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Learn about the ecology of amphibians and the best ways to survey them.
Learn how to establish and deliver your own Forest School programme. This course enables you to gain a nationally recognised qualification to lead Forest School activities.
Delve into the dark world of bats and learn about their unique biology and ecology.
Create a beautiful willow obelisk to use year after year in your garden.
Create a two sided mosaic to decorate your garden.
Learn about all of Surrey's reptiles before venturing onto Witley Common to find them in their native habitat.
Heathland Habitats for Wildlife and how to manage them for Birds.
Spend the day learning about this unique habitat and how it is managed for its bird life before going on a walk.
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Main Gallery Exhibitions
South Gallery Exhibitions
Saturday Art Experience
Art of Possibility
ArtWalk Longmont
Patron of the Arts
Wayne Northcutt
Michael Pharris
Christy Felton
Diane Martonis
William Le Desma
Howard Zaremba
Arpita Choudhury
Jon Fukuda
Board Member Nomination Guidelines
The Firehouse Art Center in Longmont is seeking enthusiastic and creative leaders to join its Board of Directors. As a Board Member, you will be assisting & supporting a successful visual arts non-profit organization that has been the visual art center serving the St. Vrain Valley and Boulder County since 1986. The Firehouse Art Center's Board of Directors supports and guides the organization to help it realize the full impact of its mission and vision. It is a supportive network, committed to inclusion of a variety of identities, perspectives, and skill sets. Applicants need not have previous board leadership experience, but must be willing to contribute their time and resources to advancing the Firehouse's mission. This is an extraordinary opportunity for an individual who is passionate about supporting the organization's growth through advocacy, fundraising, service, and acting as an ambassador for the organization.
Specific Board Member responsibilities include:
• Participate in FAC's annual board retreat, regular board meetings, and in working groups and committees.
• Serve as an advisor to FAC's Executive Director. Each board member supports FAC's activities by offering their unique expertise and guidance.
• Help establish policy, procedures, and regulations for the operation of FAC and provide legal and fiduciary oversight.
• Act as an ambassador for FAC and represent the organization to stakeholders.
• Make FAC a philanthropic priority and assist in the organization's fundraising efforts. No minimum giving and fundraising amount is set, but board members are expected to proactively reach out to their personal and professional networks to solicit contributions for FAC and make a personally meaningful financial gift to FAC each year.
• Serve a two-year term (to be eligible for re-appointment for one additional term). Service on FAC's Board of Directors is without remuneration
Please send a letter of intent and resume to Firehouse Art Center, 667 Fourth Ave, Longmont CO 80501.
THE FIREHOUSE TEAM
Elaine Waterman
Elaine Waterman brings over 11 years of arts education and programming experience to the Firehouse Art Center. Elaine completed her BFA from The College of William and Mary in Sculpture with a minor in Art History. With a Fashion Design and Illustration degree from the Fashion Institute of Technology, Elaine started her career in the arts as a Fashion Designer in NYC, working for Bloomingdales as well as Marvel Comics. As a professional artist, Elaine has exhibited in galleries from New York to Los Angeles. Prior to her current position, she served as the Studio Project Coordinator at the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art as well as the Education Program Coordinator at the Longmont Museum and Cultural Center. Elaine's biggest passion is introducing students, young and old, to the artist within, and she believes that art can be a powerful agent of social change. She is committed to working with curator, Brandy Coons, to exhibit art that dynamically engages viewers and encourages creative discourse. Elaine feels that community involvement is a top priority and is looking forward to expanding the Firehouse Art Center's community outreach through innovative programming for adults and children.
Brandy Coons
Firehouse Art Center
Monday & Tuesday: Closed
Wednesday - Friday: 12:00-5:00 pm (by appointment only)
Saturday: 12:00-5:00 pm (open to walk in guests with a 5 person capacity)
Sunday: 12:00-5:00 pm (by appointment only)
Email [email protected] at least 24 hours in advance to schedule.
© 2021 The Arts Studio, LLC. | Firehouse Art Center
JOIN THE FIREHOUSE
ART CENTER NEWSLETTER!
Find out about the latest exhibitions, programs, and events at the Firehouse Art Center!
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Page last updated at 14:21 GMT, Monday, 9 June 2008 15:21 UK
Suspects 'amassed terror library'
Police searches were carried out at the homes of all four defendants
An "encyclopaedia or library" of articles promoting terrorism was found during raids on the homes of three men and a boy of 16, a court has heard.
Prosecutors told London's Blackfriars Crown Court the haul included documents on weapons and explosives.
Defendant Aabid Khan, of Bradford, West Yorkshire, was described as "dedicated to the pursuit of a violent holy war".
The 23-year-old and three others deny terrorism-related counts of possessing articles or documents.
In the dock are Mr Aabid and Sultan Muhammad, 23, also from Bradford, West Yorkshire, Ahmed Sulieman, 30, from Woolwich, south-east London, and Hammaad Munshi, 18, from, Dewsbury, West Yorkshire.
All four deny possessing articles or documents likely to be useful to terrorists in 2005 and 2006.
Mr Khan and Mr Muhammad also deny possessing articles for a terrorist purpose.
'Acts of murder'
Simon Denison, prosecuting, told the court that the material allegedly belonging to Mr Khan "showed he was dedicated to the pursuit of a violent holy war against anyone, any person or any country which did not believe in his religious faith".
This information amounted to a terrorist encyclopaedia or library that would have enabled him or others to carry out terrorist attacks here or abroad
Simon Denison, prosecuting
"The computer, hard drives and the computer discs contained thousands of documents, videos and audio files that held detailed practical information on how to make and use weapons, explosives and poisons, how to carry out acts of murder on potential terrorist targets here in the UK as well as abroad," Mr Denison said.
He said police also found news reports about terrorist activity "that could have been used as information to inform someone intent on committing acts of terrorism".
Mr Denison said Mr Khan also possessed "documents that provided detailed information on surveillance and counter surveillance".
"This information amounted to a terrorist encyclopaedia or library that would have enabled him or others to carry out terrorist attacks here or abroad in a variety of ways, and thereby to further the cause that appeared to be his mission in life - the war on Western values and anyone who was a non-believer in the Muslim faith."
Mr Khan was arrested at Manchester Airport on 6 June 2006 as he arrived back from Pakistan.
Further raids then followed in West Yorkshire and London leading to the detention of Mr Khan's co-accused.
Mr Denison said all four had been "motivated by their common cause" and had amassed computers, CDs and books that "were the necessary tools of their trade, possessed to be used in furtherance of that violent cause".
'Chilling' video
Among the documents allegedly discovered at the defendants' homes were titles such as How To Make Napalm, Manual On Explosives And Demolitions and the Mujahideen Poisons Handbook.
Mr Denison said one particularly "chilling" video provided "a step-by-step guide on making a suicide bomber's vest".
Four defendants
Aabid Khan, 23, of Bradford, West Yorks
Sultan Muhammad, 23, of Bradford, West Yorks
Ahmed Sulieman, 30, of Woolwich, London
Hammaad Munshi, 18, of Dewsbury, West Yorks
The jury heard that the youngest defendant, Mr Munshi, was a pupil at Westborough High School, in Dewsbury, at the time of his arrest.
He lived with his parents 10 miles from Mr Khan, and according to prosecutors, was in regular contact with him.
In one discussion, via the MSN internet messaging service, the pair discussed how someone might "get a sword with a metal blade through a security scanner at an airport", Mr Denison said.
He said the schoolboy had also "created a document" from information found on the internet which contained "practical information how to make napalm, detonators, high explosives, home-made explosives, how to make grenades and how to kill someone".
The trial continues. It is expected to last 10 weeks.
TOP UK STORIES
Major manhunt for Afghan soldier
PM condemns sympathy for Moat
|
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Home Environment Obama reigns in power plant emissions as coal industry teeters into bankruptcy
Obama reigns in power plant emissions as coal industry teeters into bankruptcy
David Herron August 3, 2015 August 3, 2015 Environment, Stone Age Energy
Remember a few years ago the "debate" over whether CO2 is pollution? With its announcement today of the "Clean Power Plan" the Obama Administration makes it clear that debate is over, and that action is required now rather than later. The plan calls for strict rules over CO2 emissions, and for increasing investment in renewable energy (solar power, wind power) as well as smart grid technologies including grid-scale energy storage systems.
What was that debate over? It was claimed CO2 is a natural part of the atmosphere. All of us who are animals exhale CO2 a few times a minute in a constant exchange of gasses with the atmosphere. Surely CO2 is a natural element in the atmosphere, it was suggested. But, CO2 emissions from coal fired power plants are unnatural, because that CO2 had been sequestered by the planet millions of years ago and, in our thirst for "progress" and the instant wealth coming from fossil fuels, we've been burning coal and natural gas and crude oil like there's no tomorrow. The result is rapidly increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which results in rapidly rising temperature, increases in extreme weather events, rising sea-levels, increasing numbers of wildfires, threats to the food system from crop loss, increasing extinction rate, wars over scarce resources, and more.
Some of those effects are already happening.
The plan also shows awareness of a broader issue than just climate change. In the 2nd paragraph of the Fact Sheet , while reminding the reader that climate change is a real effect that is threatening us all, it says "the percentage of Americans with asthma has more than doubled, and climate change is putting those Americans at greater risk of landing in the hospital". Asthma isn't caused by climate change, but burning fossil fuels is increasingly known to cause asthma and at the same time fossil fuel consumption is known to be causing climate change. Later it says
Provide significant public health benefits – The Clean Power Plan , and other policies put in place to drive a cleaner energy sector, will reduce premature deaths from power plant emissions by nearly 90 percent in 2030 compared to 2005 and decrease the pollutants that contribute to the soot and smog and can lead to more asthma attacks in kids by more than 70 percent. The Clean Power Plan will also avoid up to 3,600 premature deaths, lead to 90,000 fewer asthma attacks in children, and prevent 300,000 missed work and school days.
Hence, the plan makes a nod to the negative health impact of fossil fuel consumption.
Carbon standards – Issued by the EPA, these are the first-ever national standards that address carbon pollution from power plants. They'll cover two kinds of plants:
Fossil fuel-fired electric steam generating units (generally, coal- and oil-fired power plants)
Natural gas-fired combined cycle generating units.
Individual states develop plans to meet the carbon standards with the power plants in their state.
Energy efficiency – This is seen a remaining key mechanism for carbon reduction. By reducing electricity consumption w/o reducing benefit, the overall pollution rate is decreased.
Emissions trading – Ultimately the state plans put requirements on individual power plants. Those plants can either clean up their act, or buy indulgences, er, emissions rate credits or allowances. Hence, there'll be a "market" for buying/selling emissions credits.
Rewards states for early adherence to the plan.
Grid reliability – the plan must ensure the grid remains reliable while adopting large amounts of renewable energy. This isn't clearly spelled out, but it's safe to assume grid energy storage systems will play a big role.
Claims the carbon targets for states is "fair"
Environmental/Social justice – Requires that states "engage" with low-income communities in developing the plan. Currently those communities are subjected to the worst pollution, and end up paying the highest health cost.
The deadline for states to submit plans is September 6, 2016. (note: in the middle of the election – hence, this will be a big issue in the election) States that get extensions have a September 6, 2017 deadline, and must submit the final plan by September 6, 2018.
Implementation can begin NOW, and the period for mandatory reductions doesn't begin until 2020. The goal is to meet 2030 climate change goals.
There are states, cities and businesses around the country with already-existing plans that can be incorporated into the new plan.
50 states with demand-side energy efficiency programs
37 states with renewable portfolio standards or goals
10 states with market-based greenhouse gas emission programs
25 states with energy efficiency standards or goals
The plan notes that this will create a zillion jobs due to a process that's already underway. Namely, renewable energy systems (solar, wind) is already rapidly falling in price and becoming more competitive against fossil fuel energy systems. There's already millions of jobs in the U.S. (and around the world) involved with installing, designing, maintaining, etc, renewable energy systems.
Because the plan puts a big emphasis on renewable energy, it'll spur more investment in the factories etc to make that stuff, lowering the prices even more. Even more people will be hired to install all this stuff, because there's a huge task ahead of us to displace enough of the Coal, Oil and Natural Gas power plants with renewable energy systems.
Those jobs and new factories and whatnot – that's all economic activity. The politicians whose job is to protect the fossil fuel industry like to say this sort of measure is "Jobs Killing". Sorry, no, that's not how it is. Yes, existing jobs will be rendered irrelevant as the coal fired power plants go away, but new jobs will (and are) spring up to replace those jobs.
In other news today, the 2nd biggest coal producer in the U.S., Alpha Natural Resources, filed for bankruptcy. According to a Forbes.com report , the company was launched in 2002 and grew big by making debt-fueled large acquisitions. It's possible the company simply leveraged itself too highly, and ran into a liquidity problem forcing it into bankruptcy. In the filing they claimed the coal industry has "encountered a variety of macroeconomic headwinds and regulatory obstacles that collectively have distressed most of the domestic coal industry" – but at the same time the company lost $875 million in 2014.
According to a SeekingAlpha report from April 2015 , which predicted Alpha Natural would not declare bankruptcy, the coal industry was being hurt by lower prices and lower demand for coal. In Appha Natural's case it resulted in negative operating cash flow of $60 million.
I suppose that "headwinds and regulatory obstacles" refer to events like the Clean Power Plan we just discussed. I can find zero sympathy – these companies have been selling poison to us all, and it has to stop. If that means erasing an industry then so be it.
We collectively need to transition away from the stone age energy paradigm – burning stuff to get light, heat and motion – and transition to a new energy paradigm based on renewable resources.
Kentucky – you need to give up on the "Coal, Kentucky's Ace in the Hole" idea. (I lived in Kentucky for about 17 years, and the TV channels frequently carried a "public service announcement" centering on that idea)
The following videos show the sentiment of Coal people in Kentucky. Yes, there are existing jobs held by people in Coal Country. Clearly those jobs are at risk of being lost as the coal industry winds down. But does that mean the people in Appalachia have no choice of other work? Nope. What about installing wind farms in the mountains?
In one of these videos Sen. McConnell says 5,000 Kentuckians are out of work (as of December 2013). Widespread adoption of renewable energy systems means many more than 5,000 jobs. Which is better? To preserve 5,000 jobs whose result is to extract and sell poison? Or to enact lots more jobs whose result is electricity systems with vastly vastly reduced environmental impact.
They talk about Coal as a "way of life" because there's so many Appalachian's involved in the industry. That happens to be the same phrase used to protect displays of the Confederate Battle Flag, to protect groups like the Ku Klux Klan to squash the rights of African Americans, and so forth. Within the last month or so display of the Confederate Battle Flag received a huge drubbing following the massacre of African Americans in a church in South Carolina, and now several states are having to rethink their state flag (if it contains the Confederate Battle Flag) and in other places decades-long displays of that flag have come to an end.
In other words – a "way of life" that's been shown to cause negative poisonous results can come to an end.
Coal and other fossil fuels cause negative poisonous results for all of us. That way of life needs to come to an end.
The last video is Pres. Obama's announcement ceremony for the Clean Power Plan. He talked about how hard this was going to be, if only because of powerful foes like Ky. Sen. McConnell whose early opposition to this plan is shown below. But he also said we are the first generation to feel the effects of climate change, and we are the last generation who can do something about it. We have no choice but to work to address this problem. Now is the only time to take action.
Climate Change, Coal, Government Policies, Obama, Renewable Energy. Bookmark.
Kia Soul EV can do 100 kW CHAdeMO – the desired charge rate for 200+ mile range EV's
Is the REFUEL event at risk if Monterey County changes Laguna Seca management agreement?
Pingback: Fossil Fuel protectors to run conference opposite Sen. Reid's National Clean Energy Conference | The Long Tail Pipe
Pingback: Obama calls for icebreakers for oil exploration while raising climate change alarm | The Long Tail Pipe
Big Lie: Wind turbines freezes Texas during massive winter…
California launches Rule-Making for clean energy electricity…
Apple California Flats solar farm using Tesla Megapack…
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Paramedics categorised as 'life-threatening' the injuries to a man found on a Louth roadside, after being stabbed 28 times before being locked into the boot of a car that was pushed into a canal.
A paramedic gave the evidence to the Central Criminal Court this morning in the trial of a 22-year-old Louth man, charged with attempting to murder a fellow Louth man twice on the one night.
Paul Crosby of Rathmullen Park in Drogheda has pleaded not guilty to attempting to murder, falsely imprisoning and causing serious harm to Gerard Boyle (22) on 10th November, 2016 at Knockcommon, Beauparc, Slane in Co Meath.
He has also pleaded not guilty to the attempted murder of Mr Boyle later on the same date at Boyne Canal, Drogheda.
A paramedic told Patrick Gageby SC, prosecuting, that he was called to a scene on the Slane Road out of Drogheda around 10.45 that night. The court had already heard that Mr Boyle had been found lying up against a stop sign, soaked in blood and water.
The paramedics got him into an ambulance, where they further assessed him.
He said he began counting the patient's stab wounds, but stopped at about 20, and just wrote '20 +' in his notes. He put him on 'high-flow oxygen' and began dressing his wounds.
He explained that they were just four or five minutes from the hospital. Had they been further away, he would have had to make other arrangements.
He handed the patient over to the trauma team and, as expected, witnessed 'two chest drains going in'.
The jury later heard from a garda, who had called to the home of the accused earlier that night, but had not seen him there.
Gda Karl Mannion told Mr Gageby that he attended Mr Crosby's home at 9.56pm to check if he was there. He confirmed that this was 'because there was a 9 o'clock curfew'.
He testified that the door was opened by Brenda Crosby, who invited him into the hall. He stepped inside but didn't see Mr Crosby on the premises.
He recalled that, half an hour later, he received a call about a man trying to wave people down near the Obelisk Bridge outside the town. On arrival, he found Mr Boyle sitting on the roadside.
The garda wrapped him in a foil blanket and, arising from what Mr Boyle said, went to the Boyne canal and saw a vehicle in the water.
Mr Bowman SC, defending, asked him if he had searched the property when he attended his client's home that night.
"No, certainly not," he replied.
The trial continues before Mr Justice Patrick McCarthy and a jury of five women and six men.
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The Chief Executive of Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council is to resign following the exposure last month of widespread child abuse in the South Yorkshire town.
The announcement follows the earlier departure of council leader Roger Stone, who offered his "heartfelt apologies" for the scandal.
South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner Shaun Wright, who led the council's children's department between 2005 and 2010, continues, however, to resist calls for his resignation.
The independent report, by former senior social worker Alexis Jay, claimed that around 1.400 girls, some as young as 11, had been groomed, trafficked and sexually abused in the town over a 15 year period by gangs of men with a predominantly Pakistani background.
Authorities repeatedly failed to act, the report states, accusing them of "blatant" collective failures.
However, the council has ruled out disciplinary action against individual employees, saying there is insufficient evidence for individuals to be held accountable.
Meanwhile, South Yorkshire Police has announced its own investigation into its handling of the abuse.
I expect he wants to spend more time with his family . . .
Marilyn, I bet you don't know who originated that joke!
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Expresslane | Louisiana Office of Motor Vehicles What if I don't want a REAL ID compliant driver's license or identification card?
What if I don't want a REAL ID compliant driver's license or identification card?
A.Eligible applicants can receive a driver's license or identification card that is compliant with REAL ID or not compliant with REAL ID.
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This is an one more usual trouble when it comes to a commode. If the commode flush lever is damaged, you need to replace it right away. Otherwise, your youngsters may locate it difficult to purge the commode. Replacing a bathroom flush lever is uncomplicated. It can be conveniently executed as a DIY task if you have a little experience in this area. If you believe that you are not able to change the flush lever, it is ideal that you call the professionals quickly. Call A Plumber is one of the very best toilet repair work provider in Great Lakes . Call them right now for all your bathroom repair work and setup jobs.
Are you mounting a new commode or changing parts in your existing commode? Then, you ought to call Call A Plumber since we are the leading provider for bathroom installations in Great Lakes and its suburbs. There are so many satisfied consumers that are commending our solutions. Most of our customers are repeat customers, who have returned to us time and again for all their plumbing repair troubles. Whether you need to change certain parts in your commode or install a full brand-new system, we will certainly aid you do it within a short time period. Our extremely qualified and also experienced technicians will help address all your concerns with complete simplicity.
the majority of the property owners will certainly find their commodes dripping at the base. This is among the most significant problems faced by most of the homeowners today. This type of leakage usually occurs when you purge the commode. Tightening the tee screws or replacing the commode wax ring is one service for this issue. Before you head down this course, you need to be sure that the water is dripping from the base. Often, various other parts of the toilet could be leaking as well as creating the water on the floor. This is why you should call the specialists to check out the problem as well as offer a remedy to it. Call A Plumber is the most effective when it concerns fixing or setting up a bathroom base in your home.
Are you experiencing trouble with your bathroom storage tank? Is your bathroom tank dripping? If so, you should call Call A Plumber quickly. Toilet container repair is rather a common plumbing concern in Great Lakes and other parts of the state. Although there are so many commode storage tank repair work provider in Great Lakes, , not all them are first-class. This is why you have to perform extensive research in selecting the very best company for toilet tank repair services. This is where Call A Plumber can be found in convenient. We use a few of the best specialists that are highly certified and also experienced in dealing with all your toilet container fixing issues. Call us right now for a totally free quotation for all your plumbing concerns in Great Lakes, IL.
As a customer, you have to do considerable research study when selecting a specialist as well as credible pipes company in Great Lakes. There are a lot of many company that market their services as being the most effective in the location, but a lot of them will never stand behind their workmanship. This is why you should be very mindful when picking a plumbing specialist in the location. Call A Plumber is one of one of the most trusted professional commode repair work service providers in the location. Call us currently for all your plumbing and also commode repair troubles in Great Lakes IL.
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Announcing Our New Logo – RADCO, Inc.
RADCO is excited to introduce our new logo as we step into our 45th year of continuous devotion to our clients, providing optimal services through Professionalism, Expertise and Integrity. Our logo reflects the bold styling of the 21st century and our dedication to ongoing progress and positive change. It also projects confidence in our team members as they take on new challenges to meet our clients' expectations.
Our old logo with the 1970's earth tones served well for the past 45 years but change was overdue.
Our focus remains on exceeding our customer's expectations through personal one-on-one relationships, outstanding expertise, and superior customer service.
NOTE: As a U.S. government registered product certification mark and to maintain continuity of recognition our old logo will continue to be displayed on RADCO listed products.
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Posts tagged 'Cesar Chavez'
Do I Have The Guts?
I know it works. Millions of people around the world have risked life and limb to make it happen. But I don't know, when it comes down to it, if I have the courage or moral strength to do it myself. In country after country, against the world's worst governments, tyrants, military invaders and dictators, people have put their lives on the line by confronting the violent use of repression, intimidation, torture and imprisonment with nonviolent weapons of non-cooperation, civil-disobedience, strikes, sit-ins, rallies, vigils, politics and boycotts.
The question is not whether nonviolence works, but why it hasn't been acknowledged, advocated, taught and put into practice more often? No other form of conflict has created such long-lasting and peaceful results as that of nonviolence.
Nonviolence is far from a passive activity. It requires deep introspection, continual self-awareness, strategizing, commitment, patience and direct and in-direct action. People actually have less chance of getting killed by using nonviolent tactics than they do by using violence.
As seen throughout history, it is imperative that the means match the ends. If you want a peaceful society you can't use violence to create it. If you desire less hatred, bigotry and vengeance in the world, you have to see it in yourself and practice removing it from your own life.
A Jewish man, known as Jesus of Nazareth, repeatedly and adamantly advocated love and nonviolence and was willing to suffer torture and death by the Romans for his beliefs. His actions and words have since influenced the lives of millions.
About five hundred years before Jesus, the Buddha of Gotama preached an end to the caste system in India and contrary to all rules, laws and expectations of his time, accepted students from all castes.
In 1905, an Eastern Orthodox priest led over 150,000 Russians to the capital to protest the government. That march led to the first popularly elected parliament in that nation's history.
In the early 1930's, Mahatmas Gandhi first called for mass civil disobedience against the British. His call for active Satyagraha (truth force) resulted in India's democratic independence in 1947.
Danish citizens refused to aid the Nazi war effort and forced the Germans to end blockades and curfews during their occupation of Denmark.
Without picking up a single gun Salvadoran's forced their longtime military dictator into exile in 1944.
Martin Luther King, Jr., using many of the non-violent tactics of Gandhi, helped mobilize Americans to end racial segregation in the South and fight for civil rights nation wide.
Cesar Chavez peacefully rallied farm-workers to demand better working conditions for the men and women that harvest our countries food.
Laborers went on strike, won the right to organize and with the help of the Catholic Church and Solidarity, nonviolently brought down a totalitarian form of communism in Poland.
A group of mothers marched in the capitol of Argentina demanding to know the whereabouts of their abducted sons and grandsons. After years of being intimidated, tortured and imprisoned themselves, their persistence helped oust the countries military junta.
In the Philippines, in 1986, a coalition of citizens outraged with the government supported assassination of a returning exiled politician, massed to support his widow Corazin Aquino. After defying continued brutality, censorship and threats by the Armed Forces under Ferdinand Marcos, the people, with the help of The Church, struck at the conscience of military officers who eventually refused to follow Marcos's orders.
South Africans waged a decades long nonviolent campaign to end Apartheid. Their actions eventually led to the freeing of Nelson Mandela and a democratically elected government in which every person's vote had equal value.
Over 100,000 students in the Czech republic sat down in the streets demanding freedom. Their example set off a wave of protest that washed away totalitarian regimes in Hungary, Bulgaria, Mongolia and East Germany.
At the turn of the century the Serbian dictator Slobodan Milosevic was defeated and his security forces neutralized by a general strike and nonviolent uprising.
These examples are but a few of the many inspiring practical applications of nonviolence, but how does somebody become brave enough to do it? How does one get to the point where they are willing to risk losing their job, go to prison, be assaulted or killed? How do we stand up to evil without becoming like those we confront? How do we separate evil acts from the people perpetrating them and still stop their actions without demonizing them in the process?
I like to think that my life and what I am doing with it make a difference. I tell myself that working as a counselor, a writer and volunteering in prisons and overseas helps others. I believe raising healthy children, working with human rights organizations and using non-polluting energy for my car and home, all have an impact. Then again, they are all safe and convenient.
Sure, I've marched in protest rallies against different wars and been arrested for blocking nuclear weapons facilities, but I knew the worst thing that would happen would be a couple of hours in detention or an overnight stay in the slammer. If I faced the prospect of years in prison, large fines, torture, a criminal record or being exiled from my country and family would I have done the same thing? I doubt it. Am I willing to stop paying taxes, get fined and go to jail? No. Am I spending time organizing other citizens to insist on less military spending and greater humanitarian interventions around the world? Perhaps, a little. Am I fully putting my body and deeds where my heart and beliefs lead me? No.
The reality is that I pay others to protect me with violent means. By paying my taxes I pay for law enforcement and military personal to carry and use weapons to theoretically keep my family, community and nation out of harms way. The money I pay to our government helps research, design, produce and use weapons of mass destruction and military intimidation and violence.
If someone threatened my son, daughter or mate, I believe I have the guts to stand my ground and resolve the conflict nonviolently without striking back, but I'm not sure. And if someone threatened my neighbor or community, I doubt I would have the same brave resolve to "fight back", as I would with my immediate family.
I like to see myself as an advocate for justice, peace and freedom, now I'm not so sure. The justice, peace and freedom I seek are made in the context of a comfortable way of life and don't require me to go out of my way to achieve them or make any great sacrifices; yet, all of those who have preceded me have been willing to do just that. They all took a leap of faith. They saw that they were not separate from anyone else on this planet and what they and others do or don't do, affects us all.
When it comes down to the nitty gritty and I have to practice what I preach, I hope I can make that leap. I hope my faith in non-violence and love carries me through any and all circumstances and situations. In reality, I won't know until or if, it happens. It could be that everyone is scared, even petrified, when faced with harm, but they act anyway. Perhaps that is what courage is all
Cesar Chavez
Mahatmas Gandhi
mothers of disappeared
non-violent
resistence
|
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Vertical test rig with inner radial seal clamping style. 3 test places, for contemporary pressure test. The screwed columns assure the complete absence of external forces on valve body. This prerogative makes it conform to the most diffuse international test standards. Different screw diameter let you to extend valve range that could be tested (See working limits). The rig is controlled by SKMM-100 pressurization skid; to have more information about please consult dedicated technical data sheets. The rig could be completed with several options and accessories, please contact our sales office to have more information.
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Tag: Flemish Movement
Lacemaking as slavery in 'Aunt Klara's Cabin' (1864)
By davidh
In Flemish literature, Lacemakers and politics, Lacemakers in Fiction, Lacemakers in the Past
Joanna Desideria Courtmans-Berchmans, by Jules van Biesbroeck, Letterenhuis Antwerp
For Johanna-Desideria (Désirée) Berchmans (1811-1890), often known by her married name Courtmans, the purpose of literature was to make a difference to society. The novel was moralisation and enlightenment by other means. (Louise Otto-Peters, whom we looked at in a previous post, took a similar approach but it was even more prevalent in Belgium due to the absence of a substantial educated public for literature in Flemish.) There were other women writers connected to the Flemish Movement, such as Marie Doolaeghe,[1] but Courtmans-Berchmans was probably the most important female author active in the Flemish literary revival of the mid-nineteenth century. Although she only turned to prose in her 40s, she became a prolific novelist, producing a book every year and sometimes more. As her father was a teacher, her husband was a teacher, her daughters were teachers, and she herself attempted to run a boarding school in Maldegem, it is perhaps not surprising that schools feature regularly in her novels. But education was not just her theme, it was her mission. Schooling, and particularly girls' schooling, was a political battleground in nineteenth-century Belgium, and both in her life and her fiction Courtmans-Berchmans was a combatant. Her novel De hut van tante Klara (1864) was an indictment of the lace schools: her title – with its deliberate echo of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) – implied that children's lacemaking was a form of slavery.[2]
As discussed in our previous blog about Father Constant Duvillers and the lace-school in Middelburg, the 1840s were the 'Hunger Years' in Flanders, a situation brought on by overlapping crises in the linen industry and in agriculture. Famine was only averted by the coordinated action of local elites, particularly the Catholic Church and landowners, with the aid of the Belgian state. They sponsored lace-schools, which provided an alternative source of income to a population which had previously been dependent on flax-spinning. However, this was not a purely charitable endeavour; lace-schools, even those that received philanthropic support or subventions from the local authorities, needed to make money to remain open. A few provided some hours of basic teaching in the three Rs, but most were more workshops than schools, and the persons in charge – usually members of religious orders but sometimes private individuals – were also intermediaries in the lace trade, bound up in a network of commercial relationships. In consequence, the schools were regularly denounced for economically exploiting their young charges, while damaging their bodies and minds in the process. The Roeselare Chamber of Commerce, for example, used its annual report for the year 1864 to the Belgian Government to condemn the lace-schools: 'The false mask of devotion to the working class fails to hide what is in most cases the spirit of avarice, pushed to its most extreme limits and which sacrifices the health, the education and the future of these poor slaves, wretchedly deceived and abused, to this greed.' The American Civil War was still being fought in 1864 so the use of the term 'slaves' was deliberate. 1864 was also the year that Berchmans-Courtmans published her novel De hut van tante Klara.
How did she become involved with lace? To answer this we need to go back a little in her biography. Her father had been mayor of the village of Mespelare near Dendermonde in East Flanders (he was the model for the hero of her eponymous novel De burgemeester van 1819 [1861]). At the age of nine she was sent to a boarding-school in the French speaking part of Belgium; at the time a good education for a woman meant first and foremost learning French. In 1835 we find her lodging in Ghent with Coleta Tanghe, a lacemaker and dealer. (In her letters Berchmans referred to her as 'Aunt Colette', but the precise family relationship is unclear.) Also lodging in the same house was the young teacher Jan-Baptist Courtmans (1811-1856), and in very short order the pair fell in love, married and started a family, all while living with 'Aunt Colette', as they would for most of the next decade. Courtmans was secretary of the Maetschappij van Vlaemsche Letteroefening [The Society for Flemish Literature], which united many of the leading writers in the nascent Flemish movement such as Jan Frans Willems, Prudens Van Duyse and Ferdinand Augustijn Snellaert. The Courtmans family played host to visiting German writers such as the folklorist Johann Wilhelm Wolf, and Désirée narrated some of the folktales that made up his Niederländische Sagen (1843).[3] She was also launching her own writing career. As with almost all Flemish authors in the wake of Henrik Conscience's De Leeuw van Vlaenderen (1838), her first poems drew on Flanders' romantic, medieval past, although she particularly highlighted the contribution of women, especially queens, to the cause of national independence.
In 1843 the Courtmans moved to Lier when her husband took a position as professor of Flemish at the Teacher Training College. For the next decade, as the family continued to grow, her literary output shrank, but when Jan-Baptist became too ill to work (he would die in 1856), she took up her pen again, in part to earn money. After her husband's death, and with eight children in tow ranging in age from three to nineteen, she moved to the small town of Maldegem. Why she chose this location is a bit obscure, but she had a definite plan: she would open a girls' boarding-school with herself and her elder daughter as teachers. She placed adverts in the local newspapers. The house she chose was on Noordstraat, directly opposite the lace-school run by Father Vinckier, Maldegem's priest from 1832 to 1872. The two quickly, indeed almost immediately, became bitter opponents. Noordstraat Maldegem was one of many small-town front lines in the culture wars between clericals and liberals that divided Belgium politically.[4] Courtmans-Berchmans considered herself a good Catholic, but she was a liberal in political matters.
Noordstraat Maldegem, c. 1909. Fifty years earlier this was a frontline in the Belgian 'culture wars'
Like Duvillers in Middelburg, which was only a walk away, Vinckier intended to dominate his parish, and the lace-school was one of the means to achieve this end. It had been founded as a private initiative in 1842 but was taken over by Vinckier in 1845 or 1846. (Perhaps he had been inspired to do so after paying a call on Duvillers' school: visiting priests were common characters in the latter's songs.) In the mid 1850s more than 300 girls, the bulk of the available juvenile, female population, attended.
More than one story is told about Vinckier's first encounter with Courtmans-Berchmans, but the gist of them all is he told her that Maldegem had no need of educated women and so she had better set up shop elsewhere. Her reply was 'ik blijf' [I'm staying]. However, she lost the first battle in her personal 'culture war' when her boarding-school was wound up in 1858 due to, as she explained to the local council, 'malicious obstruction'. As it was around this time that she started seriously writing again, the cause of literature gained by the failure of her boarding-school ambitions. But in 1857 a new front opened up. Municipal provision of some sort of primary schooling had become law in 1842, but in the 1850s the Liberal government began to put pressure on councils to build separate schools for girls. Unlike the lace-schools these would not be places of work but would teach reading, writing and other skills. They would be free to those unable to pay, which was the majority of the population in Maldegem. The ecclesiastical authorities were worried that these public schools would compete with the lace-schools, and thus draw the female population away from their control. One solution was, therefore, to convert the lace-schools into public schools by introducing a few extra lessons in reading and writing. This was the strategy suggested by the Archbishop of Bruges and initially followed by Vinckier. He proposed that Sophie Westerlinck, the mistress of his lace-school, should be appointed Maldegem's first teacher of the girls' public school, which would succeed the lace-school. However, Courtmans-Berchmans was simultaneously lobbying hard to ensure that her daughter Mathilde got the post. After much dithering by the council, she gained the cause, and Mathilde Courtmans was appointed on 3 February 1858. Several of her sisters would join her as teachers in due course.
Yet this was not the end of the struggle. Education was provided, but parents were not obliged to take it up. Through the 1860s and 70s the lace-schools, both Vinckier's and other establishments in Maldegem, continued to attract more pupils than the public school. Girls in the lace schools earned money which helped support their families, and in 'Poor Flanders' this support could be vital to a family's survival. But the Church had other ways of exerting control. In 1879 a new Liberal government attempted to laicise primary education in Belgium but the Church hierarchy fought back, threatening to excommunicate all teachers and all parents of pupils attending state primary schools. In rural Catholic Flanders the effect of the first 'School War' (Schoolstrijd) from 1879 to 1884 was to empty the state primary schools and thus put the Courtmans sisters out of work.
However, this defeat lay some years off. During the 1860s Courtmans-Berchmans was battling for decent schooling for Flemish girls on several fronts: with the local council (to whom she complained about the condition of the school buildings, and especially the playground, as she was convinced of the need for physical activity and fun as part of a rounded education), in the local papers such as De Eecloonaer where she berated her fellow citizens for their parish pump politicking, and in her novels, such as De hut van tante Klara. No works by Courtmans-Berchmans are available in English (to our knowledge) but sections of this novel were translated by Brenda Mudde, and commentated on by Lia Van Gemert, in the latter's collection Women's Writing from the Low Countries, 1200-1875: A Bilingual Anthology (Amsterdam University Press, 2010).
The eponymous heroine, Klara Roman, is a herb-gatherer and the widow of a supposed 'jacobijn' barber-surgeon (Jacobin was a term of abuse aimed at anyone with liberal or anticlerical ideas). Living with her are two orphaned granddaughters, Mieke and Roza, or Mieken and Rozeken as they usually appear in the text (along with their father, an unimportant character). An industrial accident will soon rob her of her other son-in-law, and her other daughter with her tiny children will also take up residence in her crowded cottage. At first, though, all seems idyllic, the six-year-old Mieken and Rozeken playing in the healthy outdoors while Klara picks her herbs for the apothecary. Yet there is a presentiment of tragedy: the girls weave crowns of flowers that make them resemble two virgin martyrs. Into the scene walk the agents of misfortune, the sisters Ludgarda and Rosanna Devroede, offspring of a disgraced notary. They have come to persuade the local landowner, Mevrouw Van Dooren, to set up a lace-school which they will run. Van Dooren wants to help a population suffering through the linen crisis. But she is also an enlightened philanthropist, so the rules she lays out for her lace-school specify that children under nine should only work for three hours a day on lace, that there should be lessons in other subjects, plenty of play-time, and that the children themselves should receive the profit from their work. This is not at all to the Devroede sisters' liking, but they accept the position, and soon the old village spinning house is converted into a lace-school.
The school is not an immediate hit. The poorer inhabitants want their daughters to start earning, three hours work is not enough. The village notables object to the common people learning to read. The most influential man in the village, Mr Hardies visits Mrs Van Dooren to warn her:
You are undermining the pillars of society. You drive the insignificant upwards in order to bring down the great. You wish to give the vermin wings so that they may rise up with the eagle, and you don't even seem to understand that one swipe of its claws can crush thousands of these insects… Artificial reading will grow into exercises to develop the mind, and then what – what will become of society once we get that far? Oh, Madam, I am saddened, saddened to the soul when I think of it.[5]
Although not a priest, fat Mr Hardies with his sanctimonious shows of piety, is a thinly disguised portrayal of father Vinckier. Mrs Van Dooren, fortunately, is equal to this pressure. For three further years (we are now in the late 1840s), until they are nine, Mieken and Rozeken continue at the school with Klara's blessing. They learn, they earn and they remain healthy. But then their benefactor dies, and a new regime is established in the lace school. All the poor girls in the parish are obliged to go, or their families will cease to receive charity: within a month there are 400 girls in the school. All other classes are stopped, as is playtime. The children are charged for the thread and other equipment, which had previously been a cost of the establishment. According to Aunt Klara the luckiest are those who die young, but those that survive this 'kinderslavernij' [child slavery] will become feeble housewives, with their twisted hands.
The fate of her two grandchildren under this new order is very different. Mieken is constantly punished with the 'zottekap' [dunce's cap] and the 'lange tong' [a wooden board hung on a pupil's back as a mark of shame] for not fulfilling her lace quota, she is beaten with rods and made to sit near the door, far from the warming fire; soon she is coughing and fading. Rozeken, however, with her 'downcast eye' [a regular sign of hypocritical submission and devotion in the literature of lacemaking] adapts to the Devroedes' bigotry and greed, and so is rapidly promoted. She transfers designs onto the parchments used by the pupils, particularly the 'Brusselsche bloemen' [Brussels flowers, or Duchesse lace], a specialist job.
Meanwhile Hardies has forced the Devroedes to accept his 'protection' and has become a silent partner in the school. The miser estimates that each girl earns at least fifteen centimes profit a day: 600 or more girls equals 100 francs a day, divided equally between Hardies and the Devroedes. The three plot to dispatch Rozeken to the convent at Zwijbeke, in order to improve their relationship with this important intermediary in the lace trade.
The other girls are becoming pale, thin, pinched and ill. In fact they are dying of consumption (and this mirrors the reality: between 1852 and 1856 twelve pupils in the Vinckier lace-school died of consumption, and two others of typhus: the mayor of Maldegem wrote in 1857 that 'the cause of death of the lace apprentices is a wasting disease to which the parents have given the vigorous name "schoolsickness"'). Their ill-health becomes very obvious on the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 15 August, when the school parades through the town.
They were headed by the two school mistresses in their black silk dresses, lace-edged coats, and pretty, white silk hats decorated with purple violets. Each had a fat gold chain with a precious watch around her neck, and there was nothing to find fault with in their beautiful attire. Then came the pupils.
A sigh of pity escaped each breast on seeing these pale creatures, these stunted limbs, these thin bodies, which seemed to be fighting a stubborn battle of life and death.
Never had poverty made a more painful impression than it did now that so much trouble had been taken to adorn it.
The school's older pupils looked very neat in cotton dresses, and it was evident that their parents had done the impossible to fulfil the needs of their money-earning daughters. Among these children, the granddaughters of Aunt Clara were to be found.
They were followed by the smaller children…. Hundreds of clogged little feet came clattering by. Some few were in new clogs, but many wore old ones, dripping with water and sand, and the clunking, rattling and clattering of the clogs mingled with the monotonous church hymns in such an unpleasant way that it saddened all attentive viewers.
Shamelessness had never shown itself more plainly than on that procession day. Those who, by forcing them to labour well beyond their years and strength, had transformed blooming children into creatures whose weakness would be passed on to the next generation, and had turned golden youths into pale flowers bending towards the grave even in the morning of life, they were not shamed to put the misery of these child-slaves on show as a foil to their own wealth. They braved the looks of the crowd, which seemed to call out to them:
'Your pomp, your wealth, is the fruit of your slaves' labour. It is the purchase price of the victims you drag to an early grave.'
'Lost souls! Are you not afraid that He, who is the strength of the weak and the ealth of the poor, will one day call you to account for the fate of those unhappy creatures whose bodies and souls were entrusted to you? You have prematurely killed their spirits, and their bodies you have tortured, so that they will never regain the strength to rekindle their extinguished spirits. No, you are not afraid, for you recognise no other virtue for the people than ignorance, as it is ignorance on which you have built the throne of your rule.'[6]
Mieken is one of the fatalities. Although she rallies for a while, long enough to start a romance with her neighbour Paulus, her funeral will also be her wedding. Her father, long since too ill to work, soon follows her to the grave. Although Rozeken's wages would now really help Aunt Klara's household, she follows the plan laid out by her employers and joins the convent as a novice. Aunt Klara's other two grandchildren are now also in the lace school and one is already showing signs of the wasting sickness. At last Aunt Klara, who perhaps understandably is given to weeping, now turns defiant: she removes her grandchildren, even though this means the family cannot receive poor relief from the council, which is under the thumb of Hardies.
Georges Laugée (1853-1937), Enterrement d'une jeune fille à Étricourt. Musée de l'Échevinage, Saintes. This is an example of 'the wedding of the dead'.
But times have changed. The Crimean War knocks the bottom out of the handmade lace market; the wages of the lace mistress employed by the Devroedes is halved, and even the sisters themselves cut back on their consumption of eau-de-cologne. Punishments increase in an attempt to squeeze more work out of the children, but still wages decline. For the men a new opportunity has opened up as migrant harvesters in France, so the poorer villagers are not so dependent on the lace-school. Other women start to follow Aunt Klara's example and remove their daughters. The partners in the venture have started to bicker when Hardies drops down dead of a heart attack; he returns like Jacob Marley as a ghost, weighed down with account books and banknotes. The sisters' father is released from prison and with him they slip away into the night. The lace-school building is put up for sale. Aunt Klara has one last task to fulfil: she goes to the convent to persuade Roza to renounce her noviciate and come back home.
In her introduction Berchmans-Courtmans made explicit that this novel had a social purpose, to expose the exploitation of young girls in the lace-schools, because such institutions 'disgraced a civilized country'. She was not against the idea that girls engaged in some work that could contribute to the household income, but that they should also receive an education that expanded their mental horizons, that they be taught useful lessons in tasks that would help them later as housewives (sewing, knitting), and that their bodies be allowed to bloom in exercise and fresh air. The campaign against the lace-schools would grow, picking up themes rehearsed by Berchmans-Courtmans, such as the impact on the reproductive potential of the Flemish population. In 1876 the sociologist Guillaume de Greef launched a newspaper diatribe against the lace-schools run by religious orders and not just because they exploited their charges and condemned to poverty, ill-health and early death, but also because they sapped the intellectual and moral strength of the female population: 'they are not even slaves, because slaves can rise up, but not they'.[7] However, during the 'School War' clerical Flanders rallied to the defence of the lace-schools, which survived well into the twentieth century. Thus they remained a theme for later Flemish writers such as Virginie Loveling (in Sophie 1885, where the Darwinian implications of a stunted female population are brought to the fore) and Reimond Stijns (in Hard Labeur 1904). Of course the fate of the 'hard worked, half-stifled little girls' in the lace schools was not just a campaigning matter for Flemish writers, as we have already seen in the case of Charlotte Yonge's The Clever Woman of the Family, published the year after De Hut van Tante Klara.
Jules Bastien-Lepage, Funeral of a Young Woman at Damvillers, c. 1880.
[1] Doolaeghe (1803-1884), to whom we may return, wrote an encomium for 'my noble friend' Courtmans-Berchmans in 1883, in which she praised her efforts to 'enlighten the people through her writing' [Het volk verlichtend door zijn woord]: 'Hulde aan mijne hooggeachte vriendin Mevr. Courtmans, geboren Berchmans', De Vlaamsche Kunstbode 13 (1883): 261-2.
[2] There are several biographies and other studies of Courtmans-Berchmans: I have drawn mostly on Hugo Notteboom, Rik Van de Rosteyne and Michiel de Bruyne (eds) Over Mevrouw Courtmans Leven en Werk (Maldegem: Mevrouw Courtmanscomité, 1990); and Jules Pée, Mevrouw Courtmans, een letterkundige studie, (Antwerp: Ruquoy, Delagarde, Van Uffelen, 1933).
[3] Johann Wilhelm Wolf, Niederländische Sagen (Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1843), p. xxi. German philologists such as Wolf played an important part in the Flemish revival.
[4] For the 'culture wars' in Belgium, see Els Witte, 'The Battle for Monasteries, Cemeteries and Schools: Belgium', in Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser (eds), Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
[5] Lia Van Gemert (ed.), Brenda Mudde (trans.) Women's Writing from the Low Countries, 1200-1875: A Bilingual Anthology (Amsterdam, 2010), pp. 523-4.
[6] Van Gemert (ed.), Mudde (trans.) Women's Writing from the Low Countries, pp. 525-6
[7] Guillaume Degreef, L'ouvrière dentellière en Belgique (Brussels, 1886), p. 8. The 1886 volume is a new edition of his newspaper articles.
Songs for Lace-Schools: The Compositions of Father Constant Duvillers (1803-1885)
On 6th March 2018
In Flemish literature, Lacemakers in the Past, Lacemakers' songs, Uncategorized
Eugène Laermans, 'The Emigrants' (1894). Musée des Beaux-Arts, Brussels. Migration was one of the consequences of the Flemish linen crisis of the 1840s.
In the nineteenth century there were lots of Catholic priests like Giovannino Guareschi's fictional Don Camillo — opinionated, prejudiced and pugnacious, but also deeply committed to the welfare of their parishioners and devoted to their 'little world'. They dominated their communities and examples of both their authoritarianism but also their humour have passed into folklore. The Flemish priest Constant Duvillers was one of their number. In Woubrechtegem, the tiny parish he was sent to in 1854 by the Bishop of Ghent (probably as punishment for his outspoken defence of the Flemish language), people still remembered him nearly 100 years after his death. Some of the stories that had become attached to him are standards of clerical folklore, such as his ability to compel thieves to return stolen goods. Others are perhaps more reflective of his personal eccentricities. Priests were obliged to read the Bishop's annual Easter message from the pulpit: Duvillers, who disliked both the Bishop and long services, would announce 'Beloved parishioners, it's exactly the same as last year: those that can remember it, that's good; those that cannot, that's just as well too.'[1]
Constant Duvillers, priest of Middelburg in East Flanders
However, this post concerns his time at his first parish ― Middelburg ― where he served from 1836 to 1854. This village sits right on the corner where East and West Flanders meet the border with the Netherlands. It is in 'Meetjesland', a nickname for the region that Duvillers popularized through his annual Almanak van 't Meetjesland, which he published under the pseudonym 'Meester Lieven' from 1859 until his death. The story Duvillers told (and possibly invented) was that, when the locals learnt that the notorious womanizer Emperor Charles V was to travel through the region, they hid all the young women and only old women were visible, leading the Emperor to exclaim 'This is little old lady land' [Meetje is a colloquial term for 'granny'].
The almanac, with its plain-speaking moralizing and practical advice, demonstrated Duvillers' commitment to popular education and the promotion of the Flemish language. There was nothing he disliked more than a Fleming putting on French airs, or a 'Fransquillon' to use the pejorative term popularized in the 1830s, and the subject of a bad-tempered satirical poem by Duvillers, 'De Fransquiljonnade' (1842). For Duvillers and many other Flemish priests, French was the language of Robespierre, of irreligion and revolution. Inoculating the good Catholic Flemish population against this toxin required the provision of wholesome and comprehensible literature in their own language. Duvillers was responsible for a host of such small, cheap books, often pseudonymous, which, like his almanac, mixed the homely wisdom and folk humour of proverbs with overt moralizing and religious instruction.
The proverb was one of Duvillers' favourite genres, the song was another. Among his publications are three books of songs, the first of which (1844) was dedicated for the use of the Middleburg girls' school: several of its twenty songs refer to lacemaking. In 1846 and 1847 there followed two more volumes containing fourteen and fifteen songs respectively, which were intended for use in the lace schools.
The background to these publications was the devastating crisis that affected Flanders principal industry, linen manufacturing, during the 1840s. In 1840 linen occupied nearly 300,000 people in Flanders, about twenty per cent of the population. They were employed in their own homes as spinners and weavers, supplementing their incomes by growing their own food on smallholdings. By the end of the decade this entire sector had all but disappeared. The causes included competition from British factory-produced linens and the displacement of linen by cotton, but this crisis in manufacturing was also exacerbated by poor harvests in the late 1840s, the same period as the Irish Potato Famine. Unemployment and high food prices coincided with typhus and cholera epidemics. For the fledgling Belgian state, born out of an earlier revolution in 1830, misery and starvation in Flanders presented a crisis of legitimacy. In other European countries the 'Hungry Forties' led to protest and even the overthrow of the political order. How could that outcome be avoided in Flanders too?[2]
One answer was to retrain the population to make lace. This might seem an odd choice given that machine-made lace was already a source of competition for Flemish handmade lace. Nottingham and Calais tulle had effectively wiped out Lille's lace industry in the 1830s. But the fashion for tulle had crashed, and the market for Flemish Valenciennes lace was sufficiently recovered for this project to make sense. Up until 1830 lacemaking had been a largely urban manufacture in Flanders, but in the 1840s it would desert the cities such as Antwerp and Ghent (though not Bruges) to take up its abode in the countryside, and especially in the villages of West Flanders that had been most affected by the linen crisis.
However, lacemaking is not a skill acquired overnight: it required teachers and schools. According to the historian of the Belgian lace industry, Pierre Verhaegen, 'it was now that, under the influence of humble parish priests, of charitable persons, and some convent superiors, the lace industry suddenly took flight again. In the convents of the two Flanders and Brabant, children started to be taught to make lace; where there was no establishment of this kind then one was founded and soon there was hardly a convent in Flanders which did not possess a lace school. New female congregations of nuns sprang up and gathered around themselves the children of the villages where they were implanted.'[3] This describes the role of Duvillers in Middelburg: at his initiative local elites provided the funding for a lace school, and the staff was supplied by one of the new teaching congregations of nuns.
There are many ironies to this story. The political cleavage in the young Belgian state was between the liberals and the clericals. During the 1840s the liberals, who were largely French speaking and anticlerical, were the dominant party, but their response to the linen crisis, including the funding of the lace schools, required their collaboration with their political arch-rivals, the Flemish clergy. Later in the century, the creation of hundreds of lace workshops masquerading under the name 'school' created a new battlefront in 'culture wars' between clericals, liberals and, later, socialists. In the meantime, hundreds of thousands of young Flemish women were trained in a trade that effectively trapped them in poverty. For liberals, the failure of the clergy to provide a decent education for their charges, as well as the profits the Catholic Church drew from their ignorant, emaciated and tubercular lace apprentices, was a scandal. For socialists, the impoverished lacemaker became a symbol for 'Arm Vlaanderen' [Poor Flanders]: she was the personification of the entrenched misery which demanded radical action, such as the banning of domestic manufacture. But for the clergy and their supporters the homeworking lacemaker, trained by nuns simultaneously in religion and labour, was the epitome of domestic virtue.[4]
The battle over the lace schools was fought in literature as well as in the newspapers and the chambers of parliament, as we will see in future posts on the work of Johanna Courtmans-Berchmans, Virginie Loveling, Guido Gezelle, Stijn Streuvels, and Reimond Stijns, among others. All of these, however, had the opportunity to reflect after several decades on the success and failures of the lace schools: Duvillers was there at the start.
The Middleburg Girls School, for whom the 1844 volume of songs was intended, was Duvillers own project, or at least so claimed a song in which trainee seamstresses thanked 'Our Pastor, who erected this school'.[5] This series of songs predates the onset of the linen crisis; nonetheless, the industry was clearly in trouble. In 'The Song of the Spinners', the speakers lament that 'Wages are small, and living expensive/ There's no butter on our bread'.[6] However, at that time lacemaking was only one of the replacement trades being taught: 'I feel motivated / always to go to school. I learn lovely things there;/ I learn how to make nice lace;/ I sew, I knit,/ it is all profitable for me'.[7] Nonetheless lace was, to judge by the number of songs on the topic, the dominant occupation taught in the school, and Duvillers was clearly on a mission to promote it: 'O blessed land!/ Where even small a small child's hands/ Can sustain her parents,/ By playing, [she] can earn,/ By playing.'[8] Observers like Duvillers often thought of lacemaking as a form of play, an association made easier by the fact that in Flemish the terms are homonyms ― 'spelen' and 'speldewerk': 'Here we play a game/ Where anyone might see us;/ The lace shines/ Like a genuine fairy art.'[9] Duvillers frequently used the term 'toover' – meaning magic or fairy – to describe lace, as did many other commentators on the industry.
By 1846, when Duvillers' next volume of songs appeared, lace had become the single focus of Middelburg's and many other schools across Flanders. The first song in the volume describes the situation as the linen crisis reached its peak. In years gone by father had sat to weave and mother to spin, and the loom and spinning-wheel together had saved the children from anxiety and grief as they could get their daily bread. But now that 'Frenchmen wear no linen anymore' (the French army had replaced its red linen trousers with cotton ones) the girls must go to the lace-school.[10] Yet despite the problems besetting Flanders, Duvillers' tone in this volume is, overall, positive. In 'Flora, the Bold Lacemaker', for example, the eponymous heroine sings 'Long live lacework! Farewell to the droning spinning wheel!/ I'll follow the girls from the town,/ my fingers will play both large and small,/ and so Flora will earn her bread.'[11] Here, as elsewhere in these songs, the purchaser of the lace schools' product is identified as 'the Englishman' or even 'John Bull'. The lace school is clearly a developing proposition: one song describes the pristine building 'on two floors!', so much better than the 'dark hole' where they have been working up till now.[12]
This set of fourteen songs is essentially a promotional campaign to convince parents, and the apprentices themselves, of the benefits of the lace school. Duvillers highlights not only the monetary rewards but also that the girls can meet their friends, be warm and safe, and kept on the path of moral rectitude by 'singing God's praises' and saying the rosary. However, they also sing other, secular songs 'of the little weaver, or of the cat' (probably references to lace tells).[13] In particular he dwells on the fun and games held on the Feast of St Gregory (12 March or 9 May, see our post on Geraardsbergen), the patron of lacemaking in East Flanders, when there would be a prize-giving attended by priest, the lord and lady from the chateau, as well as all the members of the philanthropic institute that supports the school, who will give out 'big books clothes, hats and cloth' to the pupils.[14] Later the whole school will go on jaunt to Ghent. In other songs Duvillers contrasts lacemaking to other occupations in agriculture or food production that might, on the surface, appear better remunerated. For instance he relates the cautionary tale of 'Anastasia De Bal' who threw her lace cushion in the fire and went to work for a farmer who taught her to swear like trooper. Although she earns a tad more, she is out shivering in the fields, her clothes are worn and tattered, and the work makes her hungry and thirsty (and implicitly food is costly). And of course agricultural work stops in the winter, and then she'll be forced to live on potato peelings and even grass.[15]
A large number of Duvillers' songs in this and the next volume are in the form of dialogues, and between them they cover many of the daily interactions experienced in and around the lace-school. For example, apprentice Mietje meets a gentleman on her way to the school, and when he learns that she is supporting her sick father as well as six children he gives her ten francs.[16] In the next song the priest visits the school to see how the apprentices are doing, and the lace-mistress gives a run-down on each individual's progress, or lack of it.[17] The priest seems to be constantly dropping in on the school, either showing around other clergy who are interested in setting up their own school, or philanthropic gentry who might support the enterprise, or handing out prizes. Other visitors include the 'koopvrouw', the female intermediary who collected lace on behalf of the merchants in the distant cities.[18] In another song she is named as 'Mevrouwe Delcampo' from Bruges, while the teacher is frequently referred to as 'Sister Monica'.
Both of these were probably real people, though so far I have been unable to verify this. Hopefully Duvillers was more careful to use pseudonyms to hide the identities of the numerous girls and young women who attended the school. Dozens are named, and in many cases in order to be upbraided. Wantje Loete, Cisca Bral, Mie d'Hont, Genoveva d'Hont, Barbara Kwikkelbeen, all had done something to annoy Duvillers. Most of these appear in the third, 1847 volume which is markedly more bad-tempered than its predecessors. In the winter of 1846-7 it appears that the children were being withdrawn from the school. Duvillers was particularly infuriated by the parents who, now their daughters had learnt the rudiments of lacemaking, kept them at home to save the few pennies that attendance at the lace-school incurred; or, just as bad, sending them out into the fields to do agricultural work. He warns Wantje Loete that once at home her cushion will stand empty because her mother will need her to look after her latest sibling, while her father will send her to look after the goats and pigs. Meanwhile she, and the other girls staying away from school, will never really master lacemaking.[19] The issue, though, was not entirely economic: for Duvillers the key success of the school was establishing religious oversight of all the young women in the parish and it was this moral authority which parents and some girls, were challenging.
All was not well in the school either: in the song 'The School Mistress and the Foolish Mother', the latter comes to complain that her daughter Mie has been beaten, and that she will take her, her stool and her cushion out of school if another finger is laid on her. The school mistress answers that no one has been beaten, she's only dragged Mie into the middle of the school and made her kneel and pray because she is so lazy. And while the stool belongs to the family, the other tools belong to the school. 'Don't come back later and try to flatter us/ and ask us if she can [learn to] knit,/ Or even sew your clothes:/ Woman, this is no dovecot!'[20] However, the mistress's protestations that no-one has been beaten are undermined by other songs in which she directly tells the children that she's been instructed by the pastor himself 'not to spare the rod'.[21] Perhaps this was the reason girls like Barbara Kwikkelbeen preferred hanging around in the street or wandering through the parish. In a fury over all this backsliding Duvillers declares 'But as the poor are so pigheaded,/ Then I will not lift my hand to help them,/ And I'll send them a punishment.'[22] If these songs in any way represent the priest's actual relations with his parishioners, then it is plausible that it was this breakdown that brought about his removal from Middelburg, and not his obstreperous involvement in language politics.
As any regular visitor to this site will know, apprentice lacemakers sang while they worked. Duvillers frequently alludes to this custom, and even names some of the songs they sang, such as 'Pierlala'. He presumably wanted his songs to be adopted by the Middelburg lace school as more suitable for future 'brides of Christ' (that is nuns, which was clearly Duvillers' hope for at least some of the girls) than those currently in use, that is if his choice of tunes is indicative of what was being sung. Most of these seem derive from the theatre, such as 'The Best is Good Enough for Me', or 'The Frozen Nose'.
Presumably also he hoped that his songs would be taken up in other lace schools, but is there evidence of this? Although Flemish lacemakers sang a lot of songs, not many of them were actually about lacemaking itself. If anything their songs served as an imagined escape from their task. Duvillers' songs, on the other hand, offer a detailed picture of life in a lace-school, of how the children interacted with each other, of the injunctions of the lace-mistress, of the various visitors during the day… the kind of nitty-gritty quotidian commonplaces that are a goldmine for the social historian but unlikely to excite a singer. This mundane character, and the highly localized references, made me think that, as songs, Duvillers' work had probably fallen rather flat.
However, at least one of Duvillers' songs did become a lace tell, and a version was still sung a century after publication. In 1948 Magda Cafmeyer published a series of articles 'From Cradle to Grave' about life-cycle traditions in Bruges and its immediate surrounding villages. She included, under youth, lace tells, and offered one that she herself had heard.[23]
It is worth seeing
Us making net (i.e. lace)
For the bonnets
of the young ladies of the city.
The finest lace
Enriched with flower and leaf
one link, one lattice opening made
Wantje's lace rests unsold
Isabelle gets
Ten franks the ell (the unit used for measuring lace, about 70 cm)
But she's a fierce one
She doesn't even look up
Her fingers twirl
The sticks (bobbins) roll;
They seem to dance before one's eye.
O wonder, especially if anyone sees it,
But this tough one ('schrimmer' in Cafmeyer's tell, 'grimmer' in Duvillers' song), hardly ever leaves the house.
Just like magic!
Says boss de Lye (an unidentified figure),
As he quickly leaves the school.
Farewell to the field
The farmer and the baker
How fast and how wide-awake (I am)
And I also get a little wage
I work here peacefully
By my sister
I sit here warm and clean.
Unknown to Cafmeyer, these are two verses, albeit slightly rearranged, of one of Duvillers' Speldewerksters-liedjes which appeared in his first, 1844 collection. In his own way, he had contributed to the craft culture of Flemish lacemakers.
[1] For a fuller biography of Father Duvillers, and detail of his works and his legend, see J. Muyldermans, 'Constant Duvillers (1803-1885). Zijn leven en zijne schriften', in Verslagen en Mededelingen der Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde (1928): 148-202, and F. van Es, Pastoor Constant Duvillers, Folklorist en folkloristische figuur (Ghent, 1949).
[2] G. Jacquemyns, Histoire de la crise économique des Flandres (1845-1850) (Brussels, 1929).
[3] Pierre Verhaegen, Les industries à domicile en Belgique: La dentelle et la broderie sur tulle (Brussels: Office du Travail, 1891), vol. 1, p. 49.
[4] We will return to this political debate in future posts, but for liberal/socialist critiques of the Catholic Church's involvement in the lace schools see Guillaume Degreef, L'ouvrière dentellière en Belgique (Brussels, 1886) and Auguste de Winne, À travers les Flandres (Ghent, 1902). Although Pierre Verhaegen's father, Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen (1796-1862) was the effective leader of the Belgian liberals and anticlericals, and at the forefront of the battle over education (students at the Free University of Brussels – free of Catholic influence that is – still celebrate 'Saint Verhaegen's Day'), he himself took a more positive view on the Church's lace schools.
[5] C. Duvillers, Twintig Nieuwe Liedjes, ten geebruyke der Meysjesschool van Middelburg, in Vlaenderen (Ghent, 1844): Naeystersliedje 'O! dank zy onzen pastor:/ Hij heeft de school gesticht'.
[6] Duvillers, Twintig Nieuwe Liedjes: 'T Liedje der Spinnetten 'Den loon is kleyn; en 't is duer leven;/ Er ligt geen' boter op ons brood'.
[7] Duvillers, Twintig Nieuwe Liedjes: Huys-liedje ' 'k Voel mij gedreven/ Om altyd school te gaen./ Daer leer ik fraeye zaken:/ 'k Leer nette kantjes maken;/ Ik naey, ik brey,/ 't Is al profyt voor my'.
[8] Duvillers, Twintig Nieuwe Liedjes: Kantwerksters-Liedje 'O zalig land!/ Waer ook een' kinderhand/ Zyn' ouders onderstand,/ Al spelen, kan verschaffen,/ Al spelen, ja!'
[9] Ander Kantwerksters-Liedje 'Wy spelen hier een spel/ Waer ieder moet op kyken;/ Dat speldenwerken schynt/ Een' regte tooverkonst.'
[10] C. Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen, Gevolge door de Spreuken van baeske Van de Wiele (Bruges: Vandecastell-Werbrouck, 1846): no. 1: 'Toen ik nog een kleyn boontje was,/ Deed vader ook in 't linnen,/ Terwyl ik in een boekske las,/ Zat moeder daer te spinnen; En 't spinnewiel en 't weefgetouw/ Bevrydden ons van druk en rouw,/ Wy konden 't broodje winnen.'
[11] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): Flora, of de moedige kantwerkster 'Vivat het spellewerk! Vivat!/ Vaerwel het ronkend spinnewielken!/ Ik volg de meysjes van de stad,/ 'k speel met ving'ren, kleyn en groot,/ En zoo wint Floorken ook haer brood.'
[12] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): no. 6: 'Er ryst voor ons een' nieuwe school,/ Ze zyn al de tweede stagie,/ Sa! Dochters, schept maer goê couragie:/ Haest krupt gy uyt uw donker hol.'
[13] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): De Schoolvrouw, den pastor en de dry vreemde heeren 'Sa! Kinders, zingen wy eens dat/ Van 't Weverken of van de Kat'. Neither reference can be clearly identified as weavers and cats are both common characers in Flemish folksong, but two popular lace tells were 'Daar waren vier wevers' and 'De katje aan de zee'.
[14] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): Den Pastor en de Schoolvrouw 'En, dan kom ik afgetreden/ Met den heere van 't kasteel,/ En mevrouw, en al de leden/ Van 't weldadigheyds-bureel,/ En wy geven groote boeken,/ Nieuwe kleedren, mutsen, doeken,/ Al die braef is krygt zyn deel.'
[15] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): no. 14.
[16] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): Den Heer en het schoolkind.
[17] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): Den pastor en de schoolvrouw.
[18] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1846): De Koopvrouw en de zuyster.
[19] C. Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen en Spreuken van baeske Van de Wiele (Ghent, 1847): Wantje Loete.
[20] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1847): De Schoolvrouw en d'onverstandige Moeder 'Brengt u 't meysken in 't verdriet,/ Threse, en kom dan later niet/ Schoone spreken, en ons vleyen,/ En ons vragen of 't mag breyen,/ Of eens naeyen aen uw kleed:/ Vrouw, 't is hier geen duyvenkeet.'
[21] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1847): De Zuster en de Schoolkinders 'Den pastor heeft my streng bevolen/ Van in de beyde kantwerkscholen/ Daer op te letten, en de roê/ Zoo niet te sparen, lyk ik doe.'
[22] Duvillers, Liedjes voor de Kantwerkscholen (1847): Genoveva d'Hont 'Maer al den armen 't zoo verstaet,/ Dan doe 'ker maer myn hand van af,/ En 'k jon ze hem, de straf.'
[23] Magda Cafmeyer, 'Van de wieg tot het graf III: Dat was de jeugd', Biekorf 49 (1948): 206-7.
Poverty and Predation in Frans Carrein's 'Elisa de Kantwerkster' [Eliza the Lacemaker] (1859)
In Flemish literature, Lacemakers in Drama, Lacemakers in Fiction, Lacemakers in Music, Lacemakers' songs
We were wrong to claim that Goldoni's Le baruffe chiozzotte (The Squabbles in Chioggia) is the only play to feature lacemakers as its main characters. Frans Carrein's Elisa de Kantwerkster (Eliza the lacemaker) puts one of them even more firmly centre stage. This piece of musical theatre was first performed in Bruges in 1859 by the Flemish amateur dramatic society Yver en Broedermin (Zeal and Brotherhood). Such 'chambers of rhetoric', as they were known, had a long history in the Low Countries as promoters of middle-class sociability and civic ideals. In the nineteenth century they were, additionally, important vehicles for Flemish as a language of culture in Belgium. Yver en Broedermin, for example, organized the first competition for new plays in Flemish in 1835.[1]
Yver en Broedermin, founded in 1822, was more socially open than its relatively exclusive rival in Bruges, the Maatschappy van Vaderlandsche Taal en Letterkunde. Frans Carrein (1816 Eernegem – 1877 Ostend) was typical of its urban artisan and clerk membership. His day-job was a pastry chef, but literature had become his passion. He had started in a rival society, Kunstliebe, in 1843 (Kunstliebe had broken away from Yver en Broedermin in 1841, no doubt largely as a vehicle for personal ambitions, but it also took a more radical position on the language question).[2] Carrein's initial dramatic excursions, in which he often acted himself, were translations of French melodramas and vaudevilles, which were staple fare for Flemish chambers of rhetoric at the time. But Carrein had ambitions to foster a native Flemish theatre.[3] The nineteenth century witnessed the deliberate creation of repertoires of 'national' dramas which drew their inspiration from moments of national history. Flanders was no exception, and so Carrein's first major work told the story of Pieter Lanchals (1849), the leader of the Bruges Revolt against the Emperor Maximilian of Austria in the 1480s. This is evidence of the tremendous influence of Hendrik Conscience's 1838 novel – effectively the first Flemish novel – De Leeuw van Vlaanderen, which took as its inspiration an earlier revolt of the Flemish cities against their overlords. The late medieval period was central to the Flemish Movement's cultural memory.
However, Carrein soon shifted towards a theatre of social criticism; a transition from romantic to realist drama in other words. So contentious was his 1851 play Arm en Ryk (Poor and Rich) that it was banned by the mayor of Bruges. Arm en Ryk was set in a Flemish village of weavers and spinners; the villain of the piece is a linen-merchant and also, as it happens, mayor of the village, who not only exploits the weavers but also opposes the love between his son and a weaver's daughter. All ends happily but the depiction of social conflict, including a crowd of weavers threatening death to the cowering merchant, was uncomfortable viewing in Flanders in the mid-nineteenth century. The 1840s had witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the once dominant linen trade in Flanders as handloom weavers and spinners succumbed under the dual effects of factory-made competition from Britain and harvest failure.[4] The crisis gave rise to widespread hunger and even starvation. A similar set of circumstances had led to armed rebellion among the weavers of Silesia in 1844 (the theme of Louise Otto's novel Schloss und Fabrik which has a rather similar plotline to Carrein's play, see our blog entry); the 'Hungry Forties' were part of the background to the Europe-wide series of revolutions in the spring and summer of 1848. Belgium did not witness any similar outbreak of violence; instead the Belgian government responded by setting up lace schools in the Flemish countryside, in the hope that lace might take the place of spinning as a means of supporting the population. But the mayor of Bruges may have feared that the play could enflame social conflict. After all, the revolt that had led to the creation of the state of Belgium in 1830 had itself started at the theatre.[5] In the absence of fully democratic institutions, theatre was a locus where protest could be voiced and rebellion enacted.
Carrein, however, was not really a revolutionary. Workers' violence, Carrein believed, was a consequence of ignorance, especially among the poor. Ignorance could be combated through literature, which would impart moral guidance as well as knowledge. As society became more democratic and not ruled by a single class, it was vital that the masses be provided with instruction. But for this campaign to be successful, literature had to be in the common tongue, that is in Flemish. Carrein set out this programme in a speech to the third Congress dedicated to Dutch Literature, held in Brussels in 1851, where he proposed the foundation of a society for the distribution of pamphlets to the people, and which would also support the writers of such works.[6] (Carrein spoke immediately after Jan van Beers, whose own contribution to the literature of lacemaking, 'Begga', will be discussed in another blog.)
The fate of Arm en Ryk seems to have left Carrein a little bitter; or at least it was several years before he tried his hands at theatre again. In the introduction to his next piece, Elisa de Kantwerkster, Carrein took his Flemish audience to task because they only had a taste for for comic pieces and songs. Nonetheless he bent to the fashion, and Eliza is a relatively light piece with lots of music provided by P. Cools. In a way he was proved right because Elisa was certainly his most popular work, repeatedly restaged in Ypres, Ghent and Brussels as well as Bruges. It was a standard in the repertory of the company De Vlaams Ster who were still performing it in the 1900s. And as if to bear out Carrein's words, when it put on in Brussels in March 1862, 'the public heartily laughed'.[7] However, Carrein explicitly wanted the play to achieve something more than amusement: it was meant as a critique of the way the lace industry was run, based on his own observations and interviews with lacemakers. In particular he attacked the practice of advancing money to workers as a means of making them dependent. They could not change employer while they remained in debt, and there were all kinds of tricks to keep them in debt.[8]
The play opens with Elisa Nolf sitting at her pillow before dawn. She has a lamp and a waterfilled flask beside her to concentrate light on her work, and a firepot to keep her feet warm, the standard accoutrements of the lacemaker. She is singing, but her song is a lament: the lacemaker works from early morning to late into the night, damaging her eyes for a pitiful salary, while duchesses and baronesses wear her work to balls and grand dinners, she suffers in body and soul. Elisa is an orphan: her father died not long before, and to pay for medicine during his last sickness she borrowed thirty francs from the lace-merchant Gierbaert ('vulture beard'; Carrein played this part when the play was first performed). Until she has cleared this debt she cannot work for anyone else. She has also been left with the care of a younger brother, Joseph, a bravehearted lad but not entirely reliable. He has in fact just been sacked though Elisa does not know this. She sends him to the baker for a loaf, but Joseph has to tell her that the baker won't give them credit anymore (they are two francs and thirteen centimes in debt), not now Elisa has a rich boyfriend. The baker's implication is that Adolf, the writer-friend of Elisa's father, is visiting too often for her reputation. Elisa is horrified. She has been slaving away, denying herself all pleasures, preserving her virtue as best she can, and yet is still the subject of the neighbours' gossip. Unfortunately Adolf himself appears at exactly this moment, and Elisa, in her shame, sends him away.
Adolf leaves, and Rooze Dorn (there is no rose without a thorn), an elderly neighbour (played by a man) arrives to sit and work with Elisa. Her language is colourful and plebian, and includes bits of English (eg: 'nottink'). The women plan to sing while they work because, as Elisa says, 'song makes the work lighter; it gives spirit and courage'. However, before they sit down, Joseph whispers to Rooze that 'magerman is kok' ('lean man is the cook'; in other words they have had nothing to eat). Rooze hurries off to get bread, leaving her pillow. Elisa chides Joseph: time is the only precious thing that the poor have, and if Rooze is giving up her time for them, then she should make up time for her. She picks up Rooze's pillow and starts on her pattern.
Just at that moment Gierbaert appears and, spying the other cushion, accuses Elisa of making 'dievenkanten' ('thieves' lace', that is lace for another merchant other than the one she owes). Joseph claims that this other pillow is his, and in a song celebrates that men are now doing women's work. Gierbaert finds Joseph tiresome and, after he leaves, suggests to Elisa that as his own son has been selected for military service, Joseph could replace him and then the debt would be paid. In nineteenth-century Belgium conscripts were chosen by lottery, and if someone unfortunate enough to pull a 'bad number' could find, that is buy, a replacement, he did not have to go. Effectively this made military service a burden that fell disproportionately on the poor, and it was much resented. Elisa refuses to sell her brother, but this only brings Gierbaert to the real point of his bargaining. He wants Elisa to become his lover; and perhaps she might be his wife later, when he has first 'tried on the shoe'. When the indignant Elisa refuses, he explains that 'your fate is in my hands, believe me'. At this moment Rooze returns to hear the full force of Elisa's anger: Gierbaert has profited from her misery, now he comes to buy her brother's blood, her honour and her emaciated body. Gierbaert leaves, threatening that she will soon have news from him.
Rooze herself brings news that she has just seen Joseph step in the path of a run-away coach and horses carrying a woman and children. Joseph follows soon after, safe and sound, having stopped the coach. But he too is followed by a policeman, who tells Elisa that Gierbaert has brought a complaint, and she must accompany him. While Joseph and Rooze argue about what to do, Adolf appears just in time to meet Elisa returning from the magistrate, hopeless and despairing. She has to pay her debt today or she will go to prison. Although Rooze herself has only 30 centimes in the world, she sets off at once to rouse the other lacemakers and see if they can get the money together. Adolf and Joseph both have plans too and leave Elisa. Alone she soliloquizes: is honour just a foppery, something the poor cannot afford? She could now be surrounded by luxury, her sense of honour has led her only to the gates of the prison. Gierbaert overhears some of this and sees his chance. He gives her the note of her debt (telling the audience in passing that it has already been repaid by Rooze and her friends), and while she is overcome with gratitude, pulls her to his chest and strokes her hair. But before things go too far Adolf arrives to defend Eliza.
It was a commonplace of nineteenth-century gender politics that young women could not defend themselves. Law and custom were stacked against them, as Adolf explains. The law, he argues, that enables Gierbaert to send a worker to prison simply for trying to make a living from her work, should properly be described as 'the white slave law'. It was a relic from more barbarous times, incompatible with the march of civilisation. Adolf, who is described as a writer, is evidently the mouthpiece for Carrein's own views. He is not impressed by Gierbaert's surrender of the debt: what he couldn't obtain by force he is now trying to get through a hypocritical show of generosity, making Elisa's good heart an accomplice of his wickedness. Gierbaert finally slinks away.
Adolf reveals that the family saved by Joseph was his sister's. But he also claims to be deeply unfortunate himself. He is love with a young woman, less than half his age; he can't reveal it for fear of rejection. Elisa urges him to declare his feelings; the woman, of course, is Elisa, who falls into his arms. (Isn't it a bit hypocritical of Adolf to make Elisa's feelings of gratitude the auxiliary of his own desires?) At that moment Joseph and then Rooze return: Joseph with thirty francs whose origin he refuses to reveal, but Rooze, who always seems to know what's up, explains that she saw him at the 'soul merchant' (i.e. the man who arranges military replacements). As Elisa begins to lament again Adolf says he will save the man who rescued his sister and her children, and the man who is about to become his brother now that Elisa has agreed to become his wife. They will all be one happy family, and when Rooze pops round they will all sing the song of the lacemaker. The curtain comes down as the actors repeat the chorus of Elisa's song from the beginning of the show.
Lacemakers' songs are a common motif in the literature of Flemish Movement. We will meet other examples, but this is one of the earliest songs ascribed to lacemakers to appear in print, and one which would have some influence on later representations of lacemakers, so we reproduce it in full. It is not clear whether Carrein and Cools made up the text himself or were reproducing a song that they had heard sung on the streets of Bruges. It certainly has some similarity to text in the Flemish lacemakers' repertoire. Unfortunately, the music was not included with the printed text.
Laet rollen de klosjes
Laet rollen de flosjes,
En vlecht met uw draedjes,
En oogjes en naedjes,
Met lustigen zwier,
Op 't glib'rig papier.
Zy ritz'len en klotsen,
Zy tuim'len en botsen,
En glyden op 't kussen,
En ram'len en sussen;
Zoo ras en gezwind,
Als loof in den wind.
Reeds van in den vroegen morgen,
Zit ik aen het werk met vlyt,
Om myn' nooddruft te bezorgen,
In dees guren slechten tyd.
Gauw is thans de dag vervlogen,
En het loon is toch zoo kleen;
'T nachtwerk drukt, verkrent myn oogen,
Als ik by myn lampje ween.
Ach! hoe prachtig en hoe kunstig,
Is hy toch die blanke kant!
By haer die het lot was gunstig
Prykt hy eens naest diamant:
Hertogin of baronnesse,
Praelt er mede op bal en feest;
En ik, arme lyderesse,
Lyd aeen lichaem en aen geest.
Ida von Düringsfeld thought that Elisa gave a 'good picture of working-class life (Volksleben) in Bruges', and she also translated the chorus of this song into German (though she kept the Flemish terms 'Klosjes' and 'Flosjes', two different types of bobbin). Perhaps as a baroness herself she was not so inclined to include the second verse, in which the pleasures of the lace-buying classes are compared with the misery of the lace-producing classes.
Lasst rollen die Klosjen,
Lasst rollen die Flosjen,
Und webt mit den Fädchen,
So Säumchen, wie Näthchen,
Mit Eil und mit Zier,
Auf's glatte Papier.
Sie fallen und rasseln,
Sie wirbeln und prasseln
Sie gleiten und schwirren,
Sie klappern und klirren,
So seltsam geschwind,
Wie Blätter im Wind.
The Carmerstraat in Bruges, with typical working-class housing of the kind inhabited by lacemakers like Elisa Nolf and Roose Dorn.
[1] 'IJver en Broedermin', openbare bibliotheek Brugge, blog.
[2] "Letterbroeders zedenvoeders": De opkomst van Kunstliefde, Brugse toneel- en letterkundige vereniging (1841-1887), Onttoovering blog.
[3] Most of what we know of Carrein's early literary career comes from an interview he gave, c. 1860, apparently in the middle of his pastry shop, to the German author Baroness Ida von Düringsfeld: Von der Schelde bis zur Maas: Das geistige Leben der Vlaminge seit des Wiederaufblühen der Literatur 3 vols (Leipzig and Brussels: Lehmann, 1861), vol. 1, pp. 68-71. Carrein adapted and performed in works by French dramatists including Adolphe Poujol, Charles Desnoyer, Eugène Labiche, Adolphe Dennery and Felicien Mallefille.
[4] Eric Vanhaute, '"So Worthy an Example to Ireland": The Subsistence and Industrial Crisis of 1845–1850 in Flanders', in Cormac Ó Gráda, Richard Paping, Eric Vanhaute (eds), When the Potato Failed. Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845-1850 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007).
[5] Sonia Slatin, 'Opera and Revolution: La Muette de Portici and the Belgian Revolution of 1830 Revisited', Journal of Musicological Research 3:1-2 (1979): 45-62.
[6] Handelingen van het derde Nederlandsch letterkundig congres, gehouden te Brussel, den 30 en 31 Augustus en 1 September 1851 (Brussels: J.-H. Dehou, 1852), pp. 187-91.
[7] De Toekomst, 'Stad nieuws', 6 April 1862, p.1.
[8] The epigraph to the play, from from the French writer Bernardin de Saint Pierre, states: 'Ils ont mille ruses pour les reduire à la plus petite paie possible, par exemple, de l'argent d'avance: et quand ils en ont fait des débiteurs insolvables, ce qui est l'affaire de quelques écus, alors ils les ont à leur discrétion.'
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Forums - Gaming Discussion - Games you put down after a significant time investment. Have you ever successfuly returned?
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SKMBlake
SKMBlake on 03 April 2019
-Batman Arkham Asylium: Never understood how to go under Bane to beat him
-Xenoblade Chronicles 2: I was tired being molested by every living creature, even a fly with +30 levels over me
-Doom: the game is about chasing demons but I was mostly hiding and escaping from them
-Majora's Mask
-Ocarina Of Time
-Prototype: Never reached the end, but was very close
"Quagmire, are you the type of guy who takes 'no' for an answer ?"
"My lawyer doesn't allow me to answer that question"
PSN ID: skmblake | Feel free to add me
Shadow1980
One Of A Kind 1,000 replies made to user's most popular thread.
Shadow1980 on 03 April 2019
While there have been games I spend a lot of time with only to stop playing, I have made it a point to try to go back and finish them. Sometimes it may take me weeks, months, or even several years to go back to them, but I've always tried to.
With one exception.
I sunk a lot of time into Destiny. I wanted to give the game a chance because it was Bungie. I was apprehensive about getting an online-only game The core combat loop was satisfying, the art design was great, and I liked exploring to find new areas, but over time the game started to wear on me. First it was the fact that on more than a few occasions I couldn't even play it when I wanted to. If my internet was out, or PSN was down, or the game's servers were down, I couldn't play it at all. All it did was remind me why I was opposed to online-only games in the first place. On top of that, over time it became clear that the real goal of the game wasn't to enjoy a story or defeat an enemy, but to farm loot. It was a never-ending grind for better weapons, better gear, and the materials needed to get those things. The game had no real end. I found all there was find, and fought all there was to fight, and having to do it all over and over just to get better stuff quickly lost its appeal. One day, maybe a month or two after the first expansion, it just started feeling more like work than fun, and I dropped it, having never picked it back up. Honestly, it would have been better off being a standard offline single-player experience instead of a quasi-MMO.
Visit http://shadowofthevoid.wordpress.com
Terranigma81
57 posts since 22/09/18
Terranigma81 on 03 April 2019
Xenoblade Chronicles 2 . 50 hours in. But i havent played in weeks. Will finish it eventually.
Cerebralbore101
Completed Persona 100% completed profile.
Vice Free Managed to avoid being banned for 6 months.
Animal Crossing: New Horizons (NS)
Cerebralbore101 on 03 April 2019
John2290 said:
Cerebralbore101 said:
If I can't finish a game, that means said game is bad, and too hard for the wrong reasons.
I picked up Armored Core 3 for the PS2 and put 40 hours into it. Game was awesome except for one problem. The controls were too wonky, and the enemy AI was inhumanly good. Enemies could jump up and down constantly, while zig zagging left and right all while keeping a perfect bead on you to fire away. The controls had sliding left and right be R1 and L1. Looking up and down was R2 and L2. Looking left and right was the analog stick.So you had to control your aiming with a wonky combination of shoulder paddles, and analog stick.
So life has never gotten in the way? On an infinite time span this would never happen but as games are so long, I don't think there would be a gamer alive that hasn't had to put aside a game for some reason or another besides it being insurmountable.
Life gets in the way all the time. I just keep playing whenever I possibly can. Oh I only had 30 minutes to game today? Ok then, but I'm not putting this game down till I finish it. During really bad weeks I might just get 10 hours of playtime. But I just keep going. I hate the idea of putting a game down. I'm stubborn.
Jpcc86
Jpcc86 on 03 April 2019
Dont usually do it, but these are the ones I can think of
Lord of Shadows 2 - Got to the Carmilla boss and stopped playing afterwards. This game is so goddamn awful and its a shame because the first one was great. I dont think ill give it a second chance.
Hyrule Warriors - Got bored right when Ganon shows up in the main story. Dont think ill be back to it either.
FF13 - I usually drop games when the cast of characters is so horrible, thats why it took me a while to finish FF10, but damn, FF13 is even worse. I did came back to finish it, but ive only finished it once. I usually finish RPGS a couple of times because its my fav genre.
ARamdomGamer
The High Flyer Earned 40 badges.
Back of the Net Score a total of 100 games in your collection.
ARamdomGamer on 04 April 2019
Bravely Default is one that comes to mind, put like 70 hours and it just became like the worst thing ever in the second half of chapters, I did finish that horrible part of repetitive content and absolute stupidity from the main cast, but I never finished the game, I was so done with the game's bullshit, I just dropped it, I'm literally 2 bosses apart from the credits but I'm never going to back to it, been almost 5 years since.
Don't Forget To Save 10 status updates.
Farsala on 04 April 2019
Despite being a FF fan, I rarely choose to beat the game. For example:
FFXII: I got to the last boss, when I realized this was the end I was in too much denial and didn't beat it.
FFXIII: I got to the last boss, the game was so bad that I decided it was not worth any more of my time to beat it. I gave it a fair run, but in the end it was not worth it.
asqarkabab
Quite a Collection of Parts Add a total of 250 games to your collection.
asqarkabab on 04 April 2019
God of war ps4 will continue to play it one day
Mostly games I didn't like for example Borderlands
REQUIESCAT IN PACE
I Hate REMASTERS
I Hate PLAYSTATION PLUS
collint0101
collint0101 on 04 April 2019
This is something I do all the time actually. Like I'll buy a game, play it for a bit, ignore it for like a year then come back to it when I'm in the mood. Like it legitimately took me 2 years to beat dragon quest 7 and right now I'm playing hollow knight and borderlands 2 both of which are games I started then put down ages ago
Summerset on 04 April 2019
ARamdomGamer said:
The 2nd part comes with even more recycling. It's the worst.
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Zeng, Griskenas mine gold at 2019 USA Gymnastics Championships
© Team Photo
Webcast Replays: Rhythmic Day 2 | Senior Elite Day 2
DES MOINES, Iowa, July 5, 2019 – Laura Zeng of Libertyville, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center, and Evita Griskenas of Orland Park, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center, won the clubs and ribbon gold medals, respectively, at the 2019 USA Gymnastics Championships. Held at the Iowa Events Center in Des Moines, the five-day national championships for acrobatic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, and trampoline and tumbling includes both Junior Olympic and elite levels. Senior elite competition concludes tomorrow at the Wells Fargo Arena at 6 p.m. CT, and Junior Olympic competition also wraps up at the Community Choice Credit Union Convention Center and Hy-Vee Hall during the day. USA Gymnastics will have a livestream of the junior and senior elite sessions at the Wells Fargo Arena.
In addition to the clubs and ribbon finals for rhythmic gymnastics, Friday's competition served as the qualification round for women's trampoline and tumbling, and men's double mini-trampoline finals, with the top eight in each of the events advancing to the finals on Saturday. Competition on July 4-5 also was the qualification round for rhythmic's senior all-around final and the Junior World Championships selection session on Saturday. The top six junior gymnasts for each apparatus advanced to the Junior World session, and the top 12 in the senior rankings qualified for the senior all-around finals. Acrobatic gymnastics performed the second of three routines.
Zeng won the clubs title with a 19.500. Camilla Feeley of Deerfield, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center was second at 18.600. Stasya Generalova of Los Angeles, Calif./California Rhythms, rounded out the top three at 18.100.
Griskenas claimed the ribbon gold with her 18.800. Feeley picked up her second silver of the night (18.300), and Zeng was third at 17.200.
In the qualification all-around ranking, Zeng posted a 77.400 for first. Griskenas was second at 75.200, with Feeley third with a 74.800. Lili Mizuno of Northbrook, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center, was fourth (71.800) and Generalova finished the top five at 71.450.
In the junior elite rhythmic division, Jenna Zhao of Burr Ridge, Ill./Vitrychenko Academy Corp., won the all-around title with her 64.350. Victoria Kobelev of Palm Coast, Fla./Rhythmic Art, was the silver medalist (63.150), with Alexandria Kautzman of Westlake Village, Calif./Burlo Gymnastics, taking the bronze at 61.500.
Zhao also garnered the gold for rope (15.800), ball (17.250) and clubs (16.750). Kobelev captured the ribbon title at 15.900. Naomi Skotnikov of Highland Park, Ill./Vitrychenko Academy, came in second (15.300), followed by Katherine Cheng of Oak Park, Calif./California Rhythms (15.000). The rope medalists were Kautzman, silver (15.450), and Erica Foster of Hopkins, Minn./NorthWest Rhythmic, bronze (15.100). The ball silver medalists were Kautzman and Ciel Arzandyan of Van Nuys, Calif./Rhythmic Academy of Los Angeles (16.600). Kobelev and Arzandyan were second (16.750) and third (16.650), respectively, for clubs. The ribbon silver and bronze medalists were Naomi Skotnikov of Highland Park, Ill./Vitrychenko Academy, with 15.300, and Katherine Cheng of Oak Park, Calif./California Rhythms, at 15.000, respectively.
The members of the junior national team are: Arzandyan; Stella-Luciana Ceo of Los Angeles, Calif./LA Ritmica; Cheng; Foster; Patricija Ivanauskaite of Clarendon Hills, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center; Kautzman; Esther Kiseleva of Wayne, N.J./Liberty Academy; Kobelev; Gergana Petkova of Barrington, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center; Skotnikov; and Mya Tam of Newton, Mass./Rhythmic Dreams; and Zhao.
The U.S. senior group won both the three hoops/four clubs (22.000) and all-around (45.600) titles. The group, which trains at North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center, includes Isabelle Connor of Manhattan Beach, Calif.; Connie Du of Deerfield, Ill.; Matylda Marszalek of Highland Park, Ill.; Yelyzaveta Merenzon of Buffalo Grove, Ill.; Elizaveta Pletneva of Deerfield, Ill.; Nicole Sladkov of Vernon Hills, Ill.; and Kristina Sobolevskaya of Chicago. The Vitrychenko Academy junior group won the all-around title at 27.450, as well as the five ribbons crown (12.150). The members of the Vitrychenko Academy group, based in Niles, Ill., includes Madeleine Avila, Loraine Perez, Tatyana Shilshtut, Remy Turner, and Emily Wilson.
Tonight's competition in trampoline and tumbling was the qualification round for the finals. The top scorers for each event were: women's trampoline – Charlotte Drury, Laguna Niguel, Calif./World Elite Gymnastics, 102.720; women's tumbling – Eve Doudican, Bixby, Okla./Oklahoma Extreme Tumbling, 67.900; and men's double mini-trampoline – Ruben Padilla, Oakley, Calif./Wasatch Trampoline & Tumbling, 76.700.
In acrobatic gymnastics, the best scores for each event were: men's pair, balance – Angel Felix and Braiden McDougall of Moreno Valley, Calif./Realis Gymnastics Academy, 27.390; mixed pair, balance – Aisley Boynton and Sean Obley of Chandler, Ariz./Aspire Kids Sports Center, 26.430; women's pair, balance – Victoria Blante and Morgan Sweeney of Livermore, Calif./WestCoast Training Center, 25.040; and women's group, dynamic – Isabel Chang, Sasha Gladkova and Sydney Martin of Laurel, Md./Emilia's Acro Gymnastics and Cheer, 27.670.
Rhythmic gymnastics – Finals
Laura Zeng, Libertyville, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center, 19.500
Camilla Feeley, Deerfield, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center, 18.600
Stasya Generalova, Los Angeles, Calif./California Rhythms, 18.100
Evita Griskenas, Orland Park, Ill./North Shore Rhythmic Gymnastics Center, 18.800
All-around (qualification; top 12 advance)
Jenna Zhao, Burr Ridge, Ill./Vitrychenko Academy, 16.750
Victoria Kobelev, Palm Coast, Fla./Rhythmic Art, 16.650
Ciel Arzandyan, Van Nuys, Calif./Rhythmic Academy of Los Angeles, 15.450
Naomi Skotnikov, Highland Park, Ill./Vitrychenko Academy,15.300
Katherine Cheng, Oak Park, Calif./California Rhythms, 15.000
All-around – final
Alexandria Kautzman, Westlake Village, Calif./Burlo Gymnastics, 61.500
Second of three days
Men's pair, balance: Angel Felix and Braiden McDougall of Moreno Valley, Calif./Realis Gymnastics Academy, 27.390
Mixed pair, balance: Aisley Boynton and Sean Obley of Chandler, Ariz./Aspire Kids Sports Center, 26.430
Women's pair, balance: Victoria Blante and Morgan Sweeney, Livermore, Calif./WestCoast Training Center, 25.040
Women's group, dynamic: Isabel Chang, Sasha Gladkova and Sydney Martin of Laurel, Md./Emilia's Acro Gymnastics and Cheer, 27.670
Trampoline, women
Qualification round to finals (top eight advance)
Charlotte Drury, Laguna Niguel, Calif./World Elite Gymnastics, 102.720
Jessica Stevens, Ellicott City, Md./Fairland Gymnastics, 101.435
Nicole Ahsinger, Lafayette, La./Trampoline and Tumbling Express, 101.100
Double mini-trampoline, men
Ruben Padilla, Oakley, Calif./Wasatch Trampoline & Tumbling, 76.700
Alex Renkert, Columbus, Ohio/Integrity Athletics, 73.000
Simon Smith, Springville, Utah/High Altitude, 71.900
Tumbling, women
Eve Doudican, Bixby, Okla./Oklahoma Extreme Tumbling, 67.900
Eliza Floisand, Salt Lake City, Utah/Wasatch Trampoline & Tumbling, 65.200
Hope Bravo, Waco, Texas/Eagle Gymnastics Academy, 62.900
All-day session ticket package prices, which provide access to every competitive session that day at the Iowa Events Center, are $45. Evening session ticket prices are $25.
With more than 1,600 gymnasts competing across all three disciplines and all levels, the five-day schedule is complex, and a simplified version is included below. Acrobatic gymnastics and trampoline and tumbling will be held in the Community Choice Credit Union Convention Center (CCCU) and rhythmic gymnastics in Hy-Vee Hall. All three disciplines will also be held in the Wells Fargo Arena. All times are Central, and the schedule is subject to change.
CCCU Convention Center and Hy-Vee Hall
9 a.m. Acrobatic gymnastics – Level 7; rhythmic gymnastics – Levels 7 and 8; and trampoline and tumbling – Level 8
1:30 p.m. Acrobatic gymnastics – 12-18 age group; and trampoline and tumbling – Level 8
Wells Fargo Arena
1:30 p.m. Rhythmic gymnastics – junior/senior B
6 p.m. Acrobatic gymnastics – 13-19, senior; rhythmic gymnastics – senior all-around finals; and trampoline and tumbling – senior finals
For the junior and senior elite levels for each discipline, the athletes will vie for national titles. Performances in Des Moines also will determine berths on the junior and senior U.S. National Teams for acrobatic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline and tumbling. The Junior Olympic division has several different levels, and national titles will be awarded for each level and age group for each discipline.
Catch Des Moines is the local partner for the event. USA Gymnastics staged the 2009 U.S. Classic and the 2015 U.S. Women's Junior Olympic Championships in Des Moines.
The USA Gymnastics Championships, one of the annual national championships organized by USA Gymnastics, was first held in 2014 at the KFC Yum! Center and the Kentucky International Convention Center in Louisville, Ky. Past sites are Greensboro (N.C.) Coliseum Complex (2015, 2018), Rhode Island Convention Center and Dunkin' Donuts Center (2016), and Milwaukee's BMO Harris Bradley Center and Wisconsin Center (2017). For more information on the USA Gymnastics Championships, please go to usagymchamps.com.
Acrobatic gymnastics combines the beauty of dance with the strength and agility of acrobatics. Routines are choreographed to music and consist of dance, tumbling, and partner skills. At the elite level, each pair or group performs a balance, dynamic and combined routine. Pyramids and partner holds characterize the balance routine, while synchronized tumbling and intricate flight elements define the dynamic exercise. An acrobatic gymnastics pair consists of a base and a top. A women's group is comprised of three athletes – a base, middle and top partner – while a men's group has four athletes, a base, two middle partners and one top partner.
Rhythmic gymnastics is characterized by grace, beauty and elegance combined with dance and acrobatic elements, while working with the apparatus in a choreographed routine to music. The five apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics are rope, hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbon. Rhythmic gymnasts may compete individually or as a group. The choreography must cover the entire floor with intricate apparatus handling, dance combinations, jumps, leaps, rotations, and balance difficulties. Each movement involves a high degree of athletic skill. Physical abilities needed by a rhythmic gymnast include strength, power, flexibility, agility, dexterity, endurance and hand-eye coordination.
Trampoline events involve athletes using trampolines that can propel them up to 30 feet in the air, during which they can perform double and triple twisting somersaults. Tumbling utilizes elevated rod-floor runways that enable athletes to jump at heights more than 10 feet and execute a variety of acrobatic maneuvers. For the double-mini competition, the athlete makes a short run, leaps onto a small two-level trampoline, performs an aerial maneuver and dismounts onto a landing mat. Trampoline was added to the Olympic Games in 2000, and at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, the USA had its first athlete in history advance to the finals.
Catch Des Moines. Catch Des Moines is the official destination marketing organization promoting and representing Greater Des Moines to leisure travelers and meeting planners. As the visitors' and meeting professionals' trusted partner, we help elevate the visitor experience by connecting the functional to the aspirational. Our focus is to drive economic success for our more than 840 partners and enhance the quality of life in the 15 Greater Des Moines communities we represent. For more information, visit catchdesmoines.com.
Iowa Events Center. The Iowa Events Center is a three venue, state-of-the-art multi-purpose complex located in the heart of downtown Des Moines, Iowa. The facility is owned by Polk County and managed by Spectra Venue Management, the expert in hosting and entertainment. Wells Fargo Arena is a 17,000 seat arena that is home to three professional sports teams, including the NBA G-League's Iowa Wolves, the AHL's Iowa Wild, and the IFL's Iowa Barnstormers, in addition to hosting numerous concerts, family shows and sporting events. For more information visit www.iowaeventscenter.com.
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A deeply hydrating and grounding body oil crafted in pure devotion to our beloved rooted guardians, the trees.
Inspired by a song a dear sister sang to the fir trees on a camping trip. This blend contains organic plant oils infused with a variety of wildcrafted evergreens, palo santo, resins of frankincense, piñon and ponderosa, and a harmonious blend of essential oils.
The healing magic of the trees is alive in this body oil, both moisturizing the skin as well as deeply soothing sore muscles. Add a few teaspoons to your bath or use as a grounding and hydrating foot massage oil. Feel the strength and wisdom of the trees saturate your mind, body and spirit.
Packaged in a 2 oz amber glass bottle with a glass apothecary dropper.
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12690,
374,
13989,
304,
420,
2547,
5707,
11,
2225,
54902,
4954,
279,
6930,
439,
1664,
439,
17693,
65464,
36366,
24569,
13,
2758,
264,
2478,
93200,
311,
701,
9061,
477,
1005,
439,
264,
95841,
323,
45705,
1113,
4579,
6378,
5707,
-100
] |
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Hammond and Lewis \cite{Ha-Le} found some elementary results for
$2$-colored partitions mod $5$.
Let $E(q) = \prod_{n=1}^\infty(1-q^n)$, and
$$
\sum_{n=0}^\infty p_{-2}(n) q^n = \frac{1}{E(q)^2},
$$
which is the generating function for pairs of partitions $(\pi_1,\pi_2)$
(or $2$-colored partitions). Throughout this paper we refer to
such pairs of partitions as {\it bipartitions}. It is not hard to show that
\begin{equation}
p_{-2}(5n+2) \equiv
p_{-2}(5n+3) \equiv
p_{-2}(5n+4) \equiv 0 \pmod{5}.
\mylabel{eq:2colcongs}
\end{equation}
Hammond and Lewis \cite{Ha-Le} found a crank for these congruences. By crank
we mean a statistic that divides the relevant partitions into equinumerous
classes.
They define
\begin{equation}
\mbox{birank}(\pi_1,\pi_2) = \#(\pi_1) - \#(\pi_2),
\mylabel{eq:birankdef}
\end{equation}
where $\#(\pi)$ denotes the number of parts in the partition $\pi$.
They show that the residue of the birank mod $5$
divides the bipartitions of $n$ into $5$ equal classes
provided $n\equiv2$, $3$ or $4\pmod{5}$.
The proof is elementary. It relies on Jacobi's triple product identity and the
method of \cite{Ga88}, which uses roots of unity.
We have found two other analogs.
\bigskip
\noindent
\textbf{First Analog - The Dyson-birank}
\noindent
Dyson \cite{Dy44} defined the \textit{rank} of a partition as
the largest part minus the number of parts. We define
\begin{equation}
\mbox{Dyson-birank}(\pi_1,\pi_2) = \mbox{rank}(\pi_1)
+ 2\,\mbox{rank}(\pi_2).
\mylabel{eq:Dysonbirankdef}
\end{equation}
In Section \sect{Dbirank}, we show that the residue of the Dyson-birank mod $5$
divides the bipartitions of $n$ into $5$ equal classes
provided $n\equiv2$, or $4\pmod{5}$. Unfortunately the Dyson-birank
does not work if $n\equiv3\pmod{5}$. Nonetheless, for the other
residue classes this is a surprising and deep result because
of the nature of the rank generating function. The proof
depends on known results for the rank mod $5$ due to
Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer \cite{At-Sw}.
\bigskip
\noindent
\textbf{Second Analog - The $5$-core-birank}
\noindent
In \cite{Ga-Ki-St} new statistics were defined in terms of $t$-cores which
gave new combinatorial interpretations of Ramanujan's partition
congruences mod $5$, $7$ and $11$. For example, for a partition $\pi$
the \textit{$5$-core-crank} is defined as
\begin{equation}
\mbox{$5$-core-crank}(\pi) = r_1 + 2 r_2 - 2 r_3 - r_4,
\mylabel{eq:GKScrankdef}
\end{equation}
where $r_j$ is the number of cells labelled $j$ in the $5$-residue
diagram of $\pi$. Then in \cite{Ga-Ki-St} we proved combinatorially that
the residue of the $5$-core-crank divides the partitions of $5n+4$
into $5$ equal classes.
We define
\begin{equation}
\mbox{$5$-core-birank}(\pi_1,\pi_2) = \mbox{$5$-core-crank}(\pi_1)
+ 2\,(\mbox{$5$-core-crank}(\pi_2)).
\mylabel{eq:GKSbirankdef}
\end{equation}
In Section \sect{5cbirank}, we show that the $5$-core-birank divides the
bipartitions of $n$ into
$5$ equal classes
for $n\equiv2$, $3$ or $4\pmod{5}$. This is quite a surprising result.
The proof relies on the $5$-dissection
of the $5$-core-crank generating function for
$5$-cores.
The crank of a partition is defined to be the largest part if
it contains no ones and otherwise it is the difference between number of parts larger
than the number of ones, and the number of ones. The crank gives a combinatorial
of Ramanujan's partition congruences mod $5$, $7$ and $11$ and solves a
problem of Dyson \cite{Dy44}, \cite[p.52]{Dy96}. See \cite{An-Ga88}. This crank
is different to the $5$-core crank given in \cite{Ga-Ki-St}. It is natural
to ask whether there is a crank analog of the birank. This question has been
answered in part by Andrews \cite{An08}. In Section \sect{bicrank},
we consider Andrews result and how it may be extended. In \cite{An08},
Andrews also considered congruences for more general multipartitions. In
Section \sect{ghlbirank}, we give multipartition analogs of the Hammond-Lewis birank which
explain these more general congruences. In Section \sect{mcranks}, we extend
Andrews bicrank to multicranks of what we call extended multipartitions, and
give alternative explanations of our multipartition congruences. In Section \sect{end},
we close with some further problems.
\subsection*{Notation}
For a partition $\pi$ we denote the sum of parts by $\abs{\pi}$.
We will use the standard $q$-notation.
$$
(z;q)_n=(z)_n=
\begin{cases}
\prod_{j=0}^{n-1}(1-zq^j), & n>0 \\
1, & n=0,
\end{cases}
$$
and
$$
(z;q)_\infty=(z)_\infty = \lim_{n\to\infty} (z;q)_n
=\prod_{n=1}^\infty (1-z q^{(n-1)}),
$$
where $\abs{q}<1$. We will also you the following notation
for Jacobi-type theta-products.
$$
J_{a,m}(q) := (q^a;q^m)_\infty (q^{m-a};q^m)_\infty (q^m;q^m)_\infty.
$$
\section{The Hammond-Lewis Birank} \label{sec:HLbirank}
For completeness we include some details of the Hammond-Lewis birank.
For a bipartition $\bpi=\tpi$ we denote the sum of parts by
\begin{equation}
\abs{\bpi} = \abs{\pi_1} + \abs{\pi_2}.
\mylabel{eq:abspi}
\end{equation}
We denote the Hammond-Lewis birank by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{HL-birank}(\bpi) = \#(\pi_1) - \#(\pi_2),
\mylabel{eq:HLbirankdef}
\end{equation}
where $\#(\pi)$ denotes the number of parts in the partition $\pi$.
The HL-birank generating function is
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\bpi=(\pi_1,\pi_2)} z^{\HLbr} q^{\abs{\bpi}} = \frac{1}{(zq;q)_\infty (z^{-1}q;q)_\infty}.
\mylabel{eq:HLgenfunc}
\end{equation}
We let $N_{\HL}(m,t,n)$ denote the number of bipartitions $\bpi=\tpi$
with HL-birank congruent to $m\pmod{t}$.
Suppose $\zeta$ is primitive $5$th root of unity.
By letting $z=\zeta$ in \eqn{HLgenfunc}
and
using Jacobi's triple product identity, Hammond and Lewis found that
\begin{align}
\sum_{n=0}^\infty
\sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k N_{\HL}(k,5,n) q^n
&= \frac{1}{(\zeta q;q)_\infty (\zeta^{-1}q;q)_\infty}
= \frac{(\zeta^2q;q)_\infty (\zeta^{-2}q;q)_\infty(q;q)_\infty}
{(q^5;q^5)_\infty},\mylabel{eq:birankmod5}\\
&=(q^{25};q^{25})_\infty\left(
\frac{1}{J_{1,5}(q^5)} + (\zeta + \zeta^{-1})
\frac{q}{J_{2,5}(q^5)}
\right).
\nonumber
\end{align}
Since the coefficient of $q^n$ on the right side of \eqn{birankmod5}
is zero when $n\equiv2$, $3$ or $4\pmod{5}$, Hammond and Lewis's main result
follows.
\begin{theorem}
\cite{Ha-Le}
\label{thm:thm1}
The residue of the HL-birank mod $5$
divides the bipartitions of $n$ into $5$ equal classes
provided $n\equiv2$, $3$ or $4\pmod{5}$.
\end{theorem}
We illustrate Theorem \thm{thm1} for the case $n=3$.
\begin{equation*}
\begin{array}{rr}
\mbox{Bipartitions of $3$} & \mbox{HL-birank (mod $5$)}\\
(3,-) & 1-0 \equiv 1\\
(2+1,-) & 2-0 \equiv 2\\
(1+1+1,-) & 3-0 \equiv 3\\
(2,1) & 1-1 \equiv 0\\
(1+1,1) & 2-1 \equiv 1\\
(1,2) & 1-1 \equiv 0\\
(1,1+1) & 1-2 \equiv4\\
(-,3) & 0-1 \equiv 4\\
(-,2+1) & 0-2 \equiv 3\\
(-,1+1+1) & 0-3 \equiv 2\\
\end{array}
\end{equation*}
Thus
$$
N_{\HL}(0,5,3) = N_{\HL}(1,5,3) = N_{\HL}(2,5,3) = N_{\HL}(3,5,3) =
N_{\HL}(4,5,3) = 2,
$$
and we see that the residue of the HL-birank mod $5$ divides the $10$
bipartitions of $3$ into $5$ equal classes.
\section{The Dyson-Birank} \label{sec:Dbirank}
Dyson \cite{Dy44}, \cite[p.52]{Dy96} defined the rank of a partition as the largest
part minus the number of parts.
We define the Dyson-analog of the
birank for bipartitions $\bpi=\tpi$ by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{Dyson-birank}(\bpi) = \mbox{rank}(\pi_1)
+ 2\,\mbox{rank}(\pi_2).
\mylabel{eq:Dysonbirankdef2}
\end{equation}
In this section we prove
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm:thm2}
The residue of the Dyson-birank mod $5$
divides the bipartitions of $n$ into $5$ equal classes
provided $n\equiv2$, or $4\pmod{5}$.
\end{theorem}
We let $N_{\DY}(m,t,n)$ denote the number of bipartitions $\bpi=\tpi$
with Dyson-birank congruent to $m\pmod{t}$.
We illustrate Theorem \thm{thm2} for the case $n=2$.
\begin{equation*}
\begin{array}{rr}
\mbox{Bipartitions of $2$} & \mbox{Dyson-birank (mod $5$)}\\
(2,-) & 1+0 \equiv 1\\
(1+1,-) & -1+0 \equiv 4\\
(1,1) & 0+0 \equiv 0\\
(-,2) & 0+2 \equiv 2\\
(-,1+1) & 0-2 \equiv 3\\
\end{array}
\end{equation*}
Thus
$$
N_{\DY}(0,5,2) = N_{\DY}(1,5,2) = N_{\DY}(2,5,2) = N_{\DY}(3,5,2) =
N_{\DY}(4,5,2) = 1,
$$
and we see that the residue of the Dyson-birank mod $5$ divides the $5$
bipartitions of $2$ into $5$ equal classes. We note that Theorem
\thm{thm2} does not hold for $n\equiv 3\pmod{5}$. The first counterexample
occurs when $n=13$. The Dyson-birank mod $5$ fails to divide the
1770 bipartitions of $13$ into $5$ equal classes. We have
$$
N_{\DY}(0,5,13) = 358,\quad\mbox{but}\quad
N_{\DY}(1,5,13) = N_{\DY}(2,5,13) = N_{\DY}(3,5,13) =
N_{\DY}(4,5,13) = 353.
$$
To prove Theorem \thm{thm2} we need the $5$-dissection of the rank generating
function when $z=\zeta$.
The Dyson-rank generating function is
\begin{equation}
f(z,q) = \sum_{\pi} z^{\srank(\pi)} q^{\abs{\pi}} = 1 +
\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{q^{n^2}}{(zq;q)_n (z^{-1}q;q)_n}.
\mylabel{eq:rankgenfunc}
\end{equation}
We let $N(m,t,n)$ denote the number of ordinary partitions of $n$
with rank congruent to $m$ mod $t$. Then
\begin{align}
f(\zeta,q)=&\sum_{n=0}^\infty
\sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k N(k,5,n) q^n
=1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{q^{n^2}}{(\zeta q;q)_n ({\zeta}^{-1}q;q)_n}
\mylabel{eq:fdissect}\\
&= (A(q^5) - (3 + \zeta^2 + \zeta^3)\,\phi(q^5))
+ q\,B(q^5)
+ q^2 (\zeta + \zeta^4)\, C(q^5) \nonumber\\
&\qquad
+q^3 ( (1+\zeta^2+\zeta^3)\, D(q^5) + (1 + 2\zeta^2 + 2\zeta^3)\,\psi(q^5)),
\nonumber
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
A(q) &= \frac{E^2(q)\,J_{2,5}(q)}{J_{1,5}^2(q)},\mylabel{eq:Adef}\\
B(q) &= \frac{E^2(q)}{J_{1,5}(q)},\mylabel{eq:Bdef}\\
C(q) &= \frac{E^2(q)}{J_{2,5}(q)},\mylabel{eq:Cdef}\\
D(q) &= \frac{E^2(q)\,J_{1,5}(q)}{J_{2,5}^2(q)},\mylabel{eq:Ddef}\\
\phi(q) &=-1+\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{q^{5n^2}}{(q;q^5)_{n+1}(q^4;q^5)_n}
\mylabel{eq:phidef}\\
&= \frac{q}{E(q^5)}\sum_{m=-\infty}^\infty
(-1)^m\frac{q^{\frac{15}2m(m+1)}}{1-q^{5m+1}},\nonumber \\
\noalign{\mbox{and}}
\psi(q)
&=\dfrac1{q}\biggl\{-1+\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{q^{5n^2}}{(q^2;q^5)_{n+1}(q^3;q^5)_n}
\biggr\} \mylabel{eq:psidef}\\
&=\frac{q}{E(q^5)} \sum_{m=-\infty}^\infty
(-1)^m\frac{q^{\frac{15}2m(m+1)}}{1-q^{5m+2}}.
\nonumber
\end{align}
Equation \eqn{fdissect} has an unusual history. It is originally due
to Ramanujan since appears in the Lost Notebook. It is closely related
to Dyson's conjectures on the rank \cite{Dy44}, which were proved
by Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer \cite{At-Sw}. As pointed out in \cite{Ga88} and
\cite{Ga88b},
equation \eqn{fdissect} is actually equivalent to one of
Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer's main results. Dyson, Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer
were unaware of Ramanujan's result.
The Dyson-birank generating function is
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\bpi=(\pi_1,\pi_2)} z^{\DYbr} q^{\abs{\bpi}} = f(z,q) \, f(z^2,q),
\mylabel{eq:DYgenfunc}
\end{equation}
where $f(z,q)$ is the generating function for the Dyson rank of ordinary partitions
given in \eqn{rankgenfunc}.
Thus we have
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k N_{\DY}(k,5,n) q^n
= f(\zeta,q)\, f(\zeta^2,q).
\mylabel{eq:Dbrmod5}
\end{equation}
Using only \eqn{fdissect} and the fact that
\begin{equation}
B^2(q) = A(q)\,C(q),\qquad C^2(q) = B(q)\,D(q),
\mylabel{eq:ABCDfact}
\end{equation}
we find that the coefficient of $q^n$ in the $q$-expansion of
$f(\zeta,q)\, f(\zeta^2,q)$ is zero if
$n\equiv2$, or $4\pmod{5}$. Theorem \thm{thm2} then follows from \eqn{Dbrmod5}.
Although Theorem \thm{thm2} does not hold when $n\equiv 3\pmod{5}$,
there is some simplification in the product $f(\zeta,q)\, f(\zeta^2,q)$.
We find that
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k N_{\DY}(k,5,5n+3) q^n
= 5 \, \phi(q)\, \psi(q),
\mylabel{eq:phipsiid}
\end{equation}
using the fact that
\begin{equation}
A(q) \, D(q) = B(q) \, C(q).
\mylabel{eq:ABCDfact2}
\end{equation}
\section{The $5$-Core-Birank} \label{sec:5cbirank}
For ordinary partitions $\pi$ the {\it $5$-core-crank} is defined
by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{$5$-core-crank}(\pi) = r_1 + 2 r_2 - 2 r_3 - r_4,
\mylabel{eq:GKScrankdef2}
\end{equation}
where $r_j$ is the number of cells labelled $j$ in the $5$-residue
diagram of $\pi$. See \cite[Prop.1,p.7]{Ga-Ki-St}. We define the
$5$-core-crank
analog for bipartitions $\bpi=\tpi$ by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{$5$-core-birank}(\bpi) = \mbox{$5$-core-crank}(\pi_1)
+ 2\,(\mbox{$5$-core-crank}(\pi_2)).
\mylabel{eq:GKSbirankdef2}
\end{equation}
In this section we prove
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm:thm3}
The residue of the $5$-core-birank mod $5$
divides the bipartitions of $n$ into $5$ equal classes
provided $n\equiv2$, $3$ or $4\pmod{5}$.
\end{theorem}
We let $N_{\FC}(m,t,n)$ denote the number of bipartitions $\bpi=\tpi$
with $5$-core-birank congruent to $m\pmod{t}$.
We illustrate Theorem \thm{thm3} for the case $n=3$.
\begin{equation*}
\begin{array}{rr}
\mbox{Bipartitions of $3$} & \mbox{$5$-core-birank (mod $5$)}\\
(3,-) & 3+0 \equiv 3\\
(2+1,-) & 0+0 \equiv 0\\
(1+1+1,-) & -3+0 \equiv 2\\
(2,1) & 1+0 \equiv 1\\
(1+1,1) & -1+0 \equiv 4\\
(1,2) & 0+2 \equiv 2\\
(1,1+1) & 0-2 \equiv3\\
(-,3) & 0+6 \equiv 1\\
(-,2+1) & 0+0 \equiv 0\\
(-,-6) & 0-3 \equiv 4\\
\end{array}
\end{equation*}
Thus
$$
N_{\FC}(0,5,3) = N_{\FC}(1,5,3) = N_{\FC}(2,5,3) = N_{\FC}(3,5,3) =
N_{\FC}(4,5,3) = 2,
$$
and we see that the residue of the $5$-core-birank mod $5$ divides the $10$
bipartitions of $3$ into $5$ equal classes. We note that
although the Dyson-birank does not in general divide the
bipartitions of $5n+3$ into $5$ equal classes the $5$-core-birank does.
To prove Theorem \thm{thm3} we need the $5$-dissection of the
$5$-core-crank generating
function when $z=\zeta$.
The $5$-core-crank generating function is
\begin{equation}
\Phi(z,q) = \sum_{\pi} z^{\fccrank(\pi)} q^{\abs{\pi}} = \frac{1}{E^5(q^5)}
T(z,q),
\mylabel{eq:fccrankgenfunc}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
T(z,q) := \sum_{\mbox{$\pi$ a $5$-core}}
z^{\mbox{$5$-core-crank($\pi$)}} q^{\abs{\pi}}
= \sum_{\substack{\vec{n}\in\Z^5\\\vec{n}\cdot\vec{1}=0}}
z^{n_1 + 3n_2 + n_3} q^{\tfrac{5}{2}||\vec{n}||^2 + \vec{b}\cdot\vec{n}},
\mylabel{eq:Tdef}
\end{equation}
where $\vec{1}=(1,1,1,1,1)$ and $\vec{b}=(0,1,2,3,4)$.
Equation \eqn{fccrankgenfunc} can be proved combinatorially and
in a straightforward manner using Bijections 1 and 2 from
\cite[pp.2-3]{Ga-Ki-St} and \cite[(4.2), p.6]{Ga-Ki-St}.
We need the $5$-dissection of $T(\zeta,q)$:
\begin{equation}
T(\zeta,q) = W(q^5)(1 + q R(q^5) + q^2 (\zeta^2+\zeta^3) R(q^5)^2
- q^3 (\zeta^2+\zeta^3) R(q^5)^3),
\mylabel{eq:T5dissect}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{align}
W(q) &:=
J_{2,5}(q)^3( J_{10,25}(q) - q (1 + \zeta^2 + \zeta^3) J_{5,25}(q) ),
\mylabel{eq:Wdef}\\
\noalign{\mbox{and}}
R(q) &:= \frac{ J_{1,5}(q)}{J_{2,5}(q)}.\mylabel{eq:Rdef}
\end{align}
We will prove \eqn{T5dissect} in the next section. Theorem \thm{thm3}
follows easily from \eqn{T5dissect}.
The $5$-core-birank generating function is
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\bpi=(\pi_1,\pi_2)} z^{\fcbr} q^{\abs{\bpi}} =
\frac{1}{E^{10}(q^5)}\, T(z,q) \, T(z^2,q),
\mylabel{eq:fcbrgenfunc}
\end{equation}
where $T(z,q)$ is the generating function for the
$5$-core-crank of partitions that are $5$-cores given in \eqn{Tdef}.
Thus we have
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k N_{\FC}(k,5,n) q^n
= \frac{1}{E^{10}(q^5)}\,T(\zeta,q)\, T(\zeta^2,q).
\mylabel{eq:FCbrmod5}
\end{equation}
From \eqn{T5dissect} we find that
\begin{equation}
T(\zeta,q) \, T(\zeta^2,q) = W^2(q^5)( 1 + 2\,q^5\,R^5(q^5)
+ q R(q^5)( 2 - q^5\,R^5(q^5)).
\mylabel{eq:TTid}
\end{equation}
Since coefficient of $q^n$ in the $q$-expansion of
$T(\zeta,q) \, T(\zeta^2,q)$ is zero when
$n\equiv2$, $3$ or $4\pmod{5}$, Theorem \thm{thm3} then follows
from \eqn{FCbrmod5}.
\section{A Theta-Function Identity} \label{sec:thetaid}
In this section we will prove the following theta-function identity.
\begin{equation}
U(z,q) = F_0(q)\, S_0(z,q) + F_1(q)\, S_1(z,q) + F_2(q)\, S_2(z,q)
+ F_3(q)\, S_3(z,q) + F_4(q)\, S_4(z,q),
\mylabel{eq:Uid}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{align}
F_0(q) &= W(q^{10})\,(1 + q^{2}\,R(q^{10}) + (\zeta^2+\zeta^3)\,q^{4}\,R(q^{10})^2 -
(\zeta^2+\zeta^3)\,q^{6}\,R(q^{10})^3),\mylabel{eq:f0def}\\
F_1(q) &= W(q^{10})\,(\zeta^4 + \zeta\,q^{2}\,R(q^{10}) + (1+\zeta)\,q^{4},R(q^{10})^2 -
(\zeta^2+\zeta^3)\,q^{6}\,R(q^{10})^3),\mylabel{eq:f1def}\\
F_2(q) &= W(q^{10})\,(1 + \zeta^4\,q^{2}\,R(q^{10}) + (1+\zeta)\,q^{4}\,R(q^{10})^2 -
(1+\zeta^4)\,q^{6}\,R(q^{10})^3),\mylabel{eq:f2def}\\
F_3(q) &= W(q^{10})\,(1 + \zeta\,q^{2}\,R(q^{10}) + (1+\zeta^4)\,q^{4}\,R(q^{10})^2 -
(1+\zeta)\,q^{6}\,R(q^{10})^3),\mylabel{eq:f3def}\\
F_4(q) &= W(q^{10})\,(\zeta + \zeta^4\,q^{2}\,R(q^{10}) + (1+\zeta^4)\,q^{4}\,R(q^{10})^2 -
(\zeta^2+\zeta^3)\,q^{6}\,R(q^{10})^3),\mylabel{eq:f4def}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
S_0(z,q) &= \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} z^{5n}q^{25n^2+20n},
\mylabel{eq:S0def} \\
S_1(z,q) &= \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} z^{5n+1}q^{25n^2+30n+5},
\mylabel{eq:S1def} \\
S_2(z,q) &= \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} z^{5n+2}q^{25n^2+40n+12},
\mylabel{eq:S2def} \\
S_3(z,q) &= \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} z^{5n+3}q^{25n^2+50n+21},
\mylabel{eq:S3def} \\
S_4(z,q) &= \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} z^{5n+4}q^{25n^2+60n+32},
\mylabel{eq:S4def}
\end{align}
and
\begin{equation}
U(z,q)
= \sum_{\substack{\vec{n}\in\Z^5}}
z^{\vec{n}\cdot\vec{1}}
\zeta^{n_1 + 3n_2 + n_3}
q^{5||\vec{n}||^2 + 2\vec{b}\cdot\vec{n}},
\mylabel{eq:Udef}
\end{equation}
where $W(q)$ and $R(q)$ defined in \eqn{Wdef} and \eqn{Rdef} respectively,
and the vectors
$\vec{n}=(n_0,n_1,n_2,n_3,n_4$, $\vec{1}=(1,1,1,1,1)$
and $\vec{b}=(0,1,2,3,4)$ as before.
We note that \eqn{T5dissect} follows from \eqn{Uid} by taking the
coefficient of $z^0$ and replacing $q$ by $q^{1/2}$. Equation
\eqn{T5dissect} was the crucial identity needed in the proof of
Theorem \thm{thm3}.
We prove the identity \eqn{Uid} using standard techniques.
We show that both sides satisfy the same functional equation and
both sides agree for enough values of the parameter $z$.
Most of these evaluations can be proved by elementary means using
Jacobi's triple product. For one evaluation we will need the theory
of modular functions.
We define the following Jacobi theta function
\begin{equation}
\Theta(z,q) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty z^n q^{n^2},
\mylabel{eq:Thetadef}
\end{equation}
for $z\ne0$ and $\abs{q}<1$. We will need Jacobi's triple product
identity
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty z^n q^{n^2}
=(-zq;q^2)_\infty (-z^{-1}q;q^2)_\infty (q^2;q^2)_\infty,
\mylabel{eq:jtprod}
\end{equation}
and the well-known functional equation
\begin{equation}
\Theta(zq^2,q) = z^{-1} q^{-1} \Theta(z,q),
\mylabel{eq:Thetafid}
\end{equation}
for $z\ne0$ and $0<\abs{q}<1$.
From the definition \eqn{Udef} we have
\begin{equation}
U(z,q) = \Theta(z\zeta^4,q^5) \, \Theta(zq^2\zeta,q^5) \, \Theta(zq^4,q^5)
\, \Theta(z\zeta q^6,q^5) \, \Theta(z\zeta^4 q^8,q^5).
\mylabel{eq:Uprodid}
\end{equation}
From \eqn{jtprod} and \eqn{Thetafid} we have
\begin{equation}
U(z q^{10},q) = z^{-5} q^{-45} U(z,q),
\mylabel{eq:Ufid}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
U(z,q) = 0\quad\mbox{for}\quad
z = -q^5\,\zeta,\quad -q^3\,\zeta^4, -q, -\zeta^4\,q^9, -\zeta\,q^7.
\mylabel{eq:Uzeros}
\end{equation}
Let $V(z,q)$ denote the function of the right side of \eqn{Uid}.
Each $S_j(z,q)$ can be written in terms of the theta function
$\Theta(z,q)$ and we find that
$S_j(z q^{10},q) = z^{-5} q^{-45} S_j(z,q)$ for each $j$ so that
\begin{equation}
V(z q^{10},q) = z^{-5} q^{-45} V(z,q).
\mylabel{eq:Vfid}
\end{equation}
Hence the left and right sides of \eqn{Uid} satisfy the same
functional equation (i.e.\ \eqn{Ufid}, \eqn{Vfid}).
In view of \cite[Lemma 2]{At-Sw} or \cite[Lemma 1]{Hi-Ga-Bo},
it suffices to show that \eqn{Uid} holds for $6$ distinct
values of $z$ with $\abs{q}^{10} < \abs{z} \le 1$.
We claim that
\begin{equation}
V(z,q) = 0\quad\mbox{for}\quad
z = -q^5\,\zeta,\quad -q^3\,\zeta^4, -q, -\zeta^4\,q^9, -\zeta\,q^7.
\mylabel{eq:Vzeros}
\end{equation}
Using \eqn{jtprod} we can easily evaluate each $S_j(z,q)$ for
these values of $z$.
\begin{align}
S_0(-\zeta q^5,q) &= -q^{-20}J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv1}\\
S_1(-\zeta q^5,q) &= \zeta q^{-20} J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv2}\\
S_2(-\zeta q^5,q) &= -\zeta^2 q^{-18} J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv3}\\
S_3(-\zeta q^5,q) &= 0,
\mylabel{eq:Sv4}\\
S_4(-\zeta q^5,q) &= \zeta^4 q^{-18} J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv5}\\
\noalign{\medskip}
S_0(-q^3\zeta^4,q) &= -q^{-10}J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv6}\\
S_1(-q^3\zeta^4,q) &= \zeta^4 q^{-12} J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv7}\\
S_2(-q^3\zeta^4,q) &= -\zeta^3 q^{-12} J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv8}\\
S_3(-q^3\zeta^4,q) &= \zeta^2 q^{-10} J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv9}\\
S_4(-q^3\zeta^4,q) &= 0 ,
\mylabel{eq:Sv10}\\
\noalign{\medskip}
S_0(-q,q) &= 0,
\mylabel{eq:Sv11}\\
S_1(-q,q) &= q^{-4}J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv12}\\
S_2(-q,q) &= -q^{-6}J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv13}\\
S_3(-q,q) &= q^{-6}J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv14}\\
S_4(-q,q) &= -q^{-4}J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv15}\\
\noalign{\medskip}
S_0(-\zeta^4q^9,q) &= -q^{-40}J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv16}\\
S_1(-\zeta^4q^9,q) &= 0
\mylabel{eq:Sv17}\\
S_2(-\zeta^4q^9,q) &= \zeta^3q^{-40}J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv18}\\
S_3(-\zeta^4q^9,q) &= -\zeta^2q^{-42}J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv19}\\
S_4(-\zeta^4q^9,q) &= \zeta q^{-42}J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv20}\\
\noalign{\medskip}
S_0(-\zeta q^7,q) &= -q^{-30}J_{2,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv21}\\
S_1(-\zeta q^7,q) &= \zeta q^{-28}J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv22}\\
S_2(-\zeta q^7,q) &= 0,
\mylabel{eq:Sv23}\\
S_3(-\zeta q^7,q) &= -\zeta^3q^{-28}J_{1,5}(q^{10}),
\mylabel{eq:Sv24}\\
S_4(-\zeta q^7,q) &= \zeta^4q^{-30}J_{2,5}(q^{10}).
\mylabel{eq:Sv25}
\end{align}
The verification of \eqn{Vzeros} is just a routine calculation.
Thus both sides of \eqn{Uid} agree for $5$ distinct values of $z$
in the region $\abs{q}^{10} < \abs{z} \le 1$.
We show that both sides agree for $z=-1$, and then our
identity \eqn{Uid} will follow. To achieve this we use the theory
of modular functions. Since this is a standard technique we just
sketch some of the details.
First, we calculate the $5$-dissection of each theta function on
the right side of \eqn{Uprodid} when $z=-1$. By \eqn{jtprod} we find
that
\begin{align}
\Theta(-\zeta^4,q^5) &= J_{1,2}(q^{50})+(1+\zeta^2+\zeta^3)q^{5}J_{3,10}(q^{25})
+(\zeta^2+\zeta^3)q^{20}J_{1,10}(q^{25}),
\mylabel{eq:Peval1}\\
\Theta(-\zeta q^2,q^5)&= J_{27,50}(q^{5})+\zeta^3q^{16}J_{7,50}(q^{5})
-\zeta q^{7}J_{13,50}(q^{5})-\zeta^4q^{3}J_{17,50}(q^{5})
+q^{24}\zeta^2J_{7,50}(q^{5}),
\mylabel{eq:Peval2}\\
\Theta(-q^4,q^5) &= J_{43,50}(q^{5})-q\,J_{19,50}(q^{5})+q^{12}J_{9,50}(q^{5})
+q^{28}J_{1,50}(q^{5}) -q^{9}J_{11,50}(q^{5}),
\mylabel{eq:Peval3}\\
q\,\Theta(-\zeta q^6,q^5)&= -\zeta^4J_{21,50}(q^{5})+q\,J_{19,50}(q^{5})
-\zeta q^{12}J_{9,50}(q^{5})
-\zeta^2q^{28}J_{1,50}(q^{5}) +\zeta^3q^{9}J_{23,50}(q^{5}),
\mylabel{eq:Peval4}\\
q^{3} \Theta(-\zeta^4 q^8,q^5)
&=-\zeta J_{23,50}(q^{5})-\zeta^4q^{16}J_{7,50}(q^{5})
+\zeta^2q^{7}J_{27,50}(q^{5}) +q^{3}J_{17,50}(q^{5})
-\zeta^3q^{24}J_{3,50}(q^{5}).
\mylabel{eq:Peval5}
\end{align}
Next, we evaluate each $S_j(-1,q)$ using \eqn{jtprod}
\begin{align}
S_0(-1,q) &= S_1(-1,q) = J_{1,10}(q^{5}),\mylabel{eq:Seval1}\\
S_2(-1,q) &= S_4(-1,q) = -q^{-3}J_{3,10}(q^{5}),\mylabel{eq:Seval2}\\
S_3(-1,q) &= q^{-4}J_{1,2}(q^{25}).\mylabel{eq:Seval3}
\end{align}
For $0\le r \le 4$, we define the operator $\mathcal{U}_{r,5}$ by
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{U}_{r,5}\left(\sum_{n} a(n) q^n \right)
= \sum_{n} a(5n+r) q^n.
\mylabel{eq:Uop}
\end{equation}
To show that \eqn{Uid} holds for $z=-1$ we need to prove $5$ identities
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{U}_{r,5}\left(q^4\,U(-1,q)\right)
=
\mathcal{U}_{r,5}\left(q^4\,V(-1,q)\right),
\mylabel{eq:UVrid}
\end{equation}
for $0\le r \le 4$. It turns out that each of these identities is equivalent
to a modular function identity for the group $\Gamma_1(50)$. We provide
some detail for the case $r=0$. Using \eqn{Seval1}--\eqn{Seval3} we
find that
\begin{align}
\mathcal{U}_{0,5}\left(q^4\,V(-1,q)\right)
&=
\left(J_{2,5}(q^{10}) - q^2 (1 + \zeta^2 + \zeta^3) J_{1,5}(q^{10})\right)
\mylabel{eq:U0Vid}\\
&\times \left( J_{1,2}(q^5) J_{4,10}^3(q)
+ q (-1 + \zeta^2 + \zeta^3) J_{2,10}^2(q) J_{3,10}(q) J_{4,10}(q)\right. \nonumber\\
&\hphantom{XXXXXXXXXXXXXX}\left. - 2 q^2 (\zeta^2+\zeta^3) J_{2,10}^3 J_{1,10}(q) \right).
\nonumber
\end{align}
We can utilize \eqn{Peval1}--\eqn{Peval5} to write the left side
of the $r=0$ case of \eqn{UVrid} as a sum of $135$ explicit theta products
\begin{align}
&\mathcal{U}_{0,5}\left(q^4\,U(-1,q)\right) \mylabel{eq:U0Uid}\\
&\quad =
q^{10} J_{3,50}^2(q) J_{19,50}^2(q) J_{25,50}(q) + \cdots
+ 2 q^{10} (\zeta^2 + \zeta^3) J_{1,50}(q) J_{9,50}(q) J_{13,50}(q) J_{17,50}(q)
J_{25,50}(q).
\nonumber
\end{align}
We have to prove that the right side of \eqn{U0Vid} equals the right side of \eqn{U0Vid}.
After dividing both sides by $J_{2,5}(q^{10}) J_{1,2}(q^5) J_{4,10}^3(q)$ we find that this
is equivalent to showing that a certain linear combination of $140$ generalized
eta-quotients
simplifies to the constant $1$
\begin{equation}
(1+\zeta^2+\zeta^3)\,\eta_{50,10} \, \eta_{50,20}^{-1}
+ \cdots
\eta_{50,4}^{-3} \, \eta_{50,5}^{-2} \, \eta_{50,6}^{-3} \, \eta_{50,10}^{-4} \,
\eta_{50,14}^{-3} \, \eta_{50,15}^{-2} \, \eta_{50,16}^{-3} \, \eta_{50,20}^{-5} \,
\eta_{50,24}^{-3} \, \eta_{50,23}^{2} \, \eta_{50,21}^{2} = 1.
\mylabel{eq:bigcombo}
\end{equation}
Here
\begin{equation}
\eta_{n,m} = \eta_{n,m}(\tau)
= \exp(\pi i P_2(m/n) n\tau)\,
\prod_{k\equiv\pm m\pmod{n}}(1 - \exp(2\pi ik\tau)
= q^{n P_2(m/n)/2} J_{m,n}(q),
\mylabel{eq:getadef}
\end{equation}
where $P_2(t) = \{t\}^2 - \{t\} + \tfrac{1}{6}$, and $q=\exp(2\pi i\tau)$.
Using \cite[Theorem 2.9, p.7]{Choi06}, \cite[Theorem 3, p.126]{Ro94} that
each generalised eta-quotient in \eqn{bigcombo} is indeed a modular
function on $\Gamma_1(50)$. As usual we need the valence formula
\begin{equation}
\sum_{z\in\mathcal{F}} \ORD(f;z,\Gamma) = 0,
\mylabel{eq:valform}
\end{equation}
provided $f$ is a nontrivial modular function on $\Gamma$, and
$\mathcal{F}$ is a fundamental set for $\Gamma$. Using MAGMA, the following
is a complete set of inequivalent cusps for $\Gamma_1(50)$
\begin{align}
\mathcal{C}
&=\{\infty, \tfrac{0}{1},\, \tfrac{1}{10},\, \tfrac{1}{9},\, \tfrac{2}{17},\, \tfrac{3}{25},\,
\tfrac{1}{8},\, \tfrac{2}{15},\, \tfrac{3}{22},\, \tfrac{4}{29},\, \tfrac{5}{36},\,
\tfrac{6}{43},\, \tfrac{7}{50},\, \tfrac{3}{20},\, \tfrac{2}{13},\, \tfrac{3}{19},\,
\tfrac{4}{25},\, \tfrac{1}{6},\, \tfrac{6}{35},\, \tfrac{9}{52},\, \tfrac{13}{75},\,
\tfrac{4}{23},\, \tfrac{7}{39},\, \tfrac{9}{50},\, \tfrac{7}{38},\, \tfrac{3}{16},\,
\mylabel{eq:CG}\\
&\qquad\tfrac{5}{26},\, \tfrac{1}{5},\, \tfrac{27}{125},\, \tfrac{7}{32},\, \tfrac{11}{50},\,
\tfrac{12}{53},\, \tfrac{17}{75},\, \tfrac{6}{25},\, \tfrac{1}{4},\, \tfrac{13}{50},\,
\tfrac{53}{200},\, \tfrac{67}{250},\, \tfrac{27}{100},\, \tfrac{11}{40},\, \tfrac{18}{65},\,
\tfrac{7}{25},\, \tfrac{3}{10},\, \tfrac{7}{20},\, \tfrac{9}{25},\, \tfrac{11}{30},\,
\tfrac{19}{50},\, \tfrac{49}{125},\, \tfrac{2}{5},\, \tfrac{21}{50},\, \nonumber\\
&\qquad \tfrac{11}{25},\,
\tfrac{11}{20},\, \tfrac{26}{45},\, \tfrac{3}{5},\, \tfrac{59}{85},\, \tfrac{7}{10}\},
\nonumber
\end{align}
with corresponding widths
\begin{align}
&\{
1,\, 50,\, 5,\, 50,\, 50,\, 2,\, 25,\, 10,\, 25,\, 50,\, 25,\, 50,\, 1,\, 5,\, 50,\, 50,\, 2,\, 25,\, 10,\, 25,\, 2,\, 50,\, 50,\, 1,\, 25,\,
\mylabel{eq:WG}\\
&\qquad 25,\, 25,\, 10,\, 2,\, 25,\, 1,\, 50,\, 2,\, 2,\, 25,\, 1,\, 1,\, 1,\, 1,\, 5,\, 10,\, 2,\, 5,\, 5,\, 2,\, 5,\, 1,\, 2,\, 10,\, 1,\, 2,\, 5,\,
\nonumber\\
&\qquad 10,\, 10,\, 10,\, 5\}.
\nonumber
\end{align}
Using known results for the invariant order of generalized eta-quotients
at cusps \cite[(2.3), p.7]{Choi06}, \cite[pp.127-128]{Ro94} we have calculated the
order at each cusp of every function in \eqn{bigcombo}. As check we verified
that the total Order of each function is zero. With $\mathcal{J}$ being
the set generalized eta-quotients ocurring in \eqn{bigcombo} we calculated
\begin{equation}
\sum_{c\in\mathcal{C}\setminus\{\infty\}}
\min_{ f\in \mathcal{J}}(\ORD(f;c;\Gamma_1(50)),0) = -145.
\mylabel{eq:minords}
\end{equation}
Hence, by the valence formula \eqn{valform} it suffices to verify
\eqn{bigcombo} (or equivalently \eqn{UVrid} with $r=0$)
up to $q^{145}$, since generalized eta-quotients have no poles or zeros in the upper-half
plane. We have actually verified
the result up to $q^{200}$. All calculations, except for \eqn{CG},and \eqn{WG},
were done using MAPLE. The calculations needed to verify
\eqn{UVrid} for $r=1$, $2$, $3$, $4$ are similiar and have been carried out.
This conpletes our proof of \eqn{Uid}.
\section{The Andrews Bicrank and Extensions} \label{sec:bicrank}
For a partition $\pi$, let $\ell(\pi)$ denote the largest part of $\pi$,
$\varpi(\pi)$ denote the number of ones in $\pi$,
and $\mu(\pi)$ denote the number of parts of $\pi$ larger than $\varpi(\pi)$.
The crank of $\pi$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{crank}(\pi) =
\begin{cases}
\ell(\pi), &\mbox{if $\varpi(\pi)=0$}, \\
\mu(\pi) - \varpi(\pi), &\mbox{if $\varpi(\pi)>0$}.
\end{cases}
\mylabel{eq:crankdef}
\end{equation}
The crank gives a combinatorial interpretation
of Ramanujan's partition congruences mod $5$, $7$ and $11$ and solves a
problem of Dyson \cite{Dy44}, \cite[p.52]{Dy96}. See \cite{An-Ga88}.
In \cite{An08}, Andrews gave a combinatorial interpretation of the
congruence
\begin{equation}
p_{-2}(5n+3) \equiv 0 \pmod{5},
\mylabel{eq:p25n3}
\end{equation}
in terms of the crank. This result is a crank analog of the Dyson-birank
but is more complicated since it on involves positive and negative weights.
This complication is because of the nature of the generating function
for the crank. Let $M(m,n)$ denote the number of partitions of $n$ with
crank $m$. Then
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n\ge0} \sum_m M(m,n) z^m q^n = (1-z)q +
\frac{(q;q)_\infty}{(zq;q)_\infty (z^{-1}q;q)_\infty}.
\mylabel{eq:Mgf}
\end{equation}
Define $M'(m,n)$ by
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n\ge0} \sum_m M'(m,n) z^m q^n =
\frac{(q;q)_\infty}{(zq;q)_\infty (z^{-1}q;q)_\infty}
= 1 + (z -1 + z^{-1})q + (z^2 + z^{-2})q^2 + \cdots.
\mylabel{eq:Mvgf}
\end{equation}
We need to interpret $M'(m,n)$ combinatorially. To this we need to
definition of partition.
To the set of partitions we need to add two additional partitions of $1$ which we denote
by $1_a$ and $1_b$. We call this new set $\mathcal{E}$, the set of extended partitions.
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{E} = \{(-), 1_a, 1_b, 1, 2, 1+1, 3, 2+1, 1+1+1, \cdots\}.
\mylabel{eq:eptns}
\end{equation}
We have $\abs{1_a}=\abs{1_b}=1$.
Here as usual $(-)$ is the empty partition of $0$. For these extended partitions
define a weight function $w(\pi)$ defined by
\begin{equation}
w(\pi) =
\begin{cases}
-1, &\mbox{if $\pi=1_b$}.\\
\abs{\pi}, &\mbox{otherwise}.
\end{cases}
\mylabel{eq:wdef}
\end{equation}
Thus for the three extended partitions of $1$ we have
$w(1)=w(1_a)=1$, and $w(1_b)=-1$, and the total weight is still $p(1)=1$.
Therefore
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\substack{\pi\in\mathcal{E}\\ \abs{\pi}=n}} w(\pi) = p(n).
\mylabel{eq:totw}
\end{equation}
We also extend the definition of crank by $\mbox{crank}(1_a)=1$,
and $\mbox{crank}(1_b)=0$. Recall that for ordinary partition of $1$ we have
$\mbox{crank}(1_b)=-1$.
We now have our desired combinatorial interpretation of $M'(m,n)$.
\begin{equation}
F(z,q) = \sum_{\pi\in\mathcal{E}} w(\pi) z^{\mbox{crank}(\pi)} q^{\abs{\pi}}
= \sum_{n\ge0} \sum_m M'(m,n) z^m q^n =
\frac{(q;q)_\infty}{(zq;q)_\infty (z^{-1}q;q)_\infty}.
\mylabel{eq:Mvid}
\end{equation}
In other words,
\begin{equation}
M'(m,n) =
\sum_{\substack{\pi\in\mathcal{E}\\ \abs{\pi}=n,\, \mbox{crank}(\pi)=m}} w(\pi).
\mylabel{eq:Mvid2}
\end{equation}
We note that the function $F(z,q)$ (at least as an infinite product)
occured in Ramanujan's Lost Notebook.
We define the set of extended bipartitions by $\mathcal{E} \times \mathcal{E}$,i.e.\ an
extended bipartition is simply a pair of extended partitions. For
an extended bipartition $\pi=(\pi_1,\pi_2)$ we define
a sum of parts function and a weight function in the natural way
\begin{equation}
\abs{\pi} = \abs{\pi_1} + \abs{\pi_2},\quad\mbox{and}\qquad
w(\pi) = w(\pi_1) \, w(\pi_2).
\mylabel{eq:ewdef}
\end{equation}
We denote Andrews's bicrank function by $\mbox{bicrank}_1$.
We give a variant which we call $\mbox{bicrank}_2$.
For an extended bipartition $\pi=(\pi_1,\pi_2)$ we define
\begin{align}
\mbox{bicrank}_1(\pi) &= \mbox{crank}(\pi_1) + \mbox{crank}(\pi_2),
\mylabel{eq:bic1}\\
\mbox{bicrank}_2(\pi) &= \mbox{crank}(\pi_1) + 2\,\mbox{crank}(\pi_2),
\mylabel{eq:bic2}
\end{align}
Amazingly together these two bicrank functions give a
new interpretation for all three congruences in \eqn{2colcongs}.
For $j=1$, $2$ we define $M_j(m,t,n)$ by
\begin{equation}
M_j(m,t,n) =
\sum_{\substack{\pi\in\mathcal{E}\times\mathcal{E}\\
\abs{\pi}=n,\, \mbox{bicrank}_j(\pi)\equiv m\pmod{t}}} w(\pi).
\mylabel{eq:Mjdef}
\end{equation}
In other words, $M_j(m,t,n)$ is the number of extended bipartitions of $n$
with $\mbox{bicrank}_j$ congruent to $m$ mod $t$ counted by the weight $w$.
In this section we prove
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm:thm4}
$$
\hphantom{x}
$$
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(i)]
The residue of the $\mbox{bicrank}_1(\pi)$ mod $5$
divides the extended bipartitions of $n$ into $5$ classes of equal weight
provided $n\equiv3\pmod{5}$.
\item[(ii)]
The residue of the $\mbox{bicrank}_2(\pi)$ mod $5$
divides the extended bipartitions of $n$ into $5$ classes of equal weight
provided $n\equiv2$ or $4\pmod{5}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
We illustrate the first case of Theorem \thm{thm4} (i).
There are $18$ extended bipartitions of $3$ giving a total weight of $p_{-2}(3)=10$.
\begin{equation*}
\begin{array}{rrr}
\mbox{Extended bipartitions of $3$} & \mbox{bicrank}_1 \pmod{5} & \mbox{weight}=w \\
(2+1,-) & 0 \equiv 0 & 1\\
(-,2+1) & 0+0 \equiv 0 & 1\\
(2,1) & 2-1 \equiv 1 & 1\\
(1,2) &-1+2 \equiv 1 & 1\\
(1+1+1,-)& -3 \equiv 2 & 1\\
(2,1_b) & 2+0 \equiv 2 & -1\\
(1+1,1) & -2-1 \equiv 2 & 1\\
(1_b,2) & 0+2 \equiv 2 & -1\\
(1,1+1) &-1-2 \equiv 2 & 1\\
(-,1+1+1) &0-3 \equiv 2 & 1\\
(3,-) & 3 \equiv 3 & 1\\
(2,1_a) & 2+1 \equiv 3 & 1\\
(1+1,1_b)&-2+0 \equiv 3 & -1\\
(1_a,2) & 1+2 \equiv 3 & 1\\
(1_b,1+1)& 0-2 \equiv 3 & -1\\
(-,3) & 0+3 \equiv 3 & 1\\
(1+1,1_a)& -2+1 \equiv 4 & 1\\
(1_a,1+1)& 1-2 \equiv 4 & 1\\
\end{array}
\end{equation*}
Thus
$$
M_1(0,5,3) = M_1(1,5,3) = M_1(2,5,3) = M_1(3,5,3) =
M_1(4,5,3) = 2,
$$
and we see that the residue of the $\mbox{bicrank}_1$ mod $5$ divides the $18$
bipartitions of $3$ into $5$ classes of equal total weight $2$.
We illustrate the first case of Theorem \thm{thm4} (ii).
There are $13$ extended bipartitions of $2$ giving a total weight of $p_{-2}(2)=5$.
\begin{equation*}
\begin{array}{rrr}
\mbox{Extended bipartitions of $2$} & \mbox{bicrank}_2 \pmod{5} & \mbox{weight}=w \\
(2,-) & 2+0 \equiv 2 & 1\\
(1+1,-) &-2+0 \equiv 3 & 1\\
(1,1) & -1-2 \equiv 2 & 1\\
(1,1_a) & -1+2 \equiv 1 & 1\\
(1,1_b) & -1+0 \equiv 4 &-1\\
(1_a,1) & 1-2 \equiv 4 & 1\\
(1_a,1_a)& 1+2 \equiv 3 & 1\\
(1_a,1_b) & 1+0 \equiv 1 &-1\\
(1_b,1) & 0-2 \equiv 3 &-1\\
(1_b,1_a) & 0+2 \equiv 2 &-1\\
(1_b,1_b) & 0+0 \equiv 0 & 1\\
(-,2) & 0+4 \equiv 4 & 1\\
(-,1+1) & 0-4 \equiv 1 & 1\\
\end{array}
\end{equation*}
Thus
$$
M_2(0,5,2) = M_2(1,5,2) = M_2(2,5,2) = M_2(3,5,2) =
M_2(4,5,2) = 1,
$$
and we see that the residue of the $\mbox{bicrank}_2$ mod $5$ divides the $13$
bipartitions of $2$ into $5$ classes of equal total weight $1$.
Theorem \thm{thm4} (i) is due to Andrews \cite{An08}.
Theorem \thm{thm4} (ii) is a natural extension, and its proof is analogous.
For completeness we include a sketch of the proof. We define
\begin{equation}
M'(r,t,n) = \sum_{m\equiv r\pmod{t}} M'(m,n),
\end{equation}
which is the number of ordinary partitions of $n$ with crank congruent
to $r$ mod $t$ when $n\ne1$. When $n=1$ it is counting extended partitions.
Then
\begin{align}
F(\zeta,q)=&\sum_{n=0}^\infty
\sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k M'(k,5,n) q^n
= \frac{(q;q)_\infty}{(\zeta q;q)_\infty (\zeta^{-1}q;q)_\infty}
\mylabel{eq:Fdissect}\\
&= A(q^5)
- q (\zeta + \zeta^4)^2 \,B(q^5)
+ q^2 (\zeta^2 + \zeta^3)\, C(q^5) -q^3 (\zeta+\zeta^4)\, D(q^5),
\nonumber
\end{align}
where
$F(z,q)$ is given in \eqn{Mvid}, $A(q)$, $B(q)$, $C(q)$, and $D(q)$ are
given in \eqn{Adef}--\eqn{Ddef}. Equation \eqn{Fdissect} appears
in Ramanujan's Lost Notebook \cite[p.20]{Ra88} and is
proved in \cite[(1.30)]{Ga88}.
The two bicrank generating functions are given by
\begin{align}
\sum_{\bpi=(\pi_1,\pi_2)} z^{\bcra} q^{\abs{\bpi}} &= F(z,q)^2,
\mylabel{eq:bcr1genfunc}\\
\sum_{\bpi=(\pi_1,\pi_2)} z^{\bcrb} q^{\abs{\bpi}} &= F(z,q) \, F(z^2,q),
\mylabel{eq:bcr2genfunc}
\end{align}
where $F(z,q)$ is the generating function for the crank of
extended partitions \eqn{Mvid}.
Thus we have
\begin{align}
\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k M_{1}(k,5,n) q^n
&= F(\zeta,q)^2,
\mylabel{eq:bcr1mod5}\\
\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{k=0}^4 \zeta^k M_{1}(k,5,n) q^n
&= F(\zeta,q)\, F(\zeta^2,q).
\mylabel{eq:bcr2mod5}
\end{align}
Using only \eqn{Fdissect} and equations
\eqn{ABCDfact} and \eqn{ABCDfact2}
we easily find that
find that the coefficient of $q^n$ in the $q$-expansion of
$F(\zeta,q)^2$ is zero if
$n\equiv3\pmod{5}$, ant that the
the coefficient of $q^n$ in the $q$-expansion of
$F(\zeta,q)\, F(\zeta^2,q)$ is zero if
$n\equiv2$, or $4\pmod{5}$. Both parts of Theorem \thm{thm4} then follow
from equations \eqn{bcr1mod5} and \eqn{bcr2mod5}.
\section{A Multirank Analog of the Hammond-Lewis Birank} \label{sec:ghlbirank}
Let $\mathcal{P}$ denote the set of partitions. A multipartition
with $r$ components or an $r$-colored partition of $n$ is simply an
$r$-tuple
\begin{equation}
\vec{\pi}=(\pi_1,\pi_2,\dots,\pi_r) \in
\mathcal{P} \times \mathcal{P} \times \cdots \times \mathcal{P}
=\mathcal{P}^r,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\sum_{k=1}^r \abs{\pi_k}=n.
\end{equation}
It is clear that the number of $r$-colored partitions of $n$ is
$p_{-r}(n)$ where
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n\ge0} p_{-r}(n) q^n = \frac{1}{E(q)^r}.
\end{equation}
There are two elementary and well-known congruences.
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm:thm5}
Let $t>3$ be prime.
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(i)] If
$24n+1$ is a quadratic nonresidue mod $t$, then
then
\begin{equation}
p_{1-t}(n) \equiv 0 \pmod{t}.
\end{equation}
\item[(ii)] If
$8n+1$ is not a quadratic residue mod $t$,
then
\begin{equation}
p_{3-t}(n) \equiv 0 \pmod{t}.
\end{equation}
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
These results follow easily from identities of Euler and Jacobi.
Theorem \thm{thm5} (i) follows from
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n\ge0} p_{1-t}(n) q^{24n+1} = \frac{qE(q^{24})}{E(q^{24})^t}
\equiv \frac{1}{E(q^{24t})} \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty (-1)^n q^{(6n+1)^2}
\pmod{t}.
\end{equation}
Here we have used Euler's Pentagonal Number Theorem \cite[Thm 353]{Ha-Wr-BOOK}
\begin{equation}
E(q) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty (-1)^n q^{n(3n+1)/2}.
\mylabel{eq:Epent}
\end{equation}
Theorem \thm{thm5} (ii) follows from
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n\ge0} p_{3-t}(n) q^{8n+1} = \frac{qE^3(q^{8})}{E(q^{8})^t}
\equiv \frac{1}{E(q^{8t})} \sum_{n\ge0}(-1)^n (2n+1) q^{(2n+1)^2}
\pmod{t},
\end{equation}
where we have used Jacobi's Identity \cite[Thm 237]{Ha-Wr-BOOK}
\begin{equation}
E(q)^3 = \sum_{n\ge0} (-1)^n (2n+1) q^{n(n+1)/2}.
\mylabel{eq:jacid}
\end{equation}
Theorem \thm{thm6} (ii) is Theorem 1 in \cite{An08}.
In this section we construct analogs of the Hammond-Lewis birank to
combinatorially explain the two congruences in Theorem \thm{thm5}.
Andrews's bicrank \cite{An08} (see also equation \eqn{bic1}) gave
a combinatorial interpretation of Theorem \thm{thm5} (ii) for the
case $t=5$, and $n\equiv 3\pmod{5}$. The Hammond-Lewis birank gave
a combinatorial interpretation of Theorem \thm{thm5} (ii) for
the case $t=5$, and all relelvant $n$.
For even $r$, we define
the generalized Hammond-Lewis multirank by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{gHL-multirank}(\vec{\pi})
= \sum_{k=1}^{r/2} k\,\left(\#(\pi_k) - \#(\pi_{r+1-k})\right),
\mylabel{eq:gHLmrankdef}
\end{equation}
for $\vec{\pi}=(\pi_1,\pi_2,\dots,\pi_{r})$ a multipartition with
$r$ components. The $r=2$ case corresponds to the Hammond-Lewis birank.
In this section we prove
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm:thm6}
Let $t>3$ be prime.
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(i)]
The residue of the generalized-Hammond-Lewis-multirank mod $t$
divides the multipartitions of $n$ with $r=t-1$ components into $t$ equal classes
provided $24n+1$ is a quadratic nonresidue mod $t$.
\item[(ii)]
The residue of the generalized-Hammond-Lewis-multirank mod $t$
divides the multipartitions of $n$ with $r=t-3$ components into $t$ equal classes
provided $8n+1$ is not a quadratic residue mod $t$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
We illustrate Theorem \thm{thm6} (ii) for $t=7$ and $n=2$.
\begin{equation*}
\begin{array}{rr}
\mbox{Multipartitions of $2$} & \mbox{generalized-HL-multirank}\\
\mbox{with $4$ components} & \mbox{(mod $7$)}\\
(-, -, -, 1+1) & -2\equiv5\\
( -, -, -, 2) & -1\equiv6\\
( -, -, 1, 1) & -3\equiv4\\
(-, -, 1+1,-) & -4\equiv3\\
( -, -, 2,-) & -2\equiv5\\
( -, 1, -, 1) & 1\equiv1\\
( -, 1, 1,-) & 0\equiv0\\
(-, 1+1, -,-) & 4\equiv4\\
( -, 2, -,-) & 2\equiv2\\
( 1, -, -, 1) & 0\equiv0\\
( 1, -, 1,-) & -1\equiv6\\
( 1, 1, -,-) & 3\equiv3\\
(1+1, -, -,-) & 2\equiv2\\
( 2, -, -,-) & 1\equiv1\\
\end{array}
\end{equation*}
We see that the residue of generalized-Hammond-Lewis-multirank mod $7$
divides the $14$ $4$-colored partitions of $2$ into $7$ equal classes.
Both parts of Theorem \thm{thm6} are easy to prove. For (i),
we need only Euler's pentagonal number theorem \eqn{Epent}.
We let $\zeta_t$ be a primitive $t$-th root
of unity. We have
\begin{align}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in\mathcal{P}^{t-1}} \zeta_t^{\gHLmr} q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}
&= \prod_{k=1}^{(t-1)/2} \frac{1}{(\zeta_t^k q;q)_\infty (\zeta_t^{-k}q;q)_\infty}
\mylabel{eq:gHLgenfunc}\\
&= \frac{(q;q)_\infty}
{(q^t;q^t)_\infty}.
\end{align}
From \eqn{Epent} we have
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in\mathcal{P}^{t-1}} \zeta_t^{\gHLmr} q^{24\abs{\vec{\pi}}+1}
=
\frac{1}{(q^{24t};q^{24t})_\infty}
\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty (-1)^n q^{(6n+1)^2}.
\mylabel{eq:gHLgenfunc2}
\end{equation}
We see that in the $q$-expansion on the right side of \eqn{gHLgenfunc2}
the coefficient of $q^n$ is zero when $n$ is a quadratic nonresidue mod $t$.
Theorem \thm{thm6} (i) follows.
For part (ii) of Theorem \thm{thm6} we only need Jacobi's triple
product identity \eqn{jtprod}.
We have
\begin{align}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in\mathcal{P}^{t-3}} \zeta_t^{\gHLmr} q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}
&= \prod_{k=1}^{(t-3)/2} \frac{1}{(\zeta_t^k q;q)_\infty (\zeta_t^{-k}q;q)_\infty}
\mylabel{eq:gHLgenfunc3}\\
&= \frac{(\zeta_t^{(t-1)/2}q;q)_\infty (\zeta_t^{-(t-1)/2}q;q)_\infty (q;q)_\infty}
{(q^t;q^t)_\infty}\nonumber\\
&= \frac{\displaystyle \sum_{m=-\infty}^\infty (-1)^{m+1}
(\zeta_t^{(m+1)(t-1)/2} - \zeta_t^{-m(t-1)/2}) q^{m(m+1)/2}}
{(1 - \zeta_t^{(t-1)/2}) (q^t;q^t)_\infty},
\nonumber
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
&\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in\mathcal{P}^{t-3}} \zeta_t^{\gHLmr} q^{8\abs{\vec{\pi}}+1}
\mylabel{eq:gHLgenfunc4}\\
&\quad = \frac{1}{(1 - \zeta_t^{(t-1)/2}) (q^{8t};q^{8t})_\infty}
\sum_{m=-\infty}^\infty (-1)^{m+1}
\zeta_t^{-m(t-1)/2}
(\zeta_t^{(2m+1)(t-1)/2} - 1) q^{(2m+1)^2}.
\nonumber
\end{align}
We see that in the $q$-expansion on the right side of \eqn{gHLgenfunc4}
the coefficient of $q^n$ is zero when $n$ is not a quadratic residue mod $t$,
i.e.\ when $n$ is either a quadratic nonresidue or $n\equiv0\pmod{t}$.
Theorem \thm{thm6} (ii) follows.
\section{Multicranks} \label{sec:mcranks}
In this section we give some extensions of the bicrank to multipartitions
and provide alternative interpretations for some of the congruences given
in Theorem \thm{thm5}. We define two multicranks. These multicranks are defined
in terms of cartesian products of extended partitions and ordinary partitions.
In Section \sect{bicrank}, we defined the set of extended partitions $\mathcal{E}$
and its associated crank and weight function. Recall from Section \sect{ghlbirank}
that $\mathcal{P}$ denotes the set of ordinary partitions, and $\mathcal{P}\subset\mathcal{E}$.
Let $r$ be a positive even integer.
For an extended multipartition
\begin{equation}
\vec{\pi}=(\pi_1,\pi_2,\dots,\pi_{r}) \in
\mathcal{E} \times \cdots \times
\mathcal{E} \times \mathcal{P} \times \cdots \times \mathcal{P}
=\mathcal{E}^{r/2} \times \mathcal{P}^{r/2},
\end{equation}
we define multicrank-I by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{multicrank-I}(\vec{\pi}) =
\sum_{k=1}^{r/2} k\cdot\mbox{crank}(\pi_k).
\mylabel{eq:mcrankIdef}
\end{equation}
For an extended multipartition
\begin{equation}
\vec{\pi}=(\pi_1,\pi_2,\dots,\pi_{r}) \in
\mathcal{E} \times \mathcal{E}
\times \mathcal{P} \times \cdots \times \mathcal{P}
= \mathcal{E} \times \mathcal{E} \times \mathcal{P}^{r-2},
\end{equation}
we define multicrank-II by
\begin{equation}
\mbox{multicrank-II}(\vec{\pi}) =
\sum_{k=1}^{2} k\cdot\mbox{crank}(\pi_k) +
\sum_{k=3}^{r} k\,\left(\#(\pi_k) - \#(\pi_{r-k+3})\right).
\mylabel{eq:mcrankIIdef}
\end{equation}
We note that the $\mbox{bicrank}_2$ corresponds to the multicrank-II when
$r=2$.
For both types of extended multipartitions we define
a sum of parts function and a weight function in the natural way
\begin{equation}
\abs{\vec{\pi}} = \sum_{k=1}^{r} \abs{\pi_k},\quad\mbox{and}\qquad
w(\vec{\pi}) = \prod_{k=1}^{r} w(\pi_k).
\mylabel{eq:ewmdef}
\end{equation}
We have
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\substack{\vec{\pi}\in \mathcal{E}^{r/2}\mathcal{P}^{r/2}\\
\abs{\vec{\pi}}=n}} w(\vec{\pi})
=
\sum_{\substack{\vec{\pi}\in \mathcal{E}^{2}\mathcal{P}^{r-2}\\
\abs{\vec{\pi}}=n}} w(\vec{\pi})
= p_{-r}(n).
\mylabel{eq:totw1}
\end{equation}
\begin{theorem}
\label{thm:thm7}
Let $t>3$ be prime.
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(i)]
The residue of the multicrank-I mod $t$
divides the extended multipartitions of $n$ from
$\mathcal{E}^{(t-1)/2}\times\mathcal{P}^{(t-1)/2}$
into $t$ equal classes of equal weight
provided $24n+1$ is a quadratic nonresidue mod $t$.
\item[(ii)]
The residue of the multicrank-I mod $t$
divides the extended multipartitions of $n$ from
$\mathcal{E}^{(t-3)/2}\times\mathcal{P}^{(t-3)/2}$
into $t$ equal classes of equal weight
provided $8n+1$ is not a quadratic residue mod $t$.
\item[(iii)]
The residue of the multicrank-II mod $t$
divides the extended multipartitions of $n$ from
$\mathcal{E}^{2}\times\mathcal{P}^{t-5}$
into $t$ equal classes of equal weight
provided $8n+1$ is a quadratic nonresidue mod $t$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
In view of \eqn{totw1}, Theorem \thm{thm7} (i), (ii) provides
alternative combinatorial intepretations of our congruences
for multipartitions given in Theorem \thm{thm5} (i), (ii).
The result in part (iii) is weaker than (ii). We include it
since it is a generalization of the $\mbox{bicrank}_2$.
The proof of Theorem \thm{thm7} is very similar to Theorem \thm{thm6}.
We have
\begin{align}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in
\mathcal{E}^{(t-1)/2}\times\mathcal{P}^{(t-1)/2}}
\zeta_t^{\mcrI} w(\vec{\pi}) q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}
&= \left(\prod_{k=1}^{(t-1)/2} F(\zeta_t^k,q) \right) \frac{1}{E^{(t-1)/2}(q)}
\mylabel{eq:mcIgenfunc}\\
&= \prod_{k=1}^{(t-1)/2} \frac{1}{(\zeta_t^k q;q)_\infty (\zeta_t^{-k}q;q)_\infty}
\nonumber\\
&= \frac{(q;q)_\infty}
{(q^t;q^t)_\infty},
\nonumber
\end{align}
where $F(z,q)$ is the crank generating function given in \eqn{Mvid}.
Theorem \thm{thm7} (i) then follows from \eqn{gHLgenfunc2}.
Similarly,
\begin{align}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in
\mathcal{E}^{(t-3)/2}\times\mathcal{P}^{(t-3)/2}}
\zeta_t^{\mcrI} w(\vec{\pi}) q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}
&= \left(\prod_{k=1}^{(t-3)/2} F(\zeta_t^k,q) \right) \frac{1}{E^{(t-3)/2}(q)}
\mylabel{eq:mcIgenfunc2}\\
&= \prod_{k=1}^{(t-3)/2} \frac{1}{(\zeta_t^k q;q)_\infty (\zeta_t^{-k}q;q)_\infty}.
\nonumber
\end{align}
Theorem \thm{thm7} (ii) then follows from \eqn{gHLgenfunc3}, \eqn{gHLgenfunc4}.
We have
\begin{align}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in
\mathcal{E}^{2}\times\mathcal{P}^{t-5}}
\zeta_t^{\mcrII} w(\vec{\pi}) q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}
&= F(\zeta_t,q)\,F(\zeta_t^2,q)\,
\prod_{k=3}^{(t-1)/2} \frac{1}{(\zeta_t^k q;q)_\infty (\zeta_t^{-k}q;q)_\infty}.
\mylabel{eq:mcIIgenfunc}\\
& = \frac{(q)_\infty^3}{(q^t;q^t)_\infty}.
\nonumber
\end{align}
Then
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in
\mathcal{E}^{2}\times\mathcal{P}^{t-5}}
\zeta_t^{\mcrII} w(\vec{\pi}) q^{8\abs{\vec{\pi}}+1}
= \frac{1}{E(q^{8t})} \sum_{n\ge0}(-1)^n (2n+1) q^{(2n+1)^2},
\mylabel{eq:mcIIgenfunc2}
\end{equation}
and
Theorem \thm{thm7} (iii) follows.
\section{Concluding Remarks} \label{sec:end}
The two main results of this paper are the combinatorial inpretations
of the 2-colored partition congruences \eqn{2colcongs} in terms
of the Dyson-birank and the $5$-core-birank. The author has been unable to
extended these two results to higher dimensional multipartitions. The extensions
of the Hammond-Lewis birank and Andrews bicrank are much easier because the
generating functions involved are simple infinite products.
It seems unlikely that a combinatorial proof of \eqn{T5dissect}
is possible. This identity gives the $5$-dissection of the $5$-core-crank
generating function when $z=\zeta_5$. The proof given in the paper relies
on a heavy use of the theory of modular functions. A more elementary
proof is desirable. In \cite{Ga-Ki-St}, a combinatorial proof is given that the
residue of $5$-core-crank mod $5$ divides the $5$-cores of $5n+4$ into $5$
equal classes. It would interesting to see if the methods of \cite{Ga-Ki-St}
could be extended to give a combinatorial proof of Theorem \thm{thm3},
which is our result for the $5$-core-birank.
It is clear that the generalized-Hammond-Lewis multiranks and our multicranks
are related. For instance, from equations \eqn{gHLgenfunc}, \eqn{mcIgenfunc},
\eqn{gHLgenfunc3}, and \eqn{mcIgenfunc2} we have
\begin{align}
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in\mathcal{P}^{t-1}} \zeta_t^{\gHLmr} q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}
&=
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in
\mathcal{E}^{(t-1)/2}\times\mathcal{P}^{(t-1)/2}}
\zeta_t^{\mcrI} w(\vec{\pi}) q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}},
\mylabel{eq:gHLmcrid1}\\
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in\mathcal{P}^{t-3}} \zeta_t^{\gHLmr} q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}
&=
\sum_{\vec{\pi}\in
\mathcal{E}^{(t-3)/2}\times\mathcal{P}^{(t-3)/2}}
\zeta_t^{\mcrI} w(\vec{\pi}) q^{\abs{\vec{\pi}}}.
\mylabel{eq:gHLmcrid2}
\end{align}
It would interesting to find a combinatorial proof these identities.
However what would be more interesting is to find bijective proofs of
Theorems \thm{thm4} and \thm{thm6}. This is a reasonable problem since
the generating functions involved are simple infinite products.
\noindent
\textbf{Acknowledgement}
\noindent
I would like to thank \dots.
\bibliographystyle{amsplain}
|
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Last updated: 10:48 AM ET, Tue August 30 2022
Jamaica Nears Pre-Pandemic Tourism Spending Levels
Destination & Tourism Rich Thomaselli August 30, 2022
Sunrise in Jamaica. (photo by Codie Liermann)
Jamaica has come roaring back since the COVID-19 crisis.
The Caribbean island nation's Tourism Minister, Edmund Bartlett, said at a town hall over the weekend that the country is ahead of schedule in its recovery from the pandemic and is on par with the amount of tourism revenue brought in the last full pre-COVID-19 year of 2019.
AHLA Announces 2023 Officers, Board, Executive Committee
|
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Nov06 Did polonium spy Litvinenko reveal Putin false flags?
Posted: Sat Mar 17, 2018 7:07 pm Post subject:
EXCLUSIVE: French Spec Ops Captain Paul Barril Reveals How Litvinenko Was Killed Hit Archive 2,789 views SUBSCRIBE 4 20 1 Published on 13 Apr 2016Retired French GIGN officer Paul Barill says he not only knows how Alexander Litvinenko was assassinated, but his handler exiled tycoon Boris Berezovsky was killed to keep him quiet.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLI-gXJ7T5E
Litvinenko, Berezovky, Skripal ... CIA, MI6 False flags to blame Russia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZqmCdqGkv0
GIGN is the elite police tactical unit of the French National Gendarmerie. Its missions include counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, surveillance of national threats, protection of government officials, and targeting organized crime.
Retired French GIGN officer Paul Barill says he not only knows how Alexander Litvinenko was assassinated, but his handler exiled tycoon Boris Berezovsky was killed to keep him quiet.
The operation's name is Beluga, and its purpose is to blame Russia.
Since Russia is harming the western plan in Syria and in many other cases, the western secret services try to discredit Russia by blaming it for crimes that are false flag assassinations.
False flag assassinations made by the western secret services and blamed on Russia.
Don't be deceived by the mass media and by the western propaganda, behind almost every big case, there is a lie, a huge lie, which is 100% opposed to the reality.
Wake up! use your own discernment, make your own search, investigate all the different views .... and come to your own conclusions.
Recently, the case of the former FSB agent Skripal, murdered in UK and blamed on Russia is the continuation of this operation, and illustrates the secret moves of the western forces to counter Russia
TonyGosling wrote:
Big article in today's Mail
It's the murder mystery still causing political shockwaves in London and Moscow. But was the radioactive Russian spy killed by bungling MI6 agents?
One theory is that Putin's enemies in London arranged the death of Litvinenko so to cast suspicion on Putin. Even before Litvinenko was dead, websites controlled by Berezovsky had declared Putin the villain
By Edward Jay Epstein
PUBLISHED: 21:45, 9 August 2013 | UPDATED: 21:45, 9 August 2013
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2388237/Its-murder-mystery-cau sing-political-shockwaves-London-Moscow-But-radioactive-Russian-spy-ki lled-bungling-MI6-agents.html
'CIA Legend Ray McGovern On #Russiagate, Russian Spy Poisoning & Seth Rich Murder':https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J0QHHMNCV4&feature=youtu.be
Ray McGovern gives his take on Skripal and other relevant issues.
'Litvinenko, Berezovky, Skripal ... CIA, MI6 False flags to blame Russia':
Ex French National Gendarmerie officer says Litvinenko amd Berezovsky were killed by MI5, and that the Skripal case is also a False Flag op aimed at Russia.
There is a partial translation below the video, although a voice-over gives a translation as the video runs.
But it should be noted that Paul Barill has also been accused of providing arms for the Rwandan Genocide:
https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/paul-barril/
That does not, of course, mean he is wrong about the Litvinenko and Berezovsky murders, and the Skripal case.
Top Litvinenko whodunit article
now disappeared by our signals intelligence friends
http://www.network54.com/Forum/84302/thread/1453219025/1/Alexander+Lit vinenko-+the+man+who+solved+his+own+murder
http://www.ancreport.com/blog/revisiting-litvinenko-what-really-happen ed
Litvinenko– Worth More DeadThan Alive
Finian Cunningham
So now Russia's cold-blooded assassin, as well as Europe's "new Hitler", the saboteur of civilian airliners, sponsor of drug abuse in sports and the friend of Middle East butcher-dictators.
Litvinenko inquiry
Litvinenko - What Really Happened?
http://www.ancreport.com/blog/revisiting-litvinenko-what-really-happen ed/
Fort Russ - 21st January, 2016 by Ryan Dawson
As we all know Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned by polonium, a rare radioactive substance. The main narrative blamed it all on Vladimir Putin of Russia. The rationale rested on little other than because Litvinenko was a Putin critic. This was the quick line in mass media, and it was on all the typical war propaganda channels.
There are many things wrong with the "Putin did it" story. For one, there is no motive, even with Litvinenko being a critic of Russia, he was no threat whatsoever to Putin. The man worked with Chechen terrorists and the Israeli-Russian oligarchs. But assuming that there was a sufficient motive to kill him, think about this: Why would Russia use a very rare, very expensive, and easily traceable radioactive substance to kill him instead of some cheap poison or just shooting him? Why risk smuggling radioactive material into the UK which is an act of war?
Yet that is exactly what the UK/US media would have you believe. They want to say that Putin had someone sneak into the UK with polonium and poison Litvinenko with it. It just isn't plausible. It's actually absurd.
Alexander Litvinenko who was formerly FSB fled to the UK to avoid court prosecution in Russia, worked for a shady Russian oligarch, Boris Berezovsky. Boris Berezovsky just so happens to be the Israeli-Russian oligarch who lived in London after fleeing the Russian judicial system for a multitude of crimes too long to list. He was on Interpol's most wanted list. Here is the grand prize. After the US and UK press branded Putin with the poisoning despite there being Zero evidence, (something the US is very well known for now) investigators were tracking down the traces of Polonium in the UK. They detected traces of Polonium at Berezovsky's office and residence! Now I do not know about you, but in my place of work, and certainly in my house, I do not have rare radioactive substances. Polonium is not something you just get at the market or pick up by accident walking through the park.
No experienced mob boss like Berezovsky would be dumb enough to murder an underling in such a manner either. Therefore his death was an accident. It was mostly likely it was a botched smuggling operation. Why was he moving such a dangerous substance? Did he need fast cash? Were they planning to create a dirty bomb? Such a "smoky bomb" would turn the Polonium into powder and kill anyone who ingested it.
Traces of Polonium were found on the planes that Litvinenko had been on. So I think we can deduce what happened. He was a mule. The questions remain, why did he have it?, Where did he get it? What was he going to do with it? Why was it in the offices of Berezovsky and Erinsys Ltd (Britain's Blackwater)?
The "Putin did it" smear case has never made sense. First of all, the amount of polonium 210 in play would have cost millions of dollars. That amount is too expensive to purchase and too large to go unnoticed if it were stolen. The only way to obtain such a quantity would be on a well organized black market that had a connection to a nuclear facility. It would certainly help organized crime if the nuclear powered supplier they received the Polonium from was not subjected to international inspections or part of the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. Such a country, (Foreign country A) which denied they even built nuclear weapons for decades, would certainly also deny selling their Polonium byproduct as well.
Is it possible to hide that from the press? Yes. The media would ignore this for the same reason the media ignores them stealing nuclear secrets and building hundreds of nuclear weapons in Dimona, then throwing whistle blowers who took pictures of their warheads, in jail.
Litvinenko was in Israel, where he met Leonid Nevzlin the CEO of Yukos shortly before he died. If you wanted to buy/steal radioactive material that would be the place. What was he negotiating with Nevzlin? We learned Alexander had been an informant in a case that led to the arrest of nine Georgina and Russian Mobsters in Spain, including Alexander Gofstein a lawyer for Yukos who apparently was laundering money.
The downfall began when Georgina Mob Boss Zakhar Kalashov was arrested in May 2006. The scam was similar to what the old Five Families of New York had done, when guys like Meyer Lansky took profits from illegal gambling businesses and funneled them into buying up real estate in Florida. In the European case, the mob was taking illegal funds and buying up real estate in Spain as well as making investments into legitimate businesses.
Litivnenko's associates, Dmitry Kovtun and Andrei Lugovoi, who both had met with him the day of the poisoning, were also both hospitalized. They left traces of Polonium in Hamburg as they had taken the trip to Germany before meeting Litvinenko. It appears all three were involved in a smuggling operation, but for who?
Short answer: Russian Oligarch Boris Berezovsky's employee Alexander Litvinenko died from over exposure to Polonium in a botched smuggling operation. That is why traces of it were at Boris's house and on the planes Litvinenko was riding to and from Israel. The smear on Putin/Russia using a highly traceable 10 million dollar poison to kill a critic is about as plausible and rational as saying we have "British Intelligence" about Niger…. This transparent bogus lie was a quick and shamelessly sloppy explanation to cover up how and why this man in the UK had a radioactive poison in his body. Polonium only has a half life of 138 days.
Litvinenko had been in Israel to visit Yukos's CEO, just shortly before he died. And it's an open secret that Israel has nuclear weapons, the only place without nuclear safeguard or inspections. Traces of polonium were also on the British Airway planes that Litvinenko took to and from Israel. So it they would have the means, location, and the timing fits, but let's just blame, Putin "The New Hitler" as Neocons have dubbed him?
Why the fuss about a conspiracy claiming that Putin put Litvinenko on a hitlist and poisoned him? Well as wacky as that story is, it was probably the best they could come up with on short notice. Boris knew once the police found out how Litvinenko died that there would be a lot of explaining to do. He also knew that if the investigation went forward that they could find more of this Polonium on his properties. So they just claimed the KGB was trying to kill them all.
This is not the first time that Berezovsky tried to pin a murder on someone else and claim that all the damning evidence pointing to him was a frame. There are the notorious cases (in Russia) of Ivan Litskevich and Vlad Listyev.
Ivan Listkevich was the general director of the Omsk oil Refinery easily the best refinery in Russia. Abramovich and Berezovsky planned to take over the refinery and make it part of Berezovsky's Sibnef (which it now is). Listkevich resisted. Ivan had outside investments from LUKoil (10% of the stock) and CS First Boston. So in no way was he threatened to sink. Omsk was in the best location, had the latest equipment, and was well positioned to continue to soar. They serviced the biggest oil producers in Russia. Naturally Ivan did not want to be swallowed by Sibnef. August 19, 1995 Ivan was found drowned in the Irtysh River. I doubt he went there to swim. Five days later Sibnef (Gazprom) took over. August 24th 1995, using his good buddy Yeltson, Berezovsky got a Presidential Decree №872, to order a transfer of all the state's share in Omsk as well as 4 other companies to Sibnef. Then in 1996 Boris and Roman privatized Sibnef through a series of Loans-for-Shares' auctions which were a complete scam run through front companies and offshore banks. Yeltsin approved of it.
The case may leave doubts in the mind until one learns about the murder of Vlad Listyev. In 1994 Boris attacked one of his rivals over control of a media outlet. Part of the attack was broadcast all over TV and came to be known as "faces in the snow" as Boris's rival's bodyguard were forced at gun point to lie face down in the snow. Shortly after a 90mph high speed chase and attacking rival Gusinsky's MOST guards and pinning Gusinsky in his own building, Berezovsky would take control of ORT (channel 1) through an illegal non-public "auction" and gain a near media monopoly.
For details on that I recommend reading "God Father of the Kremlin" if you can still find it. It was written by the senior editor of Forbes in Russian who holds a Ph.D in Russian history Paul Klebnikov. For the record Paul Klebnikov was killed after publishing his book on the Oligarchs, particularly on Boris, who is on the cover. He was shot four times in Moscow while leaving work and then died in the hospital after getting stuck on an elevator.
After the Gusinsky event, Boris had another problem. Vladislav Listyev. Listyev was probably the most popular talk show host in Russia and a TV producer. He was a business partner with Boris but the problem was he was not crooked. As general director of ORT he decided to fix a multi-million dollar leak in the company and indirect way of Boris paying people off in the Mob to do dirty work, as well as paying himself by spending money for ads in other companies owned where he also ran the advertising sales. He had an offer from Sergei Lisovsky to buy up the sector. Negotiations never went through and Vlad had a different idea.
On Feb 20th 1995 Vlad announced that he would break the monopoly of Boris and Sergei. He called for a moratorium on ORT advertising until they could work out ethical standards. As you can imagine that did not make Boris or the rest of the mob happy. Eight days later Boris personally met with "Nikolai" a mafia boss, and handed him a hundred thousand dollars in cash. This was witnessed by two police officers who were monitoring the Mob. Prior to that Boris's lacky Badri offered money to a different gangster but that man was arrested before he could do what was asked of him and he confessed this in jail. On March 1st the day after Berezovsky paid a second Mob Boss, Vlad Listyev was shot in the back at the entrance of his home.
Guilty as sin, with a confession against Badri as well as being personally witnessed by two police, offering another mob boss money, Boris was desperate. He was inches away from being arrested. Boris's TV network was cut out of government subsidies after the police raided it and it was subject to bankruptcy. Fellow Media giant and friend Ruppert Murdoch promised to invest in the network and bail him out. How nice. And we all know where Murdoch stands. This relationship might also explain why Fox News and Sky News in the UK were so blatantly cheerleading the "Putin killed Litvinenko" conspiracy story.
But here is the real kicker. It is just as outrageous and far fetched as the Litvinenko poisoning. Boris concocted a story for Yeltsin which was recorded on video tape produced by Irina Lesnevskaya a producer at ORT and a friend of Yeltsin's wife. The tape claimed that it was all a big conspiracy against Berezovsky and that the real culprit (who had no motive other than to frame Boris [apparently able to hire a gun to kill Vlad but not Boris?]) was none other than bitter rival Gusinsky of Most Bank who Boris had already tried to kill once.
Yeltsin was paranoid of Gusinsky's political ambitions and Boris knew this. Boris also blamed X-KGB and said Vlad was killed by the MOST group, and not the mob he was witnessed meeting with a week after Vlad was going to break his monopoly. (Sounds like "Iraq moved the nonexistent WMDs to Syria just to make the US look bad." give me a break) Boris claimed to be set up because he was loyal to Yeltsin as was his new media outlet.
Yeltsin ever a partner in cover ups, not to mention a drunk and a thief, got Boris out of trouble once again by firing the lead investigators in the case which intimidated others to drop it. There was a huge public outcry. A TV personality had been killed. ORT created a new company called ORT advertising with a monopoly to sell ads on commission no less, and the boss-man chosen was none other than Sergei Lisovsky. Wow how utterly shameless.
If you can speak Russian or if you can find an English copy of the Boris/Lesnevskaya tape transcript sent to Yeltsin, it's going to make you very angry. It is about as plausible as saying Putin risked an act of war with the UK to kill a critic who worked for both a criminal as well as terrorist.
Who Done It?
So we know what didn't happen. But there still remains a "who done it." The quickest way to get to the bottom of this is to see who is lying the most and loudest, because that is usually who has the most to hide.
Remember Anna Politkovskaya? She was killed on Putin's birthday and the alternative press and the 'mindlessly accepting any conspiracy' types who fell for it, tried to use that circumstantial "evidence" to blame the murder on Putin.
These are the same types that claim Russia bombed its own apartment buildings to start a war with Chechnya omitting the fact that the apartment bombing took place five months after the war has already started, and the "sources" trying to blame the FSB were none other than Boris's lacky Litvinenko and well known plagiarist David Satter, who wrote for the PNAC co-founders' Weekly Standard, which gave the world all the bogus lies about Iraq's WMD and connection to the September 11th attacks. Robert Kagan, the paper's cofounder with William Kristol, wrote an op-ed in the Washington Times calling "Speaking of Iraq" which pushes every erroneous prewar scare tactic there was. His wife Victoria Nuland is the same woman who was recorded on the phone saying "F" the EU and openly talking about who would be a good replacement Prime Minister in Ukraine. She chose Arseniy Yatseniuk, who she called "Yatz" and he did become the prime minister of Ukraine a month later after the coup. Everything out of this factions mouth has been blindly anti-Russian.
There is a huge difference between conspiracy and kookpiracy. Getting away from the outlandish unsubstantiated claims about Anna's death, let's uncover something factual. Anna Politkovskaya was the journalist who had published three different articles on how SOMEONE was testing Polonium on Chechen children. Gee! Where have we seen THAT scenario before? Anna's articles were published in the Novaya Gazeta in 2006 and she was killed October of that same year.
The Washington Post then makes this clever claim. "Leonid Nevzlin, a former Yukos oil company shareholder and Russian exile currently living in Israel, told the Associated Press in late November that Litvinenko had given him a document related to a dossier on criminal charges made by Russian prosecutors against people connected to Yukos. Nevzlin, who is charged by Russian prosecutors with having organized killings, fraud and tax evasion, claimed Litvinenko's inquiries may have provided a motive for his poisoning"
Notice who else is in that Washington Post article (Scaramella) and who was planting the ideas that Putin had killed both Litvinenko and Anna. How crazy is that to use polonium to murder someone…Scaramella is a rotten one. After Anna's lawyer Stanislav Markelov was murdered in 2009 followed by the murder of one of her key informants in Chechnya Natalia Estemirova the same year, there was a retrial in Anna's case which went to the Supreme Court. Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov stirred up a public disgust when he said about Anna's informant Natalia Estemirova on Radio Liberty "She was a woman…who had never possessed any honor, dignity or conscience."
The prosecution cornered Dmitry Pavliutchenkov a former policeman who in turn confessed Lom-Ali Gaitukayev was who negotiated the contract killing and behind him he suspected Boris Berezovsky. Dmitry was sentenced to 11 years in jail. Five men were found guilty in her murder. Three were the Chechen brothers who had been acquitted in the first trial and they went to prison. Rustam Makhmudov and Lom-Ali Gaitukayev got life sentences in 2014. Berevsovsky had died the year before in March of 2013.
The most troubling thing here is not that mob did something illegal or that the Western press jumped the gun to do a anti-Russian witch hunt. All of that is pretty run of the mill. It's not even that Israel secretly has nukes and is involved with organized crime. Again, image my lack of shock. It's not even the multiple murders that are most troubling. The most troubling part of this story is what the ultimate purpose of that much Polonium was for and why it was in the UK. The potential for a dirty bomb is enormous. With the current climate of ISIS and disgruntled youth in Europe joining the mercenary forces to fight Israel's enemies in Syria and Lebanon, a dirty bomb in the UK is not an unimaginable scenario. Just having such a thing could also hold leverage over politicians there too. The source of the Polonium should have been traced and potential sources should also be subject to inspection.
[linked image]
"Surrender life to motherland, soul to God, and honor to nobody!"
BAD CHEMISTRY? Ft. Walter Litvinenko, Father of Alexander Litvinenko
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSTydJE8ORY
The British authorities explicitly cite the poisoning of the former FSB agent Alexander Litvinenko in London as circumstantial evidence in the Skripal case. The Russians did it before, they will do it again, that's the essence of the UK's allegations against Russia. But doesn't London itself have the capability, the intent and the motive for this kind of national character assassination? To discuss this, Oksana is joined by Walter Litvinenko, Father of Alexander Litvinenko.
Whitehall_Bin_Men wrote:
'Four days to declare a Cold War': http://www.voltairenet.org/article200232.html
'he British government and certain of its allies, including US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, have attempted to launch a Cold War against Russia.
Their plan was to fabricate an attack against an ex-double agent in Salisbury and at the same time a chemical attack against the « moderate rebels » in the Ghouta. The conspirators' intention was to profit from the efforts of Syria to liberate the suburbs of its capital city and the disorganisation of Russia on the occasion of its Presidential election. Had these manipulations worked, the United Kingdom would have pushed the USA to bomb Damascus, including the Presidential palace, and demand that the United Nations General Assembly exclude Russia from the Security Council.
However, the Syrian and Russian Intelligence Services got wind of what was being plotted. They realised that the US agents in the Ghouta who were preparing an attack against the Ghouta were not working for the Pentagon, but for another US agency.
In Damascus, the Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Fayçal Miqdad, set up an emergency Press conference for 10 March, in order to alert his fellow citizens. From its own side, Moscow had first of all tried to contact Washington via the diplomatic channels. But aware that the US ambassador, Jon Huntsman Jr, is the director of Caterpillar, the company which had supplied tunneling materials to the jihadists so that they could build their fortifications, Moscow decided to bypass the usual diplomatic channels.
Here's how things played out:
The Syrian army seized two chemical weapons laboratories, the first on 12 March in Aftris, and the second on the following day in Chifonya. Meanwhile, Russian diplomats pushed the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to get involved in the criminal investigation in Salisbury.
In the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Theresa May violently accused Russia of having ordered the attack in Salisbury. According to her, the ex-double agent Sergueï Skripal and his daughter were poisoned by a military nerve gas of a type « developed by Russia » under the name of « Novitchok ». Since the Kremlin considers Russian citizens who have defected as legitimate targets, it is therefore highly likely that they ordered the crime.
« Novitchok » is known by what has been revealed by two Soviet personalities, Lev Fyodorov and Vil Mirzayanov. The scientist Fyodorov published an article in the Russian weekly Top Secret (Совершенно секретно) in July 1992, warning about the extremely dangerous nature of this product, and warning against the use of old Soviet weaponry by the Western powers to destroy the environment in Russia and make it unlivable. In October 1992, he published a second article in the News of Moscow (Московские новости) with a counter-espionage executive, Mirzayanov, denouncing the corruption of certain generals and the traffic of « Novitchok » in which they were involved. However, they did not know to whom they may have sold the product. Mirzayanov was first of all arrested for high treason, then released. Fyodorov died in Russia last August, but Mirzayanov is living in exile in the United States, where he collaborates with the Department of Defense.
JPEG - 35.4 kb
Russian ex-counter intelligence officer Vil Mirzayanov defected to the United States. Now 83 years old, he comments on the Skripal affair from Boston.
« Novitchok » was fabricated in a Soviet laboratory in Nurus, in what is now Uzbekistan. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was destroyed by a US team of specialists. Uzbekistan and the United States, by necessity, have therefore possessed and studied samples of this substance. They are both capable of producing it.
British Minister for Foreign Affairs Boris Johnson summoned the Russian ambassador in London, Alexandre Iakovenko. He gave him an ultimatum of 36 hours to check if any « Novitchok » was missing from their stocks. The ambassador replied that none was missing, because Russia had destroyed all of the chemical weapons it had inherited from the Soviet Union, as witnessed by the OPCW, which had drawn up a certified report.
After a telephone discussion with Boris Johnson, US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson in turn condemned Russia for the attack in Salisbury.
Meanwhile, a debate was under way at the UN Security Council concerning the situation in the Ghouta. The permanent representative for the US, Nikki Haley, declared - « About one year ago, after the sarin gas attack perpetrated in Khan Cheïkhoun by the Syrian régime, the United States warned the Council. We said that faced with the systematic inaction of the international community, states are sometimes obliged to act on their own. The Security Council did not react, and the United States bombed the air base from which al Assad had launched his chemical attack. We are reiterating the same warning today ».
The Russian Intelligence Services handed out documents from the US staff. They showed that the Pentagon was ready to bomb the Presidential palace and the Syrian Ministries, on the model of what it had done during the taking of Baghdad (3 to 12 April 2003).
Commenting the declaration by Nikki Haley, the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, who had always called the attack in Khan Cheïkhoun a « Western manipulation », revealed that the false information which had led the White House into error and triggered the bombing of the Al-Chaayrate air base, had in fact come from a British laboratory which had never revealed how it came to possess its samples.
The Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs published a Press release condemning a possible US military intervention, and announcing that if Russian citizens were harmed in Damascus, Moscow would riposte proportionally, since the Russian President is constitutionally responsible for the security of his fellow citizens.
Bypassing the official diplomatic channels, Russian Chief of Staff General Valeri Guerassimov contacted his US counterpart General Joseph Dunford to inform him of his fear of a false flag chemical attack in Ghouta. Dunford took this information vey seriously, and alerted US Defense Secretary General Jim Mattis, who referred the matter to President Donald Trump. In view of the Russian insistence that this piece of foul play was being prepared without the knowledge of the Pentagon, the White House asked the Director of the CIA, Mike Pompeo, to identify those responsible for the conspiracy.
We do not know the result of this internal enquiry, but President Trump acquired the conviction that his Secretary of State, Rex Tillerson, was implicated. The Secretary of State was immediately asked to interrupt his official journey in Africa and return to Washington......'
So that's how poor old Tillerson 'bit the dust', jobwise. And if the article is correct, a Syrian headchopper's 'CW False Flag op will not reap the expected Western attack on Damascus.
Poor old May, Johnson, Williamson and all – Russia 2 – 0 Fools & Knaves (UK).
That elusive article...
https://www.fort-russ.com/2016/01/litvinenko-what-really-happened/
ISRAELRUSSIAUNCATEGORIZED
Litvinenko – What Really Happened?
Fort Russ – 21st January, 2016
by Ryan Dawson
'Nicht überall hat die britische Argumentation restlos überzeugt':
http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/russlands-rolle-im-fall-skripal-lon don-unter-zugzwang-1.3930919-2
Below is the auto-translation:
April 4, 2018, 6:04 pm Russia's role in the case of Skripal
'Not everywhere has the British argument completely convinced':
In addition, according to British data intelligence findings that Russia has worked in recent years on methods to use nerve agents. "Probably for assassination purposes," reads a British dossier. For this purpose, small quantities of Nowitschok were produced. In their presentations to the partner countries, the British declare the attack the most recent example of Russia's destabilizing behavior, in line with the occupation of the Crimea, the presumed influence on the US elections or the shooting down of the passenger aircraft of flight MH-17. Also two German examples emerge, the "case Lisa" about an alleged rape of a German girl with Russian roots by refugees and the hacker attack on the Bundestag in May 2015, As a first proof, however, the British call a November 2006 attack : the murder by highly poisonous polonium to Alexander Litvinenko, a Russian intelligence officer, who overran MI 6.
Not everywhere has the British argument completely convinced. While some European intelligence services classify it as "plausible" or "likely," there is no other likely scenario. Other services, however, are more cautious and consider the Russian authorship to be "possible." In any case, compelling evidence does not appear to have been exchanged between the intelligence services. Officially, no one wants to comment, the matter is tricky, it follows the hint, the policy has finally "fixed." For the former BND boss Gerhard Schindler spoke up: "I think the documentary situation is not so robust," he said.
Could the poison have fallen into the hands of criminals?
In fact, other scenarios are not excluded. The mystery of Novichok warfare agents came through defectors in the West. The list of states that could produce the poison is quite long. Could it have fallen into the hands of criminals? Some analysts also doubt that the Kremlin should have commissioned a targeted liquidation just before the upcoming World Cup in Russia. Foreign Minister Johnson's statement that Putin is "most likely" personally behind it, has even shaken many an ally's head. However, the ever wilder conspiracy theories from Moscow are also doing that. Most recently, the head of the foreign intelligence service SWR said it was a "grotesque provocation staged by US and British intelligence agencies."
Even top European diplomats are now warning that London needs to provide more evidence. There is no doubt that Russia is destabilizing and provoking. But it gives the impression that the harshest reaction to this behavior so far just followed an incident in which the evidence is just not as clear as initially stated. It is possible, however, that in addition to their "plausibility chains," the British have intelligence that they keep secret, for example so as not to jeopardize the source.
In any case, the Federal Government opted for a little caution. In solidarity with the British she expelled four diplomats from the Russian Embassy in Berlin. The move was justified, however, also expressly with the recent cyber attack on the German government network and the computers of the Russia Department of the Foreign Office. The responsibility of Russian hackers for this should be pretty good.
'Up to UK to prove Russia was behind attack on spy, German official says':
https://uk.news.yahoo.com/uk-prove-russia-behind-attack-spy-german-off icial-105047915.html
'Britain needs to show proof that Russia was behind last month's poisoning of a former Russian double agent and his daughter in England, the German government's coordinator for Russia said on Thursday.
Gernot Erler said pressure was rising on Prime Minister Theresa May's government after Britain's military research centre, at Porton Down, said on Tuesday it could not say yet whether the nerve agent used in the attack had been produced in Russia.
"That contradicts what we had previously heard from British politicians and will certainly raise the pressure on Britain to show further proof that the traces plausibly point to Moscow," Erler told German broadcaster ARD.
He added that additional secret service information appeared to have led Britain to blame Russian President Vladimir Putin for the attempted murder of former double agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter.
"Apparently, there were such reports from the British side, based on secret service information, so that not only Porton Down played a role but also additional information," Erler said.
"But these (reports) are not known publicly and now there is pressure for more of this information to be made known, otherwise the whole thing is not transparent," he said....'
Of course, the West has form in trying to frame Russia or 'Communists':
'Operation Hades Blamed Russia - A Model For The 'Novichok' Claims?':
http://www.moonofalabama.org/2018/04/operation-hades-a-model-for-the-n ovichok-case-.html
and 'Operation Gladio'. Why doesn't Russia brings these old issues up, to bolster their case?
'Knobs and Knockers': https://www.craigmurray.org.uk/archives/2018/04/knobs-and-knockers/
'What is left of the government's definitive identification of Russia as the culprit in the Salisbury attack? It is a simple truth that Russia is not the only state that could have made the nerve agent: dozens of them could. It could also have been made by many non-state actors.
Motorola sales agent Gary Aitkenhead – inexplicably since January, Chief Executive of Porton Down chemical weapons establishment – said in his Sky interview that "probably" only a state actor could create the nerve agent. That is to admit the possibility that a non state actor could. David Collum, Professor of Organo-Chemistry at Cornell University, infinitely more qualified than a Motorola salesman, has stated that his senior students could do it. Professor Collum tweeted me this morning....'
(here he shows the tweet, but I can't get it to copy to here).
Suggest you check the link, as it is very important info, and blows the govt. narrative out of the water.
All Berezovsky got was this lousy T-shirt
http://only9sixty.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/all-berezovsky-got-was-this-l ousy-t.html
"Polonium 210 -CSKA- London, Hamburg, To Be Continued
CSKA Moscow Nuclear Death is Knocking Your Door"
This 'fashion statement' is imprinted on a T-shirt which, in July 2010, was purportedly sent to Boris Berezovsky by Andrei Lugovoy, one of the two Russians suspected of poisoning Alexander Litvinenko.
"On any view,"
…intones Sir Robert Owen, whose Public Inquiry findings were published on 21 January this year,
"…it demonstrates that Mr Lugovoy approved of Mr Litvinenko's murder. It was also, clearly, a threat to Mr Berezovsky. Further than that, the T-shirt could be seen as an admission by Mr Lugovoy that he had poisoned Mr Litvinenko, made at a time when he was confident that he would never be extradited from Russia, and wished to taunt Mr Berezovsky with that fact. Alternatively, it could, perhaps, be seen as an extraordinarily tasteless joke."(Litvinenko Inquiry report, 8.125)
On any view, Sir Robert? Must we therefore assume that as far as his intellectual faculties were concerned, Lugovoy was at so mystifying a disadvantage, not only would he send this message to his most vociferous accuser, but – eschewing their common native language – for the sake of the cameras, he would write it in the language of the country which sought to put him in the dock? Surely, surely something as crudely obvious as its 'deliberate mistake' could not help to convince anyone that this was a 'genuine article'? Are we supposed to be impressed by the fact that, whoever was the true fashion designer, they correctly identified Lugovoy's favourite football team? In recorded history, is there a single instance of a crime suspect who combined this degree of outright stupidity, with this much determination to parade said stupidity in front of a worldwide media audience? On any view?
According to Owen's report, Lugovoy gave his T-shirt to an acquaintance called Raphael Filinov, asking him to take it to Berezovsky. This provenance was attested to by the latter's personal aide, Israeli-Russian lawyer Michael Cotlick:
"Mr Cotlick said that he was aware that Mr Filinov had a personal relationship with Mr Lugovoy. He said that he had "no doubt whatsoever" that Mr Lugovoy had himself handed the T-shirt to Mr Filinov, in order for him to give it to Mr Berezovsky."(8.124)
Leaving garment manufacturing to one side for the time being, however. Elsewhere in his report (8.132), Owen scrutinises the results of a lie detector test conducted on Andrei Lugovoy in April 2012, by fully qualified British father and son team Bruce and Tristam Burgess:
"Bruce Burgess, who took the lead role in conducting the test, announced the result to Mr Lugovoy in the following words, "I can tell you the result was conclusive, you were telling the truth, no deception indicated.""
On the advice of a Professor Bull, Sir Robert finds fault with the way this test was conducted; he thinks it possible Lugovoy took 'countermeasures' to defeat the test; he calls Bruce Burgess's integrity into question over a past transgression; he even casts doubt on whether the result did in fact indicate that Lugovoy was telling the truth.
"In consequence,"
…says Sir Robert at Part 8.134,
"I do not feel able to place any weight at all on the outcome of the test."
Of course, this was his prerogative. However, isn't it fair to contrast his dismissive attitude on this matter, with his uncritical embrace of the authenticity of the T-shirt? Moreover, isn't it legitimate to ask why the same person who sent Berezovsky the unusual CSKA away strip, would risk taking a lie detector test at all? And while we're back on the subject of designer clothing – with reference to their story about how the T-shirt came into Boris Berezovsky's possession, would Michael Cotlick and/or Raphael Filinov be prepared to submit themselves to lie detector tests?
"I found Mr. Berezovsky an unimpressive, and inherently unreliable, witness, who regarded truth as a transitory, flexible concept, which could be moulded to suit his current purposes. At times the evidence which he gave was deliberately dishonest; sometimes he was clearly making his evidence up as he went along"[1]
[1] Mrs Justice Gloster, Berezovsky v Abramovich, 31 August 2012
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\section{Introduction}
Quantum walks constitute a promising route to the development of algorithms for quantum information processing.
Successful applications of quantum walks include a variety of search algorithms \cite{Shenvi2003,Childs2004a,Ambainis2004a,Childs2004b}, graph hitting problems \cite{Childs2002,Childs2003,Kempe03a}, Boolean function evaluation \cite{Farhi2008, Childs2009a}, among others. Quantum walks are in fact a universal paradigm for quantum computation \cite{Childs2009, Lovett2010}.
The simplest and most dramatic improvement demonstrated by quantum walks, when compared with the corresponding classical random walks, is the hitting probability of a walk on certain graphs. Two graphs in particular have demonstrated an exponential separation between the quantum and classical walks: the glued binary trees \cite{Childs2002} and the hypercube \cite{ Kempe03a}. An example of the former is shown in Fig. \ref{fig1}; this graph is formed by connecting the leaves of two binary trees of depth $d$. Due to the graph's symmetry, the quantum walk can be restricted to a subspace of the total (exponentially large) Hilbert space, known as the ``column space'' (also shown in Fig. 1). It has been argued that this symmetry is the heart of the quantum speed-up \cite{Krovi2007}. A quantum walk algorithm on a slight modification of this graph, to be described below, was proven to have an exponential speedup over any classical algorithm \cite{Childs2003}.
Keating {{\it et al.}} have argued that physical implementations of these walks will not be able to maintain this quantum speed-up for large graphs \cite{Keating07}. Indeed, one expects that physical systems will be subject to decoherence and disorder. While one can always argue that future quantum computers will be protected from these effects by error correction, it is more likely that near term demonstrations of quantum walks will use a physical network. In fact, many of the recent experiments on quantum walks involve an encoding of the degrees of freedom that is not, strictly speaking, computationally useful \cite{Kendon11}. Nevertheless, these experiments demonstrate the dynamical speed-up characteristic of quantum walks. Determining when disorder or decoherence will limit the observability of this speed-up is an important theoretical problem \cite{Kendon07}.
This problem may already have been encountered by nature. Recent evidence has shown that photosynthetic complexes operate using a type of quantum walk \cite{AGuzik08}, where the interplay of decoherence with disorder plays a crucial role in their energy harvesting efficiency. This phenomenon, known as dephasing or environmentally assisted transport, has relations to earlier studies of phonon effects on electron transport in disordered solids \cite{Jonson79}. Understanding and potentially reverse-engineering this efficiency is a topic of great scientific and practical importance. As the complexes and potential technologies under study can be far from the thermodynamic limit, examining quantum transport on graphs of modest size may reveal new surprises.
In this paper, we examine the continuous-time quantum walk on the glued trees graph with static disorder, corresponding to the usual Anderson model with disordered on-site energies \cite{Anderson58}. Previous authors \cite{Keating07} introduced disorder through an effective one-dimensional representation (the column space). Using the fact that all eigenstates are localized in one-dimension with arbitrary disorder, they concluded that Anderson localization would cause an exponential suppression of the hitting probability. From a physical perspective, however, this model has some flaws. First, their model introduces a highly correlated form of disorder, in that all of the on-site energies on a given column are the same Second, the glued trees graph is quite similar to a Cayley tree, whose dimensionality is formally infinite, as far as Anderson localization is concerned \cite{Evers2008}. The Cayley tree exhibits a localization transition at large disorder, and thus significant speed-up may still be possible for weak disorder.
We have performed a numerical study of this problem for the full Hilbert space of the glued trees graph and modifications thereof. Analysis of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors agree with previous studies of localization the Cayley tree. We pay special attention to the less well studied regime of weak disorder, using dynamical simulations to find a type of quantum decay of the quantum walk from the column space. The resulting hitting probability is well simulated by a model with local decay from each column state. We further consider the crossover from wavelike to diffusive transport for intermediate levels of disorder. A scattering theory analysis of this regime indicates a transition from the quantum walk to a classical random walk.
Our results augment the many results for one-dimensional quantum walks with disorder. These include theoretical studies for the continuous-time quantum walk \cite{Yin2008} and the discrete-time quantum walk \cite{Ahlbrecht2011}, and the many recent experiments on atoms \cite{Karski2009}, ions \cite{Schmitz2009,Zahringer2010}, and photons \cite{Broome2010, Schreiber2011}. Higher-dimensional quantum walks could be realized in these or other systems, such as networks of superconducting circuits \cite{Strauch2008, Chudzicki10}. In particular, our simulations show that the effects of disorder on quantum transport can be identified in systems of 10-100 lattice sites.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II we review the known results for Anderson localization on the Cayley tree, and in Section III numerically study the phase diagram for the two types of glued trees, and find evidence of the localization transition. In Section IV we study the time-dependence of the quantum walk with disorder, and introduce the local decay model for weak disorder. In Section V we consider a scattering theory model for transport through the glued trees graph, and find evidence for the transition to classical random walk. We conclude in Section VI, comparing our results with the hypercube and highlighting the major open questions. Results for the quantum scattering and (classical) diffusive transport through the glued trees are found in the Appendices.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{fig1}
\caption{Glued binary trees graph $G_4$, showing the reduction to the column space for both the classical (top) and quantum (bottom) random walks. }
\label{fig1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{Localization and Diffusion on the Binary Tree}
Anderson localization is the phenomenon that, for a sufficiently large amount of disorder, the eigenstates of a quantum system become exponentially localized about the nodes in a graph \cite{Anderson58}. Localization transitions are a rich field of study \cite{Evers2008}, for which both symmetry and dimensionality play key roles. The quantum walk we consider corresponds to the simplest such model, a tight-binding Hamiltonian with random on-site energies
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{H} = - \gamma \sum_{\langle j,k \rangle} \left(c_j^{\dagger} c_k + c_k^{\dagger} c_j \right) + \sum_{j} \epsilon_j c_j^{\dagger} c_j,
\label{andersonmodel}
\end{equation}
where $\gamma$ is a hopping rate, $\epsilon_j$ is a set of random variables, uniformly distributed in the range $[-W/2,W/2]$, and $c_j^{\dagger}$ is the creation operator for an excitation at site $j$, and the sum is over neighboring sites. This model, originally inspired by electron transport in solids, can be used for many physical systems, such as quantum state transfer of a single excitation on a qubit network \cite{Bose2003,Bose2008,Strauch2008} or exciton transfer in a photosynthetic complex \cite{AGuzik08}.
Much is known about the Anderson model given by Eq. \ref{andersonmodel} \cite{Evers2008}. For example, for a one-dimensional infinite lattice, localization occurs for arbitrarily small amounts of disorder \cite{Borland63}. It was argued that this property was generic to quantum walks \cite{Keating07}. However, it is known that for systems with dimension greater than two, localization requires a sufficiently large amount of disorder, i.e. there is a localization transition as the disorder is increased \cite{Abrahams79}. At first glance, the glued trees graph of Fig. 1 might appear to be a subset of a two-dimensional system, and thus one might expect localization for even small amounts of disorder.
In fact, the infinite binary tree, or more generally the infinite Cayley tree (also known as the Bethe lattice \cite{Ostilli12}) has been used as a model for an infinite-dimensional system. This has been studied extensively, and exhibits a localization transition found numerically \cite {Jonson79,Miller94,Monthus2009,Biroli2010} and by an analytical mean field calculation \cite{AbC73,AbC74}. For this system, there is a mobility edge in the energy spectrum, such that eigenstates inside the mobility edge are extended, while those outside are localized. For sufficiently large values of disorder, there is a localization transition beyond which all eigenstates are localized. For a binary tree (or Cayley tree with $K=1$), this transition occurs for $W_c \approx 17$ \cite{AbC74,Jonson79,Miller94,Monthus2009,Biroli2010}.
The description of localization given above, in which the eigenstates of the system exhibit a transition from extended to localized states, can be called eigenstate localization. There are two other ways to identify localization that we will encounter in this paper. The first is dynamical localization, in which the spreading of a wavepacket shows a saturation as a function of time. The second is spectral localization, in which the eigenvalues of the system move from an absolutely continuous spectrum (corresponding to extended states) to a pure point spectrum (corresponding to localized states). These other indicators of localization, which have also been studied extensively, we now briefly summarize.
The spectral properties of the system were studied numerically \cite{Sade2003,Biroli2010}, and found to exhibit a transition in agreement with the self-consistent approaches described above. These numerical studies are sensitive to the handling of the boundary of the tree \cite{Aizenman2006}, a fact to which we will return in Section III. While there are some subtleties regarding the the phase diagram at weak disorder \cite{Aizenman2011a,Aizenman2011b}, the existence of a localization transition for large disorder is well established. For small disorder, the existence of extended eigenstates has been proven \cite{Klein98}. It has also been proven that, for small disorder, states that are initially localized spread ballistically \cite{Klein95}.
The ballistic spreading does not preclude classical behavior, however. The random walk on the Bethe lattice has been studied, and can be mapped onto an asymmetric random walk on a one-dimensional half-line \cite{Hughes82}, as indicated in Fig. \ref{fig1} ({\it e.g.} the left half). A classical walker is twice as likely to move right as left, and this asymmetry leads to the peculiar fact that the classical walk also spreads ballistically. Exact results and limits have been established for this and other properties of the classical walk \cite{Cassi89, Monthus96}. Note that the asymmetry is linked to the exponential growth of sites away from the origin, such that one often calls the Bethe lattice a graph of infinite dimensionality.
\section{Quantum Walk Eigenstates}
The continuous-time quantum walk \cite{Farhi98,Mulken2011} is precisely the quantum dynamics of a single particle moving on a graph. This is given by the Schr{\"o}dinger equation
\begin{equation}
i \frac{d \psi_j}{d t} = - \gamma \sum_{k} A_{jk} \psi_k,
\end{equation}
where $A_{jk}$ is the adjacency matrix for the graph and $\gamma$ is hopping rate. One could also use the Laplacian matrix, or introduce potentials to implement search algorithms \cite{Childs2004a,Childs2004b}, but here we consider the addition of static disorder, such that
\begin{equation}
i \frac{d \psi_j}{d t} = - \gamma \sum_{k} A_{jk} \psi_k + \epsilon_j \psi_j,
\end{equation}
where the on-site energies $\epsilon_j$ are i.i.d. random variables uniformly distributed in the range $[-W/2,W/2]$.
In this section we consider the nature of the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian of the quantum walk with disorder, namely $\mathcal{H} |\Psi\rangle = E |\Psi\rangle$, with $\mathcal{H} = \mathcal{H}_0 + \mathcal{H}'$, with the unperturbed Hamiltonian given by
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{H}_0 = -\gamma \sum_{j,k=1}^{N_d} A_{jk} |j\rangle \langle k|,
\end{equation}
and diagonal static disorder
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{H}' = \sum_{j=1}^{N_d} \epsilon_j |j\rangle \langle j|,
\label{hprime}
\end{equation}
where $N_d = 3 \times 2^d -2$ is the number of vertices for the glued trees graph $G_d$. We begin by analyzing $\mathcal{H}_0$, and follow by studying the eigenvalues and eigenstates of $\mathcal{H}$.
\subsection{Eigenstates without disorder}
As described above, there is a great deal of symmetry in the glued trees graph $G_d$, and a great deal of structure in the eigenstates and eigenvalues of the system. We begin by providing a notation for the graph. We consider a labeling along the ``columns'' and ``rows'' of the graph, of the form $(j,n)$, where $j = 0 \to 2d$ indicates the distance from the left root along the graph, and $n = 0 \to N_{j,d}-1$ is the location within a given column. Here $N_{j,d}$ is the number of sites in a given column $j$, given by $N_{j,d} = 2^j$ for $j \le d$, and $N_{j,d} = 2^{2d-j}$ for $j > d$. The coordinates $(j,n)$ can be combined into a single coordinate $v$ by the following rule
\begin{equation}
v = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
2^j + n & \mbox{for} \ 0 \le j \le d, \\
3 \times 2^d - 2^{2d + 1 - j} + n & \mbox{for} \ d < j \le 2 d.
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
Note that $v$ ranges from $1 \to 3 \times 2^d -2$.
The adjacency matrix elements $A_{v,w}$ are equal to one if vertices $v$ and $w$ are connected, and zero otherwise. This can be given in terms of the coordinates $(j,n)$ by observing that $(j,n)$ is connected to
\begin{equation}
(j-1, \lfloor n/2 \rfloor), (j+1,2n), (j+1,2n+1) \ \mbox{for} \ j \le d,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
(j+1, \lfloor n/2 \rfloor), (j-1,2n), (j-1,2n+1) \ \mbox{for} \ j > d.
\end{equation}
What is most important is that a given vertex is symmetrically coupled to those sites one step further from the left root (or closer to the right root). This allows us to express the eigenstates of the system in terms of ``column-states'' that are equal superpositions of states on a given column $j$. This column-space reduction is well-known for its utility in the analysis of the quantum walk \cite{Childs2002,Childs2003, Krovi2007}.
Letting $|j,n\rangle$ denote the Hilbert-space vector associated with vertex $(j,n)$, we define the column-space vector $|\mbox{col} \ j \rangle$ by
\begin{equation}
|\mbox{col} \ j \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N_{j,d}}} \sum_{n=0}^{N_{j,d}-1} |j,n\rangle.
\end{equation}
By the symmetry noted above, the Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}_0 = -\gamma A$ acts on the column-space states as
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{H}_0 |\mbox{col} \ j \rangle = -\sqrt{2} \gamma | \mbox{col} \ j-1 \rangle - \sqrt{2} \gamma | \mbox{col} \ j+1\rangle,
\end{equation}
where one factor of $\sqrt{2}$ is due to the number of connections to a neighboring column, and the other due to the normalization of the column states. Hence, we can reduce the dynamics to a quantum walk on a finite line, whose eigenstates are equally well-known
\begin{equation}
\ket{\Psi_{k,d}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{d+1}}\sum_{j=0}^{2d} \,\sin\!\left(\frac{k\,(j+1)\,\pi}{2(d+1)}\right)\ket{ \mbox{col} \ j},
\label{ColSpEs}
\end{equation}
with energies
\begin{equation}
E_{k,d} = - 2\sqrt{2}\,\gamma \,\cos\!\left(\frac{k\,\pi}{2(d+1)}\right), \label{ColspEn}
\end{equation}
and $k = 1 \to 2d+1$. We have annotated the states by the depth of the graph, as there are in fact many more eigenstates for $G_d$, whose enumeration we now consider.
The glued trees graph is self-similar, in that $G_d$ contains $2^\nu$ subgraphs,
each equivalent to $G_{d-\nu}$. These subgraphs can be grouped into $2^{\nu-1}$ pairs, each pair formed by removing the roots of a larger graph equivalent to $G_{d-\nu+1}$. That is, we can repeatedly split the glued trees graph by removing the left and right roots, such that $G_d$ contains 2 copies of $G_{d-1}$, 4 copies of $G_{d-2}$, and so forth, formed by removing the roots until we are left with $2^d$ copies of $G_0$ (the isolated vertices at the center of the graph). Some representative subgraphs of $G_4$ are shown in Fig. \ref{subgraphs}. On their own, each subgraph would have eigenstates of the form of Eq. (\ref{ColSpEs}). To find how these subgraphs contribute to the spectrum of $G_d$, we observe that an equal but opposite-signed superposition over two paired subgraph eigenstates is an eigenstate of $G_d$. This occurs because the components with opposite phase, when acted upon by $\mathcal{H}_0$, will interfere destructively on the two nodes to which they are connected on the larger graph. By this pairing, we can thus construct the complete set of eigenstates for $G_d$.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3in]{fig2}
\caption{(Color online) Glued binary trees graph $G_4$, with several highlighted subgraphs $G_3$ (top, in gray) and two copies of $G_2$ (middle, in red and bottom, in blue). }
\label{subgraphs}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
To see this more clearly, we define a set of ``sub-column'' states whose elements combine the paired subgraphs described above. These are given by
\begin{equation}
|\mbox{scol} \ j; \alpha, \nu \rangle = \sum_{n= 2 \alpha N_{d-\nu}}^{ (2 \alpha +1) N_{d-\nu} - 1 } \frac{ |j+\nu,n\rangle - |j+\nu, n + N_{j,d-\nu} \rangle}{\sqrt{2 N_{j,d-\nu}}},
\end{equation}
where $j = 0 \to 2(d-\nu)$ indicates the column in $G_{d-\nu}$, $\alpha = 0 \to 2^{\nu-1}-1$ labels the paired subgraphs, and $\nu = 1 \to d$ indicates the depth of the subgraphs' left root. Using these states, the remaining eigenstates of $G_d$ can be obtained by using the eigenstates $|\Psi_{k,d-\nu}\rangle$ from Eq. (\ref{ColSpEs}) with $|\mbox{col} \ j \rangle$ replaced by $|\mbox{scol} \ j; \alpha, \nu\rangle$ and eigenvalues $E_{k,\,d-\nu}$ from Eq. (\ref{ColspEn}), where $k = 1 \to 2(d-\nu)+1$. Defining
\begin{equation}
\sigma_d = \{ E_{k,d}, k = 1 \to 2 d \},
\end{equation}
the total spectrum can then be written as
\begin{equation}
\sigma = \sigma_d + \sum_{\nu=1}^{d} 2^{\nu-1} \sigma_{d-\nu}.
\end{equation}
This spectrum exhibits a very large degeneracy, especially for $E=0$, which has a multiplicity of $2^d$ (one from each copy of $\sigma_{d-\nu}$, and half from the $\sigma_0$). This large degeneracy (also observed in \cite{Aizenman2006}) occurs for trees that are both glued and unglued and can make numerical analysis of the disordered system problematic, as will be described below.
\subsection{Eigenstates with disorder}
The introduction of static disorder changes both the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system. For the Cayley tree, early studies used a self-consistent approach \cite{AbC74,Miller94} to find the localization transition and a phase diagram between extended and localized eigenstates. Recent numerical studies \cite{Monthus2009,Biroli2010} have confirmed these earlier results, which we now summarize.
The eigenvalue spectrum has been studied for a single Cayley tree numerically by \cite{Sade2003} through the use of spectral statistics. A transition of the distribution of the energy level spacings from Wigner to Poisson (indicative of a localization transition) was observed when the tree was modified so that the leaves are randomly connected to each other. This random connection presumably reduces the prevalence of the zero eigenvalue described above, which would otherwise lead to a Poisson distribution for the spectral statistics \cite{Aizenman2006}. We performed a similar analysis for the glued trees graph, with the leaves connected as in Fig. \ref{fig1}, which we call a simple glued trees (SGT) graph, or interrupted by a random cycle (as in \cite{Childs2003}), which we call a modified glued trees (MGT) graph. An example of the MGT (with a regular connection \cite{Douglas09}) is shown in Fig. 9. A Wigner to Poisson transition was observed for the MGT, while the SGT exhibited a spectrum that was always far from Wigner. For the remainder of this section, our results were obtained using the MGT.
The localization of the eigenstates and the localization transition can be found by studying a simple property of the eigenstates, namely the inverse participation ratio (IPR) $I_2$:
\begin{equation}
I_2(\psi) = \sum_{j} |\psi_j|^4,
\end{equation}
where we assume that the states are normalized with $I_1(\psi) = \sum_{j} |\psi_j|^2 = 1$. This quantity has the property that an eigenstate localized to a single site has $I_2(\psi) = 1$, while an eigenstate extended over $N$ sites has $I_2(\psi) = 1/N$. We further define an averaged value of this quantity
\begin{equation}
I_2(E) = \frac{1}{N(E;\Delta E)} \sum_{ |\langle \psi | \ham | \psi \rangle - E| < \Delta E} I_2(\psi),
\end{equation}
where $N(E;\Delta E)$ is the number of eigenstates found to have eigenvalue $E_j$ with in the range $E-\Delta E < E_j < E+\Delta E$, leaving the dependence on $\Delta E$ implicit.. By calculating $I_2(E)$ the eigenstates of the system as a function of energy and disorder, the phase diagram and localization transition can be visualized.
For the SGT, we again encounter a difficulty in that there are a large number of states with an $I_2(\psi) = 1/2$, associated with the $2^{d-1}$ states in $\sigma_0$ (with $E=0$). However, by using the MGT, we can calculate meaningful results for $I_2(E)$ for various disorder strengths $W$ to obtain the diagram in \ref{IPRfig1}. Here we have let $d = 8$ and set $\Delta E = 0.15 \gamma$ and averaged over 500 realizations of $\mathcal{H}$. We observe a gradual movement of extended states (with small $I_2$) to localized states (with $I_2 > 1/2$) as disorder is increased. Also shown are the expected results for an infinite Bethe lattice, obtained using the self-consistent method of Miller and Derrida \cite{Miller94}
To obtain an estimate of the localization transition, we fix our attention to states near $E=0$, and repeat the calculation of the averaged IPR for graphs of various sizes. As expected, $I_2(0)$ exhibits a small size-dependent value for $W=0$, which increases to approximately 0.5 for large $W$. At a certain value, the averaged IPRs for all of the graphs coalesce, from which we estimate $W_c \approx 17$, in agreement with recent results for the Cayley tree \cite{Monthus2009,Biroli2010}.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig3}
\caption{Inverse participation ratio $I_2(E)$ as a function of energy and disorder, for $d=8$. For each value of disorder the IPR was averaged over 500 realizations of $\mathcal{H}$ with $\Delta E = 0.15$ (with $\gamma = 1$). Also shown is the mobility edge from the self-consistent theory, predicting a localization transition with $W_c \approx 17$.}
\label{IPRfig1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig4}
\caption{(Color online) Inverse participation ratio $I_2(E)$ at the band center ($E=0$) as a function of disorder for various depths. For each value of disorder the IPR was averaged over the middle 100 eigenvalues and a number of realizations given by $500, 250, 125, \mbox{and} \ 50$ for $d = 5, 6, 7, \mbox{and} \ 8$, respectively. The localization transition occurs when the curves collapse near $W \approx 17$.}
\label{IPRfig2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{Quantum Walk Dynamics}
The dynamics of a quantum walk on the glued trees graph with disorder has been studied using the one-dimensional column-space model by Keating {{\it et al.}} \cite{Keating07}. In the previous section, however, we have seen that the eigenstates of the MGT undergo a localization transition at large disorder. This leaves open the possibility that a dynamical speed-up can be observed for small disorder. To explore this possibility, we again turn to numerical studies. There are three issues to be studied: first, what is the probability to hit the right root should the quantum walk begin at the left root? Second, how does this probability decay as a function of disorder and size, and by what mechanism? Finally, if the disorder quantum walk does not hit the right root, how far does it get?
The first question can be answered by calculating the average of
\begin{equation}
p_{\subs{hit}}(t) = |\langle \mbox{col} \ 2d | e^{-i \mathcal{H} t} |\mbox{col} \ 0\rangle|^2
\end{equation}
for instances of the SGT Hamiltonian with disorder strength $W$ and for various sizes $d$. This corresponds to the single-shot measurement procedure \cite{Kempe03a} for the quantum walk, and a representative set of $p_{\subs{hit}}(t)$ as a function of time and values of $W$ are shown in Fig. \ref{phit}. The first thing to observe is the oscillatory structure, due to the Bessel function structure for $p_{\subs{hit}}(t)$ \cite{Childs2002,Bose2003}, from which we can see that probability is maximized at the hitting time
\begin{equation}
t_{\subs{hit}} \approx \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2} \gamma} \left[ 2 d + 1 + 1.0188 \left(d + \frac{1}{2}\right)^{1/3} \right],
\end{equation}
with a value $p_d \sim d^{-2/3}$ for large $d$. Second, as disorder increases the maximum of the hitting probability is seen to decrease. This hitting probability can be approximated by
\begin{equation}
p_{\subs{hit}}(t_{\subs{hit}}) \approx p_d \exp \left[ - \frac{1}{16} (d - \frac{1}{2}) W^2 \right],
\label{phitapprox}
\end{equation}
The exponential decay of $p_{\subs{hit}}/p_d$ is shown in the inset to Fig. \ref{phit}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{fig5}
\caption{(Color online) Hitting probability $p_{\subs{hit}}(t)$ as a function of time for the quantum walk on the glued trees graph with $d=15$ and various values of disorder. The symbols were calculated using exact numerical simulations with (from top to bottom) $W = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, \mbox{and} \ 1.2$, with 10 realizations of $\mathcal{H}$ for each value of $W$. The solid curves were calculated using the locay decay model (see text). The inset shows the hitting probability $p{\subs{hit}}(t_{\subs{hit}})/p_d$ as a function of $d$ with symbols from numerical simulations and the curve from the approximation of Eq. (\ref{phitapprox}) (see text). }
\label{phit}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
By what mechanism does this decay occur? It is not associated with eigenstate localization, as the eigenstates of the system are well within the extended regime in the phase diagram of Fig. \ref{IPRfig1}. To understand this, we turn to another quantity of interest, the column-space probability
\begin{equation}
p_{\subs{col}}(t) = \sum_{j=0}^{2d} \; \left| \,\braket{\mbox{col }j}{\psi(t)} \,\right|^2.
\end{equation}
Quantum walks on the glued trees graph that are initially in a column space state $| \mbox{col} \ j_0 \rangle$ will remain in the column space in the absence of disorder. Once static disorder is introduced, the eigenstates lying within the column space become coupled to the other eigenstates of $G_d$. These are associated with the subgraphs of $G_d$, and have zero amplitude on the graph's two roots. The resulting decay of $p_{\subs{col}}(t)$, shown in Fig. \ref{pcol} leads to the decay of $p_{\subs{hit}}(t)$.
\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{fig6}
\caption{(Color online) Column space probability $p_{\subs{col}}(t)$ as a function of time for the quantum walk on the glued trees graph with $d=15$ and various values of disorder. The symbols were calculated using exact numerical simulations with (from top to bottom) $W = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, \mbox{and} \ 1.2$, with 10 realizations of $\mathcal{H}$ for each value of $W$. The error bars indicate the standard deviation of each average. The solid curves were calculated using the local decay model (see text). }
\label{pcol}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
We can provide an analytical estimate of this decay through perturbation theory. Assuming the walk begins in a column state $\kc{j_0}$, taking the second order expansion of $p_{\subs{col}}(t)$ gives
\begin{eqnarray}
p_{\subs{col}}(t) &=& \sum_{j=0}^{2d} \; \left| \,\bc{j} \exp(-i\,\ham\,t)\kc{j_0} \,\right|^2 \nonumber \\
&\approx& \sum_{j=0}^{2d} \; |\braket{\mbox{col $j$}}{\mbox{col $j_0$}}|^2 + t^2 |\bc{j}\ham\kc{j_0}|^2 \nonumber \\
& & \qquad - t^2 \left( \braket{\mbox{col $j$}}{\mbox{col $j_0$}} \bc{j_0}\ham^2\kc{j} \right), \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
where the Hamiltonian is given by $\ham = \ham_0 + \ham'$. It is straightforward to show that $\ham_0$ contributes nothing to the quadratic term, and for $\ham'$ given by Eq. (\ref{hprime}) we find
\begin{equation}
p_{\subs{col}}(t) = 1 - \frac{t^2}{N_{j_0,d}^2} \left[ (N_{j_0,d} - 1) \sum_i {\epsilon_i}^2
- \sum_{i \ne j} \epsilon_i \, \epsilon_j \right].
\end{equation}
Averaging $p_{\subs{col}}(t)$ over the disorder we find
\begin{equation}
\langle p_{col}(t) \rangle = 1 - \frac{1}{12} t^2 W^2 \left( 1 -\frac{1}{N_{j_0,d}} \right),
\end{equation}
where we have used $\langle \epsilon_i \epsilon_j \rangle = \frac{1}{12} W^2 \delta_{ij}$.
This result for the short time decay applies to any graph for which the quantum walk can be projected onto a column space. On longer timescales, we conjecture that the decay will have an exponential character, while retaining the position dependence. Hence, extrapolating from the short time result, we postulate a model of ``local (exponential) decay'', in which the walk evolution is computed as in the ideal column space representation, but the probability at each site $j$ is allowed to decay:
\begin{equation}
p_{j}(t) = p_0 \exp\left[ - \frac{t}{12} \frac{W^2}{\gamma} \left(1-\frac{1}{N_{j,d}} \right) \right]. \label{loc_gamma}
\end{equation}
This is equivalent to applying the mapping
\begin{equation}
\ham \quad\mapsto \quad \hcol - \, i\Gamma/2, \label{ldm}
\end{equation}
where $\hcol$ is the projection of the graph Hamiltonian onto the column space, and $\Gamma$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\Gamma = \frac{1}{12} \frac{W^2}{\gamma}\, \sum_{j=0}^{2d}\left(1-\frac{1}{N_{j,d}} \right) \kc{j}\bc{j},
\end{equation}
with $\gamma$ denoting the unit time hopping probability from $\mathcal{H}_0$. This expression for $\Gamma$ can be anticipated by applying Fermi's Golden Rule to $\mathcal{H}'$ in the eigenstate basis, but the presence of a large discrete component to the spectrum ($\sigma_0$) prevents us from making a precise derivation. Numerical evidence, however, suggests that this is in fact the correct mechanism.
Along with the exact numerical results for $p_{\subs{hit}}$ and $p_{\subs{col}}$ in Figs. \ref{phit} and \ref{pcol}, we have included results from the local-decay model calculated in the (exponentially smaller) column-space representation for $\mathcal{H}_0$. We observe that the local decay model predictions (solid lines) agree well with the results of simulations (points), to within one standard deviation. Our model accurately reproduces many features of the exact simulations, such as the variation in the decay rate of $p_{\subs{col}}$ and the oscillations in $p_{\subs{hit}}$. Furthermore, if we use the column space probability to predict the hitting probability at the target node (opposite root), the agreement is quite good. This supports the claim that the disorder-induced reduction in quantum transport is primarily explained by decay from the column space.
So far we have looked at the probability at the right root and the column space, but a more global characterization of the walk propagation can be found by analyzing the average depth reached by the quantum walk,
\begin{equation}
r(t) = \bra{\psi(t)} \;\hat{r}\; \ket{\psi(t)},
\end{equation}
where the column position operator $\hat{r}$ is defined as
\begin{equation}
\hat{r} = \sum_{j=0}^{2d} \sum_{n=0}^{N_{j,d}-1} j |j,n\rangle \langle j,n|
\end{equation}
with the property $\hat{r} \kc{j} = j \kc{j}$. The value of $r(t)$ thus gives a snapshot of the expected position of the walk along the graph at any one time. This is displayed in Fig. \ref{rtime} as a function of time and disorder. In the absence of disorder, the average depth shows an oscillatory character consistent with ballistic propagation of the wavepacket and reflections at the two ends of the graph. Disorder-induced decay from the column space causes the amplitude of the oscillations to decay faster than in the ideal case, ultimately causing a ``damping'' of the oscillations. Therefore, the walk has a reduced probability of traversing the graph, and substantial probability is instead deposited in the center of the graph, where the concentration of nodes is highest.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig7}
\caption{(Color online) Average distance $r(t)$ for $d=15$ as a function of time and disorder $W$. For each $W$, the simulations were averaged over $10$ realizations of $\mathcal{H}$. The quantum oscillations decay in time for small disorder, with a critical damping near $W \approx 2$, indicating a type of quantum-to-classical transition.}
\label{rtime}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
In Fig. \ref{rmax} we plot the maximum value of $r(t)$ in the range $t < 3 t_{\subs{hit}}$ against the strength of disorder, illustrating the localization transition on the glued trees graph. We see that for small disorder ($W < 2$), the maximum value of $r$ is high, corresponding to the quantum walk hitting the right root, for which $r = 2d$. As disorder increases, the curve falls, and begins to level off at the graph center ($r \approx d$ for $2 < W < 4$). For larger amounts of disorder ($W > 4$), the curves continue to decrease, converging on a single value around $W = 16$, precisely when we expect all eigenstates to be localized.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig8}
\caption{(Color online) Maximum average distance $r(t)$ as a function of disorder $W$ for various depths. For each value of disorder the maximum of $r(t)$ was averaged over $1000, 100$, and $10$ realizations for $d=5, 10$, and $15$, respectively. For intermediate disorder ($2 < W < 4$), there is a quantum-to-classical transition, while for large disorder ($W>15$) a localization transition is observed.}
\end{center}
\label{rmax}
\end{figure}
This analysis of the quantum walk dynamics strongly suggests a type of quantum-to-classical or ``wavelike-to-diffusive'' crossover at weak disorder. Note that this not a ``ballistic-to-diffusive'' crossover, and does not conflict the ballistic spreading of wavepackets found by Klein \cite{Klein95} for the Bethe lattice at weak disorder, as classical diffusion also leads to ballistic spreading ($ r(t) \sim t$). It does, however, suggest that there may be a length scale (the mean-free-path) that limits the size of graphs for which a speedup could occur in the presence of disorder. That is, the exponential decay of the hitting probability (in $d$) seen in Fig. \ref{phit} may be interpreted as the classical probability for a walker to traverse $d$ sites given a mean-free-path of order $\ell \sim 1/W^2$. To understand this crossover in more detail we extend our analysis of the quantum walk to a transport model.
\section{Quantum Walk Transport}
To identify the quantum-to-classical transition, we consider the quantum transmission through the glued trees graph, subject to disorder. To transform the quantum walk into a transmission problem, we attach ``tails'' to the input and output nodes, and look at the transmission coefficient through the graph for a wavefunction of the form
\begin{equation}
\Psi(n) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
e^{i k n} + \mathcal{R} e^{-i k n} & \mbox{for} \ n < 0 \\
\mathcal{T} e^{i k n} & \mbox{for} \ n > 2d+1 \end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
This represents an ingoing wave that is reflected and transmitted through the graph, as illustrated in Fig. \ref{scatterfig}. This type of quantum walk was been used to develop a quantum algorithm for NAND-tree evaluation \cite{Farhi2008}, and has been generally analyzed in \cite{Varbonov2009}. We consider the transmission probability $T = |\mathcal{T}|^2$ as a function of depth and disorder.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig9}
\caption{Scattering approach to the quantum walk, in which an incident wavepacket is transmitted and reflected along the ``tails'' connected to the modified glued trees graph.}
\label{scatterfig}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Using a standard analysis for transmission in tight-binding lattices \cite{Sadreev2003}, we find the transmission amplitude
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{T} = \langle \mbox{col} \ 0 | \frac{2 i \sin k}{\tilde{\mathcal{H}} - 2 \cos k} | \mbox{col} \ 2 d+1\rangle
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\mathcal{H}} = \mathcal{H} + e^{i k} \left( | \mbox{col} \ 0\rangle \langle \mbox{col} \ 0| + |\mbox{col} \ 2d+1 \rangle \langle \mbox{col} \ 2d+1| \right)
\end{equation}
is an effective Hamiltonian for the MGT graph alone (note that this graph has $2d+1$ columns). This quantity can be calculated by diagonalizing the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian $\tilde{\mathcal{H}}$, and forming the appropriate matrix elements in $\mathcal{T}$.
The resulting transmission probability $T = |\mathcal{T}|^2$ is shown as a function of momentum $k$ and disorder $W$ in Figs. \ref{transfig1} and \ref{transd6}, for depths $d=5$ and $d=6$, respectively. For small disorder, there is a size-dependent oscillatory structure as a function of $k$ due to resonances, much like those found in \cite{Sadreev2003} (and briefly described in Appendix A). These oscillations in $T$ disappear when the disorder strength $W \approx 2$, after which the transmission decays monotonically. Figure \ref{transmission_fit} shows $T$ for $k=\pi/2$ as a function of disorder for many graph sizes, which all exhibit the same behavior for $W > 2$, indicative of a transition in $T$.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig10}
\caption{Transmission probability $T$ as a function of momentum $k$ and disorder $W$ for a modified glued trees graph of depth $d=5$. For each value of momentum and disorder, the transmission was averaged over 250 realizations of $\tilde{\mathcal{H}}$. }
\label{transfig1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig11}
\caption{Transmission probability $T$ as a function of momentum $k$ and disorder $W$ for a modified glued trees graph of depth $d=6$. For each value of momentum and disorder, the transmission was averaged over 100 realizations of $\tilde{\mathcal{H}}$.}
\label{transd6}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
The decay of the transmission probability with disorder can be understood using a classical model, described in the Appendix B. This model uses a diffusion constant proportional to the mean-free-path $\lambda \sim \ell \sim W^{-2}$ and leads to a classical transmission probability of the form
\begin{equation}
T_c = \frac{T_0}{1 + c (W/\gamma)^2},
\label{T_c}
\end{equation}
where the coefficients $T_0$ and $c$ presumably depend on the exact mapping of the disordered quantum walk to the diffusion equation, such as the method of \cite{Amir2009} or the results of \cite{Erdos2005}. This expression for Eq. (\ref{T_c}), fit using $T_0 = 0.8$ and $c = 0.2$, is shown in Fig. \ref{transmission_fit}. This agreement, for intermediate values of disorder, provides confirmation of the quantum-to-classical crossover observed in the dynamical studies of the previous section.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width = 3.5in]{fig12}
\caption{(Color online) Transmission probability $T$ for $k=\pi/2$ as function of disorder and for various depths. The various symbols are $d = 7$ (blue circles), $d=8$ (red upward triangles), $d=9$ (blue squares), and $d=10$ (red downward triangles), averaged over $500, 200, 100, \mbox{and} \ 50$ realizations of $\tilde{\mathcal{H}}$, respectively. The solid black curve is the transmission probability for the classical random walk $T_c$ (see text).}
\label{transmission_fit}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we have carried out an investigation of the effects of diagonal disorder on quantum walks on the glued trees graph. While disorder does lead to localization in the strong disorder limit, we find the primary effect in the case of small disorder to be quantum decay out of the column space. The quantum decay can be accurately modeled in the column space by a non-unitary mapping that enforces position dependent decay of the probability. This local decay model is efficient to compute, owing to the exponential reduction in size of the representation, yet it allows prediction of the end-to-end hitting probability, and should be extendable to other graphs with similar symmetries.
One such graph is the hypercube. This problem had been previously studied for quantum state transfer \cite{Strauch2008}, where the effects of off-diagonal disorder were emphasized. Numerical simulations for diagonal disorder, however, provide very similar results to those found in Sec. IV, with one important difference. The hitting time for the hypercube is independent of the dimension $d$ (which is analogous to the depth of the glued binary trees graph). The local decay model then predicts that the hitting probability should decay as $e^{-W^2/12}$, a result borne out by simulations. Thus, for the hypercube, quantum transport outperforms classical transport for small $W$.
Such a result is also possible for the glued trees graph. The exponential suppression of the hitting probability occurs for the specific case of a state initially localized to the left root of the graph. By using a graph with ``tails'', the results of Sec. V show that appreciable transport is possible for $W<2$, provided there is no disorder in the tails and an appropriate initial state can be found. In addition, alternative measurement strategies \cite{Varbonov2008}, or the inclusion of traps \cite{Mulken2011} could provide opportunities for speedup. Exploring this possibility could provide additional context for understanding environmentally assisted quantum transport \cite{AGuzik08}.
In summary, we have performed an analysis of the effect of static disorder on a quantum walk on the glued trees graph. For small disorder, we find that the dominant effect is a type of quantum decay, and not quantum localization. For intermediate disorder, there is a crossover to diffusive transport, while a localization transition is observed at large disorder, in agreement with Anderson localization on the Cayley tree. Our results suggest that intermediate disorder will inhibit any quantum speedup, but also that large speedups are possible for quantum walks on complex networks with small disorder.
\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank A. Aspuru-Guzik, S. M. Girvin, T. Kottos, and S. Lloyd for helpful discussions. FWS was supported by the Research Corporation for Science Advancement.
\end{acknowledgments}
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The Saga of Eric Brighteyes is the title of an epic Viking novel by H. Rider Haggard and concerns the adventures of its eponymous principal character in 10th century Iceland. The novel was first published in 1890 by Longmans, Green & Company. It was illustrated by Lancelot Speed.
Eric Thorgrimursson (nicknamed "Brighteyes" for his most notable trait), strives to win the hand of his beloved, Gudruda the Fair. Her father Asmund, a priest of the old Norse gods, opposes the match, thinking Eric a man without prospects.
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French cuisine () is the cooking traditions and practices from France. In the 14th century, Guillaume Tirel, a court chef known as "Taillevent", wrote Le Viandier, one of the earliest recipe collections of medieval France. In the 17th century, chefs François Pierre La Varenne and Marie-Antoine Carême spearheaded movements that shifted French cooking away from its foreign influences and developed France's own indigenous style.
Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine. They play different roles regionally and nationally, with many variations and appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) (regulated appellation) laws.
Culinary tourism and the Guide Michelin helped to acquaint commoners with the cuisine bourgeoise of the urban elites and the peasant cuisine of the French countryside starting in the 20th century. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in variations across the country.
Knowledge of French cooking has contributed significantly to Western cuisines. Its criteria are used widely in Western cookery school boards and culinary education. In November 2010, French gastronomy was added by the UNESCO to its lists of the world's "intangible cultural heritage".
History
Middle Ages
In French medieval cuisine, banquets were common among the aristocracy. Multiple courses would be prepared, but served in a style called service en confusion, or all at once. Food was generally eaten by hand, meats being sliced off in large pieces held between the thumb and two fingers. The sauces were highly seasoned and thick, and heavily flavored mustards were used.
Pies were a common banquet item, with the crust serving primarily as a container, rather than as food itself, and it was not until the very end of the Late Middle Ages that the shortcrust pie was developed.
Meals often ended with an issue de table, which later changed into the modern dessert, and typically consisted of dragées (in the Middle Ages, meaning spiced lumps of hardened sugar or honey), aged cheese and spiced wine, such as hypocras.
The ingredients of the time varied greatly according to the seasons and the church calendar, and many items were preserved with salt, spices, honey, and other preservatives. Late spring, summer, and autumn afforded abundance, while winter meals were more sparse. Livestock were slaughtered at the beginning of winter. Beef was often salted, while pork was salted and smoked. Bacon and sausages would be smoked in the chimney, while the tongue and hams were brined and dried. Cucumbers were brined as well, while greens would be packed in jars with salt. Fruits, nuts and root vegetables would be boiled in honey for preservation. Whale, dolphin and porpoise were considered fish, so during Lent, the salted meats of these sea mammals were eaten.
Artificial freshwater ponds (often called stews) held carp, pike, tench, bream, eel, and other fish. Poultry was kept in special yards, with pigeon and squab being reserved for the elite. Game was highly prized, but very rare, and included venison, boar, hare, rabbit, and fowl.
Kitchen gardens provided herbs, including some, such as tansy, rue, pennyroyal, and hyssop, which are rarely used today. Spices were treasured and very expensive at that time—they included pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and mace. Some spices used then, but no longer today in French cuisine are cubebs, long pepper (both from vines similar to black pepper), grains of paradise, and galengale.
Sweet-sour flavors were commonly added to dishes with vinegars and verjus combined with sugar (for the affluent) or honey. A common form of food preparation was to thoroughly cook, pound, and strain mixtures into fine pastes and mushes, something believed to be beneficial to make use of nutrients.
Visual display was prized. Brilliant colors were obtained by the addition of, for example, juices from spinach and the green part of leeks. Yellow came from saffron or egg yolk, while red came from sunflower, and purple came from Crozophora tinctoria or Heliotropium europaeum.
Gold and silver leaf were placed on food surfaces and brushed with egg whites. Elaborate and showy dishes were the result, such as tourte parmerienne which was a pastry dish made to look like a castle with chicken-drumstick turrets coated with gold leaf. One of the grandest showpieces of the time was roast swan or peacock sewn back into its skin with feathers intact, the feet and beak being gilded. Since both birds are stringy, and taste unpleasant, the skin and feathers could be kept and filled with the cooked, minced and seasoned flesh of tastier birds, like goose or chicken.
The most well known French chef of the Middle Ages was Guillaume Tirel, also known as Taillevent. Taillevent worked in numerous royal kitchens during the 14th century. His first position was as a kitchen boy in 1326. He was chef to Philip VI, then the Dauphin who was son of John II. The Dauphin became King Charles V of France in 1364, with Taillevent as his chief cook. His career spanned sixty-six years, and upon his death he was buried in grand style between his two wives. His tombstone represents him in armor, holding a shield with three cooking pots, marmites, on it.
Ancien Régime
Paris was the central hub of culture and economic activity, and as such, the most highly skilled culinary craftsmen were to be found there. Markets in Paris such as Les Halles, la Mégisserie, those found along Rue Mouffetard, and similar smaller versions in other cities were very important to the distribution of food. Those that gave French produce its characteristic identity were regulated by the guild system, which developed in the Middle Ages. In Paris, the guilds were regulated by city government as well as by the French crown. A guild restricted those in a given branch of the culinary industry to operate only within that field.
There were two groups of guilds—first, those that supplied the raw materials: butchers, fishmongers, grain merchants, and gardeners. The second group were those that supplied prepared foods: bakers, pastry cooks, sauce makers, poulterers, and caterers. There were also guilds that offered both raw materials and prepared food, such as the charcutiers and rôtisseurs (purveyors of roasted meat dishes). They would supply cooked meat pies and dishes as well as raw meat and poultry. This caused issues with butchers and poulterers, who sold the same raw materials.
The guilds served as a training ground for those within the industry. The degrees of assistant cook, full-fledged cook and master chef were conferred. Those who reached the level of master chef were of considerable rank in their individual industry, and enjoyed a high level of income as well as economic and job security. At times, those in the royal kitchens did fall under the guild hierarchy, but it was necessary to find them a parallel appointment based on their skills after leaving the service of the royal kitchens. This was not uncommon as the Paris cooks' guild regulations allowed for this movement.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, French cuisine assimilated many new food items from the New World. Although they were slow to be adopted, records of banquets show Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589?) serving sixty-six turkeys at one dinner. The dish called cassoulet has its roots in the New World discovery of haricot beans, which are central to the dish's creation, but had not existed outside of the Americas until the arrival of Europeans.
Haute cuisine (, "high cuisine") has foundations during the 17th century with a chef named La Varenne. As author of works such as Le Cuisinier françois, he is credited with publishing the first true French cookbook. His book includes the earliest known reference to roux using pork fat. The book contained two sections, one for meat days, and one for fasting. His recipes marked a change from the style of cookery known in the Middle Ages, to new techniques aimed at creating somewhat lighter dishes, and more modest presentations of pies as individual pastries and turnovers. La Varenne also published a book on pastry in 1667 entitled Le Parfait confitvrier (republished as Le Confiturier françois) which similarly updated and codified the emerging haute cuisine standards for desserts and pastries.
Chef François Massialot wrote Le Cuisinier roïal et bourgeois in 1691, during the reign of Louis XIV. The book contains menus served to the royal courts in 1690. Massialot worked mostly as a freelance cook, and was not employed by any particular household. Massialot and many other royal cooks received special privileges by association with the French royalty. They were not subject to the regulation of the guilds; therefore, they could cater weddings and banquets without restriction. His book is the first to list recipes alphabetically, perhaps a forerunner of the first culinary dictionary. It is in this book that a marinade is first seen in print, with one type for poultry and feathered game, while a second is for fish and shellfish. No quantities are listed in the recipes, which suggests that Massialot was writing for trained cooks.
The successive updates of Le Cuisinier roïal et bourgeois include important refinements such as adding a glass of wine to fish stock. Definitions were also added to the 1703 edition. The 1712 edition, retitled Le Nouveau cuisinier royal et bourgeois, was increased to two volumes, and was written in a more elaborate style with extensive explanations of technique. Additional smaller preparations are included in this edition as well, leading to lighter preparations, and adding a third course to the meal. Ragout, a stew still central to French cookery, makes its first appearance as a single dish in this edition as well; prior to that, it was listed as a garnish.
Late 18th century – early 19th century
Shortly before the French Revolution, dishes like bouchées à la Reine gained prominence. Essentially royal cuisine produced by the royal household, this is a chicken-based recipe served on vol-au-vent created under the influence of Queen Marie Leszczyńska, the Polish-born wife of Louis XV. This recipe is still popular today, as are other recipes from Queen Marie Leszczyńska like consommé à la Reine and filet d'aloyau braisé à la royale. Queen Marie is also credited with introducing Polonaise garnishing to the French diet.
The French Revolution was integral to the expansion of French cuisine, because it abolished the guild system. This meant anyone could now produce and sell any culinary item they wished.
Bread was a significant food source among peasants and the working class in the late 18th century, with many of the nation's "people" being dependent on it. In French provinces, bread was often consumed three times a day by the "people" of France. According to Brace, bread was referred to as the basic dietary item for the masses, and it was also used as a foundation for soup. In fact, bread was so important that harvest, interruption of commerce by wars, heavy flour exploration, and prices and supply were all watched and controlled by the French Government. Among the underprivileged, constant fear of famine was always prevalent. From 1725 to 1789, there were fourteen years of bad yields to blame for low grain supply. In Bordeaux, during 1708–1789, thirty-three bad harvests occurred.
Marie-Antoine Carême was born in 1784, five years before the Revolution. He spent his younger years working at a pâtisserie until he was discovered by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord; he would later cook for Napoleon Bonaparte. Prior to his employment with Talleyrand, Carême had become known for his pièces montées, which were extravagant constructions of pastry and sugar architecture.
More important to Carême's career was his contribution to the refinement of French cuisine. The basis for his style of cooking was his sauces, which he named mother sauces. Often referred to as fonds, meaning "foundations", these base sauces, espagnole, velouté, and béchamel, are still known today. Each of these sauces was made in large quantities in his kitchen, then formed the basis of multiple derivatives. Carême had over one hundred sauces in his repertoire.
In his writings, soufflés appear for the first time. Although many of his preparations today seem extravagant, he simplified and codified an even more complex cuisine that existed beforehand. Central to his codification of the cuisine were Le Maître d'hôtel français (1822), Le Cuisinier parisien (1828) and L'Art de la cuisine française au dix-neuvième siècle (1833–5).
Late 19th century – early 20th century
Georges Auguste Escoffier is commonly acknowledged as the central figure to the modernization of haute cuisine and organizing what would become the national cuisine of France. His influence began with the rise of some of the great hotels in Europe and America during the 1880s-1890s. The Savoy Hotel managed by César Ritz was an early hotel in which Escoffier worked, but much of his influence came during his management of the kitchens in the Carlton from 1898 until 1921. He created a system of "parties" called the brigade system, which separated the professional kitchen into five separate stations.
These five stations included the garde manger that prepared cold dishes; the entremettier prepared starches and vegetables, the rôtisseur prepared roasts, grilled and fried dishes; the saucier prepared sauces and soups; and the pâtissier prepared all pastry and desserts items.
This system meant that instead of one person preparing a dish on one's own, now multiple cooks would prepare the different components for the dish. An example used is oeufs au plat Meyerbeer, the prior system would take up to fifteen minutes to prepare the dish, while in the new system, the eggs would be prepared by the entremettier, kidney grilled by the rôtisseur, truffle sauce made by the saucier and thus the dish could be prepared in a shorter time and served quickly in the popular restaurants.
Escoffier also simplified and organized the modern menu and structure of the meal. He published a series of articles in professional journals which outlined the sequence, and he finally published his Livre des menus in 1912. This type of service embraced the service à la russe (serving meals in separate courses on individual plates), which Félix Urbain Dubois had made popular in the 1860s. Escoffier's largest contribution was the publication of Le Guide Culinaire in 1903, which established the fundamentals of French cookery. The book was a collaboration with Philéas Gilbert, E. Fetu, A. Suzanne, B. Reboul, Ch. Dietrich, A. Caillat and others. The significance of this is to illustrate the universal acceptance by multiple high-profile chefs to this new style of cooking.
Le Guide Culinaire deemphasized the use of heavy sauces and leaned toward lighter fumets, which are the essence of flavor taken from fish, meat and vegetables. This style of cooking looked to create garnishes and sauces whose function is to add to the flavor of the dish, rather than mask flavors like the heavy sauces and ornate garnishes of the past. Escoffier took inspiration for his work from personal recipes in addition to recipes from Carême, Dubois and ideas from Taillevent's Le Viandier, which had a modern version published in 1897. A second source for recipes came from existing peasant dishes that were translated into the refined techniques of haute cuisine.
Expensive ingredients would replace the common ingredients, making the dishes much less humble. The third source of recipes was Escoffier himself, who invented many new dishes, such as pêche Melba. Escoffier updated Le Guide Culinaire four times during his lifetime, noting in the foreword to the book's first edition that even with its 5,000 recipes, the book should not be considered an "exhaustive" text, and that even if it were at the point when he wrote the book, "it would no longer be so tomorrow, because progress marches on each day."
This period is also marked by the appearance of the nouvelle cuisine. The term "nouvelle cuisine" has been used many times in the history of French cuisine which emphasized the freshness, lightness and clarity of flavor and inspired by new movements in world cuisine. In the 1740s, Menon first used the term, but the cooking of Vincent La Chapelle and François Marin was also considered modern. In the 1960s, Henri Gault and Christian Millau revived it to describe the cooking of Paul Bocuse, Jean and Pierre Troisgros, Michel Guérard, Roger Vergé and Raymond Oliver. These chefs were working toward rebelling against the "orthodoxy" of Escoffier's cuisine. Some of the chefs were students of Fernand Point at the Pyramide in Vienne, and had left to open their own restaurants. Gault and Millau "discovered the formula" contained in ten characteristics of this new style of cooking.
The characteristics that happened during this period were:
1. A rejection of excessive complication in cooking.
2. The cooking times for most fish, seafood, game birds, veal, green vegetables and pâtés was greatly reduced in an attempt to preserve the natural flavors. Steaming was an important trend from this characteristic.
3. The cuisine was made with the freshest possible ingredients.
4. large menus were abandoned in favor of shorter menus.
5. Strong marinades for meat and game ceased to be used.
6. They stopped using heavy sauces such as espagnole and béchamel thickened with flour based "roux" in favor of seasoning their dishes with fresh herbs, quality butter, lemon juice, and vinegar.
7. They used regional dishes for inspiration instead of haute cuisine dishes.
8. New techniques were embraced and modern equipment was often used; Bocuse even used microwave ovens.
9. The chefs paid close attention to the dietary needs of their guests through their dishes.
10. And finally, the chefs were extremely inventive and created new combinations and pairings.
Some have speculated that a contributor to nouvelle cuisine was World War II when animal protein was in short supply during the German occupation. By the mid-1980s food writers stated that the style of cuisine had reached exhaustion and many chefs began returning to the haute cuisine style of cooking, although much of the lighter presentations and new techniques remained.
When the French colonized Vietnam, one of the most famous and popular dishes, Pot-au-feu was subsequently introduced to the local people. While it didn't directly create the widely recognizable Vietnamese dish, Pho, it served as a reference for the modern-day form of Pho.
National cuisine
There are many dishes that are considered part of French national cuisine today.
A meal often consists of three courses, hors d'œuvre or entrée (introductory course, sometimes soup), plat principal (main course), fromage (cheese course) or dessert, sometimes with a salad offered before the cheese or dessert.
Hors d'œuvre
Plat principal
Pâtisserie
Dessert
Regional cuisine
French regional cuisine is characterized by its extreme diversity and style. Traditionally, each region of France has its own distinctive cuisine.
Paris and Île-de-France
Paris and Île-de-France are central regions where almost anything from the country is available, as all train lines meet in the city. Over 9,000 restaurants exist in Paris and almost any cuisine can be obtained here. High-quality Michelin Guide-rated restaurants proliferate here.
Champagne, Lorraine, and Alsace
Game and ham are popular in Champagne, as well as the special sparkling wine simply known as Champagne. Fine fruit preserves are known from Lorraine as well as the quiche Lorraine. As region of historically Allemanic German culture Alsace has retained Elements of German cuisine, especially similar to those from the neighboring Palatinate and Baden region, but has implemented French influences since France first took control of the region in the 17th century. As such, beers made in the area are similar to the style of bordering Germany. Dishes like choucroute (French for sauerkraut) are also popular. Many "Eaux de vie" (distilled alcohol from fruit) also called schnaps are from this region, due to a wide variety of local fruits (cherry, raspberry, pear, grapes) and especially prunes (mirabelle, plum).[9]:259,295
Nord Pas-de-Calais, Picardy, Normandy, and Brittany
The coastline supplies many crustaceans, sea bass, monkfish and herring. Normandy has top-quality seafood, such as scallops and sole, while Brittany has a supply of lobster, crayfish and mussels.
Normandy is home to a large population of apple trees; apples are often used in dishes, as well as cider and Calvados. The northern areas of this region, especially Nord, grow ample amounts of wheat, sugar beets and chicory. Thick stews are found often in these northern areas as well.
The produce of these northern regions is also considered some of the best in the country, including cauliflower and artichokes. Buckwheat grows widely in Brittany as well and is used in the region's galettes, called jalet, which is where this dish originated.
Loire Valley and central France
High-quality fruits come from the Loire Valley and central France, including cherries grown for the liqueur Guignolet and Belle Angevine pears. The strawberries and melons are also of high quality.
Fish are seen in the cuisine, often served with a beurre blanc sauce, as well as wild game, lamb, calves, Charolais cattle, Géline fowl, and goat cheeses.
Young vegetables are used often, as are the specialty mushrooms of the region, champignons de Paris. Vinegars from Orléans are a specialty ingredient used as well.
Burgundy and Franche-Comté
Burgundy and Franche-Comté are known for their wines. Pike, perch, river crabs, snails, game, redcurrants, blackcurrants are from both Burgundy and Franche-Comté.
Amongst savorous specialties accounted in the Cuisine franc-comtoise from the Franche-Comté region are , , trout, smoked meats and cheeses such as Mont d'Or, Comté and Morbier which are best eaten hot or cold, the exquisite and the special dessert .
Charolais beef, poultry from Bresse, sea snail, honey cake, Chaource and Epoisses cheese are specialties of the local cuisine of Burgundy. Dijon mustard is also a specialty of Burgundy cuisine. Crème de cassis is a popular liquor made from the blackcurrants. Oils are used in the cooking here, types include nut oils and rapeseed oil.
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
The area covers the old province of Dauphiné, once known as the "larder" of France, that gave its name to gratin dauphinois, traditionally made in a large baking dish rubbed with garlic. Successive layers of potatoes, salt, pepper and milk are piled up to the top of the dish. It is then baked in the oven at low temperature for 2 hours.
Fruit and young vegetables are popular in the cuisine from the Rhône valley, as are wines like Hermitage AOC, Crozes-Hermitage AOC and Condrieu AOC. Walnuts and walnut products and oil from Noix de Grenoble AOC, lowland cheeses, like St. Marcellin, St. Félicien and Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage.
Poultry from Bresse, guinea fowl from Drôme and fish from the Dombes, a light yeast-based cake, called Pogne de Romans and the regional speciality, Raviole du Dauphiné, and there is the short-crust "Suisse", a Valence biscuit speciality.
Lakes and mountain streams in Rhône-Alpes are key to the cuisine as well. Lyon and Savoy supply sausages while the Alpine regions supply their specialty cheeses like Beaufort, Abondance, Reblochon, Tomme and Vacherin.
Mères lyonnaises are female cooks particular to this region who provide local gourmet establishments. Celebrated chefs from this region include Fernand Point, Paul Bocuse, the Troisgros brothers and Alain Chapel.
The Chartreuse Mountains are the source of the green and yellow Digestif liquor, Chartreuse produced by the monks of the Grande Chartreuse.
Since the 2014 administrative reform, the ancient area of Auvergne is now part of the region. One of its leading chefs is Regis Marcon.
Poitou-Charentes and Limousin
Oysters come from the Oléron-Marennes basin, while mussels come from the Bay of Aiguillon.
High-quality produce comes from the region's hinterland, especially goat cheese. This region and in the Vendée is grazing ground for Parthenaise cattle, while poultry is raised in Challans.
The region of Poitou-Charentes purportedly produces the best butter and cream in France. Cognac is also made in the region along the river Charente.
Limousin is home to the Limousin cattle, as well as sheep. The woodlands offer game and mushrooms. The southern area around Brive draws its cooking influence from Périgord and Auvergne to produce a robust cuisine.
Bordeaux, Périgord, Gascony, and Basque country
Bordeaux is known for its wine, with certain areas offering specialty grapes for wine-making. Fishing is popular in the region for the cuisine, sea fishing in the Bay of Biscay, trapping in the Garonne and stream fishing in the Pyrenees.
The Pyrenees also has lamb, such as the Agneau de Pauillac, as well as sheep cheeses. Beef cattle in the region include the Blonde d'Aquitaine, Boeuf de Chalosse, Boeuf Gras de Bazas, and Garonnaise.
Free-range chicken, turkey, pigeon, capon, goose and duck prevail in the region as well. Gascony and Périgord cuisines includes pâtés, terrines, confits and magrets. This is one of the regions notable for its production of foie gras, or fattened goose or duck liver.
The cuisine of the region is often heavy and farm based. Armagnac is also from this region, as are prunes from Agen.
Toulouse, Quercy, and Aveyron
Gers, a department of France, is within this region and has poultry, while La Montagne Noire and Lacaune area offer hams and dry sausages.
White corn is planted heavily in the area both for use in fattening ducks and geese for foie gras and for the production of millas, a cornmeal porridge. Haricot beans are also grown in this area, which are central to the dish cassoulet.
The finest sausage in France is saucisse de Toulouse, which also part of cassoulet of Toulouse. The Cahors area produces a specialty "black wine" as well as truffles and mushrooms.
This region also produces milk-fed lamb. Unpasteurized ewe's milk is used to produce Roquefort in Aveyron, while in Laguiole is producing unpasteurized cow's milk cheese. Salers cattle produce milk for cheese, as well as beef and veal products.
The volcanic soils create flinty cheeses and superb lentils. Mineral waters are produced in high volume in this region as well. Cabécou cheese is from Rocamadour, a medieval settlement erected directly on a cliff, in the rich countryside of .
This area is one of the region's oldest milk producers; it has chalky soil, marked by history and human activity, and is favourable for the raising of goats.
Roussillon, Languedoc, and Cévennes
Restaurants are popular in the area known as Le Midi. Oysters come from the Étang de Thau, to be served in the restaurants of Bouzigues, Mèze, and Sète. Mussels are commonly seen here in addition to fish specialties of Sète, bourride, tielles and rouille de seiche.
In the Languedoc jambon cru, sometimes known as jambon de montagne is produced. High quality Roquefort comes from the brebis (sheep) on the Larzac plateau.
The Les Cévennes area offers mushrooms, chestnuts, berries, honey, lamb, game, sausages, pâtés and goat cheeses. Catalan influence can be seen in the cuisine here with dishes like brandade made from a purée of dried cod wrapped in mangold leaves. Snails are plentiful and are prepared in a specific Catalan style known as a cargolade. Wild boar can be found in the more mountainous regions of the Midi.
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
The Provence and Côte d'Azur region is rich in quality citrus, vegetables, fruits and herbs; the region is one of the largest suppliers of all these ingredients in France. The region also produces the largest amount of olives, and creates superb olive oil. Lavender is used in many dishes found in Haute Provence. Other important herbs in the cuisine include thyme, sage, rosemary, basil, savory, fennel, marjoram, tarragon, oregano, and bay leaf. Honey is a prized ingredient in the region.
Seafood is widely available throughout the coastal area and is heavily represented in the cuisine. Goat cheeses, air-dried sausages, lamb, beef, and chicken are popular here. Garlic and anchovies are used in many of the region's sauces, as in Poulet Provençal, which uses white wine, tomatoes, herbs, and sometimes anchovies, and Pastis is found everywhere that alcohol is served.
The cuisine uses a large amount of vegetables for lighter preparations. Truffles are commonly seen in Provence during the winter. Thirteen desserts in Provence are the traditional Christmas dessert, e.g. quince cheese, biscuits, almonds, nougat, apple, and fougasse.
Rice is grown in the Camargue, which is the northernmost rice growing area in Europe, with Camargue red rice being a specialty. Anibal Camous, a Marseillais who lived to be 104, maintained that it was by eating garlic daily that he kept his "youth" and brilliance. When his eighty-year-old son died, the father mourned: "I always told him he wouldn't live long, poor boy. He ate too little garlic!"
Corsica
Goats and sheep proliferate on the island of Corsica, and lamb are used to prepare dishes such as stufato, ragouts and roasts. Cheeses are also produced, with brocciu being the most popular.
Chestnuts, growing in the Castagniccia forest, are used to produce flour, which is used in turn to make bread, cakes and polenta. The forest provides acorns used to feed the pigs and boars that provide much of the protein for the island's cuisine. Fresh fish and seafood are common.
The island's pork is used to make fine hams, sausage and other unique items including coppa (dried rib cut), lonzu (dried pork fillet), figatellu (smoked and dried liverwurst), salumu (a dried sausage), salcietta, Panzetta, bacon, and prisuttu (farmer's ham).
Clementines (which hold an AOC designation), lemons, nectarines and figs are grown there. Candied citron is used in nougats, while and the aforementioned brocciu and chestnuts are also used in desserts.
Corsica offers a variety of wines and fruit liqueurs, including Cap Corse, Patrimonio, Cédratine, Bonapartine, liqueur de myrte, vins de fruit, Rappu, and eau-de-vie de châtaigne.
French Guiana
French Guianan cuisine or Guianan cuisine is a blend of the different cultures that have settled in French Guiana. Creole and Chinese restaurants are common in major cities such as Cayenne, Kourou and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. Many indigenous animal species such as caiman and tapir are used in spiced stews.
Réunion
The cuisine of Réunion is a Creole cuisine (in French, Créole) with a mixture of cooking styles and ingredients. It is strongly influenced by Malagasy cuisine (from Madagascar), as well as other cuisines from East Africa. It also incorporates elements of larger French, Indian and Chinese cuisines, brought by French colonialization and Indian and Chinese immigrants respectively. Notable dishes include samosas, bouchons, rougail, and various curries.
Martinique
The cuisine of Martinique is a Creole cuisine with a mix of French, indigenous, African, and Indian cooking styles using local ingredients such as breadfruit, cassava, and christophine. Creole dishes rely heavily on seafood, including curries and fritters. Crêperies, Brasseries, and restaurants featuring cuisine from various French regions can be found all over Martinique. Notable local dishes include Accra a fish-based fritter, Boudin sausage, Fricassée de chatrou an occotpus stew, Colombo de Martinique a coconut-milk based curry, and Ti Punch a rum and cane juice based drink.
Guadeloupe
The cuisine of Guadeloupe includes Caribbean, African, European and Indian influences. Notable dishes includes the fish fritter accra, a savory stuffed donut called bokit, and coconut based deserts like custard and sorbet. Notably. the spice blend "colombo" ot "massalé" is a curry-like mix of pepper, saffron, coriander, cumin and garlic with the flavor profile included by Sri Lankan immigrants. The island is also known for rums and includes nine distilleries producing traditional and agricultural rum.
New Caledonia
The cuisine of New Caledonia includes local Kanak, Melanesian, and traditional French cooking styles. A notable local dish is bougna which is a stew composed of starches, taros, sweet potatoes, poingo bananas, yams, and is accompanied by local meat and cooked in coconut milk. Seafood is also common including fish and lobster. Traditional French pastries, breads, and cheese may also be found especially in the capital of Nouméa.
French Polynesia
The cuisine of French Polynesia includes a significant array of fruits and vegetables especially sweet potato and coconut. Due to the island nature of the region, seafood is also very common. The "ahima'a", is a traditional Polynesian underground oven in which hot stones are placed inside to cook the ingredients. Notable dishes include Faraoa 'ipo, Poisson cru and Rēti'a.
Mayotte
The cuisine of Mayotte includes influences from European France, Portugal, the Arab world, and India. Common food includes rice as a daily staple staple mixed with root vegetables, plantains, fresh and dried fish, and milk from grated coconuts and meat. Notable dishes include Chahoula ya nadzi, rice boiled in water or coconut milk generally served for large meals and makarara a festive fried cake that is prepared into rolls of dough made of flour and coconut milk.
Specialties by season
French cuisine varies according to the season. In summer, salads and fruit dishes are popular because they are refreshing and produce is inexpensive and abundant. Greengrocers prefer to sell their fruits and vegetables at lower prices if needed, rather than see them rot in the heat. At the end of summer, mushrooms become plentiful and appear in stews throughout France. The hunting season begins in September and runs through February. Game of all kinds is eaten, often in elaborate dishes that celebrate the success of the hunt. Shellfish are at their peak when winter turns to spring, and oysters appear in restaurants in large quantities.
With the advent of deep-freeze and the air-conditioned hypermarché, these seasonal variations are less marked than hitherto, but they are still observed, in some cases due to legal restrictions. Crayfish, for example, have a short season and it is illegal to catch them out of season. Moreover, they do not freeze well.
Foods and ingredients
French regional cuisines use locally grown vegetables, such as pomme de terre (potato), blé (wheat), haricots verts (a type of French green bean), carotte (carrot), poireau (leek), navet (turnip), aubergine (eggplant), courgette (zucchini), and échalotte (shallot).
French regional cuisines use locally grown fungi, such as truffe (truffle), champignon de Paris (button mushroom), chanterelle ou girolle (chanterelle), pleurote (en huître) (oyster mushrooms), and cèpes (porcini).
Common fruits include oranges, tomatoes, tangerines, peaches, apricots, apples, pears, plums, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, redcurrants, blackberries, grapes, grapefruit, and blackcurrants.
Varieties of meat consumed include poulet (chicken), pigeon (squab), canard (duck), oie (goose, the source of foie gras), bœuf (beef), veau (veal), porc (pork), agneau (lamb), mouton (mutton), caille (quail), cheval (horse), grenouille (frog), and escargot (snails). Commonly consumed fish and seafood include cod, canned sardines, fresh sardines, canned tuna, fresh tuna, salmon, trout, mussels, herring, oysters, shrimp and calamari.
Eggs often eaten as: omelettes, hard-boiled with mayonnaise, scrambled plain, scrambled haute cuisine preparation, œuf à la coque.
Herbs and seasonings vary by region, and include fleur de sel, herbes de Provence, tarragon, rosemary, marjoram, lavender, thyme, fennel, and sage.
Fresh fruit and vegetables, as well as fish and meat, can be purchased either from supermarkets or specialty shops. Street markets are held on certain days in most localities; some towns have a more permanent covered market enclosing food shops, especially meat and fish retailers. These have better shelter than the periodic street markets.
Structure of meals
Breakfast
Le petit déjeuner (breakfast) is traditionally a quick meal consisting of tartines (slices) of French bread with butter and honey or jam (sometimes brioche), along with café au lait (also called café crème), or black coffee, or tea and rarely hot chicory. Children often drink hot chocolate in bowls or cups along with their breakfasts. Croissants, pain aux raisins or pain au chocolat (also named chocolatine in the south-west of France) are mostly included as a weekend treat. Breakfast of some kind is always served in cafés opening early in the day.
There are also savoury dishes for breakfast. An example is le petit déjeuner gaulois or petit déjeuner fermier with the famous long narrow bread slices topped with soft white cheese or boiled ham, called mouillettes, which is dipped in a soft-boiled egg and some fruit juice and hot drink.
Another variation called le petit déjeuner chasseur, meant to be very hearty, is served with pâté and other charcuterie products. A more classy version is called le petit déjeuner du voyageur, where delicatessens serve gizzard, bacon, salmon, omelet, or croque monsieur, with or without soft-boiled egg and always with the traditional coffee/tea/chocolate along fruits or fruit juice. When the egg is cooked sunny-side over the croque-monsieur, it is called a croque-madame.
In Germinal and other novels, Émile Zola also reported the briquet: two long bread slices stuffed with butter, cheese and or ham. It can be eaten as a standing/walking breakfast, or meant as a "second" one before lunch.
In the movie Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis, Philippe Abrams (Kad Merad) and Antoine Bailleul (Dany Boon) share together countless breakfasts consisting of tartines de Maroilles (a rather strong cheese) along with their hot chicory.
Lunch
Le déjeuner (lunch) is a two-hour mid-day meal or a one-hour lunch break . In some smaller towns and in the south of France, the two-hour lunch may still be customary . Sunday lunches are often longer and are taken with the family. Restaurants normally open for lunch at noon and close at 2:30 pm. Some restaurants are closed on Monday during lunch hours.
In large cities, a majority of working people and students eat their lunch at a corporate or school cafeteria, which normally serves complete meals as described above; it is not usual for students to bring their own lunch to eat. For companies that do not operate a cafeteria, it is mandatory for employees to be given lunch vouchers as part of their employee benefits. These can be used in most restaurants, supermarkets and traiteurs; however, workers having lunch in this way typically do not eat all three courses of a traditional lunch due to price and time constraints. In smaller cities and towns, some working people leave their workplaces to return home for lunch. Also, an alternative, especially among blue-collar workers, is eating sandwiches followed by a dessert; both dishes can be found ready-made at bakeries and supermarkets at budget prices.
Dinner
Le dîner (dinner) often consists of three courses, hors d'œuvre or entrée (appetizers or introductory course, sometimes soup), plat principal (main course), and a cheese course or dessert, sometimes with a salad offered before the cheese or dessert. Yogurt may replace the cheese course, while a simple dessert would be fresh fruit. The meal is often accompanied by bread, wine and mineral water. Most of the time the bread would be a baguette which is very common in France and is made almost every day. Main meat courses are often served with vegetables, along with potatoes, rice or pasta. Restaurants often open at 7:30 pm for dinner, and stop taking orders between the hours of 10:00 pm and 11:00 pm. Some restaurants close for dinner on Sundays.
Beverages and drinks
In French cuisine, beverages that precede a meal are called apéritifs (literally: "that opens the appetite"), and can be served with amuse-bouches (literally: "mouth amuser"). Those that end it are called digestifs. During the meal, plates are served with water, wine or sometimes beer (choucroute and beer, for example).
Apéritifs
The apéritif varies from region to region: Pastis is popular in the south of France, Crémant d'Alsace in the eastern region. Champagne can also be served. Kir, also called Blanc-cassis, is a common and popular apéritif-cocktail made with a measure of crème de cassis (blackcurrant liqueur) topped up with white wine. The phrase Kir Royal is used when white wine is replaced with a Champagne wine. A simple glass of red wine, such as Beaujolais nouveau, can also be presented as an apéritif, accompanied by amuse-bouches. Some apéritifs can be fortified wines with added herbs, such as cinchona, gentian and vermouth. Trade names that sell well include Suze (the classic gentiane), Byrrh, Dubonnet, and Noilly Prat. Beer can also be an apéritif. Other drinks are fruit juices or syrups for children.
Digestifs
Digestifs are traditionally stronger, and include Cognac, Armagnac, Calvados, Eau de vie and fruit alcohols.
Christmas
A typical French Christmas dish is turkey with chestnuts. Other common dishes are smoked salmon, oysters, caviar and foie gras. The Yule log (bûche de Noël) is a very French tradition during Christmas. Chocolate and cakes also occupy a prominent place for Christmas in France. This cuisine is normally accompanied by Champagne. Tradition says that thirteen desserts complete the Christmas meal in reference to the twelve apostles and Christ.
Food establishments
History
The modern restaurant has its origins in French culture. Prior to the late 18th century, diners who wished to "dine out" would visit their local guild member's kitchen and have their meal prepared for them. However, guild members were limited to producing whatever their guild registry delegated to them. These guild members offered food in their own homes to steady clientele that appeared day-to-day but at set times. The guest would be offered the meal table d'hôte, which is a meal offered at a set price with very little choice of dishes, sometimes none at all.
The first steps toward the modern restaurant were locations that offered restorative bouillons, or restaurants—these words being the origin of the name "restaurant". This step took place during the 1760s–1770s. These locations were open at all times of the day, featuring ornate tableware and reasonable prices. These locations were meant more as meal replacements for those who had "lost their appetites and suffered from jaded palates and weak chests."
In 1782 Antoine Beauvilliers, pastry chef to the future Louis XVIII, opened one of the most popular restaurants of the time—the Grande Taverne de Londres—in the arcades of the Palais-Royal. Other restaurants were opened by chefs of the time who were leaving the failing monarchy of France, in the period leading up to the French Revolution. It was these restaurants that expanded upon the limited menus of decades prior, and led to the full restaurants that were completely legalized with the advent of the French Revolution and abolition of the guilds. This and the substantial discretionary income of the French Directory's nouveau riche helped keep these new restaurants in business.
Restaurant staff
Larger restaurants and hotels in France employ extensive staff and are commonly referred to as either the kitchen brigade for the kitchen staff or dining room brigade system for the dining room staff. This system was created by Georges Auguste Escoffier. This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks. The following is a list of positions held both in the kitchen and dining rooms brigades in France:
See also
References
Further reading
Patrick Rambourg, Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie françaises, Paris, Ed. Perrin (coll. tempus n° 359), 2010, 381 pages.
Bryan Newman, "Behind the French Menu",
External links
France stages first-ever Gastronomy Day Radio France Internationale in English
French chefs
Mediterranean cuisine
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Following the busy racing schedule of both Ranger and Velsheda during the last few seasons, there has been an explosion of interest in the J Class. With two new replicas under construction, the J Class Association (JCA) has issued a definitive list of J yachts from history which can be built as replica new builds under their rules. This provides a listing of interesting historical data and details of yachts currently sailing, under construction and reserved for build (see list below).
The Class has also commissioned a new handicap system, developed by the Wolfson Unit at Southampton University. This new JCA system is based on VPP calculations and will be validated from towing tank results from the 1930s prepared initially in a report for Harold S Vanderbilt, who went on to commission the build of the 1937 Ranger. This comprehensive document has been made available by the Sparkman and Stephens USA office to the JCA.
This information, from the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey, has provided the vital cross check for the Wolfson Unit to complete the figures for accurate handicapping of the Js, in the interests of fair racing and good sportsmanship on the race course. It is intended that races will be won on the water with this new system, minimising discrepancies in handicap ratings.
Endeavour II was one of the largest J yacht hulls ever built and the replica is now well on its way towards completion at Royal Huisman Shipyard in Holland. The yacht is due to launch in late 2008. Gerard Dijkstra & Partners are design consultants for this project. It will feature a one-piece carbon mast, advanced deck layout and interior design by Pieter Beeldsnijder Design.
Lionheart is based on accurate lines plans from the Ranger 77F model which was never built. Andre Hoek is the design consultant for this project, based from their offices in Edam, Holland. Designed for cruising as well as racing, she is being built to MCA classification. Her deck layout shows two small deck houses with sleek and low profiles, as well as two small cockpit areas.
Lionheart is well ahead of schedule and her aluminium hull was turned just recently in preparation for the fitting out process. She is being built at Claasen Shipyard in Holland.
With these two new yachts likely to launch in the coming year, the JCA fleet is set to double in size. With the sheer size, sail area, crew, complexity, cost and commitment, this is certainly the most exciting class of thoroughbred yachts in the world. Further build projects are under discussion for design and build.
Both Velsheda and Ranger will be competing in Antigua Classic Regatta, April 18th to 22nd 2008. They are closely matched in performance, both in speed and on handicap, so it is likely to provide exciting racing for both yachts and spectators. Nelson's old lookout position at Shirley Heights, above the windward mark, will be the place to watch the yachts.
Both yachts are also expected to compete at the Maxi Yacht Rolex Cup, Porto Cervo, Sardinia, 1st to 6th September where the racing through the many islands will again prove a test of nerves for these yachts which draw 4.7 metres (16 feet).
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Contact Zac
Monthly Forecast for January 2022
" You always have something to learn from people who have been through more than you. Be open and receptive to what they know."
Zac Efron is an American actor, singer, and producer, best known for his leading role in the High School Musical franchise (2006–08), starring as Link Larkin in the musical film Hairspray (2007) and as the teen Mike O'Donnell in the comedy film 17 Again (2009).
He was born on Sunday October 18th 1987, in San Luis Obispo, California, United States.
Being an 8 Personal Month in a 7 Personal Year, January 2022 brings Zac Efron success and reward from past effort. Often, this is a very good month for all matters related to career, business, and finances. Zac reaps the rewards of what he sowed in the past seven years. (Next year offers even greater rewards than January.) However, while his career is stable, with few ups and downs, his finances are less secure, and a conservative attitude to money matters is favorable.
January 2022 gives Zac the opportunity to peak into the near future because it represents a small scale sample of what next year will bring. The eight cycle is a rewarding time, but there are two important sides to the way it is delivered: on one hand, it is directly proportionate to the effort Efron has put out in the past. On the other, Zac Efron receives exactly what he needs to continue on his path. For that reason, Zac would do well keeping a close eye on his finances, especially to protect himself from any shortfalls next year. Financial gain is much more common this month (and in the following 8 Personal Year). In any case, this is a time to be aggressive in all matters relating to career and finances.
Self-reliance and confidence are the keys to success this month, so Zac should stand up for himself and show stubborn persistence.
Efron's attention is focused on long-term planning. Actually, this month's emphasis is on long-term goals, so if Zac has good ideas - they may well turn into an additional source of income several months down the road. Zac Efron also becomes interested in new avenues of thought or spiritual paths, which will inspire him to study or read.
Friends and relatives feel that Zac is a little distant, and may get on his case in the hope that he will spend more time with them.
Romance is not particularly important during the month of January, but if Efron is involved with someone, feelings deepen and the bond becomes stronger.
Let's see now what Saturday, January 22nd 2022 has in-stored for Zac.
You and Zac
About Zac's Personal Month Cycle
Just as Zac Efron evolves through a nine-year cycle, he also experiences nine-month cycles, even though their impact is subtle compared to the Personal Year cycle. The Personal Month cycles proceed according to the same pattern - 1 through 9 - that the Personal Year cycle does. The numbers within the monthly cycles have a similar, though less pronounced, impact on Zac than the yearly cycle has.
Read more about our numerological monthly forecast for Zac Efron . . .
Other celebrities monthly cycle number 8 as Zac Efron
An American singer, songwriter and rapper from New Orleans, Louisiana who wrote music for John Legend, Justin Bieber and Brandy, and his successful singles and albums were characterized by music writers as idiosyncratic in style
Ashley Graham (1987)
An American model who became the first plus-size model to appear on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue (2016), has appeared on the cover of Elle Quebec, and is known as a lingerie model for the plus-size clothing store Lane Bryant
Andy Dalton (1987)
An American football quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL), who is the all-time leader in wins at Texas Christian University after leading them to a win in the 2011 Rose Bowl in his final college game, and is one of ten quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons
Andrew Bynum (1987)
An American professional basketball player
Dillon Francis (1987)
An American DJ as well as moombahton and electro house producer who rose to fame after gaining the attention of American producer Diplo and eventually collaborating on the song "Que Que", with featured Latin-pop artist Maluca
Matthew Daddario (1987)
An American actor of Italian, Irish, Hungarian and English descent, who graduated Indiana University Bloomington with a degree in economics, and is best known for his role as Alec Lightwood on the Freeform television series Shadowhunters (2016–2019)
Cleopatra Coleman (1987)
Zuleyka Rivera (1987)
A Puerto Rican actress, TV host, dancer, model and beauty queen, who won the titles of Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2006 and Miss Universe 2006, and is also the second woman with noticeably mixed features to win Miss Puerto Rico Universe after Alba Reyes
Zac Efron Numerology -- Monthly Forecast for January 2022 | © Copyright 2009-2022 Celebrities Galore and Master Numerologist Hans Decoz
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Home > Recent Posts > The History of the Brigadeiro
The History of the Brigadeiro
Brigadeiros. These little chocolate fudge truffles are quite possibly Brazil's most well-known party treats. It's part of Brazilian DNA.
However, it wasn't always so!
The origins of Brazil's famous brigadeiro
In 1946, Brazil was holding its presidential elections, and the first national election where women could vote. One of the presidential candidates was Air Force Brigadier Eduardo Gomes, who was single and easy on the eyes. He quickly built up a devout following of women voters who decided to try and promote his campaign by organizing parties to raise campaign funds.
Unlike the other campaigns which sold traditional candidate merchandise, these women decided to make a sweet that could be sold at these meetings or handed out at rallies. However, because it was the year after World War II ended, Brazil was still subject to a number of rations, including for fresh milk and sugar. Gomes' supporters instead crafted a sweet from condensed milk, butter, and chocolate powder, which were all in plentiful supply.
Their initiative was so important to his campaign that he changed his campaign slogan to be "vote no brigadeiro, que é bonito e solteiro" (vote for the brigadier, who's single and handsome). Unfortunately he didn't win the Presidency, but the famous chocolates that bore his name soon became an integral part of Brazil's sweet history!
The brigadeiro now makes up a big part of Brazilian culture and is considered a national icon. They're found throughout Brazil, especially at festive events like birthdays and weddings. They're synonymous with being happy and having fun!
The basic ingredients for brigadeiro
These days the basic brigadeiro is made up of 3 simple ingredients: condensed milk, butter, and cocoa powder. The mixture is then rolled into a small ball, covered in sprinkles or another topping, and placed in a small cupcake liner. The brigadeiro mixture can also be poured into a container and eaten with a spoon (known as brigadeiro de colher - or spoon brigadeiro)!
And while chocolate and coconut remain the staple flavors, these days you can find a wide range of gourmet artisan brigadeiros with ingredients like peanuts, guava, mint, coffee, strawberries, cheese, and pistachios (just to name a few!).
How to pronounce brigadeiros? Brigadeiros = bri-ga-DAY-ros
Want to make your own brigadeiros? Why not try our tried and tested recipe for perfect brigadeiros
Want to store your brigadeiros?
Keep your brigadeiro at room temperature for up to one week or in the fridge for up to one month
For long-term storage, place your brigadeiros in a sealed container so they don't absorb moisture or smells
You can freeze your brigadeiro for up to six months. Eat them frozen or let them thaw for 30 minutes before consumption
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Why not hold the occasional micro-granting event to help highlight and fund local projects in your community? A collaboration, a meal together, a platform for connection, a safe space, community helping fund its own people and a forum.
There is something very persistent and consistent about the activity of a Christian community, committed to serve and committed to remain.
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Maddox Street originates from London, England and is a brand that draws its inspirations from a great British heritage, combining a sharp, elegant Italian influence and the quirky style of the English gentleman. Focusing on quality fabrics and design, the brand makes use of unique Liberty print fabrics throughout their collection.
Maddox Street London is the latest brand from the Gabicci label, taking its name from the brands birthplace in London, England. Producing a vibrant collection season after season their floral Liberty Print shirts and complimenting colourful knitted waistcoats look great under one of their tailored jackets.
The brand draws its inspirations from a great British heritage and decades of experience which shows in the clothing design which makes constant references to historical influences and transforms them into stylish pieces for the modern day man. Combining a sharp, elegant Italian influence and the quirky style of the English gentleman, the emphasis of the brand is on the quality of the fabrics and the design.
Maddox Street London makes use of genuine Liberty Art Fabrics throughout their collection, in the subtle trims and details as well as with their renowned Liberty Print shirts.
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Morning Brew: Building a referral program that brings 1.5M subscribers
byApostle Mengoulis
Newsletter Referral Programs is our new thing.
We're always on the look for amazing campaigns that we feel like they change the game for business.
Recently, a colleague sent me a case study about how Morning Brew's referral program built an audience of 1.5 million subscribers.
We got even more fascinated when we realized that Morning Brew used the Milestone Referral approach to build their program.
We decided that we had to contact Tyler Denk- the mastermind behind Morning Brew's referral program and interview him to get a deeper insight into what made this campaign a success.
This is the 7th addition to our interview series, following the likes of Fetch & Funnel, Arri Bagah, Alexandr Fedotov, Hunter McKinley, Natasha Takahashi, and Rodrigo Noll.
I'm thinking to live stream the next interview on Facebook. If you like the idea, let us know in the comments.
Let's do it!
Who's Tyler and how he got involved with Morning Brew.
In college, I started my own company with a few buddies called Venture Storm. Basically, that's what allowed me to teach myself computer programming.
After graduating college, I was doing some freelance opportunities so we kind of shut down that company. And I actually know the co-founder of Morning Brew from my hometown in Baltimore and he was like, "Before you start your other full-time job in the fall, do you just want to work and do some freelancing opportunities for Morning Brew?"
At the time, they didn't have a developer, anyone tech-wise in house.
So I started off by building these different social sharing links in the newsletter so you could share a story on Facebook, Facebook group, or Twitter and then I built out the website, started to look at the referral program a little bit, and after working for three to four months, he was like, "Do you just want to join Morning Brew?"
And I was just going to work at Deloitte, like a big consulting firm, and I was like, "Yeah. I obviously don't want to work at a big consulting firm."
So I joined Morning Brew in 2017 as the only engineer on the team with the focus in growth.
The way I'd few most of my product development is growth-based product development. So anything … B-being the only engineer, we get … we weren't just building cool features for the heck of it, it was more of if we saw an opportunity to grow, whether it's the referral program, or sharing content, or building out the website or partnerships with these like third party platforms, I would only build things on the tech side that would help us grow. And a big portion of that became the referral marketing program.
We didn't do any paid advertising until early 2018, so the first I'd say seven to eight months was solely just … we had a daily newsletter at six AM every morning about 100,000 people, how can we get as many of those people to share the newsletter with other people for free?
So that was really like the big problem that we've started with. And obviously, as we've started to grow and make more money, we ended up putting a lot of our revenue and profits into paid acquisition, which now we have like a pretty large paid acquisition budget.
But it … I think what helped us a lot was the fact that we didn't have that paid acquisition budget at the beginning, so it forced us to be able to have this organic growth driver in the referral marketing program and really optimize that before we really focused on, you know, Facebook, Instagram, Google and everything else.
That's kind of like my background. I guess a little bit more specifically, I was the only person on engineering and growth for the first I'd say 18 months when I joined.
We since joined … have now two people in growth and another developer on the team. So I'm kind of … I'm still involved in all of the growth meetings and initiatives, but I'm most … more of my focus is on the product side now, so the tech, the roadmap of where we're going from here, we're gonna launch a podcast soon we have a bunch of internal to-tools for our team, so our content team has a custom-built CMS that we created.
We have custom tools as part of the sales team and everything else. So a lot of the product that I'm building is both internally and externally for the consumer. And still a lot of growth dependencies, but that's kind of like where I started and kinda where I am now.
Morning Brew uses an in-house solution for referrals. Does it work?
I've always been a fan of using in-house solutions just because we can tweak whatever we want.
We obviously outsource and use third-party tools, so at least for the referral marketing program– which isn't that heavy in tech, we wanted something that we could tweak.
Even last night, or this week, if you see in the newsletter we have a back to school promotion where we're donating a dollar for every unique referral that comes in this week for this nonprofit charity.
Last night at like 11 o'clock, I change all the referral links to now have back to school in them rather than our normal referring page.
So if you click on the share page at any time this week, you're actually landing on a different page, the things that you see are different, the landing page that people are taken to is different for the referrals.
And that's like a very quick tweak that took me 20, 30 minutes last night where if we had to go through a third party, I don't know if it'd be possible, it might have to be a feature request, you might have to go through support.
In general, if I can build something or have a team in house build something, I'd prefer to own the entire tech stack and make the tweaks as necessary versus relying on some sort of third party tool.
Sharing Morning Brew's stories for referrals.
There are usually five or six stories in the current newsletter. Each one of those you can share on Twitter, LinkedIn, email, or Facebook, and that's just like as simple as sharing a story, a piece of content with your audience.
Then we have the share section towards the bottom of the daily newsletter, which is not a specific piece of content but it's sharing the newsletter as a whole.
We have like prefixed messages in there like "I read Morning Brew every day. It's a quick, email newsletter with the top business stories. You can sign up here for free."
We've tested a bunch of different messaging–we continue to tweak that.
We've actually been having discussions about if it should also count as a referral credit when someone shares a story and someone else signs up on that page.
I'm in the camp of like I think it should be a referral cause you shared a story and that person signed up. Other people in the team don't think it should be the case, so we're kind of hashing that out right now.
Why referral marketing?
I think the biggest incentive was that we saw that people were sharing it anyway before we had an official referral program.
When we did surveys or market research, people just hit 'reply' all the time and just dropped their thoughts.
It's usually a lot of crazy people and what they think about the stories, but it's also a lot of people saying like, "Hey, my friend told me about this newsletter. I'm so glad I signed up.
Once we saw a lot of people responding in that, "Hey, my friend," or, "My teacher," or, "My colleague, sent me this newsletter".
It became pretty apparent that the way that we were growing was people enjoying it and just sharing it with other people organically.
So that kinda built the philosophy of if people, out of the goodness of their heart, they enjoy the content and they're sharing it, what would happen if we also incentivize them with referral rewards that kind of super-charge this referral marketing process?
That's where that started, and we've tested a bunch of different types of swag, we're constantly kind of working through that. But like as I mentioned in the case study, the biggest thing is just getting from zero to one (referrals).
It's really just like a behavioral thing in terms of some people love certain products but they're never gonna share a link with someone else.
How can we get as many people as possible to see how easy it is to share and it not be like a spammy type thing. If we can just build that behavior into the product and into our audience, it becomes a lot easier to incentivize everything else downstream.
Rule #1: Make your product valuable. But how do you know it's valuable.
I don't know if it's super quantifiable–it might be more qualitative in terms of, like for the worth example I just gave, people would email in all the time, like, "I can't start my day without reading your newsletter."
If you get a certain threshold of those comments, you kind of pick up on this is actually a valuable product through the audience that we're targeting.
I wouldn't replicate the exact referral marketing program on top of a shitty product to make up for the lack of the product being quality.
That's a pretty good indicator that there's some value there before trying to like game-ify and you know make your product the most viral referral product loop possible.
I'm sure I could create the referral program and make it just as good in terms of mechanics, but that doesn't mean I could just put this on top of me writing a newsletter once a week that's really not quality and expect it gives the growth to take off.
Why Morning Brew chooses the Milestone referral approach.
We saw a very wide range of people sharing. A lot of people just have one referral because it's super easy and they tell their spouse or their best friend. We've also seen people have over 1,000 total referrals.
We have people who are all over the spectrum and pushing them along to the next milestone has worked extremely well for us.
That's kind of the thought process behind some of the referral rewards of the milestones.
e.g. Light Roast– our premium newsletter needs three referrals.
Basically, the whole thing is how can you get people from zero to one. Three is low enough that it seems very achievable for you to turn around in your office and find three coworkers, it's very easy to do.
If you're our core-demographic and you enjoyed reading our newsletter six days a week, giving you the option to read exclusive content in exchange for three referrals is a very good incentive for you.
And then to take it one step further, from an ROI perspective on our end, it doesn't cost any more money to ship that product cause it's an email.
Right now we have about 75,000 people at three referrals, they get additional content and it doesn't cost us anything.
75,000 times three, I mean, it's not an insignificant amount of referrals that we've gotten from just that.
At five referrals we have stickers, which are like one of the cheapest referral rewards that you can possibly give out. I've never been a fan of stickers but apparently a lot of people are.
I always thought that it was kind of a dumb reward, but people really like it, and they're so cheap.
I did the breakdown on the cost, I think they're like between five and 20 cents per sticker. It's very cheap to ship them.
After the first reward, comes the next reward and then the next reward.
If you're already entrenched in this community, you obviously like the content, you've got stickers, you're very involved with the Brew, we give you access on this Morning Brew insider group at ten referrals- which is like an exclusive community.
And so at ten referrals, the only thing we've shipped and paid for is stickers, yet we've kind of hit three different pillars of content, which as a media company it's really important to us.
Beyond that, we're constantly tweaking the other referral rewards from the Referral Program.
The most sought after is probably the coffee mug, because our name, Morning Brew, and coffee, goes hand in hand. And a lot of people get to that 50 referrals tier.
But our focus is to get people first from zero to one and then from one to ten.
Once you get to ten, once you're surrounded by this community, getting notifications from other people in the community, which is honestly more of a constant reminder, like, "Oh, yeah. Morning Brew's great.
That's kind of our big goal, from zero to one and then from one to ten.
Deciding how people are going to share the referral campaign.
There wasn't too much thought put into it. It was really just every social media channel that makes sense like some people are very active on LinkedIn, where other people have a big audience on Twitter. Some people love Facebook.
Providing all of those it made sense. Sending email invites was also directly in line, and those are one of our highest quality subscribers because if you send an invite via email, the person who accepts it obviously checks their email, they're in their inbox frequently.
It's more of a double opt-in,–there are more steps for the email. So it actually makes a lot more sense than they're higher quality.
We've moved email above social share. Email rules are a little bit more of like you have to know people's email, you have to import your contact list. For this option we use CloudSponge.
I don't think people are super actionable on Twitter. How many people actually have that large of an audience?
I think when you're on Twitter as a user, you're just scrolling kind of aimlessly. For you to see something, click on it, sign up, is a lot.
I think a majority of people probably have under 500 followers, so these people who might have 27 followers think that they're gonna like to grow their unique referral network by hitting 'share on Twitter' where actually they're not really sharing with anyone.
So that's why we've kind of moved social sharing down. I think a lot of the social networks are being a little bit more saturated where like the one–to–one connection with email works a lot better.
But then the other thing is like we've seen SMS and WhatsApp work really well.
I just think the one–to–one relationship makes a lot more sense where if you receive a text message from a friend recommending something, you don't know that they also sent it to ten other people.
I think like the social stigma of like wanting to respond to that and at least acknowledge it, is pretty high. The data just shows that those convert a lot better than Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn.
Making the referral visible.
Because with our referral marketing program, the share section is kind of towards the bottom of the newsletter, so some people just don't read the entire newsletter on a day to day basis. Others may just get once they get the last story they may consider at the end of the newsletter so they don't read all the extra stuff at the bottom.
So educating subscribers (or even new subscribers) for the referral is a big thing. We try to add it at the very top of the newsletter every few weeks just to draw attention to it. I wouldn't be surprised after a week or two of being a new subscriber if you didn't know that there was a referral program.
That's obviously our fault, we need to do a better job of doing that, of relaying that information.
But at least when subscribers or new subscribers go from zero to one, they are fully aware that there is a unique referral link and some sort of referral and rewards program (even a simple referral program) where if they share, it will add credit.
They've gotten some gratification from the email alerts. That's why the zero to one is-is by far the biggest thing.
Morning Brew's referral funnel.
Our main point of contact with all of our readers is the daily newsletter.
So that's kind of where it starts and ends for some people, but we provide through our share section the ability to escalate to a page dedicated to sharing the newsletter with other people.
If we can get people to the referral page, or what we call the referral hub, it provides all the information of every single reward that you can get. It shows all the different mechanisms in which you can share, so social share, email, copy and paste, it shows your network of who you've already invited and who's still pending confirmation and it shows your updated referral count and how many referrals away you are from your next reward.
Check a referral hub below:
Within an email, you're restricted by space and functionality.
That's how I view the first two stages of the funnel.
It's newsletter first– we try to educate you there, and then we try to get you to our referral page.
Once you get to the referral page, you can choose how you want to share the newsletter. The final step of the funnel is the landing page that the person you referred gets to. So it's kind of like a multi-user funnel.
We've just done a lot of testing on our landing pages of different languages, different colors, different images different calls to action. Just anything we can do to optimize the conversion rate knowing that the referral program's a massive driver of growth for us.
So if we can increase one to two percent on any of our pages, it just increases everything downstream.
Referral boosters & reminders.
In the emails, we're constantly rotating what is being shown.
For example, one day in the newsletter it might say, "You have seven referrals. You're three away from the Insider." But knowing that not everyone's the next day it'll say, "You're at seven referrals. Only eight away from a phone wallet."
We're cycling through our different referral rewards that you haven't yet got, to incentivize you.
After a week of you signing up, we send a transactional email saying, "I hope you've been enjoying Morning Brew. It looks like you've been reading a lot. Would you be interested in our referral? "
If we send a transactional email just about it, you can't miss it essentially.
We also run occasional giveaways.
We have a massive amount of new referrals that come in, because who doesn't want a Macbook or T-shirts or whatever we're giving away?
But what it also does is to get a lot of people from zero to one referral. Maybe a lot of people don't care about any of our referral rewards at all but they would love a Macbook.
And so if we incentivize them with like a new Macbook Pro, they'll use the referral link, they'll send it to all of their friends (they will refer their friends), they'll get like seven referrals.
Even if they don't win, they now know how easy it is to share the Brew with other people, and we've created that behavior and knowledge around how to do it.
So then the next time they're like, "Oh, I'm only two away from becoming an Insider," it's a no-brainer for them. They know how easy it is.
So it's really just like an additional incentive, and every referral coming from the giveaway adds up to the normal milestones.
How to keep a 40% open rate in a daily newsletter.
We have like a pretty strict successful email regiment in terms of getting rid of subscribers who aren't engaged.
If you don't open in two months, we send a re-engagement email saying, "You haven't opened in a while. Do you still want our emails?" And if you don't respond to that, we get rid of you.
So that's a real two-month window in terms of like if you're not engaging for two months, you're gone.
Also, if you've signed up today and you haven't opened in three weeks, we'll say, "Hey, you just signed up. You haven't opened at all. Do you still want this email?"
And the same thing, if you don't opt-in, we get rid of you. So those are two different areas where we're constantly getting rid of users who aren't engaged. So we only keep the most engaged users on our list, on a day to day basis.
For those that want to launch their own referral program.
Make sure the product or the service is good and people are actually getting value out of it.
As you transition into building a referral program, do the customer discovery, and understand what your customer actually wants.
Don't just choose pens and T-shirts cause they're cheap and easy, but like for Dropbox for example, if your customers are coming for storage, maybe you should offer them storage.
I think that's probably a pretty good place to start with referral programs.
Do you have any questions? Please, leave a comment 🙂
Apostle Mengoulis
What do you use to create the referral campaign, like the ability to calculate how many referrals each person has? Is there a particular program/software?
Apostle Mengoulis says:
Hey Stella! Thanks for taking the time to respond 🙂
Viral Loops is a software that does exactly that. You can build any kind of referral marketing campaign (even for your newsletters).
You can try it for free 😀
RReferral Marketing
5 Must watch metrics for your Referral Campaign
I'm not going to boast about how much you need to run a referral campaign for your business.…
NNews & Updates
We Celebrate Our Birthday With A Free Tool, An Exclusive Webinar And A Special Offer
Hey Viral Loops friends, This is a very special moment for our team. Last September, we publicly launched…
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Leaders, instructors, specialists – senior NCOs need to have expertise and experience, and they must be on good terms with their subordinate servicemen and women.
Bundeswehr/Jana Neumann
Senior noncommissioned officers – military leaders, specialists and instructors
The senior noncommissioned officer rank category comprises sergeant and equivalent ranks from OR-6 to OR-9. In the Navy, these ranks are petty officers from OR-6 to OR-9.
In German, the names of the NCO ranks refer to the "Portepee", the sword knot traditionally looped around the hilt of a sword. Senior NCOs and officers had such a loop, whereas lower ranks did not.
In the Army and Air Force, the senior NCO ranks are "Feldwebel" (sergeant; OR-6), "Oberfeldwebel" (staff or technical sergeant, senior grade; OR-6), "Hauptfeldwebel" (master sergeant or sergeant first class; OR-7), "Stabsfeldwebel" (master sergeant or senior master sergeant; OR-8) and "Oberstabsfeldwebel" (chief master sergeant or sergeant major; OR-9). In the Navy, these ranks are called "Bootsmann" (petty officer first class; OR-6), "Oberbootsmann" (petty officer first class, senior grade; OR-6), "Hauptbootsmann" (chief petty officer; OR-7), "Stabsbootsmann" (senior chief petty officer; OR-8) and "Oberstabsbootsmann" (master chief petty officer; OR-9).
Officer candidates – the braid makes the difference
Future officers also pass through the senior noncommissioned officer ranks. In the Army and the Air Force, these ranks are called junior officer cadet (OR-6) and senior officer cadet (OR-7/OR-8). In the Navy, they are petty officer first class (naval officer cadet; OR-6) and chief petty officer (naval officer cadet; OR-7/OR-8).
Their rank insignia only differ in detail from those of the senior NCOs who are not officer candidates. The junior officer cadet wears the same rank insignia as a staff sergeant or technical sergeant, whereas the rank insignia of the senior officer cadet resembles that of the master sergeant or sergeant first class. Only a piece of silver cord distinguishes the officer candidates. In the Bundeswehr, it is known as the "silver braid". In the Navy, the rank insignia is complemented by a golden star instead of a silver braid for future officers.
In some cases, however, there are exceptions to this rule. A staff sergeant or technical sergeant changing from a senior NCO career to a line officer or specialist officer career, for example, has the added abbreviation "OAOffiziersanwärter"
Experience and competence
Senior noncommissioned officers can choose different specialisations – whether in line service, the general specialist service, the geoinformation service, the military music service or the medical service.
In line service, senior NCOs stand before their subordinate servicemen and women every day as, for example, team leaders, squad leaders or platoon leaders to train, educate and lead them.
Military personnel who have successfully completed vocational training or master craftsman's training in an area relevant to the Bundeswehr can be employed in the general specialist service, for example, as senior aircraft NCOs, expediters or senior fire protection NCOs. Depending on their professional qualifications and experience, they can already start their employment with a higher rank.
In the geoinformation service, possible careers for senior NCOs include geoinformation meteorological technician and geoinformation surveyor. In the military music service, senior NCOs may be employed as orchestral musicians, for example.
And in the medical service, senior NCOs are specialists in their fields: as independent medics, paramedics, medical technologists or surgical assistants.
The regular tour of duty of a senior NCO is 15 years. Depending on the intended assignment or the relevance of previous qualifications, tours of duty may also be shorter or longer. Senior noncommissioned officers can also become career service members.
Minimum period of service
NATO rank
Staff sergeant/technical sergeant/petty officer first class
OR-6
Junior officer cadet/petty officer first class (naval officer cadet)
OF-D
Staff sergeant, senior grade/technical sergeant, senior grade/petty officer first class, senior grade 5 years
Sergeant first class/master sergeant/chief petty officer
Senior officer cadet/chief petty officer (naval officer cadet)
Master sergeant/senior master sergeant/senior chief petty officer
16 years as a senior NCO
Sergeant major/chief master sergeant/master chief petty officer
Rank insignia – an overview
Rank insignia of the German Army
Rank insignia of the German Air Force
Rank insignia of the German Navy
Rank insignia of the Bundeswehr Medical Service
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Home » Health News » Expert warns of the risks: Is Facebook as harmful as Smoking?
Expert warns of the risks: Is Facebook as harmful as Smoking?
Facebook carries with it certain dangers, as we know, after large-scale political manipulation. Also with our personal data Marc Zuckerberg's invention is not dealt with in the past, always in a responsible manner.
However, the Portal can also be harmful to our health? Facebook is about as dangerous as Smoking?
Sick through Social Media
At the beginning of the year, several celebrities made by a self-imposed Social-Media-abstinence, including singer Jessie J. accumulated at the same time, the reports on social media caused the depression.
The beats in the score of Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff, he is of the Belief that Facebook may in the long term, be just as harmful to health as Smoking.
The regulatory authority for social networks?
On the sidelines of the world economic forum in Davos, Switzerland, Benioffs Thesis has been discussed again hot. Because the Manager believes that the dangers can't let well-intentioned advice ban, it must be created a specific legal framework.
"I think you have to approach in the same way it regulates the tobacco industry," says the CEO of the channel 'CNBC'.
"Product designers are working continuously, these products are still addictive to make, and must be stopped."
Where do we draw the boundaries?
In the case of nicotine consumption, there are clear rules and age requirements. These are on social networks are often not available or difficult to control.
In addition, many parents do not seem to take the minimum age for Facebook (13 years old) really serious and also younger Kids allow access to the network.
However, this lax attitude has to change, believes Benioff: "We are just like all other industries, be it financial services, consumer products or food. The government needs to interfere in the technology. Although there are already rules, but not nearly enough."
Scientists are concerned
Marc Benioff, with his observations alone. Also, researchers have amplified the phenomenon of the harmfulness of Social Media in General and Facebook in Particular.
A study by Pennsylvania State University suggests that Facebook carries with it, in fact, the danger to make you sick. However, according to the scientists, a self-imposed restriction could create is often a remedy.
In fact, conscious users of prescribe occasionally a digital Detox. As long as the legislator's failure to act so, again, in demand for personal responsibility.
Cover Media
*The article "expert warns of risks: Is Facebook as harmful as Smoking?" comes from FitForFun. There is no editorial review by FOCUS Online. Contact with the executives here.
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The Rushden Echo, 30th December, 1904, transcribed by Gill Hollis.
With the new year a new industry will be introduced into Rushden in the firm of Messrs. E. Salmon and Co., Ltd., engineers, knife makers, iron and brass founders, etc., who have taken the spacious premises on the Rock Estate, formerly occupied by Messrs. John Cave and Sons, Ltd., as a temporary factory.
The new industry will be a distinct gain to the town and district, as in the future there will be no necessity for manufacturers to send to other towns for repairs to machinery. In this way a great deal of unnecessary expense and serious waste of time will be avoided. In the case of a break-down in the past a long stoppage has frequently been necessitated until the broken machinery could be sent away and recast, but this work can now be done in the town. We understand that a first-class knife-maker and mechanic have already been engaged and the staff and plant will be increased according to the requirements of the trade.
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Learn more with TrueCar' s review of the Toyota Yaris specs, photos more. View and Download Toyota HIGHLANDER quick reference manual online.
Toyota Camry ( Chilton' sRepair Manual) [ Chilton] on. All repair procedures are supported by detailed specifications.
By the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota since 1995. The Toyota Tacoma is a pickup truck manufactured in the U. * FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. VW T2 transporter repair workshop manual The Volkswagen means 2 Microbus, understood officially as Transporter, Kombi , Camper, as Bus , informally is a forward control board van launched in 1950 because of the German automaker Volkswagen as the second automobile model. As a result, we provide an extensive selection of high quality Toyota Tundra repair parts manufactured to restore your vehicle to like new condition at the most attractive prices. MSRP starts at $ 17, 550. Started over 12 years ago as one of the leading fabrication shops in the Metro Phoenix area RPMFAB has now grown into one of the leaders with innovative clean design bumpers Sliders for your 3rd, 4th, 5th Gen 4 tailed trim- level price information , Roof Racks inventory for the Toyota Yaris.
The Toyota Land Cruiser is often a a list of four- wheel drive vehicles that is generated by the Japanese car maker Toyota Motor Corporation. RPMFAB exists out of a passion to build and bring to market the best quality American made products for your Toyota 4Runner. Factory engine repair manual for the iconic 2F petrol/ gasoline engine as fitted to the Toyota 40, Series four wheel drive vehicles.
HIGHLANDER Automobile pdf manual download. The widest range of products outstanding quality affordable prices are the three pillars on which CARiD bases its work. Previously sold as the Scion iA, the Yaris iA migrated to Toyota following. Toyota Land Cruiser Prado is a, mid- size four- wheel drive car within the Toyota Land Cruiser number manufactured by the Japanese auto maker Toyota engine Company. The Toyota Yaris iA is the automaker' s new sedan and joins the Yaris hatchback in the lineup. Winch Books Toyota Land cruiser Repair manuals About Toyota Landcruiser. Toyota previous factory repair manual. The first generation Tacoma model years 1995½ through was classified as a compact pickup.
The second generation were classified as mid- size , model years through produced in the U. Toyota previous factory repair manual.
Total Car Care is the most complete, step- by- step automotive repair manual you' ll ever use. This repair manual has been prepared to provide information covering general repair for 2F Gasoline engine as fitted to the TOYOTA LAND CRUISER. Keywords: on line Toyota 1FZ- FE repair manual download on PDF can be viewed using PDF reader like adobe , foxit , 1FZ- F engine factory workshop nitro File size 15 Mb in 498 pages searchable INTRODUCTION PREPARATION SERVICE SPECIFICATION DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM ENGINE MECHANICAL INTAKE AIR/ SHUTTER SYSTEM TURBOCHARGING SYSTEM EMISSION.
The Toyota Certified Used Vehicle Warranty coverage is an extension of the vehicle' s original factory warranty and helps protect you against mechanical failures and tailed trim- level price information and inventory for the Toyota Yaris. MSRP starts at $ 17, 550.
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The Toyota Certified Used Vehicle Warranty coverage is an extension of the vehicle' s original factory warranty and helps protect you against mechanical failures and tailed trim- level price information and inventory for the Toyota Yaris.
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343 Industries has put out another community update for Halo fans that love to stay up to date with the latest goings on. While there's no official announcement of what the next content patch is going to be, there's a ton of things to keep you occupied if you want to give it a read – as well as a short teaser confirming that, yes, a new content update is inbound. Needless to say, you should give the community update a read – it's full of news, interviews, and more.
The update also talked about Halo's newest Twitter page, @HaloGear. The page does just about what you'd expect it to do with a game like that: promote and sometimes give away some of the awesome Halo merchandise that's currently filling Microsoft store shelves. Right now, the @HaloGear page is doing a giveaway of the MA5 BOOMco Blaster. If you want to enter to win this thing, just follow the Twitter page and retweet the giveaway below. Just remember, @k_wolfkill is not included in the giveaway. Nor is that awesome art in the background.
There was plenty of other stuff sprinkled throughout the update for you to peruse at your leisure, including some information on the next Open event in the Halo Championship Series, which should prove to be a pretty fun watch for those who are fans of Halo eSports. Also for those who watch Halo eSports, the play of the week for this update was an amazing no-scope from Ninja, which won Evil Geniuses an incredibly clutch match. Throw all of that in with some tweets from fans about their favorite Halo-related mementos, an interview with community forger ArturBloodshot, and the trailer for a new machinima "Black Mamba," and you've got yourself a pretty solid community update.
While it would be nice to have an announcement for the next content update, it's awesome to have all of this community love in one place to help tide us over. Halo fans should also probably be busy reading Fractures for a while, so it's fine that we've got to wait a little bit longer for 343 to work out existing bugs before they launch a new set of content for us to sink our teeth into. We'll be keeping an eye out for new content as soon as it's announced.
What was your favorite part of the community update?
|
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Q: SQL Server 2005 CHECKCATALOG fails CHECKCATALOG is failing on a database that originated in SQL Server 2000. I am getting errors of the type:
Msg 3853, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
Attribute (object_id=489156888) of row (object_id=489156888,column_id=1) in sys.columns does not have a matching row (object_id=489156888) in sys.objects.
There are 146 columns in sys.columns that do not exist in sys.objects. This represents 21 tables. If I could easily delete these rows from the sys.columns view I would (blasphemy I know). CHECKDB had not been ran before so these errors went undetected and all the backups will contain the same error.
My plan is to export the existing tables into a new database. But the db is 170GB so this is not trivial.
My question is this: can I just reuse my existing .mdf/.ldf files? Since the system tables are stored in the master database, I could create a [new_work] database and attach the .mdf/.ldf files from the [orig_work] database. Then when I drop the corrupt [orig_work] db the bad entries would be deleted from the system table.
Would this work to fix my error?
|
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18:2 He met a Jew there named Aquila, born in the Pontus district.2 Aquila and his wife Priscilla had recently moved to Corinth from Italy. They were forced into the move because Claudius had ordered all Jews banned from Rome.3 Paul went to visit the couple.
18:3 He found out they made their living the same way he did, by making tents.4 So he stayed with them and worked alongside them.
18:4 Every Sabbath he went to the synagogue. He tried to win over the Jews as well as the non-Jews who worshiped there.
18:5 By the time Silas and Timothy arrived from Macedonia, Paul was spending just about all of his time telling the story of Jesus. He was trying to convince Jews that Jesus was the Messiah.
18:7 Paul walked right out of that synagogue and moved into the house next door. It was the home of Titius Justus, a man who worshiped God.
18:8 The leader of the synagogue believed what Paul had to say about the Lord. His name was Crispus. His entire family believed, too. A lot of people in Corinth listened to Paul, believed what he said, and showed it by getting baptized.
18:9 The Lord spoke to Paul in a vision one night, "Don't be afraid to speak out. Don't keep the message to yourself by staying quiet.
18:11 Paul stayed there for a year and six months. He taught the people, passing along the message God wanted them to hear.
18:14 Paul was just about to defend himself when Gallio spoke. "Listen to me, you Jews. I would have to put up with you if you came here complaining about a serious crime.
18:16 Then he ordered them out of the courtroom.
18:17 The Jews, livid that they had instantly lost,7 mobbed and beat their synagogue ruler, Sosthenes. They did it right there in front of Gallio, who didn't seem bothered by it.
18:19 They made a stop in Ephesus,10 where Paul would leave Priscilla and Aquila. But before sailing off without them, he went to the synagogue to deliver God's message to the Jews and to reason with them.
18:20 They invited him to stay longer, but he decided against it.
18:21 As he told them goodbye, he said, "I'll come back, God willing." Then he sailed away, leaving Ephesus behind.
18:22 He arrived at the harbor in the city of Caesarea.11 From there, he went to greet the believers. Then he was on his way north to Antioch.
18:23 He spent some time there, but then moved on further north. He traveled from place to place in the regions of Galatia and Phrygia.12 He was on a mission to strengthen believers scattered throughout those areas he had visited before.
18:24 A Jew named Apollos showed up in Ephesus. He came from Alexandria, Egypt. He knew his stuff when it came to the Jewish Scripture. When he talked, people listened because he had a wonderful way with words.
18:26 He was no wimp when he taught in the synagogue; he was bold. Priscilla and Aquila heard him. They later pulled him aside and taught him more about God's ways.
18:27 Apollos later decided to move on. He wanted to go to the Achaia district in southern Greece. Ephesus believers encouraged him to go. They wrote to the disciples in Achaia, asking them to welcome him. When he arrived, he was a great help to those who had come to believe because of God's kindness.
18:28 Apollos skillfully beat back the Jews in public debates. He used their own Scriptures to show that Jesus was the Messiah.
Corinth is about a 50-mile (80 km) walk southwest of Athens—two long days of hard walking, or three days at a more comfortable pace. It was a day-trip by boat. Paul left the thinking man's town of Athens for the working man's town on a narrow strip of land with harbors in two seas. It was a bustling town. Ships sailing in either the Adriatic Sea or the Aegean Sea would unload their cargo in Corinth and have it hauled across the four-mile-wide (6 km) isthmus and reloaded into another ship. This shortcut saved merchants from having to sail their goods around the southern tip of Greece, where storms could suddenly whip up the waves and sink the boat.
Pontus was a territory in what is now northern Turkey, on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was roughly 350 miles (560 km) north of where Paul grew up in Tarsus, a city in southern Turkey.
Roman Emperor Claudius banned the Jews from Rome in A.D. 49. Roman writers said he did that because the Jews were causing trouble throughout the city over someone called "Chrestus." The most common guess is the writers were talking about Christ, either misspelling his name or using an alternate spelling based on their Latin pronunciation of the title Christians applied to Jesus. Christ is the Greek version of the Hebrew word Messiah. Both words, in English, mean "Anointed One," a leader that many Jews said would be coming on assignment from God, to save them from their enemies and to restore the nation of Israel to its former glory.
At least during his stretch in Corinth, Paul seemed to work as a bi-vocational pastor. It seems he paid his own way by making tents. He mentioned this in a letter he wrote to the church in Thessalonica (1 Thessalonians 2:9). Many rabbis in ancient times had a job aside from teaching their Bible (Old Testament) to Jews. Some Bible experts say Paul was probably making his tents out of leather. Others say he may have been working with goat hair.
"Shaking his clothes" sounds a bit like the instructions Jesus gave his followers when people refused to welcome them: "Wherever the people don't welcome you, don't stay. Shake the dust of that town off your feet. Use that to send your message of disapproval" (Luke 9:5).
Gallio held the Roman title of proconsul. He ruled Achaia, a Roman district that covered what is now the southern half of Greece, including the cities of Athens and Corinth.
This seems implied by the context.
Cenchreae was a port town about a seven-mile (11 km) walk east of Corinth. Ships leaving Corinth would sail from this port if they were headed for countries east of Greece, such as Turkey, Syria, Israel, and Egypt.
Bible experts can only guess what kind of vow Paul took. One popular guess is a Nazirite vow (Numbers 6:1-21). It involves shaving the head and staying away from any food product made from grapes. Another guess is that Paul simply made a promise to God about something private, and shaving his head was one way of expressing his commitment to the promise. One more guess comes from the idea that Paul had just spent a year and a half among sailors in a Greek culture. After a dangerous voyage, Greek sailors grateful to still be alive would sometimes "shave their heads and…tell the story of their perils" (Satires 12, by Juvenal).
Ephesus was one of the four largest cities in the Roman Empire, possibly the third-largest. It sat on the west coast of what is now Turkey. Its port served as Rome's main gateway into and out of what is now the Middle East. It was a melting pot of cultures and religions, and was already 1000 years old by the time Paul got there. It was also home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World: the Temple of Artemis, four times larger than the Parthenon of Athens.
See third note for Acts 10:1.
Galatia and Phyrgia were neighboring Roman districts in what is now western Turkey.
Apollos, it seems, had not heard about baptism in the Spirit, when God gave his Spirit to human beings. Yet the phrase describing him, "with energy and excitement," is more literally "fervent in Spirit." Some Bible experts say the writer of Acts was making the point that even though Apollos didn't know about the Spirit, his gift for speaking came from the Spirit.
The writer of Acts said Aquila and Priscilla were forced out of Italy "because Claudius had ordered all Jews banned from Rome" (18:2). That's not only in the Bible, that's part of Roman history. How does that make you feel about the story that the writer of Acts is telling? How much authenticity do you think it adds to the story?
When Paul got to Corinth he did his usual thing. He went to the synagogue and "tried to win over the Jews" (18:4). You would think by now he pretty well knew what he was doing. And certainly, he managed to start congregations from among the Jews. Christianity did start as a movement among the Jews. But in the church today, the vast majority of Christians are not racially Jewish. How would you explain that?
The Lord came to Paul in a vision one night and told him, "Don't be afraid to speak out" (18:9). Paul never really seemed to have a problem speaking out. Why you think the Lord gave him a message like this?
God encouraged Paul in a vision, saying no one was going to hurt Paul. Then God added, "I have a lot of people in the city" (18:10). What do you think God meant by that?
After reading about how Gallio responded to the Jews who took Paul to court (18:14-17), what do you think of him?
Why do you think Gallio didn't seem to have much patience with the Jews when it came to matters related to Jesus—since that's what their argument was all about?
When Paul left Corinth, he took Priscilla and Aquila with him. But for some reason, he left them in Ephesus. Any guesses why?
In Ephesus, a Jewish Christian scholar named Apollos got a lesson in theology from a couple of tentmakers, Priscilla and Aquila. They "pulled him aside and taught him more about God's ways" (18:26). What do you think that says about him, and perhaps about Priscilla and Aquila?
LIFE APPLICATION. In trying to convince the Jews that Jesus was the Messiah, Paul realized when he had stopped making progress and was standing at the dead end. He essentially told the Jews that he was done with them. Then he left them on their own. When do we as Christians do that kind of thing? What kind of situation would warrant that?
LIFE APPLICATION. It seems that while ministering in Corinth, Paul paid his own way "by making tents" (18:3). There are a lot of ministers today who are bi-vocational because the congregation can't support a full-time minister. What do you think about ministers put in that situation?
LIFE APPLICATION. Paul spent a lot of his time arguing, trying to convince Jews that Jesus was the Messiah and that Jesus rose from the dead. That sounds like a tough job. What are some of the toughest jobs you can think of in the Christian church?
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prescriptions – Proxies-free.com: 100% Free Daily Proxy Lists Every Day!
– Are medical prescriptions for medical imaging or physiotherapy sessions written by physicians who are based outside of the United States recognized in the United States?
Are medical prescriptions recognized by physicians established outside the United States in the United States?
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� The Marburn Academy has announced its Academic Honor Roll for the third nine weeks.
Students named to the list earned all A's and B's for the nine-week grading period.
Meredith Adams and Parker Garvey, both of New Albany, were named to the list.
� Mary Shullenberger has been named the recipient of the Ball State University Alumni Association Legacy Scholarship for the 2008-09 school year.
Shullenberger is a senior at Worthington Christian High School.
� The New Albany fifth-grade student council is selling eco-friendly cloth grocery bags that have been hand-decorated by the fourth- and fifth-grade students.
Proceeds of the sale of the $2.50 bags will go to the World Wildlife Fund.
To purchase bags, write a check to: Pete Barnes, 87 N. High St., New Albany 43054. No cash will be accepted.
For more information, e-mail [email protected].
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Brazilian kickboxer Alex Pereira converts to Islam
Brasilia (IINA) – Alex Pereira, the notable Brazilian kickboxer, who is ranked first in Brazil and Latin America, and sixth worldwide, has converted to Islam, said Sheikh Khaled Taqi el-Din, president of the Supreme Council of Imams and Islamic Affairs and the manager of Islamic Affairs at the Federation of Muslim Associations of Brazil.
In a statement to the International Islamic News Agency (IINA), Taqi el-Din said: "In his quest for mental peace and perfect character, the kickboxer found a lot of comfort after reading about the light of Islam. Consequently, he decided to visit the Federation of Muslim Associations in Brazil to learn more about the message of Islam, its civilization and its bestowal upon mankind, and eventually decided to utter the two testimonies (Shahadatain)".
Taqi el-Din pointed out that "Pereira, who will compete this month at Dubai World Cup 2015 for the World's Title, talked about his physical strength, saying he is ready to fight the upcoming matches to win the title, but he stated that there was strength he sought for, namely psychological and spiritual strength, to fill the inner void that he had felt".
"The kickboxer, who read some books about Islam given to him by a friend, called Hamza, became a frequent visitor to the Federation of Muslim Associations in Brazil to meet with scholars, who explained to him the principles of Islam. Consequently, he decided to convert to Islam," Taqi el-Din noted.
"The Federation of Muslim Associations in Brazil has adopted a new project, dubbed "Muslims for Peace", with a view to familiarizing the world with the sporting, intellectual and scientific elite who play a significant role in the Brazilian social life and the anti-Muslim campaigns launched by some media outlets," he said.
"These campaigns did not pose any obstacle to familiarize the people with Islam. On the contrary, they prompted more people to learn about Islam and convert as Muslims" he added.
My First Ramadan and Eid Dr. Kay Frederick
One thing I have learnt from fasting in Ramadan since I converted to Islam …
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The business section of TT training, I will explain all the ins and outs in how to set up a business from an idea and then go into depth business, promotion, finance etc I will go over the basics first so you have a rough idea of what is required and then explain the basics in details.
Everything I explain to the group will also be shown to you in practice in how I run DHY in real life. I will explain level of passion, confidence and patience required in being a business owner. By the end of the business class, you will have the knowledge of how to built a solid foundation when and if you decide to set up your own yoga business. I believe in my method as it's basic and I have learnt from a lot of mistakes which gained me all the experience I need and I'm very happy to pass the knowledge of my experience with you and hope it will help you be successful.
We will present UK legislation based information only. But this also gives rough idea internationally.
This business talk will be also be shown in practice at the Dynamic Hot Yoga studio in how we run our business.
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Free postage over €20 AND 10% off over €50
Folklore, Myths & Legends
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Home › All Non-Fiction › The First Time, True Tales of Virginity Lost & Found (Including my own); Kate Monro
The First Time, True Tales of Virginity Lost & Found (Including my own); Kate Monro
Condition: As New
A groundbreaking and very personal insight into modern sexuality. Losing our virginity - it happens to all of us. How did it happen for you? What do other people think and feel about it? In February 2007, Kate Monro went on a mission to find out. She decided to ask as many people as possible - how did you lose your virginity? Men and women, old and young, gay, straight, Christian and Muslim; the stories range from the funny and the sad to the happy and occasionally, the unbelievable. Thus was born her much reviewed blog, The Virginity Project, and now this book. How do we define the loss of our virginity? What, if any, impact does the first time have on the rest of our lives? And in some cases how do we know for sure when that moment has occurred? After all sorts of conversations with all sorts of people, Kate will reveal the truth about other people's most intimate sexual stories. She also discovers that the answers are not always as straightforward as you might think.
A Poet's Dublin; Eavan Boland
A Brief Guide to Philosophical Classics, From Plato to Winnie the Pooh; James M. Russell
Birds Journal; Royal Horticultural Society
Philip Lynott; Renegade of Thin Lizzy; Alan Byrne
A Brief History of Misogyny, The World's Oldest Prejudice; Jack Holland
15A Wicklow Street,
[email protected]
Stay informed about the oddities we think are important.
© 2021 The Secret Bookstore
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Bachelor v. State, 5 Div. 976
Writing for the Court BROWN, J. BROWN, J.
Citation 216 Ala. 356,113 So. 67
Parties BACHELOR v. STATE.
113 So. 67
Rehearing Denied June 4, 1927
Further Rehearing Denied June 11, 1927
Appeal from Circuit Court, Elmore County; George F. Smoot, Judge.
Clyde Reese Bachelor was convicted of murder in the first degree, and he appeals. Judgment affirmed; remanded for sentence.
Anderson, C.J., and Gardner, J., dissenting in part.
Criminal is charged with notice of law relative to sentence. [113 So. 69]
Defendant was charged with the killing of Lamar C. Smith, his father-in-law. The tendency of the state's evidence is that defendant procured Hayes Leonard, a negro tenant farmer, to kill the deceased, the motive being that upon the death of deceased his daughter, defendant's wife, would inherit a portion of deceased's estate, and thus would defendant profit financially; that Leonard fired the fatal shot with a shotgun through a side window of deceased's residence, while deceased lay upon his bed reading; that defendant stood about 30 yards from Leonard when the shot was fired; that immediately afterwards defendant and Leonard escaped in defendant's automobile, going to defendant's plantation. The defendant's evidence was to the effect that defendant was of unsound mind at the time of the homicide.
Hasty Golden, a witness for the state, testified that he was sheriff of Elmore county and had, the day after the shooting, arrested defendant, Bachelor, and Hayes Leonard in connection with the shooting of deceased, and the two were carried to the Montgomery county jail. The witness was asked if Leonard had made any statement there, in the presence of the defendant, with reference to the shooting. Over defendant's objection, the witness replied in the affirmative, and further testified that there were 6 or 8 men present; that witness knew them all, but could not say whether he could call them all by name; that he knew that neither he nor any one in his presence offered any inducement to or made any threats against Leonard to make a statement; that some one of those present brought Bachelor down there to hear the negro make the statement. The witness further testified that Leonard stated that he shot deceased, and, being asked why, stated that he had done what the defendant told him to do, and that defendant was to pay him for doing it; that he (Leonard) and defendant had been to the house of deceased two or three times before; and that defendant was with him at the time of the shooting, "squatting down by the little peach tree." The witness further testified that Leonard demonstrated with a broom how the shooting had been done, "how he (Leonard) had walked along with the gun until he got on the porch, and how he raised the gun to shoot and his heart failed him; and he said he crawled back and told him (defendant) that there was not but one in the room, and defendant raised up and looked in the window and told him that both of them (deceased and his wife) were in there and when he did he went back and shot." The witness further testified that defendant left the room during the confession, but that he was present when the foregoing part of Leonard's confession was made; that defendant was asked if he wanted to hear what the negro had to say, and defendant said he did not care to argue with the negro.
Defendant's father testified that, in witness' opinion, defendant was of unsound mind, was a weakling; that one of his weaknesses from the time he was a child was that he would break down and cry whenever he talked business with or sought financial aid from witness; that "he has been a cry baby all his life, even when he was a man. It is not a fact that he didn't cry except when he didn't get what he wanted; he always got what he asked for."
In his closing argument to the jury, counsel for the state made, substantially, the following remarks to which the objections of defendant were sustained: [113 So. 70] "Two criminals in the city of Chicago caused the death of one Frank.
"If the defendant was found not guilty by reason of insanity, he would be sent to the insane asylum and turned loose in two or three years."
The following requested charges were refused to defendant:
"D. If you are reasonably satisfied from all the evidence that at the time of the commission of the alleged crime the defendant was mentally unsound, you cannot find him guilty
"A. I charge you, gentlemen of the jury, that, if you find the defendant responsible, and further find him guilty of murder in the first degree, it becomes your further duty to fix his punishment. Capital punishment is authorized, but it is not commanded or compelled, whatever may be the enormity of the crime. It is not an absolute unconditional but an alternative, punishment, and it is never imposed except at the discretion of the jury.
"B. I charge you, gentlemen of the jury, that if you find the defendant legally responsible, and further find him guilty of murder in the first degree, it becomes your further duty, under the law, to fix his punishment. In fixing such punishment you may either fix it at imprisonment in the penitentiary for life or at death, in your discretion. Under the law of the state, capital punishment is never visited except by a jury on their own responsibility, controlled only by their own conscience, and it is not contemplated that the suggestions of their conscience shall be directed by the judge presiding or by any human power.
"A-1. The court charges the jury that in the trial of a homicide case, where the plea of not guilty and a statutory plea pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity are both interposed, the burden of proof as to the first plea is upon the state to satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant, but, as to the second plea, the burden of proof is on the defendant to establish the plea of not guilty by reasonable of insanity to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury by a preponderance of the evidence, and a reasonable doubt is not sufficient to acquit the defendant under this plea. The weight and sufficiency of the evidence as to the one plea is that the state must satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, whereas, as to the other plea, the defendant must reasonably satisfy the jury by a preponderance of the evidence."
Rushton, Crenshaw & Rushton, of Montgomery, and Oakley W. Melton, of Wetumpka, for appellant.
Charlie C. McCall, Atty. Gen., and Thos. E. Knight, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., and Holley & Milner, Tate & Renau and Huddleston & Glover, all of Wetumpka, for the State.
BROWN, J.
To render the confession of Hayes Leonard, made to the witness Golden and others in the Montgomery county jail, admissible against the defendant, it was necessary for the state to show that it was made in the presence of the defendant, and that he remained silent or that he affirmed the truth of the statement, and that such affirmation was voluntarily made. Delaney v. State, 204 Ala. 685, 87 So. 183; Rowlan v. State, 14 Ala.App. 17, 70 So. 953; Everage v. State, 113 Ala. 102, 21 So. 404; Blair v. State, 211 Ala. 53, 99 So. 314; McGehee v. State, 171 Ala. 19, 55 So. 159; Whitehead v. State, 16 Ala.App. 427, 78 So. 467.
However, it was not necessary that it be shown that such affirmation of the truth of the confession was made at the same time and place, but if it was subsequently made and shown to be voluntary--that is, made when the mind of the accused was free from the influence of hope or fear excited by menace or encouragement that he would be more favorably dealt with if he confessed--this is all sufficient to authorize its admission in evidence. Banks v. State, 84 Ala. 431, 4 So. 382.
The court, sitting in banc, after careful consideration of the record is of the opinion that it clearly appears that so much of the alleged confession of Hayes Leonard as was given in evidence through the testimony of witness Hasty Golden was made in the presence of the defendant, and the defendant in a subsequent confession to the witness Sellers, shown to be voluntary, affirmed the truth of Leonard's confession in every material respect by stating:
"That everything this old darkie has said is true, with the exception of one thing, and that was this--when he went up on the porch to fire the fatal shot I was not standing right behind him with a pistol--that part is not true. I was there; I planned everything; I was 20 or 30 steps away when he fired the shot."
Under the rule heretofore stated, this evidence was properly admitted and the rulings of the court in this respect were free from error.
The state's objection to the question to the witness Bill Macon, "Was she crazy before she committed suicide?" referring to defendant's great-grandmother, was properly sustained. The witness had testified that he did not know the name of defendant's great-grandmother, that she died of suicide in about the year 1871. This, under the authorities, was not sufficient to qualify a non-expert witness to give his opinion that the person inquired about was "crazy." Parrish v. State, 139 Ala. 16, 36 So. 1012; Braham v. State, 143 Ala. 28, 38 So. 919; People v. Harris, 169 Cal. 53, 145 P. 520; 16 C.J. 752.
The same observation is true as to the questions to this witness in reference to the insanity of Roxie Williams, Mat Williams, and Reuben Smith. As to his acquaintance with Roxie Williams, the witness testified:
"I knew her mother, Roxie Williams, Roxie Williams is his great-great-great-grandmother."
As to Mat Williams:
"I knew this boy's great-aunt, the sister of his great-grandmother; she was called Aunt Mat
Williams. I don't know how long she [113 So. 71] has been dead. I knew her in her lifetime, but don't know how old she was when I knew her."
Allen v. State, CR-92-1463
...instructions to the jury or both. Allred v. State, supra; Dunn v. State, 277 Ala. 39 at 44, 166 So.2d 878 (1964); Bachelor v. State, 216 Ala. 356, 361, 113 So. 67 (1927); Anderson v. State, 209 Ala. 36, 44, 95 So. 171 Meredith v. State, 370 So.2d 1075, 1078-79 (Ala.Cr.App.), cert. denied, 3......
Freeman v. State, 8 Div. 200
...or both. Allred v. State, [291 Ala. 34, 277 So.2d 339 (1973) ]; Dunn v. State, 277 Ala. 39 at 44, 166 So.2d 878 (1964); Bachelor v. State, 216 Ala. 356, 361, 113 So. 67 (1927); Anderson v. State, 209 Ala. 36, 44, 95 So. 171 (1922).' (Emphasis added.)" Sales v. State, 435 So.2d 242, 245 Furt......
...thereto; or where, in some other way, he acted in an incriminatory manner in connection with the statement." See, also, Bachelor v. State, 216 Ala. 356, 113 So. 67. In the examination of Chief McDuff a remark was made by the court that he was satisfied the witness was not going to answer th......
Orr v. State, 8 Div. 290
Alabama Court of Appeals
...trial was made on that ground, but had it been done a serious question of error would have been presented. We also add Bachelor v. State, 216 Ala. 356, 113 So. 67; Stephens v. State, 250 Ala. 123(3), 33 So.2d 'Our judgment is that this record does not show reversible error with respect to t......
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Flying Officer Avani Chaturvedi has created history by becoming the first Indian woman fighter pilot to fly solo.
Chaturvedi flew a MiG-21 bison in her first training solo sortie, in Jamnagar, Gujarat. It is pertinent to mention here that MiG-21 Bison has the highest landing and take-off speed in the world - 340 kmph.
Chaturvedi is inspired by her brother who is in the Army. She always wanted to conquer the skies and hence joined the Flying Club in her college. Chaturvedi's achievement has put India on the list of the countries such as Britain, the United States, Israel, and Pakistan, where women are allowed to fly fighter jets.
In the IAF since 1993, women officers have been inducted in all branches and stream as Short Service Commissioned Officers except in the fighter stream. However, IAF has revised Short Service Commission scheme to induct women into the fighter stream on experimental basis for five years.
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Wok and roll: Limerick karaoke takeaway gets the planning seal of approval
Fintan Walsh
The unique red-brick Johnsgate House building, situated on John Street and Cabbage Market, was built sometime in the 1880s
A PROTECTED structure in the city centre will soon become a karaoke clubhouse and Asian food takeaway, after the development received planning approval from Limerick City and County Council.
A Zhiyuan Yu submitted an application for a ground floor restaurant, conversion of first floor office space to a karaoke clubroom, and second floor karaoke clubrooms on May 22.
The unique red-brick Johnsgate House building, situated on John Street and Cabbage Market, was built sometime in the 1880s.
The planning authority sought further information from the applicant, including the restaurant menu and evidence of soundproofing for the karaoke clubrooms.
After both additional information was issued to the planning authority on August 24, the green light was given to the project on September 19.
As part of the approval, the council has laid out 14 conditions under which the karaoke-takeaway can be developed. Most of the conditions centre around the preservation of the building.
According to the conditions, all people involved in the development must be aware of the protected structure status of the building; all works must be supervised by a conservation architect; the historic fabric of the building must be protected; and that historic elements shall be protected from damage and theft.
The Johnsgate House was previously used for a doctor's surgery.
According to the planning files, there were no objections to the proposed karaoke clubroom and takeaway site.
It is understood the business will be called Hot Pot & Karaoke.
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School of Languages, Linguistics and Film
School of Languages, Linguistics and Film School home
Comparative Literature and Culture
Outreach and Impact
SLLF - School of Languages, Linguistics and Film
Emeritus Academic Staff
Spanish and Latin American Studies
Careers prospects
Modules we offer
MA in Anglo-German Cultural Relations
MA in Comparative Literature
PhDs in Modern Languages and Cultures
Russian seminar: The Art of Translation
Venue: Arts One 128
Russian Department Seminar
3 February, 6 pm, Arts One 128.
Bryan Karetnik, "Translation: Linguistic problems, yes, but whose?"
Noah Birksted-Breen, "Translating new Russian plays: the challenges of 'cultural transfer"
Bryan Karetnyk is an editor and a translator of Russian literature. He read Russian and Japanese at the University of Edinburgh and subsequently worked as a translator with the Civil Service for a number of years. He now lives and works in London. His recent translation of Gaito Gazdanov's The Spectre of Alexander Wolf is published by Pushkin Press.
Noah Birksted-Breen is a theatre director and translator. He founded Sputnik Theatre Company (www.sputniktheatre.co.uk), the only British theatre company dedicated to bringing contemporary Russian plays to the UK. As a translator, his work includes contemporary plays, fiction, poetry and academic writing on theatre. Currently, Noah is researching the cultural politics of contemporary Russian playwriting and translating six new Russian plays as part of a PhD at Queen Mary.
The talk will be followed by refreshments. All welcome.
|
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Tuned Honda Civic EF
Posted by Glenn Rowswell on 25th October 2017
This retro tuned Honda Civic EF may at first appear to be all Dr Jekyll. But that boisterous aero suggests it's got a Hyde side, too. And it really does. A search and destroy mentality is seeking out prey on your local race track…
Hidden depths. We all like to think we have them. "Sure, I'm watching TOWIE again," we say to ourselves. "But I'm enjoying it on an ironic level. I might read some Wodehouse later, or pop down to the Hockney exhibition at the Tate." Most of us offer something beyond that which is displayed upon the surface. Some more so than others: the pensioners who run marathons, the gameshow contestants with PhDs, the gym rats who can play piano by ear. And so it is with late-'80s and early-'90s Hondas.
These are cars that used to be everywhere, then not quite so much, and have now fallen into relative obscurity, aside from the top-flight sporty models. Regardless of scarcity, however, cars like the Honda Civic EF, such as the one you see here, carry a certain weight of expectation. You see one, you expect to find a grey-haired plodder behind the wheel. It'll be bumping off the supermarket trolley bay before grunting all the way home in first gear. And yet all is not as it seems with Joe Purcell's EF.
Well, you'd sort of spotted that already, hadn't you? That sodding great spoiler's a bit of a giveaway. "People do laugh at the wing," he grins. "But I know it works, so I just laugh right back." We love the haters, bless 'em. They can scoff and lol and say 'How much rear downforce do you need on a front-wheel-drive car?' (as if aerodynamics really is that black and white). But let's just see if they can keep up in the corners.
This, then, is not your stereotypical 1990-spec Civic. It's a bit more mischievous. But with someone of Joe's enthusiasm, this kind of thing was simply bound to happen. "I've always played and tinkered with cars since a young age," he explains. "Usually I would buy a car and just lower it and put some wheels on, but this was different. I'd sold my E30 BMW and really wanted a Civic, and I was keen for it to be something you don't see every day. I found this EF for sale in the Midlands, organised some transport, and went to take a look."
What he found was pretty much the manner of machine you'd expect from an ageing OAP-spec runabout – cracked windscreen, missing trim, that sort of thing, although on the whole it wasn't too bad. So he decided to take a punt. It quickly spiralled way beyond what Joe had taken on before, though – this would be something a little fancier than merely a drop-job and a set of rims.
OK, it wasn't quite OAP-spec. The seller had been having a bit of fun with it, and the car came into Joe's possession with a B16 turbo motor already in place. "I ran that engine until it failed," he says, "and then I had a fully-forged B16 built. Although it suffered a few issues and I thought that maybe I should just go back to a naturally aspirated engine. And then I found a B20 block and a B18C4 head for sale not too far away, and it was decision made. I bought that to go in it, and here it is now!"
There were a number of letters and numbers there, so let's walk you through it: the B16 is a 1.6-litre variant of Honda's B-Series engine, a twin-cam VTEC motor like you'd find in a CRX or Civic SiR (or, in fireball B16B form, the EK Civic Type R). The B20 block he has now came out of a CR-V, a non-VTEC 2.0-litre, which has been re-VTECed by the application of the B18C4 head, which is something you'd usually expect in a late-'90s Civic VTi. Clear? Cool.
Now, this may all sounds like some kind of mechanical engineering witchcraft, and it sort of is really, which makes it all the more impressive that Joe's done all of the build work himself. And once he had it all nailed together, he got it on the rollers to tweak it and see what it could do.
"The engine was mapped by Romain Levesque," he says, "and it made 180bhp. With a set of Integra cams we should see around 205bhp. As the car is, it drives really well and pulls hard!"
This is just the sort of power that would turn a granny-spec EF into a hell of a sleeper, but that was never Joe's intention. The mighty BYC wing, which is effectively a stout metal middle finger to the naysayers, is joined by a unique front splitter/airdam combo of his own creation, which neatly follows the lines of the aggressively right-angled BYC sideskirts. See how it all flows organically? It may not have been wind-tunnel tested, but this is a pukka aero setup for a car with a hilariously entertaining power-to-weight ratio.
"Inside the car, the rear has been all stripped to nothing," he says. Peering through the side windows you can see that, yes, it's effectively just an unadorned shell at the tail end. Properly minimalist. "I've left the carpet in the front, as it doesn't really weigh anything," he says. You'll also spot he's bolted in some fairly serious OMP buckets on custom runners (a pair of them, because sometimes it's fun to terrify a passenger – you've seen Death Proof, right?). And he's even tucked a race battery in there. This EF is now the sort of featherweight that even a second trip to the breakfast buffet could make a tangible difference to the 0-60 times.
Despite the car's Frankenstein nature, there's just no way to keep that irrepressible Honda reliability down either. It's baked right in. "I use the car often to go to work," he says, "and I'm always taking it out for a drive just for the sake of it. It'll be seeing a few track days this year too."
We'll be keeping an eye out for that – and an ear too. There's nothing quite like the rasp of a retro VTEC as it comes on song and hits the crossover zone. "I'll be looking to fit a full rollcage soon as well," he muses. It appears we've caught this car at an interesting stage of its evolution. It's gone from anonymous, unloved old clunker to race-honed rev-nutter, and it's only a matter of time before Joe's turned it into a full-on #becauseracecar competition maniac.
It mirrors his own evolution – this isn't just a drop and a set of wheels, is it? The build plunges into the hidden depths of the EF Civic, with its breadvan styling that makes it more mini-estate than hatchback, extracts all the untapped potential, smooshes it into a tight ball and rubs it in everyone's faces. There's more to this Honda than you think. See you at 8,000rpm, yeah?
TECH SPEC: EF CIVIC
BYC Designs rear win,; BYC Designs side skirts; homemade front airdam/splitter; Garage Midnight sunstrip
B20 block; B18C4 head; Skunk2 Ultra Series inlet manifold, Skunk2 Black Series 68mm throttle body, Skunk2 carbon-composite fuel rail; RDX 410cc injectors; AEM fuel pressure regulator; Hypertech big-tube exhaust manifold; AEM V2 cold air intake; stock gearbox.
7x15in Ronal Turbos; 195/50 Yokohama A048 tyres; BC coilovers; adjustable front upper camber arms; 262mm front discs with EBC Yellowstuff pads; 242mm rears; Comma 5.1 brake fluid.
Stripped; OMP bucket seats on custom rails; K-Tuned short shifter; OMP steering wheel; 6two1 weighted gearknob; race battery behind passenger seat.
I would like to say thank you to Mark at BYC Designs for the spoiler and skirts; Romain for the awesome map; and Tegiwa for some of the parts; my dad, who kept pushing me to finish it; my girlfriend, for helping where she could; and friends who helped; and big thanks to Neil and nostalgia collection for the outstanding photos.
Words Dan Bevis Photos Neil Sterry
Modified HondaModified Honda Civic EFtuned hondaTuned Honda Civic EF
Rocket Bunny Toyota GT86
BILSTEIN B12 Pro Kit for VW MQB Platform
|
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Q: Need Pentaho JSON without array I wanted to output json data not as array object and I did the changes mentioned in the pentaho document, but the output is always array even for the single set of values. I am using PDI 9.1 and I tested using the ktr from the below link
https://wiki.pentaho.com/download/attachments/25043814/json_output.ktr?version=1&modificationDate=1389259055000&api=v2
below statement is from https://wiki.pentaho.com/display/EAI/JSON+output
Another special case is when 'Nr. rows in a block' = 1.
If used with empty json block name output will looks like:
{
"name" : "item",
"value" : 25
}
My output comes like below
{ "": [ {"name":"item","value":25} ] }
A: I have resolved myself. I have added another JSON input step and defined as below
$.wellDesign[0] to get the array as string object
|
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<div id="projectname">Turtlebot Lawn Mower
 <span id="projectnumber">1.0</span>
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<div id="projectbrief">Turtlebot Lawn Mower is a robotic system that simulates a lawn mower and follows a predefined pattern in a gazebo simulated world while avoiding obstacles on its way</div>
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<li>convertToQMsg()
: <a class="el" href="classLawnMower.html#a568bac793e0082f6ff89ac918a671c3b">LawnMower</a>
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<li>getPathAnglePose()
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: <a class="el" href="classLawnMower.html#a989d400596032888d1e063dc289768b2">LawnMower</a>
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: <a class="el" href="classLawnMower.html#a3def1589d73101f642f7465ec740762d">LawnMower</a>
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: <a class="el" href="classLawnMower.html#a97a31ca30db64496d5a85b4218f69cab">LawnMower</a>
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: <a class="el" href="classLawnMower.html#ac0a9afe85e5ab7067d1b61d95964119b">LawnMower</a>
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: <a class="el" href="classLawnMower.html#a05dbed29e3ee522d845c8fbb9fe4b986">LawnMower</a>
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: <a class="el" href="classLawnMower.html#a522dfba30f16929bbb4fa60af11771b3">LawnMower</a>
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Generated on Fri May 12 2017 02:23:48 for Turtlebot Lawn Mower by  <a href="http://www.doxygen.org/index.html">
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Home Brand News Wall Street Breakfast: A New Reality
Wall Street Breakfast: A New Reality
Apple is slated to kick off its annual Worldwide Developers Conference at 1:00 p.m. in New York and expectations are that it will be a jam-packed affair, with a number of software updates and perhaps one or two surprises.
While WWDC never commands as much of a spotlight as Apple's annual iPhone event, new software features and policies can have profound effects, especially as investors grow concerned about traditional hardware sales. Parts shortages, factory shutdowns and supply chain issues remain headwinds for the company, which may need to highlight its high-growth services category to keep shareholders excited.
By the numbers: Analysts expect iPhone revenue to rise 6.2% this fiscal year after soaring 39% in 2021. That compares to services sales that could jump nearly 17% to $80B in 2022.
READ ALSO: Apple sets likely iPhone event for September 12
Wedbush Securities analyst Dan Ives, who has an outperform rating and $200-a-share price target on Apple's stock, noted that iOS 16 updates, some of which include changes to the lock screen, messaging and health features, are likely to capture significant interest, as are changes to the Apple Watch. However, Ives said a new NFL-centric update to its Apple TV+ streaming service might be the update that gets outsized attention. Apple has recently dipped its toe into sports broadcasting with two exclusive MLB Friday Night Baseball games on Apple TV+ each week, and Ives said the allure of adding NFL football to its offerings may be too good to pass up.
Surprises? Apple has used past WWDCs to show off new augmented reality and virtual reality technologies for its various operating systems and it's expected at the very least to do that, according to Ives, who pointed out the strategy is "laying the breadcrumbs" for "the highly anticipated" headset. Some believe Apple may even introduce it at the event, but not show off any high-level detail, while others expect it will be shown off and launched in 2023. It's also possible that Apple could introduce new MacBook Air laptops as it has done at several other WWDCs in the past.
Previous articleWall Street Breakfast: Twitter Endgame
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"Luxury" is a word that gets tossed around in the travel space so often it's become meaningless. High thread counts, personal butler services, champagne on arrival: These are all nice touches, but they don't make or break a vacation. Increasingly, what does matter when traveling is how disconnected we feel from what we left at home. If you check your work email — rationalizing that you "just to make sure everything is okay" — you're not on vacation. You're in a neither-here-nor-there limbo. When you feel tied to what you leave behind, you're never truly gone. If we realized one thing when we started planning The World's 10 Best Off-the-Grid Hotels for Total Digital Detox, our latest Fathom Travel Awards, it's that being unplugged from the incessant demands of the digital world (they're so hard to resist...) is the essence of vacation. And that allowing ourselves to feel that way is the new standard in luxury. These are the places around the world that Team Fathom has been where the WiFi stinks, the cell service is unreliable, and feeling disconnected was total bliss.
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Last Tuesday, I ate some green beans, a Clif bar, and one homemade sous vide egg bite. That's 500 calories. I swear I don't have an eating disorder—it's just how you do things on this diet I've been trying. On Wednesday I was back to my regular 2000-ish calories and feeling fine.
On the 5:2 diet, you "fast" for two days a week, say Monday and Thursday. You eat 25% of your usual calories on those days. The other days, you eat normally. By the end of the week, you've eaten a similar number of calories as those suckers on 1500 calorie regimens, but you only had to spend two days dieting.
The diet has been wildly popular in the UK for a few years, starting with a 2012 BBC documentary. When I first heard about it, I almost liked the idea. I'd previously done a form of intermittent fasting that basically amounts to skipping breakfast and delaying lunch. I focus better in the mornings this way, and I seem to eat healthier overall, but it does take some getting used to.
Fasting for a whole day sounded too hard, but then again, it seems like half of England does it (including Benedict Cumberbatch). I had a few pounds to lose, and I get frustrated and hungry with traditional calorie-counting diets—so I thought I'd give the 5:2 a try.
No matter what a diet claims as its raison d'être, let's be real: most people are interested in weight loss. That's true here too. This diet, as well as others that fall under the intermittent fasting umbrella, is also supposed to improve the function of your brain, heart, metabolism and more.
The appeal is that you don't have to stick to the 5:2 diet for more than a day at a time. Sure, it's a rough day, but it's nothing like the Whole30 diet, where you commit to a strict set of rules that forbid bread and sugar for a month. And it's not the endless slog of a typical calories-in, calories-out diet for long term weight loss, where you need to watch what you eat for months or years.
The first day I tried fasting, I was ravenous by the end of the day. I pulled up Facebook on my phone to distract myself, and my friends were sharing their favorite curry recipes with full-fat coconut milk. I had a pang of jealousy but then thought "Hey, I can make that tomorrow." How many diets let you say that on the first day?
The 5:2 diet itself hasn't been rigorously studied, but a close relative, alternate-day fasting, has some data to back it up. Alternate-day fasting works as well for weight loss as traditional diets, according to studies like this one published in Obesity. But it works better for some people than others, and researchers are trying to figure that out, too. One trial published in Obesity Research and Clinical Practice found that white people and older people were more successful on the diet, but there were tons of factors they didn't account for, like whether some groups had better access to healthy foods. Men and women had equal luck on the diet.
The other health benefits, besides weight loss, are not as easy to pin down. We've long known that mice live longer when they're underfed. There have been tons of studies trying to figure out what other benefits come from calorie restriction, and whether they can translate to humans in safe and practical ways.
For example, fasting should help your body learn to manage blood sugar better. If you overeat, your cells can become resistant to insulin, eventually leading to type II diabetes. Dieting and exercise both seem to reverse this effect, and from what we know about the way the body manages blood sugar, fasting should help even more. Unfortunately, we don't have enough evidence to say if that's actually what happens.
The book explaining the 5:2 diet, The Fast Diet, is more honest about this than I expected a diet book to be. Author Michael Mosley, a doctor turned BBC presenter, tried several fasting-based diets for his Eat, Fast, and Live Longer documentary. He explains that he settled on the 5:2 pattern as a compromise between the different methods. Essentially, it's based on his experience and gut feelings. I'm okay with that. We don't have enough evidence to say that fasting (or even dieting) must be done a certain way, so if 5:2 is tolerable and has a decent chance of working, I figure it's worth a try.
What Is a Fasting Day Like?
I wake up thinking about breakfast. That's not off the menu, but I only have a 500 calorie budget for the day, and I'd rather save it for later. So I fill my belly instead with some kind of beverage: coffee, water, seltzer, diet coke. The craving usually subsides.
Either way, I'm usually fine until 2pm. If I'm having trouble concentrating at work, then I know it's time to have some real food. This could be a carefully measured portion of pretty much any food, but I don't see the point in researching recipes, shopping, and cooking up a snack-sized meal. (The Fast Diet has plenty of recipes, though, if you prefer this approach.) More often than not, I choose a Clif bar: around 250 calories, depending on the flavor. I find it about as satisfying as you can expect a 250-calorie meal to be.
I don't get ravenous until evening, and that's the hardest part for me. I'll prowl around the kitchen, debating how to spend my last 100 or 200 calories, making myself even hungrier in the process. I like to have something dense and filling, like an egg bite, but it's never enough. Tomorrow, I have to tell myself. I can have more tomorrow.
In fact, it's easiest to just stay out of the kitchen and keep your mind off food. Fasting is easiest on the days I'm busy at work, and hardest on a weekend when I might have time to lounge around or find myself at a party.
Can You Exercise While You're Fasting?
I never tried it, until recently. I just scheduled my workouts and my fast days so they didn't coincide. But yesterday I thought, hey, why not try going for a run and write about how terrible it feels.
It was not terrible. I was shocked: it was afternoon and I hadn't had anything besides Diet Coke and seltzer all day. I brought a Clif bar just in case, but ended up jogging for the better part of an hour without feeling any hungrier than when I was sitting at my desk. I ran at my usual speed, and even ran longer than I had originally planned. (Bad judgment induced by hunger? I won't rule it out.) And afterward, I set the Clif bar aside and didn't have a bite until evening, when I realized I could treat myself to a 400-calorie super burrito.
Some people say they have more energy when they exercise on an empty stomach. I always figured that was something you could get used to, but I didn't expect to experience it on the first try. Maybe it was a fluke. Maybe not.
What Do You Eat When You're Not Fasting?
It's like the see-food diet. You see food, you eat it.
When it's not a fast day, you're supposed to eat "normally." Nothing is off-limits, but whether you're using this to lose weight or just a healthy lifestyle, you'd be smart to eat your veggies and protein and not too many cupcakes.
I do get a little hungrier the day after a fast (although it's easy to skip breakfast, even if I was hungry at bedtime). But there's no guarantee you'll end up pigging out. "A calorie slash of 75 percent on a fast day generally gives rise to a little more than a 15 percent increase on the following feed day," Dr. Mosley and his coauthor, Mimi Spencer, write in The Fast Diet. They cite this study, which also noted that people feel less hungry on fast days by the second week. (Again, this research is on alternate-day fasting rather than the 5:2 diet).
I find that, mentally, I can't use a diet tracker like LoseIt on my non-fasting days. The tracker has decided I should eat 1,400 calories a day, so on fast days, it tells me that I'm doing a good job but also displays a warning that this doesn't seem like enough food. Fair enough. But then the rest of the week, I'm tempted to stick to that 1,400 goal, which is not how the 5:2 diet works. I never feel ready for another fast day, because I always felt a little starved. So I ditched the tracker, and easily got back into the 5:2 rhythm.
MyFitnessPal can do different calorie goals for each day, if you pay for a premium subscription. prefer to go without a tracker and let the calories fall where they may.
This definitely isn't the diet for everyone. If you're happy with a plan that asks you to undereat just a little every day, stick with that plan. You're not missing out on much.
But if you have a hard time sticking to a typical calorie-restriction diet, you might find intermittent fasting easier to take. The 5:2 diet was designed to be a form of fasting that is easy to stick to: you get some food rather than none, and you can schedule your fast days to always fall on whichever days work for you. You can even put them back-to-back if you want, but even Dr. Mosley admits that's too difficult for most people to handle.
The authors note that there's nothing magic about 500 calories (they even allow 600 for men, or just 25% of what you would normally eat). Likewise the schedule: they suggest you cut down to just one fast day a week if you're maintaining your weight, or you can do three fast days if you're having fun and want to speed up weight loss.
They suggest another tweak that I found really helps: doing a 24-hour fast instead of trying to make it through a night, a full day, and then another night. This scheme is so easy I've found myself doing it by accident. Have a big, late lunch, say around 2pm, and then skip dinner. When you wake up, if you can skip breakfast, then all you have to do is push off lunch until 2pm again, and bingo—you've done a 24 hour fast.
I did lose a few pounds while trying the 5:2 diet, although I didn't do it consistently, and I also also changed some other things in my life around the same time, like exercising more. I'm not ready to give the diet full credit, but so far I'm happy with it.
Whether this diet works for you will probably depend on how you spend your time (do you have a busy work schedule?) as well as how you handle hunger and willpower. It's definitely doable, and even though it's trendy, it's refreshingly free of pseudoscientific claims. If you're ready to give it a try, read the ground rules on the Fast Diet website and snoop the forums there to pick up some tips, then pick a busy day and stay out of the kitchen.
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Missing Gauge for the C-133 Cargomaster (FSX_C133_CARGOMASTER_UPDATED.ZIP). This patch is for all those who are still missing three important gauges in both the VC and the 2D panel. The Beech Baron gauge cab included in the Michael Pook FSX update of the C-133 Cargomaster is a faulty one but yet named the same. So just copy this one into your main gauges directory and overwrite. Update by Michael Pook.
Screenshot of C-133 Cargomaster virtual cockpit.
The archive missin_gauge.zip has 6 files and directories contained within it.
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Something to be aware of: when dynamically using different database drivers (in my case this was PostgreSQL and MySQL, I have not tested any others) and persistent connections, the error-mode will for some reason not always be PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT by default when using the MySQL database driver.
The only way I was able to get a consistent PDO::ERR_MODE between PostgreSQL and MySQL was by either explicitly setting the error mode, or just disabling persistent connections.
PDOStatement:::debugDumpParams() which will return a string with with the sql query and the bound param's.
It doesn't seem at this time that there's a practical solution (besides creating multiple PDO objects and therefore DB connections) to accessing and switching between multiple databases -- as with the mysql_select_db function.
pdo doesn't care about charsets. if you want to have your connection in unicode / utf-8 or any other encoding, you'll have to tell your database, for example using $dbh->exec('SET CHARACTER SET utf8') (mysql).
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Repetitive strain injury (RSI) (also known as repetitive stress injury, repetitive motion injuries, repetitive motion disorder (RMD), cumulative trauma disorder (CT), occupational overuse syndrome, overuse syndrome, regional musculoskeletal disorder) is an injury of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems that may be caused by repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, mechanical compression (pressing against hard surfaces), or sustained or awkward positions.
Today is Tuesday, July 26 five days since I had the carpel and cubital surgeries done on my right arm.
Who's afraid of the big bad wolf with the sharp scalpel?
|
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With some trickery and a little razzle dazzle, the Redondo football team did something unexpected. Something unprecedented. Something no one saw coming.
Redondo struck first against mighty Serra, on the opening series.
It started with a 53-yard run by Redondo running back Ryan Spiwak on a direct snap.
Then came the trickery as Drew Wright completed a 21-yard halfback pass to Brandon Engle for a touchdown to give Redondo a surprising seven-point lead.
The Redondo defense swarmed. Its offensive line stood its ground. And the Sea Hawks kept pace with Serra.
Though Serra eventually broke free for a 37-13 nonleague victory Friday, visiting Redondo came away with a sense of pride and accomplishment.
"Our defense stood up tall. It will be fun to watch the game on film," Redondo coach Gene Simon said.
Simon and Serra coach Scott Altenberg have a great deal of respect for each other. Altenberg even served on Simon's staff at Redondo in 1997 and said Simon came out firing.
"Believe me, I know how good of a coach Gene is," Altenberg said.
Perhaps a little shellshocked early, Serra managed just 21 yards offense in the first quarter and just 67 yards in the first half.
While Redondo (1-1) had some early magic, Serra (2-0) pulled two rabbits from its hat: dynamic receivers Marqise Lee and George Farmer.
Lee added two more explosive touchdowns to his season, a 45-yard catch of a pass from quarterback Conner Preston on a quick out to tie the game, 7-7, in the second quarter and a 45-yard touchdown reception from Preston for a 14-7 lead in the third quarter. Lee also added a fourth-quarter interception.
"We were ready for them, but Redondo came out with some special stuff," Lee said.
Farmer had a 63-yard punt return in the first half, darting all over the field and putting on a display. But he got winded and was caught from behind, and Serra failed to parlay that punt return into a score.
Farmer was not going to be denied a second time.
He hauled in an 80-yard touchdown pass from Preston on a play that Altenberg made up on the spot.
"It was like a sandlot play," Preston said.
Farmer said Serra just needed some time to calm down from the initial shock of trailing early in the game.
After all, not many teams jump on the defending CIF-SS and state champions.
"We took them too lightly," Farmer said. "We can't treat one team with fire one week and not have the same approach the next week. We've got to treat them all with fire.
Preston overcame a slow start and a right thumb injury sustained in the first half to finish with a solid 8-for-18 performance for 189 yards, four touchdowns and one interception.
Preston said it took some time to adjust to his thumb injury.
Redondo quarterback Nick Pope completed 10 of 25 passes for 119 yards, one touchdown and one interception. He hit Hunter Bradshaw for an 11-yard touchdown in the third quarter, just two plays after Serra had taken a 21-7 lead on a 17-yard touchdown pass from Preston to Raymond Ford.
Spiwak finished with 74 yards on 10 carries.
"Serra is the defending state champions, but we went after it," Simon said. "Unfortunately we were not consistent. We could not put together a whole-game effort. Our offense should've been more productive.
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Our goal is to efficiently remove your tree with very little evidence that we have been there. There are many ways to go about this, and we have several resources at our disposal. If we can, we will set pull lines from the ground and fell the tree. Or, if we can get our self-propelled man lift close enough, we will use that for access and lower the tree in pieces. If that's not an option, we are experienced climbers and use ropes and rigging to remove it. If it is too large or in a difficult spot, we have used a crane and/or barge for removal.
We try to be low impact as possible. Our machines are all designed to be light on turf, and we make it a point to keep the heavy trucks and trailers on hard surfaces.
I am asked many times, "What does it cost to remove a tree?" The 2 main factors that affect price is the size of the tree, and access. I do not give pricing over the phone, as each job is different. Fill out the form today, and I will call you to schedule a quote.
Maintaining proper clearances to structures is important, and that is the majority of our tree trimming jobs. However, there are other reasons for trimming.
If you have a house on the lake, ask us what we can do to improve your view while maintaining the health of the tree. There are other options than topping!
Also dead wooding…Trees branches need sunlight to survive, and sometimes the canopy is so dense that the interior or lower branches get shaded out and die. Those dead branches need removed, especially if they are over heavy use areas such as sidewalks, patios, or decks. Removing dead branches also eliminates point of entry for insects, which carry disease.
Have you ever thought about getting your small trees trimmed? Many times, if we could train the tree from the start it would eliminate problems later. All trees benefit from this, especially ornamental and fruit trees.
We do offer stump grinding. Ours is a self-propelled 4 wheel drive machine which we can drive into backyards to get to your stump. We grind the stumps 6-8 inches below grade, and also the surface roots. Generally we will leave enough chips to level the site and haul off the rest, but we can remove all chips so dirt and grass seed can be put back.
We also offer tree injections, and deep root fertilizing. We use the Arborjet system, and can protect trees from anthracnose, Dutch elm disease, emerald ash borer, fire blight, and more. The owner maintains a spraying license to legally charge for these services.
Are you needing some land cleared for more yard or a building site? Once again, we take a low impact approach to protect the roots of the trees that we want to save. Many times, the trees that are left eventually die due to the compaction of heavy equipment by our competition, and we offer an alternative. If you are wanting to protect some large trees in your clearing project, we can help!
Please contact us with your tree questions! To get a call back within an hour during business hours, fill out the contact form. I receive that immediately, and will give you a call. Or I can be reached at 573-789-2556.
Are you looking for a tree removal quote?
We provide free estimates for tree removal and other related tree services.
View past quotes, invoices, and payment history.
Providing expert tree service and safe tree removal to the entire Lake of the Ozarks Area, including Sunrise Beach, Gravois Mills, Rocky Mount, Eldon, Camdenton, Osage Beach, and Lake Ozark.
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Legal Judgment: Sanders Law Firm obtains $408,880 Personal Injury judgment in Forsyth County, NC
Posted by triadlawyer in Uncategorized
forsyth county judgments; personal injury, sanders law firm
This judgment completed a premises liability case in Winston-Salem, North Carolina against multiple defendants.
Two of the defendants settled after the complaint was filed, discovery was answered (interrogatories, request for production of documents) and multiple depositions.
The basis of the case was this: Plaintiff was at a Mexican bar. He was standing outside in the smoking area of the bar, also being the sidewalk of the shopping center. Two thugs had just been kicked out of the bar by the bouncer for being rowdy and provoking. The bouncer escorted the thugs to the door. At that point, they walked past the plaintiff, walked back behind him, and without warning to plaintiff, the thugs began pummeling him from behind.
Injuries included a broken jaw (two places), several night stay in the hospital, wired jaw for a month, permanent popping in jaw.
The landowner and bar settled earlier. The main issue with them was the questions of whether (1) this was foreseeable & (2) preventable. Armed with extensive investigations to identify the number of criminal activities & 911 calls that occurred at the shopping center & bar, we were able to show bar owner and land owner should have known activity such as the beating complained of was likely to occur and foreseeable. The big question was whether a proper security guard and/or properly trained bouncer could have prevented the two thugs from jumping the plaintiff.
While there was a settlement and payments by bar and landowner to plaintiff, this $408,880 judgment against the two thugs is unlikely to ever be collected.
If you, a friend, or family has been injured in an accident, call Kirk Sanders at Sanders Law Firm, PLLC (336-724-4707) to discuss your case.
Anyone guess where this photo was taken?
Kirk Sanders
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www.readerschoicejournalnow.com
In memory of Steve Carlson
In memory of old law school friend, Steven Marc Carlson (December 15, 1962 – April 9, 2012). His obituary from Boone, NC:
Mr. Steven Marc Carlson, age 49, of Boone, died Monday, April 9, 2012.
He was survived by his father & mother, Marc Ryan Carlson and Mary Ruth Mason Carlson, of Boone, two sisters Sandra Butler and husband Stephen, New Palestine, Indiana, and Monica Rose of Boone, a brother Robert Carlson of Johnson City. He is also survived by a number of aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by his biological mother, Beth Wood Carlson. In lieu of flowers memorial contributions may be made to the Watauga County Humane Society, 200 Casey Lane, Boone, NC 28607. Online condolences may be made to the family at wwww.hamptonfuneralnc.com
I learned of Steve's death in the WFU Quarterly. Steve was a wonderful classmate at WFU Law School. He was thoughtful, kind, helpful, and down to Earth. He laughed a lot. After law school I referred him all my clients with troubles in the Watagua & Wilkes region. They were always pleased with his excellent services. Steve was a good soul. God bless him.
Single car crash–Claim by passenger(s) against the driver for negligence?
15 Friday Jun 2012
Randleman car wreck attorney, sanders law firm, single car crash injuries
According to state troopers,an SUV went off the shoulder of the roadway in a curve. The driver pulled the SUV back onto the roadway, but it overturned and rolled several times before landing on its side.
The driver dies. The Four other teen passengers, were taken to the hospital.
Troopers suspect alcohol was involved, but they're waiting for test results to determine if in fact it was.
Speed is also being considered a contributing factor. Troopers said the SUV was traveling about 70 mph going into the curve.
The crash is still under investigation by the N.C. Highway Patrol.
LEGAL QUESTION: Who would have a potential claim for personal injuries due to this car wreck?
ANSWER: Based on the above possible facts. The passengers have a potential claim for negligence against the driver/driver's estate. The claim would be made against the driver's insurance company first.
BASIS: The driver had a duty to drive properly. If she was underage drinking and/or speeding, then she breached her duty. That breach proximately caused the injuries to the passengers.
OTHER ISSUES: Contributory negligence? Did the passengers knowingly ride in the vehicle with someone who was drinking. If contributorily negligent, then their claims could be barred under present NC law. That would go to the jury for deliberation.
Lawsuit Challenges NC Same-Sex Adoption Law
homosexual estate planning attorney winston-salem, sanders law firm
The N.C. Attorney General had said Amendment One was going to create a bunch of lawsuits arising over its constitutionality. Here's one:
A group of same-sex couples in North Carolina have filed a lawsuit against the state in an attempt to give their children two legal parents. The state outlawed same-sex second-parent adoptions in 2010, a ruling the suit calls "fundamentally wrong." The suit says that by denying both parents the right to adoption, the state is failing to fully protect children if something happens to the custodial parent. See article in Charlotte Observer by Gary Wright: http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/06/14/3313936/aclu-files-same-sex-lawsuit-over.html
The case involved attempts by former State Sen. Julia Boseman, D-New Hanover, the legislature's first openly gay member, to adopt her former partner's biological son. The ACLU's lawsuit, filed in federal court in Greensboro, comes just weeks after North Carolina voters approved a constitutional amendment that states that marriage between one man and one woman is the only legal union in the state. North Carolina has had a law banning same-sex marriages for 16 years.
It will be interesting how history views these times in 20 years.
Pedestrian killed on Business 40 (tags: Sanders Law Firm, NC pedestrian death attorney))
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. –A pedestrian died Thursday, June 8th at 7:30am, after being hit by an SUV on Business 40, Winston-Salem police said.
The crash happened near the eastbound ramp for Silas Creek Parkway. The deceased was Victoria Lynn Evans, 45.
From a legal standpoint several issues appear in this question: Was the pedestrian negligent and/or contributorily negligent? This part of the highway is not intended for pedestrians (based on the picture). There is no traffic cross walk for pedestrians. In addition, it appears she stepped into traffic without heeding the right-of-way.** All based reports from WXII.com: "The woman had stepped off the curb and onto the road before being hit by the SUV, police said."
This would NOT be a wrongful death matter that my firm would accept. Sympathies to the deceased's family and those driving the vehicles.
· Auto accidents (Car Wrecks)
· Bicycle Accidents (Bike Injury)
· Boating Accidents Attorney
· Lawsuits
· Medical Malpractice
· Motorcycle Accidents
· Private Disability Insurance Claims
· Life Insurance Claims
· Incorporations, LLCs (Limited Liability Company)
· Business Agreements & Litigation
· Collection Cases
· Fiduciary Litigation (Power of Attorney Abuses, Will Caveats, Elder Abuse et al)
Call Sanders Law Firm, PLLC (336) 724-4707, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Statewide Representation
Head-on Crash on Highway 52 seriously injures 2, Kills negligent driver
Lori Ann Hawks, Wendy Ellender, Winston Salem Accident Attorney
Driver Wendy Stoltz Ellender of Kernersville and her passenger Lori Ann Hawks of Rural Hall suffered serious and critical injuries after a head-on collision.
Police investigating the accident said Ellender and Hawks were properly travelling north on U.S. Highway 52 when Benjamin Todd Turpin of Denton collided head-on with them.
Mr. Turpin was travelling SOUTH in the northbound lane. Mr. Turpin died at the scene.
The time of the accident was 2:30 a.m. Sunday morning (Saturday night). Police are investigating whether speed or alcohol (DWI) contributed to Mr. Turpin's driving.
Based on the reports, Mr. Turpin was negligent at least of driving the wrong direction on the highway. In addition, a strong argument exists that he drove a vehicle upon a public vehicular area carelessly and heedlessly in willful and wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others, which displayed a thoughtless disregard of the consequences of said driving, in violation of N.C.G.S. 20-140(a). A finding that Mr. Turpin was above the legal limit with alcohol would be strong evidence of gross negligence. Gross negligence could open the door to punitive damages.
Ms. Ellender & Ms. Hawks appear to have strong personal injury claims against the estate of Mr. Turpin and his insurance carrier.
With hope, Ms. Ellender and Ms. Hawks will survive and fully recover from their injuries.
|
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Toronto Foundation is committed to protecting the privacy of the personal information of our Fundholders, donors, prospective donors, board members, staff, volunteers and other stakeholders and has adopted privacy practices consistent the National Standard of Canada Model Code for the Protection of Personal Information, which forms the basis of federal and provincial privacy legislation for this purpose.
Toronto Foundation collects, uses and discloses personal information from our Fundholders to identify and help them meet their philanthropic needs, process their donations, provide tax receipts, direct their gifts in the manner in which they choose, keep them informed about gift giving opportunities and Toronto Foundation activities, recognize their philanthropic activities in the community, and comply with federal and provincial legal and regulatory guidelines and reporting requirements.
Where donors make gifts to a Fundholder's Donor Advised Fund, unless donor anonymity is requested, Toronto Foundation discloses donation-related information to the Fund's designated representative(s) ("Fund Representative") to enable the Fundholder to steward gifts and thank donors appropriately. All donors have the right to request anonymity and can do so prior to confirming their donation online, or by noting their request for anonymity when mailing or delivering a donation to the office.
Toronto Foundation collects, uses and discloses personal information from our board members and other volunteers to keep them informed about our activities, assist them in performing their roles in the organization, and comply with federal and provincial guidelines and reporting requirements.
Toronto Foundation collects, uses and discloses personal information from our employees to assist in administering employee benefit programs, accommodate disabled individuals in the workplace, assist employees with illnesses or injuries in returning to work, support their ongoing training and development, and comply with federal and provincial guidelines and reporting requirements.
We obtain your consent for collecting, using and disclosing personal information for the identified purposes before such information is collected for the first time. We also seek the consent of our Fundholders to disclose their name and the name of their personal/family fund in Toronto Foundation publications and reports. Once this consent has been obtained, we do not seek consent again, unless the purpose, use or disclosure of your personal information changes.
You can also challenge our privacy policies and practices with Toronto Foundation's Privacy Officer who will respond to you in writing, and may take appropriate action, including amending your information or changing our privacy practices. The name and contact information for Toronto Foundation's Privacy Officer can be obtained by calling us at (416) 921-2035.
|
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Q: Spring boot annotations @springbootapplication
Can I create more than one application class with @springbootApplicatio annotations in our project.
Or a projects has Only one application class.
A: Take a look on what @SpringBootApplication does for your application. From that you can understand that this annotation is a shortcut to simplify the use of a few other annotations. Those other annotations are more flexible and allow you to configure more options than @SpringBootApplication.
|
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//*******************************************************************************************//
// //
// Download Free Evaluation Version From: https://bytescout.com/download/web-installer //
// //
// Also available as Web API! Get Your Free API Key: https://app.pdf.co/signup //
// //
// Copyright © 2017-2020 ByteScout, Inc. All rights reserved. //
// https://www.bytescout.com //
// https://pdf.co //
// //
//*******************************************************************************************//
// x64 IMPORTANT NOTE: set CPU to x86 to build in x86 mode.
using System.Diagnostics;
using BytescoutSWFToVideo;
namespace SetAudioTrack
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Create an instance of SWFToVideo ActiveX object
SWFToVideo converter = new SWFToVideo();
// Set debug log
//converter.SetLogFile("log.txt");
// Register SWFToVideo
converter.RegistrationName = "demo";
converter.RegistrationKey = "demo";
// set input SWF file
converter.InputSWFFileName = "SlideShowWithEffects.swf";
// set output AVI video filename
converter.OutputVideoFileName = "result.avi";
// Set background music
converter.ExternalAudioTrackFromFileName = "bgmusic.mp3";
// Set output audio codec
converter.CurrentAudioCodecName = "ADPCM";
// Set output movie dimensions
converter.OutputWidth = 640;
converter.OutputHeight = 480;
// Run conversion
converter.RunAndWait();
// release resources
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.ReleaseComObject(converter);
converter = null;
// Open the result movie in default media player
Process.Start("result.avi");
}
}
}
|
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Q: Degree of differential equation $\sqrt{1+\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}}=x+\frac{dy}{dx}$
Degree of the differential equation $\sqrt{1+\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}}=x+\frac{dy}{dx}$
Degree of the differential equation $\sqrt{1+\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}}=x+\frac{dy}{dx}$ is said to be "not defined" in my reference.
Doubt 1
What if I do:
$$
\color{blue}{\sqrt{1+\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}}=x+\frac{dy}{dx}}\implies 1+\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}=\bigg[x+\frac{dy}{dx}\bigg]^2
$$
Now can I say the degree is $1$. If not, is it because squaring both sides add more information into the equation that both the differential equations are not exactly the same ?
Doubt 2
Thanx @farruhota for the link: How to find degree of a differential equation or check page 4 of ordinary differential equations by E. L. Ince
If I'm allowed to square both sides and say that the degree is $1$, as in the link, can I also square again and say the degree is $2$ right ?
A: The order is the greatest $n$ for which an $n$th derivative is present, while the degree is the highest power of such maximal-order derivatives, after the equation is written in rational form with all exponents integers. The equation $1+y''=x^2+2xy'+y'^2$ has order $2$, degree $1$.
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Harlow and Monty are heading over to join you.
Looks like you had a nice swim.
What a great shot!!!!! I love the mid shake photo's! Captured at just the pawfect time!
Thank you for coming by my blog today, I am loving yours! And very glad I stopped by!
What a great shot!!! That totally trumps our "wet dog" pics from Monday, lol! Happy WW!
I'm glad you are being given pool privileges again! Haha!!
Better shake it off out there and not inside!
|
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Q: Split DateTime into 1-Minute Slots Across the Day I have a bunch of DateTimes using slqserver express 2012, and I would like to split and allocate those datetimes into 1-minute slots across the day, noting that there will potentially be more than one day in the data. However, I will first concentrate on only one day of data. For example, if I have the following input data:
OnTime OffTime Duration
2017-11-01 00:03 2017-11-01 00:04 1
2017-11-01 00:08 2017-11-01 00:11 3
2017-11-01 00:13 2017-11-01 00:14 1
2017-11-01 00:21 2017-11-01 00:24 3
2017-11-01 00:26 2017-11-01 00:30 4
I would like the output to be slotted into each minute slot of the day, where there are 1440 minutes in the day, and if the datetime spans the minute slot in question and logical 1 is put into the corresponding columns and a 0 otherwise, startin at 0000 = minute slot 0 and 2359 = minute slot 1439. Output data would thus be something like:
Minute Active
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 1
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 1
9 1
10 1
11 0
12 0
13 1
14 0
15 0
... ...
1440 0
I was thinking that I could cross apply the datetimes with a duration of one minute but I don't know exactly where to go with that or if its even the best way. I would also be interested in extending this idea to slot into seconds or hours gaps instead of minutes etc. Any help greatly appreciated.
Regards, M
A: Try the below code
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[GetAllMinutesBetweenRange]
(
@FromDate DATETIME
,@ToDate DATETIME
)
RETURNS @Dates TABLE
(
DateVal DATETIME
)
AS
BEGIN
;WITH CTE
AS
(
SELECT @FromDate AS FromDate
UNION ALL
SELECT DATEADD(MI,1,FromDate)
FROM CTE
WHERE FromDate < @ToDate
)
INSERT INTO @Dates
SELECT FromDate FROM CTE
option (maxrecursion 0)
RETURN;
END
SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY DATEVAL) AS MINUTE
,DATEVAL
,CASE WHEN TableA.OnTime IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END
FROM [dbo].[GetAllMinutesBetweenRange]('2017-11-01 00:00:00','2017-11-01 23:59:00') Res1
LEFT JOIN TableA ON Res1.DateVal >= TableA.OnTime AND Res1.DateVal< TableA.OffTime
The table valued function can be modified to handle the seconds as well
Hope this helps!
A: try This
WITH CTE
AS
(
SELECT
SeqNo = 0,
Strt = CAST(CAST(GETDATE() AS DATE) AS DATETIME)
UNION ALL
SELECT
SeqNo = SeqNo+1,
Strt = DATEADD(minute,1,Strt)
FROM CTE
WHERE CAST(CAST(Strt AS DATE) AS DATETIME)=CAST(CAST(GETDATE() AS DATE) AS DATETIME)
)
SELECT
SeqNo AS Minute,
Active = CASE WHEN T1.Duration IS NOT NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
FROM CTE C1
LEFT JOIN T1
ON CAST(T1.OnTime AS DATETIME) >= CAST(C1.Strt AS DATETIME)
AND CAST(T1.OffTime AS DATETIME) <= CAST(C1.Strt AS DATETIME)
OPTION (maxrecursion 0)
A: This query will generate the resultset you need for some date. You can put it in a function. cte part is just for demo purpose you must use your table.
DECLARE @somedate date = '2017-11-01'
DECLARE @somedateN nvarchar(10) = CAST(@somedate as nvarchar(10))
DECLARE @start datetime = CAST(@somedateN +' 00:00:00' as datetime),
@end datetime = CAST(@somedateN +' 23:59:59' as datetime)
-- Simulation of your table with some new rows
;WITH cte AS (
SELECT OnTime,
OffTime,
Duration
FROM (VALUES
('2017-11-01 00:03', '2017-11-01 00:04', 1),
('2017-11-01 00:08', '2017-11-01 00:11', 3),
('2017-11-01 00:13', '2017-11-01 00:14', 1),
('2017-11-01 00:21', '2017-11-01 00:24', 3),
('2017-11-01 00:26', '2017-11-01 00:30', 4),
('2017-11-01 00:59', '2017-11-01 01:30', 31), -- new row
('2017-11-01 23:57', '2017-11-02 00:02', 5) -- new row
) as t(OnTime,OffTime,Duration)
), minutes_ AS ( -- table with all minutes from 0 to 1440
SELECT 0 as [Minute]
UNION ALL
SELECT [Minute] + 1
FROM minutes_
WHERE [Minute] <= DATEDIFF(minute,@start,@end)
)
-- here we go!
SELECT [Minute],
CASE WHEN c.Duration IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END as [Active]
FROM minutes_ m
LEFT JOIN cte c
ON m.[Minute] >= DATEDIFF(minute,@start,OnTime)
AND m.[Minute] < DATEDIFF(minute,@start,OffTime)
OPTION (MAXRECURSION 0)
Output:
Minute Active
----------- -----------
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 1
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 1
9 1
10 1
11 0
12 0
13 1
...
1434 0
1435 0
1436 0
1437 1
1438 1
1439 1
1440 1
A: Another solution for you to consider. This query is focused on one day:
declare @dateTable table(OnTime datetime, OffTime datetime, Duration int)
insert into @dateTable values('2017-11-01 00:03','2017-11-01 00:04',1)
insert into @dateTable values('2017-11-01 00:08','2017-11-01 00:11',3)
insert into @dateTable values('2017-11-01 00:13','2017-11-01 00:14',1)
insert into @dateTable values('2017-11-01 00:21','2017-11-01 00:24',3)
insert into @dateTable values('2017-11-01 00:26','2017-11-01 00:30',4)
declare @result table(minute int, active bit)
declare @length int = 1440
declare @index int = 0
while @index <= @length
begin
insert into @result values(@index,0)
set @index = @index + 1
end
update t
set t.active = case when d.OnTime is not null then 1 else 0 end
from @result as t
left join @dateTable as d on t.minute >= datepart(hour,ontime)*60 + datepart(minute,ontime)
and t.minute < datepart(hour,offtime)*60 + datepart(minute,offtime)
select * from @result
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Zaev expects that some of the numerous relatives of top Government officials who were hired in the public service will resign
After being called out by the public, by the European Union and an investigation was launched by the Anti-Corruption Commission, Prime Minister Zoran Zaev today promised that some of the dozens of relatives of high ranking Government officials who were recently hired in the public service will resign from their positions.
Public office holders should set a good example for the citizens and, even though we are talking about a small number of cases, it was a bad example. If we order them something now we will only confirm the impression that everything was done outside of the norms of law and ethics. I hope they will make a personal decision as responsible individuals. An analysis is being performed on the way in which they competed for the jobs and the procedure and I will present all information publicly, Zaev said.
The straw that broke the camel's back was SDSM member of Parliament Mira Stojcevska, who, after collecting 12.000 EUR in travel expenses in a year, had her husband, son and brother hired in public institutions. The list of Government officials who had their children, siblings or spouses hired in the public administration included Speaker Talat Xhaferi, former Prime Minister Vlado Buckovski, members of Parliament Aleksandar Kiracovski, Goran Misovski, Kostadin Kostadinov and Mileva Georgieva, Ministers Kresnik Bekteshi and Asaf Ademi, Mayors Toni Delkov, Teuta Xhaferi, Natasa Petrovska, Ilija Jovanovski, Nevzat Bejta, SDSM party supporters like Ljubomir Frckoski and Miroslav Grcev and many others. The list also includes some of the members of Parliament who left VMRO-DPMNE, joined with Zaev and voted to rename Macedonia, such as Emilija Aleksandrova and Zekir Ramcilovic.
The Anti-Corruption Commission, which also faced allegations of nepotism, began a procedure to investigate 18 of these cases. Even EU spokesperson Maja Kocijancic rebuked the Zaev Government over this development. As opposition leader, Zaev famously promised his supporters, on camera, that once he has the power, all public sector positions – from the cleaning lady to the top manager – will be staffed with SDSM supporters.
Zaevnepotism
UNESCO can rest easy: Tub removed from lake Ohrid and Zaev says he will tear down Nefi Useini's pizza place
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1. Palestinians are getting poorer on average for the third year in a row. As evidenced in previous World Bank reports, the competitiveness of the Palestinian economy has been progressively eroding since the signing of the Oslo accords, in particular its industry and agriculture. Even though donor aid had increased government-funded services and fueled consumption-driven growth during 2007 to 2011, this growth model has proved unsustainable. Donor support has significantly declined in recent years and, in any case, aid cannot sustainably make up for inadequate private investment. Thus, growth has started to slow since 2012 and the Palestinian economy contracted in 2014 following the Gaza war. In early 2015, GDP was still lower than it was a year ago. Due to population growth, real GDP per capita has been shrinking since 2013. Unemployment remains high, particularly amongst Gaza's youth where it exceeds 60 percent, and 25 percent of Palestinians currently live in poverty. Against the backdrop of weak economic growth, reduced donor aid, and temporary suspension of revenue payments by the Government of Israel (GoI), the Palestinian Authority's reform efforts have not been able to prevent another year with a financing gap. The persistence of this situation could potentially lead to political and social unrest. In short, the status quo is not sustainable and downside risks of further conflict and social unrest are high.
2. Until there is a permanent peace agreement, the Palestinian economy will continue to perform below its potential. Political instability constitutes a significant risk to private investors and is a key reason why private investment levels have remained very low for many years. If the status quo persists, private investment will not pick up and the private sector, which ought to be the main engine of sustainable growth, will continue to function far below its potential. The internal divide between the West Bank and Gaza also creates difficulties for private investors that have to deal with two separate regulatory frameworks and tax systems in the West Bank and in Gaza. However, the lack of political horizon should not lead the parties to complacency. Even before a final peace deal, there are many actions that can be taken that would improve socio-economic development for Palestinians. These actions are essential, not just for economic development, but also for peace, since the international evidence is clear that economic development is conducive to peace.
3. Even without a final peace deal, there is substantial upside potential in the Palestinian economy if existing agreements are implemented and restrictions lifted. For example, the Oslo agreement foresaw a gradual transfer of Area C to Palestinian control, but this has not happened. World Bank estimates show that granting Palestinian businesses access to economic activity in Area C (excluding the areas subject to final status negotiations) would boost the Palestinian economy by about a third and lower the PA's deficit by half. Similarly, the regular and predictable transfer of revenues collected by the GoI on behalf of the PA, and close cooperation with the PA to minimize tax leakages are critical to ensure fiscal predictability. On movement and access restrictions1, the recent statements by Israeli officials about the importance of Palestinian economic development are most welcome if followed up by action and implementation of existing agreements. Finally, full implementation of the Paris protocol and expansion of the joint work between Israeli and Palestinian public institutions across a number of areas would help create a more predictable business and fiscal environment. The blockade on Gaza imposed by countries neighboring the Strip needs to be lifted in a way that protects legitimate security concerns of those countries. Israeli measures to let more goods leave Gaza are welcome and they have expanded since the last AHLC meeting, but more needs to be done: only six percent of what left Gaza prior to the blockade is currently being allowed out. In general, granting Palestinians access to production inputs and external markets and enabling unimpeded movement of goods, labor and capital, as stipulated in the Paris protocol, would drastically improve growth prospects of the Palestinian economy.
4. Reforms by the PA of its revenues and expenditures ought to continue to improve fiscal sustainability and effective service delivery, even under the current political scenario. The PA has made very good progress in reducing its fiscal deficit and it has recently launched some important reform initiatives in this area. Through continued efforts to address key sources of inefficiency and ineffectiveness, the PA could do a great deal to avert fiscal crises and stop financing its budgets by accumulating arrears to the private sector. Not only can the PA put its finances on a more sustainable footing through reforms, but it can also create adequate fiscal space to increase the currently very low level of investment in public infrastructure and to enhance service delivery. A top priority should be the reduction of the wage bill, which could lead to large savings of up to 5 percentage points of GDP, but there is also substantial room for cost savings to be made on other categories of expenditures as well as for increasing tax revenues beyond what has already been done. There is also potential to substantially increase tax collection in Gaza once the PA takes charge of tax collection efforts there. Within some sectors, overall expenditures are not very high compared to other countries, but access to and the quality of those public services are significantly below what they could be if certain expenditures were better prioritized and more efficiently managed. For instance, the PA has recently made very good progress in reforming the health referral process, but significant inefficiencies related to public health spending remain; the reduction of these inefficiencies could generate savings to be used to further reduce the deficit or alternatively to invest them in programs that will improve the quality of public health services. As detailed in the body of this report, similar issues exist in a number of other areas of expenditure management and intensified reform efforts are urgently called for to address them.
5. Until private investment shoots up, donors need to increase aid provided to the PA, as the financing gap in the PA's budget cannot be closed through reforms alone. Despite having managed to reduce the budget deficit, the PA still has a large financing gap in its 2015 budget and it is likely to continue accumulating arrears to the private sector. While further reform efforts should be made by the PA to reduce the 2015 budget deficit in line with the IMF recommendations, donors are also called upon to augment their 2015 budget support as it would be unrealistic to expect that the gap can be closed through reforms alone. Even if the PA were able to fully close the financing gap in the 2015 budget, such sharp fiscal consolidation would be damaging to growth. Thus, fiscal consolidation has to happen gradually over a period of 2-3 years. Then, donors should be able to channel a larger share of their funds towards public investments in infrastructure, which are needed both to catalyze private investment and to improve the quality of public services. Furthermore, the financing of socioeconomic recovery in Gaza, following last year's war, almost entirely depends on donor aid.
6. On a final note, slow donor aid disbursements and restrictions on imports are delaying the Gaza reconstruction process and both issues should be urgently dealt with. Out of the USD3.5 billion of pledges made at the Cairo conference for Gaza reconstruction, USD1.23 billion has so far been disbursed, which puts the disbursement ratio at 35 percent. Funds already disbursed are USD881 million less than what was originally planned, mainly because payments by the largest donors remain lower than anticipated. The majority of disbursements made so far supported UNRWA activities, while less than 20 percent was used to finance interventions outlined by the Damage and Needs Assessment. Construction material imported into Gaza continues to be lower than what is needed, even though it has recently increased. Between August 2014 and August 2015, 1.6 million tons of construction material entered Gaza, which represents 6.7 percent of the total need.2 There has also been a delay in finalizing the residential stream of the Gaza Reconstruction Mechanism (GRM), which means that totally destroyed homes are still not rebuilt, a year after the war ended, even though there has been good progress on partially destroyed homes.
7. The main body of the report is organized in two chapters and an annex. Chapter II focuses on the assessment of recent macroeconomic and fiscal developments in the Palestinian territories and the Palestinian Authority's (PA) related policies and actions. It also provides a near term macroeconomic and fiscal outlook. Chapter III draws on the just-completed public expenditure review providing insights into key issues related to public expenditure management as well as specific policy recommendations for reducing the PA's fiscal deficits and increasing the efficiency and efficacy of public spending. Finally, an annex summarizes the status of donor pledges from the Cairo conference on Gaza reconstruction.
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PHUKET: Hundreds of migrant workers sacked in Phuket, Phang Nga and Krabi in the fallout from the harsher penalties under labour law have arrived in Phuket begging for help to be sent home.
Some of them have been hiding in the jungle for days out of fear of being caught.
A total of 389 migrant workers on Friday and Saturday (June 30-July 1) gathered at The Mike Matthews Learning Center in Rassada, requesting assistance in order to return to Myanmar.
The learning centre, set up and operated by the well-known charity the Good Shepherd, was opened in 2010 to provide basic education to children from poor families from Myanmar.
The workers reported that they had been sacked from various jobs across Phang Nga, Phuket and Krabi provinces after the harsher labour law penalties issued in an "Emergency Decree", effective on June 23. (See story here).
Under the new penalties, deceiving that one can bring a foreigner to work without a work permit can incur a fine from B600,000 up to B1 million and from three to 10 years in prison, or both, for each foreign worker deceived.
Also, employers caught hiring foreigners to perform work in a forbidden position face fines of B400,000 to B800,000, and a possible fine of up to B400,000 per foreigner working in excess of work described in the work permit.
"Some have been fully paid for the return, others only partially. Since Friday (June 30), 65 workers have come for help and have been sent back to Myanmar," he said.
"On [Saturday was] the second batch with 324 people, most recently totalling 389 people, and we continue to receive more requests from labourers," he added.
Centre staff prepared all labour records before separating male workers and female workers to stay in two different locations to reduce congestion, with male workers sent to the Tha Ruea Shrine and women and children staying at the learning centre as authorities organised their return trip on Sunday (July 2).
Phuket Vice Governor Siwaporn Chuasawad, Phuket Provincial Defense Office Chief Sivach Rawangkul visited the centre on Saturday and ordered relevant officials, including the Phuket Immigration police to assist with the migrant workers' return, providing drinking water and necessities for the trip.
Christy...that's what I said - "the penalties have been upped". Disproportionate against migrants...rubbish. It's a choice they make. If you get away with it, all well and good...if not, too bad.
Jor 12, Penalties are more severe. That's a change in rules. Migrants are disproportionately affected and many are now suffering.
I have heard of human trafficking.
Christy...it's been the law since Adam was boy! - just the penalties have been "upped." You've probably have heard of human trafficking and what that entails.
Nasa12...what has owning bungalows in Karon got to do with this article?
@ematt, CaptainJack this man he have 80 + - bungalows in Karon Right or wrong ?
This must be fake news because CaptainJack has already assured us that "these 'new measures' are aimed squarely at 'rich foreigners' (and generating income from them)."
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The Role of Company Affect in Stock Investments: Towards Blind, Undemanding, Non-Comparative, and Committed Love
Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 103-113, 2009
40 Pages Posted: 8 Sep 2010
See all articles by Jaakko Aspara
Jaakko Aspara
Hanken School of Economics; Aalto University School of Business (formerly known as Helsinki School of Economics)
Henrikki Tikkanen
Aalto University - Department of Marketing and Management
Date Written: 2009
This conceptual article aims to contribute to the discussion of the role of individuals' perceptions and affective evaluations of companies in their decisions to buy/hold the companies' stocks. Based on psychological finance and marketing literatures, the authors explicate five different ways in which an individual's positive affect towards a company may influence his/her decisions to buy/hold the stocks of the company. The authors argue that an individual's positive affect towards a company has positive influence on overoptimism and on overconfidence in expectations of financial returns from the company's stock. Furthermore, the authors argue that the positive affect towards for a company has negative influence on the expected financial returns from ownership of its stock which the individual requires or is satisfied with; negative influence on the consideration he/she gives to other investment opportunities; and positive influence on his/her unwillingness to sell its stock. The authors illustrate the influences with "love" metaphors and discuss their implications to the marketing/finance interface.
Keywords: Investor Psychology, Individual Investor, Affect, Love, Consumers, Stakeholders
Aspara, Jaakko and Tikkanen, Henrikki, The Role of Company Affect in Stock Investments: Towards Blind, Undemanding, Non-Comparative, and Committed Love (2009). Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 103-113, 2009. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1673311
Jaakko Aspara (Contact Author)
Hanken School of Economics ( email )
Helsinki, Helsinki 00101
Aalto University School of Business (formerly known as Helsinki School of Economics) ( email )
Helsinki, 00076
Aalto University - Department of Marketing and Management ( email )
Helsinki, FIN-00101
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It's all been done before? Not true! The creativity of top watch brands yields a remarkable range of new ideas, season after season, even in consolidated patterns such as the chronograph. An example is the new Chronograph Grande Date by Blancpain, a watch for women with a mother-of-pearl dial embellished with 40 diamonds around the bezel, and two waves of 17 diamonds that ripple out from the centre. These curving lines suggest two subdials, minimalistically-rendered with numbers in differing sizes for the 12-hour counter and the 30-minute counter. Chronograph seconds are shown on the centre hand, while time is displayed on an offset dial with Roman numerals. The watch is deliciously eccentric: everything is brought together by the delightful colour scheme, with the pearly dial and the red gold case and buckle. The back of the watch is characterized by the petal-shaped oscillating weight visible through the sapphire caseback.
Harry Winston's Ocean Sport™ Ladies chronograph is another watch that gives feminine appeal to traditionally men-oriented functions. The automatic-wound movement powers a complex, multi-level dial, on which hour and minute subdials are balanced by another small dial at 3 o'clock with the shuriken, now part of the Harry Winston DNA. The shuriken is a weapon used by the ninjas, but here it provides a more tranquil indication of the passage of seconds, and above all it enables the user to ensure that her watch is running correctly. The beauty of this watch is enhanced by the brilliant-cut diamonds on the bezel.
One of Montblanc's new watches this year is the Nicolas Rieussec Rising Hours. Like the others in this series, this piece has rotating discs instead of hands. In the Rising Hours complication, the hours are shown digitally, with skeleton numbers on a disc so that the digits change colour – daytime numerals in grey, and night-time numerals in blue – by means of an ingenious patented mechanism. This extension of the rotating discs feature accompanies four others: one for the date at 3 o'clock, one for the day at 9 o'clock, and two for the chronograph counters, united by the characteristic bridge. This watch has a red gold case, which creates a beautiful contrast with the grain d'orge guilloché decoration on the dial and the brown alligator strap.
Audemars Piguet continues its tradition of creating high-end watches that appeal to discerning collectors, and this year's new products include the Tradition Tourbillon Minute Repeater Chronograph, in two 10-piece limited editions, one in pink and white gold, and the other in titanium and white gold. The cushion-shaped case is based on one of the marque's 1920s pocket watches, while the technology is state-of-the-art, with the minute repeater function enhanced in particular by the titanium case which provides the highest sound volume. The tourbillon at 6 o'clock offers a hypnotic indication of the passage of time. Chronograph seconds are recorded by the centre-sweep hand, and minutes on the subdial at 3 o'clock.
Panerai has a long tradition of watch design innovation, and the Luminor 1950 3-Days Chrono Flyback (PAM00524) is a powerhouse of originality. It is the first chronograph by Officine Panerai to use the new in-house P.9100 calibre, with flyback function controlled by a push-button at 8 o'clock that instantly returns the chronograph hands to zero and restarts it. Clarity is enhanced by the arrangement of hands, with chronograph minutes and seconds shown by central-sweep seconds in different colours, and a single subdial for small seconds.
The Omega Speedmaster has gone down in watchmaking legend for its close connections to NASA's space missions. The marque's 'First Omega in Space' limited edition celebrates a watch purchased by Wally Schirra at a Houston jeweller and worn during his Mercury Atlas 8 mission in October 1962, over 50 years ago. The self-winding calibre 1861 movement is often described as the definitive chronograph, with 30-minute and 12-hour counters at 3 o'clock and 6 o'clock, and small seconds at 9 o'clock. It was stringently tested by NASA, and on 21 July 1969, it became the first watch to land on the moon.
These examples show that the chronograph remains a favourite theme, though with ever-new variations, and the increasing interest in this function on the part of female connoisseurs.
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Cavs SG J.R. Smith admits it's a 'lot of pressure' to play with LeBron James
Bob Garcia IV
Veteran guard J.R. Smith has played the last three-and-a-half seasons with the Cleveland Cavaliers while experiencing a tremendous amount of success along the way. Throughout that process, he has continued to play a prominent role in the offensive game plan behind four-time league MVP LeBron James.
This has given Smith a strong feel for what fully entails playing alongside James that has placed a tremendous level of expectations on the franchise over the last few seasons. According to Dave McMenamin of ESPN, the 32-year-old admitted on Saturday afternoon that there is a large amount of pressure to play with 14-time All-Star.
JR Smith on what it's like to play with LeBron James … pic.twitter.com/9IFYwlFehL
— Dave McMenamin (@mcten) June 2, 2018
There is certainly much credence to what Smith is stating given that it is an opportunity that can be flipped in both directions. James is arguably one of the best players in league history that brings plenty of pressure on the rest of the team to do its part in helping win NBA titles. Granted, he has shown throughout his career that he can lift much of the talent around him with his all-around play, it does require his teammates to do their parts in pushing the franchise to the ultimate goal.
James has done more than enough heavy lifting in this year's playoffs. It's obviously led to a fourth-straight NBA Finals appearance despite what many analysts believe is one of the weakest supporting casts that James has had in his illustrious career. It simply means the here and now is a chance for his teammates namely Smith to step up to show that they can push Cleveland past the Golden State Warriors.
This will likely see another huge performance from James in Game 2, but this is an opportunity for the Cavaliers to bounce back after a disappointing loss in the series opener. The pressure is certainly there. It may just be a matter of if the rest of the players on the roster can respond.
JUST IN: Cavs HC Tyronn Lue jokes that LeBron James will have to score 60 in Game 2 (Video)
Related TopicsCavaliersLeBron James
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An Apostolic Letter To An Apostolic Son – James Becton Ministries/ EaglesVision Apostolic Co!
Excellent article on apostolic paradigm by my friend, Apostle Michael Fram!
Traditionally theologians have referred to the Epistles of First and Second Timothy, as well as Titus as Pastoral Epistles. Nothing could be further from the Truth. Timothy and Titus were both Spiritual Sons to Apostle Paul and as such were being fathered, mentored and trained as young up and coming emerging Apostles in their own right.
If you read the New Testament through the Paradigm of an Apostolic Mindset, this will be quite clear. Paul clearly referred to Timothy as his son. (see 1 Corinthians 4: 17, 1 Timothy 1: 2 & 18 and 2 Timothy 1:2) Titus was also referred to as his son. (see Titus 1:4) With that in mind we are better off referring to these Epistles as Apostolic Epistles, not Pastoral Epistles.
Previous Fellowship of the Mystery!
Next PEACE TO THIS HOUSE!
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One of the most fascinating facets of the history of South Florida is the story of the inhabitation of the exclusive, legendary little island of Palm Beach. This renowned playground of the wealthy and celebrities has become home to both the famous as well as the infamous and who better suited to provide a "charming chat" covering old and new history of this exclusive society, Verna Shore is the answer.
Verna Shore has often said that "Palm Beach isn't a place, it's an attitude". Who would be more able to define America's seat of aristocracy, then a long-time resident of Palm Beach County, a former model and chairperson for many of the fundraisers in Palm Beach County, who hob-knobs with the movers and shakers of the community in the course of her daily routine. No flibbertigibbet, but a successful working gal who operates her own business from an affluent little town just south of Palm Beach - Boca Raton. Because her company provides gorgeous mansions and estates to the fashion photo industry, Verna needs to be aware of who's moving when and where, and who has just acquired another spectacular mansion and why it was acquired. The "why" often can be the most interesting, and it's not found in guidebooks, the Chamber of Commerce or the Library.
Verna doesn't necessarily lecture; she simply tells it like it is. She's fun to listen to and educational at the same time. She knows Palm Beach, as well as she knows the palm on her hand. She's a font of knowledge in its history and in the personalities that are accredited for building this original American Rivera. And, she knows what went on last week and no doubt, what will be going on next week. Verna's in-depth knowledge can be fully customized and integrated into any program being offered to your Clients. Be it true history or privileged current gossip, Verna can address and entertain on both or just a specific era.
For an afternoon of fun with facts and chitchat, spend some quality time with Verna. Her fascinating talk is always followed by enthusiastic questions from the audience. And she will certainly extend her time to answer all her audience's queries to an hour or more. When you are in Palm Beach, to have missed Verna over brunch or a luncheon would certainly allow you to see Palm Beach but not to understand its "attitude"!
|
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If you've seen hashtags on a variety of Instagram posts and are wondering what it's all about, this article is for you. It will also be a help to those who are already using them but don't truly know why. Believe it or not, they are an immensely powerful tool when it comes to making the most of social media marketing. Using a hashtag in front of a word or phrase when posting on social media turns the term into a clickable link. If readers choose to click on that link, and many of them will, they get taken to another page where all posts using that hashtag are displayed. Let's look at the reasons why that's a good thing.
There are several valid reasons to start using hashtags when posting on Instagram. By using hashtags, you are making it much easier for potential customers to stumble across your business. It is a great way of growing your audience, because a post of yours might be seen when a person is looking at different hashtags. Using them will also mean your posts get far more engagement.
Research conducted just a few years ago showed that using a minimum of one hashtag means an increase of more than 12% in visibility. What's more, another great reason why you should use hashtags is because of their simplicity – use a common and relevant phrase which brings in traction, and you'll improve your online visibility immensely.
It's already been mentioned that they are easy to use. However, there are a few rules you need to consider. Let's share them with you, so that you're on the right track. Including hashtags in your Instagram bio will not be clickable, unless a reader is using the web version of Instagram. Via the app, they will be visible but won't be interactive. You'll be fine if you want to use numbers when creating a hashtag, but spaces and special characters don't work. As a general guideline, when it comes to creating them, keep it simple. A golden rule is to use hashtags that are relevant and not to spam your content with far too many.
The first place to start is to look at what your competitors are doing. Are they using certain hashtags more frequently than others? That's not to say you should copy what they're doing. Simply use it as inspiration.
Influencers in your industry are also a good resource worth checking out. For instance, if you're a retail business who sells women's clothing, then see what the most popular Instagram stars are using – #ootd, #instafasion and #fashionblogger are all well used hashtags people scroll through.
If you're wondering how many you can use, then 11 or more have been found to work best. You can use up to 30, but be wary, as too many can have a negative impact.
Remember, don't use the most popular ones as your content will be lost in a feed almost instantly. You want to find the balance between popular hashtags, and ones that are niche enough to allow you to be seen. Proper research will need to be conducted.
One final word of advice is to check whether a particular hashtag has inappropriate content linked to it. You be surprised how much explicit content is attached to the most innocent of hashtags. These are the ones you don't want to be linked with in any way.
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Category: josh pastner
Fighting Peaches: Georgia Tech men's basketball Josh Pastner, Dallan Coleman and Miles Kelly post-Georgia State presser (11.12.22) — November 12, 2022
Fighting Peaches: Georgia Tech men's basketball Josh Pastner, Dallan Coleman and Miles Kelly post-Georgia State presser (11.12.22)
November 12, 2022 November 12, 2022 /E. Marcel Pourtout/Leave a comment
Georgia Tech men's basketball head coach Josh Pastner
Photo credit: Georgia Tech Athletics
The Sports Inquirer attended the presser of Georgia Tech men's basketball head coach Josh Pastner alongside players Dallan Coleman (3) and Miles Kelly (13) following the team's 59-57 road win against Georgia State November 12. Topics included the victory, the physical nature of the contest, Kelly's game-winning shot, Coleman's 13 free throw attempts and the in-town rivalry between the Atlanta-based programs.
The Sports Inquirer presents Fighting Peaches: Georgia Tech men's basketball Josh Pastner post-Notre Dame presser (1.8.22) — January 8, 2022
The Sports Inquirer presents Fighting Peaches: Georgia Tech men's basketball Josh Pastner post-Notre Dame presser (1.8.22)
January 8, 2022 /E. Marcel Pourtout/Leave a comment
The Sports Inquirer attended the presser of Georgia Tech men's basketball head coach Josh Pastner following the team's 72-68 overtime home loss to Notre Dame in ACC play Jan. 8. Topics included thoughts on the defeat, the Yellow Jackets' struggles in conference play and dealing with lack of experience on the roster.
The Sports Inquirer presents Fighting Peaches: Georgia Tech men's and women's basketball open training camp (10.7.21) — October 7, 2021
The Sports Inquirer presents Fighting Peaches: Georgia Tech men's and women's basketball open training camp (10.7.21)
October 7, 2021 /E. Marcel Pourtout/Leave a comment
In this edition of Fighting Peaches, we look at the start of training camp for the Georgia Tech basketball teams including audio from the men's head coach Josh Pastner and the women's head coach Nell Fortner.
Technical State of Georgia Athletics Podcast 8: Georgia Tech basketball, NCAA Tournament, Georgia Tech volleyball and softball, Georgia State tennis (3.18.21) — March 18, 2021
Technical State of Georgia Athletics Podcast 8: Georgia Tech basketball, NCAA Tournament, Georgia Tech volleyball and softball, Georgia State tennis (3.18.21)
March 18, 2021 /E. Marcel Pourtout/Leave a comment
In this edition of the Technical State of Georgia Athletics Podcast, we preview the NCAA Tournament with Georgia Tech men's basketball head coach Josh Pastner (2:00-15:00), Georgia Tech women's basketball head coach Nell Fortner and player Kierra Fletcher (15:00-22:00), plus our exclusive interviews with Georgia Tech volleyball head coach Michelle Collier (22:00-36:00), Georgia Tech softball player Meghan Cassidy (36:00-44:00) and Georgia State men's tennis player Harvey Maughan (44:00-53:00).
Technical State of Georgia Athletics Podcast 7: Georgia Tech basketball and women's tennis, Georgia State men's tennis, beach volleyball and softball (3.12.21) — March 12, 2021
Technical State of Georgia Athletics Podcast 7: Georgia Tech basketball and women's tennis, Georgia State men's tennis, beach volleyball and softball (3.12.21)
In this edition of the Technical State of Georgia Athletics, we discuss Georgia Tech men's basketball win over Miami in the ACC Tournament with audio from head coach Josh Pastner along with players Jose Alvarado and Jordan Usher (2:00-11:00), our exclusive interviews with Georgia Tech women's tennis head coach Rodney Harmon (11:00-22:00), Georgia State men's tennis player Kevin Huynh (22:00-30:00), Georgia State beach volleyball head coach Beth Van Fleet (30:00-40:00) and Georgia State softball head coach Roger Kincaid (40:00-47:00).
Sports Inquirer Show 140: Georgia State and Georgia Tech basketball, Dak Prescott re-signs with Cowboys, Les Miles out at Kansas, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (3.10.21) — March 10, 2021
Sports Inquirer Show 140: Georgia State and Georgia Tech basketball, Dak Prescott re-signs with Cowboys, Les Miles out at Kansas, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (3.10.21)
In this edition of the Sports Inquirer Show, we start with the Technical State of Georgia Athletics with Georgia State men's basketball loss to Appalachian State in the finals of the Sun Belt Tournament with audio from Panthers' head coach Rob Lanier and Mountaineers' head coach Justin Kerns (4:00-16:00), Georgia Tech men's basketball preparing for the ACC Tournament with audio from head coach Josh Pastner and conference Defensive Player of the Year Jose Alvarado (16:00-25:00). We transition to the Gridiron Blitz particularly Dak Prescott re-signing with the Dallas Cowboys, Jalen Hurts cementing his spot as starting quarterback of the Philadelphia Eagles and the Tennessee Titans trading first-round pick Isiah Wilson to Miami (25:00-44:00). We wrapped the show with the Miscellaneous Department on the firing of Les Miles as head football coach at Kansas and the interview of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle by Oprah Winfrey (44:00-60:00).
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<?php
/** Zend_Controller_Router_Route_Abstract */
require_once 'Zend/Controller/Router/Route/Abstract.php';
/**
* StaticRoute is used for managing static URIs.
*
* It's a lot faster compared to the standard Route implementation.
*
* @package Zend_Controller
* @subpackage Router
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2008 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)
* @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License
*/
class Zend_Controller_Router_Route_Static extends Zend_Controller_Router_Route_Abstract
{
protected $_route = null;
protected $_defaults = array();
public function getVersion() {
return 1;
}
/**
* Instantiates route based on passed Zend_Config structure
*
* @param Zend_Config $config Configuration object
*/
public static function getInstance(Zend_Config $config)
{
$defs = ($config->defaults instanceof Zend_Config) ? $config->defaults->toArray() : array();
return new self($config->route, $defs);
}
/**
* Prepares the route for mapping.
*
* @param string $route Map used to match with later submitted URL path
* @param array $defaults Defaults for map variables with keys as variable names
*/
public function __construct($route, $defaults = array())
{
$this->_route = trim($route, '/');
$this->_defaults = (array) $defaults;
}
/**
* Matches a user submitted path with a previously defined route.
* Assigns and returns an array of defaults on a successful match.
*
* @param string $path Path used to match against this routing map
* @return array|false An array of assigned values or a false on a mismatch
*/
public function match($path)
{
if (trim($path, '/') == $this->_route) {
return $this->_defaults;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Assembles a URL path defined by this route
*
* @param array $data An array of variable and value pairs used as parameters
* @return string Route path with user submitted parameters
*/
public function assemble($data = array(), $reset = false, $encode = false)
{
return $this->_route;
}
/**
* Return a single parameter of route's defaults
*
* @param string $name Array key of the parameter
* @return string Previously set default
*/
public function getDefault($name) {
if (isset($this->_defaults[$name])) {
return $this->_defaults[$name];
}
return null;
}
/**
* Return an array of defaults
*
* @return array Route defaults
*/
public function getDefaults() {
return $this->_defaults;
}
}
|
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Q: Ruby: Get filename without the extensions How can I get the filename without the extensions? For example, input of "/dir1/dir2/test.html.erb" should return "test".
In actual code I will passing in __FILE__ instead of "/dir1/dir2/test.html.erb".
A: Split by dot and the first part is what you want.
filename = 'test.html.erb'
result = filename.split('.')[0]
A: Read documentation:
basename(file_name [, suffix] ) → base_name
Returns the last component of the filename given in file_name, which
can be formed using both File::SEPARATOR and File::ALT_SEPARATOR as
the separator when File::ALT_SEPARATOR is not nil. If suffix is given
and present at the end of file_name, it is removed.
=> File.basename('public/500.html', '.html')
=> "500"
in you case:
=> File.basename("test.html.erb", ".html.erb")
=> "test"
A: How about this
File.basename(f, File.extname(f))
returns the file name without the extension.. works for filenames with multiple '.' in it.
A: In case you don't know the extension you can combine File.basename with File.extname:
filepath = "dir/dir/filename.extension"
File.basename(filepath, File.extname(filepath)) #=> "filename"
A: Pathname provides a convenient object-oriented interface for dealing with file names.
One method lets you replace the existing extension with a new one, and that method accepts the empty string as an argument:
>> Pathname('foo.bar').sub_ext ''
=> #<Pathname:foo>
>> Pathname('foo.bar.baz').sub_ext ''
=> #<Pathname:foo.bar>
>> Pathname('foo').sub_ext ''
=> #<Pathname:foo>
This is a convenient way to get the filename stripped of its extension, if there is one.
But if you want to get rid of all extensions, you can use a regex:
>> "foo.bar.baz".sub(/(?<=.)\..*/, '')
=> "foo"
Note that this only works on bare filenames, not paths like foo.bar/pepe.baz. For that, you might as well use a function:
def without_extensions(path)
p = Pathname(path)
p.parent / p.basename.sub(
/
(?<=.) # look-behind: ensure some character, e.g., for '.foo'
\. # literal '.'
.* # extensions
/x, '')
end
A: Thanks to @xdazz and @Monk_Code for their ideas. In case others are looking, the final code I'm using is:
File.basename(__FILE__, ".*").split('.')[0]
This generically allows you to remove the full path in the front and the extensions in the back of the file, giving only the name of the file without any dots or slashes.
A: Considering the premise, the most appropriate answer for this case (and similar cases with other extensions) would be something such as this:
__FILE__.split('.')[0...-1].join('.')
Which will only remove the extension (not the other parts of the name: myfile.html.erb here becomes myfile.html, rather than just myfile.
A: name = "filename.100.jpg"
puts "#{name.split('.')[-1]}"
A: Yet understanding it's not a multiplatform solution, it'd work for unixes:
def without_extensions(path)
lastSlash = path.rindex('/')
if lastSlash.nil?
theFile = path
else
theFile = path[lastSlash+1..-1]
end
# not an easy thing to define
# what an extension is
theFile[0...theFile.index('.')]
end
puts without_extensions("test.html.erb")
puts without_extensions("/test.html.erb")
puts without_extensions("a.b/test.html.erb")
puts without_extensions("/a.b/test.html.erb")
puts without_extensions("c.d/a.b/test.html.erb")
|
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By Michael Shedlock
Significant Shifts in Psychology
I find myself coming back to the same quote from an interview with Paul Kasriel:
"Mish: How does inflation start and end?
"Kasriel: Inflation starts with expansion of money and credit. Inflation ends when the central bank is no longer able or willing to extend credit and/or when consumers and businesses are no longer willing to borrow because further expansion and/or speculation no longer makes any economic sense."
The two key words in the above paragraph are "able" and "willing."
Loan Standards
With that in mind, please consider "Lenders Begin to Tighten Loan Standards":
"As more homeowners skip out or fall behind on their mortgage payments, some lenders have started tightening their underwriting standards.
"That might not be enough to save them from losses. Mortgage lenders, such as Countrywide Financial Corp., Downey Financial Corp., and FirstFed Financial Corp., try to avoid risky 'subprime' borrowers and have become more cautious about whom they lend to in general. Also, they're setting aside more reserves for potential defaults. But the increasing popularity of second mortgages could end up undermining their efforts…
"'Mortgages that have a second mortgage behind them run a far higher risk of default,' says Zach Gast, a financial analyst in Rockville, Md., for the Center for Financial Research & Analysis, an independent research group. Gast says borrowers' debt-to-income levels are similar for all mortgages, regardless of whether payments are late or current, suggesting the second mortgages are the main culprit tipping borrowers into delinquency or default."
On Dec. 20, Fannie Mae announced selling and servicing amendments, the most significant of which was "requiring borrowers to be qualified at a fully indexed rate that assumes a fully amortizing repayment schedule."
The Washington Post reported on Jan. 2, "States Swift to Warn Mortgage Lenders":
"Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have moved quickly to warn state-regulated lenders about the hazards to consumers from nontraditional mortgages.
"Tens of thousands of state-licensed lenders and mortgage brokers are affected by the advisories, also known as a 'guidance.' Such loans include interest-only mortgages and other arrangements where the borrower cuts monthly costs by paying back less than full interest and principal.
"The states are following closely behind federal banking regulators, who issued a sternly worded advisory in late September to the lenders they supervise, telling them they should not make these loans to borrowers who may be unable to repay them. Within 24 hours of the federal guidance's release, six states had issued similar warnings to their own lenders, a notable flurry of activity in a field known for its slow-moving bureaucracies."
Significant Shift in Lending Standards
This is an initial but very significant shift in lending psychology, and it does not matter whether the 800-pound gorilla (Fannie Mae) is leading or following. What we clearly see is a change in trend at the national and state levels. Prior to this shift, recall that down payments were gradually lowered to zero (and, in fact, to a negative 25% in some cases, via 125% mortgages) and credit standards were lowered and lowered and lowered again. This is the first significant shift in lending psychology that we have seen in ages, and it is going to dry up mortgage lending in its wake.
Immediately prior to this shift, we saw three subprime lenders blow up. I talked about Ownit Mortgage Solutions in "Demise Comes Quickly," The Denver Post talked about Sebring Capital Partners in "Mortgage Bank Abruptly Closes," and The Seattle Times reported, "The Party's Over at Kirkland Mortgage Company." Those are all recent (December 2006) happenings.
The Wall Street Journal is reporting, "HSBC Sours on American Loans":
"HSBC Holdings PLC is learning that the U.S. lending business may not be so easy.
"The London bank is facing rising problems with its U.S. consumer-loans portfolio nearly four years after its acquisition of Household International Inc., a U.S. lender that specialized in subprime loans, or loans to people with spotty credit records. The acquisition has been well received because it raised HSBC's U.S. profit, complementing its huge Europe and Asia businesses.
"Last month, the U.S. unit said a portfolio of consumer loans it acquired recently had quickly soured. This month, HSBC underscored the loan situation was worsening."
To kick off the new year, Reuters is reporting, "Mortgage Lenders Network Stops Loans, Sets Layoffs":
"Mortgage Lenders Network USA, a large U.S. subprime lender, said it has stopped funding loans and accepting applications for loans, citing deteriorating conditions in the mortgage market, and has temporarily laid off about 80% of its 1,800 employees…
"The retrenchment is the latest sign of stress among subprime lenders, which make higher-cost loans to people with weaker credit histories.
"It comes less than a week after similar-sized rival Ownit Mortgage Solutions Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection…
"Unlike most subprime rivals, Mortgage Lenders increased its lending throughout 2006. It made $3.31 billion of subprime loans in the third quarter, ranking 15th nationwide, according to data from National Mortgage News.
"The firm, however, said wholesale market conditions have 'deteriorated dramatically' in the last two months.
"Chief Executive Mitchell Heffernan said wholesale broker originations will stop until credit quality and margins return to 'acceptable levels.' The firm said it plans to maintain its $17.8 billion servicing portfolio…
"David Olson, president of Wholesale Access, which tracks the mortgage industry, said Mortgage Lenders' retrenchment was unsurprising in light of subprime lenders' struggles. 'Profits are way down, and margins are razor-thin, or even negative,' he said."
There is a clear reason for this attitude shift, given that a recent "Study Predicts Foreclosure for 1 in 5 Subprime Loans":
"About one in five subprime mortgages made in the last two years are likely to go into foreclosure, according to a report released yesterday, ending the dream of homeownership for millions of Americans.
"At that rate, about 1.1 million homeowners who took out subprime loans in the last two years will lose their houses in the next few years, the report said. The foreclosures will cost those homeowners an estimated $74.6 billion, primarily in equity.
"The report, written by the Center for Responsible Lending, a research group in Durham, N.C., was based on data supplied by Moody's Economy.com. Researchers examined more than 6 million mortgages made from 1998 until the third quarter of 2006; the report is the first nationwide study on the performance of subprime mortgages. It includes projected foreclosure data for all major metropolitan statistical areas. The highest default rates are expected to be in cities in California, Nevada, Michigan, and New Jersey, as well as Washington, D.C.
"The report offers a somber assessment of loans that had helped millions of Americans with blemished credit attain homeownership. About 2.2 million borrowers who took subprime loans from 1998-2006 are likely to lose their homes."
Insurance Attitudes
The New Bern (N.C.) Sun Journal is reporting, "It May Get Harder and Harder to Get Home Insurance":
The gist of the above article is that Allstate and State Farm have both moved out of coastal areas, but some owners do not seem concerned. What follows now are my comments. Although some owners may be unconcerned (for now), for those on the margin, this is a big deal. Regardless of why it is happening, the inability to get insurance at a reasonable rate can do only one thing to property values.
Here is the pertinent quote from the article: "It's kind of hard to figure out right now what other insurance companies are going to do. The state sets the rate, and I don't see a large increase in premiums, but it might be more difficult to find insurance."
Given that corporations are becoming more risk adverse, as long as the "state sets the rate," it is going to be increasingly difficult to find insurance. That is to the detriment of property owners in the riskiest areas.
Is Downsizing the Next Trend?
The L.A. Times is reporting, "What Was Supersized May One Day Be Downsized":
"The size of the average American house more than doubled between 1950-1999, according to U.S. Census Bureau statistics. From 1982-2004, the typical new single-family house grew about 40%, from 1,690 square feet to 2,366 square feet. In the face of these increases, however, the size of the average American household has shrunk from 3.3 to 2.6 people.
"This seeming paradox betrays the trend toward ever-larger houses for what it is: a real estate fashion, and an irrational one at that. And like all fashions, it's doomed to reverse eventually…
"Today's McMansions, with their overbearing scale and frenetic ornamentation, are a pretty close match for Victorian excess. And after their inevitable fall from grace, time won't be treating them any better."
We have yet to see a shift in attitude on home sizes, but as boomers retire, does anyone doubt it is coming?
I discussed other aspects of psychology in "How Will Deflation Play Out?":
There will be shift away from consumption to saving
There will be a shift away from risky assets to less risky assets (and lower returns)
There will be changes in retirement plans
There will be a shift in mentality from 'have to have it now' toward some semblance of planning.
"Those are good things, actually, and they will allow for replenishment of the pool of real savings that has now been completely exhausted."
In response to the above, Robert Campbell chimed in with, "There will be willingness of consumers to pay off their existing debt, as opposed to taking on more new debt."
Bingo. I certainly agree with Campbell, but I do need to correct a statement I made in the previous link. I said, "Deflation will cause a pronounced shift in consumer behavior and investment psychology." That sentence should actually be reversed. It will primarily be changes in psychology that fuel deflation, as opposed to the other way around.
As evidence, please remember the summer of 2005, when investors were camping out overnight and entering lotteries just to buy Florida condos. Prices were rising every month leading up to that point. What happened was an abrupt change in investor psychology. It was only months later that prices declined substantially. Thus it was not price changes that caused changing attitudes. It was changing attitudes that led to declining demands for mortgage credit, which in turn was followed by price declines.
Since then, we have seen dramatic declines in the prices of condos, even as long-term mortgage rates were essentially unchanged.
One of the arguments that inflationists have long posed is as follows: Consumers will always be willing to borrow and banks will always be willing to lend. We now have the second crack (one from each side) that suggests both ideas may be false. Here is a third factor to consider.
The American Trucking Association (ATA) is reporting, "Truck Tonnage Index Plummeted 3.6% in November":
"The American Trucking Associations' advanced seasonally adjusted for-hire Truck Tonnage Index plunged 3.6% in November, after falling 1.9% in October…
"'November 2006 marked the single worst month for for-hire truck tonnage since the last recession,' said ATA chief economist Bob Costello. 'Both the month-to-month and year-over-year decreases indicate that the economic slowdown is in full gear. The most troubling number is the 8.8% contraction from November 2005, despite the fact that year-over-year comparisons are difficult due to the very robust volumes during the same month last year. One month certainly doesn't make a trend, but if we continue to see year-over-year reductions of similar magnitudes in the next couple of months, it could indicate a greater economic slowdown than economists are projecting at this point.'
"Trucking serves as a barometer of the U.S. economy because it represents nearly 70% of tonnage carried by all modes of domestic freight transportation, including manufactured and retail goods."
Trucking is just further confirmation of other abrupt trend changes, most notably at Home Depot, where "Sales Falloff Kills Staff-Increase Plan":
"Home Depot abruptly shelved a much-touted plan to improve customer service by hiring more store-level employees — just a month after rolling it out…
"The about-face appears to be the result of a sales slowdown that is far more severe than the company anticipated, sources said…
"Rather than hiring additional employees, all stores — even those $40 million-plus high-volume locations — were told to cut staff hours by 200 per week because of falling sales.
"The reason? Sales were falling short of internal projections, the result of a housing market that had stopped booming."
Will Printing Presses Stop Deflation?
Time and time again, I am told that the Fed will "print its way out of deflation." Except for a few die-hard deflationists like myself, that is the near-universal opinion. Yet no inflationist has ever addressed shifts in psychology. No matter how hard Japan tried, the Japanese central bank could not get consumers to spend. The U.S. is different, we are told time and time again. Are we?
Six Questions
Can the Fed create jobs?
Can the Fed raise wages?
Can the Fed revive the housing bubble?
Can the Fed put money directly into consumer pockets?
Can the Fed reverse consumer psychology?
Is the Fed willing to cause hyperinflation?
Hopefully, it is clear that the Fed cannot create jobs or raise wages. History suggests that a reversal of a housing bubble takes a long time, and this was no ordinary bubble, but the largest on record in terms of prices to wages and prices to rent.
The answer to No. 4 is the Fed cannot put money into consumer pockets. Thus, the "helicopter drop" is a bluff, at least as far as the Fed is concerned. Congress could, in theory, "drop money" (or start job work programs or raise the minimum wage), but that leads to many other questions: 4a) Will it? 4b) To the right people? 4c) At a fast enough rate to matter? 4d) Would that money — IF offered — lead to an expansion of credit and money faster than bankruptcies and debt repayments? 4e) Would banks stand for it?
Congress could also do something totally inane like pass something similar to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which would increase the deflationary downturn just as it did in the Great Depression. With all those IFs in question No. 4 above, inflationists sure have a tough row to hoe, and they still have to face question No. 5, which I believe is a resounding no.
Attitudes can only go so far before they reverse course. When consumers were camping out overnight to buy condos and knocking on strangers' doors and getting into bidding wars to buy houses, that trend was bound to reverse. With negative savings rates for 18 consecutive months, that trend is bound to reverse. The belief that nothing can shatter U.S. consumer spending habits will be the next bubble to burst. Given that consumer spending is 75% of the economy, a massive reversal in consumer and lending psychology spells trouble for inflationists (and the economy), regardless of what the Fed does. That reversal is at hand.
Mike Shedlock ~ "Mish"
The Elves of Capitalism
By Jeffrey Tucker Posted December 24, 2015
The story of the shoemaker and the elves was written as human life was rapidly improving, thanks to the increasing freedom of the markets. Like the shoemaker and his wife in the story, most of us are beneficiaries of what could be called "the elves of capitalism". Jeffrey Tucker reports…
About Michael Shedlock:
Mike Shedlock (Mish) is a registered investment advisor representative for SitkaPacific Capital Management. His blog Mish's Global Economic Trend Analysis includes commentary every day of the week. Mike is also a contributing "professor" on Minyanville.
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As many of us may be aware, plastic bottle waste is an enormous, detrimental issue not only in the United States, but all around the world. On average, the United States alone purchases and consumes over 50 billion plastic bottles per year. If that statistic isn't bad enough, only 40% of those 50 billion plastic bottles are recycled or put to better use. This means that 3 out of 5 plastic bottles purchased in the United States are thrown away (Sustainable Business Forum).
In doing so, our landfills are increasing in size, thus unfavorably threatening our ecosystem. This includes humankind. Plastic bottles contain a harmful industrial chemical called Bisphenol A or BPA. Although consuming this chemical in small amounts by drinking through a plastic bottle is not toxic, the plastic bottle waste build up can accumulate masses of this chemical, infecting clean water supply.
In addition to the potential harm of BPA, most plastic bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate or PET. Studies show, similar to BPA, that minute amounts of PET found in plastic bottles may not be directly harmful unless over consumed which then could negatively affect the human body by throwing off the hormonal balance or worse (Sustainable Business Forum).
Although these statistics may be displeasing, there are many simple ways to do your part in reducing plastic bottle waste, thus reducing the damage inflicted on our ecosystem.
Discontinue purchasing plastic bottles. Instead, purchase a sustainable, reusable bottle.
If you purchase a plastic bottled beverage, recycle it after use.
Purchase an at-home water filter to keep in your refrigerator.
Ban plastic bottles within your household and/or workplace.
Find a reusable, sustainable, eco-friendly alternative for many household items such as shampoo, soap, and beverage containers.
Now, we'd like to know how YOU help reduce plastic bottle waste. Tell us your story below!
Will you Pledge to Ditch the Plastic Water Bottle?
hello, thanks for resourceful information.
am Charles, a tourism student in Kenya and would wish that this campaign be extended to Kenya, there are a lot of plastic water bottle that are being manufactured in Kenya and they are really polluting the environment.
Hi Charles! Thanks for reaching out to us. I would recommend taking a look at our "Start a Campaign" page for various ways to begin your own Ban the Bottle movement anywhere in the world!
I am constructing a sustainability portal for a community, and I really like the plastic bottle image in this article. Would you please grant me the permission to modify and reuse it on my site? That would be wonderful. Please let me know. Thanks!
This is not our image. I would recommend finding the original source to ask.
these plastics bottel should banned in all the world because it is very harmfull for us and for environment.
WTF is anyone concerned about plastic bottles when we are near WW3?
I'm working on a project that will reduce plastic water bottle waste in every home. Been working on this for 3 years, I finally have my concept and made a few proto types. This will be one of those moments when we all say… Why didn't I think of that!! After I sit with my attorney next week and get the patent. I will follow up and share soon!! This will be better for our environment, a better world for US!!p.
With a healthy food chain.
Of food that was real.
I feel like people think recycling is the best solution for everything. In reality, recycling won't stop plastic bottle companies from producing plastic bottles which ultimately cannot be composted if consumers continue to dispose of them in the garbage. Promoting reusable bottles and possibly even innovating a new material which is more eco-friendly would be more effective steps in the battle to reduce plastic bottle waste.
I've been moving away from plastic gradually, and love bringing my work lunches in glass containers and I love my bkr brand water bottles. I realized recently that my kitchen kettle was still fully plastic. An avid tea drinker, I never had it occur to me that maybe I should look for an alternative! So I found a ceramic electric kettle online made by Bella houseware. Not only is it made of ceramic, heats up quick, and is silent, but it's soooo cute and and you can set the kettle on any service even if the water is still hot. I noticed my teas taste better now and feel much better about my health!!
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The Blessed Virgin Mary has been appearing to six children (now adults), in a small village in Bosnia-Herzegovina called Medjugorje, from June 24, 1981 until the present.
She is only visible (except once) to the six people. She still appears daily to three of the six people and appears once a year to the remaining three people. In addition, she appears once a month to two of the people.
She has given a total of ten secrets to three of the people, and nine to the remaining three. After all six people have all of the ten secrets, she will stop appearing to them daily, and the secrets will begin to happen. Some pertain to the local area and visionaries, and the remaining are for the entire world. The third secret is a beautiful indestructible and not-from-this-world sign for all non-believers to see and convert, which will be left on Apparition Hill, the site of her first appearance. The seventh secret has been diminished through prayers and fasting. The ninth and tenth secrets are chastisements for the entire world.
In Our Lady's own words,
I have come to tell the world that God Exists. He is the fullness of life, and to enjoy this fullness and peace, you must return to God.
Where is Medjugorje?
Međugorje, or Medjugorje, is a town located in the Herzegovina region of western Bosnia and Herzegovina, around 25 km southwest of Mostar and close to the border of Croatia. The town is part of the municipality of Čitluk.
Learn More about Catholics
New Advent
Catholic Online
About Catholics
Catholic.com
Catholic Bridge great site to learn about Catholics if you are not Catholic
EWTN Catholic TV
Renewal MinsitriesTV/Radio Check out Peter Herbeck and Sr Ann Shields radio shows.
What Does it Take to Become a Saint?
All believers are saints (lowercase) and are called again and again to become Holy.
"Sanctity" means holiness. Saints (capital S) are people who have died and documented and sanctified miracles have occurred as a result of praying to them. They have been canonized by the Church. They are not greater than any other human soul. They have just done and exceptional job of becoming Holy by Loving God with all the heart souls and mind.
The current process used to determine Sainthood
Learn about the Bible
The Church's Responsibility to Evangelize
Online Bibles Search Engine
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Q: Tracking buttons on facebook messenger bot I am trying to track the buttons clicks on facebook messenger bot. Does any one have any experience or tips on doing it.
Here is a portion of my JSON
buttons:[
{
type:'web_url',
url:'<link to my url>',
title:'Click me'
},
{
type:'phone_number',
title:'Call',
payload:'+1' + phoneNumber
}
]
I am primarily unable to track the phone_number, I can get away with few workarounds with the web_url on the target side.
A: Change the call me one to be a URL then on your website note that they clicked the button and redirect them to tel:+123456789012345
|
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Made in USA chicken, beef and turkey jerky from Kona's Chips.
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Are dog's sad when we are?
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|
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"Pandora's Box" is a song by American hard rock band, Aerosmith on their second album, Get Your Wings. The song was written by lead-singer, Steven Tyler, and drummer, Joey Kramer, the first writing credit for Kramer. The song was featured on Guitar Hero: Aerosmith as a bonus track. "Pandora's Box" was written when Kramer found an acoustic guitar in a dumpster outside their apartment, the same guitar Tyler used to write the ballad "Seasons of Wither" with. The track was the B-side to "Same Old Song and Dance".
In performance
"Pandora's Box" was only played live throughout the early to mid-seventies and has never been played again so far . The first time it was played live was on September 14, 1973 at The Box Club in Boston.
References
1974 songs
Aerosmith songs
Songs written by Steven Tyler
Songs written by Joey Kramer
Song recordings produced by Jack Douglas (record producer)
es:Pandora's Box
fr:Pandora's Box
hu:Pandora's Box
pt:Pandora's Box
sv:Pandora's Box
|
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Google edge is working fine but when I browse with windows google chrome its connection timeout but internet explorer edge is. CrossOver Chrome OS Beta. These machines are designed to be. Even those who are using iPhone or Mac currently may probably still get used to Chrome. Abhishek mandloi February 16, on 4: 12 pm Reply. Works great for me! Google Reader has been discontinued.
One way to spice it up is by changing the Google search background ( and adjacent components). Chrome Cleanup Tool for Windows. I closed my torrent and deleted a few unwanted downloads. May 24 · If you use Google Chrome as a web browser you have probably noticed that the Adobe Flash plugin is contained within the app by default even if you have uninstalled Flash on your Mac.
So I have an MSI GE62 laptop and I really only use Chrome as my browser. It is the last step of a.
Let' s understand it first. TheINQUIRER publishes daily news devices, reviews on the latest gadgets , INQdepth articles for tech buffs hobbyists.
Requires an Intel processor and Android 5. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you' re looking the beginning of September so called " Chrome MD" ( for Material design), the new Chrome Core UI redesign rolled out on Windows as part of our 53rd update. Instead of Windows 10 macOS Chromebooks run Google' s Chrome OS. Professional Windows Backup Software MiniTool ShadowMaker Pro is the best data protection and disaster recovery solution that keeps your data protected.
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Other quick method is to hold down shift key while clicking on refresh button in any of the browser. The CrossOver on Chrome OS Beta which allows you to run Windows software on Intel- based Chromebooks is now open to the public as of November 7 . Oct 22, · I just had this problem a few minutes ago.
; Guards against people pretending to be you: If you lose your fault browser of Microsoft Windows is Microsoft Edge. Suddenly ( as of the past week when I first open Chrome ( whether it be as soon as I start my laptop , so) if it has been ru. We understand you may not agree with this decision, but we hope you' ll come to love these. Can i download google chrome on my macbook.
Apr 06 this takes responsibility out of user hands , · Google Chrome automatically updates itself in the background when a new version is out makes it simple to keep up to date with the latest version of the Chrome app for Mac. You' ve identified my exact issue on my home laptop that started 2 days ago. A Chromebook is a laptop of a different breed. Can i download google chrome on my macbook.
The Google- made app lets you use your finger or a digital stylus to draw from within the. This tool is only available for Windows 7 / 8 / 10 and you can download for free. Many times it happens that when I buy new domain name Google Chrome has a built- in internal DNS caching system which stores , after changing nameservers & hosting it in my server, it takes lots of time to resolve DNS, then I came to know that, saves the domain name which I believe is to improve webpage loading performance. But Why browser is so important. Google' s app design is fairly plain, but it doesn' t have to stay that way. I think my drive was too full to even cache the Chrome browser. I' m even getting these annoying pop- ups from Norton stating that it can' t do an automatic repair for Norton arch the world' s information including webpages, images, videos more.
Advanced Protection adds enhanced security features to your Google Account. ZDNet' s technology experts deliver the best tech news analysis on the latest issues , events in IT for business technology professionals, IT managers tech- savvy business people.
Nov 06, · Catching Up With History. Can i download google chrome on my macbook. This will completly reload the page overwriting all cookies and cached files.
Each option is discussed detail in the below sections. Whenever you click a link in your mail use Windows 10 search bar for internet search it opens the default browser of your operating system , you search something in your windows search box the best browser so far is Google Chrome. Can i download google chrome on my macbook.
Google has a dedicated cleanup tool to scan remove the malware spyware causing problem with Chrome browser. Can download some free apps directly from Chrome now, this post I will go though steps explaining how to fix a MacBook Pro after liquid spill. We want to thank all our loyal fans. ; Helps keep your data safe: Advanced Protection limits the services that can access your data. I purchased the original Chromebook Pixel in, back when there was a general consensus that there was no reason to spend that much money on a Chromebook. I like Pixel computers. Not all liquid spills can be repaired but if you do everything correctly there is.
It' s the strongest way to secure your account against phishing. When an account is attached to an online review it is more likely to be a legitimate review from a real person, not a fake review created by the business owner to. Now you can take quick notes doodle straight within your browser thanks to the launch of Chrome Canvas. With the Google Play Store popular browser across this planet, discover more to add ing the most renowned , get the mobile apps you love for your Chromebook , Google Chrome is a must- have application on both desktop your phone. The third way Google My Business review are valuable is because a user must have a Google account to leave a review. Thank you for stopping by.
Protects you against phishing: A physical security key and password is needed to sign in. The new 13- inch MacBook Air comes more than 10 years after the original, whose unique wedge shape gave it a minimum height of.
How to Download and Install Google Chrome. Google Chrome is a lightweight browser that is free to download for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Android, and iOS.
Follow this guide to get it downloaded and installed on your system of choice. the past there were many sites, apps, and plugins for all browsers to save youtube videos.
But lately it seems like all of the apps are getting removed from the chrome web store.
You don' t need to buy a Chromebook to enjoy the features of Google' s desktop operating system ( OS). In fact, all you need is a working computer and a USB Drive. Google doesn' t officially offer a way to try it out, but developers have figured out ways for you to experiment with the open- source. Due to the popularity of my old post on how to download firefox without a web browser, I decided to figure out a way to do the same thing with Chrome.
Chrome doesn' t seem easily accessible on FTP, so this method allows you to still download Chrome from a safe web source, via the HTTP link that Google. I Like Pixel Laptops. Let' s get this out of the way from the beginning.
|
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Jan Buchholtz
Gustav Ellison
The British Economy is in Historically Dire Straits—but Freeports Aren't the Solution
The UK was already facing economic disruption following its January 31st exit from the EU, but the coronavirus pandemic has the country's finances hurtling towards the worst recession in centuries. After weeks of lockdown, the British economy is suffering its biggest slump on record—and models suggest that it will not return to pre-crisis levels before 2023.
Unfortunately, British policymakers are turning to questionable measures to try and reverse this unprecedented downturn. Specifically, Boris Johnson's dream of establishing a network of the special tax zones known as "freeports" across the UK is problematic, given that similar facilities on the Continent have been dubbed "crime blind spots" ripe for money laundering and tax evasion.
The British government is holding a consultation, extended until July due to the public health crisis, on plans to open up to ten freeports. As far back as 2015, chancellor Rishi Sunak, then a newly-elected MP, suggested that dotting the UK with freeports would bolster employment and "act as a beacon of British values, signaling the country's openness to the world."
Proponents of the special trade zones, like Sunak, argue that they could revitalise disadvantaged communities and attract the investment that's badly needed after the economic one-two punch of Brexit and the coronavirus pandemic. The growing alarm which freeports have sparked on the other side of the Channel, however, paints a concerning picture of what the UK has to look forward to if it implements the freeport scheme.
Freeports have been around for centuries, initially intended to make sure goods in transit weren't taxed multiple times. In their current incarnation, however, freeports are enormous, ultra-secure warehouses where fine art and other luxury goods sit for years— avoiding taxes as long as they don't leave the freeports' temperature-controlled vaults.
Yves Bouvier saga
One man has been particularly instrumental in promoting this model—and in giving policymakers second thoughts about it. Swiss art dealer and businessman Yves Bouvier, often called "the freeport king," installed his family company Natural le Coultre as the largest tenant in Geneva's freeport and founded similar facilities in Luxembourg and Singapore.
A few years ago, European officials embraced the freeport model as the British administration is now doing, hoping that it would enrich their economies. Concerns have mounted among policymakers, however, that the facilities are instead enriching a motley crew of money launderers, tax dodgers, and even terrorist organisations.
Despite freeport operators' insistence that the facilities are transparent and carry out sufficient due diligence to ensure that financial criminals aren't exploiting the special tax zones, evidence points to the contrary. Luxembourgish journalist Fabien Grasser testified to the European Parliament's Special Committee on financial crimes, tax evasion, and tax avoidance (Tax3) that he received dozens of threats after he started looking into Le Freeport Luxembourg. "I've been working on sensitive cases for twenty years and this one is particularly sensitive, given the reaction of Le Freeport's shareholders and management," Grasser explained to the MEPs on the Tax3 committee. "I received a multitude of threats whether by phone or in writing, insults, letters full of insults including from lawyers…It's like nothing I've ever seen."
Grasser's investigation of the Luxembourgish freeport likely cost him his position as the editor-in-chief of Le Quotidien—but only cemented the MEPs' fears about the facility. After a visit to Le Freeport, Tax3 committee member Ana Gomes concluded that the warehouse could easily be used for tax evasion as "the controls were extremely perfunctory and we did not see any real attempt to establish who were the real owners of the goods."
Gomes' fellow MEP Wolf Klinz noted that this lack of transparency is particularly troubling given "the dubious and highly problematic reputational profiles of Le Freeport's private shareholders," a swipe at Yves Bouvier, Olivier Thomas, and Jean-Marc Peretti. Chief among these individuals with chequered pasts is the freeport's founder, Bouvier, who was investigated by Swiss authorities for potential tax evasion. According to an explosive recent exposé by Swiss media outlet Heidi News, Yves Bouvier even attempted to blackmail Swiss tax inspectors to subvert the inquiries into his financial affairs.
Against this background, it's troubling that the UK is counting on freeports to play an important role in reviving the British economy. The UK has insisted that it wants to implement a "bespoke" freeport model—but a recent report by the Royal United Services Institute indicates that London has failed to address a number of criminal risk factors associated with the facilities. Unless Boris Johnson's government finds solutions for everything from the insufficient oversight of commercial activities taking place in a freeport to effective customs controls in the facilities, freeports will cause more problems than they resolve.
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There is a wide range of pearls around the world and many unique collections that separates these pearls from their nature. Borneo pearls have developed & learned about the importance of extracting pearls from oysters as well as maintaining a well balanced eco system.
Shop online from our exclusive Borneo Pearls collections and enjoy special prices & promotions by subscribing to our newsletter. Online collections can be purchased using credit or debit card through our payment gateway.
SHOP NOW E-Shop will be online soon!
Every year hundreds of wildlife are lost in the forest of Borneo, these animal who used to be the rightful owners of the 3rd largest Rain forest in the world now face their biggest threat "MAN" Today Borneo Pearls who are closely associated with nature, would like to to give back to men's closes relative the " The Orangutans ". by fighting along side these intelligent creatures, by creating awareness through campaigns and activities to help support our partner organisation in Sabah. Watch the nurturing process of these little beauties as they are adopted and sheltered until they are ready to be released back into the wild again. Only together can we make a safer environment for the orangutans and all the other wildlife Borneo.
Let's safe our Oceans together. The natural source of everything is now been contaminated and tarnished causing a very unbalance in our eco-system. Join us at Borneo Pearls as we help our partner Reef Check Malaysia to help safe our marine lives by keeping our oceans clean and safe for them.
Borneo, The beauty of Borneo. Knowed as the 3rd largest rainforest in the world, Borneo is home for some of the most exotic and beautiful wilflife in the world. Borneo Pearls would like to pay tribute to some of these magnificent creatures here in Borneo.
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Does "ice-cold filtering" have additional value for a beer?
Some German pilsner beers have and "ice-cold filtered" ("eiskalt gefiltert") line on their bottle labels. Is there any difference (regarding the taste first of all) between "normal" filtering and the ice-cold filtering of beer?
It suggests that the filtering is somehow better. But really it's Marketing - conjuring the mental image of a delicious cold frosty beer.
The base idea is that proteins & yeasts in the beer (which cause haze) will clump together because of the cold - with the implication that somehow this provides better filtering.
The truth of it is that no beer is filtered at non-cold temperatures.
Filtering can make a very "bright" beer - that is, it is clear. Filtering is done with different technologies, and down to different levels. Some beer styles are not filtered at all (e.g. German Hefeweizens - cloudy wheat beers) as are many craft beers, whereas others are filtered to the point where just about all particulates - including yeasts and suspended proteins are removed.
Traditionally, lagered beers had a long time for the yeast etc. to settle out, thus producing an quite bright beer without filtering. Many home brewers use this technique too.
Filtering can remove a lot of flavour from the beverage, but it does increase shelf-stability and product longevity.
From a home-brewing point of view: cold-crashing is when you take your fermenting/ed wort and stick it in the refrigerator causing the yeast to become inactive and/or fall out of solution. It can be used as a way to quickly stop fermentation if a desired ABV (% alcohol) has been reached. However, the more common reason this is done is to bring clarity to the beer more quickly. The even less common answer is fractional freezing to increase the ABV.
99/100 times the answer is cold-crashing/chill-filtering is a way to bring clarity to the beer. As the beer brews and yeast becomes inactive, it falls out of solution to the bottom (there is a difference on where fermentation occurs in ales v lagers) forming a "trub." Even if you let the beer set in a still, sterile environment for months... you can still get more yeast to fall out of solution by bringing the temperature down a considerable amount. There are definitely times that you don't want this to happen as the yeast strains also impart flavors to beers. The "banana esters" you get (or that some perceive) from Belgian beers actually comes from the yeast that remain in the beer. Here is a quick run down of identifying yeast flavors and what you should anticipate tasting in some styles. Here is a neat info-graphic from brew-dog that talks about yeast in the brewing process, how some strains impart flavors, and what the options are for "finishing" your beer.
Stopping the fermentation too soon can leave unwanted flavors in your beer. The one that immediately comes to mind is Diacetyl. This PDF is an explanation of the timeline for the creation of Diacetyl in the fermenting process. They tend to produce butter flavors but are considered undesirable in higher concentration by BJCP (beer judge certification program). Here is a list of 15 common off-flavors, their sources, and how they affect beers.
Fractional freezing is not a filtration method. It is being included because we're talking about making beer cold before we're packaging it. Because beer yeast can't survive in concentrations >14% ABV... Making it so cold the water freezes and can be removed before the alcohol portion freezes is a way to concentrate and jack-up the %ABV. Here is a link from PopSci talking about fractional freezing more in depth.
All of this just to say - Chill filtering has a time and a place in beers depending on what you want the end result of your brew to be. The real reason anyone touts a process in advertising is just to help differentiate themselves from the competition. Miller Lite always advertises "Triple Hops Brewed" like it is innovative. Really, adding hops at the beginning of the brew impart bitterness, middle of the brew is some bitter more flavor, end is almost purely for aromatic purposes. A lot of beers you have will have been brewed with hops placed into the the process at three different times.
Fun link for hop-type-flavor-characteristics in beers.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged german-beers filtering or ask your own question.
Why is Frankfurt famous for Apple Cider?
"Green Schlitz" myth: Was the beer green, or the flakes?
Brewing: Which temperature should I ferment ale beer at?
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Q: How can I arrange x values in ggplot geom_bar when non-unique labels I have a dataframe that I am trying to plot in a bar graph and arrange the labels according to values in a different column. I understand that I must create factors and order the levels (related post), but what is the best way to create a factor when the labels are not unique and you are using the fill parameter.
This is how I am plotting:
cat_all %>%
ggplot(aes(fill=device, y=t_by_p, x=domain)) +
geom_bar(position="stack", stat="identity", colour="black") +
geom_text(aes(label=round(t_by_p, 2)),
size = 3,
position = position_stack(vjust = .5)) +
coord_flip() +
labs(y = "total time spent/distinct people",
x = sprintf("Top 10 %s Domains", 'X'),
title = sprintf("Cluster 2 %s Domain Engagement", 'X'))
The idea is to order by the total value (desktop and phone).
data:
cat_all <- structure(list(domain = c("businessinsider.com|News/Research",
"chase.com|Banking", "paypal.com|Personal Finance", "forbes.com|News/Research",
"bloomberg.com|News/Research", "cnbc.com|News/Research", "bankofamerica.com|Banking",
"wellsfargo.com|Banking", "wsj.com|News/Research", "fidelity.com|Online Trading",
"businessinsider.com|News/Research", "paypal.com|Personal Finance",
"forbes.com|News/Research", "cnbc.com|News/Research", "reuters.com|News/Research",
"bloomberg.com|News/Research", "chase.com|Banking", "bankofamerica.com|Banking",
"wellsfargo.com|Banking", "wsj.com|News/Research"), device = c("desktop",
"desktop", "desktop", "desktop", "desktop", "desktop", "desktop",
"desktop", "desktop", "desktop", "phone", "phone", "phone", "phone",
"phone", "phone", "phone", "phone", "phone", "phone"), t_by_p = c(3.40721337398374,
8.60096034164358, 6.23387870632672, 3.78531992009132, 12.9647524904215,
6.04311842447917, 10.1131791503268, 9.58312816091954, 6.69483134556575,
20.556119009009, 4.0323962962963, 6.47267734375, 2.11255132275132,
3.36567561728395, 5.78803899371069, 3.78916862745098, 6.08099117647059,
7.82377898550725, 9.81572870370371, 3.73643333333333)), row.names = c(NA,
-20L), class = c("tbl_df", "tbl", "data.frame"), .Names = c("domain",
"device", "t_by_p"))
A: One way is to just calculate the order first. Here's a way using dplur and forcats
library(dplyr)
library(forcats)
lvls <- cat_all %>%
group_by(domain) %>%
summarize(total=sum(t_by_p)) %>%
mutate(domain=fct_reorder(domain, total)) %>%
pull(domain) %>% levels()
Then you can use the lvls vairable for plotting
cat_all %>%
mutate(domain=factor(domain, levels=lvls)) %>%
ggplot(aes(fill=device, y=t_by_p, x=domain)) +
geom_bar(position="stack", stat="identity", colour="black") +
geom_text(aes(label=round(t_by_p, 2)),
size = 3,
position = position_stack(vjust = .5)) +
coord_flip() +
labs(y = "total time spent/distinct people",
x = sprintf("Top 10 %s Domains", 'X'),
title = sprintf("Cluster 2 %s Domain Engagement", 'X'))
A: Staying in the tidyverse, you could do:
library(dplyr)
cat_all %>%
group_by(domain) %>%
summarize(total_time = sum(t_by_p)) %>%
arrange(total_time) %>%
select(domain) %>% unlist -> domain_breaks
cat_all %<>% mutate(domain=factor(domain, levels = domain_breaks))
library(ggplot2)
cat_all %>%
ggplot(aes(fill=device, y=t_by_p, x=domain)) +
geom_bar(position="stack", stat="identity", colour="black") +
geom_text(aes(label=round(t_by_p, 2)),
size = 3,
position = position_stack(vjust = .5)) +
coord_flip() +
labs(y = "total time spent/distinct people",
x = sprintf("Top 10 %s Domains", 'X'),
title = sprintf("Cluster 2 %s Domain Engagement", 'X'))
|
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Q: Converting HTML Canvas to Image. Javascript I am trying to export my HTML Canvas to an Image. But when I export the image, I keep getting the img src = "undefined". I printed the canvas to the page directly and confirmed I am getting the correct canvas. Here's the code that I'm using. Please let me know what you see is wrong. May be a problem with CORS (This is HTML5)?
scope.getShuttleImage = function () {
var tmpPng
var imageElement
html2canvas(document.body.getElementsByClassName("shuttle-truck"), {
useCORS: true,
onrendered: function (canvas) {
tmpPng = canvas.toDataURL("image/png");
}
});
document.write('<img src= "' + tmpPng+'"/>"') // Just for testings sake
};
A: I believe the problem is with html2canvas being asynchronous. Try changing your code to the following. Like @Archer said
scope.getShuttleImage = function () {
var tmpPng
var imageElement
html2canvas(document.body.getElementsByClassName("shuttle-truck"), {
useCORS: true,
onrendered: function (canvas) {
tmpPng = canvas.toDataURL("image/png");
document.write('<img src= "' + tmpPng+'"/>"') // Just for testings sake
}
});
};
|
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I'm most creative … when I'm cooking.
If I were a color, I'd be … Turquoise!
I often imagine myself … in the country.
I really wish I knew how to … stick to an exercise program for more than 2 weeks.
I'd love to spend a lazy Sunday … cooking, reading, blogging & singing. Read my best day for more.
I'm most excited about … Voting this Tuesday; who will win Michigan?
My secret talent is … remembering song lyrics/artists.
Your turn; how would you answer?
|
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Building plots and renovation opportunities are sought after and often snapped up quickly, so if you are considering a self build or renovation project there are some key points which can help you access these opportunities before others.
Find out about the various auctions, both specialist and the auction arms of local estate agents. You are likely to need to register and they are not widely advertised. It is also worth looking online at the Essential Information Group and Plotfinder, which provide listings from auctions. You should also make an offer prior to auction on the off chance it is accepted.
Although registering with your local estate agent is unlikely to yield anything, it is a simple and easy thing to do bearing in mind not all agents recognise self-build opportunities. Pick up local property sections and register with sites such as Rightmove.
Land is sometimes sold with planning permission in place. Local authorities publish weekly lists of applications and decisions on the planning section of their websites, along with the names of their owners or agents. By accessing this information you can, in theory, contact the owner/agent before the plot goes on the market.
Using online tools such as google maps gives you the ability to view side gardens and potential plots using 'streetview'. This provides good background research and you can then potentially pursue the owners of anything you come across.
Approximately half of self builds are replacement properties. If you remain open minded to this a whole new area of possibilities becomes viable to you. Although bear in mind in such cases there will be residual property value and the potential demolition costs which you must consider.
Keep you eyes open, a polite letter though the door of a particularly run down property could result in the perfect redevelopment opportunity, the potential for refurbishment or the ideal plot for a new build. If you are unable to trace the owners you can contact the land registry which can provide this information at a minimal cost.
Some plots are accessed purely by developers because of their size. If you are able to get together with other self builders, these areas become more feasible for you in a group to take on and divide between you.
Try not to be too fussy, that ideal plot for your new build may not ever become available so don't restrict yourself with an extensive wish list. Look at the potential each plot provides and take your time. A little patience may pay off to get the plot that suits your requirements.
Architects and local builders come into contact with available plots on regular occasions. Some offer a service where they seek out the plot or renovation opportunity for you for a small fee. This is a valuable service to tap into giving you access to quality plots but freeing up your time leaving this task in the hands of a professional. Dylan Morton Design and Architecture are specialists in planning issues and offer a consultation service to prospective clients wishing to view potential plots and renovation opportunities.
Whether you are planning a new build, renovation or refurbishment, at Dylan Morton Design and Architecture we are experienced in providing a full property and land sourcing service as well as a bespoke architectural design and project management package. For more information please give us a call.
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I've seen my friend Betty rarely so euphoric and Betty is really an old stone in my friend's Board. Two weeks ago she brought a book with the pizza dinner, banged it on the table, raised his hands as she would apply to the Pirouette, looked us here with a serious face and called: read this book. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a heroine.
This is of course already a long crystal clear fact, but since IRIN Carmon and Shana, the two authors of the Tumblr "the notorious RBG", the genius of the now 83-Jährigen 2015 in the novel immortalized and have yet to do so illustrates, is an icon of the second American constitutional judge who, if you will, intellectual pop culture has become. It certainly not uncommon, that young Ruth's are sighted at all, mostly student Kostumierungs parties of the United States, some even Bart and all black edged glasses to white lace. SRM trademarks.
The daughter of Jewish immigrants fighting for women's rights, but also for their duties her entire (Professional) life. For self-determination. For an unconditional equality just. There would be among her vehemently expressed dissent against a majority decision, which curtails the right of women to abortion guaranteed since 1973 in the United States, to name a few. "The woman have " with all their anatomy the right to determine their own lives and to enjoy the same status as the man as a citizen." Now she rails against Trump and advocates for Gay Marriage Equality.
Since 2006, and Ginsburg is the only woman in the nine-person panel of the Supreme Court of Justice Sandra O'Connor's resignation. However, until then, it was a long way straight past led to misogynistic professors. Nevertheless, she left Cornell University as the best of vintage. As Ginsburg shortly after, in 1956, as women were still not lawyers, began her law studies at Harvard University, was her first child bereits14 months old. A second followed. Who wants to know more, should look first at the notorious RBG past and then very quickly to the book – "the life and times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg" it belongs as a manifesto, which strongly heard.
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Earlier this week, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) proposed a new measure that would have all states make it illegal to use a cell phone behind the wheel, according to The News-Press. This proposal came after a meeting where officials discussed an accident that happened in Gray Summit, Missouri, in 2010 in which a cell phone-using driver made calls and text messages just seconds before allegedly causing an accident that killed two and injured nearly 40 others.
Currently, there are no laws in the state of Florida that regulate the use of a cell phone or text message devices for drivers, according to the Governors Highway Safety Association. In 2010, there were roughly 3,100 people who died in distraction-related car accidents, including car accidents in Fort Myers and elsewhere. Officials believe that number could be much higher because of all of the unreported incidents.
Our Fort Myers car accident lawyers understand that bills were already filed by a House Democrat and a Senate Republican to make it illegal for drivers under the age of 18 to talk on a cell phone while driving. A third bill from Republicans in both chambers is aiming to make texting behind the wheel illegal for all drivers. Florida is one of the only states left that has yet to enact such laws to regulate these behaviors for drivers.
In other states, drivers are allowed to talk on the phone but are not allowed to text while driving. Enforcement of these laws is oftentimes difficult because an officer is unable to tell if a driver was making a call (which isn't always illegal) or text messaging (which is illegal in 35 states). A nationwide ban on these activities would make enforcement much easier and would help to make our roadways safer.
"According to the National Safety Council, drivers using cell phones look but fail to see up to 50 percent of the information in their driving environment," said the NTSB.
-Make it illegal for drivers to use portable electronic devices, except during emergencies.
-Replicate the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) high visibility enforcement model to enforce these laws.
-Create campaigns to help to inform residents of the new laws and of the increased enforcement efforts to support these laws. Included in these campaigns should also be information regarding the risks, dangers and consequences that are accompanied by the use of portable electronic devices behind the wheel.
The NTSB isn't the only one pushing for these new laws either. The National Safety Council (NSC) recently commended the NTSB for its efforts to make roadways nationwide safer for everyone.
The NSC predicts that nearly 1.5 million crashes, or nearly 25 percent of all accidents, involve a driver who is distracted by a cell phone.
Associates and Bruce L. Scheiner, Attorneys for the Injured, has spent four decades fighting for the rights of traffic accident victims throughout South Florida. If you or or a loved one has been involved in an auto accident, call for a free and confidential consultation to discuss your rights. 1-800-283-2900.
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Konica Minolta Business Solutions U.S.A., Inc. (Konica Minolta) today announced the launch of Konica Minolta EnvisionIT, a new brand position that encompasses solutions and services for the Education, Legal and Healthcare industries designed with their specific business in mind. The EnvisionIT family aims to assist vertical market customers in "envisioning" how they can work smarter and more efficiently with integrated workflow solutions designed and supported by Konica Minolta.
Promethean ActivClassroom and Interactive Whiteboards – As a result of a new partnership with Promethean, Konica Minolta now offers customers a comprehensive, interactive learning solution. This 360 degree approach to learning includes: assessment and data management, Tablet PC's, student response systems, Interactive tools & whiteboards, bizhub® MFP's to provide scanning and printing, and the software that ties it all together.
Performance Matters Testing & Assessment Solution – Working with Performance Matters, Konica Minolta brings customers a solution to eliminate costly and inefficient testing practices. Providing a comprehensive assessment and data management platform, the Performance Matters solution is a cloud-based solution designed for printing and grading student exams, all from the control panel of a Konica Minolta bizhub MFP. Additionally, all test results can be instantly analyzed, with results sent automatically to the district's Student Information System.
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Cronkite NewsWatch en Espanol
José Cárdenas
>>> The A.S.U student produced news program Cronkite Newswatch is now being produced and broadcast in Spanish. Nadine Arroyo Rodriguez goes behind the scenes to show you how it all comes together. [Speaking in Spanish]
Nadine Arroyo Rodriguez
>> a new Spanish news show just launched in Arizona and at a glance it may seem as though you could be watching Univision or Telemundo, but the fact is this is a newscast produced by Arizona state university students. [Speaking in Spanish]
>> This is Newswatch in espanol, a news, weather, and sports program out of the A.S.U Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication. The students are the producers, reporters and anchors of the 30-minute news program.
Mark Lodato
>> We are excited. We kind of woke up one day and frankly realized that, hey, we not only have the journalism experience in the building but we have got some tremendously talented bilingual students and we can do this.
>> The unique idea came from the students themselves. And because they are Spanish speaking students faculty and staff decided to give the idea a try.
>> This doesn't being done anywhere else. There is a need for more Spanish language news in the phoenix area and in Arizona. [Speaking in Spanish]
>> As you hear the news program you may think if they can speak Spanish they must be Latino but not all the reporters are Hispanic. The students work closely with local Spanish speaking journalists and public relations people to assure their work is of professional quality. So what goes on the air is proof read and under quality control.
Clara Colmenero
>> It's pretty much the basics right same. It's just the language difference. And me being a native speaker it gives me an opportunity to exercise my language.
Rafael Carranza
>> I'm planning on pursuing a career in English language but I think the fact we are able to do Spanish language is a great resource.
>> News watch airs on Univision's cable sister cable station. Students are exposed to a large television audience through commercial television before they have even graduated college.
>> It's taken us in a neat new direction and it's allowed us to really tackle what is a tremendous growing marketplace here in phoenix and here in Arizona. Anyone who knows this business knows that the Spanish language television is by far the biggest audience out there. It is the number one audience in metro phoenix. There's no reason we shouldn't be tapping that for our students and for the viewers who are out there, exposing them to the rich content that we can provide.
Go behind the scenes at ASU's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism where the top bilingual students produce a Spanish-language version of Cronkite NewsWatch. The student production, which features stories about events and issues on campus and around the region, is broadcast on Univision's TeleFutura network.
Mark Lodato:CronkiteNewswatch;
Asian American and Pacific Islander Health
Horizonte main page
American Portrait
This unique crowdsourced series blends stories filmed by everyday people into documentaries revealing what it really means to be American today. It's the story of what brings us together and what keeps us apart as we strive to understand each other.
253 food shows you can watch right now (no membership required)
If there's one thing we haven't stopped doing lately, it's eating. So we figured it was a perfect time for a list of food shows. All of these shows are available to watch right now without a membership. Just click the links and press play.
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«Баскетбольная команда Эспоо» () — финский баскетбольный клуб из города Эспоо, который был основан в 1993 году в результате слияния двух местных клубов.
История
Баскетбольный клуб появился весной 1993 года, когда объединились две баскетбольные команды из Эспоо, Espoon Akilles и EPS-Basket. «Ахиллес» только что поднялся в женскую SM-серию, EPS-Basket выступал в 1-м дивизионе. EBT занял место «Ахиллеса» и играл в SM-серии непрерывно до весны 2012 года. Лучшим достижением команды Espoo Basket является серебро женщин в SM-серии в сезоне 2003/04 годов.
Начиная с сезона 2004/05 ЕБТ и играли в женской SM-серии как одна команда с названием «Команда Эспоо» (). Лучшим достижением стали победы в финском чемпионате и сезона 2008/09 годов. Весной 2012 года EBT и Honka отказались от совместного участия в турнирах, после чего Espoo Basket Team отказался от участия в высшем дивизионе женского чемпионата, заявив команду в 1-й дивизион.
В клубе насчитывается около 600 игроков, из которых 100 играют в детских командах, 300 в младших и 130 во взрослых командах. В клубе 60 тренеров, и около сотни человек административного и технического персонала.
В сезоне 2012/13 годов мужская команда клуба смогла выйти в дивизион 1B, где команда также продолжила следующие сезоны.
Примечания
Ссылки
Баскетбольные клубы Финляндии
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To the editor:I have a question for those of you who may be more educated in politics than I am. What useful plan do the Democrats have to offer regarding Iraq? They are constantly screaming at President Bush's plans for finishing the debacle in Iraq, but they never give any realistic ideas on how to proceed from here. Don't we all pretty much agree that the situation over there is a mess? What is the sense in babbling on and on about whose fault the war is at this point? The fact is that every day the bickering goes on here, our men (most very young), are over there getting blown up because they're undermanned. The Dems seem to use terms like "diplomatic resolutions." What in the world does that mean? How can you apply diplomacy to a guy driving at you doing 30 mph with a bomb in the back seat?
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Avonside Girls' High School – Wellbeing programme
Avonside Girls' High School has a vision that all young women at the school are empowered to be confident in their own identity, are socially and emotionally connected, and flourish in all aspects of their lives. In developing their vision for learning, the school aspires to keep student wellbeing at the forefront of all that they do, believing that students cannot learn or achieve their potential without a strong sense of wellbeing. This story describes the 2017 implementation of a schoolwide wellbeing programme: Flourishing @ Avonside.
Programme design and implementation
In 2017, the school trialled a restructuring of their traditional house groups and form classes to better reflect the programme's guiding whakataukī:
Whakapūpūtia mai ō mānuka, kia kore ai e whati (cluster the branches of the mānuka so that they will not break).
To increase connectivity between students and staff, ngā pou (houses) were reduced to four, with each divided into smaller vertical whānau (form) classes. Each of these is made up of approximately 16 students from Years 9 – 13, assigned to one pouako (form teacher).
Wā ako (form) time occurs four times a week. Three of these sessions are shorter 15 minute time slots for general administrative tasks and one is an extended hour long time dedicated to the delivery of the wellbeing programme. A guided programme has been written and all pouako are encouraged to trial activities and resources as they work through the programme. Each term focuses on a different school value, and within this students learn skills towards mindfulness, growth mindset, and developing habits to be successful and self-directed learners.
The role of the pouako has changed to become an integral part of the pastoral care and support of students as well as whanāu liaison. Each pouako is expected to:
establish relationships and maintain regular contact with families and whānau;
deliver the wellbeing programme in wā ako;
provide pastoral care over an extended five year period for their Year 9 – 13 whānau group;
develop students' self–management skills;
be an academic mentor and coach, tracking each student's learning journey and achievements;
discuss learning issues, barriers and potential solutions; and
provide guidance on the transition beyond school.
Flourishing @ Avonside model
The following illustration shows the overall model and components of the Flourishing @ Avonside programme.
Staff learning and development
Avonside Girls' High School will relocate to a new site in 2019 where they will be co-locating with Shirley Boys' High School. This pending relocation and co–location introduced time pressure to implement and embed the wellbeing programme. Assistant Principal Tanya Phillips is clear that for a programme like this to succeed:
"It is essential to invest in your staff with time, energy, and resources and a strategic professional learning and development sequence – it takes a lot more than you think".
She suggests that a full year preparing staff before the programme began could have been beneficial for a smoother implementation process.
There has also been a focus in 2017 on building staff confidence in teaching character strengths, wellbeing strategies, and academic coaching. Staff are enthusiastic about the opportunities for better relationship building that the programme provides, and the 'learning while you implement approach' has had the effect of staff collaborating with one another to share their own learning and discoveries, with one staff member commenting that:
"We are starting to see staff sharing resources that they have found."
Review and evidence-gathering
The programme has been informed by regular review and gathering of evidence from staff and students. Some sources that have been used include data collected via student, teacher, and whānau surveys (both formal and informal), a regular Wellbeing @ School survey, student management system data, and teacher observations. Staff have also been encouraged to use Spiral of Inquiry and other appreciative inquiry approaches to reflect on and improve their own practice in delivering the wellbeing programme. These regular evidence-gathering opportunities have also helped the school to share and promote the changes with whānau and the school community.
Staff and student voice has been overwhelmingly positive regarding the programme, with student participants in one survey finding the question 'what would you change about the wellbeing programme?' a difficult one to answer – they didn't want anything changed! One student commented that:
"This year because of Ako time I enjoy school a lot more as I feel looked after by the other students and have easy access to support from my form teacher."
The next steps for the Flourishing @ Avonside wellbeing programme are to:
create consistency across the school in the delivery of the wellbeing programme, processes, and approaches;
increase student leadership and ownership;
trial integration of wellbeing strategies into curriculum areas; and
increase community awareness.
Following the co–location, the focus will be on ensuring that wellbeing remains at the heart of the school in its new location, and that the wellbeing philosophy has been sustainably embedded across all aspects of school life.
This has been a positive move for Avonside Girls' High School to encourage and develop the resiliency and wellbeing of their students. It has been well–grounded in the school's vision and strategic goals that were reviewed prior to the introduction of the programme. Their advice to others contemplating developing their own programme focussing on student wellbeing is:
Work out your WHY first – why do you want to change, why do you want to develop a wellbeing programme?
Make sure your reasoning is grounded in the school's vision and strategic goals.
Invest time (up to a full year) preparing staff by investing time in professional learning and development.
Focus on the needs of your students – look at other programmes and models but adapt to suit your learners, community and staff.
CONSULT, CONSULT, CONSULT – staff, students and the wider community.
The Flourishing @ Avonside programme builds upon research, writings, and work of the following:
The school's values of respect, integrity, self–discipline, contribution (RISC)
Positive Education from Geelong Grammar School
ERO – Wellbeing for Success
Te Whare Tapa Whā
PERMA Model
Character Strengths and Virtues – VIA Classification
|
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{% extends 'base_no_angular.html' %}
{% block title %}login{% endblock %}
{% block head-appendix %}
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{{STATIC_URL}}css/openid.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{STATIC_URL}}js/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{STATIC_URL}}js/openid-jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{STATIC_URL}}js/openid-en.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
openid.init('openid_identifier');
});
</script>
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h3>Sign in with your OpenID</h3>
{% if form.errors %}
<p class="errors">Please correct errors below:<br />
{% if form.openid_identifier.errors %}
<span class="error">{{ form.openid_identifier.errors|join:", " }}</span>
{% endif %}
{% if form.next.errors %}
<span class="error">{{ form.next.errors|join:", " }}</span>
{% endif %}
</p>
{% endif %}
<form id="openid_form" name="fopenid" action="{{ action }}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<div id="openid_choice">
<p>Please click your account provider:</p>
<div id="openid_btns"></div>
</div>
<div id="openid_input_area">
<label for="id_openid_identifier">OpenID:</label><br />
{{ form.openid_identifier }}
<input id="openid_submit" name="bsignin" type="submit" value="Sign in"/>
</div>
{% if next %}
<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ next }}" />
{% endif %}
</form>
{% endblock %}
|
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Ramallah/PNN/ World Bank Vice President for the Middle East and North Africa, Ferid Belhaj, completed a three-day visit to the West Bank and Gaza. This was Belhaj's first visit since taking over as Regional Vice President, and was aimed at reviewing first-hand the territory's current economic and social challenges.
Accompanied by Merza Hassan, Dean of the World Bank's Board of Executive Directors, Belhaj visited project sites and met with Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah, Minister of Finance and Planning Shukri Bishara, Minister of Local Government Hussein Al Araj, and Head of the Palestinian Water Authority Mazen Ghneim.
"The Bank is supporting the Palestinian Authority to improve the lives of the Palestinian people. This goes hand in hand with strengthening Palestinian institutions to enable economic growth and the delivery of services. We will continue to support the Palestinian Authority's reform program focused on fiscal management and public financial management and provide budget support while investing in water, urban and social protection projects, among others," said Ferid Belhaj.
Belhaj also met with met with representatives of the private sector and young entrepreneurs. The meeting was to discuss the role of the private sector as potential partners with the Palestinian Authority and a source of investments to stimulate the territory's stagnant economy and create jobs. The moribund economy has led to increasing unemployment which has left almost half of West Bank and Gaza's youth without jobs.
Due to the recent events, the delegation was not able to visit Gaza as originally planned. The World Bank has dedicated a significant portion of its financial assistance and operations to supporting vulnerable people, including in Gaza, and ensuring the provision of basic services, including in water, sanitation and energy.
|
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The season is FINALLY underway and the Raptors are off to a bang winning all three of their games this week against Cleveland, Boston, and on the road in Washington. Kawhi looks like he's settling in nicely and will undoubtably have a huge impact on the team's success. Moreover, Kyle Lowry is playing at an unbelievable level so far and is out for blood to win a championship. How far can this team go!?
To explore these and other topics, host Adam Corsair shares the Main Event with Peter "HB" Kaye of Life In Repeat. Peter & Adam unpack the happenings that occurred this week - what we liked, what we didn't like, what has us concerned, and what we are encouraged by. We also touch on Nick Nurse's first full week as an NBA coach and the impact he is having in comparison to how Dwane Casey coached. Plus, so so so much more!
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Escaped Facebook not to talk with a crazy, selfish, abusive girl I am in love with despite all the Red flags. Now I can't stop thinking about ..
Why dont you juat joind the crowd of green haired vegan lesbian sjws. They seem to hold a riot or march/parade every couple weeks somewhere these days. It might be fun. I would imagine riots might be sort of fun, unless they get you on camera as the ring leader of a mob flipping a car and setting it alight, while laughing maniacally.
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I am currently writing this because this is exactly what I am experiencing. I have been at a block for about a week now, but my wall is coming down – very slowly! There are a few things I have found to help, which I would love to share with you! Writer's block is such a frustrating thing, I wouldn't wish it upon my worst enemy. That is how much I dislike it.
Write a list. I know what you"re thinking, I can't even put two words together let alone compile a whole list! Well, even if it is the most useless list you have ever written, at least you are getting some sort of writing onto paper.
When your creative juices are flowing is a better time to write a list, whether it is a list of post ideas or just a list of things you need to research. If you have this then when you can feel yourself hitting the wall, you take a look at the list. Hopefully, it will give you the prompt you need in order to get those words out of your brain.
ALWAYS write down your ideas. No matter how stupid they may seem at the time, give it 3 days, or even 3 years. They might then, seem relevant to you. Meaning, if there is ever a time you have no idea what to write, you have your ideas somewhere – even if it is in a scrap piece of paper you haven't looked at since you wrote on it. The ideas are there somewhere, it's just finding them.
Take a break. If you have been writing for a while, or even just turned on your laptop, you may experience a bit of a word block. So take a break, you deserve it. Take a walk, have a snack, do anything that will distract your mind from what you are struggling with. Giving your mind a break will allow you to get back too it with a fresh mindset. Helping you to become a little less stuck.
Don't force it. Forcing yourself to write will just result in something you are not happy with. Sometimes, making it worse for you. Writing something you don't want to then read it and not be happy with it, then makes you want to write even less. Do don't force yourself to write, if it's not happening then it's not happening. Sometimes, you just need to face it. Come back to it another time.
Please leave the things that help you in the comments below, let's see if we can all help each other out!
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