLevator veli palatiniDeep headmedial pterygoidSuperficial headmedial pterygoidSpine of sphenoidPetrotympanic fissureLingulaMandibular canalSphenomandibular ligament Fig. 8.147 Lateral pterygoid muscle. Infratemporal crestUpper head of lateral pterygoidDeep head medial pterygoidSuperficial headmedial pterygoidLower headlateral pterygoidCapsuleArticular discSphenomandibular ligament	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.145 Borders of the infratemporal fossa. Foramen spinosumInfratemporal crestForamen ovaleTensor veli palatiniLevator veli palatiniAlveolar foramenLateral plate of pterygoid processPterygomaxillary fissure(leading into pterygopalatine fossa)Posterior surface of maxillaPterygopalatine fossaGreater wing of sphenoid boneMasseterMylohyoidHyoglossusMiddle constrictorSuperior constrictorPharynxSpine of sphenoidHead and neck of mandiblePetrotympanic fissurePterygomandibular raphe Fig. 8.146 Medial pterygoid muscle. Foramen spinosumInfratemporal crestForamen ovaleTensor veli palatiniLevator veli palatiniDeep headmedial pterygoidSuperficial headmedial pterygoidSpine of sphenoidPetrotympanic fissureLingulaMandibular canalSphenomandibular ligament Fig. 8.147 Lateral pterygoid muscle. Infratemporal crestUpper head of lateral pterygoidDeep head medial pterygoidSuperficial headmedial pterygoidLower headlateral pterygoidCapsuleArticular discSphenomandibular ligament
Anatomy_Gray_2718	Anatomy_Gray	Infratemporal crestUpper head of lateral pterygoidDeep head medial pterygoidSuperficial headmedial pterygoidLower headlateral pterygoidCapsuleArticular discSphenomandibular ligament Fig. 8.148 Mandibular nerve [V3]—anterior trunk. Meningeal branch and nerve to medial pterygoid. Deep headmedial pterygoidTrigeminal ganglionUpper head lateral pterygoid (cut )Lower head lateral pterygoid (cut )Nerve to medial pterygoidBranch to tensor veli palatiniMeningeal branchPosterior trunkBranch to tensor tympaniAnterior trunkDeep temporal nervesBuccal nerveNerve to lateral pterygoidMasseteric nerve Fig. 8.149 Mandibular nerve [V3]—posterior trunk. A. Lateral view. B. Anterior view. C. Anteromedial view. Petrotympanic fissureChorda tympani nerveLingual nerveAIncisive nerveMental nerveNerve to mylohyoidInferior alveolar nerveAuriculotemporal nerve	Anatomy_Gray. Infratemporal crestUpper head of lateral pterygoidDeep head medial pterygoidSuperficial headmedial pterygoidLower headlateral pterygoidCapsuleArticular discSphenomandibular ligament Fig. 8.148 Mandibular nerve [V3]—anterior trunk. Meningeal branch and nerve to medial pterygoid. Deep headmedial pterygoidTrigeminal ganglionUpper head lateral pterygoid (cut )Lower head lateral pterygoid (cut )Nerve to medial pterygoidBranch to tensor veli palatiniMeningeal branchPosterior trunkBranch to tensor tympaniAnterior trunkDeep temporal nervesBuccal nerveNerve to lateral pterygoidMasseteric nerve Fig. 8.149 Mandibular nerve [V3]—posterior trunk. A. Lateral view. B. Anterior view. C. Anteromedial view. Petrotympanic fissureChorda tympani nerveLingual nerveAIncisive nerveMental nerveNerve to mylohyoidInferior alveolar nerveAuriculotemporal nerve
Anatomy_Gray_2719	Anatomy_Gray	B. Anterior view. C. Anteromedial view. Petrotympanic fissureChorda tympani nerveLingual nerveAIncisive nerveMental nerveNerve to mylohyoidInferior alveolar nerveAuriculotemporal nerve Medial pterygoidmuscleLingulaLingual nerveMental nerveIncisive nerveInferior alveolar nerveSphenomandibular ligamentChorda tympaniInferior alveolar nerveSphenomandibular ligamentSuperior constrictor muscleSubmandibular ganglionNerve to mylohyoidGreater horns of hyoid boneHyoglossus muscleGenioglossus muscleGeniohyoid muscleLingual nerveTemporalis tendonPterygomandibular raphe (cut )Buccal nerve (branch of anterior trunk)BCFacial nerve [VII]Trigeminal nerve [V]Mandibular nerve [V3] Fig. 8.150 Chorda tympani and lesser petrosal nerves. A. Course after emerging from the skull. B. Course of parasympathetic fibers.	Anatomy_Gray. B. Anterior view. C. Anteromedial view. Petrotympanic fissureChorda tympani nerveLingual nerveAIncisive nerveMental nerveNerve to mylohyoidInferior alveolar nerveAuriculotemporal nerve Medial pterygoidmuscleLingulaLingual nerveMental nerveIncisive nerveInferior alveolar nerveSphenomandibular ligamentChorda tympaniInferior alveolar nerveSphenomandibular ligamentSuperior constrictor muscleSubmandibular ganglionNerve to mylohyoidGreater horns of hyoid boneHyoglossus muscleGenioglossus muscleGeniohyoid muscleLingual nerveTemporalis tendonPterygomandibular raphe (cut )Buccal nerve (branch of anterior trunk)BCFacial nerve [VII]Trigeminal nerve [V]Mandibular nerve [V3] Fig. 8.150 Chorda tympani and lesser petrosal nerves. A. Course after emerging from the skull. B. Course of parasympathetic fibers.
Anatomy_Gray_2720	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.150 Chorda tympani and lesser petrosal nerves. A. Course after emerging from the skull. B. Course of parasympathetic fibers. APetrotympanic fissureChorda tympani nerve from [VII]Lesser petrosal nerve [IX]Lingual nerveOtic ganglion (medial to [V3])TongueLingual nerveSublingual glandMylohyoidSubmandibular glandSubmandibular ganglionPreganglionic parasympathetic fibers from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from otic ganglionPreganglionic parasympathetic fibers from facial nerve [VII]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from submandibular ganglionAuriculotemporal nerveTop of parotid glandAuriculotemporal nerve	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.150 Chorda tympani and lesser petrosal nerves. A. Course after emerging from the skull. B. Course of parasympathetic fibers. APetrotympanic fissureChorda tympani nerve from [VII]Lesser petrosal nerve [IX]Lingual nerveOtic ganglion (medial to [V3])TongueLingual nerveSublingual glandMylohyoidSubmandibular glandSubmandibular ganglionPreganglionic parasympathetic fibers from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from otic ganglionPreganglionic parasympathetic fibers from facial nerve [VII]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from submandibular ganglionAuriculotemporal nerveTop of parotid glandAuriculotemporal nerve
Anatomy_Gray_2721	Anatomy_Gray	Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from otic ganglionPreganglionic parasympathetic fibers from facial nerve [VII]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from submandibular ganglionTympanic plexusLesser petrosal nerveOtic ganglionChorda tympani (carries taste fromthe anterior 2/3 of the tongue)Sublingual glandSubmandibularglandChorda tympanicarries parasympatheticinnervation to all glandsbelow the oral fissureSubmandibularganglionLingual nerveAuriculotemporal nerveParotid glandTympanic membraneChorda tympaniTympanic nerveInferior ganglionGreater petrosal nerveBGlossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Facial nerve [VII]Mandibular nerve [V3]Maxillary nerve [V2]Ophthalmic nerve [V1]Trigeminal nerve [V] Fig. 8.151 Maxillary artery.	Anatomy_Gray. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from otic ganglionPreganglionic parasympathetic fibers from facial nerve [VII]Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from submandibular ganglionTympanic plexusLesser petrosal nerveOtic ganglionChorda tympani (carries taste fromthe anterior 2/3 of the tongue)Sublingual glandSubmandibularglandChorda tympanicarries parasympatheticinnervation to all glandsbelow the oral fissureSubmandibularganglionLingual nerveAuriculotemporal nerveParotid glandTympanic membraneChorda tympaniTympanic nerveInferior ganglionGreater petrosal nerveBGlossopharyngeal nerve [IX]Facial nerve [VII]Mandibular nerve [V3]Maxillary nerve [V2]Ophthalmic nerve [V1]Trigeminal nerve [V] Fig. 8.151 Maxillary artery.
Anatomy_Gray_2722	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.151 Maxillary artery. Branches of middlemeningeal in cranial cavityMiddle meningeal arteryArtery to masseterUpper head oflateral pterygoid (cut )Pterygoid arteryPterygopalatine fossaLower head of lateralpterygoid (cut )Buccal arteryMental arteryInferior alveolar arteryExternal carotidMaxillary arteryAuriculotemporal nerveSuperficial temporal arteryDeep temporal arteries Fig. 8.152 Pterygoid plexus of veins. Maxillary veinEmissary veins(connect with cavernous sinus)Inferior ophthalmic veinDeep facial veinFacial veinInferior alveolar veinSuperficial temporal veinExternal jugular veinInternal jugular veinPosterior auricular veinRetromandibular vein Fig. 8.153 Pterygopalatine fossa. A. Anterolateral view. B. Lateral view. Fig. 8.154 Sphenoid bone. A. Anterior view. B. Posterosuperior view.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.151 Maxillary artery. Branches of middlemeningeal in cranial cavityMiddle meningeal arteryArtery to masseterUpper head oflateral pterygoid (cut )Pterygoid arteryPterygopalatine fossaLower head of lateralpterygoid (cut )Buccal arteryMental arteryInferior alveolar arteryExternal carotidMaxillary arteryAuriculotemporal nerveSuperficial temporal arteryDeep temporal arteries Fig. 8.152 Pterygoid plexus of veins. Maxillary veinEmissary veins(connect with cavernous sinus)Inferior ophthalmic veinDeep facial veinFacial veinInferior alveolar veinSuperficial temporal veinExternal jugular veinInternal jugular veinPosterior auricular veinRetromandibular vein Fig. 8.153 Pterygopalatine fossa. A. Anterolateral view. B. Lateral view. Fig. 8.154 Sphenoid bone. A. Anterior view. B. Posterosuperior view.
Anatomy_Gray_2723	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.153 Pterygopalatine fossa. A. Anterolateral view. B. Lateral view. Fig. 8.154 Sphenoid bone. A. Anterior view. B. Posterosuperior view. AForamen rotundumSurface related topterygopalatine fossaPterygoid canalPalatovaginal grooveBLesser wingGreater wingForamen rotundumPosterior opening of bony part of pterygoid canalPterygoid processPart of pterygoid canal incartilage of foramen lacerumCartilage filling foramen lacerumGreater petrosal nerve of VIIMaxillary nerve [V2]Internal carotid arterySuperior orbital fissure Fig. 8.155 Gateways of the pterygopalatine fossa. Sphenopalatine foramennasal cavityInferior orbital fissurefloor of orbitPterygomaxillary fissureinfratemporal fossaPalatine canalroof of oral cavity (palate)Pterygoid canalcranial cavity(middle cranial fossa)Foramen rotundumcranial cavity(middle cranial fossa)Palatovaginal canalnasopharynx Fig. 8.156 Maxillary nerve [V2]. A. Terminal branches. B. In relationship to the pterygopalatine ganglion.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.153 Pterygopalatine fossa. A. Anterolateral view. B. Lateral view. Fig. 8.154 Sphenoid bone. A. Anterior view. B. Posterosuperior view. AForamen rotundumSurface related topterygopalatine fossaPterygoid canalPalatovaginal grooveBLesser wingGreater wingForamen rotundumPosterior opening of bony part of pterygoid canalPterygoid processPart of pterygoid canal incartilage of foramen lacerumCartilage filling foramen lacerumGreater petrosal nerve of VIIMaxillary nerve [V2]Internal carotid arterySuperior orbital fissure Fig. 8.155 Gateways of the pterygopalatine fossa. Sphenopalatine foramennasal cavityInferior orbital fissurefloor of orbitPterygomaxillary fissureinfratemporal fossaPalatine canalroof of oral cavity (palate)Pterygoid canalcranial cavity(middle cranial fossa)Foramen rotundumcranial cavity(middle cranial fossa)Palatovaginal canalnasopharynx Fig. 8.156 Maxillary nerve [V2]. A. Terminal branches. B. In relationship to the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Anatomy_Gray_2724	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.156 Maxillary nerve [V2]. A. Terminal branches. B. In relationship to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Fig. 8.157 Nerve of the pterygoid canal. A. Overview. B. In relationship to the pterygopalatine ganglion. ABLacrimal nerveLacrimal glandParasympathetic nerves in branch of zygomaticotemporal nerveZygomatic nerveNerve of pterygoid canalCartilage filling foramen lacerumDeep petrosal nerveInternal carotid nerveFacialnerve [VII]Preganglionic sympathetic nerves from T1Superior cervical sympathetic ganglionSympathetic trunkGeniculate ganglionGreater petrosal nerveInternal carotid plexus[V1][V2][V3]Internal carotid arteryPterygopalatine fossaInferior orbital fissureInfra-orbital nervePreganglionic parasympathetic nervesPostganglionic parasympathetic nervesPreganglionic sympathetic nervesPostganglionic sympathetic nervesNerve of pterygoid canal Fig. 8.158 Maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.156 Maxillary nerve [V2]. A. Terminal branches. B. In relationship to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Fig. 8.157 Nerve of the pterygoid canal. A. Overview. B. In relationship to the pterygopalatine ganglion. ABLacrimal nerveLacrimal glandParasympathetic nerves in branch of zygomaticotemporal nerveZygomatic nerveNerve of pterygoid canalCartilage filling foramen lacerumDeep petrosal nerveInternal carotid nerveFacialnerve [VII]Preganglionic sympathetic nerves from T1Superior cervical sympathetic ganglionSympathetic trunkGeniculate ganglionGreater petrosal nerveInternal carotid plexus[V1][V2][V3]Internal carotid arteryPterygopalatine fossaInferior orbital fissureInfra-orbital nervePreganglionic parasympathetic nervesPostganglionic parasympathetic nervesPreganglionic sympathetic nervesPostganglionic sympathetic nervesNerve of pterygoid canal Fig. 8.158 Maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa.
Anatomy_Gray_2725	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.158 Maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa. Pharyngeal arterySphenopalatine arteryInfra-orbital arterySeptal part of greater palatine arteryAnterior superior alveolar arteryPosterior superior alveolar arteryGreater palatine arteryLesser palatine arteryMaxillary artery ininfratemporal fossaNasopharynxArtery of pterygoid canalCartilage filling foramen lacerum Fig. 8.159 Veins of the pterygopalatine fossa. Fig. 8.160 Compartments of the neck. Fig. 8.161 Anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. Inferior border of mandibleAnteriortriangleSternocleidomastoid muscleClavicleTrapezius musclePosteriortriangle Fig. 8.162 Fascia of neck, transverse view. Fig. 8.163 Fascia of the neck, sagittal view. Investing layerInfrahyoid musclesPretracheal fasciaManubrium of sternumPretracheal spaceFascial space within prevertebral layerRetropharyngeal spacePrevertebral layerBuccopharyngeal fascia(posterior portion ofpretracheal layer) Fig. 8.164 Superficial veins of neck.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.158 Maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa. Pharyngeal arterySphenopalatine arteryInfra-orbital arterySeptal part of greater palatine arteryAnterior superior alveolar arteryPosterior superior alveolar arteryGreater palatine arteryLesser palatine arteryMaxillary artery ininfratemporal fossaNasopharynxArtery of pterygoid canalCartilage filling foramen lacerum Fig. 8.159 Veins of the pterygopalatine fossa. Fig. 8.160 Compartments of the neck. Fig. 8.161 Anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. Inferior border of mandibleAnteriortriangleSternocleidomastoid muscleClavicleTrapezius musclePosteriortriangle Fig. 8.162 Fascia of neck, transverse view. Fig. 8.163 Fascia of the neck, sagittal view. Investing layerInfrahyoid musclesPretracheal fasciaManubrium of sternumPretracheal spaceFascial space within prevertebral layerRetropharyngeal spacePrevertebral layerBuccopharyngeal fascia(posterior portion ofpretracheal layer) Fig. 8.164 Superficial veins of neck.
Anatomy_Gray_2726	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.164 Superficial veins of neck. Fig. 8.165 Placing a central venous catheter in the neck. A. Clinical procedure. B. Chest radiograph showing that the tip of the catheter is in the origin of the right atrium. Fig. 8.166 Borders and subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck. Submandibular triangleAnterior belly ofdigastric muscleSubmental triangleHyoid boneSuperior belly of omohyoid muscleMuscular triangleSternocleidomastoid muscleTrapezius musclePosterior triangleCarotid triangleStylohyoid musclePosterior belly of digastric muscle Fig. 8.167 Suprahyoid muscles. A. Lateral view. B. Inferior view. Fig. 8.168 Infrahyoid muscles. Fig. 8.169 Origin of common carotid arteries. TracheaEsophagusLeft common carotid arteryLeft internal jugular veinLeft subclavian arteryLeft subclavian veinClavicleSuperior vena cavaRight subclavian veinRight subclavian arteryRight internal jugular veinRight common carotid arteryArch of aortaLeft brachiocephalic veinRight brachiocephalic vein	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.164 Superficial veins of neck. Fig. 8.165 Placing a central venous catheter in the neck. A. Clinical procedure. B. Chest radiograph showing that the tip of the catheter is in the origin of the right atrium. Fig. 8.166 Borders and subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck. Submandibular triangleAnterior belly ofdigastric muscleSubmental triangleHyoid boneSuperior belly of omohyoid muscleMuscular triangleSternocleidomastoid muscleTrapezius musclePosterior triangleCarotid triangleStylohyoid musclePosterior belly of digastric muscle Fig. 8.167 Suprahyoid muscles. A. Lateral view. B. Inferior view. Fig. 8.168 Infrahyoid muscles. Fig. 8.169 Origin of common carotid arteries. TracheaEsophagusLeft common carotid arteryLeft internal jugular veinLeft subclavian arteryLeft subclavian veinClavicleSuperior vena cavaRight subclavian veinRight subclavian arteryRight internal jugular veinRight common carotid arteryArch of aortaLeft brachiocephalic veinRight brachiocephalic vein
Anatomy_Gray_2727	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.170 Carotid triangle. SternocleidomastoidmuscleCarotid triangleSuperior belly ofomohyoid muscleCommon carotid arteryPosterior belly of digastric muscleInternal carotid arteryExternal carotid artery Fig. 8.171 Carotid system. Fig. 8.172 Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] in the anterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.173 Vagus nerve [X] in the anterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.174 Accessory nerve [XI] in the posterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.175 Hypoglossal nerve [XII]. A. Surgical view of hypoglossal nerve in anterior triangle of the neck. B. Diagram. Hyoglossus muscleExternal carotidarterySuperior root ofansa cervicalisSuperior thyroid arteryInternal jugular veinInternal jugularveinPosterior belly ofdigastric muscle (cut )Stylohyoid muscleSternocleidomastoidbranch of occipital arteryHypoglossal nerveHypoglossal nerveSternocleidomastoid branchof occipital arteryPosterior belly of digastric muscleOccipital arteryAB	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.170 Carotid triangle. SternocleidomastoidmuscleCarotid triangleSuperior belly ofomohyoid muscleCommon carotid arteryPosterior belly of digastric muscleInternal carotid arteryExternal carotid artery Fig. 8.171 Carotid system. Fig. 8.172 Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] in the anterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.173 Vagus nerve [X] in the anterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.174 Accessory nerve [XI] in the posterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.175 Hypoglossal nerve [XII]. A. Surgical view of hypoglossal nerve in anterior triangle of the neck. B. Diagram. Hyoglossus muscleExternal carotidarterySuperior root ofansa cervicalisSuperior thyroid arteryInternal jugular veinInternal jugularveinPosterior belly ofdigastric muscle (cut )Stylohyoid muscleSternocleidomastoidbranch of occipital arteryHypoglossal nerveHypoglossal nerveSternocleidomastoid branchof occipital arteryPosterior belly of digastric muscleOccipital arteryAB
Anatomy_Gray_2728	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.176 Transverse cervical nerve in the anterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.177 Ansa cervicalis. Hypoglossal nerveC1C3C2Superior root of ansa cervicalisInferior root of ansa cervicalisOmohyoid muscle(superior belly)Sternohyoid muscleSternothyroid muscleThyrohyoid muscleOmohyoid muscle(inferior belly) Fig. 8.178 Thyroid gland in the anterior triangle of neck. A. Anterior view. B. Transverse view. C. Ultrasound scan—compound axial view of the neck. D. Ultrasound scan—axial view of the neck. E. Nuclear medicine scan—normal thyroid uptake of pertechnetate in the neck. Fig. 8.179 Vasculature of the thyroid: anterior view. Fig. 8.180 Superior and inferior thyroid arteries and left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves and thyroid and parathyroid glands. A. Posterior view. B. Surgical (anterolateral) view of parathyroid gland with left lobe of thyroid retracted. BLeft lobe of thyroid glandParathyroid gland	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.176 Transverse cervical nerve in the anterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.177 Ansa cervicalis. Hypoglossal nerveC1C3C2Superior root of ansa cervicalisInferior root of ansa cervicalisOmohyoid muscle(superior belly)Sternohyoid muscleSternothyroid muscleThyrohyoid muscleOmohyoid muscle(inferior belly) Fig. 8.178 Thyroid gland in the anterior triangle of neck. A. Anterior view. B. Transverse view. C. Ultrasound scan—compound axial view of the neck. D. Ultrasound scan—axial view of the neck. E. Nuclear medicine scan—normal thyroid uptake of pertechnetate in the neck. Fig. 8.179 Vasculature of the thyroid: anterior view. Fig. 8.180 Superior and inferior thyroid arteries and left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves and thyroid and parathyroid glands. A. Posterior view. B. Surgical (anterolateral) view of parathyroid gland with left lobe of thyroid retracted. BLeft lobe of thyroid glandParathyroid gland
Anatomy_Gray_2729	Anatomy_Gray	BLeft lobe of thyroid glandParathyroid gland Fig. 8.181 Surgical view of left lobe of enlarged thyroid (goiter) retracted to show close association with recurrent laryngeal nerve. Left lobe of thyroid glandLeft recurrent laryngeal nerve Fig. 8.182 Ectopic parathyroid adenoma in superior mediastinum. Noncontrast hybrid single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). A. Transverse view. B. Sagittal view. C. Coronal view. Fig. 8.183 Borders of the posterior triangle of the neck. Sternocleidomastoid muscleTrapezius muscleOmoclavicular orsubclavian triangleOccipital triangleHyoid bonePosteriortriangleSuperior belly ofomohyoid muscleInferior belly of omohyoid muscle Fig. 8.184 Muscles of the posterior triangle of the neck. Sternocleidomastoid muscleClavicleInferior belly of omohyoid muscleAcromion ofscapulaTrapezius muscleAnterior scalene muscleMiddle scalene musclePosterior scalene muscleLevator scapulae muscleSplenius capitis muscle	Anatomy_Gray. BLeft lobe of thyroid glandParathyroid gland Fig. 8.181 Surgical view of left lobe of enlarged thyroid (goiter) retracted to show close association with recurrent laryngeal nerve. Left lobe of thyroid glandLeft recurrent laryngeal nerve Fig. 8.182 Ectopic parathyroid adenoma in superior mediastinum. Noncontrast hybrid single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). A. Transverse view. B. Sagittal view. C. Coronal view. Fig. 8.183 Borders of the posterior triangle of the neck. Sternocleidomastoid muscleTrapezius muscleOmoclavicular orsubclavian triangleOccipital triangleHyoid bonePosteriortriangleSuperior belly ofomohyoid muscleInferior belly of omohyoid muscle Fig. 8.184 Muscles of the posterior triangle of the neck. Sternocleidomastoid muscleClavicleInferior belly of omohyoid muscleAcromion ofscapulaTrapezius muscleAnterior scalene muscleMiddle scalene musclePosterior scalene muscleLevator scapulae muscleSplenius capitis muscle
Anatomy_Gray_2730	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.185 External jugular vein in the posterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.186 Arteries in the posterior triangle of the neck. Trapezius muscleMiddle scalene muscleTransverse cervical arteryBrachial plexusSuprascapular artery3rd part of subclavian arteryPhrenic nerveAnterior scalene muscleSubclavian veinExternal jugular veinInternal jugular veinClavicle1st part of subclavian arteryVagus nerveCommon carotid arteryThyrocervical trunkInferior thyroid arterySternocleidomastoid muscle Fig. 8.187 Accessory nerve and cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus in the posterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.188 Cervical plexus. Fig. 8.189 Prevertebral and lateral vertebral muscles supplied by cervical plexus. Fig. 8.190 Root of the neck. TracheaRib IManubrium of sternumCervical pleuraTI vertebraEsophagus Fig. 8.191 Vasculature of the root of the neck. Fig. 8.192 Nerves in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.193 Components of the sympathetic nervous system in the root of the neck.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.185 External jugular vein in the posterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.186 Arteries in the posterior triangle of the neck. Trapezius muscleMiddle scalene muscleTransverse cervical arteryBrachial plexusSuprascapular artery3rd part of subclavian arteryPhrenic nerveAnterior scalene muscleSubclavian veinExternal jugular veinInternal jugular veinClavicle1st part of subclavian arteryVagus nerveCommon carotid arteryThyrocervical trunkInferior thyroid arterySternocleidomastoid muscle Fig. 8.187 Accessory nerve and cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus in the posterior triangle of the neck. Fig. 8.188 Cervical plexus. Fig. 8.189 Prevertebral and lateral vertebral muscles supplied by cervical plexus. Fig. 8.190 Root of the neck. TracheaRib IManubrium of sternumCervical pleuraTI vertebraEsophagus Fig. 8.191 Vasculature of the root of the neck. Fig. 8.192 Nerves in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.193 Components of the sympathetic nervous system in the root of the neck.
Anatomy_Gray_2731	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.191 Vasculature of the root of the neck. Fig. 8.192 Nerves in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.193 Components of the sympathetic nervous system in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.194 Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk. Fig. 8.195 Thoracic duct in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.196 Termination of lymphatic trunks in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.197 Lymphatic system in the neck. Fig. 8.198 Pharynx. Fig. 8.199 Neck regions (levels) that are used clinically to evaluate lymph nodes. Fig. 8.200 Line of attachment of the pharynx to the base of the skull.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.191 Vasculature of the root of the neck. Fig. 8.192 Nerves in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.193 Components of the sympathetic nervous system in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.194 Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk. Fig. 8.195 Thoracic duct in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.196 Termination of lymphatic trunks in the root of the neck. Fig. 8.197 Lymphatic system in the neck. Fig. 8.198 Pharynx. Fig. 8.199 Neck regions (levels) that are used clinically to evaluate lymph nodes. Fig. 8.200 Line of attachment of the pharynx to the base of the skull.
Anatomy_Gray_2732	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.198 Pharynx. Fig. 8.199 Neck regions (levels) that are used clinically to evaluate lymph nodes. Fig. 8.200 Line of attachment of the pharynx to the base of the skull. Cartilaginous position of pharyngotympanic tubeChoanae (posterior openings of nasal cavities)Pterygoid hamulusLine of attachment of pharynxRoughening on petrous part of temporal bone for attachment of levator veli palatiniExternal acoustic meatusPharyngeal tubercleJugular foramenCarotid canalMedial plate of pterygoid process of sphenoidPetrous part of temporal boneScaphoid fossa on sphenoid bone (for attachment of tensor veli palatini) Fig. 8.201 Attachments of the lateral pharyngeal wall. Fig. 8.202 Constrictor muscles of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.198 Pharynx. Fig. 8.199 Neck regions (levels) that are used clinically to evaluate lymph nodes. Fig. 8.200 Line of attachment of the pharynx to the base of the skull. Cartilaginous position of pharyngotympanic tubeChoanae (posterior openings of nasal cavities)Pterygoid hamulusLine of attachment of pharynxRoughening on petrous part of temporal bone for attachment of levator veli palatiniExternal acoustic meatusPharyngeal tubercleJugular foramenCarotid canalMedial plate of pterygoid process of sphenoidPetrous part of temporal boneScaphoid fossa on sphenoid bone (for attachment of tensor veli palatini) Fig. 8.201 Attachments of the lateral pharyngeal wall. Fig. 8.202 Constrictor muscles of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view.
Anatomy_Gray_2733	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.201 Attachments of the lateral pharyngeal wall. Fig. 8.202 Constrictor muscles of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view. ABPosition of palatopharyngeal sphincteron deep surface of superior constrictorSuperior constrictorMiddle constrictorInferior constrictorEsophagusPharyngeal tuberclePharyngeal fasciaStylohyoid ligamentStylopharyngeus musclePharyngeal rapheStyloid process Fig. 8.203 Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx. A. Stylopharyngeus muscle. B. Medial view. Fig. 8.204 Gaps between muscles in the pharyngeal wall. Pharyngeal fasciaStylopharyngeusSuperior constrictorMiddle constrictorInferior constrictorOropharyngealtriangle:structures (muscles,nerves, vessels)passing into and outof the oral cavityInternal laryngealnerve and vesselsEsophagusRecurrent laryngealnerve and vesselsTracheaMylohyoidBuccinator Fig. 8.205 Mucosal features of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view with the pharyngeal wall opened. C. Superior view.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.201 Attachments of the lateral pharyngeal wall. Fig. 8.202 Constrictor muscles of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view. ABPosition of palatopharyngeal sphincteron deep surface of superior constrictorSuperior constrictorMiddle constrictorInferior constrictorEsophagusPharyngeal tuberclePharyngeal fasciaStylohyoid ligamentStylopharyngeus musclePharyngeal rapheStyloid process Fig. 8.203 Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx. A. Stylopharyngeus muscle. B. Medial view. Fig. 8.204 Gaps between muscles in the pharyngeal wall. Pharyngeal fasciaStylopharyngeusSuperior constrictorMiddle constrictorInferior constrictorOropharyngealtriangle:structures (muscles,nerves, vessels)passing into and outof the oral cavityInternal laryngealnerve and vesselsEsophagusRecurrent laryngealnerve and vesselsTracheaMylohyoidBuccinator Fig. 8.205 Mucosal features of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view with the pharyngeal wall opened. C. Superior view.
Anatomy_Gray_2734	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.205 Mucosal features of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view with the pharyngeal wall opened. C. Superior view. ABCFold overlyingpalatopharyngealsphincterTorus levatorius(fold overlyinglevator veli palatini)Torus tubariusPharyngeal recessPharyngeal tonsilPharyngeal opening of thepharyngotympanic tubeSalpingopharyngeal foldPalatine tonsilPalatopharyngeal arch(overliespalatopharyngeusmuscle)Laryngeal inletEsophagusTracheaValleculaLingual tonsilsPalatoglossal arch(margin of oropharyngeal isthmus)TongueNasal cavityNasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynxOropharyngealisthmusPharyngeal tonsilChoanaeTorus tubariusTorus levatoriusSoft palatePalatopharyngeal archPalatopharyngeal archPalatine tonsilValleculae (anterior to epiglottis)Laryngeal inletEsophagusPiriform fossaLingual tonsilLingual tonsilPalatine tonsilEpiglottisValleculaPiriform fossaSalpingopharyngealfoldPharyngealrecessesNasal cavityOral cavityTracheaLarynxPharynxEsophagus Fig. 8.206 Arterial supply of the pharynx.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.205 Mucosal features of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view with the pharyngeal wall opened. C. Superior view. ABCFold overlyingpalatopharyngealsphincterTorus levatorius(fold overlyinglevator veli palatini)Torus tubariusPharyngeal recessPharyngeal tonsilPharyngeal opening of thepharyngotympanic tubeSalpingopharyngeal foldPalatine tonsilPalatopharyngeal arch(overliespalatopharyngeusmuscle)Laryngeal inletEsophagusTracheaValleculaLingual tonsilsPalatoglossal arch(margin of oropharyngeal isthmus)TongueNasal cavityNasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynxOropharyngealisthmusPharyngeal tonsilChoanaeTorus tubariusTorus levatoriusSoft palatePalatopharyngeal archPalatopharyngeal archPalatine tonsilValleculae (anterior to epiglottis)Laryngeal inletEsophagusPiriform fossaLingual tonsilLingual tonsilPalatine tonsilEpiglottisValleculaPiriform fossaSalpingopharyngealfoldPharyngealrecessesNasal cavityOral cavityTracheaLarynxPharynxEsophagus Fig. 8.206 Arterial supply of the pharynx.
Anatomy_Gray_2735	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.206 Arterial supply of the pharynx. Pharyngeal branch(supplies roof of nasopharynx)Superficial temporal arteryAscending palatinearteryAscending pharyngeal arteryInternal carotid arteryCommon carotid arteryPharyngeal branchesInferior thyroid arteryThyrocervical trunkSubclavian arteryLingual arteryExternal carotid arteryFacial arteryTonsillar branchMaxillary artery Fig. 8.207 Venous and lymphatic drainage of the pharynx. Fig. 8.208 Innervation of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view showing innervation of stylopharyngeus muscle. ABPharyngeal branch of [V2]Nasopharynx–sensory [V2]Oropharynx–sensory [IX]Laryngopharynx–sensory [X]Superiorlaryngeal nerveInferiorganglion of [X]External laryngeal nerve(branch of superior laryngealnerve from [X])Internal laryngeal nerve(branch of superiorlaryngeal nervefrom [X])Pharyngealbranch of [IX]Pharyngealbranch of [X][IX][V2]IXMotor branch to stylopharyngeus Fig. 8.209 Larynx. A. Relationship to other cavities. B. Lateral view.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.206 Arterial supply of the pharynx. Pharyngeal branch(supplies roof of nasopharynx)Superficial temporal arteryAscending palatinearteryAscending pharyngeal arteryInternal carotid arteryCommon carotid arteryPharyngeal branchesInferior thyroid arteryThyrocervical trunkSubclavian arteryLingual arteryExternal carotid arteryFacial arteryTonsillar branchMaxillary artery Fig. 8.207 Venous and lymphatic drainage of the pharynx. Fig. 8.208 Innervation of the pharynx. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view showing innervation of stylopharyngeus muscle. ABPharyngeal branch of [V2]Nasopharynx–sensory [V2]Oropharynx–sensory [IX]Laryngopharynx–sensory [X]Superiorlaryngeal nerveInferiorganglion of [X]External laryngeal nerve(branch of superior laryngealnerve from [X])Internal laryngeal nerve(branch of superiorlaryngeal nervefrom [X])Pharyngealbranch of [IX]Pharyngealbranch of [X][IX][V2]IXMotor branch to stylopharyngeus Fig. 8.209 Larynx. A. Relationship to other cavities. B. Lateral view.
Anatomy_Gray_2736	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.209 Larynx. A. Relationship to other cavities. B. Lateral view. Fig. 8.210 Cricoid cartilage. A. Anterolateral view. B. Posterior view. Facet for articulation witharytenoid cartilageFacet for articulation withinferior horn of thyroid cartilageTracheaCricoidcartilageLaminaArchAirwayAFacet for articulation witharytenoid cartilageRidgeFacet for articulation with inferior horn of thyroid cartilageDepressionsB Fig. 8.211 Thyroid cartilage. A. Anterolateral view. B. Superior view. Fig. 8.212 Epiglottis. A. Anterolateral view. B. Posterior surface. CricoidTracheaEpiglottic tubercleThyro-epiglottic ligamentRight thyroid laminaAnterior surface of epiglottisPosterior surface of epiglottisAB Fig. 8.213 Arytenoid cartilages.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.209 Larynx. A. Relationship to other cavities. B. Lateral view. Fig. 8.210 Cricoid cartilage. A. Anterolateral view. B. Posterior view. Facet for articulation witharytenoid cartilageFacet for articulation withinferior horn of thyroid cartilageTracheaCricoidcartilageLaminaArchAirwayAFacet for articulation witharytenoid cartilageRidgeFacet for articulation with inferior horn of thyroid cartilageDepressionsB Fig. 8.211 Thyroid cartilage. A. Anterolateral view. B. Superior view. Fig. 8.212 Epiglottis. A. Anterolateral view. B. Posterior surface. CricoidTracheaEpiglottic tubercleThyro-epiglottic ligamentRight thyroid laminaAnterior surface of epiglottisPosterior surface of epiglottisAB Fig. 8.213 Arytenoid cartilages.
Anatomy_Gray_2737	Anatomy_Gray	CricoidTracheaEpiglottic tubercleThyro-epiglottic ligamentRight thyroid laminaAnterior surface of epiglottisPosterior surface of epiglottisAB Fig. 8.213 Arytenoid cartilages. ApexPosterior surfaceMedial surfaceRidge on anterolateral surfaceMuscular processArytenoidcartilageDepression for attachment of vocalis musclesDepression for attachment of vestibular ligamentBase (concave – for articulation with cricoid)Vocal processArticular facet forcorniculate cartilageAnterolateral surface Fig. 8.214 Corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. Fig. 8.215 Extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. Lateral thyrohyoid ligamentsAperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and associated arteryThyrohyoid membraneCricotracheal ligamentMedian thyrohyoid ligamentHyo-epiglottic ligamentHyoid boneTriticeal cartilage Fig. 8.216 Cricothyroid ligament. Fig. 8.217 Quadrangular membrane. Fig. 8.218 Fibro-elastic membrane of the larynx (superior view).	Anatomy_Gray. CricoidTracheaEpiglottic tubercleThyro-epiglottic ligamentRight thyroid laminaAnterior surface of epiglottisPosterior surface of epiglottisAB Fig. 8.213 Arytenoid cartilages. ApexPosterior surfaceMedial surfaceRidge on anterolateral surfaceMuscular processArytenoidcartilageDepression for attachment of vocalis musclesDepression for attachment of vestibular ligamentBase (concave – for articulation with cricoid)Vocal processArticular facet forcorniculate cartilageAnterolateral surface Fig. 8.214 Corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. Fig. 8.215 Extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. Lateral thyrohyoid ligamentsAperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and associated arteryThyrohyoid membraneCricotracheal ligamentMedian thyrohyoid ligamentHyo-epiglottic ligamentHyoid boneTriticeal cartilage Fig. 8.216 Cricothyroid ligament. Fig. 8.217 Quadrangular membrane. Fig. 8.218 Fibro-elastic membrane of the larynx (superior view).
Anatomy_Gray_2738	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.216 Cricothyroid ligament. Fig. 8.217 Quadrangular membrane. Fig. 8.218 Fibro-elastic membrane of the larynx (superior view). EpiglottisVestibular ligamentQuadrangular membraneConus elasticusMuscular process of arytenoidVocal process of arytenoidCorniculate cartilageVocal ligament Fig. 8.219 Movements of the cricothyroid joints. Fig. 8.220 Movements of the crico-arytenoid joints. Fig. 8.221 Laryngeal cavity. A. Posterolateral view. B. Posterior view (cut away). C. Superior view through the laryngeal inlet. D. Labeled photograph of the larynx, superior view.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.216 Cricothyroid ligament. Fig. 8.217 Quadrangular membrane. Fig. 8.218 Fibro-elastic membrane of the larynx (superior view). EpiglottisVestibular ligamentQuadrangular membraneConus elasticusMuscular process of arytenoidVocal process of arytenoidCorniculate cartilageVocal ligament Fig. 8.219 Movements of the cricothyroid joints. Fig. 8.220 Movements of the crico-arytenoid joints. Fig. 8.221 Laryngeal cavity. A. Posterolateral view. B. Posterior view (cut away). C. Superior view through the laryngeal inlet. D. Labeled photograph of the larynx, superior view.
Anatomy_Gray_2739	Anatomy_Gray	Fig. 8.221 Laryngeal cavity. A. Posterolateral view. B. Posterior view (cut away). C. Superior view through the laryngeal inlet. D. Labeled photograph of the larynx, superior view. EpiglottisEpiglottisEpiglottisAry-epiglottic foldAry-epiglottic foldCut edge of mucosaLaryngeal sacculeVestibuleVestibuleCut edge of right thyroid laminaLaryngeal ventricleInfraglottic spaceInterarytenoid notchCorniculate tubercleCorniculate tubercleCuneiform tubercleCuneiform tubercleCuneiform tubercleLaryngeal inletLaryngeal inletVestibular fold(mucosa overlying vestibular ligament)Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)Vocal fold (mucosa overlying vocal ligament)Vocal fold (true vocal cord)TracheaCricoid archMiddle part of cavityLaryngeal sacculeRima vestibuliRima glottidisRima glottidis (opening between vocal cords)Interarytenoid foldCorniculate tubercleVestibular foldAry-epiglottic foldVocal fold ABCDLaryngopharynx (closed)Piriform recessTongueAnteriorPosterior Fig. 8.222 Cricothyroid muscle.	Anatomy_Gray. Fig. 8.221 Laryngeal cavity. A. Posterolateral view. B. Posterior view (cut away). C. Superior view through the laryngeal inlet. D. Labeled photograph of the larynx, superior view. EpiglottisEpiglottisEpiglottisAry-epiglottic foldAry-epiglottic foldCut edge of mucosaLaryngeal sacculeVestibuleVestibuleCut edge of right thyroid laminaLaryngeal ventricleInfraglottic spaceInterarytenoid notchCorniculate tubercleCorniculate tubercleCuneiform tubercleCuneiform tubercleCuneiform tubercleLaryngeal inletLaryngeal inletVestibular fold(mucosa overlying vestibular ligament)Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)Vocal fold (mucosa overlying vocal ligament)Vocal fold (true vocal cord)TracheaCricoid archMiddle part of cavityLaryngeal sacculeRima vestibuliRima glottidisRima glottidis (opening between vocal cords)Interarytenoid foldCorniculate tubercleVestibular foldAry-epiglottic foldVocal fold ABCDLaryngopharynx (closed)Piriform recessTongueAnteriorPosterior Fig. 8.222 Cricothyroid muscle.