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654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1904 [Candidate Moment] Leon Guillet develops the alloying compositions of the first stainless steels. [Significance] | Expands the versatility of steel for use in corrosive environments. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1906 [Candidate Moment] Alfred Wilm discovers the precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys. [Significance] | Yields the "hard aluminum" duraluminum, the first high-strength aluminum alloy. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1909 [Candidate Moment] Leo Baekeland synthesizes the thermosetting hard plastic Bakelite. [Significance] | Marks the beginning of the "plastic age" and the modern plastics industry. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1909 [Candidate Moment] William D. Coolidge devises ductile tungsten wire, using a powder metallurgical approach, for use as an energy-efficient, high-lumen lighting filament. [Significance] | Spurs the rapid expansion of electric lamps and initiates the science of modern powder metallurgy. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1911 [Candidate Moment] Kammerlingh Omnes discovers superconductivity while studying pure metals at very low temperatures. [Significance] | Forms the basis for modern discoveries in low- and high-temperature superconductors and resulting high-performance applications. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1912 [Candidate Moment] Max von Laue discovers the diffraction of x-rays by crystals. [Significance] | Creates means to characterize crystal structures and inspires W.H. Bragg and W.L Bragg in developing the theory of diffraction by crystals, providing insight into the effects of crystal structure on material properties. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1912 [Candidate Moment] Albert Sauveur publishes Metallography and Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel. [Significance] | Promulgates the "processing-structure-properties" paradigm that guides the materials science and engineering field. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1913 [Candidate Moment] Niels Bohr publishes his model of atomic structure. [Significance] | Introduces the theory that electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atom's nucleus, with the chemical properties of the element being largely determined by the number of electrons in each of the outer orbits. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1918 [Candidate Moment] Jan Czochralski publishes the paper "Ein Neues Verfahren zur Messung des Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle" ("A New Method for the Measurement of the Crystallization Rate of Metals"), in which he describes a method of growing metallic monocrystals. [Significance] | Becomes the method of choice for growing high-performance materials, such as the silicon crystals used in the semiconductor computer chip industry. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1920 [Candidate Moment] A.A. Griffith publishes "The Phenomenon of Rupture and Flow in Solids," which casts the problem of fracture in terms of energy balance. [Significance] | Gives rise to the field of fracture mechanics. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1920 [Candidate Moment] Hermann Staudinger publishes work that states that polymers are long chains of short repeating molecular units linked by covalent bonds. [Significance] | Paves the way for the birth of the field of polymer chemistry. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1923 [Candidate Moment] John B. Tytus invents the continuous hot-strip rolling of steel. [Significance] | Provides the basis for the inexpensive, large-scale manufacturing of sheet and plate products. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1923 [Candidate Moment] Karl Schroter invents cemented carbides as a class of materials. [Significance] | Provides the basis for the workhorse materials of the tool and metal-cutting industries. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1925 [Candidate Moment] Cornelius H. Keller patents alkyl xanthates sulfide collectors. [Significance] | Begins a revolution in sulfide mineral flotation, turning worthless mineral deposits into bonanzas. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1925 [Candidate Moment] Werner Heisenberg develops matrix mechanics and Erwin Schrödinger invents wave mechanics and the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation for atoms. [Significance] | Forms the basis of quantum mechanics. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1926 [Candidate Moment] Waldo Lonsbury Semon invents plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC). [Significance] | Becomes one of the world's most versatile and widely used construction materials. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1926 [Candidate Moment] Paul Merica patents the addition of small amounts of aluminum to Ni-Cr alloy to create the first "superalloy." [Significance] | Leads to the commercialization of the jet engine, along with increased efficiency for modern power turbine machinery. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1927 [Candidate Moment] Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer experimentally confirm the wave nature of the electron. [Significance] | Provides fundamental work necessary for much of today's solid-state electronics. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1927 [Candidate Moment] Siegfried Junghans perfects a process for the continuous casting of nonferrous metal. [Significance] | Provides the basis for commercial exploitation of high-volume continuous casting. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1927 [Candidate Moment] Arnold Sommerfeld applies quantum statistics to the Drude model of electrons in metals and develops the free-electron theory of metals. [Significance] | Supplies a simple model for the behavior of electrons in a crystal structure of a metallic solid and contributes to the foundation of solid-state theory. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1928 [Candidate Moment] Fritz Pfleumer patents magnetic tape. [Significance] | Establishes the technology and leads to many subsequent innovations for data storage. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1932 [Candidate Moment] Arne Olander discovers the shape-memory effect in an alloy of gold and cadmium. [Significance] | Leads to the development of the commercial shape-memory alloys that are employed in medical and other applications. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1933 [Candidate Moment] Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska build the first transmission electron microscope. [Significance] | Accesses new length scales and enables improved understanding of material structure. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1934 [Candidate Moment] Egon Orowan, Michael Polyani, and G.I. Taylor, in three independent papers, propose that the plastic deformation of ductile materials could be explained in terms of the theory of dislocations. [Significance] | Provides critical insight toward developing the modern science of solid mechanics. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1935 [Candidate Moment] Wallace Hume Carothers, Julian Hill, and other researchers patent the polymer nylon. [Significance] | Greatly reduces the demand for silk and serves as the impetus for the rapid development of polymers. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1935 [Candidate Moment] Erich Schmid and Walter Boas publish Kristallplastizitaet, which details 15 years of research on plastic deformation of metallic single crystals. [Significance] | Leads to a much better understanding of plastic deformation, a critical property of metals. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1937 [Candidate Moment] Norman de Bruyne develops the composite plastic Gordon-Aerolite, which consists of high-grade flax fiber bonded together with phenolic resin. [Significance] | Paves the way for the development of fiberglass. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1937 [Candidate Moment] André Guinier and G.D. Preston independently report the observation of diffuse streaking in age-hardened aluminum-copper alloys. [Significance] | Leads to the improved understanding of precipitation-hardening mechanisms. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1939 [Candidate Moment] Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann find that they can split the nucleus of a uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons [Significance] | Establishes nuclear fission and leads to applications in energy and atomic weapons. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1939 [Candidate Moment] Russell Ohl, George Southworth, Jack Scaff, and Henry Theuerer discover the existence of p- and n-type regions in silicon. [Significance] | Provides a necessary precursor to the invention of the transistor eight years later. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1940 [Candidate Moment] Wilhelm Kroll develops an economical process for titanium extraction. [Significance] | Establishes the primary means of producing the high-purity titanium needed for products ranging from high-performance aircraft to corrosion-resistant reactors. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1942 [Candidate Moment] Frank Spedding develops an efficient process for obtaining high-purity uranium from uranium halides. [Significance] | Enables the development of the atomic bomb in the Manhattan Project. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1948 [Candidate Moment] John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley invent the transistor [Significance] | Becomes the building block for all modern electronics and the foundation for microchip and computer technology. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1951 [Candidate Moment] Bill Pfann invents zone refining. [Significance] | Enables the preparation of high-purity materials, such as the improved semiconductors critical for electronic applications. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1952 [Candidate Moment] Nick Holonyak, Jr., develops the first practical visible-spectrum light-emitting diode (LED). [Significance] | Marks the beginning of the use of III-V alloys in semiconductor devices, including heterojunctions and quantum well heterostructures. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1952 [Candidate Moment] S. Donald Stookey discovers a heat-treatment process for transforming glass objects into fine-grained ceramics. [Significance] | Leads to the introduction of Pyroceram and CorningWare. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1953 [Candidate Moment] A team in Sweden produces the first artificial diamonds by using high heat and pressure. [Significance] | Gives rise to the industrial diamond industry, with applications in machining, electronics, and a variety of other areas. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1954 [Candidate Moment] Gerald Pearson, Daryl Chapin, and Calvin Fuller unveiled the Bell Solar Battery--the world's first device to successfully convert useful amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. [Significance] | Serves as the very foundation for solar energy production as well as photo-detector technology. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1956 [Candidate Moment] Peter Hirsch and coworkers provide experimental verification by transmission electron microscopy of dislocations in materials. [Significance] | Not only is dislocation theory verified unequivocally, but the power of transmission electron microscopy in materials research is demonstrated. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1958 [Candidate Moment] Jack Kilby integrates capacitors, resistors, diodes, and transistors into a single germanium monolithic integrated circuit or "microchip." [Significance] | Makes possible microprocessors and, thereby, high-speed, efficient, convenient, affordable, and ubiquitous, computing and communications systems. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1958 [Candidate Moment] Frank VerSnyder develops the directionally solidified columnar-grained turbine blade [Significance] | Enables performance enhancements for jet engines, saving airlines millions of dollars per year in fuel costs alone. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1959 [Candidate Moment] Pol Duwez uses rapid cooling to make a gold-silicon alloy that remains amorphous at room temperature. [Significance] | Represents the first true metallic glass, which has been applied in transformer cores and offers significant potential. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1959 [Candidate Moment] Richard Feynman presents "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at a meeting of the American Physical Society [Significance] | Introduces the concept of nanotechnology (while not naming it as such). | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1959 [Candidate Moment] Arthur Robert von Hippel publishes Molecular Science and Molecular Engineering. [Significance] | Creates an emerging discipline aimed at designing new materials on the basis of molecular understanding. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1964 [Candidate Moment] Stephanie Kwolek invents the high-strength, low-weight plastic Kevlar. [Significance] | Improves the performance of tires, boat shells, body armor, components for the aerospace industry, and more. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1965 [Candidate Moment] Cambridge Instruments introduces a commercial scanning electron microscope. [Significance] | Provides an improved method for the high-resolution imaging of surfaces at greater magnifications and with much greater depth of field than possible with light microscopy. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1966 [Candidate Moment] Karl J. Strnat and coworkers discover magneto-crystalline anisotropy in rare-earth cobalt intermetallic compounds. [Significance] | Leads to the fabrication of high-performance permanent magnets of samarium-cobalt and, later, neodymium-iron-boron for use in electronic devices and other areas. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1969 [Candidate Moment] Larry Hench and colleagues develop bioactive glass for orthopedic use. [Significance] | Changes the paradigm in biomaterials to include interfacial bonding of the implant with host tissues. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1970 [Candidate Moment] James Fergason, utilizing the twisted nematic field effect, makes first operating liquid crystal displays. [Significance] | Completely redefines many products and applications, including computer displays, medical and industrial devices, and the vast array of consumer electronics. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1970 [Candidate Moment] Bob Maurer, Peter Schultz and Donald Keck invent low-loss optical fiber. [Significance] | Provides the basis for the increased bandwidth that revolutionized telecommunications. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1977 [Candidate Moment] Hideki Shirakawa, Alan MacDiarmid, and Alan Heeger announce the discovery of electrically conducting organic polymers. [Significance] | Leads to the development of flat panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes, solar panels, and optical amplifiers. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1981 [Candidate Moment] Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Karl Binnig invent the scanning tunneling microscope. [Significance] | Provides three-dimensional atomic-scale images of metal surfaces and quickly becomes widely used in research to characterize surface roughness and observe surface defects. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1985 [Candidate Moment] Robert Curl, Jr., Richard Smalley, and Harold Walter Kroto discover that some carbon arranges itself in the form of soccer-ball-shaped molecules with 60 atoms called buckminsterfullerenes or "buckyballs." [Significance] | Opens the possibility that carbon can assume an almost infinite number of different structures. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1987 [Candidate Moment] Paul Chu creates a superconducting yttrium-barium-copper oxide ceramic. [Significance] | Opens the possibility of large-scale application of superconducting materials | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1989 [Candidate Moment] Don Eigler spells out "IBM" with individual xenon atoms using a scanning tunneling electron microscope [Significance] | Demonstrates that atoms can be manipulated one by one, the basis for "bottoms-up" production of nanostructures. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1991 [Candidate Moment] Sumio Iijima discovers nanotubes, carbon atoms arranged in tubular structures. [Significance] | Creates expectations of important structural and nonstructural applications as nanotubes are about 100 times stronger than steel at just a sixth of the weight while also possessing unusual heat and conductivity characteristics. | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
654877bd_erials_Science_and_Engineering__Significance | [Date] 1991 [Candidate Moment] Eli Yablonovich produces "photonic crystals" by drilling holes in a crystalline material so that light of a certain wavelength cannot propagate in the material. [Significance] | Forms a basis for the development of "photonic transistors." | [] | Greatest Moments in Materials Science and Engineering | Significance | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00189-ip-10-236-191-2_563314833_6.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] hipmunk.com [Comment] | Our favorite flight-search site. Enter your departure and destination airports and dates; you get a clear, compact table showing when all flights depart and arrive. Click a flight for details or to book it. (Doesn't cover Southwest.) | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] southwest.com/ [Comment] | Southwest schedules and ticket sales must be accessed at the company site; they are not available from Expedia, Travelocity, or other aggregator sites. | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] travelzoo.com/ kayak.com [Comment] | Two great starting points: you enter your air travel information once; each returns links to a number of sites that offer the best fares. Kayak does hotels and cars as well. | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] seatguru.com/ [Comment] | When booking a flight, before you get to the seat-selection part, open this site in another window. Click on the airline and enter your flight number. Seat Guru shows you the seat map as that airline configures that type of plane, showing which seats to prefer and which to avoid. | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] us.lastminute.com/ [Comment] | For the bold (or feckless) traveller, buy bargain seats at the last minute. | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] booking.com/ [Comment] | The most comprehensive hotel search site, finds hotels in the most obscure towns worldwide and lets you book them directly. | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] Priceline.com [Comment] | Bay Area Consumer's Checkbook found that Priceline produced hotel rates "lower than those available on other booking sites." | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
5b5043e4__14_Road_Trips_and_Travel_Tips__Comment | [Link] tripadvisor.com/ [Comment] | Hotel price comparisons based on four other sites including Expedia and Travelocity; and user reviews of hotels. | [] | Stanford Fast Break Club - 2013-14 Road Trips and Travel Tips | Comment | http://www.stanfordfbc.org/FBCFiles/travel.htm | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00273-ip-10-236-191-2_730941681_0.json |
b7ec7fda_ware_by_Curve_Dental___Pricing__The_Non_legal_Version | [The Legal Version] We respect your right to personal privacy. We do not rent, sell or share personal information about you to anyone. We collect and use information gathered through our Web site solely for the purposes of processing your order and improving the content of our Web site. Your information is never shared with other organizations for commercial purposes. We do not share personally identifiable information with third parties. [The Non-legal Version] | We got your back. | [] | Web-based Dental Software by Curve Dental | Pricing | The Non-legal Version | http://www.curvedental.com/privacy-policy | 14/1438042988860.88_20150728002308-00339-ip-10-236-191-2_382665147_0.json |
b7ec7fda_ware_by_Curve_Dental___Pricing__The_Non_legal_Version | [The Legal Version] The companies we may use to ship and bill for our products do not retain, share, store or use personally identifiable information for any other purposes. [The Non-legal Version] | We don't share, even with friends. | [] | Web-based Dental Software by Curve Dental | Pricing | The Non-legal Version | http://www.curvedental.com/privacy-policy | 14/1438042988860.88_20150728002308-00339-ip-10-236-191-2_382665147_0.json |
b7ec7fda_ware_by_Curve_Dental___Pricing__The_Non_legal_Version | [The Legal Version] As is true of most Web sites, we gather certain information automatically and store it in log files. This information includes, but is not limited to, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, browser type, Internet service provider (ISP), referring/exit pages, operating system, date/time stamp, and clickstream data. We use this information, which does not identify individual users, to analyze trends, to administer the site, to track users' movements around the site and to gather demographic information about our user base as a whole. We do not link this automatically collected data to personally identifiable information. [The Non-legal Version] | We have needs. | [] | Web-based Dental Software by Curve Dental | Pricing | The Non-legal Version | http://www.curvedental.com/privacy-policy | 14/1438042988860.88_20150728002308-00339-ip-10-236-191-2_382665147_0.json |
b7ec7fda_ware_by_Curve_Dental___Pricing__The_Non_legal_Version | [The Legal Version] The security of your personal information is important to us. We follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during transmission and once we receive it. [The Non-legal Version] | We play safe. | [] | Web-based Dental Software by Curve Dental | Pricing | The Non-legal Version | http://www.curvedental.com/privacy-policy | 14/1438042988860.88_20150728002308-00339-ip-10-236-191-2_382665147_0.json |
b7ec7fda_ware_by_Curve_Dental___Pricing__The_Non_legal_Version | [The Legal Version] Legal Disclaimer: We reserve the right to disclose your personally identifiable information as required by law and when we believe that disclosure is necessary to protect our rights and/or to comply with a judicial proceeding, court order, or legal process served on our Web site. [The Non-legal Version] | If the cops call we will talk. | [] | Web-based Dental Software by Curve Dental | Pricing | The Non-legal Version | http://www.curvedental.com/privacy-policy | 14/1438042988860.88_20150728002308-00339-ip-10-236-191-2_382665147_0.json |
b7ec7fda_ware_by_Curve_Dental___Pricing__The_Non_legal_Version | [The Legal Version] Changes to this Privacy Statement: We reserve the right to modify this privacy statement at any time. If we decide to change our privacy policy, we will post those changes to this privacy statement on this Web site. [The Non-legal Version] | We can be fickle. | [] | Web-based Dental Software by Curve Dental | Pricing | The Non-legal Version | http://www.curvedental.com/privacy-policy | 14/1438042988860.88_20150728002308-00339-ip-10-236-191-2_382665147_0.json |
47fe2cf4_____PmWiki___ConditionalMarkup__Result | [Expression] A and B [Operator] And [Result] | TRUE if both A and B are TRUE. | [] | Eenheid in Verscheidenheid :: PmWiki / ConditionalMarkup | Result | http://theorderoftime.org/ned/leden/harry/index.php/PmWiki/ConditionalMarkup | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00192-ip-10-236-191-2_236362273_3.json |
47fe2cf4_____PmWiki___ConditionalMarkup__Result | [Expression] A or B [Operator] Or [Result] | TRUE if either A or B is TRUE. | [] | Eenheid in Verscheidenheid :: PmWiki / ConditionalMarkup | Result | http://theorderoftime.org/ned/leden/harry/index.php/PmWiki/ConditionalMarkup | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00192-ip-10-236-191-2_236362273_3.json |
47fe2cf4_____PmWiki___ConditionalMarkup__Result | [Expression] A xor B [Operator] Xor [Result] | TRUE if either A or B is TRUE, but not both. | [] | Eenheid in Verscheidenheid :: PmWiki / ConditionalMarkup | Result | http://theorderoftime.org/ned/leden/harry/index.php/PmWiki/ConditionalMarkup | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00192-ip-10-236-191-2_236362273_3.json |
47fe2cf4_____PmWiki___ConditionalMarkup__Result | [Expression] ! A [Operator] Not [Result] | TRUE if A is not TRUE. | [] | Eenheid in Verscheidenheid :: PmWiki / ConditionalMarkup | Result | http://theorderoftime.org/ned/leden/harry/index.php/PmWiki/ConditionalMarkup | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00192-ip-10-236-191-2_236362273_3.json |
47fe2cf4_____PmWiki___ConditionalMarkup__Result | [Expression] A && B [Operator] And [Result] | TRUE if both A and B are TRUE. | [] | Eenheid in Verscheidenheid :: PmWiki / ConditionalMarkup | Result | http://theorderoftime.org/ned/leden/harry/index.php/PmWiki/ConditionalMarkup | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00192-ip-10-236-191-2_236362273_3.json |
47fe2cf4_____PmWiki___ConditionalMarkup__Result | [Expression] A || B [Operator] Or [Result] | TRUE if either A or B is TRUE. | [] | Eenheid in Verscheidenheid :: PmWiki / ConditionalMarkup | Result | http://theorderoftime.org/ned/leden/harry/index.php/PmWiki/ConditionalMarkup | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00192-ip-10-236-191-2_236362273_3.json |
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f0059cb5_he_Modern_Things__This_website__Description | [Name] rsx_plugins_table [Author] Ramanan Sivaranjan [Version] 1.1 [Description] | Display a list of plugins currently installed. | [] | All The Modern Things: This website | Description | http://brianna.modernthings.org/about/8/this-website | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00045-ip-10-236-191-2_36042697_0.json |
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f0059cb5_he_Modern_Things__This_website__Description | [Name] tru_tags [Author] Nathan Arthur [Version] 3.1 [Description] | Article tagging | [] | All The Modern Things: This website | Description | http://brianna.modernthings.org/about/8/this-website | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00045-ip-10-236-191-2_36042697_0.json |
f0059cb5_he_Modern_Things__This_website__Description | [Name] rss_admin_show_adv_opts [Author] Rob Sable [Version] 0.3 [Description] | Automatically expand article advanced options. | [] | All The Modern Things: This website | Description | http://brianna.modernthings.org/about/8/this-website | 14/1438042986646.29_20150728002306-00045-ip-10-236-191-2_36042697_0.json |
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