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Q: Passing snapshot to an outer function and receiving data from it I'm using Firebase here but my question is more general, and not related to Firebase (I think)
Firebase has a snapshot function that serves has a listener for changes:
import { getDatabase, ref, onValue} from "firebase/database";
const db = getDatabase();
const starCountRef = ref(db, 'posts/' + postId + '/starCount');
onValue(starCountRef, (snapshot) => {
const data = snapshot.val();
updateStarCount(postElement, data);
});
I'm trying to put that logic in a separate function and receive my changes in my component. The outer function:
export function messagesListener() {
const db = getDatabase();
const messagesRef = ref(db, "messages");
return onValue(messagesRef, (snapshot) => {
console.log('THERE HAS BEEN A CHANGE');
const data = snapshot.val();
});
}
And in my component:
useEffect(() => {
const listener = messagesListener();
}, []);
But that's incorrect (I don't know how to use that listener to retrieve new data form the snapshot when there is a change). What would be a correct way to do it so that I receive data from the snapshot that resides in that messagesListener function?
A: You may try creating a custom hook for that:
function useValueUpdate() {
const [value, setValue] = useState();
const db = getDatabase();
const starCountRef = ref(db, 'posts/' + postId + '/starCount');
onValue(starCountRef, (snapshot) => {
const data = snapshot.val();
setValue(data);
});
return value;
}
so that it can be used in a component like this:
const dbValue = useValueUpdate();
useEffect(() => {...}, [dbValue]);
| {
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Дієго Баллеса (27 листопада 1994) — мексиканський стрибун у воду.
Учасник Олімпійських Ігор 2020 року.
Призер Чемпіонату світу з водних видів спорту 2019 року.
Переможець літньої Універсіади 2019 року.
Посилання
Дієго Баллеса на Olympedia.org
Дієго Баллеса на The-sports.org
Примітки
Народились 1994
Стрибуни у воду на літніх Олімпійських іграх 2020
Мексиканські стрибуни у воду | {
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TROUBLE DON'T LAST
Shelley Pearsall, Author . Knopf $14.95 (256p) ISBN 978-0-375-81490-7
Jump Into the Sky
This action-packed, tautly plotted first novel presents a quest for freedom on the Underground Railroad that realistically blends kindness and cruelty. "Trouble follows me like a shadow," begins 11-year-old narrator Samuel. When Harrison, one of the elderly slaves who raised him after the master sold off the boy's mother, decides to run away, Samuel must go with him. "Truth is," Samuel confesses, "even the thought of going straight to Hell didn't scare me as much as the thought of running away." His fears prove justified. Samuel and Harrison's journey thrusts them into uncertainty and peril, and introduces an imaginatively and poignantly rendered cast. Characters include a black man who helps them cross the Ohio River, all the while threatening them with a pistol and a knife if they don't do exactly as he says (he abandons a less cooperative fugitive to certain capture) and a creepy young white widow who converses with her husband's ghost. Throughout, Pearsall seamlessly refers to Samuel's and Harrison's hardships under slavery, creating a sense of lives that extend past the confines of the book. This memorable portrayal of their haphazard, serendipitous and dangerous escape to freedom proves gripping from beginning to end, Ages 9-12. (Jan.)
Prebound-Glued - 239 pages - 978-0-7569-1535-3 | {
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BSA President-Elect Mike Davis FAIA, LEED AP; past president Audrey O'Hagan AIA and others will be on hand to chat about mentoring with emerging professionals as EPNet hosts a reception on Thursday, June 28, at 7:30 pm at BSA Space (290 Congress Street, Boston).
All are invited to take advantage of this time to network with seasoned architects and BSA leaders to help shape your own career.
RSVP by contacting Jen Potter at [email protected]. For more information on getting to BSA Space, including accessibility and parking, visit bsaspace.org/about. | {
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Iwent to my cousins wedding in Montana. Which sounds ordinary enough until you factor in thirty prissy Persian doctors trying to walk over cow pies in Armani suites and chiffon dresses and stiletto heals. Next to the brides family in mud-caked work boots and denim. The two groups got along well enough though, and I could barely take my eyes off the expansive skies and beautiful vistas of Glacier National Park. | {
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Arizona Ford And The Golden Legend
by Domashita Romero (地下ロメロ)
illustrated by sairobi
"Archaeology is the search for fact. Not truth." It was how Dr. William Ford began every one of his introductory undergraduate courses; it usually came followed by a rattle of how if any of his students were pursuing a career of adventure and treasure hunting, they were more likely in for a life of bronchial infections from inhaling dust, and back pains from hunching over the tiniest shard of something that might have been of interest to someone two thousand years ago. It discouraged some of them. Some.
Unfortunately most of them had heard the stories. That professor there, yes, the one in the bow tie and the glasses, don't you think he's handsome? Oh, well, of course you do, but did you know? Oh, did you know he's gone off to South America, or to the Holy Land, or even to Darkest Africa, searching for lost secrets and antiquities? Arizona Ford, they call him, and isn't that just exciting? Isn't that romantic? the gaggle of eighteen-to-twenty year old girls (and the always appreciated cluster of boys) would sigh and giggle about every year.
So what if it was true? Dr. Ford–and yes, most of his close compatriots just called him Ari–had seen his share and more of adventures, but he knew the truth of his field to be mostly a dull science of dirt and death. The adventure that had come to him had been by chance only; he'd been in the right place at the right time, with the right passion for the right artifact. If he was even stupid enough to believe in luck, he wouldn't be able to say if he'd been blessed with the good or cursed with the bad; the accolades and scars he'd received were in balance.
Tenure was tenure, though, and he kept teaching, as that was what gave him the luxury to jaunt off to Siam at a moment's notice (or at least, at only the notice of an apology to staff and some canceled classes). At least two or three times a semester, too, he'd find some real love for the subject in the depths of all the sighing and eyelash fluttering; those were the ones he'd find sticking with him, sweaty in the field in their graduate studies, and waiting to take his place.
Hell, there was even one boy who had taken to calling himself "Illinois", for whatever stupid reason…
A tentative knock came at his classroom door while he was in the midst of writing out the syllabus on the chalkboard. He rolled his eyes, his students laughed, and then through great fortune (and Ari's own inability to start a class on time), the bell rang to let the class scurry off to their next valiant attempt at learning. Ari shouted out to remind them that next week would start with Egyptology, and his office hours would be kept. On his way out, one boy snuck a bright red apple onto his desk. At least lunch was taken care of.
"Lucius." Ari nodded at his interrupting visitor before he gave the apple a scrub on the tweed of his jacket and took a bite. "Something the matter?" he said through crisp, cool apple, and took his glasses off to get a sharper look at the expression on the man's face. He'd only relented to the damn things two years ago, at the age of thirty-seven, and even then he only bothered with them for reading or for class.
Lucius Welby had been in Ari's orbit since he was a teenager, always dallying about on his father's flights of fancy for a time before returning to the sanity of his museum. He had stayed a good friend through Ari's adulthood, though, and had often provided him with the first hint of what would later be a great discovery. The heavy envelope held nervously in his left hand made Ari's mouth water, and he took another bite of his apple.
"Letter for you, actually, Ari," he said and held out the letter. Lucius hadn't lived in England for nearly forty years, but his voice still ended up crisp in times like this. "I believe it's from Gerald Watterson… actually."
Gerald–! Ari choked a little on the bite of apple in his mouth and snapped the envelope out of Lucius's hand. Sure enough, he'd know that penmanship anywhere, thick lines, all capital letters, always desperate to do everything the Roman way, Gerry…. Ari put the half-eaten apple down on his desk and pulled the letter open, and it's contents into his hands.
"It's most certainly from Gerald Watterson," he mumbled as his eyes scanned over the page. "He's the only one a pest enough to write me in Ancient Greek." Not everything the Roman way, he supposed… Ari chucked the apple into the trash and leaned a hand back on the desk to begin his translation.
"Well… Ari, what does it say?" Lucius bothered as Ari snapped his glasses back onto his face.
My dearest William, was how it truly began, but Ari coughed down the last of the apple in lieu of an accurate translation; the truth of translation was always in interpretation, after all. "'By the time this letter finds you, I may be gone,'" he began, and stopped to clear his throat as his eyes fuzzed for a moment over the next few lines of Greek. "'But so I send to you a key to something that absolutely must stay safe. Enclosed is what should be a third of the map to the–'" Ari's eyes stayed sharp, but his mouth went dry; he kept speaking only for Lucius's pleading gaze. "'–to the only remnants of the True Cross.'"
"The True–? Surely he can't mean–" Lucius slipped beside him to read over his shoulder, but he'd always been a Latin man, himself. "Does he really?"
Ari brushed his thumb over the paper, as though he could smudge the ink; it stayed fast to the page. "Gerald was never one for foolishness," he muttered. "If he says he's found something, he's most certainly found something. God only knows if it's an honest relic."
"God indeed!" Lucius snorted.
"Mythology is mythology," Ari said, as he unfolded another slip of paper that was tucked into the envelope. It was a map in only the vaguest sense, borders vague, topography little more than doodles and labeled in Arabic, which Ari had never been too sharp on. "We hardly believe in the power of Athena now, but we strive to keep the Parthenon in its original pieces. Even if this is not really the wood from the cross that Jesus Christ was crucified to, someone revered it as such, and so…" He looked Lucius in the eye, and raised his eyebrow. Lucius sighed appropriately.
"Yes, it belongs in a museum." He waved his hand at the letter. "Is that all it says, then? No other hints to the rest of this damnable map?" Lucius had taken the thin paper for himself from Ari's hands to squint at it, tracing lines with his finger and sounding out Arab syllables.
Ari adjusted his glasses and took in the rest of the letter. "'At least one other part of the map is with Dr. Roland Schaller, originally of Austria, now residing in Faro, Portugal. I entrusted the map with him, as he is a–'" Ari stopped to clear his throat again, and feign hesitation over his translation. "'–most trustworthy man.'" The actual wording had been something more like willing, but Lucius had already heard enough rumors to fuel a lifetime of chatter; no need to give him more in Ancient Greek. "'I cannot stress the importance of recovering this artifact to safety enough. In the wrong hands, it would prove a terrible danger.'" Himmelreich, Ari thought, but beat that notion down before just thinking the name caused the man to appear. Ari folded the paper closed again, over Gerald's fond farewell to him.
"Well, dramatic, isn't it?" Lucius said, as he handed the piece of the map back to Ari.
"Gerald always has been." Ari took the map from Lucius, and folded it twice to fit back in the envelope, and that inside his jacket pocket.
"Well… Ari, what are you going to do?"
Arizona Ford's lips curled up at one side, and he took off his glasses again. "Could you see about getting my classes canceled for a couple of weeks, Lucius? I've got to go to Portugal."
"Ah… Onde está a universidade?" Ari's Spanish was sharp, but his Portuguese hadn't been used since the last time he was in Brazil, and that was in 1928, and had hardly been an academic excursion. His pronunciation was good enough, though, and the girl he'd accosted for directions pointed him up the hill, to the very university-like buildings that he should have seen to begin with.
With enough stammered 'Eu necessito ver o Dr. Schaller' Ari eventually found himself pointed to an office with exactly that name painted over the frosted glass. He at least bothered knocking a few times before turning the knob and peeking inside.
Within, he saw the back of a very blond head, attached to the rest of a man sitting at a desk and very obviously reading a letter written in what was very likely Ancient Greek, and considering a fragment of a map covered in vague scribbles and Arabic writing. "Sim? Com quem estou a falar? Terá que esperar até amanhã. Hoje estou muito ocupado." His Portuguese was thicker in accent than Ari's own, but more comfortable; he'd been here a while, no doubt. Ari slipped inside of his office and shut the door behind him.
"Dr. Schaller? My name is William Ford." The man in the chair straightened up at the sound of English; at least they'd have that going for them. "I've got a feeling I'm mentioned in that letter you're holding."
Roland Schaller turned his chair around, and Ari was faced with the fact that the man had to be at least ten years younger than he was, and that was the estimate that left his ego intact. Roland's fine, light hair was cropped short, far neater than Ari had ever been able to keep up with the tangle of hazel mess that he mostly kept hidden beneath his fedora. The young man's features were fine, all sharp-cheekboned and hawk-nosed, with sharp pale eyes peering at Ari beyond the angles of his face; hell could only know why a man who looked like that would bother leaving Austria. But looks were the second or third least important thing going on right now.
"So you are Dr. Ford," Roland said calmly as he folded the letter and the fragment of the map up, and tucked them into the breast pocket of his linen shirt. "Gerry told me much of you…" He hesitated long enough for a smile, and tapped at the folded papers now resting over his heart. "Before this even."
Something in Ari bristled–it must have been the accent, he told himself, but really it had to be the fondness there as he said Gerry's name. He let his teeth grind for a moment and tipped his hat. "Hope it was all good, Dr. Schaller," he gritted out.
Roland broke into a smile then, and rose from his chair to take Ari's hand in his own and draw him into a halfways embrace, clapping his shoulder as he squeezed his palm with long fingers. "I have been waiting for you," he said, softly, against Ari's cheek, as he came close enough to scrape his own nigh-invisible pale stubble against the roughness that had grown on Ari's cheek on the long plane ride. He kept hold of Ari's hand even as he drew back. "You have the map?"
Ari freed his hand to tap at his chest, where Gerald's letter and it's more precious contents still hid against his heart. He and Roland had a few things in common already, it seemed. "Just the part Dr. Watterson decided to send me." He withdrew the envelope and held it just from Roland's reach. His eyebrow quirked, and he let his mouth twist. "I'll show you mine if you show me yours, Dr. Schaller."
"With pleasure, Dr. Ford," Roland said, and withdrew the sheaf of papers from his pocket, pressing them to Ari's hand. "And I insist that you call me Roland."
"Roland, right," Ari said, half distracted as he juggled papers in his hand to get the two thin scraps of map out and aligned different edges together until the lines of ink flowed from one piece to the next. "Hm."
Roland had slipped beside him, and brushed a hand against his to take both of Gerald's letters from where he'd managed to wedge them between his third and fourth knuckles, setting them back on the corner of his desk. "Don't be greedy, now, Dr. Ford," he said, a light laugh in his tone. "Let me have a look, too." Ari squared his shoulders a little and held out the ends of the map so Roland could see. "Hm, promising. I had been suspecting that this–" He traced out a line on the upper part of the map with his finger tip. "–might be part of the Northern African coastline. This–" He tapped down at a part Ari nearly had covered with his thumb, a tiny smudge of Arabic writing near scribbles that could represent mountains. "–seems to support that thought."
"You know any Arabic?" Ari asked.
Roland sighed and shrugged his shoulders. "Not a word, I'm afraid."
Ari harrumphed a little and went back to squinting at the map. His glasses might be helpful now, but for some reason he always seemed to conveniently forget them on trips overseas. He held his arms further out, instead. Roland placed a hand on Ari's shoulder as he kept pointing at the map, the weight of his forearm causing the leather of his jacket to wrinkle.
"It seems that all we are missing is…" His hand moved to the negative space where the last of the map needed to be, and he drew a little X in the air with his finger. Ari smirked and eyed him sidelong.
"I always tell my students that X never marks the spot, you know."
Roland drew back from Ari, the flat of his palm brushing between his shoulderblades as he put a step's space between them. "And I tell mine to never discount any possibilities." He quirked up one of his pale eyebrows, and Ari tried not to think too hard about how he had students that had to be older than Dr. Schaller. He gave the map pieces a few more moments of squinting before folding them up and replacing them in the inside of his jacket.
"Gerald didn't send you any other pieces of the map, did he?" Roland shook his head as he plucked the two letters off of his desk again. "Damn… but knowing him, he's left some sort of hint to where the rest might be."
Roland smiled a little over the edge of Ari's letter, which he was reading openly. "He's terribly fond of such tricks, isn't he?" His eyes kept skimming the page even as Ari scowled. "I've never understood why he couldn't simply be more forthright, but I suppose it is a hazard of of the field…" He trailed off as he read the last few lines of Gerald's letter. "And a necessity, if finding this relic is as important as he says."
Ari took the other letter out of Roland's hand just a bit too quickly. Roland hissed in a little breath, and brought his knuckles to his mouth to soothe the papercut he'd left in the webbing of his fingers. "Sorry," Ari mumbled, and put his eyes anywhere else than on Roland's mouth. Guys like him tended to be all teeth and thin lips anyway, but Roland's mouth was full, and the tip of his tongue pink as it brushed out over the tiny well of blood. But Ari was looking at the letter, right. "How d'you know Gerald, anyway?"
"A collegue," Roland said, and the corner of those damned lips curved up a little. Looked like while he might lack in Arabic, his Ancient Greek was just fine. "And you, Dr. Ford?"
"Yeah, the same," he said, and unfolded Gerald's letter to Roland. This one was in Aramaic–Gerry was really too clever by half, and Ari was going to have to give him a few words when–if–he saw him again. He glanced up to find blue eyes far too fixed on him, and felt he had no choice but to take off his hat. Damn office had poor ventilation, Portugal was hot this time of year, and a couple of other excuses he'd come up with if anyone asked him. He tossed to to land on a stack of papers on Dr. Schaller's desk. "A terrible danger in the wrong hands, huh?" Both letters were much the same, down to the fond greetings and promises of willing behavior. "Any ideas?"
"I think you should know," Roland said as he reached over to pluck Ari's hat up and move it neatly to hang on the edge of his chair. "The certain threat that has been facing some artifacts, especially of this type."
Ah. Right. Hell, it hadn't even been a year since Ari'd gone on a wild goose chase after what was supposed to be the Lance of Longinus–damn thing turned out to be nothing more than a half-broken Roman arrowhead lashed to a too-thick shaft, but that hadn't stopped him from having to fight a group of Nazi soldiers off to get to it. Now that he thought about it, the one who'd ended up kicking Ari out of a moving motorcycle sidecar looked a little like Roland. Except Roland was somehow more blond. No, that was just the afternoon sun coming out from behind a clouse and in through the window behind him, lighting him up around the edges and casting his face in shadow as Ari squinted. It was funny, though, the light seemed to change something else…
"There are many rumors and legends about the True Cross, as I'm sure you know, Dr. Ford." Ari knew a lecture voice when he heard one, having given more than enough himself, and tuned out a little as he squinted through the sun at Roland. "It has been said that the tree from which the wood was born came from no less than a seed of the Tree of Life itself. A shard or a splinter held upon one's person could be enough to bestow immortality, or so it has been believed…"
Ari cut off any further lecture with a little click of his tongue and a gesture. "Hold it, hold it…" He pointed at Roland's left hand, the one holding Gerald's letter. "Lift your hand up a little more, into the sun…" Roland made a little questioning noise, but did as asked. Ari broke into a grin. "Ah, Gerry, you old bastard…" Where the sunlight shone through the paper, letters written on the back of the page in a pale, watery version of Gerald's solid Roman script appeared. Of course, the letters didn't make any sense, but…
"Brilliant!" Roland laughed, and held out his hand for the other letter, which Ari was already eagerly holding up to the light… to find it nearly opaque and lacking any hints of hidden messages. "Ah…" Roland sighed, disappointed. "Perhaps the first is some sort of code, then? I had not thought Gerry a fan of cryptology…" He hated it, actually, so that couldn't be it. Roland tapped his tongue on the tip of his teeth in a very distracting gesture of thought as he rubbed the paper between his thumb and his forefinger. "…Dr. Ford, did you get this wet at some point?"
"What? No! I…" He'd kept the letter in the inner pocket of his leather jacket through the entirety of his flight into Lisbon, his train ride down to Faro, the sweaty taxi ride to the university, the hour or so he'd spent running around the campus looking for Dr. Schaller's office… "Er."
Roland snapped his fingers. "Ah! Saltwater, then." He hopped up from where he'd been perched on the edge of his desk, and handed Ari his hat. "Perhaps you and I shall take a little stroll down to the beach, then, Dr. Ford?"
Ari jammed his hat back onto his head, heat be damned. Nothing was worth anything if you didn't put a little sweat into it, he'd always said. "Call me Ari, why don't you?"
Roland smiled and pressed the two folded letters into Ari's hand. "To the sea, then, Ari?" He stepped past him to open the door to his office. "Although perhaps you should let me carry the pieces of the map."
Grudgingly, Ari had to admit he was right.
A dip into the surf had meant a pair of wet socks for Ari, and a set of letters on the back of Gerald's letter that spelled out their next destination.
"Rueda Abbey?" Ari questioned over his shoulder to Roland, who was standing a few feet back, safe from having the waves sully the hems of his pants. He could see the wheels turning in his head, and could almost hear the click.
"Spain," he said, and put a hand to his chin for thoughtful tapping. "Aragon, to be more precise, to the south of Zaragoza. Founded in the 12th century by Cistercian monks, although I'd hardly expect anything of use or worth to still be left there. It's not been in use as an abbey proper in at least a hundred years, you see, since the–" Ari chucked him lightly in the shoulder to break off the lecture. Roland wavered a little on his feet and looked startled, and Ari just grinned.
"I'm getting the funny feeling this sort of thing is your specialty."
Roland's lips curved a little as he brushed some invisible dirt off of his shoulder where Ari's knuckles had connected, a playful spark in his eyes when they met Ari's. "Christian artifacts, actually. The architecture is just a hobby."
"Cute," Ari said, and slapped Roland between the shoulders. "As long as you know where it is." He shook off the damp remnants of Gerald's letters and put them back into his pocket; they'd presumably served their purpose, but hell if Ari didn't half suspect some other message wouldn't appear during the right phase of the moon or if left to ferment. "Up for a little trip?"
Roland pressed back against Ari's hand before he turned and began to head back up the beach. "I just have to cancel my classes!" He set off at a jog back to the university, leaving only his eager footprints in the sand.
Willing, indeed, Ari thought, and set off to test how well he could book travel arrangements in Portuguese.
Roland's company made the many, many hours it took for them to make their way across the Iberian peninsula much more pleasant than Ari was accustomed to travel being. He'd canned the lectures and gone for more interesting conversation instead, including a debate on Atlantis that had gotten the both of them shushed by a train conductor. Somewhere outside of Barcelona he'd dozed off, his head drooping to rest on Ari's shoulder. He looked even more like a kid when he was asleep, his face all soft and his lips parted, but somehow it just wasn't bothering him as much anymore.
It was nightfall when they'd finally made it to Rueda–the irritable farmwife and her horse-drawn cart that they'd had to bribe to take them out into the countryside had taken exception to some way that Ari'd looked at her and booted them off to walk for the last two miles. Ari wasn't surprised; he'd never had much luck with women. It was for the best, in any case, that they made their approach as quietly as possible, and under the cover of darkness. He had a bad feeling about this.
The abbey was half in shambles, left to fall into a state of disrepair that seemed to cause Roland almost physical pain. He'd opened his mouth to no doubt begin some kind of speech about preservation of historical sites, but Ari cut him off with a hand over his lips. Looked like his bad feeling had been entirely right–they weren't alone.
It wasn't monks, or farmers, or even delinquent kids who'd taken up resident in the abbey. "Nazis," Ari growled as he pulled Roland with him behind a half-crumbled rise of perimeter wall, out of the possible line of sight one one of the jack-booted bastards patrolling the area. He smirked at Roland. "Looks like you were right."
Roland raised his eyebrows in a gesture of vague triumph, and then lightly bit at the inside of Ari's fingers to get him to take his hand away. "What are we going to do?" he asked in a quick whisper.
Ari poked his head up over the edge of the wall. One soldier was watching an empty inner courtyard, with his back facing them. Nice broad back, with wide shoulders… good height, too. Ari shook his head, and said, "Looks like we're going to have to do this the hard way. Sit tight, don't make a sound."
Ari kept himself ducked low as he crossed the yard between him and the soldier, sticking to the shadows and keeping his footfalls as soft as he could on wet grass. He stood up straight when he made it directly behind the Nazi, and gave him a little tap on the shoulder.
"What are those boots, about a size ten?" Ari asked, and socked him hard enough in the face to send him spinning in place. Ari caught the soldier before he hit the ground with a thump, and dragged him back to where Roland waited.
"Impressive, Dr. Ford!" Roland whispered as Ari dumped the unconscious Nazi next to him.
"I was a Golden Gloves champ in college," he said, shaking out his fingers. "How about you, can you throw a decent punch?"
Roland laughed a little and held up his hand, lithe-boned and long-fingered. "I'm a scholar, not a fighter, I am afraid." Ari's adrenaline was pumping too hard for him to be cautious or rational anymore. He took hold of Roland's hand and scowled at it for few moments, turning it over and brushing his thumb against the center of his palm before taking hold of his fingertips and bringing Roland's knuckles to his mouth for a brief kiss. He dropped his hand quick, then, and started grinning giddily.
"You get the fun part, then," Ari said as he peered back over the wall, spotting another soldier on patrol. "Get him out of those clothes and dump him in the bushes back there." He glanced back at Roland to give him a long look from head to toe, stopping for a long while on the blush that looked so damn good on his cheeks. "I'm going to go find one for you."
"You're too kind!" Roland murmured, and began unbuttoning and unlacing as Ari went stalking through the shadows again. Bad feeling or no, any day where he got to punch a few Nazis and steal a kiss couldn't be that awful.
Ari lucked out and managed to track down a soldier who could've passed for Roland's brother–actually, he thought as he brought his fist up under the man's jaw with a satisfying crack, he'd rather not think too hard about that kind of resemblance. Cousin, maybe, he decided as he tossed the reeling Nazi onto his back in fireman's carry to keep his bootheels from dragging loudly on the stones. Second or third cousin, at the most.
"Got you a present," he murmured when he returned to Roland, dumping the soldier at his feet. "Hurry up and unwrap it." Roland had made quick work of the first man who'd met Ari's fists, and presented him with a uniform that was even neatly folded.
"Dr. Ford, I hesitate to say this, but it seems as though you are having fun," Roland whispered through curving lips as he started divesting the other Nazi of his clothes. Blue eyes flashed up to catch his as Ari was unbuttoning his own shirt.
"Everyone's got to have a hobby," he said, and shrugged out of his own jacket and shirt to replace it with uniform brown and grey-green drab. This wasn't the first time he'd ended up "borrowing" a uniform like this, and he thought the same thing he always thought as he straightened out his tie and did up his buttons: he'd begrudgingly admit that the Nazis could cut out a not-bad looking uniform, but damn if the things didn't itch like no one's business. He distracted himself from the scratch of wool as he traded his pants for the uniform's by sneaking a few peeks of Roland as he went through the same motions. Ari savored the long eyeful he got of Roland's lean, pale back as he turned away to change his shirt. When Roland unfastened his trousers, though, he cast a glance over his shoulder, and Ari had to look away. Everyone's got to have a hobby, Ari thought before he snuck one more quick look, then focused on getting his feet into the uniform boots.
Not a size ten. Hell, not even close. For such a big guy, that Jerry sure as hell had delicate little ballerina feet. Great, now Ari was going to itch and have blisters. The things he put himself through for the preservation of antiquity.
Ari hooked the last buttons, fastened all the damn belts, and replaced his own fedora with the uniform cap before taking a look at Roland again. Looked like he'd picked out a perfect fit. Ari hated to say it, but he made the damn thing look good. "Got the map?"
Roland tapped his breast pocket. Somehow even the simplest motions looked sharper and more ominous in that getup. The whole effect was a little creepy; Ari made some quick plans for the future involving getting the both of them out of these clothes. "I am assuming the next part of the plan is that we split up and look for the third piece?"
"Yeah, you think I just felt like playing dress-up?" The little twitch of Roland's lips was small, but Ari caught it. "Don't answer that." He cracked his knuckles and rolled his ankles in the too-small boots. "If anyone gives you trouble, you just talk your way out of it." He gave Roland a little grin. "Give 'em one of your best lectures."
"My accent will be a terrible giveaway," Roland said, arching one eyebrow.
"Not nearly as bad as mine." Ari held up his fist. "I'll stick to the universal language if anyone gives me guff."
Roland bent down to give the unconscious and nearly naked Nazi at their feet a small nudge, to send him rolling off down the slowly slanting hill to rest with his comrade in the low brush. "When I need to find you, I shall simply follow the sound of fists against flesh."
"You make it sound so damn brutal," Ari said, and with one last wink and a point of his finger to indicate which way Roland should go, headed into the abbey.
A girl Ari'd known back in his undergrad years had told him that the right clothes would make you fit in anywhere. He hadn't paid her much attention at the time, since she was trying to wheedle him into going dancing, but hell if her words didn't end up true in situations like this. The derelict abbey was a hive of Nazis, but as long as Ari kept the right tight step and sharp motions, no one gave him a second glance.
He wound his way deeper through the halls, keeping an eye peeled for anything remotely of interest or suspicion. Most of the guard seemed to be little more than wound-up tin soldiers, following their ordered paths without any thought to the reason. It was when Ari found himself in a row of old monk's cells (ducking into an alcove briefly to curse a very quiet blue streak at his boots) that he caught sight of one door with a guard posted in front. That had promise, Ari thought, and made his approach.
He didn't even need to throw a punch. The young soldier stationed in front of the door took one look at him, and rolled his eyes back in apparent relief. "Ach, endlich!" he said, and stepped away from the door. "Gut, meine Füße tun mir weh." He gave Ari a serious nod and a clap on the shoulder before heading down the hall with a strange, pinched stride. He held his position as the new guard for this door for long enough to see the soldier limp off down the stairs, and then he slipped back into the door behind him.
As he'd hoped (but not really expected), the third piece of the map was waiting for him, neatly spread out on a simple wooden table pushed up against the far wall. "Why can't it always be this easy?" Ari took three steps towards the map, and got close enough to see that the damned thing actually did have an X on it before he heard the door open and close behind him. He didn't turn quite fast enough. He felt the pain spreading through his skull before even heard the crack of impact, and the last thing Ari saw before blackness was the grey-green of uniform fabric.
He awoke with his head pounding, his hands bound, and his damned feet still hurting. A few blinks unblurred his vision; he was still in the same room, although now bound at his wrists to a wooden chair. The rest of the haze on his eyes cleared, and he saw before him a Nazi soldier, his back facing him so that the only defining features Ari could make out were his short-cropped blond hair, and the fine, delicate-boned hands holding together all three pieces of the map to the True Cross.
No! Ari gritted his teeth hard as he struggled against the bindings around his wrists. If they had the whole map, that meant they'd gotten Roland, too? What kind of idiot was he, letting him go off alone like that? If anything had happened to him, he'd never forgive–
The soldier in front of him turned around, and Ari stopped thinking as he watched the smile that curved on those full lips. "As I told you before, Dr. Ford," Roland said, as he neatly folded up all three pieces of the map. "You should never discount any possibilities."
"No!" Ari shouted, loud enough to make the back of his head throb. "You've got to be kidding me, Roland! You can't possibly be–tell me you aren't!"
"I only wish I could keep telling you what you want to hear," he said, and the accent that had really begun to grow on Ari now seemed to grate directly into his spine. "But instead I will simply thank you for all of your contributions." Roland stepped closer to him, stopping barely half a foot in front of Ari. He held the folded map pieces in his hand. "It would have been much more difficult to collect the complete map without your… willingness."
"Son of a bitch!" Ari growled and pulled at the ropes around his wrists until his skin burned. "Gerald trusted you!" Roland placed the completed map into the breast pocket of his coat, which seemed to fit far too perfectly now. He swallowed hard and bit the inside of his lip. "I trusted you, god damn it!"
Roland clucked his tongue against his teeth, and brought his hand to Ari's cheek. His fingers were sheathed in the supple leather of the same gloves that Ari'd neglected to include in his own stolen uniform. Their touch was smooth, and the heat of Roland's skin muted.They brushed across his jaw, over the stubble that had shadowed there in the very long day since his last shave, and up to his cheekbone. Ari hissed in a little breath as the touch suddenly stung; he must've cut his cheek somewhere in his journey from getting knocked out to getting tied to this damn chair. "And thank you for it, Ari."
Ari tried to turn his head away and shake off the touch, but that only won him Roland's fingers falling to his throat. "All your lectures meant nothing, then?" he said, a low growl to rumble against where Roland's thumb brushed his windpipe. "You know these Nazi bastards don't give a damn about history or fact or the past!" He jutted his chin out, even though it exposed his throat further, to meet Roland's eyes. "Is that all you are? Anything to be at the top of the pile?" Roland's face stayed even and calm as his thumb stroked Ari's throat, pressing a little harder with each downward movement. Ari had to show teeth. "You know, I don't think they're that crazy about your type, even."
Roland's eyebrow arched up, and his thumb stopped its motion to press a little harder. "And what type is that?"
Ari grinned fully and kicked one of his feet around the back of Roland's heel, hoping to catch him off balance. "You know. People like you and me." He hooked his ankle against Roland's heel and jerked backwards, making the leather of his boot creak. "Scholars."
Roland brought his foot up out of Ari's hold and pushed forward, knee slamming to his chest as he sent the chair toppling backwards. Roland's hand slid behind Ari's head to save him another skull-cracking, a strange kindness, even as he settled his weight atop Ari's chest, sandwiching Ari's arms and hands painfully between the back of the chair and the hard floor. He straightened his back and stayed astride Ari as he slowly pulled off first one glove, and then the other, letting them drop to the floor beside Ari's head. "We knew each other only a brief time, Dr. Ford," he said, and rose to his feet again, stepping away to leave Ari on his back like a turtle. "You should not presume to know so much about me."
Any retort Ari had stayed caught in his throat as Roland grabbed a fistful of his shirt and hauled him back upright, the legs of the chair scraping against the stone. Roland's hand stayed wrapped around his loosened tie as he hauled him upwards, causing the ropes to chafe hard into his wrists, and, in the last thing that Ari expected at this moment, crushed that full, warm mouth to his.
"As I said, though, I thank you," he murmured against Ari's mouth before bowing in to take another kiss, and this one had teeth, scraping Ari's lower lip between waves of heat. "And please pass on my gratitude to Gerry."
Ari was beginning to wonder just how hard he'd hit his head.
Roland tugged the knot of Ari's tie loose and unfastened his collar in his eagerness to show his gratitude. The tickle of his fingers against the hollow of Ari's throat, and the rub of his knuckle against Ari's adam's apple had him so distracted that he didn't quite notice when he started returning Roland's kiss. He caught Roland's invading, twisting tongue with a scrape of his teeth, and a moment of pressure just hard enough to make him moan, but not enough to make him stop. Ari had never been able to say he was above taking advantage of a situation.
Roland pulled away from his mouth with a wet sound and a breathless little hint of laughter. He couldn't keep up that stern expression he'd had moments ago, even in the uniform, not when his cheeks were flushed and his lips gone to a blood-rushed red. He put forth a striking counterattack, though, tangling his hand in Ari's hair to draw his head back so that he could sieze upon his exposed throat.
"Son of a–" Ari's half-hearted curse turned into a bitten-back groan as Roland traced a hot line with his tongue down from his jaw to the base of his throat. His mouth slid over where the uniform collar had chafed and itched, only serving to make his skin prickle more. Ari bit the edge of Roland's ear as it passed in range, as his face pressed into his pale hair. He smelled of sharp, clean sweat, and it made Ari's mouth water. Why did things like this always have to happen when he was concussed and tied to a chair?
Roland kept at his neck, biting and sucking a path along the heat of his pulse that would no doubt leave marks enough that Ari would have more than just the bump on his head to remember him by. His hands, those damn clever hands, were quick to unhook buttons and unfasten belts until Ari was bared enough to feel the scrape of short nails down the center of his chest.
"You know, if you were really grateful," he gasped as Roland's fingers explored his skin, ticking against a nipple and then up to rub into the scar tissue of a years-old bullet wound in his shoulder. "You'd untie me."
Roland drew back from his throat with one last pinch of teeth and met Ari's eyes with a little apologetic smile. "Not yet, I am afraid, Dr. Ford."
"It'd really be the best way for me to show my appreciation for–" Roland's fingers dipped down, past his belly, past his belt, to rub the erection he hadn't even considered trying to deny through his trousers. The rough wool scraped against sensitive skin, and Ari hissed breath over his teeth. "–your… gratitude."
"It will have to wait," Roland said, and dropped to his knees with more grace and dignity than Ari'd ever seen a man have in this situation. It had to be the uniform.
Roland leaned forward to trace that little devil's tongue down Ari's belly, only making him hiss more as that little tickle went straight into his spine to become heat. Roland's fingers were quick at button and belt again, and he drew back to appreciate the sight of Ari's cock bobbing free of his trousers, rock-hard and red-blooded and an utter traitor to American values.
Ari's fingers curled up, first to press little half-moons into the meat of his palm, and then to scrape helplessly at the ropes as Roland just continued to appraise him. Here he was, prick dribbling onto Nazi wool, and Roland just kept looking at him like an artifact under glass. He clenched his jaw and growled, "God damn it, Roland…"
He laughed, a sound jarringly warm and friendly for this situation, and spread his hands out over Ari's thighs, forcing his knees apart. "Your hot-headedness is ever what puts you in trouble, Dr. Ford," he said lightly, as he leaned in near enough so that the breath of each of his words made the hair on Ari's stomach stand on end. He had some mercy in him, at least, and he saved Ari the burden of having to come up with another clever retort. His lips were smooth as silk, and knew how to make a perfect fit over Ari's cock.
Ari let his head drop back, and the world swam behind his fluttering eyelids, far less the fault of the ache in the back of his head than the fault of Roland's almost unbearable mouth. His thumbs pressed into the inner curves of Ari's thighs as he took him deep, his lips tight on Ari's cock all the way down to nearly the root. Ari's mouth worked; he gasped and hissed but kept down the groans that wanted to escape. He looked past the slow rise and fall of Roland's head to the door, and could just imagine it opening and the room filling with all of the Nazis he'd passed earlier. Not his top choice for how he'd want to die, but at least he'd go happy, because god…
Roland's so recent betrayal (which, Ari dimly thought, was seeming less and and less convincing with each passing second, for some reason) was far from Ari's mind as Roland's lips slide off of his cock with the kind of sinful wet sound that made him break into a sweat. Ari glanced down long enough to catch the sight of blue eyes watching him, and a reddened tongue trailing up his length to curl against the tip. Ari bit into his bottom lip.
He wanted nothing more than to break his hands free and push his fingers into Roland's hair, to curl a hand at the back of his neck and guide him to an even more perfect rhythm. But he'd wanted to do that in that stuffy office in Portugal, he'd wanted to see him sprawled out on the sand when he'd been wet to his calves on the beach, and he'd even wanted to drag him into the train's toilets on the way from Barcelona. If there was anything Arizona Ford had a lifetime's worth of practice at, though, it was not getting exactly what he wanted. But what he did get was damn worth it all, anyway.
Roland's fingers worked with his mouth, slipping from a tight grip on his shaft to a shiver-inducing ghost of a touch over his balls. Ari couldn't hold back a groan when Roland went from bathing the head of his cock with the broadest, hottest part of his tongue to sliding it beneath his foreskin in some obscenely clever twist. His boots were too tight to let his toes curl, so he stomped his heel into the stone floor again and again, until he heard–until he felt–Roland echo his moan, and that was the end of him. Roland swallowed him deep as he came hard, his body jerking and jittering enough to send the chair jumping and scraping over the floor. He couldn't keep himself quiet at all, groaning and growling and inventing new and profane words, but he'd never had the skill to show restraint at times like these. As Roland's mouth wrang out the last shudders from him, more arcs of heat spreading up his spine than he thought his body capable of, he had the giddy little thought that these were probably just the right noises for a one-on-one Nazi interrogation session like this.
Roland didn't bother to put Ari's uniform back in order. He rose to his feet and put the back of his hand neatly to his mouth, and wavered a little on his feet. At least Ari wasn't the only one out of breath. He brought his hand to the underside of Ari's chin and tilted him up just enough so he could accept another kiss, sweet and gentle and thick with Ari's own taste. Roland brushed his hand across Ari's cheek again, catching the dampness of a sigh in the shallow of his palm, and then kicked the legs out from Ari's chair.
With nothing to catch him this time, Ari's head thudded hard against the stone. The last words he heard before the world went black again were Roland, leaning down to murmur near his cheek, "Fès. But not too quickly."
When he awoke, he found himself stuffed behind a curtain in an alcove, with his hands freed, his limp prick still hanging freely from his opened uniform trousers, and an even worse headache than he'd had before. His own clothes were neatly folded–neater than he'd ever folded the things in his life–at his feet, though. Ari put his fedora back on his throbbing head and worked on figuring out the fastest way for him to get to Morocco.
Ari's head was still aching by the time he made it to Fès, not nearly fast enough for his tastes. He'd barely gotten more than a few moments of sleep since staggering his way out of Rueda, barely avoiding any further Nazi molestations. Roland wanted him to follow–he'd not only told him just where to go, but just in case that wasn't enough, given him a long enough look at the completed map for him to practically memorize the thing. What the hell was the point of all this chase?
Ari shielded his eyes from the sun with a hand extended beyond the brim of his hat as he made his way to the southeast of the city, to the spot he'd seen marked out so damnably clearly in ink on that map. Some tiny voice of reason (one he'd actually thought had died in roughly 1924) spoke up in the back of his mind, asking him just what he thought he was doing. The True Cross–if it was even the actual artifact, and not just another of any half a dozen pretenders he'd seen in his time–was probably lost by now, in Nazi hands, and Roland… He could still feel Roland on his skin, and that was enough to keep a thread of hope that all of this treachery was some kind of game.
Someone had been on this path before him, and not so long ago. He'd spent summers as a boy out in Scouts in the state he'd taken his nickname from, and had learned a thing or two about tracking. Out through the rough scrubland, and into the hills… he'd find someone waiting for him there. Hell, there was a chance as good as getting a heads on a nickel-flip that he'd be strolling in to a nest full of Nazis to wish them all a "guten Tag". Or "gute Nacht", depending on how damn far out in the hills the spot that X was marking was. Ari kept the sun to his back and followed the faded trail of footprints.
He found the temple small and forgotten in between two rises of earth and rock, old and decayed enough to make Rueda look like a recent development. Ari couldn't see any soldiers, or signs of cars, and that was promising, at least. He made his approach as the sun started to slide behind the edge of the hills, and for the first time, wondered why he'd come this far without bothering to bring a weapon.
Just as he got close enough to brush his feet over the temple's stones, a figure appeared in its doorway. Roland, out of that damned uniform, and once more caught in the light of the setting sun. To Ari's surprise, he greeted him with open arms.
"Oh, thank god, Ari, you came!" He'd closed the space between them and had his arms around Ari's shoulders before Ari could think to object. "I'm sorry I had to mislead you like that," he murmured into his ear, and drew back to linger a few inches from his face. "I can only hope you will forgive me."
Ari stuttered, sputtered, and stammered, and then finally settled on saying, "Just what the hell is going on, Roland?"
Roland sighed and stepped back to reach into his shirt pocket–Ari noticed only then the small, but ornate reliquary he was holding in his other hand, by god, was that really it?–and produced a neatly folded letter, with unmistakable solid Roman lettering. "I am afraid… it was Gerry's idea." He unfolded the letter and placed it in Ari's numb hand. Ari's glasses were sitting in a desk drawer an ocean away, so he settled for squinting while Roland summarized. "He said, ah, while your help would be useful for recovering the last section of the map, it would be best advised I discourage you–" By any means possible, that Gerry had written in plain English, in extra-broad, dark letters that Ari could read clearly. He knew he was pouting when he met Roland's eyes, but damned if he felt much reason to stop. It was enough to make Roland sigh a little and reach out to brush his thumb over Ari's lower lip. "It seems you have a history of… a lack of success when it comes to endeavors such as this," Roland continued. "The relics of this sort that you seek out more often than not end up lost forever, stolen, destroyed, or in enemy hands."
Roland lifted up his other hand, letting the metal of the reliquary catch the fading beams of sunlight, and smiled. "But I have it! All should be well enough now…" He laughed a little and shrugged. "Gerry would have had me leave you in Rueda with no scent to follow, but I think I could not deny you the pleasure…" His hand slipped back across Ari's cheek, slipping over that small cut to brush through his hair, coming to rest gentle and soothing over the knot in his scalp. "I wish you'd not been so eager, though. I'd have found you in the city and saved you the walk."
Ari crumpled up Gerald's letter and tossed it over his shoulder. "You could have just told me, you know," he said, leaning close enough to murmur the words nearly against Roland's mouth.
"It would have only encouraged you, had you known, would it not?" Roland asked, one eyebrow curved high. Ari let one hand slip to rest at his hip, while the other took the reliquary out of his hand.
"Ah, hell, you're probably right." This was worth a little more pouting; the sight seemed to make Roland adopt a very fetching smirk. "Did you have to hit me so hard, though?"
Roland shrugged and brushed his fingers down from the sore spot on Ari's head to the back of his neck. "I seem to not know my own strength."
Ari's tongue slipped out to wet his lips before he let them curve up into a grin. "I guess we're gonna have to learn a few things about what you can and can't do, huh?"
Roland laughed and turned his head away a little, letting the sunset's light catch on his cheeks. "Ah, Dr. Ford, I suppose you have much to teach–"
The gunshot echoed through the hills, and Roland crumpled like a ragdoll at Ari's feet, ending sprawled limply on his back in the dust. Ari's hand tightened around the reliquary as he looked to where the shot had come from.
"I am so sorry, Dr. Ford," came an accented voice that was far too familiar. "It seems I was interrupting… something."
"Himmelreich!" Ari spat. Ulrich Himmelreich had begun as a thorn in his side, and advanced to nothing less than a spear between his ribs. Whenever a relic Ari pursued ended up lost forever, stolen, destroyed, or in enemy hands, it was Himmelreich, always Himmelreich behind it. "You son of a bitch!" Ari wanted nothing more than to kneel down and tend to Roland, but the gun in Himmelreich's hand kept him still. Any fleeting, flattering thoughts he'd had about the cut of a German uniform were gone, now; it sure as hell didn't look good on him.
"As always, Dr. Ford, you are kind to us." He stepped forward, over Roland's prostrate body, and held the gun pointed directly at Ari's chest. "You are possibly the easiest man in the world to follow. You always do all of the dirty work, and allow us the spoils." He snatched the reliquary from Ari's hand, and held it up before his eyes, smiling sickly. "All it might take is a single splinter from this relic, woven in to the uniforms of our soldiers, and–" He broke off and snatched the reliquary out of sight. "Ah, but it would be terrible of me to spoil it." The barrel of his gun nudged under Ari's chin. "Just as it would be terrible for me to kill you now, and miss out on all the other treasures that you will bring to my hands in the future."
"You won't get away with this!" Ari growled, but he knew it was already over. The light was growing dim, and he couldn't see Roland moving at all.
Himmelreich leaned close to his face, as close as Roland had been only moments before, close enough for him to smell tobacco on his breath. "Ah, William… but I do. And I will. And we will." With that, he brought the butt of his gun to the side of Ari's head, sending him to the ground. It was enough to send him reeling and put stars behind his eyes, but the kick that Himmelreich landed in his solar plexus was what sent the world to black once more.
When he came to again, night had fallen, and he was alone. Ari scoured the area for any sign of Roland, but there was nothing, nothing at all. No footprints, no scraps of cloth, not even a spatter of blood or an imprint in the dust where he'd fallen.
It was a long walk back to Fès.
Field work was good for the spirit, especially when he could sit back and let his students, with all of their interest and eagerness and young back muscles, do the hard work. Although more often than not, "sitting back" meant something more like getting down on his knees in the dirt and berating a graduate student about the sloppy way he handled a brush. Well, there was no rest for the wicked, or the tenured.
Ari leaned back to let his spine pop, and removed his hat to wipe the sweat the Argentinean sun pulled from his brow. He lifted his head as a shadow fell on him, and saw another one of his students, a handsome young man named Edgar, looking down at him nervously.
"Yes?" he asked, and put his hat back on to shield out the sun.
"Ah, Dr. Ford, someone's… someone's here to see you."
Ari squinted one eye closed. Here? At an archaeological dig site in the middle of nowhere in Argentina? "Who?"
"He didn't say, but, uh, he's back there by the tents." Ari rose to his feet with only a minimum of cracking from his left knee, and looked off to where Edgar was pointing.
Arizona Ford had seen a lot of pretty damn impossible things, but this had to be near the top of the list. His mouth went dry as dust, and he put a hand on Edgar's shoulder to push him out of the way. "You… you take over, here, Edgar, see if you can… uh… you tell James to do better." He left the boy behind, and walked towards the man who absolutely, in no way, could possibly really be Dr. Roland Schaller.
"Ari," he said as he drew close enough, and those two syllables were enough to convince him that this was the real article. There were ten more years of lines on his face, but it was Roland, through and through, alive and in the flesh.
"How… how in the hell?" Ari reached forward to grab hold of Roland's arm, to feel that warmth. "You were dead!" he said, loud enough that his students looked around. He winced and pushed Roland further back, away from the dig site and further in to camp. "I searched all over for you, and there was nothing. Nothing! The university in Faro said you never came back…"
Roland laid a hand on top of his. "I had to go into hiding, Ari, I'm sorry… but it was for a good reason." He reached a hand into his pocket and pulled out small scrap of wood. Ari's eyes grew wide. "It's the real thing, Ari," he whispered. "The reliquary was empty. I had a feeling something would go wrong when I found it and… I was right."
Ari couldn't keep himself from reaching out to touch the splintered edges of the wood. The thrill that seemed to prickle through his skin when he touched it had to be adreneline, or his imagination, or both. "But… you were shot," he murmured distractedly, and Roland put fingers under his jaw to bring him up to meet his eyes.
"It's the real thing, Ari," he said again, and his mouth curved. "I know you don't want to hear a lecture."
"It's… made you immortal?" Just saying it made Ari feel ridiculous, and Roland had the decency to shrug a little.
"I don't know about that, but I have found myself conveniently… bulletproof." His fingers were already brushing along the line of Ari's jaw, curving behind his ear. He clucked his tongue a little. "Surely you must have suspected that something of this sort had happened when your side did not lose the war."
"To be honest, it all seemed pretty far-fetched to begin with." He took the fragment of the True Cross from Roland's fingers, and put it neatly back into his pocket.
"You must never discount any possibilities, Dr. Ford," Roland said, laughing a little. "Wait a moment, I will go tell your students that…"
Ari caught him by the wrist. "Tell them later. Right now I…. you know, I really owe you one, Roland."
"Oh?" His eyebrows raised high. "But it would seem I've caused you nothing but trouble–"
Ari hadn't grinned like this in years. "No… I mean, I owe you one," he said, and pushed Roland back in the direction of his tent.
"Ah? Ah!" Roland was laughing by the time he pushed the canvas flap out of the way. "I see, very clever…"
"I do my best," Ari said, and let the tent flap close behind him.
Dr. William "Arizona" Ford....... H_______ F___
Dr. Roland Schaller....... Wikipedia
Ulrich Himmelreich....... Himself
McGuffins provided by....... ladysisyphus
Linguistic consultants....... kuniopt, jokersama
Set design....... sairobi
Costumes by....... Hugo Boss
Catering by....... Delivery.com
Unrealistic depiction of head injuries provided by....... Hollywood
Now It Can Be Told
Up the Garden Path
This entry was posted in Bang*Bang no. 11, Text and tagged Domashita Romero, sairobi. Bookmark the permalink.
← ムーン パウアー メイク アプ
Sleeping → | {
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Q: How to assign unique value to rows if any column value is same in sas I have 2 sas datasets. One dataset has clusters based on 5 column value. If any column is same between rows then those rows have same unique key. Similarly second dataset has similar cluster based on same columns. Now i have to merge these two datasets based on columns values and then assign unique key of any column match.
Suppose 1st data has 1 cluster which has 5 rows and 2nd data has another cluster which has 2 rows. If any row matched between these 2 datasets then all 7 should have same unique key
A: Vivek, you will probably want to learn about either SET statement to concatenate rows based on key, or MERGE statement to combine disparate columns based on key. Your description, of "5 rows", "2 rows" and "all 7" suggests stacking.
data want;
set
dataset_one
dataset_two
;
by key1 key2 key3 key4 key5;
if first.key5 then fiveLevelGroupId + 1;
run;
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\section{Introduction}
During the last decade, fractional differential equations(FDEs) \cite{Diethelm,Kilbas,Podlubny} appeared as rich and beautiful field of research due to their applications to the physical and life sciences.The theoretical development of FDEs in the classical Riemann-Liouville's or Caputo sense have been excellently given in \cite{Diethelm,Kilbas,Podlubny,Gorenflo,Miller,Lak3}. For important and interesting works on existence, uniqueness, data dependence and heterogeneous qualitative properties of solution of classical FDEs, we propose the work of Lakshmikantham et al.\cite{Lak3,Lak1,Lak2}, Gejji et al.\cite{Gejji1,Gejji2}, Kai et al.\cite{Diethelm1}, Trujillo et al.\cite{Kucche}, Benchora et al.\cite{Agrawal2}, and the references cited therein. Other interesting works on these aspect can be found in \cite{Agrawal2, Agrawal,Lak4,Wang,Kou,Idczak,Deng,Li,Kilbas2,Gambo,Zhou,Agrawal3,Ahmad,Anber}.
The fundamental concept and properties of integrals and derivatives of fractional order of a function with respect to the another function viz. $ \Psi $-Riemann-Liouville integral and derivative have been introduced in
\cite[Chapter 2]{Kilbas}. Following the similar approach, Almeida \cite{Almeida} introduced $\Psi$-Caputo fractional derivative and investigated the interesting properties of this operator and extended
few preceding study concerned with the Caputo and the Caputo--Hadamard derivative operators.
On the other hand, Hilfer \cite{Hilfer} introduced
a fractional derivative $\mathcal{D}_{a+}^{\eta ,\nu }(\cdot)$ having two parameters $\eta \in (n-1, n), n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $\nu ~(0\leq \nu \leq 1)$ which in specific gives the Riemann--Liouville and the Caputo derivative operator.
Furati et al. \cite{Furati} analyzed nonlinear FDEs with Hilfer derivative operator. Sousa and Oliveira \cite{Vanterler1,Vanterler2} introduced a new definition of fractional derivative viz. $\Psi$--Hilfer fractional derivative and investigated its important properties. Further, it is proved that the $\Psi$--Hilfer derivative is the generalization of many existing fractional derivative operators. In \cite{Vanterler2}, Sousa and Oliveira established generalized Gronwall inequality through the fractional integral with respect to another function and studied the existence, uniqueness and data dependence of solution of Cauchy problem with $\Psi$--Hilfer fractional derivative. For the study relating to existence, uniqueness and stability of different sorts of FDEs involving $\psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative operator, we refer to the work of Sousa et al.\cite{jose1,jose2,jose3} and the references given there in.
Motivated by the work of \cite{Diethelm1,Vanterler1,Vanterler2} in this paper, existence along with the interval of existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence of solutions on initial condition have examined for the nonlinear $\Psi$-Hilfer FDEs structured as:
\begin{align}
^H \mathcal{D}^{\eta,\,\nu\,;\, \Psi}_{a +}y(t)&= f(t, y(t)),~~ ~t \in \Lambda =[a,a+\xi], ~~\xi>0, ~0<\eta<1, ~0\leq\nu\leq 1,~\label{eq1}\\
\mathcal{I}_{a +}^{1-\zeta\,;\, \Psi}y(a)&=y_a \in \mbox{\Bbb R}, \qquad\zeta =\eta +\nu \left( 1-\eta \right), \label{eq2}
\end{align}
where $^H \mathcal{D}^{\eta,\nu;\, \Psi}_{a +}(\cdot)$ is the $\Psi$-Hilfer derivative of order $\eta$ and type $\nu$, $\mathcal{I}_{a +}^{1-\zeta;\, \Psi}(\cdot)$ is $\Psi$-Riemann--Liouville integral of order $1-\zeta$ and $f: \Lambda \times \mbox{\Bbb R} \to \mbox{\Bbb R} $ is an appropriate function.
Further, by Picard's successive approximation method we derive the existence along with uniqueness of solution for Cauchy type problem \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}. We have established bound for the error between approximated solution $y_n$ and exact solution $y$ and proved that the difference is approaches to zero when $n$ is very large. The development of Picard's successive approximation technique is utilized to obtain representation formula for the solution of linear Cauchy problem with constant coefficient
\begin{align}
{}^H\mathcal{D}_{a+}^{\eta,\,\nu\,; \,\Psi}y(t)-\lambda y(t)&=f( t ),~\lambda \in \mbox{\Bbb R}, ~0<\eta<1, ~ 0\leq\nu\leq 1,~t\in \Delta=[a,b].\label{a1} \\
\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}y(a)&=y_a \in \mbox{\Bbb R}, ~~\zeta =\eta+\nu(1-\eta) \label{a2}
\end{align}
in form of Mittag--Leffler function, where as the representation formula for the solution of linear Cauchy problem with variable coefficient
\begin{align}
{}^H\mathcal{D}_{a+}^{\eta,\,\nu\,; \,\Psi}y(t)-\lambda[\Psi(t)-\Psi(a)]^{\mu-1} y(t) &=0,~0<\eta<1, ~0\leq\nu\leq 1,~~\mu>1-\eta ,~
t\in\Delta,\label{a3}\\
\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}y(a) &=y_a \in \mbox{\Bbb R}, ~~\zeta=\eta+\nu(1-\eta),\label{a4}
\end{align}
is obtained in form of generalized (Kilbas--Saigo) Mittag--Leffler function.
This paper is divided in five sections: In the section 2, we provide some definitions, theorems of $\Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative and the results which will be utilized throughout this paper. In Section 3, we establish the results pertaining to existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence of solution of \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}. Section 4, discuss the convergence of Picard's type successive approximations to the solution of \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}. In Section 5, representation formulas have been obtained for the solution of linear Cauchy
problem with constant coefficient and variable coefficient.
\section{Preliminaries} \label{preliminaries}
We review a few definitions, notations and results of $\Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative \cite{Vanterler1, Vanterler2}.
Let $\Delta=[a,b]$ $(0<a<b<\infty)$ be a finite interval. Consider the space $C_{1-\zeta;\,\Psi}(\Delta,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ of weighted functions $h$ defined on $\Delta$ given by
\begin{equation*}
C_{1-\zeta ;\, \Psi }(\Delta,\,\mbox{\Bbb R}) =\left\{ h:\left( a,b\right]
\rightarrow \mathbb{R}~\big|~\left( \Psi \left( t\right) -\Psi \left(
a\right) \right) ^{1-\zeta }h\left( t\right) \in C(\Delta,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})
\right\} ,\text{ }0< \zeta \leq 1
\end{equation*}
endowed with the norm
\begin{equation}\label{space1}
\left\Vert h\right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta ;\,\Psi }\left(\Delta,\mbox{\Bbb R}\right) }=\underset{t\in \Delta
}{\max }\left\vert \left( \Psi \left( t\right) -\Psi \left( a\right) \right)
^{1-\zeta }h\left( t\right) \right\vert.
\end{equation}
\begin{definition}
Let $\eta>0 ~(\eta \in \mbox{\Bbb R})$, $h \in L_1(\Delta,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ and $\Psi\in C^{1}(\Delta,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ be an increasing function wth $\Psi'(t)\neq 0$, for all $\, t\in \Delta$. Then, the $\Psi$-Riemann--Liouville fractional integral of a function $h$ with respect to $\Psi$ is defined by
\end{definition}
\begin{equation}\label{P1}
\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \, ;\,\Psi }h\left( t\right) =\frac{1}{\Gamma \left( \eta
\right) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)h(\sigma) \,d\sigma.
\end{equation}
where,$\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,s)=\Psi'(s)(\Psi(t)-\Psi(s))^{\eta-1},~ t,s\in \Delta.$
\begin{definition} Let $n-1<\eta <n \in \mbox{\Bbb N} $ and $h ,\Psi\in C^{n}(\Delta,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ two functions such that $\Psi$ is increasing with $\Psi'(t)\neq 0,$ for all $\,t\in \Delta$. Then, the $( \mbox{left-sided} )$ $\Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative $^{H}\mathcal{D}^{\eta,\,\nu\, ;\,\Psi}_{a+}(\cdot)$ of a function $h$ of order $\eta$ and type $0\leq \nu \leq 1$, is defined by
\begin{equation}\label{HIL}
^{H}\mathcal{D}_{a+}^{\eta ,\,\nu \, ;\,\Psi }h\left(t\right) =\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\nu \left(
n-\eta \right) \, ;\,\Psi }\left( \frac{1}{\Psi ^{\prime }\left( t\right) }\frac{d}{dt}\right) ^{n}\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\left( 1-\nu \right) \left( n-\eta
\right) \, ;\,\Psi }h\left( t\right).
\end{equation}
\end{definition}
Following results from \cite{Vanterler1, Vanterler2} play key role in proving our main results.
\begin{lemma}\label{lema1} If $\eta >0$ and \, $0\leq \mu <1,$ then $\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \, ;\,\Psi }(\cdot)$ is bounded from $C_{\mu \, ;\,\Psi }\left[ a,b\right] $ to $C_{\mu \, ;\,\Psi }\left[ a,b\right] .$ In addition, if $\mu \leq \eta $, then $\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \, ;\,\Psi }(\cdot)$ is bounded from $C_{\mu \, ;\,\Psi }\left[ a,b\right] $ to $C\left[ a,b\right] $.
\end{lemma}
\begin{lemma}\label{lema2} Let $\eta>0$ and $\delta>0$. If $h(t)= \left( \Psi \left( t\right) -\Psi \left( a\right)
\right) ^{\delta -1}$, then
\begin{equation*}
\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \, ;\,\Psi }h(t)=\frac{\Gamma \left( \delta \right) }{\Gamma \left(
\eta +\delta \right) }\left( \Psi \left(t\right) -\Psi \left( a\right)
\right) ^{\eta +\delta -1}.
\end{equation*}
\end{lemma}
\begin{lemma}\label{lema3} Let $\Psi\in C^{1}(\Delta,\mathbb{R})$ be increasing function with $\Psi'(t)\neq 0$, for all $t\in\Delta$. If $\zeta =\eta +\nu \left( 1-\eta \right) $ where, $ 0<\eta <1$ and $0\leq \nu \leq 1,$ then $\Psi$-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator $\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \, ;\,\Psi }\left( \cdot \right): C_{1-\zeta \, ;\,\Psi }\left[ a,b\right] \rightarrow C_{1-\zeta \, ;\,\Psi }\left[
a,b\right]$ is bounded and it is given by :
\begin{equation}\label{eq23}
\left\Vert \mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \, ;\,\Psi }h\right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta \, ;\,\Psi }\left[ a,b \right] }\leq M\frac{\Gamma \left( \zeta \right) }{\Gamma \left( \zeta +\eta \right) }\left( \Psi \left( t\right) -\Psi \left( a\right) \right)^{\eta },
\end{equation}
where, $M$ is the bound of a bounded function $(\Psi(\cdot)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}h(\cdot)$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{theorem}\label{lema4}
Let $\tilde{u},$ $\tilde{v}\in L_1(\Delta,\,\mathbb{R})$ and $\tilde{g}\in C(\Delta,\,\mathbb{R}) .$ Let $\Psi \in C^{1}(\Delta,\,\mathbb{R}) $ be an increasing function with $\Psi ^{\prime }\left( t\right) \neq 0$, for all $~t\in \Delta$. Assume that
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\tilde{u}$ and $\tilde{v}$ are nonnegative;
\item $\tilde{g}$ is nonnegative and nondecreasing.
\end{enumerate}
If
\begin{equation*}
\tilde{u}( t) \leq \tilde{v}( t) +\tilde{g}( t) \int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)\,\tilde{u}(\sigma)\, \,d\sigma,
\end{equation*}
then
\begin{equation}\label{jose}
\tilde{u}(t) \leq\tilde{v}( t) +\int_{a}^{t}\overset{\infty }{%
\underset{m=1}{\sum }}\frac{\left[\tilde{g}\left( t\right) \Gamma \left( \eta
\right) \right] ^{m}}{\Gamma \left( m\eta \right) }\,\mathrm{Q}^{m\eta}_{\Psi}(t,s)\,\,\tilde{v}(\sigma) \,d\sigma,~t\in \Delta.
\end{equation}
where,\,$\mathrm{Q}^{m\eta}_{\Psi}(t,s)=\Psi'(s)(\Psi(t)-\Psi(s))^{m\eta-1}, ~t, s \in \Delta .$
Further, if $\tilde{v}$ is a nondecreasing function on $\Delta$ then
$$\tilde{u}(t)\leq\tilde{v}(t)\,\mathcal{E}_{\eta}\left(\tilde{g}(t) \Gamma(\eta)\left(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a)\right)^{\eta}\right),$$
where, $\mathcal{E}_{\eta}(\cdot)$ is the Mittag-Leffler function of one parameter.
\end{theorem}
Existence and uniqueness results are proved via following fixed point theorems.
\begin{theorem}[\cite{Diethelm1}, Schauder] \label{Schauder}
Let $\mathcal{X}$ be a Banach space, let $\mathcal{U}$ be a nonempty convex bounded closed subset of $\mathcal{X}$ and let $\mathcal{A}:\mathcal{U}\rightarrow \mathcal{U}$ be a completely continuous operator. Then $\mathcal{A}$ has at least one fixed point.
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}[\cite{Diethelm1}, Weissinger] \label{Weissinger}
Assume $(\mathcal{U},d)$ to be a non empty complete metric space and let $\eta_j\geq 0$ for every $j\in \mbox{\Bbb N}_0$ such that $\overset{\infty}{\underset{j=0}{\sum }}\eta_j$ converges. Furthermore, let the mapping $\mathcal{A}:\mathcal{U}\rightarrow {\mathcal{U}}$ satisfy the inequality $$d(\mathcal{A}^{j}u,\mathcal{A}^{j}v)\leq \eta_{j}\,\,d(u,v)$$
for every $j\in \mbox{\Bbb N}$ and every $u,v \in \mathcal{U}.$ Then, $\mathcal{A}$ has a unique fixed point $u^{*}.$ Moreover, for any $u_{0}\in \mathcal{U},$ the sequence $(\mathcal{A}^{j}u_{0})_{j=1}^{\infty}$ converges to this fixed point $u^{*}.$
\end{theorem}
\begin{definition}[\cite{Gorenflo}]
Let $\eta >0,\, \nu >0~ ( ~\eta, \nu \in \mbox{\Bbb R}) $. Then the two parameter Mittag-Leffler function is defined as
$$\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\nu}(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{z^k}{\Gamma(k \eta +\nu)}.$$
\end{definition}
\begin{definition}[\cite{Gorenflo}]\label{defKS}
Let $\eta,\,m \in \mbox{\Bbb R}$ and $l\in\mbox{\Bbb C}$ such that $\eta>0,~m>0$ and $\eta(jm+l)+1\neq-1,-2,-3,\cdots (j=0,1,2,\cdots) $. Then generalized (Kilbas--Saigo) Mittag--Leffler type function of three parameters is defined by
$$ \mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,m,\,l}\,(z)= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} c_k\, z^k $$
where $$ c_{0} =1, ~c_{k}=\prod_{j=0}^{k-1}\frac{\Gamma(\eta[jm+l]+1)}{\Gamma(\eta[jm+l+1]+1)}\,\,(k=1,2,\cdots)$$
and an empty product is assumed to be equal to one.
\end{definition}
\section{Existence, Uniqueness and Continuous Dependence}
The forthcoming theorem establishes the existence of solution along with the interval of existence of the initial value problem (IVP) \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2} using its equivalent fractional Volterra integral equation(VIE) in the weighted space $C_{1-\zeta ; \, \Psi }(\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$.
\begin{theorem} [Existence and interval of existence]\label{th3.1}
Let $\zeta=\eta+\nu(1-\eta), 0<\eta<1$ and $0\leq\nu\leq 1$. Define
$$R_{0}=\left\{(t,y):a\leq t\leq a+\xi,\left|y-\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_a\right|\leq k \right\},~\xi>0, ~k>0.$$
where, $\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a):=\dfrac{( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma (\zeta)}$.~
Let $f:R_0\rightarrow\mbox{\Bbb R}$ is continuous function such that $f(\cdot\,,y(\cdot))\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}(\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ for every $y\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}(\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$.
Let $\Psi\in C^1(\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ be an increasing bijective function with $\Psi'(t)\neq 0, $ for all $\,t \in \Lambda$ .
Then the IVP
\eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}
possesses at least one solution $y$ in the space $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$ of weighted functions, where
$$
\chi=\min\left\{\xi,~\Psi^{-1}\left[\Psi(a)+\left(\frac{k\, \Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(\zeta)\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\xi\right]}}\right)^\frac{1}{\eta}\right]-a\right\}. $$
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
The equivalent fractional VIE to the Cauchy problem \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2} in the space $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}(\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ is derived in \cite{Vanterler2} and it is given by
\begin{equation}\label{eq3}
y (t) =\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma,y(\sigma)) \,d\sigma, ~t \in \Lambda.
\end{equation}
Consider the set defined by,
$$
\mathcal{U}=\left\{y\in C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]:\left\Vert y-\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(\cdot,a)\,y_a \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]}\leq k\right\}.
$$
Define $\tilde{y}(t)=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}, ~t \in [ a,a+\chi]$. Then $(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\, \tilde{y}(t)=\dfrac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}\in C[a,a+\chi]$ and hence we have, $\tilde{y}(t)\in C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] $. Further,
$$
\left\Vert \tilde{y}-\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(\cdot,a)\,y_a\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]}=0\leq k.
$$
Thus, $\tilde{y}\in \mathcal{U}$ and hence $\mathcal{U}$ is non-empty set. Clearly, $\mathcal{U}$ is a convex, bounded and closed subset
of space $C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right].$
We define an operator $\mathcal{A}$ on the set $\mathcal{U}$ by $$\mathcal{A}y(t)=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma,y(\sigma))\, \,d\sigma.$$
By definition of an operator $\mathcal{A}$, the equation \eqref{eq3} can be written as $$ y=\mathcal{A}y.$$ We analyze the properties of $\mathcal{A}$ so that it admit at least one fixed point.
First we show that, $\mathcal{A}\,\mathcal{U} \subseteq \mathcal{U}$. In the view of Lemma \ref{lema1}, $\Psi$-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator $\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \, ;\,\Psi }\left( \cdot \right) $ maps $C_{1-\zeta \, ;\,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] $ to $C_{1-\zeta \, ;\,\Psi }\left[
a,a+\chi\right]$, and hence $\mathcal{I}_{a +}^{\eta\,;\, \Psi} f(\cdot,y(\cdot)) \in C_{{1-\zeta};\, \Psi}[a,a+\chi]$ for any
$y\in C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]$.
Further, $$(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\,\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}=\frac{y_{a}}{\Gamma ( \zeta )}\in C[a,a+\chi],$$
and hence $\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a} \in C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]$.
From the above arguments it follows that $ \mathcal{A}y\in C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]$. Next, for any $y\in \mathcal{U}$ and any $x$,~ $ a< x\leq \chi$, we have
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert \mathcal{A}y -\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(\cdot,a)\,y_a\right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }}\notag\\
&=\underset{t\in \left[ a,a+x\right] }{\max }\left|(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta } \frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )}\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) )^{\zeta-1 }\times \right.\notag\\
&\qquad\left.(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }f(\sigma,y(\sigma)) \,d\sigma\right|\notag\\
&\leq(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) )^{\zeta-1 }\times \notag\\
&\qquad\underset{\varsigma\in \left[ a,\, \sigma\right] }{\max }\left|(\Psi (\varsigma)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }f(\varsigma,y(\varsigma))\right|\,d\sigma\notag\\
&\leq \left\Vert f \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right]}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}\notag\\
&\leq \left\Vert f \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right]}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta+\zeta-1 }\notag\\
&=\left\Vert f \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[a,a+x\right]}\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta }.
\end{align*}
Taking $x \rightarrow \chi$ we get,
\begin{equation} \label{e4}
\left\Vert \mathcal{A}y -\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(\cdot,a)\,y_a \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] }} \leq \left\Vert f \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[a,a+\chi\right]}\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (a+\chi)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta }
\end{equation}
Since,
$$
\chi=\min\left\{\xi\,\,,\Psi^{-1}\left[\Psi(a)+\left(\frac{k\, \Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(\zeta)\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\xi\right]}}\right)^\frac{1}{\eta}\right]-a\right\}
$$
we have
$$
\chi\leq\Psi^{-1}\left[\Psi(a)+\left(\frac{k\,\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(\zeta)\left\Vert f\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}\left[a,a+\xi\right]}}\right)^\frac{1}{\eta}\right]-a.
$$
Further, since $\Psi\in C^1\left( \Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R}\right) $ is a bijective function, $\Psi^{-1}: \mbox{\Bbb R} \to \Lambda$ exists and from above inequality, we have
\begin{equation}\label{e5}
(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^\eta\leq\frac{k\,\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(\zeta)\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta\, ; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\xi\right]}}.
\end{equation}
Using Eq.\eqref{e5} in Eq.\eqref{e4}, we get
$$\left\Vert \mathcal{A}y -\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(\cdot,a)\,y_a\right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] }}\leq k.$$
We have proved that $\mathcal{A}y\in \mathcal{U} \,\,\text{for any}\,\, y\in \mathcal{U}$. This proves $\mathcal{A} \,\,\text{maps}\,\, \mathcal{U} \,\,\text{to itself}$.
Next, we prove that $\mathcal{A}$ is a continuous operator. Let any $\varepsilon>0$. Since $f:R_0\rightarrow\mbox{\Bbb R}$ is continuous and $R_{0}$ is compact set, $f$ is uniformly continuous on $R_{0}$. Thus, there exists $\tilde{\delta}>0$ such that
\begin{equation*}
\left|f(t,y)-f(t,z)\right|<\frac{\varepsilon\,\, \Gamma(\eta+1)}{(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta-\zeta+1}},~~ \text{whenever}~ |y-z|<\tilde{\delta}.
\end{equation*}
Since, $\Psi$ is continuous on compact set $\Lambda$, we can choose $\delta>0$ such that $( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) ) ^{1-\zeta }|y-z|<\delta$. Therefore, we have
\begin{align} \label{eq34}
\left|f(t,y)-f(t,z)\right|<\frac{\varepsilon\,\, \Gamma(\eta+1)}{(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta-\zeta+1}},~ \text{whenever}~( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) ) ^{1-\zeta }|y-z|<\delta.
\end{align}
Let any $y,z\in \mathcal{U} $ such that $\left\Vert y-z \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\, ; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]}<\delta$. Then in the view of \eqref{eq34}, we have
$$\left|f(t,y(t))-f(t,z(t))\right|<\frac{\varepsilon\,\, \Gamma(\eta+1)}{(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta-\zeta+1}}, ~t\in [ a,a+\chi].$$
Therefore,
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert \mathcal{A}y-\mathcal{A}z \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\, ; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]}\\
&\leq\underset{t\in \left[ a,a+\chi\right] }{\max }(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )} \int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)\left|f(\sigma,y(\sigma))-f(\sigma,z(\sigma))\right| \,d\sigma\\
&<\frac{\varepsilon\,\, \Gamma(\eta+1)}{(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta-\zeta+1}}\,\,\,\underset{t\in \left[ a,a+\chi\right] }{\max }(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )} \int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)\, \,d\sigma\\
&=\frac{\varepsilon\,\, \Gamma(\eta+1)}{(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta-\zeta+1}}\,\,\,\underset{t\in \left[ a,a+\chi\right] }{\max }(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta+1 )} ( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{\eta} \\
&\leq\frac{\varepsilon}{(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta-\zeta+1}}\,\,(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta-\zeta+1}\\
&=\varepsilon.
\end{align*}
Thus, the operator $\mathcal{A}$ is continuous on $\mathcal{U}$. Now, for any $z\in \mathcal{A}(\mathcal{U})=\{\mathcal{A}y: y\in \mathcal{U}\}$ and any $x$ such that $a<x\leq \chi$, we have
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }}
=\left\Vert \mathcal{A}y \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }}\\
&\leq\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}+\underset{t\in \left[ a,a+x\right] }{\max }\left|\frac{(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)\times \right.\\
&\qquad(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) )^{\zeta-1 }(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }f(\sigma,y(\sigma)) \,d\sigma\Big|\\
&\leq\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}+\frac{(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\times \\
&\qquad(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) )^{\zeta-1 }\underset{\varsigma \in [a,\sigma]}{\max}\left|(\Psi (\varsigma)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }f(\varsigma,y(\varsigma)) \right|\,d\sigma\\
&\leq\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}+{\left\Vert f \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }}\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}\\
&=\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}+\left\Vert f \right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }\,\,\left(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a)\right )^{1-\zeta }\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta+\zeta-1 }\\
&=\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}+\left\Vert f \right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }\,\,\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta }.
\end{align*}
This shows that $\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{U})$ is uniformly bounded subset of $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] $ and hence it is point wise bounded also. Next, we prove that $\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{U})$ is equicontinuous. For any $t_1,t_2$ such that $a<t_1\leq t_2 \leq a+\chi$ and any $y\in \mathcal{U},$ we have
\begin{align*}
&|\mathcal{A}y(t_2)-\mathcal{A}y(t_1)|\\
&\leq\left|\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}\left\{\left( \Psi (t_2)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}-( \Psi (t_1)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}\right\} \right|\\
& \,\,+\left|\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{t_2}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t_2,\sigma)\left|f(\sigma,y(\sigma))\right|\,d\sigma-\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{t_1}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t_1,\sigma)\left|f(\sigma,y(\sigma))\right|\,d\sigma\right|\\
&\leq\left|\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}\left\{\left( \Psi (t_2)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}-( \Psi (t_1)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}\right\} \right|\\
&\qquad+\left|\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{t_2}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t_2,\sigma)(\Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\underset{\varsigma\in [a,\sigma]}{\max}\left|( \Psi (\varsigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{1-\zeta}f(\varsigma,y(\varsigma))\right|\,d\sigma\right.\\
&\qquad\left.-\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{t_1}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t_1,\sigma)(\Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1} \underset{\varsigma\in [a,\sigma]}{\max}\left|( \Psi (\varsigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{1-\zeta}f(\varsigma,y(\varsigma))\right|\,d\sigma\right|\\
&\leq\left|\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}\left\{\left( \Psi (t_2)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}-( \Psi (t_1)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}\right\} \right|\\
&\qquad+\left\Vert f \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }[a,a+\chi]}\left|\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t_2)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}-\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t_1)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}\right|\\
&=\frac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)}\left|\left( \Psi (t_2)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}-( \Psi (t_1)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1} \right|\\
&\qquad+\left\Vert f \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }[a,a+\chi]}\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}\left|(\Psi (t_2)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta+\zeta-1 }-(\Psi (t_1)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta+\zeta-1 }\right|.
\end{align*}
Observe that, the right hand part in the preceding inequality is free from $y$. Thus, using the continuity of $\Psi$, $|t_2-t_1|\rightarrow 0 $ implies that $|\mathcal{A}y(t_2)-\mathcal{A}y(t_1)|\rightarrow 0$. This proves that $\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{U})$ is equicontinuous. In the view of Arzela-Ascoli Theorem \cite{Diethelm1}, it follows that $\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{U})$ is relatively compact. Therefore, by Schauder's fixed point Theorem \ref{Schauder}, operator $\mathcal{A}$ has at least one fixed point $y \in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] $ which is the solution of IVP \eqref{eq1}--\eqref{eq2}.
\end{proof}
In the next theorem, using Lipschitz condition on $f$ and the Weissinger theorem, we establish another existence result for the IVP \eqref{eq1}--\eqref{eq2}, which gives in addition the uniqueness of solution also.
\begin{theorem}[Uniqueness] \label{th4.1}
Let $\zeta=\eta+\nu(1-\eta),0<\eta<1$, $0\leq\nu\leq 1$ and
$$R_{0}=\left\{(t,y):a\leq t\leq a+\xi,\left|y-\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\right|\leq k \right\},~\xi>0, ~k>0.$$
where, $\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)=\frac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta-1}}{\Gamma(\zeta)}$.
Let $f:R_0\rightarrow\mbox{\Bbb R}$ be a function such that $f(\cdot\,,y(\cdot))\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} (\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ for every $y\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}(\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ and satisfies the Lipschitz condition
$$
\left | f(t,u)-f(t,v)\right|\leq L|u-v|,\,\,u,v\in \mbox{\Bbb R}, ~L>0.
$$
Let $\Psi\in C^1(\Lambda,\,\mbox{\Bbb R})$ be an increasing bijective function with $\Psi'(t)\neq 0 $ for all $t\in \Lambda$. Then, the IVP
\eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2} has a unique solution
$y$ in the weighted space $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$, where
$$
\chi=\min\left\{\xi,~\Psi^{-1}\left[\Psi(a)+\left(\frac{k\, \Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(\zeta)\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\xi\right]}}\right)^\frac{1}{\eta}\right]-a\right\}.
$$
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} Consider the operator $\mathcal{A}$ used in Theorem \ref{th3.1}. It is as of now demonstrated that $\mathcal{A}:\mathcal{U}\rightarrow \mathcal{U}$ is continuous on closed, convex and bounded subset $\mathcal{U}$ of Banach space $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]$. We now prove that, for every $n\in \mbox{\Bbb N}$ and every $x$ such that $a<x\leq \chi$, we have
\begin{equation}\label{e6}
\left\Vert \mathcal{A}^{n}y -\mathcal{A}^{n}z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }}\leq\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(n \eta+\zeta)}\left[L\left(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) \right)^{\eta } \right]^n\left\Vert y -z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right]}}.
\end{equation}
We provide the proof of above inequality by using mathematical induction. By using Lipschitz condition on $f$, for any $x \in (a,\chi]$, we have
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert \mathcal{A}y -\mathcal{A}z\right\Vert_{{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}\left[a,a+x\right]}}\\
&\leq(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\left|f(\sigma,y(\sigma))-f(\sigma,z(\sigma))\right| \,d\sigma\\
&\leq L(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\times \\
&\qquad(\Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}(\Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{1-\zeta}\left|y(\sigma)-z(\sigma)\right| \,d\sigma\\
&\leq L(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\times \\
&\qquad(\Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\underset{\varsigma\in \left[ a,\sigma\right] }{\max }\left|(\Psi (\varsigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{1-\zeta}[y(\varsigma)-z(\varsigma)]\right| \,d\sigma\\
&\leq L\left\Vert y-z \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right]}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}\\
&=\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}\left[L(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta }\right]\left\Vert y-z \right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right]}.
\end{align*}
Hence, the inequality \eqref{e6} is true for $n=1$. Let us assume that, it is true for $n=k-1$. Now, we prove that inequality \eqref{e6} is also true for $n=k$. Then, we have
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert \mathcal{A}^{k}y -\mathcal{A}^{k}z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }}\\
&=\underset{t\in \left[ a,a+x\right] }{\max }\left|(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)
\left[f\left(\sigma,\mathcal{A}^{k-1}y(\sigma)\right)-f\left(\sigma,\mathcal{A}^{k-1}z(\sigma)\right)\right] \,d\sigma\right|\\
&\leq L\,\,(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma) \left|\mathcal{A}^{k-1}y(\sigma)-\mathcal{A}^{k-1}z(\sigma)\right|\,d\sigma\\
&\leq L\,\,(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\times \\
& \qquad(\Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\left\Vert \mathcal{A}^{k-1}y-\mathcal{A}^{k-1}z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,\sigma\right] }} \,d\sigma\\
&\leq L\,\,(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)(\Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\times \\
&\qquad \frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((k-1) \eta+\zeta)}\left[L\left(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a)\right)^{\eta } \right]^{k-1}\left\Vert y -z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,\sigma\right] }}\,d\sigma\\
&\leq L^k\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((k-1) \eta+\zeta)}\,\,(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\left\Vert y -z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }} \times\\
&\qquad \mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{\eta(k-1)+\zeta-1}\\
&= L^k\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((k-1) \eta+\zeta)}\,\,(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\left\Vert y -z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }} \times\\
&\qquad\frac{\Gamma((k-1) \eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^{k \eta+\zeta-1}\\
&= \frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(k \eta+\zeta)}\left[L(\Psi (a+x)-\Psi (a) )^\eta\right]^k\left\Vert y -z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+x\right] }}.
\end{align*}
Hence, the inequality \eqref{e6} is true for $n=k$. By mathematical induction the proof of the inequality \eqref{e6} is concluded. Taking $x \to \chi$, we obtain
\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert \mathcal{A}^{n}y -\mathcal{A}^{n}z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta; \,\psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] }}\leq\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(n \eta+\zeta)}\left[L\left(\psi (a+\chi)-\psi (a)\right)^{\eta } \right]^n\left\Vert y -z \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta; \,\psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]}}.
\end{equation*}
Note that, the operator $\mathcal{A}$ satisfy all the conditions of the Weissinger's theorem \ref{Weissinger}, with
$$
\eta_n=\frac{\left[L\left(\Psi (a+\chi)-\Psi (a)\right)^{\eta } \right]^n}{\Gamma(n \eta+\zeta)}.
$$
Further, by definition of two parameter Mittag--Leffler function, we have
$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \,\eta_n= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\left[L(\Psi (a+\chi)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta } \right]^n}{\Gamma(n \eta+\zeta)}=\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\zeta}\,\left(L(\Psi (a+\chi)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta }\right),$$
which is convergent series. Thus, by using Weissinger's fixed point theorem \ref{Weissinger}, operator $\mathcal{A}$ has a unique fixed point $y$ in $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] $, which is a unique solution of the IVP \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}.
\end{proof}
\begin{rem}
\begin{enumerate}
\item The results obtained by Diethelem and Ford {\rm \cite{Diethelm1}} can be regarded as the particular cases of {\rm Theorem \ref{th3.1}} and {\rm Theorem \ref{th4.1} }and can be derived by putting $\nu=1,~a=0 $ and $\Psi(t)=t, ~t\in\Lambda$.
\item We have investigated in {\rm Theorem \ref{th3.1}} and {\rm Theorem \ref{th4.1}}, the existence and uniqueness of the Cauchy problem {\rm (\ref{eq1})}-{\rm(\ref{eq2})} involving the $\Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative. One of the fundamental properties of the $\Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative is the wide class of fractional derivatives that contain it as particular cases. Thus, in this sense, the respective results obtained by {\rm Theorem \ref{th3.1}} and {Theorem \ref{th4.1}}, are also valid for these fractional derivatives. For examples, some particular cases in the items as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
\item If we take $\nu\rightarrow 1$ on both sides of {\rm(\ref{eq1})}-{\rm(\ref{eq2})},it reduces to the Cauchy problem with $\Psi$-Caputo fractional derivative and consequently, the {\rm Theorem \ref{th3.1}} and {\rm Theorem \ref{th4.1}}, there are true;
\item If we take $\nu\rightarrow 0$ on both sides of the {\rm(\ref{eq1})}-{\rm(\ref{eq2})}, we have the Cauchy problem with $\Psi$-Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative and consequently, the {\rm Theorem \ref{th3.1}} and {\rm Theorem \ref{th4.1}}, there are true;
\item Choose $\Psi(t)=t^{\rho}$ and take $\nu\rightarrow 1$ on both sides of {\rm(\ref{eq1})}-{\rm(\ref{eq2})}, we have the Cauchy problem involving the Caputo-Katugampola fractional derivative and consequently, the {\rm Theorem \ref{th3.1}} and {\rm Theorem \ref{th4.1}}, there are true;
\item In cases where they involve the fractional derivatives of Hadamard, Caputo-Hadamard, Hilfer-Hadamard or any other that is related to Hadamard's fractional derivative, we have to impose the condition on the parameter $a>0$, since in these fractional derivatives they involve the function $\ln t$ and is not defined when $t=a=0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\end{rem}
Next, we prove the continuous dependence of solution for the Cauchy type problem \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2} via Weissinger's theorem.
\begin{theorem} [Continuous Dependence]\label{th5.1}
Let $\zeta =\eta +\nu \left( 1-\eta \right) $ where, $0<\eta <1$ and $0\leq \nu \leq 1.$ Let $f:\left[ a,a +\chi \right] \times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}
$ be a function such that $f(\cdot\,,y(\cdot))\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$ for every $y\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$ and satisfies the Lipschitz condition
$$
\left | f(t,u)-f(t,v)\right|\leq L|u-v|,\,\,u,v\in \mbox{\Bbb R}, ~L>0.
$$
Let $y(t)$ and $z(t)$ be the solutions of, the IVPs,
\begin{align}
{}^H\mathcal{D}_{a+}^{\eta,\,\nu; \,\Psi}y(t)=f(t,y(t) ), \quad \mathcal{I}_{a+}^{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}y(a)=y_a \label{e13}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
{}^H\mathcal{D}_{a+}^{\eta,\,\nu; \,\Psi}z(t)=f(t,z(t) ), \quad \mathcal{I}_{a+}^{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}z(a)=z_a \label{e14}
\end{align}
respectively. Then,
\begin{align}\label{cd}
\left\Vert y-z\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\leq \left\{1+\Gamma(\zeta)\,\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\zeta}\left(L\left(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a)\right)^\eta \right)\right\} \left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]},
\end{align}
where,
$\tilde{y}_{a}(t)=\dfrac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }y_{a}$ and $\tilde{z}_{a}(t)=\dfrac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }z_{a}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Consider the sequences $\{\mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{y}_{a}\}$ and $\{\mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{z}_{a}\}$ defined by
\begin{align*}
& \mathcal{A}^{0}\tilde{y}_{a}(t)=\tilde{y}_{a}(t),\\
& \mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{y}_{a}(t)=\tilde{y}_{a}(t)+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)f\left(\sigma,\mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{y}_{a}(\sigma)\right) \,d\sigma, ~(m=1,2,\cdots)
\end{align*}
and
\begin{align*}
& \mathcal{A}^{0}\tilde{z}_{a}(t)=\tilde{z}_{a}(t),\\
& \mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{z}_{a}(t)=\tilde{z}_{a}(t)+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)f\left(\sigma,\mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{z}_{a}(\sigma)\right) \,d\sigma, ~(m=1,2,\cdots)\\respectively.
\end{align*}
Then, for each $x$ with $a<x\leq \chi$,
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert \mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{y}_{a}-\mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}\\
&=\underset{t\in\left[a,a+x\right]}{\max}\left|(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}
\Big\{\tilde{y}_{a}(t)-\tilde{z}_{a}(t)\right.\\
&\left.\left.\qquad +\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(t,\sigma)\left[f\left(\sigma,\mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{y}_{a}(\sigma)\right)-f\left(\sigma,\mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{z}_{a}(\sigma)\right)\right] \,d\sigma \right\}\right|\\
&\leq \left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}+(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\frac{L}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\times\\
&\qquad( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a))^{\zeta-1}\underset{\varsigma\in\left[a,\sigma\right]}{\max}\left|(\Psi (\varsigma) -\Psi (a))^{1-\zeta}\left\{\mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{y}_{a}(\varsigma)-\mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{z}_{a}(\varsigma) \right\} \right|\,d\sigma\\
&\leq \left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}+L(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\times\\
&\qquad( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a))^{\zeta-1}\left\Vert \mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{y}_{a}-\mathcal{A}^{m-1}\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,\sigma]}\,d\sigma.
\end{align*}
Using the inequality \eqref{e6},
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert \mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{y}_{a}-\mathcal{A}^{m}\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}\\
&\leq \left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}+(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\frac{L}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{a+x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta\,;\,\psi}(a+x,\sigma)\times\\
&\qquad( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a))^{\zeta-1}\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((m-1) \eta+\zeta)}\left[L\left(\Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) \right)^{\eta } \right]^{m-1}\left\Vert \tilde{y}_a -\tilde{z}_a \right\Vert _{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,\sigma\right] }}\,d\sigma\\
&= \left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}
+L^{m}\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((m-1) \eta+\zeta)}\left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}\times\\
&\qquad(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}( \Psi (a+x) -\Psi (a)) ^{(m-1)\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&= \left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}\left\{1+L^{m}\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((m-1) \eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\times
\right.\\
&\left.\qquad\frac{\Gamma((m-1) \eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(m \eta+\zeta)} (\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{m\eta+\zeta-1}\right\}\\
&=\left\{1+{\Gamma(\zeta)}\frac{\left[L(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right]^m}{\Gamma(m \eta+\zeta)}\right\}\left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}\\
& \leq \left\{1+{\Gamma(\zeta)}\sum_{k=0}^{m}\frac{\left[L(\Psi(a+x)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right]^m}{\Gamma(m \eta+\zeta)}\right\}\left\Vert \tilde{y}_{a}-\tilde{z}_{a}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+x]}.
\end{align*}
Taking limit as $ m\to \infty $ and $ x\to \chi $ and utilizing Theorem \ref{Weissinger}, we get the desired inequality \eqref{cd}.
\end{proof}
\begin{rem}
In the above theorem, in particular if $y_a=z_a$, then we get uniqueness of solution.
\end{rem}
\section{Picard's Successive Approximations: Nonlinear Case}
In this section, we define the Picard's type successive approximations and prove that it converges to a unique solution of nonlinear Cauchy problem \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}. Further, we obtain an estimation for the error bound.
\begin{theorem} \label{th4.2}
Let $\zeta=\eta+\nu(1-\eta), 0<\eta<1$ and $0\leq\nu\leq 1$. Define
$$R_{0}=\left\{(t,y):a\leq t\leq a+\xi,\left|y-\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\right|\leq k \right\},~\xi>0, ~k>0.$$
where, $\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)=\frac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta-1}}{\Gamma(\zeta)}$.
Let $f(\cdot\,,y(\cdot))\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$ for every \,$y\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$.
Let $\Psi\in C^1\left([a,a+\chi],~\mbox{\Bbb R} \right)$ be an increasing bijective function with $\Psi'(t)\neq 0$, for all $\, t \in [a,a+\chi]$, where
$$
\chi=\min\left\{\xi,~\Psi^{-1}\left[\Psi(a)+\left(\frac{k\, \Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(\zeta)M}\right)^\frac{1}{\eta}\right]-a\right\}
$$
and $M$ is constant such that
$$
|\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{1-\zeta}f(t)|\leq M,~ \forall \,t \in [a,a+\chi].
$$
Then the successive approximations defined by
\begin{align}\label{e7}
y_0(t)&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\notag \\
y_n(t)&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a} +\mathrm{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f\left(t,y_{n-1}(t)\right), n=1,2,\cdots.
\end{align}
satisfies the following conditions:
\begin{enumerate}
\item [{\rm(a)}]$y_{n}\in C_{1-\zeta;\, \Psi}[a,a+\chi], ~n=0,1,2,\cdots$ ;
\item [{\rm(b)}] $(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}|y_{n}(t)-y_0(t)|\leq \dfrac{M\, \Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}, ~t \in [a, a+\chi], ~n=0,1,2,\cdots.$
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
(a) Since $y_0(t)=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}$, we have $( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) ) ^{1-\zeta}y_0(t)=\dfrac{y_a}{\Gamma(\zeta)} \in C[a,a+\chi]$ and hence $y_0\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]$.
Further, by Lemma \ref{lema1}, $\Psi$--Riemann fractional integral operator $\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta \,; \,\Psi }\left( \cdot \right) $ maps $C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right] $ to $C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[
a,a+\chi\right]$ and hence $\mathcal{I}_{a +}^{\eta;\, \Psi} f(\cdot,y_{n-1}(\cdot)) \in C_{{1-\zeta};\, \Psi}[a,a+\chi]$ for any
$y_{n-1}\in C_{1-\zeta \,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,a+\chi\right]$ for $n=1,2,\cdots$.
This proves, $y_n\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]~ \forall \, n\in \mbox{\Bbb N}$.\\
(b) For any $t \in [a, a+\chi] $ and $n \in \mbox{\Bbb N} $, we have
\begin{align*}
|y_{n}(t)-y_{0}(t)|&=\left|\frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{t} \mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma, y_{n-1}(\sigma))\,d\sigma\right|\\
&\leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\eta)}\int_{a}^{t} \mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)(\Psi(\sigma)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}\times\\
&\qquad\left|(\Psi(\sigma)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}f(\sigma, y_{n-1}(\sigma))\right|\,d\sigma\\
&\leq M\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}\\
&= M \frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta+\zeta-1}.
\end{align*}
Therefore,
\begin{equation*}
(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}|y_{n}(t)-y_0(t)|\leq \frac{M\, \Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}, ~t \in [a, a+\chi], ~n=0,1,2,\cdots.
\end{equation*}
\end{proof}
\begin{theorem}\label{theorem4.2}
Let $\zeta=\eta+\nu(1-\eta), 0<\eta<1$ and $0\leq\nu\leq 1$. Define
$$R_{0}=\left\{(t,y):a\leq t\leq a+\xi,\left|y-\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\right|\leq k \right\},~\xi>0, ~k>0.$$
where, $\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)=\frac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta-1}}{\Gamma(\zeta)}$.
Let $f(\cdot\,,y(\cdot))\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$ for every $y\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$ and satisfies the Lipschitz condition
$$
\left | f(t,u)-f(t,v)\right|\leq L|u-v|,\,\,u,v\in \mbox{\Bbb R}, ~L>0.
$$
Let $\Psi\in C^1\left([a,a+\chi],~\mbox{\Bbb R} \right)$ be an increasing bijective function with $\Psi'(t)\neq 0$,for all $\, t \in [a,a+\chi]$, where
$$
\chi=\min\left\{\xi,~\Psi^{-1}\left[\Psi(a)+\left(\frac{k\, \Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma(\zeta)M}\right)^\frac{1}{\eta}\right]-a\right\}
$$
and $M$ is constant such that
$$
|\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{1-\zeta}f(t)|\leq M,~ \forall \,t \in [a,a+\chi].
$$
Then the successive approximations defined by \eqref{e7}
converges to the unique solution $y$ of the Cauchy type problem
\eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2} in the weighted space $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi} [a,a+\chi]$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} We give the proof of the theorem in the following steps.
\noindent
\\
{{Step 1}:} In the above theorem we have already proved that $y_n\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]$,~$\forall \, n\in \mbox{\Bbb N}$.
\noindent \\
{{Step 2}:} We show that the sequence $\{y_n\}$ converges to a function $y\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]$ with respect to the norm $\|\cdot\|_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}$.
Observe that $y_n$ can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{e8}
y_n=y_0+\sum_{k=1}^{n}(y_k - y_{k-1})
\end{equation}
which is partial sum of series
\begin{equation}\label{e9}
y_0+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}(y_k - y_{k-1}).
\end{equation}
Therefore, to show that sequence $\{y_n\}$ is convergent, we prove that the series \eqref{e9} is convergent. For any $x \in [a,a+\chi]$, consider the space $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,x]$ having norm
\begin{equation}\label{space1}
\left\Vert h\right\Vert _{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,x\right] }=\underset{t\in \left[ a,x\right] }{\max }\left\vert \left( \Psi \left( t\right) -\Psi \left( a\right) \right)
^{1-\zeta }h\left( t\right) \right\vert.
\end{equation}
By mathematical induction, we now prove , for each $x\in [a,a+\chi]$ and $y_j\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,x]$,
\begin{equation}\label{e10}
\left\Vert y_{n+1}-y_{n} \right\Vert_{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,x\right] }}\leq \frac{ M \Gamma(\zeta)} {L}\frac{\left[L(\Psi(x)-\Psi(a))^\eta\right]^{n+1}}{\Gamma((n+1)\eta+\zeta)}, ~n\in \mbox{\Bbb N}.
\end{equation}
Using Lemma \ref{lema3}, we obtain
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert y_{1}-y_{0}\right\Vert_{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,x\right] }}\\
&=\underset{t \in [a,x]}{\max}\left|(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\left\{ y_{0}(t)+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma,y_{0}(\sigma)) \,d\sigma-y_{0}(t)\right\}\right|\\
&=\underset{t \in [a,x]}{\max}\left|(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma,y_{0}(\sigma)) \,d\sigma\right|\\
&=\left\Vert \mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f\left(\cdot,y_{0}(\cdot)\right)\right\Vert_{_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,x\right] }}\\
&\leq M\,\,\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}\left(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a)\right)^{\eta}\\
&\leq M\,\,\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}\left(\Psi(x)-\Psi(a)\right)^{\eta},
\end{align*}
which is the inequality \eqref{e10} for $n=0$.
Now, assume that the inequality \eqref{e10} is hold for $n=k$. We prove it is also hold for $n=k+1$. In fact,
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert y_{k+2}-y_{k+1}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,x\right] }\\
&\leq L\underset{t \in [a,x]}{\max}(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }
\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)\times \\
&\qquad( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{1-\zeta}\left| y_{k+1}(\sigma)-y_{k}(\sigma)\right| \,d\sigma\\
&\leq L(\Psi (x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta:\Psi}(x,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\left\Vert y_{k+1}-y_{k}\right\Vert_{{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi }\left[ a,\sigma\right] }}\,d\sigma\\
&\leq L(\Psi (x)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{x}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta:\Psi}(x,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\times \\&\qquad\frac{ M \Gamma(\zeta)} {L}\frac{\left[L(\Psi(\sigma)-\Psi(a))^\eta\right]^{k+1}}{\Gamma((k+1)\eta+\zeta)}\,d\sigma\\
&=M\,\,L^{k+1}\,\,\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((k+1)\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(x)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}( \Psi (x) -\Psi (a)) ^{(k+1)\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&=M\,\,L^{k+1}\,\,\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma((k+1)\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(x)-\Psi(a))^{1-\zeta}\times\frac{\Gamma((k+1)\eta+\zeta)}{\Gamma((k+2)\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(x)-\Psi(a))^{(k+2)\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&=\frac{M\,\,\Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\frac{\left( L\left(\Psi(x)-\Psi(a)\right)^{\eta}\right) ^{k+2}}{\Gamma((k+2)\eta+\zeta)}.
\end{align*}
Thus, inequality \eqref{e10} is true for $n=k+1$. Hence, by using principle of mathematical induction the inequality \eqref{e10} holds for each $n\in \mbox{\Bbb N}$ and $x \in [a,a+\chi]$. Taking $x \to a+\chi$ in \eqref{e10}, we get,
$$
\left\Vert y_{k}-y_{k-1}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\leq\frac{ M \Gamma(\zeta)} {L}\frac{\left[L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^\eta\right]^{k}}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}.
$$
Therefore,
\begin{align*}
\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\left\Vert y_{k}-y_{k-1}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}
&\leq\frac{ M \Gamma(\zeta)} {L}\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{\left[L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^\eta\right]^{k}}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}\\
&\leq\frac{ M \Gamma(\zeta)} {L}\left[\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\zeta}\left(L\left(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a)\right)^\eta\right)-\frac{1}{\Gamma(\zeta)}\right].
\end{align*}
This proves the series
$y_0+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\left(y_k - y_{k-1}\right)$ is convergent in the space $C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]$. Let us suppose that $$\tilde{y}=y_0+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}(y_k - y_{k-1}).$$
Therefore,
\begin{equation}\label{e11}
\left\Vert y_{n}-\tilde{y}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\rightarrow 0~ \text{as}\,\,n\rightarrow \infty.
\end{equation}
\noindent
{{Step 3}:} $\tilde{y}$ is solution of fractional integral equation \eqref{eq3}. In fact, we have
\begin{align*}
&\left\Vert\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f\left(\cdot,y_{n}(\cdot)\right)-\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f\left(\cdot,\tilde{y}(\cdot)\right)\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\\
&\leq L\left\Vert y_{n}-\tilde{y}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\underset{t \in [a,a+\chi]}{\max}(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta }\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\\
&\leq L\left\Vert y_{n}-\tilde{y}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\underset{t \in [a,a+\chi]}{\max}(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{1-\zeta}\frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (t)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&\leq L\,\,\ \frac{\Gamma(\zeta)}{\Gamma(\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi (a+\chi)-\Psi (a) )^{\eta}
\left\Vert y_{n}-\tilde{y}\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}.
\end{align*}
Using \eqref{e11}, we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{e12}
\left\Vert\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f\left(\cdot,y_{n}(\cdot)\right)-\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f\left(\cdot,\tilde{y}(\cdot)\right)\right\Vert_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a, a+\chi]}\rightarrow 0\,\,\, \text{as}\,\, n\rightarrow \infty.
\end{equation}
Therefore, taking limit as $n \rightarrow \infty$ in \eqref{e7}, we get
\begin{align*}
\tilde{y}(t)&=y_0(t)+\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f\left(t,\tilde{y}(t)\right)\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_a+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma,\tilde{y}(\sigma)) \,d\sigma .
\end{align*}
This proves, $\tilde{y}\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}[a, a+\chi]$ is solution of \eqref{eq3}.
\noindent
{{Step 4}:} Uniqueness of the solution.\\
Let $y(t)$\,\,and\,\,\,${y}^\ast(t)$ be any two solutions of the IVP \eqref{eq1}--\eqref{eq2} and consider the function defined by $z(t)=\left|y(t)-{y}^\ast(t)\right| $. Then, we get
\begin{align*}
z(t)&=\left|y(t)-{y}^\ast(t)\right|\\
&=\left|\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)\left[f(\sigma,y(\sigma))-f(\sigma,{y}^\ast(\sigma))\right] \,d\sigma\right|\\
&\leq\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)\left| f(\sigma,y(\sigma))-f(\sigma,{y}^\ast(\sigma)) \right|\,d\sigma\\
&\leq \frac{L}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)\left| y(\sigma)-{y}^\ast(\sigma) \right|\,d\sigma\\
&\leq \frac{L}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)z(\sigma)\,d\sigma.
\end{align*}
Using Gronwall inequality given in the Theorem \ref{lema4}, we get
$$ z(t)\leq 0\times \mathcal{E}_{\eta}[L \left(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a)\right)^{\eta}].$$
Therefore $z(t)=0$ and we have $ y(t)={y}^\ast(t)$.
\end{proof}
\begin{rem}
For $\eta=1,\, \nu=1$ and $\Psi(t)=t$ the above theorems includes the results of Coddington {\rm[\cite{Coddington},Chapter 5]} for the ordinary differential equations.
\end{rem}
\begin{theorem}
Let $\{y_n\}$ be the sequence of Picard's successive approximation defined by \eqref{e7} and $y$ is the solution of the IVP \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}. Then the error $ y -y_{n}$ satisfies the condition
\begin{equation}\label{eqn}
\| y -y_{n}\|_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\leq\frac{M\Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\left( \mathcal{E}_{\eta ,\, \zeta}(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta})-\sum_{k=0}^{n}\frac{(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta})^{k}}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)} \right).
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
From the proof of the Theorem \ref {theorem4.2}, we have
$$y=y_0+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}(y_{k} - y_{k-1})$$
and
$$y_{n}=y_0+\sum_{k=1}^{n}(y_{k} - y_{k-1}).$$
Hence
$$ y -y_{n}=\sum_{k=n+1}^{\infty}(y_{k} - y_{k-1}).$$
From the above relations, in view of \eqref{e10}, we have
\begin{align*}
&\| y -y_{n}\|_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\\
&\leq \sum_{k=n+1}^{\infty}\|y_{k}-y_{k-1}\|_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\\
&\leq \sum_{k=n+1}^{\infty} \frac{M \Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\frac{\left( L (\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right)^{k }}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}\\
&\leq\frac{M \Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{\left(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right)^{k}}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}-\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{\left(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right)^{k }}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}\right)\\
&\leq \frac{M\Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\left( \mathcal{E}_{\eta ,\, \zeta}(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta})-\sum_{k=0}^{n}\frac{(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta})^{k}}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)} \right).
\end{align*}
\end{proof}
\begin{rem}
From the inequality \eqref{eqn}, it follows that
\begin{small}
\begin{align*}
&\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty} \| y -y_{n}\|_{C_{1-\zeta\,;\,\Psi}[a,a+\chi]}\\
&\leq \frac{M\Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{\left(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right)^{k}}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}-\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{\left(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right)^{k }}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}\right) \\
&= \frac{M\Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\left(\mathcal{E}_{\eta ,\, \zeta}(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta})-\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\left(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right)^{k }}{\Gamma(k\eta+\zeta)}\right)\\
&= \frac{M\Gamma(\zeta)}{L}\left(\mathcal{E}_{\eta ,\, \zeta}(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta})-\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\zeta}(L(\Psi(a+\chi)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right)\\
&=0.
\end{align*}
This implies the sequence $\{y_n \}$ of successive approximation converges to the solution $y $ of the problem \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2} as $ n \rightarrow \infty.$
\end{small}
\end{rem}
\section{Picard's Successive Approximations: Linear Case}
Here we derive the representation formula for the solution of linear Cauchy problem with constant coefficient and variable coefficients which extend the results of \cite[Chapter 7]{Gorenflo}.
\subsection{Linear Cauchy Type problem with Constant Coefficient}
\begin{theorem} \label{th6.1}
Let $f\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}\left( \Delta,\,\mbox{\Bbb R}\right) ]$ and $\lambda\in \mbox{\Bbb R}$. Then, the solution of the Cauchy problem for FDE with constant coefficient involving $ \Psi $-Hilfer fractional derivative
\eqref{a1}-\eqref{a2}
is given by
\begin{align*}
y\left( t\right)&=y_a(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1} \,\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\zeta}\left( \lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right) \\
&\qquad+\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)\,\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\eta}\left( \lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(\sigma))^{\eta}\right) \,f(\sigma)\,\,d\sigma\notag
\end{align*}
where,~$\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)=\Psi'(\sigma)(\Psi(t)-\Psi(\sigma))^{\eta-1} $
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} The linear Cauchy problem \eqref{a1}-\eqref{a2} is equivalent to
\begin{align}\label{e63}
y (t) &=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}+\frac{\lambda}{
\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)y(\sigma)\,d\sigma+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma.
\end{align}
Employing the method of successive approximation we derive the solution of \eqref{e63}. Consider the sequences $\{y_{m}\}$ defined by
\begin{align*}
y_0(t)&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\\
y_m(t)&=y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{ \Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)y_{m-1}(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&\qquad+\frac{1}{ \Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma, ~(m=1,2,\cdots).
\end{align*}
By method of induction, we prove that
\begin{small}
\begin{align}\label{e18}
y_m(t)=y_{a}\sum_{k=0}^{m}\frac{\lambda^k( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{k\eta+\zeta-1}}{\Gamma ( k\eta+\zeta )}+\int_{a}^{t}\Psi ^{\prime }(\sigma)\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}\frac{\lambda^{k}( \Psi (t) -\Psi (\sigma)) ^{(k+1)\eta-1}}{\Gamma ((k+1)\eta )} f(\sigma)\,d\sigma.
\end{align}
\end{small}
For the case $m=1$, we have
\begin{align*}
y_1(t)&=y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{
\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)y_{0}(\sigma)\,d\sigma+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&=y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)\frac{( \Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }y_{a}\, \,d\sigma\\
&\qquad+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&=y_0(t)+y_{a}\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }\, \mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}+
\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f(t)\\
&=y_{a}\,\frac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }+y_{a} \, \frac{\lambda}{
\Gamma ( \eta +\zeta) } ( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&\qquad+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma.
\end{align*}
This is the equation \eqref{e18} for $m=1$. Now, we assume that the equation \eqref{e18} is hold for $m=j$ and prove that it is
also true for $m=j+1$. In fact,
\begin{small}
\begin{align*}
y_{j+1}(t)
&=y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{
\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)y_{j}(\sigma) \,d\sigma+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&=y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma) \left\{ y_{a}\sum_{k=0}^{j}\frac{\lambda^k ( \Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) ) ^{k\eta+\zeta -1}}{\Gamma (k\eta+ \zeta ) }\right.\\
&\left.\qquad+\int_{a}^{\sigma}\Psi ^{\prime }(\tau)\sum_{k=0}^{j-1}
\frac{\lambda^{k}}{\Gamma((k+1) \eta)} ( \Psi (\sigma)-\Psi(\tau))^{(k+1)\eta-1} f(\tau)d\tau) \right \}\,d\sigma+\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f(t)\\
&=y_0(t)+y_{a}\sum_{k=0}^{j}\frac{ \lambda^{k+1} }{\Gamma (k\eta+ \zeta ) }\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{k\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&\qquad +\sum_{k=0}^{j-1}\frac{ \lambda^{k+1} }{\Gamma ((k+1)\eta )}
\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )}\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma) \times\\
&\qquad \qquad \left\{\int_{a}^{\sigma}\Psi ^{\prime }(\tau)( \Psi (\sigma)-\Psi(\tau))^{(k+1)\eta-1} f(\tau)d\tau \right \}\,d\sigma+\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}f(t).
\end{align*}
\end{small}
Changing the order of integration in the second last term,
\begin{small}
\begin{align*}
& y_{j+1}(t) \\
&=y_{a}\frac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }+y_{a}\sum_{k=0}^{j}\frac{ \lambda^{k+1} }{\Gamma ((k+1)\eta+\zeta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{(k+1)\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&\qquad +\sum_{k=0}^{j-1}\frac{ \lambda^{k+1} }{\Gamma ((k+1)\eta )}\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )}\int_{a}^{t}\Psi ^{\prime }(\tau) \left\{\int_{\tau}^{t}\Psi ^{\prime }(\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma)-\Psi(\tau))^{(k+1)\eta-1}(\Psi (t) -\Psi (\sigma)) ^{\eta-1} f(\sigma)\,d\sigma \right \} f(\tau)d\tau\\
&\qquad+\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&=y_{a}\sum_{k=0}^{j+1}\frac{ \lambda^{k} }{\Gamma (k\eta+ \zeta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{k\eta+\zeta-1}\\
&\qquad +\sum_{k=0}^{j-1}\frac{ \lambda^{k+1} }{\Gamma ((k+1)\eta )}\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )}\int_{a}^{t}\frac{\Gamma(\eta)\Gamma((k+1)\eta)}{\Gamma((k+2)\eta)}( \Psi (t)-\Psi(\tau))^{(k+2)\eta-1} \Psi ^{\prime }(\tau) f(\tau)d\tau\\
&\qquad +\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)f(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&=y_{a}\sum_{k=0}^{j+1}\frac{ \lambda^{k} }{\Gamma (k\eta+ \zeta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{k\eta+\zeta-1}\\ &\qquad+\int_{a}^{t}\left\{\sum_{k=0}^{j-1}\frac{ \lambda^{k+1} }{\Gamma((k+2)\eta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(\sigma))^{(k+2)\eta-1}
+\frac{( \Psi (t) -\Psi (\sigma)) ^{\eta-1}}{\Gamma(\eta)}\right\} \Psi ^{\prime }(\sigma) f(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&=y_{a}\sum_{k=0}^{j+1}\frac{ \lambda^{k} }{\Gamma (k\eta+ \zeta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{k\eta+\zeta-1}+\int_{a}^{t}\Psi ^{\prime }(\sigma)\sum_{k=0}^{j}\frac{ \lambda^{k} }{\Gamma((k+1)\eta)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(\sigma))^{(k+1)\eta-1} f(\sigma) \,d\sigma.
\end{align*}
\end{small}
This proves equation \eqref{e18} is true for $m=j+1$. By mathematical induction the equation \eqref{e18} is true for all $m\in\mbox{\Bbb N}$.
Taking limit as $m\rightarrow \infty$, on both sides of \eqref{e18}, we get the solution of the Cauchy problem \eqref{a1}-\eqref{a2} as
\begin{align*}
y(t)&=\lim\limits_{ m\rightarrow \infty}y_m(t)\\
&=y_a\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\lambda^k( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{k\eta+\zeta-1}}{\Gamma ( k\eta+\zeta )}+\int_{a}^{t}\Psi ^{\prime }(\sigma)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\lambda^{k}( \Psi (t) -\Psi (\sigma)) ^{(k+1)\eta-1}}{\Gamma ((k+1)\eta )} f(\sigma)\,d\sigma\\
&=y_a( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{\zeta-1}\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\zeta}\left( \lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta}\right) \\
&\qquad+\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma) \mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,\eta}\left( \lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(\sigma))^{\eta}\right) f(\sigma)\,d\sigma.
\end{align*}
\end{proof}
\subsection{Linear Cauchy Type problem with Variable Coefficient}
\begin{theorem} \label{th7.1} Let $f\in C_{1-\zeta\,; \,\Psi}\left( \Delta,\mbox{\Bbb R}\right) ,~\lambda \in \mbox{\Bbb R}~\text{and}~\mu>1-\eta $. Then, the solution of Cauchy problem for homogeneous FDE with variable coefficient involving $ \Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative
\eqref{a3}-\eqref{a4}
is given by
\begin{align*}
y\left( t\right) =\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\, \mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,1+\frac{\mu-1}{\eta},\,\frac{\mu+\zeta-2}{2}} \left( \lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta+\mu-1}\right).
\end{align*}
where, $\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)=\frac{\left( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) \right) ^{\zeta-1}}{\Gamma(\zeta)}$
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} The equivalent fractional integral of \eqref{a3}-\eqref{a4} is
\begin{equation}\label{e21}
y(t)=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}+\frac{\lambda}{
\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\mu-1}y(\sigma) \,d\sigma.
\end{equation}
We consider the sequences $\{y_{m}\}$ of successive approximation defined by
\begin{align*}
y_0(t)&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\\
y_m(t)&=y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\mu-1}y_{m-1}(\sigma) \,d\sigma, ~(m=1,2,\cdots),
\end{align*}
and derive the solution of \eqref{e21}. By mathematical induction, we prove that
\begin{align}\label{e22}
y_{m}(t)=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\left\{1+\sum_{k=1}^{m}c_k\,\left( \lambda( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{\eta+\mu-1}\right) ^k \right \},
\end{align}
where
\begin{align*}
c_k&=\prod_{j=0}^{k-1}\frac{\Gamma(j(\eta+\mu-1)+\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(j(\eta+\mu-1)+\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)}\\
&=\prod_{j=0}^{k-1}\frac{\Gamma(\eta[j(1+\frac{\mu-1}{\eta})+\frac{\mu+\zeta-2}{\eta}]+1)}{\Gamma(\eta[j(1+\frac{\mu-1}{\eta})+\frac{\mu+\zeta-2}{\eta}+1]+1)}.
\end{align*}
For the case $m=1$, we have
\begin{align*}
y_1(t)
&=y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\mu-1}y_0(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}+\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\mu-1}y_{a}\frac{( \Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) } \,d\sigma\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}+y_{a}\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }\,\, \mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\mu+\zeta-2}\\
&=y_{a}\frac{( \Psi (t)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma ( \zeta ) }+y_{a}\,\,\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma(\zeta)}\frac{\Gamma(\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta+\mu+\zeta-2}\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\left\{1+\frac{\Gamma(\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)}\left( \lambda( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{\eta+\mu-1}\right) \right \}.
\end{align*}
This is the equation \eqref{e22} for $m=1$. Now, we assume that the equation \eqref{e22} is hold for $m=j$. we prove it is
also hold for $m=j+1$. In fact,
\begin{align*}
& y_{j+1}(t)\\
&= y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\mu-1}y_{j}(\sigma) \,d\sigma\\
&= y_0(t)+\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma ( \eta ) }\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\mu-1} \times\\
& \qquad \frac{( \Psi (\sigma)-\Psi (a) ) ^{\zeta -1}}{\Gamma (\zeta)}y_{a}\,\left\{1+\sum_{k=1}^{j}c_{k}\left( \lambda( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\eta+\mu-1}\right) ^{k} \right \} \,d\sigma\\
&= y_0(t)+y_{a}\frac{\lambda}{\Gamma (\zeta)}\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )} \int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{\mu+\zeta-2} \,d\sigma\\
&\qquad+y_a\sum_{k=1}^{j}\frac{c_{k}\,\,\lambda^{k+1}}{\Gamma (\zeta)}\frac{1}{\Gamma ( \eta )}\int_{a}^{t}\mathrm{Q}^{\eta}_{\Psi}(t,\sigma)( \Psi (\sigma) -\Psi (a)) ^{(k+1)\mu+k\eta+\zeta-k-2} \,d\sigma\\
&=y_0(t)+y_{a}\frac{\lambda}{{\Gamma(\zeta)}}\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\mu+\zeta-2}\\
&\qquad+y_a\sum_{k=1}^{j}\frac{c_{k}\,\,\lambda^{k+1}}{\Gamma (\zeta)}\,\,\mathcal{I}_{a+}^{\eta\,; \,\Psi}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{(k+1)\mu+k\eta+\zeta-k-2}\\
&=y_{a}\frac{(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\zeta-1}}{\Gamma(\zeta)}+y_a\frac{\lambda \,\Gamma(\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(\zeta)\Gamma(\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta+\mu+\zeta-2}\\
&\qquad+y_a\sum_{k=1}^{j}\frac{c_{k}\,\,\lambda^{k+1}}{\Gamma (\zeta)}\frac{\Gamma((k+1)\mu+k\eta+\zeta-(k+1))}{\Gamma((k+1)(\mu+\eta)+\zeta-(k+1))}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{(k+1)(\eta+\mu)+\zeta-k-2}\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\left\{1+\frac{\Gamma(\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)}\lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta+\mu-1}\right.\\
&\qquad~\left.+\sum_{k=1}^{j}c_{k}\,\,\frac{\Gamma((k+1)\mu+k\eta+\zeta-(k+1)}{\Gamma((k+1)(\mu+\eta)+\zeta-(k+1)}\lambda^{k+1}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{(k+1)(\eta+\mu-1)}\right\}\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\left\{1+\frac{\Gamma(\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)}\lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta+\mu-1}
\right.\\
&\qquad~+\left.\sum_{k=1}^{j}c_{k}\frac{\Gamma(k(\eta+\mu-1)+\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(k(\eta+\mu-1)+\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)}\lambda^{k+1}(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{(k+1)(\eta+\mu-1)}\right\}\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}
\left\{1+\sum_{k=1}^{j+1}c_{k}{\left( \lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{(\eta+\mu-1)}\right) }^{k}\right\}
\end{align*}
where, $$c_k=\prod_{j=0}^{k-1}\frac{\Gamma(j(\eta+\mu-1)+\mu+\zeta-1)}{\Gamma(j(\eta+\mu-1)+\eta+\mu+\zeta-1)} .$$
This proves equation \eqref{e22} is true for $m=j+1$. By mathematical induction the equation \eqref{e22} is true for all $m\in\mbox{\Bbb N}$. Taking limit as $m\rightarrow \infty$, on both sides of \eqref{e22}, we get the solution of the Cauchy problem \eqref{a3}-\eqref{a4}, given by
\begin{align*}
y(t)&=\lim\limits_{ m\rightarrow \infty}y_m(t)\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a}\left\{1+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}c_k[\lambda( \Psi (t) -\Psi (a)) ^{\eta+\mu-1}]^k \right \}\\
&=\mathcal{H}^{\Psi}_{\zeta}(t,a)\,y_{a} \,\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,1+\frac{\mu-1}{\eta},\,\frac{\mu+\zeta-2}{2}}\left( \lambda(\Psi(t)-\Psi(a))^{\eta+\mu-1}\right).
\end{align*}
where $\mathcal{E}_{\eta,\,1+\frac{\mu-1}{\eta},\,\frac{\mu+\zeta-2}{2}}(\cdot)$ is generalized (Kilbas--Saigo) Mittag--Leffler type function of three parameters.
\end{proof}
\section{Concluding remarks}
In the present paper, we are able to provide a brief study of the theory of FDEs by means of the $\Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative. We examined the existence along with the interval of existence, uniqueness, dependence of solutions and Picard's successive approximations in cases: nonlinear and linear.
The existence results pertaining to Cauchy problem (\ref{eq1})-(\ref{eq2}), was obtained through the theorems of Schauder and Arzela-Ascoli. On the other hand, we can prove the uniqueness and continuous dependence of the problem (\ref{eq1})-(\ref{eq2}) by making use of mathematical induction and Weissinger's fixed point theorem. In addition, we investigate Picard's successive approximation in the nonlinear case for the Cauchy problem (\ref{eq1})-(\ref{eq2}) and in the linear cases: (\ref{a1})-(\ref{a2}) with constant coefficients and (\ref{a3})-(\ref{a4}) with variable coefficients, making use of the Gronwall's inequality and mathematical induction. It should be noted that the results obtained in the space of the weighted functions $C_{1-\zeta;\,\Psi}\left( \Delta,\mbox{\Bbb R}\right) $ are contributions to the fractional calculus field, in particular, the fractional analysis.
The question that arises is: will it be possible to perform the same study in space $L_{p}([0,1],\mathbb{R})$ with the norm $||(\cdot)||_{p,\,\eta}$, involving $\Psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative and Banach's fixed point theorem \cite{vanterler3}? If the answer is yes. What are the restrictions for such results, if any? These issues and others, are studies that are in progress and will be published in the future.
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Also the DOG SPOT professional dog grooming is located at our clinic - please call Janet at 250 537 0817 for bookings. | {
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Auschwitz death camp survivor Maria
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Auschwitz death camp survivor Maria Auschwitz Survivors, 70th Anniversary of the Liberation of the Nazi Concentration Camp
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70th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camp Millions of lives lost, devastated countries and six years of bloody clashes after the Second World War came to an end in May 1945. A few months earlier, in January of that year, the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz was finally liberated by the Soviet troops Auschwitz survivors, 70 years on
Auschwitz death camp survivor Jadwiga Bogucka (maiden name Regulska), 89, who was registered with camp number 86356, poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 12, 2015. During the Warsaw Uprising in August, 1944, when Bogucka was 19, she and her mother were sent from their house to a camp in Pruszkow and then moved on August 12, 1944 by train to Auschwitz-Birkenau. About 1.5 million people, most of them Jews, were killed at the Nazi camp which has became a symbol of the horrors of the Holocaust and World War Two. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Jadwiga Bogucka (maiden name Regulska), 89, holds a picture of herself from 1944 in Warsaw. The camp was liberated by Soviet Red Army troops on January 27, 1945 and about 200,000 camp inmates survived. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Marian Majerowicz, 88, who was registered with camp number 157715, poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 13, 2015. Originally from Myszkow, Majerowicz was 17 when he was sent to Auschwitz- Birkenau. At the camp he was briefly reunited with his father, who told him that his mother and younger brother were both killed in the gas chambers. Majerowicz's father didn't survive the war. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Eva Fahidi, 90, holds a picture of her family, who were all killed in the concentration camp during World War Two, as she poses for a portrait in Budapest, January 12, 2015. Fahidi was 18 in 1944 when she and her family were moved from Debrecen to Auschwitz-Birkenau. REUTERS/Laszlo Balogh
Auschwitz death camp survivor Stefan Sot, 83, holds a picture of himself taken during the war, in Warsaw, January 5, 2015. After the war he worked as a typesetter at a printing house. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Elzbieta Sobczynska (maiden name Gremblicka), 80, who was registered with camp number 85536, gestures as she poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 7, 2015. During the Warsaw Uprising, when Sobczynska was 10-years-old, she was sent with her mother and brother from their home to a camp in Pruszkow and then moved by train to Auschwitz- Birkenau. There they were separated into blocks for women, girls and boys. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Halina Brzozowska, 82, who was registered with camp number 86356, poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 12, 2015. Brzozowska was 12-years-old during the Warsaw Uprising when her family were sent to a camp in Pruszkow, she and her 6-year-old sister were then moved by train to Auschwitz- Birkenau. Brzozowska said that it was hard to say what had happened to them, that they were taken from their homes, family and lost their childhood. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Bogdan Bartnikowski, 82, holds a family photograph as he poses for a portrait in Warsaw, December 18, 2014. After the war Bartnikowski worked as a pilot and then became a journalist and writer. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Henryk Duszyk, 80, who was registered with camp number 192692, poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 12, 2015. Duszyk was 10-years-old during the Warsaw Uprising in August, 1944. He was sent to Auschwitz- Birkenau with his father, brother and stepmother. The family were separated and Duszyk only saw his father once more before he was killed at the camp. Duszyk, his brother and stepmother were kept at Auschwitz-Birkenau until the camp was liberated. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Laszlo Bernath, 87, poses for a portrait in Budapest, January 12, 2015. Bernath credits his father being a practical man with his survival of Auschwitz. He was 15 when they were taken but his father told him to lie about his age so that they would not be separated. Even whilst in the camp, Bernath had no idea about the gas chambers. REUTERS/Laszlo Balogh
Auschwitz death camp survivor Laszlo Bernath, 87, holds up a picture of his family, who were all killed in the concentration camp during World War Two, in Budapest, January 12, 2015. REUTERS/Laszlo Balogh
Auschwitz death camp survivor Janina Reklajtis, 80, who was registered with camp number 83043, holds a photo of herself taken during the war as she poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 7, 2015. Reklajtis was 12-years-old during the Warsaw Uprising when she and her mother were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They were sent to a labor camp in Berlin in January 1945 and were kept there until they were liberated. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Danuta Bogdaniuk-Bogucka (maiden name Kaminska), 80, poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 5, 2015. Bogdaniuk-Bogucka was 10-years- old when she was sent to Auschwitz- Birkenau camp with her mother. Bogdaniuk-Bogucka was part of Josef Mengele's experiments when she was in Auschwitz. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Erzsebet Brodt, 89, holds a picture of her family, who were killed in the concentration camp during World War Two, as she poses for a portrait in Budapest, January 12, 2015. REUTERS/Laszlo Balogh
Auschwitz death camp survivor Jerzy Ulatowski, 83, who was registered with camp number 192823, poses for a photo in Warsaw, January 12, 2015. Ulatowski was taken by train to Auschwitz- Birkenau when he was 13- years-old. In January 1945 he managed to escape with his family, as there was a lack of power in the barbed wire surrounding the camp. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Jacek Nadolny, 77, who was registered with camp number 192685, holds up a wartime photo of his family, as he poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 7, 2015. In January 1945 the family was moved to a labor camp in Berlin. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Janos Forgacs, 87, holds a document as he poses for a portrait in Budapest, January 12, 2015. Forgacs recalls that he was in a group transported to a camp in a cattle wagon, with the windows sealed by barbed wire. A military officer told them to hand over their belongings, telling them they would not need them anymore. REUTERS/Laszlo Balogh
Auschwitz death camp survivor Maria Stroinska, 82, gestures as she poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 12, 2015. Stroinska was 12-years-old during the Warsaw Uprising when she and her sister were sent from their house to a camp in Pruszkow before she was moved alone by train to Auschwitz-Birkenau. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Maria Stroinska, 82, holds a family photo taken before the war, as she poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 12, 2015. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Lajos Erdelyi, 87, holds a drawing made by a campmate as he poses for a portrait in Budapest, January 13, 2015. Erdelyi was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau in May 1944 and was later moved to another camp. When he was freed he weighed under 30kg, but tried to walk home. He collapsed, and was taken to a hospital by a farmer. REUTERS/Laszlo Balogh
Auschwitz death camp survivor Elzbieta Sobczynska (maiden name Gremblicka), 80, holds her father's watch, which was kept by her brother while they were in the camp. Sobczynska said that she was robbed of her childhood, and lost the chance to experience a different kind of life. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Auschwitz death camp survivor Halina Brzozowska, 82, holds a picture of herself which was taken during the war, as she poses for a portrait in Warsaw, January 12, 2015. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel
Ghosts of Auschwitz
A general view of the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim, Poland, January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
Suitcases that belonged to people brought to Auschwitz for extermination are displayed at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
General view of wooden bunks inside a destroyed barracks at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau near Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
General view of a 'wall of death' at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
Discarded shoes are displayed at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
General view of destroyed barracks at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau near Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
Artificial limbs that belonged to people brought to Auschwitz for extermination are displayed at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
The sign Arbeit macht frei (Work makes you free) is pictured at the main gate of the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
Empty Zyklon B canisters are displayed at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
A general view of the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
Glasses that belonged to people brought to Auschwitz for extermination are displayed at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
An Israeli national flag is seen at destroyed barracks at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau near Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
Visitors look at a display of discarded shoes at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz in Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
A large tent erected ahead of an anniversary ceremony is seen at the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau near Oswiecim January 19, 2015. REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
REUTERS/Pawel Ulatowski
Cómo comunicar de forma efectiva en la empresa Espanhol
Concentration and death camps in Poland
Nazi Death Camps
perfectionality
Photobox First Instagram Photography Awards (PIPA): Winners
Urban Photographer of the Year 2019: Winners & Finalists
Art Déco ~ By Ilona Harangozó
Royal Ascot 2019: Hats
BigPicture: Natural World Photography Competition 2019: Winners | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
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First time customers, please read about our discount card.
We are extending our newsletter promotion from to the end of 2012. Newsletter recipients may claim 15% off their next cleaning!
All customers receive 10% off their first cleaning. Customers receiving a second cleaning receive a discount savings card according to the number of hours ordered on their first cleaning.
If you refer a friend, you will receive $30.00 off your next cleaning.
Senior citizens receive 15% off all services.
All birthday recipients receive 15% discount.
Families with newborn infants receive 20% off.
Military discount 20% off all services. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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package org.apache.sling.installer.it;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.ops4j.pax.exam.Option;
import org.ops4j.pax.exam.junit.PaxExam;
import org.osgi.framework.Bundle;
@RunWith(PaxExam.class)
public class BundleInstallUpgradeDowngradeTest extends OsgiInstallerTestBase {
@org.ops4j.pax.exam.Configuration
public Option[] config() {
return defaultConfiguration();
}
@Before
public void setUp() {
setupInstaller();
}
@After
public void tearDown() {
super.tearDown();
}
@Test
public void testInstallUpgradeDowngradeBundle() throws Exception {
final String symbolicName = "osgi-installer-testbundle";
assertNull("Test bundle must not be present before test", findBundle(symbolicName));
// Install first test bundle and check version
long bundleId = 0;
{
assertNull("Test bundle must be absent before installing", findBundle(symbolicName));
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.1.jar")), null);
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " must be installed", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.INSTALLED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STARTED));
final Bundle b = assertBundle("After installing", symbolicName, "1.1", Bundle.ACTIVE);
bundleId = b.getBundleId();
}
// Upgrade to later version, verify
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.2.jar"), "digestA"), null);
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " must be installed", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STOPPED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.2", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STARTED));
final Bundle b = assertBundle("After updating to 1.2", symbolicName, "1.2", Bundle.ACTIVE);
assertEquals("Bundle ID must not change after update", bundleId, b.getBundleId());
}
// Downgrade to lower version, installed bundle must not change
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.0.jar"), "digestA"), null);
sleep(150);
// make sure no updates happen
this.assertNoBundleEvents("Older bundle should not be installed.", listener, symbolicName);
final Bundle b = assertBundle("After ignored downgrade", symbolicName, "1.2", Bundle.ACTIVE);
assertEquals("Bundle ID must not change after ignored downgrade", bundleId, b.getBundleId());
}
// Update to same version with different digest must be ignored
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.0.jar"), "digestB"), null);
sleep(150);
this.assertNoBundleEvents("Update to same version should generate no OSGi tasks.", listener, symbolicName);
}
// Uninstall
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, null, getNonInstallableResourceUrl(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.0.jar")));
sleep(150);
this.assertNoBundleEvents("Older bundle remove should not cause a remove", listener, symbolicName);
}
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, null, getNonInstallableResourceUrl(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.1.jar")));
this.assertNoBundleEvents("Older bundle remove should not cause a remove", listener, symbolicName);
}
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, null, getNonInstallableResourceUrl(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.2.jar")));
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " must be installed", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.2", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STOPPED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.2", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.UNINSTALLED));
final Bundle b = findBundle(symbolicName);
assertNull("Testbundle must be gone", b);
}
// Reinstall lower version, must work
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.1.jar")), null);
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " reinstall with lower version", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.INSTALLED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STARTED));
assertBundle("After reinstalling 1.1", symbolicName, "1.1", Bundle.ACTIVE);
}
}
@Test
public void testRemoveAndReadd() throws Exception {
final String symbolicName = "osgi-installer-testbundle";
{
assertNull("Test bundle must be absent before installing", findBundle(symbolicName));
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.1.jar")), null);
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " should be installed with version 1.1", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.INSTALLED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STARTED));
assertBundle("After installing", symbolicName, "1.1", Bundle.ACTIVE);
}
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, null, getNonInstallableResourceUrl(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.1.jar")));
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " should be gone", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STOPPED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.UNINSTALLED));
assertNull("Test bundle must be gone", findBundle(symbolicName));
}
// let's sleep a little bit to avoid sync problems with the file data store.
this.sleep(300);
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.1.jar")), null);
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " should be reinstalled with version 1.1", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.INSTALLED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STARTED));
assertBundle("After reinstalling", symbolicName, "1.1", Bundle.ACTIVE);
}
}
/**
* This test first installs the test bundle in version 1.0 and then removes this version while
* at the same time adding version 1.1 of the bundle.
* This test should ensure that this results in a bundle update and not in a bundle remove/install!
*/
@Test
public void testUpdateAndRemove() throws Exception {
final String symbolicName = "osgi-installer-testbundle";
assertNull("Test bundle must be absent before installing", findBundle(symbolicName));
// install version 1.0
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME, getInstallableResource(
getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.0.jar")), null);
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " should be installed with version 1.0", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.0", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.INSTALLED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.0", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STARTED));
assertBundle("After installing", symbolicName, "1.0", Bundle.ACTIVE);
}
// install version 1.1 and remove 1.0 in one go
{
final Object listener = this.startObservingBundleEvents();
installer.updateResources(URL_SCHEME,
getInstallableResource(getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.1.jar")),
getNonInstallableResourceUrl(getTestBundle(BUNDLE_BASE_NAME + "-testbundle-1.0.jar")));
this.waitForBundleEvents(symbolicName + " should be updated", listener,
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, null, org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.UPDATED),
new BundleEvent(symbolicName, "1.1", org.osgi.framework.BundleEvent.STARTED));
assertBundle("After installing", symbolicName, "1.1", Bundle.ACTIVE);
}
}
} | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
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Kent Lamb Milk Replacer is a high-quality, fully-formulated complete first feed for lambs and goat kids. This product has been carefully formulated to provide all of the essential nutrients in the proper proportions to support the survival and growth rates of lambs or goat kids from the second day of life through weaning.
High fat – contains 30% fat which is similar to ewe's milk and is a must in the diet of baby lambs.
BoVantage® Technology – for healthy performance and immune system support.
Blend of bacteria – a unique blend of five species of genetically-aligned bacteria which help maintain an ideal intestinal environment and promote better feed utilization.
Coconut oil – one of the easiest fats to digest.
Low lactose levels – reduces the incidence of bloating.
Lambs: The enclosed cup* holds about 8 ounces of milk replacer powder. Mix 4 ounces (1/2 enclosed cup) of Lamb Formula into 1 pint of warm (110° to 120°F) water. For larger flocks, mix 2 pounds (4 enclosed cups) milk replacer powder into 1 gallon of water. The following amounts of reconstituted milk replacer should be fed daily.
Goat Kid: Mix at a rate of 1½ pounds of milk replacer powder per gallon of water [3 oz (by weight) of milk replacer powder per 1 pint of water]. Use enclosed cup.* Mix milk replacer powder in ½ quantity of water at 120° F and then dilute to volume and feed at 98° F. For the first few days, feed a limited quantity (maximum of 1 pint) per feeding up to 3 to 4 times per day.
Feed colostrum for the first 24 hours of life, starting within 2 hours of birth.
Provide fresh, clean water free choice at all times.
The temperature of reconstituted milk replacer fed should be 90°- 100°F.
Your lamb and/or kid is an individual; therefore, the quantity and the concentration of solids fed may be varied to maintain proper body condition and stool consistency. Consult with your veterinarian if you have questions. | {
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Malika is Senior Counsel on Civil and Human Rights at Google. Malika is also the Co-Founder and former Director of The Rebecca Project.
As human rights attorney, Malika helped end the federal practice of shackling pregnant mothers in U.S. prisons. Subsequently the Obama White House selected Malika to serve on the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS.
She has been on CNN, ABC News, and Good Morning America and is an award-winning advocate. Malika brings her immensely compassionate and caretaking spirit to the Essie Justice Group Board of Directors. | {
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12 ikea makeup storage ideas you#039;ll love makeup tutorials. Vanity ; makeup vanity ; makeup storage ; muji drawers. Best 25 drawer unit ideas on pinterest ikea alex. Best 20 makeup organization ikea ideas on pinterest.
Small space clothes storage bradcarterme. Best 25 essential oil storage ideas on pinterest oil. 100 [ good kitchen knives set ] 100 kitchen knife storage. Pallet storage 25 easy and cheap pallet storage projects. Best 25 k cup holders ideas on pinterest k cup storage. 18 savvy bathroom vanity storage ideas bathroom ideas. 24 brilliant ideas to manage a kid toys with elegant kid. Residential organizing/ children#039;s room traditional. Hat organizer ideas glass box hat storage idea baseball. 40 diy small room organization and storage ideas youtube. Pegboard storage ideas, storage and tool storage. Vinyl record storage ideas nana#039;s workshop.
Big ideas for small bathroom storage diy. 16 clever diy kitchen storage ideas to keep your kitchen. 32 best over the toilet storage ideas and designs for 2017. Love this storage pantry idea top shelves great for lids. Barbie doll storage containers best storage ideas. 25 awesome garden storage ideas for crafty handymen and. Boat tackle organizer system storage solutions. How to make pots and pans organizer for your kitchen. Purse storage. My updated tupperware pantry with chalkboard labels for my modular mates and baskets. Jeff#039;s rv page. Create a sewing space on a budget sewing tutorials. Best 25 ikea hack bathroom ideas on pinterest ikea. Thread storage ideas sewing thread storage sewing ideas. Bathroom vanities for any style bathroom ideas designs. | {
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WAVEFORMS IN TRANSISTOR OSCILLATORS [Using Scopes in Transistor Circuits (1968)]
Home | Articles | Forum | Glossary | Books
Many types of oscillators are utilized in transistor circuits. In the first analysis, these can be classified as sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal types. For examples, the local oscillator in a TV receiver is a sinusoidal oscillator. On the other hand, the vertical blocking oscillator is a nonsinusoidal oscillator. Sub divisions include free-running and triggered oscillators, mono stable and bistable oscillators, stabilized oscillators, and other subdivisions relating to frequency characteristics. Some oscillators develop continuous-wave signals; others develop amplitude- or frequency-modulated signals. Sweep generators use fm oscillators, for example, to develop frequency-response curves as shown in Fig. 2-1. Let us consider the operating characteristics and waveforms of some basic transistor oscillators.
Fig 2-1. Fm waveform used to develop a frequency response curve.
BLOCKING OSCILLATORS
A transistor blocking oscillator conducts for a short period of time and then is cut off (blocked) for a much longer period of time. A basic circuit for a transistor blocking oscillator using a pnp transistor is shown in Fig. 2-2. If an npn transistor were used in the circuit, the polarities of the collector supply battery V cc would have to be reversed to maintain reverse bias across the collector-base junction. We will begin our analysis with the instant that the circuit is first energized. Current rises rapidly in the base circuit, due to the forward bias established across the base-emitter junction by the DC power supply V cc.
Simultaneously, the collector current le increases. This increasing collector current induces a negative voltage in the secondary winding of transformer T1.
(A) Schematic. (B) Waveform.
Fig. 2-2. Transistor blocking oscillator with waveform.
The negative voltage that is induced in the secondary of T1 in Fig. 2-2A is applied at the base of the transistor, and in creases the forward bias across the base-emitter junction.
Meanwhile, capacitor C1 charges through the small forward resistance of the base-emitter junction; the transistor is quickly driven into collector saturation, whereupon this rapid regenerative action stops. At saturation, the collector current le becomes constant, and the collector voltage Ve falls to almost zero. Since no more voltage is induced in the secondary winding of T1, C1 stops charging, and starts to discharge through R1. Just before time T1 in Fig. 2B, the magnetic field in the secondary collapses, thereby inducing a voltage of opposite polarity that drives the base of Q1 positive. This reverse bias cuts the transistor off.
Cutoff corresponds to zero base and collector current in Fig. 2-2. At this time, the collector voltage V1 rises and makes the collector more negative than the V1'c supply for a short time following T1. This negative pulse is caused by the same collapse of the magnetic field that drives the base of Q1 positive. The transistor now remains cut off until the stored charge on C1 decays through R1. This occurs at time T2. As soon as there is base current it is amplified by Q1 and fed back re-generatively through T1 to the base. Therefore, Q1 is quickly driven into saturation, and the waveform cycle is repeated.
Fig. 2-3. Vertical sync pulse in TV receiver with slowly rolling picture.
Next, let us consider how the blocking oscillator in Fig. 2-2 can be synchronized. If negative-going sync pulses are coupled into the base circuit, they will ride on the V 81 waveform, and will extend downward toward the 0-volt level. It is evident that as a negative-going sync pulse approaches the 0-volt level in the time interval from T1 to T2, Q1 will be triggered into conduction somewhat sooner than if the sync pulse were absent. (See Fig. 2-3). Therefore, the blocking oscillator can be locked in frequency by the sync pulse. In normal operation, we adjust the value of R1 so that the oscillator runs a little slower than the repetition rate of the sync pulses. Accordingly, the incoming sync pulses speed up the repetition rate of the oscillator, compared with its free-running frequency.
Next, let us consider the free-running frequency of the blocking oscillator shown in Fig. 2-2. A capacitor charges and discharges through resistance according to an exponential waveform, as shown in Fig. 2-4. We measure charge and discharge intervals in time constants. One time constant is equal to the product, in seconds, of the capacitance and the resistance.
T == RC (2.1)
where,
T denotes the time constant of the RC circuit in seconds, R denotes the resistance in ohms, C denotes the capacitance in farads.
Observe in Fig. 2-4 that a capacitor discharges to 37 percent of its initial voltage in one time constant. At the end of four or five time constants, the capacitor charge has decayed to nearly zero. Therefore, the free-running blocking oscillator in Fig. 2-2 has a repetition rate that is equal to approximately four or five time constants. Its exact repetition rate depends on the particular transistor, and how close its base voltage must approach zero to start a base-current. Next, with respect to the charging interval of C1, we recognize that as soon as there is base current, R1 is shunted by the low value of base-emitter resistance in Q1. This base-emitter resistance has a very low value, in the order of 35 ohms. Therefore, the charging time constant is very short, and can be charged very rapidly.
Fig. 2-4. Universal RC time-constant chart.
Fig. 2-5.
The exponential waveform chart shown in Fig. 2-4 is basic in analysis of nonsinusoidal oscillators. In other words, a blocking oscillator is basically an exponential waveform generator, as seen in the V B1 waveform of Fig. 2-2B. Therefore, it would be impractical to analyze the operation of the circuit on the basis of sine waves. To understand the circuit action, we must use exponential waveforms as our basic reference. Of course, the V B1 waveform in Fig. 2-2B is not a pure exponential; it begins and ends with pulses. That is, the base waveform is a combination exponential and pulse waveform. Combination waveforms are the rule, rather than the exception in transistor circuits.
Let us now compare the waveforms for transistor Q14 in Fig. 2-5 with the V B1 and V c waveforms in Fig. 2-2B. At first glance, the waveforms seem to be different. However, the difference is chiefly in the scaling, rather than the waveshapes. Be- cause of the additional circuit components, the base waveform of transistor Q14 has a large pulse component, and a less steeply sloping exponential component. Although there are superficial differences, the basic waveform is the same as that of VB1. The collector waveform for Q14 is also basically similar to that of V c, However, the positive peak of the waveform for Q14 is modified somewhat, due chiefly to the presence of diode XS. Diodes are used in blocking-oscillator circuits to limit the peak voltage that is applied to the transistor by the collector waveform, and also to clip the sync pulses for stable triggering action. With reference to Fig. 2-6, resistor R5, in series with R4, operates as a damping control to set the amplitude of the output positive pulse. Diode X2 is connected across the primary of T1 to protect the transistor. That is, the collapsing magnetic field of T1 might exceed the breakdown voltage of the transistor used in the circuit. However, X2 is driven into forward conduction as the magnetic field collapses, and thereby limits the pulse amplitude across the primary. Additional reduction of amplitude can be obtained by adjustment of R5.
cause of the additional circuit components, the base waveform of transistor Q14 has a large pulse component, and a less steeply sloping exponential component. Although there are superficial differences, the basic waveform is the same as that of VB1. The collector waveform for Q14 is also basically similar to that of V c, However, the positive peak of the waveform for Q14 is modified somewhat, due chiefly to the presence of diode XS. Diodes are used in blocking-oscillator circuits to limit the peak voltage that is applied to the transistor by the collector waveform, and also to clip the sync pulses for stable triggering action. With reference to Fig. 2-6, resistor R5, in series with R4, operates as a damping control to set the amplitude of the output positive pulse. Diode X2 is connected across the primary of T1 to protect the transistor. That is, the collapsing magnetic field of T1 might exceed the breakdown voltage of the transistor used in the circuit. However, X2 is driven into forward conduction as the magnetic field collapses, and thereby limits the pulse amplitude across the primary. Additional reduction of amplitude can be obtained by adjustment of R5.
Resistor R3 serves two functions in this circuit. First, it provides emitter bias due to emitter current. As a transistor heats up, the emitter current tends to increase. If this tendency were not counteracted, the repetition rate would change. Since in creased emitter current produces greater bias voltage across
Fig. 2-6. Synchronized transistor blocking oscillator.
Resistor R3 serves two functions in this circuit. First, it pro vides emitter bias due to emitter current. As a transistor heats up, the emitter current tends to increase. If this tendency were not counteracted, the repetition rate would change. Since in creased emitter current produces greater bias voltage across R3, the oscillator is self-stabilizing. Secondly, a pulse output signal can be taken from across R3. We often find a capacitor C4 used to bypass the emitter resistor. Since the capacitor tends to hold its charge between pulses, it improves stabilizing action. An emitter bypass capacitor also decreases the free running frequency of the blocking oscillator, although this circuit action is merely incidental.
If C4 in Fig. 2-6 is chosen in a suitable value so that R3 is partially bypassed, another useful function can be served. That is, the capacitor partially discharges between pulses, with the result that an exponential waveform is produced by the emitter in accordance with the discharge waveform depicted in Fig. 2-4. Thereby, the emitter circuit operates as a waveshaping circuit, and produces a semi-sawtooth wave. Of course, this is not a true sawtooth waveform because it has an exponential curvature. However, additional waveshaping circuitry can be used to obtain a true sawtooth waveform.
The free-running frequency of the blocking oscillator in Fig. 2-6 is determined chiefly by capacitors C2 and C3, and resistors R1 and R2. That is, these capacitors and resistors have a certain time constant that determines when Q1 will come out of cutoff. Note also that R1 is not returned to ground as in Fig. 2-2, but, instead, to the voltage source Vee- The reason for this connection is that V f'<' causes Q1 to come to output cutoff earlier than if R1 were grounded. In turn, the exponential waveform at the base is not so greatly curved, and the trigger point is less affected by random noise voltages that might gain entry to the circuit.
Sync pulses are capacitively coupled to the base of Q1 in Fig. 2-6. Negative-going sync pulses are used, as previously explained. It is undesirable to have any positive noise pulses, or positive excursions of sync pulse applied to the base, because they would affect the time constant of the discharge circuit.
Therefore, diode X1 is connected between base and emitter of Q1 to short-circuit any positive excursions that might be coupled into the oscillator circuit. Control R1 is adjusted to make the free-running frequency of the oscillator slightly lower than that of the incoming sync pulses. Output waveforms may be taken either from the tertiary winding on T1, or from the emitter of Q1, or both.
TRANSISTOR MULTIVIBRATORS
Transistor multivibrators are widely used in electronics technology. For example, many thousand multivibrators may be included in an electronic computer system. The free-running (astable) multivibrator is basically a two-stage amplifier with its output fed back to its input. RC circuitry is employed that has uniform response out to high frequencies. In turn, complex waveforms related to the basic square wave are produced.
Fig. 2-7 A shows a typical configuration for an astable transistor multivibrator. While one stage conducts, the other stage is cut off. At a certain point that depends on RC time constants, the stages reverse their conditions-the conducting stage suddenly cuts off, while the nonconducting stage suddenly starts to conduct. Thus, a form of square wave is generated. The emitter-coupled transistor multivibrator configuration employs feedback via its common-emitter resistor. On the other hand, a collector-coupled multivibrator employs coupling capacitors as shown in Fig. 2-7 A. The waveforms for the collector-coupled multivibrator arrangement are shown in Fig. 2-7B. The circuit comprises a two-stage, RC-coupled, common-emitter amplifier that uses npn transistors in this example. If pnp transistors were used, the collector supply battery V cc would be reversed in polarity.
Output from the first stage is coupled to the input of the second stage; also, output from the second stage is coupled to the input of the first stage. We recall that there is a 180-degree phase shift (polarity reversal) between the input and output of a CE configuration. This means that the output of each stage is in phase with the input to the other stage. Regenerative feed back provides the signals required for sustained oscillation.
Let us assume in Fig. 2-7 A that Q1 conducts more heavily than Q2 when operating voltages are applied. From time T0 to time T1 in Fig. 2-7B, collector current Ici and collector volt age Vn remain constant; capacitor C2 discharges through resistor R7 in accordance with the exponential waveform depicted in Fig. 2-4. As C2 discharges through R7, the voltage drop across R7, which is also the base voltage of Q2 (V n2), decreases; this effectively decreases the reverse bias on Q2. This action continues until time T1, whereupon forward bias is re-established across the emitter-base junction of Q2, and Q2 starts to conduct.
As the collector current I('~ through Q2 increases, collector voltage V c~ becomes less positive from T1 to T2. This voltage, coupled through capacitor C3 to the base of Q1, drives the base more negative and causes a decrease in collector current lei through Q1.
Fig. 2-7. Transistor multivibrator. (A) Schematic. (B) Waveforms.
Increased positive voltage at the collector of Q1 in Fig. 2-7 A is coupled through C2 and appears across R7. Collector current It·~ through Q2 therefore increases. This process continues rapidly until Q1 is cut off. Transistor Q1 remains cut off and transistor Q2 conducts until C3 discharges sufficiently through R6 to decrease the reverse bias Vm on the base of Q1 so that the operating cycle repeats following time T2. When checking waveforms with a scope, beginners are sometimes confused by the aspect of a waveform. That is, if the scope controls are varied, a square wave may appear in different scaling, as demonstrated by Fig. 2-8. Note that the second aspect is not a pulse, but is still a square wave, because the duty cycle is equal to 1.
Fig. 2-8. Two aspects of square wave.
Resistors R1 and R4 in Fig. 2-7A are the collector load resistors for Q1 and Q2, respectively. Suitable bias for the base of Q1 is provided by a voltage-divider network comprising R3 and R6. Base bias voltage for Q2 is provided by R2 and R7.
Resistors R5 and RS are temperature stabilization resistors for Q1 and Q2. C1 and C4 are emitter bypass capacitors. The repetition rate of the multivibrator depends on the time constants of the RC-coupling networks, modified by the bias volt ages which determine the point on the exponential decay curve that a transistor comes out of cutoff. The output signal is coupled through capacitor C5 to the load. The signal is basically a square wave, although it must be passed through a subsequent waveshaping circuit to obtain a good approximation to an ideal square wave. Output could also be taken from the collector of Q1. Electronic switches are designed around astable multivibrators. A typical configuration is shown in Fig. 2-9. The multivibrator transistors are QS and Q9. Three repetition rates can be obtained by setting SI to switch different values of coupling capacitors into the circuit. Amplifiers A and B pass input signal alternately because the square wave causes Q5 and Q6 to con duct alternately. To obtain good switching action the output from the multivibrator is passed through the waveshaper comprising Q10 and Q1l. In addition, the rise time of the square wave is improved. Signals at input A and input B are switched alternately into Q7, which operates in the common-emitter con figuration and provides isolation between the mixer section and the scope input circuit. Details of waveshaping circuits are discussed subsequently.
Fig. 2-10. Transistor one-shot (monostable) multi vibrator. (A) Schematic. (B) Waveforms.
Another important type of multivibrator is called the mono stable, one-shot, single-shot, or single-swing configuration, as shown in Fig. 2-10A. When this configuration is triggered, it goes through a complete cycle of operation, and then returns to its original quiescent state. An external trigger pulse moves the operating point from the initial stable region. The time constant of the RC components holds the operating point in its new stable region for a determined period of time. Then, the operating point moves back into the original stable region.
When in its initial stable region, or quiescent condition, transistor Q2 is in saturation and Q1 is cut off. A positive trigger pulse of short duration applied to the base of Q1 causes the multivibrator to go through its active cycle. Then, the circuit rests in its quiescent condition until another trigger pulse arrives.
Battery V<'c supplies the necessary collector voltages for the transistors in Fig. 2-10A, and also supplies the forward bias for the emitter-base junction of Q2. Transistor Q2 is in saturation during the quiescent period; therefore, the collector voltage is practically zero. Fig. 2- 10B shows the collector wave form V ('~ during this time from TO to T1. Reverse bias across the emitter-base junction provided by battery V('(' maintains Q1 at cutoff. Collector voltage V('J is positive and equal to battery voltage v, .... The collector waveform Cn during this same time is shown in Fig. 2- 10B. Capacitor C2 is charged to the value of battery voltage v,.,, through the essentially short-circuited base-emitter junction of forward-biased Q2 and the collector load resistor R2.
If a positive input trigger pulse is applied at time T1 to the base of Q1 via C1, Q1 is driven into conduction. Collector volt age V.,1 at time T1 decreases, or becomes less positive. C2 immediately starts to discharge through R3. Regenerative signal action from the collector of Q1 occurs via C2 to the base of Q2.
A maximum negative voltage v11 ~ is applied to the base of Q2 at time T1. This places reverse bias across the emitter7base junction, and drives Q2 toward cutoff. As collector current through Q2 decreases, the collector voltage rises. This rise is coupled via R1 to the base of Q1, and increases its positive volt age. This regenerative action causes a rapid change of state in both transistors. It drives Q1 toward saturation and drives Q2 toward cutoff. When collector current ceases to flow at time T1, Tc~ rises to equal V re, From time T1 to T2 in Fig. 2-10B, C2 is discharging via R3 and the low saturation resistance of Q1. Capacitor C2 reaches 0 volts at T2, and Q2 then has the necessary reverse bias to keep the collector current cut off. Hence, at time T2, collector current starts to rise, drives Q2 into saturation, and brings V,•~ to 0 volts. At this time, regenerative voltage from the collector of Q2 is coupled to the base of Q1 through R1 and falls to 0 volts, and V,.., once again provides reverse bias driving Q2 back into cutoff.
The collector voltage V ci in Fig. 2-10 again equals V cc at time T2, and capacitor C2 recharges through the emitter-base junction of Q2 and resistor R2. C2 continues to charge up to the collector supply voltage, when further circuit action ceases.
If another trigger pulse is applied at the base of Q1, another cycle of operation ensues. Output is taken from the collector of transistor Q2. The collector waveform V c2 is basically a square wave, although its rise time can be improved by processing the waveform through suitable waveshaping circuitry. The duration of the output pulse from T1 to T2 is primarily determined by the time constant of R3 and C2 during discharge. Of course, the repetition rate of the output waveform is determined by the input trigger pulses.
Fig. 2-11. Pulse width measurement.
Waveform VB2 in Fig. 2- 10B is a semi-sawtooth, and may also be regarded as a pulse waveform. Its decay is essentially exponential. We measure pulse width between the 50 percent of maximum points on the leading and trailing edges, as indicated in Fig. 2-11. Waveform VB2 is usually called a pulse be cause it is not immediately followed by another cycle. In other words, a pulse is a waveform that occurs at separated time intervals. On the other hand, if the same waveform is immediately followed by another excursion, it is usually called a semi sawtooth waveform. Fig. 2-12 illustrates sawtooth waveforms that have the same amplitude, but different frequencies, and sawtooth waveforms that have the same frequency, but different amplitudes.
(A) Sawtooth waveforms with same amplitude.
(B) Sawtooth waveforms with same frequency.
Courtesy Allied Radio Corp.
Fig. 2-12. Distinction between amplitude and frequency.
Fig. 2-13. Rectangular waveform.
Basically, frequency and repetition rate have the same meaning. However, we usually speak of the frequency of sine waves and the repetition rate of complex waves. Frequency is measured in hertz, and repetition rate can also be denoted in hertz. However, it is customary to speak of repetition rates in terms of pulses per second (pps). The term "pulses" in this connotation is very broad, and applies to almost any complex waveform. We will find that the distinction between pulses and square waves, for example, is not sharply drawn. Fig. 2-13 depicts a waveform that is called an unsymmetrical square wave, or a rectangular pulse. If the RC time constants are made unequal in Fig. 2-7 A, the output waveform is not a square wave, but a rectangular waveform.
Exponential pulses are related to square waves as shown in Fig. 2-14. The voltage drop across the resistor is an exponential pulse, and is called a differentiated square wave. The complex waveform that is dropped across the capacitor is called an integrated waveform. These terms follow from mathematical analyses that are beyond the limits of our format. The RC circuit obeys Kirchhoff's voltage law:
E1 = E2 + E3 (2.2)
The lower diagram in Fig. 2-14 shows how the addition of waveforms E2 and E3 results in a sum equal to waveform E1.
In this example, the time constant of the RC circuit is sufficiently short with respect to the repetition rate of the square-wave input that E2 falls practically to zero before the next excursion starts. The peak-to-peak voltage of E2 is practically double the peak-to-peak voltage of E1 ; E:i has the same peak to-peak voltage as E1
With reference to Fig. 2-4, we recognize that waveform Ea has the same basic curvature as waveform E2 "turned upside down." This fact follows from Formula (2.2).
Fig. 2-14. Kirchhoff's voltage law applied to square-wave response of RC circuit.
Fig. 2-15. Build-up of positive pulse followed by negative pulse.
Pulses can be synthesized, or built up, from sine waves, just as in the case of square waves. Fig. 2-15 depicts the build-up of a symmetrical ac pulse from a fundamental and its harmonics. Of course, a very large number of harmonics must be included to obtain a pulse waveform that has smooth leading and trailing edges. We will find that the harmonic frequencies in waveforms E2 and E3 in Fig. 2-14 are the same as the harmonic frequencies in a square wave. This is necessarily so because the square-wave harmonics flow into the RC circuit, and none of these harmonics are removed; neither are other harmonics added or generated by the linear RC circuit. There-fore, the only distinction between the harmonics in E1 and in E~ or E:i consists in their comparative amplitudes. That is, the capacitor has decreased reactance for the higher harmonic frequencies and passes these frequencies at comparatively high amplitude.
This is just another way of saying that the drop across the resistor in Fig. 2-14 is a waveform that has harmonics with large amplitudes, compared to the input square wave-the capacitor reduces the amplitude of the fundamental current, and also the amplitudes of the lower harmonic currents. There fore, the differentiated waveform contains comparatively large-amplitude harmonics. The opposite condition is found across the capacitor-the fundamental and low harmonic frequencies produce a comparatively large voltage drop across the capacitor.
The effect of varying the time constant of an RC circuit on the differentiated and integrated waveforms for an applied square wave is shown in Fig. 2-16. An RC coupling circuit is the same as a differentiating circuit except that it has a very long time constant-in excess of 5RC. Therefore, a coupling circuit does not noticeably differentiate a square wave. Fig. 2-16 also shows the effects of differentiation and integration of an applied sawtooth waveform, when the RC circuit has various time constants. When the time constant is in excess of 5RC, we can regard the configuration as a coupling circuit.
Fig. 2-16. Square-wave and sawtooth reproduction in series RC circuits with differing time constants.
1. Name two basic classifications of transistor oscillators.
2. Define a blocking oscillator.
3. Describe the general nature of the waveforms produced in a blocking-oscillator circuit.
4. What determines the polarity chosen for a sync pulse in a blocking oscillator?
5. Explain the units of time used in a universal RC time-constant chart.
6. How much does an exponential waveform decay in one time constant?
7. Discuss the function of diodes utilized in a blocking-oscillator circuit.
8. Define a free-running (astable) multivibrator.
9. Describe the general nature of the waveforms produced in a multivibrator circuit.
10. Explain what is meant by the aspect of a square wave.
11. How does an electronic switch operate?
12. Define a one-shot multivibrator.
13. Describe the general nature of the waveforms produced in a one-shot multivibrator circuit.
14. How is pulse width measured?
15. Distinguish between a semi-square wave and an ideal square wave.
16. How can the shape of a semi-square wave be improved?
17. Explain the distinction between symmetrical and unsymmetrical square waves.
18. Describe the application of Kirchhoff's voltage law to a series RC circuit that is energized by a square wave.
19. How are the harmonics in a differentiated pulse related to the harmonics of a square wave?
20. Distinguish between a differentiating circuit and an RC coupling circuit.
21. How does the time constant of a differentiating circuit affect the output waveform?
22. Describe the effects of differentiation and integration on a sawtooth waveform.
23. Why is an exponential waveform sometimes called a semi sawtooth waveform?
24. Describe a frequency-modulated wave.
25. State an application for a frequency-modulated waveform.
Prev. Next Index HOME | {
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ActiveE at 22,222 miles, a photo by dennis_p on Flickr.
Some things that I have learned these past 22,222 miles… 100 mile range is fine, but as more and more folks start getting plug-in cars, whether hybrid vehicles like the Fisker Karma or the Chevy Volt or pure EV like the Nissan Leaf, the infrastructure to support the EVs will need to grow FASTER to keep up with the demand to run electric. I find that many of the charging stations that I used to be able to rely on are now getting to be more crowded than before.
It's great to see an uptick in demand, but that just means that the supply needs to increase as well, or the manufacturers will need to come up with something HIGHER ranged than 100 miles. A fact that is driving me toward a Tesla Model S for primary EV and may get me to an i3 with Range Extender.
By the way, the picture above is me braking to a stop (thus the regen indicator (the one on the right) as regenerating quite a bit of power back into the batteries). I make the comment on the need for more charging stations because you will note that the PLUG IN NOW Exclamation Point indicator is on (meaning my SOC is less than 30%) and I've only gone about 59 miles one way on this picture. Which is to say that my range is closer to 80 miles one way today and I would have to blame that on the distinctive LACK of traffic on the inbound route to work today which had traffic speeds decidedly HIGHER than the posted speed limit.
Oh, and a Happy New Year to you too! | {
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Fed lifts rates, stands ready for more
Published: March 28, 2006 at 5:35 p.m. ET
Greg Robb
Bernanke's rate-setting panel talks tough on inflation
WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) -- Ben Bernanke has come out swinging.
The Federal Reserve opened the Bernanke era on Tuesday the way it closed Alan Greenspan's: With a quarter-point rate hike, this time lifting its overnight lending rate to 4.75%.
In the first policy statement under its new chairman, the Fed's tough talk about inflationary pressures went beyond the high cost of energy to include other commodities, as prices for steel and other construction materials have been soaring.
Tuesday's statement by the rate-setting Federal Open Market Committee left intact the key policy language that "some further policy firming may be needed to keep the risks to the attainment of both sustainable economic growth and price stability roughly in balance." See the full statement.
Economists say this language gives the FOMC all the maneuvering room it needs to either hold rates at current levels or trigger another increase in May at its next scheduled meeting.
Investors reacted by pushing down stocks and bonds, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 95.57 points to 11,154.54. See Market Snapshot.
Its decision, in a unanimous vote, marked the 15th consecutive meeting in which the policy-making panel has raised interest rates.
Though the FOMC's statement accompanying the rate increase was slightly more informative about its economic outlook, analysts said it did little more than its Jan. 31 policy announcement did to shed light on the future course of Fed policy.
Goalposts
As has been the case after practically every FOMC meeting since late 2004, the market pushed back the goalposts of when the panel will stop tightening monetary policy.
The markets heightened expectations of a May Fed hike to almost a certainty and boosted the chances of a rate increase in June, although futures trading activity still implies the market puts the odds at less than 50%.
For the first time, the Fed statement gave a brief summary of the central bank's forecast for growth, saying the economy would stay strong in the first quarter but then moderate as the year progresses.
By reasserting the risk of inflation even while acknowledging that economic growth would cool off, the Fed seemed to be adding more weight to its longstanding stance of being vigilant on inflation.
In addition to higher energy prices, the rising cost of other commodities could have the potential to add to inflationary pressures, the Fed said.
The concern for commodity prices other than energy was a new twist, prompting Michael Gregory, an economist with Nesbitt Burns, to describe it as "slightly hawkish."
At 4.75%, the federal funds rate is now the highest it's been in five years. In 2003, the FOMC had dropped the fed funds rate to a four-decade low of 1% as insurance against deflation.
Although Tuesday's rate hike was widely expected, the road ahead for the Fed will depend heavily on the upcoming data on inflation, housing, job growth and other measures of economic vigor.
Going into Tuesday's meeting, most analysts and the financial markets expected the FOMC to boost rates again on May 10 to 5% and then pause.
Gregory of Nesbitt Burns said the latest statement supports this view.
More evidence
Many economists said policy-makers will raise rates unless new economic data paint a different picture.
"The outcome at the May 10 FOMC meeting will depend on the nature of the economic data, but the FOMC will probably hike short-term rates if it finds itself in a grey area," said Michael Moran, chief U.S. economist at Daiwa Securities America Inc.
The boost in short-term rates will be reflected in higher costs for borrowers and greater returns for lenders and savers.
Most economists are forecasting inflation and growth moderating this year, allowing the FOMC to leave rates alone.
But some economists said the Fed has now brought interest rates into a restrictive level designed to cool an economy in danger of overheating and fanning inflationary flames. These economists fear the central bank could "overshoot" by tightening too much, causing the economy to slow drastically.
They argue that core inflation measures have declined in recent months despite pressures from higher commodity prices, suggesting to them that runaway inflation is not a major worry. Core inflation is running at 1.8% in the past 12 months, still within an implicit Fed comfort zone.
"If the Fed is truly data dependent, then what matters most ... is the data flow for the second quarter," said David Rosenberg, North American economist for Merrill Lynch. "What do we know about the second quarter? Well, not that much, but what we do know suggests a slowing to around a 2.5% annual rate."
Overshooting
But other economists believe the risk of raising rates too much is overblown. They see the economy on solid footing, and say inflation remains the biggest risk.
Steven Ricchiuto, chief economist for ABN Amro, said the Fed would probably hike rates in May, pause in June, and then lift the fund rates to 5.5% in 2007 with the inflation outlook deteriorating.
He said rates are more likely to exceed 5.5% than stop short.
In speeches over the last few weeks, most Fed officials have portrayed the economy as being on surprisingly strong ground given the headwinds from the hurricanes and high energy prices.
Only one Fed official, San Francisco Fed President Janet Yellen, raised the possibility of raising interest rates too much.
"We are in a range where Fed decisions have become quite data dependent and there needs to be sensitivity to the possibility of overshooting," Yellen said.
A key to the outlook remains the health of the U.S. housing market.
Some economists believe there is a risk that flat or declining home prices could crimp job growth and consumer spending later this year. Housing has been the foundation of the economic recovery since 2001.
But Fed officials have not sounded alarmed by the slowing housing sector.
Gary Stern, the president of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank, said in an interview with MarketWatch that the risks of a downturn in the housing market were exaggerated. See full story.
Bernanke said in a speech in New York on March 20 that early data supports the Fed's forecast of a gradual slowing in the housing sector this year. See full story.
Those comments were made before the Commerce Department reported a stunning 10.5% decline in new home sales in March. New home sales are down 21% from their peak in July.
So far, the Bush administration has not complained publicly about the Fed hiking rates in an election year.
But they do point out that inflation remains remarkably low in historic terms.
God wants you to be rich: 5 faith-based rules
Faith plus action really works. So today, let's develop our own "Five Faith-Based Rules of Getting Rich." I've got some ideas. I'll lay 'em out, you refine 'em.
The 15-minute tip: Deep-in-the-money call options
Which gold indicators are best?
The 10 most unethical people in business
ION Media confirms takeover by NBC Universal, Citadel
Greg Robb is a senior reporter for MarketWatch in Washington. Follow him on Twitter @grobb2000.
Rex Nutting is an editor and columnist at MarketWatch. | {
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Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American supermodel, television personality, and talk show host.She first emerged to prominence on the catwalks of Paris, Milan, London, Tokyo, and New York, but her work in the commercial world was her breakthrough.
Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American supermodel, television personality, and talk show host.She first emerged to prominence on the catwalks of Paris, Milan, London, Tokyo, and New York, but her work in the commercial world was her breakthrough. She is best known as hostess/judge of the reality television show America's Next Top Model since its 2003 debut, and is currently hosting her own Daytime Emmy Award-nominated talk show, The Tyra Banks Show. Banks is one of only four African Americans and seven women to have repeatedly ranked among the world's most influential people by time magazine. | {
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The Brick Venue South Bend IN WeddingWire – Nonetheless, on many newly in place people the work ahead of time can appears daunting. For a lot of, the first opening involved with phone will be the on-line where you can just about reduce your own self inside a tangle about wedding event resources. Many of us advise spent an hour or so web based jointly and then steep her in such a crazy cutting edge world of weddings. Images plus Hitched are helpful UK solutions, amidst others, whilst Martha Stewart together with This Naut mi are generally web pages of which target the U.s . wedding party markets where lots your fashion first of all originate. | {
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After reaching more than 3.6 million targeted individuals in Germany, in excess of 200,000 in the United States and having planted the seeds of further extortion-like activities in Canada, Australia is the next target for the file-sharing settlement lawyers. According to a report from one of the country's leading ISPs, thousands of Australians will soon be receiving pay-up-or-else letters for allegedly sharing movies using BitTorrent.
By now it's a well-trodden path. Partner up some law firm with a film, music or game studio who aren't bothered by negative publicity. Hash together a piece of software, throw it into a BitTorrent swarm, harvest some IP addresses and obtain the real identities of the individuals behind them from their ISPs.
From there threaten legal action, but offer to settle for less money than it would cost to defend. Profit.
And now this controversial plague has spread to Australia.
According to John Linton, chief of ISP Exetel, his company has been approached by US film distributor Lightning Entertainment who were brandishing a list of some 150 IP addresses from where their movie "Kill The Irishman" is said to have been shared. This is reportedly just part of the 9,000 Australian-based infringements the company is said to be pursuing.
As is normal for studios working in this area, Lightning have commissioned a front company to carry out the controversial business of extorting money from alleged infringers. According to Renai LeNay of Delimiter who contacted TorrentFreak this morning, that outfit is called 'Movie Rights Group'.
In common with other so-called rights groups in this area, Movie Rights Group (MRG) aren't forthcoming about who they are and their domain WHOIS has been anonymized. However, LeNay did manage to track down their vice president of sales and marketing Gordon Walker who appears to have been very open about the company's motives.
"Everybody knows that the Internet is the ultimate unkillable beast," he told LeNay.
Going on to describe Movie Rights Group as "a commercial solution" to what had previously been seen as a legislative problem, Walker adds that on a chaotic information superhighway "You've got to have policemen and women in cars" dealing with infringement.
MRG, it seems, will be handing out the speeding tickets via their friends at Lloyds Solicitors law firm. Question is, will Australians roll over and pay their fines, or stand strong and call their bluff? Time will tell. | {
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Title/s: Managing Attorney, Office of State Guardian
Sarah Smith serves as the Managing Attorney for the Office of State Guardian, a division of the Illinois Guardianship and Advocacy Commission. The Office of State Guardian is the guardian of last resort for adults with disabilities who have been determined by a Probate Court to need a guardian to manage personal and estate issues. As Managing Attorney, Sarah represents the Office of State Guardian in Probate Court, supervises other attorneys and the estate unit, which handles financial matters.
Prior to her current position, Sarah has served as the Fair Hearings Supervisor and Administrative Law Judge with the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services. Sarah also served as an Assistant Attorney General with the Illinois Attorney General. Prior to her employment with the State of Illinois, Sarah had been an association with Dykema Gossett PLLC in Chicago.
While in law school, Sarah was the Managing Editor of the Loyola University Chicago Law Journal and a member of the Wagner Labor and Employment Law Moot Court Team. Sarah also served as an academic tutor for Civil Procedure.
Prior to law school, Sarah taught high school science and math in Compton, California as a corps member of Teach For America.
JD, Loyola University Chicago 2006
MA in Education, California State University, Dominquez Hills 2002
BS in Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1999 | {
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Chapter 13: Doing Business in China
Deacons Hong Kong
18 Chater Road
Central Hong Kong
Tel: 852 - 2825 9211
Fax:852- 2810 0431
[email protected]
Deacons is a leading business law firm with a network of affiliated firms comprising over 900 legal professionals across Asia, and over 150 years of experience in providing legal services. Deacons has established offices or affiliates in Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Deacons' lawyers understand Asian cultures and business protocol in the region. Our principal service areas include Banking & Finance, China Trade & Investment, Communications & Technology, Company Formation & Corporate Services, Construction & Arbitration, Corporate Finance & Capital Markets, Entertainment & Media, Financial Services, Human Resources & Pensions, Insolvency & Restructuring, Insurance, Intellectual Property, Japan Services, Litigation, M&A and Commercial, Private Equity & Venture Capital and Property. In 2005, Deacons became the first and only foreign law firm to have been granted 3 offices licences in China. Deacons clients which 46 of the top 75 global brands and 7 of the World's 10 Largest Pharmaceutical Companies
This chapter covers doing business in China, including: Visas and Work Permits, Types of Business Entities, Business Environment, Foreign Investment Policy, Government Initiatives and Incentives, Taxation, Workplace relations, and Dispute Resolution. Before 1978, China's economic policies were mainly aimed at self-reliance. As a result, the country was virtually shut off from world economic developments. In 1978, China opened its doors to foreign investment with the goal of modernizing its economy and raising the living standard of its people. The country has since established the necessary legislative basis for foreign investment and has actively sought to acquire modern foreign management and technical skills. China adopted a Constitution in 1982, which has been amended various times since. The national legislative organ is the National People's Congress (NPC), which convenes annually for two weeks. When the NPC is not in session, its permanent organ, the Standing Committee, exercises most of its powers. The primary executive organs of state power are the President, who is the head of state, and the State Council being the government. The Chinese Communist Party remains the main political force in China and controls all appointments to key state organs. The PRC is a unitary state, which has delegated certain legislative and executive powers to regional or local authorities. | {
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This page lists clubs for kids in the Sarasota and Bradenton, Florida area. Listings may include chess clubs, LEGO clubs, 4H clubs, pony clubs, dance clubs, teen clubs, and more.
Just for Girls Manatee County Girls Club, Inc. | {
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Y U NO PROOF READ!?
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But imagine your local footy team makes it to the last game of the year and turns up expecting the usual tiny group of family and drunken randoms… But are greeted by something much more. | {
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treasure filled cash drawer. sue h.
Wow, those pictures are really inspiring! In fact, after seeing the movie Moonrise Kingdom, I just felt the passion about naturalism. Mushrooms, leaves, butterflies, wind and sea water are my lovers this month!
would love to start beekeeping!
Hard to pick a favorite - so pretty, all of them. Welcome back home!
I love bringing nature indoors. What a beautiful collection- definitely making me rethink my interior design dreams.
I love the pictures in frames hanging from the hooks higher up- so pretty. Great inspiration.
I love the detail in every photo- artistic to say the least.
Great photos! What a cool collection. The bees are a little scary! The fern book w/ acorns is maybe my favorite. Very hard to select just one!
Very lovely collections, especially the bird related one. | {
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\section{Introduction}
Future wave-based computers will need to carry out certain functions to control propagating waves. One important function is to steer a wave beam or a wave packet in a controlled manner. For spin waves in ferromagnets \cite{stancil_spin_2009-1, kruglyak_magnonics_2010, lenk_building_2011, chumak_magnon_2015}, a possible contender for wave-based computing, this has mostly been investigated in terms of confining waves along curved waveguides \cite{vogt_spin_2012, xing_how_2013, xing_excitation_2015, garcia-sanchez_narrow_2015, lan_spin-wave_2015, sadovnikov_spin_2017}. However, these waveguides may suffer from losses/scattering in bends, and usually have a large spatial footprint. An alternative solution is to steer spin waves via a graded refractive index \cite{davies_graded-index_2015, dzyapko_reconfigurable_2016, gruszecki_spin-wave_2018, vogel_control_2018}, which smoothly alters the wave trajectory with minimal reflections \cite{whitehead_luneburg_2018}. To achieve a graded index for spin waves, one must gradually change a magnonic parameter on a length scale much smaller than the wavelength.
In optics, wave steering via a graded index is a well-established technique. One spatially-efficient method of steering is via rotationally-symmetric profiles (lenses), which are specifically designed to steer light by a certain angle between 0$^\circ$ and 360$^\circ$, and can do so from any direction of incidence \cite{eaton_spherically_1952, cornbleet_generalised_1981, minano_perfect_2006, schmiele_designing_2010, chang_enhanced_2012, sarbort_spherical_2012}. Although these lenses are designed to work with light, the same analysis applies to any other wave, supposing that the dispersion relation is known.
A practical problem with these lenses is that they require a singular refractive index in the center, while even a moderately large refractive index is difficult to achieve in most areas of wave physics, One technique to avoid this problem is via transformation optics \cite{tyc_transmutation_2008, hooper_transmutation_2013,horsley_removing_2014-1}. The profile can also be truncated, but this often results in an incorrect trajectory \cite{zentgraf_plasmonic_2011}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig1.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:index} Images (a) and (c) show the ray paths, and images (b) and (d) give the refractive index profile for the 90$^\circ$ and Eaton lenses (lens radius $R$), respectively.}
\end{figure}
Here, we show that an extremely high refractive index can quite easily be achieved for magnetostatic (dipolar) spin waves in the forward-volume geometry. Although a singular index is obviously still impossible, the refractive index can become high enough to closely match the required refractive index profile of these steering lenses. We use micromagnetic modelling to demonstrate how two of these lenses can be realized for spin waves in the dipolar regime, and analyse the lenses' robustness to profile deviations.
\section{Theory of Spin Wave Steering Lenses}
We first explain the properties of the steering lenses, and then show how they may be implemented for spin waves. We will be using the 90$^\circ$ lens \cite{cornbleet_generalised_1981, schmiele_designing_2010} and Eaton (180$^\circ$) lens \cite{eaton_spherically_1952}. Fig. \ref{fig:index} compares their respective refractive index profiles, defined as \cite{sarbort_spherical_2012}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:90}
\text{90$^\circ$ lens:} \quad (r/R) n^4 - 2n + (r/R) = 0,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Eaton}
\text{180$^\circ$ (Eaton) lens:} \quad n(r) = \sqrt{\frac{2}{(r/R)} - 1},
\end{equation}
where $r$ is the radial coordinate and $R$ is the radius of the lens in each case. Note that the profile for the 90$^\circ$ lens \eqref{eq:90} is defined implicitly here.
Defining a refractive index profile for spin waves is non-trivial, since the dispersion relation is strongly dependent on the geometry, and is always nonlinear. In some geometries it is also highly anisotropic. The simplest way to implement the rotationally-symmetric profiles is via a geometry with an isotropic dispersion relation, and design each lens for a fixed incident wave frequency, although it should work also for a wave packet with a small frequency spread. The refractive index is defined as the ratio of the wave number inside the lens, $k(r)$, to that outside the lens, $k_\text{ref}$,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:luneburg_sw}
n(r) = \frac{k(r)}{k_\text{ref}}.
\end{equation}
To change the wave number and thus the index for the given wave frequency, we need to change the dispersion relation by varying one of the bulk material parameters, or film thickness \cite{davies_graded-index_2015, dzyapko_reconfigurable_2016, gruszecki_spin-wave_2018, vogel_control_2018, whitehead_luneburg_2018}.
We then need to choose an isotropic dispersion relation that enables a large change in $k$, and thus $n$. This requirement is satisfied in the dipolar-dominated regime, in the forward-volume geometry, where the magnetization is directed normal to the film plane. The dipole-dipole interaction dominates the dispersion for spin wave wavelengths $\lambda$ of millimeters to micrometers. At the other end of the spectrum, the short-range exchange interaction dominates, for wavelengths from tens to hundreds of nanometers. In the crossover regime, the dispersion curve flattens out before the exchange interaction begins to have a stronger influence. It is this shallow gradient in the crossover regime that enables a large index to be obtained. The forward-volume dipole-exchange dispersion relation can be written for the angular frequency $\omega(k)$ as \cite{kalinikos_theory_1986}
\begin{align}
\label{eq:disp}
\omega(k) = \sqrt{\left(\omega_H + l_\text{ex}^2\omega_M k^2 \right) \left(\omega_H + l_\text{ex}^2\omega_M k^2 +\omega_M f(k) \right)},
\end{align}
where $\omega_H= \mu_0 \gamma (H - M)$, $\omega_M = \mu_0\gamma M$, and $f(k) = 1- \frac{1-\exp(-k s)}{k s} $. Here, $\mu_0$ is the permeability of free space, $\gamma$ is the gyromagnetic ratio, $H$ is the applied external magnetic field, $M$ is the saturation magnetization, $s$ is the film thickness and $l_\text{ex}=\sqrt{\frac{2A_\text{ex}}{\mu_0 M_0^2}}$ is the exchange length, where $A_\text{ex} = 0.4\times10^{-11}$ J/m is the exchange constant. In this paper, we will use the following values outside of the lens for the magnetization, magnetic field and film thickness, respectively: $M_0=140$kA/m, $\mu_0 H_0=200$mT, and $s_0=10\mu$m. The resulting value of exchange length is $l_\text{ex} \approx 18$ nm. These values determine $k_\text{ref}$, and thus the index will be 1 when $M=M_0$, $H=H_0$ and $s=s_0$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig2.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:disp} Dispersion relation $f(k)$ for dipole-exchange spin waves, with a zoom of the dipolar-dominated region shown in the inset. The curves use $M=M_0=140$ kA/m (black) or $M=1.1 M_0=154$ kA/m (blue). The green dashed line in the inset indicates how much the wave number changes for a fixed frequency of 1 GHz.}
\end{figure}
Using the material parameters listed above, the dipole-exchange dispersion relation is plotted in Fig. \ref{fig:disp}, where we also show the effect of increasing $M$ by 10\%. This small change in $M$ leads to a large change in $k$, and thus $n$, due to the shallow gradient in the crossover region between the dipolar-dominated and exchange-dominated regimes. The corresponding change in the index is from 1 to 54 for a fixed frequency of 1 GHz. The use of a thick film of 10$\mu$m enables a particularly large index to be achieved, because the shallow gradient extends to larger $k$ values. In comparison, a thinner film of 2 $\mu$m leads to an index change from 1 to 28 for the same 10\% increase in $M$. Note that the value of $f$ at $k=0$ marks the lower threshold of the spin wave `manifold', which corresponds to the ferromagnetic resonance frequency. In Eq. \eqref{eq:disp}, this occurs when $H=M$ and thus $\omega_H=0$.
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:indexpara} The dependence of the magnonic refractive index on (a, d) magnetization, (b, e) magnetic field and (c, f) film thickness. In (d)-(f), this dependence is shown for waves with frequencies of 1 GHz (green), 2 GHz (orange) and 3 GHz (blue). In (a)-(c), the color scale is logarithmic, along with the $n$ axis in (d)-(f) for clarity.}
\end{figure*}
In Fig. \ref{fig:indexpara}, we show how the index $n$ depends on the three parameters that can be varied in Eq. \eqref{eq:disp} ($M$, $H$ and $s$), for different incident wave frequencies $f$. In Fig. \ref{fig:indexpara} (a)-(c), we can see the distinct dipole-dominated and exchange-dominated regimes, for $f\lesssim 1.9$ GHz and $f\gtrsim 1.9$ GHz, respectively. The transition region between these two regimes is where the dispersion curve flattens at around 1.9 GHz, as we saw in Fig. \ref{fig:disp}. The white regions in panels (a) and (b) correspond to values of $M$ or $H$ for which there are no spin wave solutions for the given value of frequency, i.e. when the bottom of the spin wave manifold is above the chosen value of frequency. We have limited $M/M_0$ in (a) and (d) and $H/H_0$ in (b) and (e) to ensure that $M\leq H$, i.e. to keep the internal magnetic field positive and thus avoid any instability. In addition, we have chosen the smallest value of $f$ to correspond to a maximum wavelength of 1mm when the index is equal to 1.
Notice from Fig. \ref{fig:indexpara} that an increase in the magnetization or a decrease in the magnetic field / thickness is required to increase the index. For the former case, this may be achieved via cooling (as heating naturally reduces the magnetization \cite{vogel_optically_2015}) or doping \cite{fassbender_control_2006}. Although we show the variation of the index with thickness according to \eqref{eq:disp}, a graded index profile created in this way may induce complicated static or dynamic demagnetizing fields \cite{dove_demagnetizing_1967, schlomann_surfaceroughnessinduced_1970, langer_role_2017}, not accounted for here. However, these effects may be reduced by slowly changing the thickness over a large distance.
Strikingly, Fig. \ref{fig:indexpara} shows that just a relatively small change in $M$ or $H$ is required to produce a dramatic change in the index in the dipolar regime. This regime is therefore ideal to create the extreme refractive index profiles required for the steering lenses. In addition, refractive index profiles that require only a small change in the index, such as the Luneburg lens, may be created in this geometry by a tiny change in the same parameters \cite{whitehead_luneburg_2018}. Exchange-dominated spin waves require a large change in one of the parameters for a comparatively modest change in $n$, as we show for the 3 GHz wave frequencies in Fig. \ref{fig:indexpara}.
Changing the saturation magnetization is more straightforward in micromagnetic modelling, so we will vary $M$ in this work to vary the index. Using the steering lens profiles \eqref{eq:90}-\eqref{eq:Eaton}, along with the dipole-exchange dispersion relation \eqref{eq:disp}, we can establish numerically the magnetization profile to create each lens. For the choice of material / incident wave parameters listed below, we show the required magnetization profiles in Fig. \ref{fig:profiles} (a), and the corresponding wavelength profiles in (b). For clarity, we show the profiles up to $M=1.1M_0$, which corresponds to a value of $r/R$ of $1\times10^{-5}$ and $7\times10^{-4}$ for the 90$^\circ$ and Eaton lenses, respectively. So, the majority of the profile is shown except for the singular index region in the very center.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig4.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:profiles} (a) Magnetization profiles and (b) value of the wavelength along the radius of each lens, for the 90$^\circ$ (black) and Eaton (red) lenses. This is valid for an incident wave frequency of 1 GHz, and other parameters listed in the text.}
\end{figure}
\section{Micromagnetic Modelling}
In order to verify the above analysis, we have performed micromagnetic simulations using MuMax3 software \cite{vansteenkiste_design_2014-1}. We model an yittrium iron garnet (YIG) film with thickness $s_0=10\mu$m in the $z$ direction, and extent of around 6mm$\times$6mm in the $x-y$ plane. The $x-y$ axes are defined in Fig. \ref{fig:beams}. As before, the saturation magnetization outside each lens is set to $M_0=140$kA/m and the bias magnetic field is $\mu_0 H_0=200$mT in the $z$ direction. We set the Gilbert damping parameter to $\alpha = 1\times10^{-4}$.
We use a cell size of $1.5\times1.5\times10\mu$m with $4096\times4096\times1$ cells in the $(x,y,z)$ directions. This choice of cell size is a compromise between resolving the smallest possible wavelength, and being able to represent a large enough lens. From Fig. \ref{fig:profiles} (b), we can see that if we direct the incident waves to avoid the region $r/R<0.1$, then the smallest wavelength should easily be greater than 15$\mu$m, which is 10 times larger than the cell size in the film plane. This approach is a necessity for the modelling, but should not be a limitation for any future experiments. If the profile in Fig. \ref{fig:profiles} can be created, this should represent the refractive index profile almost exactly.
We now describe the form of the incident wave. The lenses are primarily designed to steer a collimated beam, and we create this with a magnetic field of the form $[1 - \exp(-0.1\omega_0t)]\sin(\omega_0 t)$ in time, where $\omega_0 = 2\pi f_0$ and $f_0$ is the excitation frequency. Spatially, this magnetic field is Gaussian in $y$ and has a step profile in $x$, 8 cells wide, similar to the approach in Ref. \onlinecite{gruszecki_goos-hanchen_2014}. The magnetic field is directed along $x$, with an amplitude of 0.2 mT, and a frequency of $f_0= 1$ GHz. We also find that the lenses work well with a wave packet, which we position to be partly steered by the lens and partly unaffected by it, similar to the approach in Ref. \onlinecite{ma_omnidirectional_2009}. We create the wave packet by amending the beam's magnetic field profile to be of the form $G[x]G[y]G[t]\sin(\omega_0 t - k_0 x)$, where $G[x,y,t]$ is a Gaussian in $x$, $y$ or $t$, $k_0=2\pi/\lambda_0$, and $\lambda_0\approx170\mu$m is the spin wave wavelength outside of the lens for excitation frequency $f_0$. We also employ absorbing boundary layers along the edges in the $x$ and $y$ directions \cite{venkat_absorbing_2018}.
A perfectly graded index is not possible in finite difference simulations, but a stepped profile can work effectively if the steps are much smaller than the wavelength. This also holds true in experiments, as per the metamaterial approach \cite{vasic_controlling_2010}. In the model, we allocate 233 concentric circular regions to the lens, where the radius of each region is sized to ensure that $M$ steps up by equal amounts each time, until reaching $1.1M_0$ as per Fig. \ref{fig:profiles}. However, this profile will not be matched exactly due to the cell size, especially where $M$ is required to change substantially on a length scale which is smaller than the cell size. This is only an issue towards the center of the lens and may lead to some scattering, which should be mitigated somewhat by avoiding the central region of $r/R<0.1$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig5.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:beams} Steady-state snapshot of beams travelling through the (a) 90$^\circ$ and (b) Eaton lens, sized at $r=14\lambda$. The inner dashed circle indicates $r/R=0.1$, and blue dotted guide lines are shown to indicate the $90^\circ / 180^\circ$ angles. The black line on the lower left in each image indicates the source region for the beam. }
\end{figure}
In Fig. \ref{fig:beams}, we show the beam's trajectory through each lens, after a long enough time has elapsed. Both lenses are sized at $R=14\lambda_0$, to ensure the beam is mostly contained within the lens. We can see that the 90$^\circ$ lens works particularly well to bend the beam by the required angle, although there is some expected spreading of the beam within and on exiting the lens, making it difficult to see if the trajectory follows the required angle exactly. The Eaton lens is quite sensitive to the placement of the beam, as the beam tends to spread into the central region, where the cell size limits how well we can represent the refractive index profile. We have found that positioning the beam towards the edge of the lens means the central region is mostly avoided, and the trajectory is around 175$^\circ$. Note for both images that the absorbing boundaries have absorbed the edge of the outgoing beam, so the actual outgoing beam is a little wider than shown.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig6.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:90_180} Consecutive snapshots of the wave packet moving through the (a) 90$^\circ$ and (b) Eaton lenses with $R=6\lambda$, shown from (i)-(iv). The $m_x$ component is shown, saturated for clarity. The inner circle indicates $r/R=0.1$. The black arrow in panels (i) indicates the initial propagation direction of the wave packet.}
\end{figure}
We show the results for the wave packet incident on the 90$^\circ$ and Eaton lenses in Fig. \ref{fig:90_180}, and the corresponding videos are provided in the Supplemental Material \footnote{See Supplemental Material for videos of the results shown in Fig. \ref{fig:90_180}}. We can see that in each case, the portion of the wave packet that enters the lens is steered approximately by the required angle, and remains `connected' to the other portion of the packet that does not enter the lens and hence continues on the original trajectory. Interestingly, this implies that the part of the wave joining these two portions of the wave packet experiences an effective graded index, despite being in a homogeneous medium; its wavefronts must be curved, to bridge the two diverging parts of the wave packet \cite{philbin_making_2014}. The use of the lenses in this way is similar to a beam divider, and may be a way to send different portions of the same wave (beam or packet) to more than one output, albeit with some loss en route.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig7.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:beamdivider} (a) Steady state snapshot of the beam and (b) snapshots in time of the wave packet moving through the 90$^\circ$ lens ($R=6\lambda$) to demonstrate its use as a beam divider. The $m_x$ component is shown, saturated for clarity. The inner circle indicates $r/R=0.1$.}
\end{figure}
In Fig. \ref{fig:beamdivider}, we show another use for the 90$^\circ$ lens when the beam is instead positioned to enter the lens symmetrically about the center. In this case, the lens acts as a $\pm90^\circ$ half-power beam divider, proposed by Ref. \onlinecite{cornbleet_generalised_1981}. This works well for both a beam (Fig. \ref{fig:beamdivider} (a)) and wave packet (Fig. \ref{fig:beamdivider} (b)), albeit with some scattering from the central region. Note that we have broadened the excitation width across the $y$ direction, to ensure that the beam is exposed to as much of the lens as possible, without having to reduce the lens size. In addition, we have reduced the excitation amplitude to 1 mT in both cases, to avoid a nonlinear response when the wave encounters the high-index central region. The corresponding videos are provided in the Supplemental Material \footnote{See Supplemental Material for videos of the results shown in Fig. \ref{fig:beamdivider}}.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig8.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:diff_freq} Demonstration of the effectiveness of the (a) 90$^\circ$ and (b) Eaton lenses from Fig. \ref{fig:beams}, for different incident wave frequencies (ii) $f=0.9f_0$ and (iii) $f=1.1f_0$, with $f_0=1$ GHz. For comparison, the magnetization profiles which would be required to make the lenses for each frequency is shown in (i). The inner circle indicates $r/R=0.1$.}
\end{figure}
So far, we have seen the results for each lens when the refractive index profile is designed correctly for the incident wave. However, we would now like to demonstrate that the lenses still work reasonably well when the incident wave frequency is slightly different from the optimal value. As we will see, this is equivalent to designing a slightly incorrect magnetization profile for a certain choice of frequency. In Fig. \ref{fig:diff_freq}, we change the frequency of the incident wave by $\pm 10\%$ from $f_0 = $1 GHz, and these waves travel along the profile designed to work for an incident wave frequency of $f_0$, for the 90$^\circ$ lens in Fig. \ref{fig:diff_freq} (a) and Eaton lens in Fig. \ref{fig:diff_freq} (b). In panel (i), we show the magnetization profiles that would be required to make the lenses for each frequency. We then show the results for the 0.9 GHz and the 1.1 GHz beams in panels (ii) and (iii), respectively. Recall that these 0.9 GHz and 1.1 GHz beams should rotate by 90$^\circ$/180$^\circ$ only when they encounter their respective magnetization profiles in panel (i), but they are instead traversing the profile designed for the 1 GHz wave. As a result, we see that the 0.9 GHz beam rotates too much, and the 1.1 GHz beam does not rotate enough in each case. The angles are again difficult to quantify exactly due to the beam spreading, but are around 10$^\circ$-20$^\circ$ away from the target angle in each case. This suggests that if the wave trajectory is not quite right, then the correct trajectory may be recovered by adjusting the wave frequency accordingly.
\section{Conclusions}
In summary, we have demonstrated how steering lenses with singular graded index profiles can be almost exactly realized for spin waves with a 10\% change in either the external magnetic field or magnetization, in the dipole-dominated regime. We have shown the operation of two such lenses in micromagnetic modelling by changing the magnetization, but the theory is applicable for rotation by any angle, from any angle of incidence. As long as the index is smoothly graded, the lenses should be robust to small deviations in the profile, and small deviations in rotation angle may be corrected by changing the incident wave frequency. Our results demonstrate the potential of magnonics for realising extreme ranges of the refractive index, something that is far more difficult to achieve in other areas of wave physics.
\begin{acknowledgments}
This research has received funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of the United Kingdom, via the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials (Grant No. EP/L015331/1). SARH would like to thank the Royal Society and TATA for financial support (Grant No. RPG-2016-186).
\end{acknowledgments}
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Growing up in a small Mexican village near Acapulco, Deerfield resident Freddy Sanchez learned how to cook from his mother and grandmother using fresh ingredients his family grew near their home.
Arriving in Chicago at age 16 with his father, Sanchez started working as a dishwasher and quickly realized he wanted to become a chef and own his own restaurant. He said the dream will be achieved this spring.
Sanchez and his partner Susan Munic plan to open Taco Vida, a fast-casual taqueria, in June at 469 Lake Cook Road in Deerfield Park Plaza.
Published in Chicago Tribune on February 28, 2016 — Print headline: "Auto Show's First Look benefits 18 local charities - Candid Candace"
Published in Chicago Tribune on December 23, 2015 — Print headline: "Who and what made Chicago dining news this year - Year in review" | {
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Is Comcast and Time Warner the same company?
Through the merger, Comcast will acquire Time Warner Cable's approximately 11 million managed subscribers. As such, Comcast will, through the acquisition and management of Time Warner Cable systems, net approximately 8 million managed subscribers in this transaction.
Did Comcast try to buy Time Warner?
On February 13, 2014, Comcast Corporation announced its intent to acquire Time Warner Cable. On April 24, 2015, Comcast announced that it would withdraw its proposal to acquire TWC. Afterward, TWC would enter into an agreement to be acquired by Charter Communications.
Is Warner Bros owned by Comcast?
Former assets Time Warner Entertainment (26%, with Time Warner Inc.): Comcast sold its 26% stake to Time Warner Inc. (now WarnerMedia) in 2003.
What happened to Time Warner Cable?
Charter Communications to Merge with Time Warner Cable and Acquire Bright House Networks. (NYSE: TWC) today announced that they have entered into a definitive agreement for Charter to merge with Time Warner Cable . The deal values Time Warner Cable at $78.7 billion .
Who did Comcast buy out?
Five of the most important acquisitions Comcast has made are AT Broadband, NBCUniversal, Sky, DreamWorks Animation, and XUMO.
Who is Comcast owned by?
Brian L. Roberts
Comcast Center in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Total equity US$71.613 billion (2018)
Owner Brian L. Roberts (1% equity interest, 33% voting power)
Number of employees 190,000 (December 2019)
Divisions Xfinity NBCUniversal Sky Group
Did Comcast buy the spectrum?
Is Spectrum owned by Comcast? No. Spectrum is the brand name for the internet, TV and home phone services offered by Charter, not Comcast.
Did time Warner Cable merge with Comcast?
The merger of Comcast and Time Warner Cable was widely opposed due to concerns over its impact on the overall market. It was argued that the sheer size of the combined company would reduce competition, would give Comcast an unprecedented level of control over the United States' internet and television industries.
Does time Warner Cable have wireless service?
The deal would make Time Warner the only major cable company to offer wireless service as part of its "bundle" of offerings. Telephone and cable companies have been in a race to provide a quadruple play — telephone, television, wireless and high-speed Internet service.
Does time Warner Cable provide Internet access?
Verizon Communications, Bell South, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and SBC Communications, which all provide broadband Internet access to consumers, say it's unfair for city-owned networks to compete against private companies.
Is time Warner and spectrum the same?
TL;DR Time Warner and Spectrum are different companies when it allows them to not provide better service. Time Warner and Spectrum are the same company when it allows them to not provide better pricing.
Is Comcast and Time Warner the same company? Through the merger, Comcast will acquire Time Warner Cable's approximately 11 million managed subscribers. As such, Comcast will, through the acquisition and management of Time Warner Cable systems, net approximately 8 million managed subscribers in this transaction. Did Comcast try to buy Time Warner? On February 13,…
What is the interface of a website?
How much does a K-1 visa cost? | {
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Tidal has had a wave of criticism leveled at it in recent days and weeks. On Sunday night, Jack White did his part to draw some good vibes to Jay Z's newly-launched streaming music service.
White and his three-member band worked through an acoustic set at Fargo Theatre, playing songs from across his two-album solo career, a cover, a track from his stint with the Raconteurs and a handful of works from his time leading the White Stripes. Tidal exclusively hosted the veteran rocker's set (with one replay straight after its completion), and it'll be available on-demand at a later date.
White's show was the last date in a brief tour of the "only five states left in the U.S. that he has yet to play" -- Idaho, Alaska, South Dakota, Wyoming and North Dakota. Sunday night's appearance also marked the completion of his touring efforts in support of 2014's Lazaretto. Each gig on this, his first-ever acoustic trek, has been unannounced until the day-of-show, and he's been joined on stage by steel-string guitarist Fats Kaplin, singer and fiddler Lillie Mae Rische and double-bass player Dominic Davis.
Everything about this unplugged effort had a look and vibe as though it'd dropped in from another time. Through the set, the stage was bathed in blue light (well, it's a Tidal exclusive, right) and surrounded by vintage mics and instruments, and it's performers dressed just right for the occasion. "Everything feels like we're in a black and white movie now," White, wearing a pin-stripped suit with a Brylcreem quiff, told the audience.
White and co. opened with a trilogy of "Just One Drink," "Temporary Ground" and White Stripes track "Hotel Yorba." The last of those got a huge, though delayed, rise from the crowd. With the songs stripped down into bluegrass arrangements, few managed to pick "Yorba" until its familiar chorus arrived.
The set featured some things old, including White Stripes efforts "Do," "We're Going to Be Friends," "A Martyr for My Love for You," "The Same Boy You've Always Known" and "You've Got Her in Your Pocket." And something new, with a handful of tracks from last year's Lazaretto, including "Temporary Ground," "Just One Drink" and "Alone in My Home."
Tidal promises high-quality audio, and with White's performance the service delivered the goods. Though the same can't be said for White's comments in-between songs, which were were almost inaudible for those of us watching online.
After closing out the set with the appropriate "Goodnight, Irene," Leadbelly's 1930s blues folk standard, White urged those tuned-in to pay respect to music. "If you feel strongly about music and love music, tell people that. Tell people that music is sacred." Music and its artists, he said, should be treated as though they were a blockbuster movie. "Music is not disposable and worthless, it shouldn't be treated that way."
The folks in the crowd tonight got a type of blockbuster. Not the Michael Bay stuff that blows your hair back and wrecks your hearing. Something a little more refined, classy. Think Howard Hawks, perhaps.
4. "Alone in My Home"
8. "We're Going to Be Friends"
9."A Martyr for My Love for You"
12. "The Same Boy You've Always Known"
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Home » News » Crowe up and running in Dáil race
Crowe up and running in Dáil race
Mayor of Clare, Councillor Cathal Crowe
Councillor Cathal Crowe may become one of the youngest public representatives to contest the next general election in Clare but he chose an old style Fianna Fáil rally-type event to officially launch his bid on Wednesday afternoon.
Standing on an open top trailer surrounded by political posters from the last three local elections, Councillor Crowe also turned back the clock by launching his election campaign outside the home of the last Dáil deputy from South-East Clare, Paddy Brennan.
The fact that the Brennans were Free Staters and staunch Cumann na nGaedheal members didn't deter the 34-year-old from declaring his intention to run in the next general election at Brennan's Cross in Meelick.
The passionate historian recalled that while on the run, the Brennans often took shelter at his grandparents' house in Woodcock Hill, just three miles from the cross.
With former Clare hurler Niall Gilligan providing the warm-up speech, Councillor Crowe then outlined his vision. "For 95 years, this corner of Clare has not had a TD that they can call 'one of their own'. I hope to put that right. I am a born and bred Meelick man, I teach in Parteen school and absolutely love the heart and soul of South Clare.
"I feel at home here. I understand the issues, I know the people and I work hard to represent them. The people of South Clare have been hugely supportive of me over three council elections. I hope that you will stand with me as I seek a county-wide mandate," he stated.
A new report published by the Constituency Commission recommended that the high variance in the constituency be addressed by the transfer of 5,994 in the electoral division of Ballyglass in the Limerick City and County constituency to the Clare constituency.
This will restore the breach of the Clare boundary for the next general election and provides Councillor Crowe with a political platform to mount an election bid.
"Welcome home Westbury, Shannon Banks, Carraig Midhe, Parteen and Ardnacrusha. South Clare is no longer straddled by two Dáil constituencies – it is now united, it has cohesion and it has the potential to elect a TD," he predicted.
Having being elected to Clare County Council in both the Killaloe and Shannon Electoral Areas, he topped the poll in the Shannon area in 2014 and secured the highest vote for a Fianna Fáil candidate, with 1,929 first preferences.
Councillor Crowe brought the shoes he wore out through months of canvassing before his first election in 2004 at the age of 21, while he was a final year student in the University of Limerick.
"I was advised to burn shoe leather and that is precisely what I did. I have bought a new pair of shoes and am prepared to wear these out too," he said.
Having studied politics in UL, Councillor Crowe worked for a year as a parliamentary assistant to MEP Brian Crowley, which fostered his love for the political arena.
On his return to Meelick, he started working closely with his "friend, mentor and colleague" Limerick Deputy Willie O'Dea in the Parteen and Ardnacrusha area, which had recently joined his constituency.
While Deputy O'Dea was unable to be present at the launch due to a previous commitment, Councillor Crowe stated the Limerick deputy is "pledging to fully support me and wants his loyal voters in the border areas of South Clare to support me going forward".
He also signalled his intention to win two seats for Fianna Fáil in Clare in the next general election.
"Timmy Dooley, Clare's current Fianna Fáil TD, is a friend of mine. I have canvassed for him in several elections. He is a good man and a good representative for Clare.
"If selected to run for the Dáil in an internal party selection convention that is likely to happen before Christmas, I hope to work closely with Timmy to deliver a second seat. It can be done and every effort will be made to make it happen.
"In my 13 years as a Clare councillor, I have represented both the Shannon and Killaloe electoral areas. This equates to half of the county and includes some of Clare's most rural and urban settlements.
"I understand the issues of the county. We have a housing crisis. Mortgage approval is still beyond the reach of many and rents are over-inflated. A generation of young people cannot afford buy or build homes. Crazy high rental payments mean that others are left with pittance in their pockets at the end of each week," he said.
Married to a "wonderful, beautiful and supportive wife, Maeve," Councillor Crowe said he has two lovely boys, Sam and Charlie and, like so many young couples, know only too well the costs of childcare.
His father, Mike, is a retired fireman and his mother, Irene, is a retired nurse, which has fostered his desire to be a strong advocate for health services in the Mid-West.
He highlighted the need to provide more community childcare facilities, sewerage treatment plants for villages such as Broadford and O'Briensbridge, special needs assistants, classroom accommodation, gardaí and continued investment in Shannon Airport and the Shannon Free Zone.
"The full potential of Clare can only be unlocked with the support for bedrock rural services. I have a strong track record for supporting rural post offices, the expansion of broadband schemes, the investment of funding in local roads, the provision of desperately needed flood relief schemes, the stimulation of rural planning and for supporting those who farm," he said.
By Dan Danaher
Tags Cathal Crowe council Dáil election Paddy Brennan teacher
Cathal Crowe has launched his campaign to get a FF nomination to run for the Dáil.
Previous Stay safe at the seaside
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ANOTHER Independent candidate is set to enter the General Election race in Clare. Ennis native … | {
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Q: Pass UISwitch State from One View Controller to Another ViewController I have a UISwith in a viewcontroller A. I want to pass the state of the UISwitch to viewcontroller B. I am using Objective C. This is the code I'm using in viewcontroller A:
if (![switchview isOn]) {
NSLog(@"OFF");
} else {
NSLog(@"ON");
[comment setObject:@"YES" forKey:kESActivityPrivateKey];
}
I need to save the value of the UISwitch in viewcontroller B.
Any help is appreciated.
A: Don't try to access another view controller's view hierarchy directly. You should treat another view controllers views (and a switch is a kind of view) as private.
Set an IBAction on your switch that points to the owning view controller. In that action save the sate of the switch to a property of your view controller.
You can then access the property from the other view controller.
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Q: Error creation new table in Room database I´m creating a new table in Room but I have a error with the migration. The problem is in favoriteId, there is a different between what is expected (primaryKeyPosition=1) and what is found in (primaryKeyPosition=0). If I delete data, it works fine.
java.lang.IllegalStateException: Migration didn't properly handle: favoriteRetailer(com.tiendeo.core.data.model.local.favorite.FavoriteRetailerLocalEntity).
Expected:
TableInfo{name='favoriteRetailer', columns={lon=Column{name='lon', type='REAL', affinity='4', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, retailerId=Column{name='retailerId', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, countryCode=Column{name='countryCode', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, favoriteId=Column{name='favoriteId', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=1, defaultValue='null'}, city=Column{name='city', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=false, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, retailerName=Column{name='retailerName', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, type=Column{name='type', type='INTEGER', affinity='3', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, lat=Column{name='lat', type='REAL', affinity='4', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}}, foreignKeys=[], indices=[]}
Found:
TableInfo{name='favoriteRetailer', columns={lon=Column{name='lon', type='REAL', affinity='4', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, retailerId=Column{name='retailerId', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, countryCode=Column{name='countryCode', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, favoriteId=Column{name='favoriteId', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, city=Column{name='city', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=false, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, retailerName=Column{name='retailerName', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, type=Column{name='type', type='INTEGER', affinity='3', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, lat=Column{name='lat', type='REAL', affinity='4', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}}, foreignKeys=[], indices=[]}
This is my model and the migration
@Entity(tableName = "favoriteRetailer")
class FavoriteRetailerLocalEntity(
@PrimaryKey var favoriteId: String,
var city: String?,
var lat: Float,
var lon: Float,
var retailerName: String,
var retailerId: String,
var countryCode: String,
var type: Int
val TIENDEO_DB_MIGRATION_4_5: Migration = object : Migration(4, 5) {
override fun migrate(database: SupportSQLiteDatabase) {
try{
database.execSQL(
"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS 'favoriteRetailer' ('favoriteId' TEXT NOT NULL, 'city' TEXT, 'lat' REAL NOT NULL, 'lon' REAL NOT NULL, 'retailerName' TEXT NOT NULL, 'retailerId' TEXT NOT NULL, 'countryCode' TEXT NOT NULL, 'type' INTEGER NOT NULL)"
)
} catch (e: java.lang.RuntimeException) {
Log.i("Error", "error: $e. Problem with migration 4_5")
}
}
}
A: The problem is with your model class.
@Entity(tableName = "favoriteRetailer")
class FavoriteRetailerLocalEntity(
@PrimaryKey var favoriteId: String,
var city: String?,
var lat: Float,
var lon: Float,
var retailerName: String,
var retailerId: String,
var countryCode: String,
var type: Int
the city is nullable but Room expected it to be not null.so change it like this
@Entity(tableName = "favoriteRetailer")
class FavoriteRetailerLocalEntity(
@PrimaryKey var favoriteId: String,
var city: String,
var lat: Float,
var lon: Float,
var retailerName: String,
var retailerId: String,
var countryCode: String,
var type: Int
A: I found the solution. The problem was in the definition of table. I had to put
PRIMARY KEY('id')
in the of create table
| {
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Editor's note: An earlier version of this story overstated the number of job cuts expected in Canada. Ford is offering early retirement and separation packages to about 600 Canadian employees.
Ford Motor Co. plans to offer early retirement and separation packages to 600 Canadian salaried workers as part of an effort to cut 10 per cent of its white-collar employees in North America and Asia.
Company spokesman Mike Moran says the offers will be made to about 15,300 workers worldwide in the hope of meeting job-reduction targets without layoffs. They come as the company battles slowing U.S. sales while ramping up investments in new technology.
News of the job reductions comes less than two months after Ford announced it would add 300 jobs at a new research and engineering centre in Ottawa.
Ford said nearly all of its "skill teams" will be affected, except for product development, Ford Credit, manufacturing, IT and global data and analytics.
The reductions will affect corporate staff, including the finance, legal, human resources, communications, government, marketing, sales and service departments.
The automaker's Canadian headquarters is in Oakville, Ont.
Ford expects the cuts to come by the end of September. Two-thirds of the offers will be made in North America, although Ford does not know how the acceptance rates will break down by region.
"We remain focused on the three strategic priorities that will create value and drive profitable growth, which include fortifying the profit pillars in our core business, transforming traditionally underperforming areas of our core business and investing aggressively, but prudently, in emerging opportunities," the company said in a statement.
The buyouts are part of a strategy Ford laid out last September at its investor day conference, when CFO Bob Shanks said the automaker would be looking to save about US$3 billion per year each of the next three years as costs rise. He said at the time the "efficiencies" would come in materials, suppliers and manufacturing headcount.
Ford targeted Asia and North America because other regions across the globe have either already faced recent cuts or are too small to be pruned. Ford in Europe has cut hundreds of salaried and manufacturing jobs in recent years as part of its turnaround plan that's allowed it to make a profit each of the past two years. It also has reduced jobs in South America. The Middle East and Africa was spared because it's a new, emerging business unit, Ford said.
Last week, CEO Mark Fields faced questions from the company's board of directors about his strategy for the company. Shareholders complained about the lagging stock price and asked why Ford was investing in the future if it hurt profits today. Since Fields became CEO in 2014, Ford's stock price has fallen nearly 40 per cent.
It's unclear if Wednesday's announcement was a direct result of last week's events.
The Wall Street Journal reported the intended cuts on Monday, and Reuters later clarified roughly how many and where the cuts would come.
The jobs cuts come at a time when Washington has taken a keen interest in the auto industry. President Donald Trump throughout his early days in office has pushed for automakers to create jobs in the United States.
Ford recently announced it would add 700 manufacturing jobs in Flat Rock, Mich., as part of an investment to build autonomous and electrified vehicles there. It also said earlier this year that it would add or keep 130 jobs at its Romeo engine plant north of Detroit.
The president, who has been quick to comment on Ford and other automaker's jobs announcement, was silent Wednesday morning on Twitter. A spokesman said the company had "communicated with stakeholders in Washington" regarding the job cuts.
Ford's stock fell to a 52-week low Wednesday morning, trading down about 1.5 per cent as of 10:47 a.m. to US$10.78 a share. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Vestas is implementing its plan to create a more flexible and scalable business to adapt the company to the uncertain market situation in the wind industry. Part of this plan is to more effectively use the existing production capacity. This new agreement is a step in securing this.
The agreement means that Vestas will ramp up at its tower factory in Pueblo, Colorado, US. Vestas will begin manufacturing the first part of the third-party tower supply agreement that could use up to 25% of the production capacity. The agreement will create more than 100 jobs by the end of the first quarter of 2013.
"We are pleased with this new agreement. Vestas is known for having industry-leading quality in our manufacturing processes and facilities, and it is satisfying that other companies recognise this by choosing to use our factories to produce components for their projects," said Jean-Marc Lechêne, executive vice-president and COO for Vestas Wind Systems A/S.
"Vestas is continuously evaluating its manufacturing footprint and opportunities to utilise the current production capacity better. Producing components for third parties is part of this strategy, and although we have had other smaller orders, this new agreement is the first major step in realising this plan," Lechêne said.
"Our tower factory employees are very excited about this new order," said Tony Knopp, vice-president of Vestas Towers America, Inc, in Pueblo. "The extension of the Production Tax Credit (PTC) at the beginning of the year also was an important factor in securing this contract, and we are now in the process of evaluating our ramp-up plan." | {
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Handcrafted in Washington State. This Wood and Leather Tie was created from a recycled branch of a Green Ash tree and 100% genuine leather. The Ash branch is carved into the tie's knot, it has been crosscut to highlight the woods grain and bark then oiled to enhance color.
Black Leather Strap: W .75"
*Note: Wood and leather have natural blemishes. These add to the character and makes them truly one-of-a-kind.
**Note: A crosscut piece of wood may be brittle. If a brake occurs, a dab of wood glue or superglue is all you need. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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A list of Best Jackie Chan Movies. Chan Kong-sang, SBS, MBE, PMW, known professionally as Jackie Chan, is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, producer, stuntman, and singer. Jackie chan adventures are all-time best. jackie chan net worth is estimated at $350 million.
Two cops from different cultures, who cannot stand each other, team up to save the kidnapped 11-year-old daughter of a diplomat. With time running out, will they nab the criminals and save the girl?
Hong Kong cop Kevin single-handedly arrests a notorious drug-lord. But, he is soon framed for murdering another cop and must clear his name before it's too late.
A young martial arts expert is torn between honouring his peace-loving father's wishes and stopping a team of foreigners who are trying to steal precious ancient artefacts.
Keung, a Hong Kong policeman, travels to New York for his uncle's wedding, but he ends up befriending a local gang to bring down an evil syndicate.
A top secret militant soldier lands in the South African jungle after his mission. He has no memory of who he is and is willing to go to any extent to get answers.
Asian Hawk, an ex-singer, rushes to the aid of his ex-girlfriend after she is kidnapped by a cult of monks who possess a mysterious treasure.
Dragon Ma, an honest marine cadet, takes it upon himself to preserve his company's honour as he sets out to battle the smugglers and pirates.
A policeman sets out to expose a group of international spies. When one of them gets away and he is ordered to nab him, it takes him all over the world starting with the man's sister in Australia.
Jackie, a talented special agent, is hired to recover 240 tonnes of gold that a German commander, Hans von Katterling, and his regiment buried in the Sahara Desert before the end of World War II.
A Hong Kong police officer lands in mainland China on an undercover mission to bust a drug smuggling racket. However, his cover is blown when his girlfriend turns up and is kidnapped by the criminals.
The owners (Jackie Chan, Biao Yuen) of a mobile restaurant help a private eye (Samo Hung) locate a mysterious woman.
A Chinese man travels to the Wild West to rescue a princess who has been kidnapped. He teams up with a train robber and the duo take on a Chinese traitor and his corrupt boss.
Wong, a mischievous young boy, must learn a special form of martial arts in order to prevent an assassin from executing his goals.
Kevin's methods of dealing with criminals go unappreciated and he is demoted to traffic duty. With a harassing boss and an old enemy out to get him, Kevin might yet have a chance to redeem himself.
Chien Fu, a janitor at a kung fu school, is constantly bullied by the teachers and students at the school. An old man comes to his rescue and teaches him kung fu manoeuvres to ward off his bullies.
A guilt-ridden cop finds solace in liquor after he loses all his colleagues while trying to bust a gang. His new partner tries to get him back into the groove, but he too has his own agenda.
A teenager finds himself transported to China after he discovers a lost relic. Once there, he teams up with a few warriors to rescue the jailed Monkey King to whom the relic belongs.
Dre, a young boy, finds himself bullied by Cheng, a rebellious kung fu prodigy at his school. However, things change after he befriends Mr Han, a maintenance man, who happens to be a kung fu expert.
Chon and Roy travel to London to avenge Chon's father's death. They team up with Chon's sister and discover that there is a worldwide plot to murder the royal family.
A group of hot-shot lawyers are hired by a company that is being questioned for its ethics. When they find out more about the case, they need to make a tough decision on how to proceed.
James Carter and Lee are vacationing in Hong Kong. Things take a turn when a bomb explosion at the US Consulate kills two undercover customs agents and Lee is assigned to the case.
After collecting evidence against drug lord Giancarlo and trying to escape, TV reporter Diana bumps into Jackie. Soon, Jackie is pursued by Giancarlo's men, who believe him to possess the evidence.
With the twelve ancient animal signs in the Chinese Zodiac stolen, Asian Hawk, a mercenary, sets out to retrieve them. He is accompanied by a Chinese student and a Parisian lady in his mission.
Sergeant Dragon Ma soon discovers that his entire unit, except for Shi King, accepts bribes. Dragon is forced to confront Tiger Ow with only Shi King and three of his friends from the Marine Police.
During the annual lion dance competition, martial art expert Dragon is up against his own schoolmate, Tiger, who is secretly performing for the rivals. When he is found out, Dragon goes after him. | {
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I get so many emails from people, who in attempt to help their kefir grains, will rinse them in cool water. You should NEVER EVER EVER do this. It damages them and rinses off the protective bacteria that makes them thrive. So many times they will either die, or stop reproducing or not make kefir very well after rinsing. Some kefir grains will survive this and be ok, but it still slows them down and damages them and gives me huge amounts of anxiety.
The coating of milk around the kefir grains protects them and makes them strong. Think of it this way. It is like walking around naked in a snowstorm. They need this coating to reproduce themselves, and protect themselves, because of the combination of bacteria and yeast they make up the composition of kefir grains. Rinsing them washes this away.
If you need to change milks then rinse them in the milk you are changing them too. You really don't need to rinse them at all, but if you want to rinse them. Rinse them in fresh milk. You can also give them a prebiotic like Prebio Plus which feeds them and makes them stronger and will also make your kefir more creamy especially if it is separating a lot.
I am trying not to shout and put this in all caps, because I understand people just don't realize that this could hurt them. I am slightly over protective of these microorganisms. I am trying to insure that these little kefir grains stay around and thrive. We need them to help us live and thrive. I've been labeled the kefir police, and decided I am ok with this. Somebody has to do it. These little kefir grains changed my life, and I will go to great lengths to protect them.
Resist the temptation to rinse them and tell your friends Donna said so. I will sleep so much better at night if you do. Tortures me when people tell me they've rinsed their kefir grains.
191 Responses to "Don't Rinse Your Kefir Grains!"
I bought some fresh grains about two months ago and have been switching out the milk sometimes on schedule, other times, like this last time, it was left for two weeks. At first the product was very yeasty smelling ( it was too cold in the house too) and didn't seem consumable, then it got better, but still not what I expected, now i left it for two weeks in the closet, ( ADD) it smelled ok , a bit yeasty again, when draining the milk but i found two fruit fly bodies in the grains. I pressed out the old milk from the grains and picked out the two flies and put the grains in a new batch of room temp milk. Is this ok or should one throw it all out if any fly gets to it? I have yet to drink any kefir after 2 1/2 gallons of milk, but the grains have grown a third more than I had started with.
Oh my leaving it for two weeks on the counter can be really hard on the grains if you aren't feeding it everyday. That will make it really yeasty and could damage the grains. It should be fine if you got rid of the fruit flys but feed it more often as letting it go this long makes it have less probiotics. The grains run out of food.
Hi Donna, thanks for all the info on your page and in these comments. My kefir grains are all in one big clump so i just pour it all into a bowl and then use my hand to find it and put it back into the jar. I feel around pretty good for any more clumps but I am worried i might accidentally eat a grain or two some day. Is that ok?
Kefir grains are really good for you! No worries they have a lot of health properties.
hi there, I have some kefir grains that are taking longer to produce kefir and aren't really reproducing more grains. It takes twice as long as it used to. But still producing. How can I "recharge" them?
You can try adding some Prebio Plus which is food for bacteria but if they aren't working you might need new ones.
If only I'd found this article last night before I rinsed my grains!! I was given milk kefir in partial goat milk which I can't stand the taste of. Making it with cow milk, batch after batch, didn't get rid of the goaty smell and flavor… so i rinsed them. Now they don't seem to be working anymore… no goat smell, but no kefir either 🙁 Do you think they might come back in full after a few batches?
I am a couple of weeks into making kefir with your grains and they are working out beautifully. My sister is also making kefir and is new to this as well. I use a clean jar each day, but she is using the same jar over an over again and only washing it once a week. She feels her kefir grains are doing better that way. What is correct. Do you use a clean jar with each new batch or is it okay to use the same jar a few times? Thank you!
I don't wash my jar everyday. I tend to use it a lot before I wash it.
This is probably happening because you were rinsing them and it damaged them. Goats milk can get a strong texture sometimes if the milk is not fresh as well.
I recently washed the grains in water (so sorry!, first and last time, i promise) because i could taste something off and the grains were getting stringy. Not sure why, i have been changing the milk every 24 – 48 hours.
Have I ruined the grains for good, or does their potency increase eventually? Since then i have strained them once, and they looked ok, they rose to the top, smelled the usual way and the milk tasted ok.
Keep making kefir and they can still be okay as long as they make the milk tart and thicken it.
I have been making kefir for the past ~8 months. But I got lazy this last time and left the grains in some milk in the refrigerator for the past 1 1/2 weeks. I was going to make another batch and noticed some green growth sitting on top of the liquid in the jar. Can I still use those grains?
If its fuzzy or hairy and green it sounds like mold and i would throw it out.
I have been very sick and have neglegated many items of which I care deeply, house plants dead; but children well love and provided for their needs. My kefir on the other hand has been in the fridge for over a month. Any suggested streps to save them?
Try making kefir and if it sours and thickens it still working.
Which is better for someone with really bad Candida overgrowth Kombucha or milk Kefir?
I stored my kefir grains in fridge for 4 days by adding 2 cups milk since I was away. After returning I like to make more kefir.I strained my kefir grains and I wonder is the milk part kefir and can I just drink it like kefir and If I want to make more kefir should I just add milk and is the grains as good as new? BTW I love your book. thanks a lot for your lovely site.
The milk part is sort of kefir but hasn't really cultured all the way but is still safe to drink.
I started making milk kefir some days ago and I really like it. Last night I had forgotten to buy milk and stored the kefir grains in the frige in a jar of water. And this morming I put them again in fresh milk. Are the grains still ok or I damaged the protective bacteria?
You'll have to make kefir to know for sure. If it sours and is tart it should be ok.
i left my kefir on cabinet to culture for 5 days instead of 48 hours;is that still ok to use for consumption and making for kefir?
Yes but longer is not better. 24 hours is the best time. It's going to be really sour though.
Leave them a little longer to ferment would be the best thing to do.
I am making milk kefir and use it in smoothies and to make bread. But it is just my husband and I, so one quart last us about 2 weeks. I store the grains in the refrig in whole milk until I am ready to ferment again. Is this ok? I do not want to damage my grains. It takes about 48 hours to ferment a quart…I guess it is because the grains are cold.
Yes, it is because they are cold. They get sluggish and you could remove some grins and make a smaller amount more regularly.
Hi, I covered my kefir with cheese cloth and fruit flies got into it (dumb mistake). . Are my grains ok to use?
Hi there, I would like to start making kefir , where do I start and where I'm can get then from?
I put them 3 days in a row in a 32 ounce mason jar and replaced the milk each day. They seem to be doing very well. The problem is by the time the 24 hours is up they are large curds and whey. Does this mean they have no probiotic value anymore? Is the problem that I have to much kefer grains in the mason jar? Should I separate the grains in to 2 mason jars now? HELP!
I JUST started doing kefir and I love it!! The sour-er, the better!!
I sit them out for about 3 days – my troubled stomach feels so good with this!
However, as to my sister's instruction, upon giving me the grains, I have been rinsing them… in tap water!!
… But they're producing like crazy!!
How do I know if I have damaged them from producing all the bacteria strains they had originally?
I have, also been adding Vanilla beans and cinnamon sticks in with the new milk and washed grains and am disappointed with the subtle flavor! I was hoping for strong, sour flavors, but like the plain the best!
Do I need to add more vanilla beans (using 2 in a quart jar, now), and more than the 3 huge cinnamon sticks for richer flavor? Or do I add them too early?
… And should I remove the grains after a day, and exchange for the flavorings… and do what, exactly?
Are you adding the vanilla beans during the second ferment? YOu should make the first batch of kefir without the grains and then second ferment the kefir without the grains. Is this what you are doing?
I think you meant make the first batch WITH the grains then the 2nd ferment without, right Donna?
Hi There, I am new to kefir making, I tried to culture my kefir grains and I left them too long (maybe a day and a half) and they turned into a huge solid clump of curds, I didn't know how to get the kefir grains out the curds, so I washed them and went through with my fingers to find the kefir grains, do you think I have damaged the grains? I have them culturing in a new batch of organic raw milk now. I am not sure how to tell if they are ready, they seemed to go from looking like regular milk to curds and whey very quickly 🙁 I imagined that the difference would be easy to see.
If they are separating into whey and curds they are still working. Just shorten the fermenting time or add more milk. Watch them and catch them before they turn to whey and curds.
For some reason my kefir smelled really bad today and looked different then usual (the kefir milk looked really smooth and had a think yogurt like texture) usually my kefir is thick but not so smooth on top in the jar. Is it bad. It sure does not smell like it's okay to drink. I know you say never rinse grains in water, so can I rinse the grains in milk to clean them and start over. Thanks for your help.
oh this is SUCH perfect timing!! I just started making Kefir a few days ago and was told to rinse them with filtered water every day before adding to my organic milk.
I was given some grains by a friend and they were fine for 4 months, then one day they were just a big glob of milk, and no grains. What happened? I had extra in my freezer, but the same thing happened when I tried to use them.
It's probably because you froze them in the freezer. This can disintegrate them.
I thought you could freeze grains in milk. Is this not true?
NO it diminishs the bacteria and is best not too.
Oh no! I rinsed my grains… And right after I did it I thought, "uh oh maybe I shouldn't have done that!" I thought of your website right away and lone behold I made a huge mistake! My grains are very established and I had waaaay too many it was fermenting too fast and I really didn't want to make such huge batches of kefir. Also I neglected it in the fridge for about a week and it got a little moldy, I was paranoid and rinsed them, threw half out any fed them fresh raw milk, they are sitting on the counter now, do you think they will be okay??
Yes they are probably ok if you only did it once. Make kefir with them and see how they do.
I am making kefir with coconut milk. Is it ok to take the grains directly out of the coconut kefir and store them in cows milk between batches?
How often do you need to add fresh milk?
Yes, you can do this. If you do this once a week this is enough to keep them alive.
Hello, I was wondering if you would make an exception and rinse the kefir grains with water when you want to save some of the grains and dry or freeze them?
I would never rinse the grains.
So, have you ever dried or froze your grains? If so, you just rinsed in milk and then air dried? I ask, because from what I'm reading if you are drying them to have back up, use for later, or send to someone, your suppose to rinse in water before drying them out. Just asking because I want to dry some of mine out because I have such an abundance of grains, I don't want to ruin them and I really need to dry some out. Thanks so much for your help.
I do not do this because it tends to kill some of the strains of bacteria and weakens them and they don't work as well after that. So I never do it and don't recommend it.
I've just started making kefir with cow's milk, but I would like to try making breast milk kefir for my baby to minimize her dairy intake, should I rinse the grains in this case? To wash away any cow's milk residue?
I wouldn't rinse them in water but rather milk because the water can kill or harm them. I don't think you need to rinse them at all.
I read the don't rinse after I rinsed. They have been sitting in milk for 3 days in the refrigerator while I went out of town. They didn't thicken the milk to kefir. I'm so ashamed. What Can I do? Just had a glass of my first Kombucha, delicious.
Try making kefir in some milk on your counter i bet they will be ok.
I just rinsed my kefir grains as they looked like creamy cottage cheese and had pale pink spots in them. I have covered them with raw milk in the fridge.
I've just read your post — LIKE!
I am starting this Kefir thing this weekend, but what I want to know is if I make a litre of Kefir milk, and am staring to drink only a few millilitres a day, what do I do with the rest of the litre? Do I just pop a lid on and put it in the fridge and keep drinking my small amount from that same litre?
I'd hate to have to throw out so much milk!
Obviously whole milk is better, but if I can't get whole milk, can i use pasteurised milk?
Wow! I just received kefir grains and the kefir batches have been getting subsequently worse because I read elsewhere to rinse the grains thoroughly with spring water. Many thanks for this info!
I am begining in my learning of probiotic and cultured food. I was recently given a handful of WATER kefir grains that live on a solution of water and pure cane sugar (I think they are called TIBICOUS) and was told that I can't use them to make MILK kefir.
I would like to know if that is true and what would be the difference between water and milk kefir grains.
Yes, it is true you cannot use these to make milk kefir. They have different bacteria and yeast specific to water kefir and not milk kefir.
Can you and how do you freeze kefir grains?
I have to leave for 2 months and will take a small amount with me but want to freeze the rest until I can find a good home for them!
No you cannot freeze them it damage them. You will have to find someone to care for them.
Hi Donna I love your information and have been a reader of your newsletter for some time. I don't often disagree with you but this time I do…. Milk kefir grains are ok to freeze. I have done it many times and they re-culture just fine. The bacteria can be killed by heat, as we know, but they survive in the freezer. If someone wants to save the grains by freezing they can doubl;e bag them in a ziplock and freeze for up to 6 months, or rinse the grains, dry the outside, and pack them in a little dried powdered milk, and freeze them for up to a year.
I did milk kefir about a year ago and had a beautiful, large clump of grains that I could simply spoon out into the new jar. My new batch of grains is not in a big clump, and I am not excited about sending the kefir through a strainer every day. Is there a way to get the kefir to clump together?
You can eventually get a big clump if they are live grains? Mine do this but its the little ones that are more powerful since they are the new ones. | {
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Order Today. Call 1-855-855-4578
Get Xfinity in Willow Springs, IL
Bundle your TV, Phone, and Internet services
X1 Starter Triple Play from
for the first 24 months w/ a 2-year agreement
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Xfinity TV
$ 49 .99 /mo
for the first 12 months w/ a 1-yr agreement
Over 140 digital channels
Thousands of Xfinity On Demand choices
Watch any time on your TV, laptop, smartphone, or tablet with the Xfinity Stream app
See Channels
More TV Offers
Xfinity Internet
Download speeds up to 60 Mbps
Free access to millions of WiFi hotspots*
No minimum term contract!
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Xfinity Double Plays
ESPN, HGTV, TBS & More
Download speeds up to 150 Mbps
More Bundles
Offers and availability vary by market and are subject to change.
X1 DVR
The X1 DVR from Xfinity lets you control the content across every TV in your Willow Springs home. That's just right for you if you fit in with the 33%, or 1,831 of Illinoisans with multiple TVs.
150 Mbps Download Speeds
Xfinity Internet packages from Comcast offer download speeds of up to 150 Mbps. That's a significant increase in speed from the Willow Springs average download speed.
Xfinity Bundles are another great way to save money each month by paying one provider for all of your telecommunications costs. Join the 72% of other Willow Springs residents, or 3,995 people, who already bundle TV, Internet, and/or Phone.
Get the Channels You Want with Xfinity TV in Willow Springs, IL
Get Xfinity television packages in Willow Springs, IL from Comcast, and get the best TV programming delivered right to your living room. If you're looking for digital cable channels, DVR packages, and On Demand options, Xfinity TV is the perfect choice for you.
Customers enjoy what Xfinity TV has to offer in Willow Springs, IL, especially those who, like the majority of Americans, watch 35 hours of television per week. If you are a sports fan and need the local Willow Springs channels, you'll get them with cable TV from Xfinity. Watch the best classic films and new movies with Xfinity TV specials.
Surf with High-speed Xfinity Internet in Willow Springs, IL
Xfinity provides high-speed Internet, getting you online at speeds up to 105 Mbps. Residents in Willow Springs can connect devices and stream their favorite TV shows with Xfinity Internet. Plus, every Internet package comes with up to seven email accounts.
Xfinity Internet is available in a variety of packages. Xfinity Internet has the right promotion for Willow Springs residents to get the whole family online. There is a package just for you, whether you need the right speed to play games online or want to share music and photos. And every package comes with the Constant Guard® Protection Suite, for Internet security and peace of mind at no extra cost.
Pay Less with Xfinity Bundles in Willow Springs, IL
How convenient would it be to get all your cable services on one statement? Xfinity from Comcast offers bundles to help you save money and time. Get back to shopping online, chatting with your friends in Willow Springs, and watching your favorite TV shows by choosing an Xfinity TRIPLE PLAY or DOUBLE PLAY Bundle.
You'll also get something awesome: caller ID on your TV, PC, tablet, or smartphone. Two-thirds of Illinoisans?including residents of Willow Springs--bundle their telecommunications products through a single service provider. Many choose an Xfinity bundle for their TV, voice, and Internet products. Be at the cutting-edge of Willow Springs, IL with a Triple Play or Double Play Xfinity package, which guarantees you the most up-to-date digital phone, TV, and Internet technology.
Justice, IL Hickory Hills, IL Burr Ridge, IL Bridgeview, IL Bedford Park, IL
Justice, IL Hickory Hills, IL Burr Ridge, IL Bridgeview, IL Bedford Park, IL Palos Hills, IL Summit, IL Burbank, IL Willowbrook, IL Worth, IL Chicago Ridge, IL Summit Argo, IL Western Springs, IL Palos Park, IL Lyons, IL Oak Lawn, IL Hinsdale, IL Brookfield, IL Darien, IL Palos Heights, IL Clarendon Hills, IL La Grange Park, IL Hometown, IL Riverside, IL Westmont, IL Oak Brook, IL Orland Park, IL Westchester, IL Crestwood, IL Hines, IL Alsip, IL Berwyn, IL Evergreen Park, IL Broadview, IL Lemont, IL Cicero, IL Downers Grove, IL Maywood, IL Hillside, IL Bellwood, IL Robbins, IL Berkeley, IL Homer Glen, IL Oak Park, IL Midlothian, IL Blue Island, IL Melrose Park, IL Bolingbrook, IL River Forest, IL Oak Forest, IL Stone Park, IL Elmhurst, IL Lisle, IL Posen, IL Tinley Park, IL Villa Park, IL Northlake, IL Lombard, IL Elmwood Park, IL River Grove, IL Chicago, IL Markham, IL Franklin Park, IL Romeoville, IL Country Club Hills, IL Glen Ellyn, IL Harvey, IL Hazel Crest, IL Lockport, IL Addison, IL Dolton, IL Mokena, IL Schiller Park, IL Naperville, IL Bensenville, IL
Xfinity Terms and Conditions
Not available in all areas. On Demand selections subject to charge, indicated at time of purchase. WiFi claim based on March 2016 studies by Allion Test Labs, Inc. Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Call for restrictions and complete details.
Digital Starter TV (with contract)
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Digital Starter service. 1-year minimum term agreement required. Early termination fee applies if all Xfinity services (other than Xfinity Mobile) are cancelled during the agreement term. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the term agreement. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After term agreement, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Digital Starter, ranges based on area, from $52.95 to $75.49 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Digital Starter TV (without contract)
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Digital Starter service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Digital Starter, ranges based on area, from $52.49 to $75.49 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Digital Preferred TV (with contract)
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Digital Preferred service. 1-year minimum term agreement required. Early termination fee applies if all Xfinity services (other than Xfinity Mobile) are cancelled during the agreement term. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the term agreement. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After term agreement, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Digital Preferred, ranges based on area, from $69.49 to $93.49 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Digital Preferred TV (without contract)
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Digital Preferred service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Digital Preferred, ranges based on area, from $69.49 to $93.49 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Digital Premier TV (with contract)
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Digital Premier service. 1-year minimum term agreement required. Early termination fee applies if all Xfinity services (other than Xfinity Mobile) are cancelled during the agreement term. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the term agreement. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After term agreement, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Digital Premier, ranges based on area, from $125.49 to $148.49 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved
Digital Premier TV (without contract)
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Digital Premier service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Digital Premier, ranges based on area, from $125.49 to $148.49 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Performance Plus Internet
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Performance Plus Internet service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Performance Plus Internet, ranges based on area, from $64.95 to $66.95 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Xfinity hotspots included with Xfinity Internet Performance (and above). Limited hotspot access included for Performance Starter and below. Available in select areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Performance Pro Internet
Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Performance Pro Internet service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, and other applicable charges extra. Pricing subject to change. Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Xfinity hotspots included with Xfinity Internet Performance (and above). Limited hotspot access included for Performance Starter and below. Available in select areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Blast!® Internet service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, and other applicable charges extra. Pricing subject to change. Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Xfinity hotspots included with Xfinity Internet Performance (and above). Limited hotspot access included for Performance Starter and below. Available in select areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Gigabit Internet
Offer ends 02/26/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Gigabit Internet service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for Gigabit Internet is $104.95 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Gigabit Pro Internet
Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Gigabit Pro Internet service. 2-year minimum term agreement required. Early termination fee applies if all Xfinity services (other than Xfinity Mobile) are cancelled during the agreement term. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the term agreement. After term agreement, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Xfinity Voice Unlimited
Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Xfinity Voice Unlimited service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, including regulatory recovery fees, and other applicable charges extra. Pricing subject to change. Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. $29.95 activation fee may apply. If there is a power outage or network issue, calling, including calls to 911, may be unavailable. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
X1 Starter Double Play
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to X1 Starter Double Play with Digital Starter, HD Technology Fee, Streampix, and Performance Pro Internet service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for X1 Starter Double Play, ranges based on area, from $120.00 to $122.00 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. TV: Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Xfinity hotspots included with Xfinity Internet Performance (and above). Limited hotspot access included for Performance Starter and below. Available in select areas. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
X1 Preferred Double Play
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to X1 Preferred Double Play with Digital Preferred, HD Technology Fee, STARZ®, Streampix®, and Performance Pro Internet service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for X1 Preferred Double Play, ranges based on area, from $140.00 to $142.00 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. TV: Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
X1 Premier Double Play
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to X1 Premier Double Play with Digital Premier, HD Technology Fee, AnyRoom DVR service, Streampix®, and Performance Pro Internet service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for X1 Premier Double Play, ranges based on area, from $160.00 to $162.00 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. TV: Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
X1 Starter Triple Play
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to X1 Starter Triple Play with Digital Starter, HD Technology Fee, Streampix, Blast!® Pro Internet, and Xfinity Voice Unlimited service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, including regulatory recovery fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for X1 Starter Triple Play, ranges based on area, from $140.00 to $142.00 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. TV: Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Voice: $29.95 activation fee may apply. If there is a power outage or network issue, calling, including calls to 911, may be unavailable. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
X1 Preferred Triple Play
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to X1 Preferred Triple Play with Digital Preferred, HD Technology Fee, STARZ®, Streampix®, Extreme Pro Internet, and Xfinity Voice – Unlimited service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, including regulatory recovery fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for X1 Preferred Triple Play, ranges based on area, from $160.00 to $162.00 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. TV: Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Voice: $29.95 activation fee may apply. If there is a power outage or network issue, calling, including calls to 911, may be unavailable. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
X1 Premier Triple Play
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to X1 Premier Triple Play with Digital Premier, HD-DVR or AnyRoom DVR Service, Streampix, Extreme Pro Internet, and Xfinity Voice Unlimited service. Equipment, installation, taxes and fees, including regulatory recovery fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the promo. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After promo, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply. Comcast's monthly service charge for X1 Premier Triple Play, ranges based on area, from $180.00 to $182.00 (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. TV: Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Voice: $29.95 activation fee may apply. If there is a power outage or network issue, calling, including calls to 911, may be unavailable. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved.
Xfinity Home Secure
Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Xfinity Home Secure service. 2-year minimum term agreement required. Early termination fee applies if all Xfinity services (other than Xfinity Mobile) are cancelled during the agreement term. Any other equipment not included with offer, installation, taxes and fees, and other applicable charges extra. Pricing subject to change. Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Requires subscription to compatible High-Speed Internet service. Visit xfinity.com/XFINITYHomeSupport for more details. AZ: ROC 280515, BTR 18287-0; CA: CSLB 974291, ACO 7118 licensed and regulated by the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services, Department of Consumer Affairs, Sacramento, CA, 95814; MN: TS674412; NM: 373379; OR: CCB 192945; TX: B-16922,-02571, ACR-1672104,-1818 We are licensed by the Texas Department of Public Safety Private Security Board whose address is: P.O. Box 4087, Austin, TX 78773, (512) 424-7710; UT: 8226921-6501; WA: COMCABS892DS. Valid 4/19/17. See www.xfinity.com/homesecurity for current list. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved. Performance Plus + XH Secure
Offer ends 1/31/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to Performance Plus Internet and Xfinity Home Secure service. 2-year minimum term agreement required. Early termination fee applies if all Xfinity services (other than Xfinity Mobile) are cancelled during the agreement term. Any other equipment not included with offer, installation, taxes and fees, and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the term agreement. After term agreement, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Xfinity hotspots included with Xfinity Internet Performance (and above). Limited hotspot access included for Performance Starter and below. Available in select areas. Home: Requires subscription to compatible High-Speed Internet service. Visit xfinity.com/XFINITYHomeSupport for more details. AZ: ROC 280515, BTR 18287-0; CA: CSLB 974291, ACO 7118 licensed and regulated by the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services, Department of Consumer Affairs, Sacramento, CA, 95814; MN: TS674412; NM: 373379; OR: CCB 192945; TX: B-16922,-02571, ACR-1672104,-1818 We are licensed by the Texas Department of Public Safety Private Security Board whose address is: P.O. Box 4087, Austin, TX 78773, (512) 424-7710; UT: 8226921-6501; WA: COMCABS892DS. Valid 4/19/17. See www.xfinity.com/homesecurity for current list. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2018 Comcast. All rights reserved.
X1 Starter Secure Triple Play
Offer ends 03/21/19. Restrictions apply. Not available in all areas. New residential customers only. Limited to X1 Starter Secure Triple Play with Digital Starter, HD Technology Fee, Streampix, Blast!® Pro Internet, and Xfinity Home – Secure service. 2-year minimum term agreement required. Early termination fee applies if all Xfinity services (other than Xfinity Mobile) are cancelled during the agreement term. Any other equipment not included with offer, installation, taxes and fees, Broadcast TV Fee (up to $10.00/mo.), Regional Sports Fee (up to $8.25/mo.) and other applicable charges extra, and subject to change during and after the term agreement. Additional outlet service fee applies for multi-room viewing. After term agreement, or if any service is cancelled or downgraded, regular rates apply (subject to change). Service limited to a single outlet. May not be combined with other offers. TV: Limited Basic service subscription required to receive other levels of service. On Demand selections subject to charge indicated at time of purchase. Not all programming available in all areas. Internet: Actual speeds vary and are not guaranteed. Home: Requires subscription to compatible High-Speed Internet service. Visit xfinity.com/XFINITYHomeSupport for more details. AZ: ROC 280515, BTR 18287-0; CA: CSLB 974291, ACO 7118 licensed and regulated by the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services, Department of Consumer Affairs, Sacramento, CA, 95814; MN: TS674412; NM: 373379; OR: CCB 192945; TX: B-16922,-02571, ACR-1672104,-1818 We are licensed by the Texas Department of Public Safety Private Security Board whose address is: P.O. Box 4087, Austin, TX 78773, (512) 424-7710; UT: 8226921-6501; WA: COMCABS892DS. Valid 4/19/17. See www.xfinity.com/homesecurity for current list. 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee applies to one month's recurring service and standard installation charges up to $500. Call for restrictions and complete details. ©2019 Comcast. All rights reserved. | {
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This Unicable II™ LNB enables installations with up to 32 satellite receivers connected over a single coax cable and using the EN50494/EN50607 protocols providing access to unlimited number of transponders (also known as 'Dynamic' mode). Alternatively, it can be configured to deliver a fixed mapping of transponder frequencies to IF frequencies (also known as 'Static' mode), allowing an unlimited number of receivers to be connected and providing them access to up to 32 transponders based on digital channel stacking technology.
Digital channel stacking technology uses fast wideband analog to digital converters and applies digital signal processing to select desired transponder channels, up convert them and stack them as IF signals over the Unicable output port. The Unicable II™ LNB offers a full flexibility of channel selection, supports many more set-top-boxes over existing cabling thus significantly reducing cost and simplifying installations at subscribers' homes. The Static mode, allowing an unlimited number of receivers to be connected to the LNB, makes multi-room distribution and MDU installations substantially cheaper and simpler than ever before. The operating mode - dynamic or static - output power level, channel bandwidth, UB numbers, center frequencies and dish alignment mode are all programmable and can be configured and updated in the field using a dedicated programmer device - the SatPal™ Controller*.
The LNB can be powered over a connected STB or by an AC/DC adapter over a power inserter in case the STB is unable to provide the necessary power. The Unicable II™ is backward compatible, fully compliant with both EN50494 and EN50607 standards and integrates seamlessly into EN50494-only or mixed EN50494/EN50607 installations of compatible STBs, Next Generation PVRs and HGWs.
*SatPal™ Controller not included, sold separately as an optional accessory.
Gain variation (over full band) ±0.75 dB/UB max. | {
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Aqua Nera Sails To Success On Its Inaugural Voyage In The Peruvian Amazon
Tags: Aqua ExpeditionsRiver - Inland Navigation / Barges
Aqua Expeditions' newly launched 20-suite luxury river vessel, the "Aqua Nera", successfully embarked on its highly anticipated maiden voyage in the remote Peruvian Amazon from July 3rd to July 10th, 2021.
37 guests sailed on 3-, 4- and 7-night explorations into the depths of the world's most biodiverse rainforest, in an exclusive journey hosted by the company's CEO and founder, Francesco Galli Zugaro.
Aqua Nera's guests were the first to behold the ship's cutting-edge concept, custom- designed by Vietnam-based architect and design firm Noor Studio. Galli Zugaro led the expeditions as he shared insights into the ship's epic 12,350-nautical mile journey across the globe from Vietnam to Peru, and the elements of local culture and nature that inspired her distinctive design.
"I am thrilled to be back in the unspoiled sanctuary that is the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve – where it all started 14 years ago – for the launch of our fourth vessel after an incredibly challenging period. For me, the Aqua Nera is a symbol of resilience and our ability to keep pushing boundaries in product design and guest experience. I am incredibly grateful to have been able to share this special moment with my talented crew, my family, and our valued guests." – Francesco Galli Zugaro
The itineraries were tailored with once-in-a-lifetime experiences that included intimate encounters with exotic wildlife and exhilarating adventures ranging from jungle walks, spotting the legendary Amazonian pink dolphins, piranha fishing, kayaking along the river's narrow black water tributaries, and more. Excursions were carried out in small groups, guided by Aqua Expeditions' expert naturalists, who shared their excitement in returning to nature after a long pause in operations.
Onboard, guests indulged in the ultrachic and luxurious amenities that Aqua Nera has to offer, including spacious and elegant indoor and outdoor lounges, a river-facing gym with the region's first designer boxing corner, an observation deck, a billiards room, private lounge with movie screening facilities, spa, and an outdoor plunge pool conveniently located at the bow of the ship for panoramic rainforest views. It is however the exquisite detail of the décor that truly sets Aqua Nera in a league of her own.
No feature is spared, whether it is the custom-made bathroom tiles evoking the Shipibo tribes' Amazon prints or the soft furnishings that recall motifs from the turn-of-the-century rubber boom era. Aqua Nera also pays tribute to her sister ships, incorporating area rugs made from recycled fishing nets selected at Maison & Object in Paris, Bangkok-sourced Jim Thompson fabrics to adorn the suites and public spaces, as well as Amazonia-inspired gold leaf plates designed by Gaya Ceramic in Bali with Aqua Expeditions' Director Birgit Galli Zugaro.
Award-winning Peruvian chef Pedro Miguel Schiaffino oversaw the cuisine for this exclusive departure. As Consulting Chef for Aqua Expeditions' Amazon ships, he premiered Aqua Nera's new rainforest-to-table menu, highlighting the fresh, exotic, and largely unknown native produce of the Amazon rainforest – "the earth's unexplored pantry", as he calls it — echoing the boutique luxury expedition company's steadfast commitment to sustainability and supporting local producers.
Aqua Expeditions' focus on sustainable tourism prevails in the construction and design of Aqua Nera with the use of efficient energy sources and recyclable innovative materials across the vessel. Responsible operations, wildlife conservation, and community engagement projects continue as the company's key drivers of sustainable development in travel, prioritizing the social and environmental impacts of operating in a culturally-rich and pristine natural destination such as the Amazon.
A designated onboard Health and Safety Officer guaranteed the compliance of Aqua Expeditions' stringent health and safety protocols throughout the journey. All crew members were COVID-19 tested for several days leading up to embarkation, as well as guests, who were required to present proof of a negative COVID-19 test result issued within 72 hours of the departure. Aqua Expeditions was also able to facilitate onboard pre-departure Antigen testing for departing guests with results made available onboard within minutes. These protocols will continue as an important part of Aqua Expeditions' dedication to providing guests with the ultimate experience in safety and comfort.
Rates on Aqua Nera start from USD 4,125 per person, including all meals and beverages (non- alcoholic, premium wines, and national beer), all excursions, transfers to/from vessel on recommended flights, laundry service, and Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve entrance fee. Aqua Nera is also available for private hire, starting from USD 153,000 for 40 guests.
(Aqua Expeditions)
Next story Century Cruises is Sailing with Confidence. Following the soft reopening in March in China, Century Cruises has seen a great surge in demand for traveling
Previous story Carnival Cruise Line Announces Cruise Directors for Next Round of Ships Returning to Service This Summer | {
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We cannot deny the fact that Pakistanis have talented business oriented minds which assist them in leading more successful life than the people who are doing private or Government jobs. Just to showcase and highlight talented Pakistanis, we have gathered five companies, listed in Forbes Asia`s 200, billionaire list.
You will be well aware that Forbes annual Best under A billion list focuses 200 Asia Pacific public firms who generate revenue less than $1 billion and strive hard to remain on top. Consequently, following are the companies who have managed to mark their presence.
Agriauto Industries was established in 1981 and now entitled as one of the leading industry that manufactures automotive components in the private sector. The company is awarded TS16949 certification for the very first time in Pakistan. Agriauto Industries provide original equipment's and driving pleasure with genuine parts. After the first experience with this company, you will definitely have the pleasure to deal with world class manufacturer.
Cherat Packaging is one of the largest top supplier and producer of packaging material to cement industry in Pakistan. The company owns legal certification and is awarded many prestigious titles. CPL promises to provide superior quality bags for cement by using raw materials such as polypropylene granules and kraft paper.
Ferozsons Laboratories is a public limited company that possesses leading brands in oncology, cardiology, gastroenterology, and hepatology. However, the company vision is to put the patient's first and seek every opportunity for the betterment of human beings. Ferozsons laboratories aim to advance the quality of life by offering best healthcare solutions and ensuring better cures and treatment.
It is the largest authorized bus and truck manufacturer in Pakistan. The industry was established in 1963. It is the authorized manufacturer and assembler of Isuzu vehicles as well. Ghandhara Industries is based in Karachi and was established by General Motors Overseas Distribution. The activities of industry are progressive in marketing, assembling and manufacturing Isuzu bus and trucks at the plant.
Searle company is a trademark of Pfizer company currently one of the main distribution trademark for numerous pharmaceuticals. company focuses mainly on pharmaceuticals, animal health, agriculture, and life sciences. However, it is the most notable company that developed first female birth control pill and also NutraSweet, the artificial sweetener. The Searle company was founded in 1888.
Just let us know your views, which company products you have used? | {
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I've been thinking about how to make a powerful weapon based on a relatively weak light transmitter which can be tuned in frequency. This could be the basis of what, in Star Trek, they call photon torpedos. The physics principle behind this kind of weapon is called "dispersion." We commonly talk about oil "dispersing" on the surface of water, or pollen dispersing in the wind, but in physics we use this word to mean something very special and also very interesting.
Try this thought experiment. Take everyone on Earth (7 billion) and have them all stand side by side on a long straight platform perpendicular to and orbiting Earth's equator. Have everyone face in the direction of the orbital velocity, using a local coordinate system where all people are on the x-axis at z=0. Give each person a baseball, and have them throw their baseball directly forward (in the direction of increasing z coordinate) at the same time. The baseballs leave the hands of every person (z = 0) at exactly the same moment (t=0). We won't worry about the x or y spatial coordinates, only how far the balls travel in the z direction as time goes on. For the moment, we shall not be concerned about the rebound of the platform due to the ejection of balls. Perhaps there is a small rocket which cancels the momentum of the expelled baseballs, keeping the platform on its original course.
Some balls are thrown faster than others, depending on each person's ability. At t=0, all the balls are clumped together at z=0. Later at time t=t1, the fast balls have moved farther from the platform than slow balls. The balls are now spread out, or dispersed, along the z-axis. With increasing time, dispersion increases: the distance between the fastest ball and the slowest ball increases with time. Thanks to Kepler's laws, each ball will return to its starting point after executing one orbit of the Earth, provided the balls don't hit the Earth (too slow) or escape Earth's gravity (too fast). If we register the time when the balls arrive, we will typically find a small number of fast balls (thrown by major league pitchers) will arrive first. This is followed by a large "hump" or high density of balls arriving later with time corresponding to the speed of an "average" thrower, since average humans are more numerous than those with special skills. Finally, a small number of balls come dribbling in at the end, thrown by unusually weak throwers such as small children. Plotting the number of balls returning versus the time it takes to circle the Earth, we will find a bell-shaped curve. This bell curve looks a little like the envelope of a "wave packet," if you have heard of that expression in quantum mechanics.
Now turn the classical baseball experiment on its head. After the first experiment, the experimenter knows the time required for each person's ball to make one orbit. Starting with the slowest thrower (longest orbital time), this person throws first. The ball comes back to the platform after known time T. Then, we ask the second slowest thrower to throw next, at just the right moment so that the second ball arrives back at the platform at time T. Carrying on with the third slowest, who throws next at the appropriate moment, we continue through all 7 million people until we reach the fastest thrower, who waits until the very last moment such that her ball arrives back at the platform again at the time T.
For the sake of argument, we use our rocket to steer the platform such that when the baseballs return after one orbit, they strike the platform from behind (but don't hit any people). If just one baseball hits the platform, we don't expect much of an impact. Even if 7 million baseballs arrive one by one, over a period of a year, each impact is small, so the people on the platform may feel a rumble but not even enough to make them fall down, since the impact of each ball is absorbed separately.
where F = force, p = momentum, and t = time.
How does this discussion lead to a powerful weapon? Suppose we build a machine that can throw one baseball at a time at a certain speed, v. We can build a destructive weapon merely by preparing 7 billion copies of this machine and causing them to throw at exactly the same moment. Since all balls have the same speed, they arrive at their destination in a giant clump, obliterating the target. But this has two problems: 1) 7 billion are a lot of machines (expensive) and 2) the instantaneous power required to trigger all machines at the same time is extraordinary, and possibly so large that Earth technology cannot feasibly produce so much energy over such a short time.
where V0 is the speed of the slowest ball, n refers to the nth ball thrown. With this choice, we ensure that every baseball arrives at the same moment, transferring large momentum in a small time and obliterating the target.
What have we gained? 1) Instead of building 7 billion machines, we built only one that is slightly more complicated (cheap). 2) Over any time period ndt, only the energy required to throw one ball is required. This is a dramatically smaller power level, which is extended over a long period of time. In total, about the same amount of energy is required for either of the above weapons, but the latter is astronomically cheaper and more energetically feasible.
Don't get me wrong, I'm not a big fan of weapons. But I can't help myself describing this particular use of physical "dispersion" since it is so fascinating.
This blog is already much too long, so we'll very quickly skip to the quantum case, in which situation we make photon torpedos.
As described in an earlier blog, the space between stars (interstellar medium) is filled with an extremely thin gas, mostly hydrogen, with approximate 1% of hydrogen atoms being ionized into free electrons and protons, called plasma. When light travels through plasma, it picks up a tiny bit of the properties of matter: photons combine with electron motions into quasiparticles that look almost like photons but have a teeny tiny bit of rest mass. This rest mass depends only on the plasma density and not on the photon energy or frequency. These quasiparticle photons, like any massive particle, suffer dispersion. Even though all "pure" photons in vacuum travel with the same speed, c = speed of light, quasiparticle photons with rest mass can travel with any speed v, where (0 <= v < c), just like any other massive particle. This is what makes photon torpedos possible.
Set up a light generator, call it an idealized tunable laser that emits radiation into a region of the interstellar medium (ISM). Low frequency light, like radio waves, travel more slowly through the ISM because they carry less total energy, hence less kinetic energy as compared with their tiny rest mass. Optical light waves travel faster, since their kinetic energy >> rest mass. X-rays, and then gamma-rays travel even faster. As a reality check we note that astronomers can ignore the slow-down even in the optical frequency range since it is small. But the slow down is never zero, even for gamma rays.
Now we perform exactly the same process with light that we did with baseballs. We begin by emitting low-energy (low frequency) radio waves. These waves can travel much less the speed of light since their total energy is not much larger than their quasiparticle rest-mass.** A little later, the laser is tuned to a higher frequency with corresponding higher speed for photon travel. Later, higher and higher frequency waves are emitted. We adjust the time of emission of the different frequencies such that they all arrive at the target at exactly the same time, packing an astounding punch. The result is in perfect analogy to the baseball experiment.
** In a typical region of the interstellar medium, the quasiparticle photon rest mass is 4e-18 eV. Oops! Did I just quote the mass in units of energy? Shame on my lazy physics habits. That should say 7e-54 kg. Despite being a small number, it is easily measured in astronomical observations.
Using only a single laser transmitter and by transmitting different frequencies at specific times, we can use a single machine to simulate the "impact" of a large number of identical machines shooting the same frequency at the same time. Also, the amount of power emitted by the laser is relatively small but carries on for a relatively long period of time. By using "dispersion" to our advantage, we cause all of that energy to arrive at the target in a short moment, packing a giant whallop far beyond the capability of a single-burst from the laser at one frequency.
So that is one way to make a photon torpedo. Or you can use electrons instead, or neutral H or He atoms, or even baseballs. All these weapons are always based on the same principle of dispersion, which is a common feature of every object that has rest mass. Which is everything.
I hope this stimulates some entertaining thoughts about dispersion. | {
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tesseract is famous open source OCR library. The original is made by HP.
imagefile is image file path.
Original tesseract is made by C, C++.
Some people create wrapper for tesseract.
For python user, we have 2 choices.
We can use pip to use pytessearct. | {
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Now that the city has acquired the additional section of abandoned railway from Iowa north to Chicago it's time to come up with a plan for the improvements.
The Nampa Parks Department presented the preliminary design to the Nampa Bicycle & Pedestrian Advisory Committee at it's meeting on October 12th and now is seeking additional input from the public at an open house to be held on November 2, from 5:30-7:00 pm at Sherman Elementary School, 1521 E. Sherman Ave. They included plenty of parking on the south side of Amity as well as a playground but they sincerely want to hear your additional thoughts and ideas, so take advantage of this open house. If you are unable to attend you can still be involved by visiting the City of Nampa website for detailed information, click on and enlarge the images below, or download the full PDF FILE HERE. Then, post your comments and questions below or email them directly to [email protected].
Nampa Parks and Recreation would love to hear from you! Once the plan is approved the city will begin completing improvements, probably in phases, as funding is available through various grants and other sources.
Looks like all is well with security on the blog posts, although they did come into the bikewalknampa.org spam instead of regular mail. Thanks for testing. | {
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Home sales slipped lower in January for the second month in a row. The Canadian Real Estate Association says sales through its multiple listing service in January were down 2.0 per cent compared with a year ago. Compared with December, January's sales were down 3.1 per cent.
The national average price for a home sold in January was $401,143, up 3.1 per cent from a year ago.
CREA says it was the smallest year-over-year increase since April 2013. | {
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She is foul-mouthed and greedy, drinks alcohol heavily, smokes marijuana , and shows movies while sleeping through class. Elizabeth tries to win over substitute teacher Scott Delacorte, who is also wealthy because his family runs a watch company. Amy Squirrel, a dedicated and enthusiastic colleague, also pursues Scott while the school's gym teacher, Russell Gettis, makes it clear that he is interested in Elizabeth romantically, and she is not interested in him because he is a gym teacher. She feels worse when Scott admits that he is interested in Amy, and that he only likes Elizabeth as a friend. Elizabeth attempts to raise money for the surgery by participating in her 7th grade class car wash in provocative clothing and by manipulating parents to give her money for more school supplies and tutoring, but her efforts are not enough. Amy, acting on the growing resentment between them due to Elizabeth pursuing Scott and ignoring school rules, attempts to warn the principal about Elizabeth's embezzlement scheme, but he dismisses her claims as groundless.
Você é melhor que um bom copo de vinho!
Hi! Thanks for adding me.
Hola! Veo tus videos y me dan ganas de que me folleto, y que mejor que registrarlo en video, saludos desde Surco!
Have you seen my wife videos and pics? What do you think about her?
The screenshots are what take your vids to an upper echelon.
No tendras un juego donde la prota sea una chica gato u elfa oscura y que la historia sea medio chistosa y wtf con un final gracioso y con shotacon incluido?
Soros was 15 years old in 1945, so exactly when and in what way did he turn traitor? | {
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Diagnostic mammogram, full-field digital, ultrasound of the breast and mammotome core biopsy of the left breast.
Patient with chest pains, CAD, and cardiomyopathy.
Cardiolite treadmill exercise stress test. The patient was exercised on the treadmill to maximum tolerance achieving after 5 minutes a peak heart rate of 137 beats per minute with a workload of 2.3 METS.
Carotid and cerebral arteriogram - abnormal carotid duplex studies demonstrating occlusion of the left internal carotid artery.
Cerebral Angiogram for avascular mass - cavernous angioma (with hematoma on MRI and Bx).
Cerebral Angiogram - Lateral medullary syndrome secondary to left vertebral artery dissection.
Cerebral Angiogram - Lobulated aneurysm of the supraclinoid portion of the left internal carotid artery close to the origin of the left posterior communicating artery.
Cerebral Angiogram and MRA for bilateral ophthalmic artery aneurysms. | {
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Your weapons of choice to protect your fuel supply from the cold.
That's right! for the low low price of $15, you can help keep your snow blower, chainsaw, tractor, generator, snowmobile, ATV, UTV, log splitter, or anything else with an engine running smoothly through the winter months. For that price, you can't afford not to!
Seriously though, you should pick up fuel stabilizer and start using it as soon as you see frost on the ground. Since I have equipment that runs on both gasoline and diesel, I pick up a bottle of additive for both types of fuel. Why should you buy this kind of stuff? I'm glad you asked!
Diesel fuel can gel at low temperature!
As the air temperature drops, diesel fuel undergoes a pretty common phenomenon. Basically the fuel is made of straight and branched chain hydrocarbons, aka parrafin. Yep, that's wax. Depending on the source of the fuel, that wax can start solidifying at different temperatures, typically around 0°F.
When the fuel drops down to these temperatures, it will start to turn cloudy, then it will solidify. This is known as gelling. It can happen in your tank, your fuel lines, your fuel filter, or your injectors! Basically it means your machine is down until the temperature goes back up!
This can be combated with a simple additive such as the one in the picture above. You can buy these at auto supply stores, Tractor Supply, and some hardware stores. As I write this, I have a $7.79 bottle sitting in my shop that will treat 100 gallons of fuel. All I do is follow the mixing proportions on the back of the bottle and use a measuring cup and funnel to add the stabilizer to my empty cans before I head out to buy more fuel.
Gasoline with ethanol attracts water!
E10 is a typical blend of gasoline you get at a pump. It contains 10% Ethanol by volume. On the upside, it adds oxygen to your fuel, promoting better combustion and lower emissions. However, this addition dramatically shortens the shelf life of gasoline and increases its tendency to absorb water. If you've ever had your car start running rough in the winter and had to use a product called "Drygas" (Isopropyl alcohol) you've been a victim of this phenomenon.
I'm all for alternative fuel research, and I'm not about to get into a debate on ethanol in gas vs no ethanol in gas. I will show you how to increase the shelf life of your fuel and make life easier for your gas operated power equipment in the winter months.
Similar to the diesel additive I mentioned before, you can put an additive in your gasoline that will stabilize it against water absorbtion, and slow down the rate at which the gasoline will oxidize (polymerize/turn to goo). All you have to do is add the amount recommended by the manufacturer to an empty can before you fill it up.
If you think you already have water in your gasoline, you'll need a "Drygas" product or some 99% Isopropyl Alcohol. Add the IPA to your tank at a ratio of .5oz per gallon of gas.
On top of the additives, you should get a cheap measuring cup and funnel. These can be had for about a dollar each.
Now get out there and do some work!
This entry was posted in Tools/Equipment and tagged car, diesel, fuel, gas, gasoline, Kubota, maintenance, Tractor, truck, winter. Bookmark the permalink. | {
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Whatever you have to say we'd love to hear from you !
Business, press, support or simply to say hello, please see the links below.
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Indie game studio
Copie de looK INside
Will you find the secrets of the family ?
looK INside is an episodic narrative game in 2.5D based on the interactions that the player performs in a book summarizing in pictures and texts the life of a French family at different times and periods in the life of its members.
You play as Manon, the youngest of a French family of whom she knows little. When she discovers a book in the attic of her parents' house, she will then be immersed in life stories.
The goal for Manon is to get to know her family through all the periods in which she has not known them and to reconstruct a complete family tree located on the first page of the book.
We offer a fable on transmission and memory, mixing literary and graphic arts and giving an air of poetry to these people whom we know so well and so badly at the same time.
We do not want to make looK INside a detective game; no mystery, no massive family secret.
We want to give the family an air of truth and simplicity.
Our ambition is to provide the player with a tailor-made experience with several means of solving small playful puzzles based on the reaction that the objects of the game have to the actions of the player.
We hope to have made a little homecoming with KIN, a tribute to these men and women who made us who we are, with their qualities and their faults but above all with their humanity.
"A good introduction, captivating, motivating for the future…[...] The old-fashioned point & click is dead, the narrative game is alive and well, and this mix of the two makes the experience particularly modern, intelligent and surprising."
- Gamesidestory
"The game has an overall friendly tone, and if you want a soft-handed narrative that lets you discover things in a clever, thought-provoking way, while still maintaining a very playful sense, you'll want to brew a nice coffee or tea and kick back with LooK INside."
- Indie Game Plus
Lauriane Aveline
Audrey Hess
Ambre Lacour
Programmeuse
Indie game studio based in Montpellier, South of France
Copyright 2021 Unexpected Studio | {
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What are some advantages and disadvantages of the one-to-many model and the many-to-many model?
I need a 120 word message for each of the questions/themes down below. Must include references for each one. must have a question for the class at the end of each one. Read instructions carefully. Should be 5 words message of 120 words each, then a question at the end, then references. Content for the writing will be attached.
1. What are some advantages and disadvantages of the one-to-many model and the many-to-many model?
2. Who Controls the Media?
3. Media as a Health Promotion Tool
4. Effective Use of Media
5. Getting Your Message Across
Using the Power of Media to Influence Health Policy and Politics
Beth Gharrity Gardner, Barbara Glickstein, Diana J. Mason
"Power relations … as well as the processes challenging institutionalized power relations are increasingly shaped and decided in the communication field."
Manual Castells
In the 2008 Presidential campaign, social media did for the Obama campaign what the then new media of television did for John F. Kennedy in 1960. From the onset of his campaign, then U.S. Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) enlisted the support of Chris Hughes, a founder of Facebook, and David Axelrod, a former partner in the public relations firm ASK Public Strategies. Hughes and Axelrod built a team that marshaled every tool in the social media and marketing toolbox to create and sustain the Obama campaign. The campaign was ahead of competitors in using social media to connect with a growing audience of followers on Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. In the general election, then Senator Obama had 118,107 followers on Twitter, outpacing his opponent John McCain's 2865 followers by a factor of 40 to 1 (Lardinois, 2008). He used social media to build a grassroots movement that resulted in his historic victory (Talbot, 2008).
By the 2012 Presidential elections, the majority of social media users expected candidates to have a social media presence and stated that social media provided information that influenced their voting decisions (Steele, 2012). These trends among voters, and young voters in particular, were not lost on the Romney and Obama campaigns. By the eve of the 2012 conventions, both campaigns were regularly updating blogs on their websites and posting to Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. As in 2008, Obama drastically outpaced all of his competitors in the volume of messages sent, the number of followers or fans, and in social media response (e.g., shares, views, and comments) (Pew Research Center's Journalism Project Staff, 2012; Shaughnessy, 2012). Voters also played a larger role in communicating campaign messages. In 2012, the top five trending political topics on Facebook were "Barak Obama," "Mitt Romney," "voted," "four more years," and "Paul Ryan" (Groshek & Al-Rawi, 2013). Social media is now fully integrated into political campaigning and engagement (see Chapter 48).
The use of social media has not been limited to political campaigning. Launched immediately after Obama's 2008 win, Change.gov provided a website for people to share their ideas for improving legislation before it was signed into law. This sent the message that Obama had no intention of being limited by a traditional media operation as President. Rather, he was going to continue to engage people in supporting his agenda for the nation through multiple channels. When health care reform was teetering from a growing army of dissenters blocking its passage, he continued using social media to mobilize supporters to pressure Congress to act before the April 2010 recess. President Obama also took to the road and held town meetings in key communities because he knew that these meetings would garner reports on primetime television and radio and take a front-page position in newspapers. He could count on the primetime news including a sound bite and visual image of him speaking before a crowd of enthusiastic Ohioans. The personal appearances were a way to get his message to those who were not yet social media enthusiasts and to reinforce it with those who were already his followers on Twitter and 121Facebook. In 2014, when the open enrollment window for signing up for health insurance drew to a close, Obama appeared on the show "Between Two Ferns," an online parody of celebrity interviews hosted by comedian Zach Galifianakis, to urge young adults to go to Healthcare.gov to sign up for health insurance. This unlikely appearance garnered coverage across traditional and social media platforms.
New digital information and communication technologies have dramatically changed how and what we think about communicating with others, whether connecting with family or building a grassroots political movement to push policymakers to pass new laws. Even traditional media outlets are now augmenting their work with all sorts of social media to extend their reach, impact, and, in some cases, survival. Legislators are routinely launching blogs, using Facebook, and tweeting to make their voices heard and to connect with their constituents. This chapter looks at the integration of traditional and social media as powerful tools for nurses to harness in shaping health policy and politics. Throughout, we draw insights from contemporary and past cases to highlight the role of media in influencing health policy and politics.
Seismic Shift in Media: One-to-Many and Many-to-Many
In the 21st century there has been a seismic shift in the way media is created and distributed. For many years, the dominant paradigm in media was a model in which one broadcaster sent a message out to a mass audience. This broadcast model is referred to as the one-to-many model. This model has been challenged by the Internet and user-generated content in which many people create media and distribute it to their individualized networks. This new model is sometimes referred to as the many-to-many model because it provides opportunities for feedback and interaction, features that have led to the ubiquitous use of the term "social media."
We now have convergence media, or the interweaving of traditional and social media. Rather than these platforms remaining separate, traditional and networked media are working side by side. For instance, even though the New York Times in print or even as an app is mostly a one-to-many broadcasting media model, the newspaper's blogs, videos, and comment sections reflect the digital side of the newspaper as a networked media platform. News organizations exclusive to the online environment have been created and some veteran print publications have moved entirely or mostly online, but the degree of convergence is unclear (Hindman, 2009).
Mass Media: the One-to-Many Model
Traditional media in radio, television, film, and newspapers was based on the idea that one broadcaster would try to reach as many audience members as possible. However, for those interested in influencing health policy and politics through the media there were many advantages and some significant disadvantages to the one-to-many model of broadcast media (Abramson, 2003).
Radio, film, and television have all been used to communicate messages about health to consumers and policymakers alike. What all these media share is the ability to broadcast a message to a mass audience, sometimes in the millions or tens of millions. When there were few media outlets it was possible to repeatedly broadcast a consistent message to a wide audience. The use of mass media has been a major tool in health promotion campaigns because it reaches a large audience and is capable of promoting healthy social change (Institute of Medicine, 2002; Wakefield, Loken & Hornik, 2010).
There are also disadvantages to mass media communications. Large corporations own media outlets and control what goes out through their channels and the expense of buying time or space in major media outlets can be prohibitive, especially for nonprofit organizations. Mass media campaigns, by definition, are intended to reach a wide audience but are not as effective at reaching target populations. For example, a mass media campaign about HIV prevention may reach a wide audience but fail to reach the specific population that is most vulnerable to infection. However, political operatives have developed increasingly sophisticated approaches to segmenting and targeting specific electoral districts with mass media when they want 122to pressure a policymaker who may hold a deciding vote on an important bill. Such organizations buy commercial time on the dominant television station in that policymaker's district. However, what no form of mass media does very well is allow users to create and distribute their own content with the messages they find most important.
Many-to-Many: User-Generated Content and the "Prosumer"
The rise of the Internet, and specifically websites that rely on users to generate content, are part of a new landscape of media creation and distribution. The early Internet featured websites that were one-way flows of information. The paradigm-shifting quality of the Internet began to emerge with the rise of Web 2.0, a term popularized by Tim O'Reilly (2005) at a conference in 2004. Web 2.0 refers to a range of Internet practices based on information-sharing, social networks, and collaborations, rather than the one-way communication style of the early era of the Internet. The key idea with the concept of Web 2.0 is that people are using the Internet to connect with other people, through their old face-to-face networks and through newly formed online social networks and communities of interest.
Prosumption is a term that some people use to describe this shift. Prosumption is the idea that producing and consuming are combined in this new many-to-many paradigm. Rather than an elite few who produce media for a mass audience to consume, now we are all both producers and consumers, or prosumers of media. The many-to-many paradigm refers not to a new form of technology but to a new way that people make use of that technology (Ritzer & Jurgenson, 2010). Social media tools may work best by enabling the development of communities of interest and social networks that successfully narrowcast, as opposed to broadcast, to like-minded individuals. Only time will tell how the many-to-many model will permeate the political communication landscape. Regardless, the collaborative, information-sharing Internet practices have broad implications for health media, policy, and politics, but they do not mean the end of mass media.
The Power of Media
A now classic example of the power of media in shaping health policy arose during the first months of William Jefferson Clinton's presidency when he tried but failed to enact health care reform legislation despite campaigning on a policy platform that sought to guarantee comprehensive health care coverage for every American. In 1993, he proposed the Health Security Act to Congress and the public with the hope that this would become a landmark legislation. Clinton's proposal initially had substantial public support, because many believed the country had a moral imperative to extend health care coverage to all who live in the United States. However, according to an analysis by the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania (1995), one of the primary factors that unraveled the legislation's progress was the Harry and Louise campaign (a series of television advertisements about two fictional characters, Harry and Louise), which was sponsored by the Health Insurance Association of America (HIAA), an ardent opponent to the President's plan.
Actors portrayed a white, middle-class couple voicing grave concerns about the bill. They said, "Under the President's bill, we'll lose our right to choose our own physician," and "What happens if the plan runs out of money?" Although the ads were not the only reason for the demise of the Clinton plan, the Harry and Louise television spots encouraged fear and negativity within the span of 60 seconds. Suddenly, it seemed as though many of the Americans who had been concerned about the growing numbers of uninsured would become more concerned about how the bill would affect their own health care options and withdraw their support from the Act. What few people realize is that even though a large segment of the population remained convinced that the health care system needed major change, the commercials convinced decision makers that public sentiment was against the reforms. This is one of the things that make the media so powerful: media discourse impacts policymaking because policymakers "assume its pervasive influence" (Gamson, 2004, p. 243). The target audience for the Harry and Louise ads was not the 123public directly; rather, it was policymakers and those who could influence how the public perceived the issue, such as journalists. The ads originally aired in the country's major media centers: Washington, DC; Los Angeles; New York City; and Atlanta. They were seen and reported on by journalists. In fact, the ads and the issue under debate got more airtime by becoming part of the journalists' news stories (West, Heith, & Goodwin, 1996). Many people saw the ads or heard about them through viewing them on the evening news, not as a paid advertisement.
The Harry and Louise commercials are an example of the power of the media in policy and politics. It was a deliberate media strategy to reframe a public policy issue and mobilize a public constituency around it. The media saturate large numbers of people with images that directly or indirectly influence their opinions, shape their attitudes and beliefs, and transform their behavior (McLuhan, 1964). As such, understanding what is and is not shifting in the templates of message production, dissemination, and consumption is crucial for understanding media impacts.
Media campaigns such as these often rely on invoking viewer reactions through the use of misleading or extreme characterizations of legislation or opponents. Recent research suggests that such uncivil discourse is on the rise, especially in nontraditional media, such as talk radio and political blogs (Sobieraj & Berry, 2011; Jamieson, 2012). Given the traditional news values of controversy and conflict, such talk in new media channels may be especially likely to gain coverage from other media outlets. Another longstanding pathway to mass influence is through large media advertising expenditures. The amount of spending on political advertisements is often the largest segment of lobbying expenditure for sponsoring organizations. In 2014, an estimated $2.6 billion was spent on political advertising (Kantar U.S. Insights, 2014). Media advertising campaigns often conceal sponsorship with ambiguous or misleading names and may use cloaked websites to enhance the effectiveness of their deception. Cloaked websites are published by individuals or groups who conceal authorship to deliberately disguise a hidden political agenda (Daniels, 2009). The lack of transparency of political advertising has a Machiavellian quality to it. Although advertisements for a political candidate are required to include a statement from the candidate that he or she authorized the ad, no such requirement exists for transparency of sponsorship of ads advocating policy positions.
The traditional media industry has been owned by six major corporations that, prior to the growth of social media, controlled 90% of the news Americans read, saw, or heard (Lutz, 2012). In 2003, the Federal Communications Commission voted to ease the restrictions on cross-ownership between different news entities, permitting one corporation to own the primary television, radio, and newspaper outlets in a community. This enabled a single corporation to control messages and put forth a particular perspective. CNN founder Ted Turner objected to this consolidation of corporate media power, arguing that allowing this cross-ownership "will extend the market dominance of the media corporations that control most of what Americans read, see, or hear" and "give them more power to cut important ideas out of the public debate" (Harris, 2005, p. 83).
The gap created by the declining revenue streams and reduced newsrooms for traditional or legacy media are starting to be filled by actors building new news operations and resuscitating long-standing ones. For instance, the Kaiser Family Foundation launched its own nonprofit news organization, Kaiser Health News, in 2009. Their content is now regularly carried in traditional news outlets. Newer digital news outlets are also gaining revenue and recruiting talent from traditional media news staffs. Revenue is recently coming from entrepreneurs who are investing in the media industry; for example, Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos purchased the Washington Post in 2013. Although traditional news media continue to face revenue challenges, the largest numbers of journalists producing original reporting still come from the newspaper industry (Mitchell, 2013; 2014). In this more digital and diversified media field, the pathways to 124getting on the public's agenda may be more complex but many of the traditional media still adhere to familiar lines of influence.
Social media can actually drive traditional media to cover issues that major newsrooms may not deem worthy of their limited space and time, thus advancing political advocacy. One success story is that of the YouTube video campaign, Kony 2012, launched by Invisible Children, seeking to spur international awareness of the actions of Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony and his Lord's Resistance Army. Within a few days the video drew millions of viewers and spread to other social media such as Twitter, where it became the top story. Within weeks, the Senate introduced a bipartisan resolution condemning Kony. According to Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), "This is about someone who, without the Internet and YouTube, their dastardly deeds would not resonate with politicians. When you get 100 million Americans looking at something, you will get our attention" (Wong, 2012).
According to a survey conducted a week after the video's release, the way people learned about this story varied strikingly by age cohort. Around half of young adults (aged 18 to 29) who had heard about the video first did so through social media, compared with an even mix of social and traditional news sources for those aged 30 to 49. Traditional media, especially television, informed most adults aged 50 and over (Rainie et al., 2012b).
The ownership of the Internet (e.g., online infrastructures, operating systems, and search engines) is following consolidation patterns similar to traditional media, with a few large companies such as Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, and Microsoft dominating the field (Freepress.net, 2014). Nonetheless, the more decentralized structure of the Web may better enable citizens to not only break news, but shape it. This bodes well for nurses who have not always been able to garner media attention for their issues. A study commissioned by Sigma Theta Tau and published in 1998 documented nursing's invisibility in the media. The Woodhull Study on Nursing and the Media found that nurses were included in health stories in major print media (newspapers and news magazines published in September 1997) less than 4% of the time, even when they would have been germane to the story. And even more disturbing, nurses were represented in health care industry publications (such as Modern Healthcare) less than 1% of the time.
These findings may indicate a systematic journalistic bias against nursing. They also arise because nurses have not been proactive in accessing traditional media. Social media provides an opportunity for nurses to not wait for traditional media to value their perspectives. Nurses can use social media to create and distribute messages, to engage others to care about an issue, and to discuss issues from various vantage points. Given that the annual Gallup Poll continues to find that Americans rate the honesty and ethical standards of nurses higher than any other profession (e.g., in 2013, 82% for nurses, 69% for physicians, 21% for newspaper reporters, 8% for members of Congress), nurses have a unique opportunity to send persuasive messages (Gallup, 2014).
If nurses want visibility, they must become cyberactivists. Cyberactivists are people who want to create change in a variety of issues and have taken up the use of new media technologies and strategies that characterize Web 2.0 (McCaughey & Ayers, 2003), fusing the old and new media methods to allow for the widest range of engagement with the public. It has never been easier to become a cyberactivist because new digital technologies have lowered the motivational thresholds for activism, making it much easier to create, join, and coordinate groups (Shirky, 2008; Polletta et al., 2013). Nursing organizations are particularly well positioned to mount focused social media campaigns because they already have a list of people who can begin the spreading of messages. However, social networks are becoming crowded, so getting noticed requires a thoughtful strategy.
Distributed Campaigns
Obama's social media campaign strategy was a distributed campaign, a bottom-up rather than a top-down approach to political campaigns that depends on a message spreading from the grassroots rather than broadcasting and control by the campaign staff (Ozimek, 2005). These campaigns are designed 125to involve more than core supporters. Distributed campaigns seek to engage swing voters and to provide opportunities for core supporters to craft messages that may appeal to these swing voters more effectively than messages created by campaign staff, thereby strengthening the commitment of core supporters to the campaign. E-mail, blogs, and other social media are used by campaign staff to initiate a dialogue that is subsequently developed by a broad community of supporters. Additionally, supporter-generated content such as more personalized Facebook groups and YouTube videos can be incorporated into the campaign.
Evidence supports the potential for distributed campaigns. In terms of shaping political communication, a 2012 Pew Internet and American Life Project survey found that 66% of social media users (estimated to be 39% of all American adults) are politically active on these sites, by posting links to political stories, encouraging others to vote, or encouraging others to take political action (Rainie et al., 2012a; Smith, 2013). In terms of consuming political information, a 2013 Pew survey indicates that approximately half of Facebook and Twitter users obtained news on those sites (Holcomb, Gottfried, & Mitchell, 2013).
Distributed campaigns provide people with tools for activism such as petitions to sign, e-mail scripts to send, or letters to sign and send to legislators. Organizations, such as Democracy in Action ( salsalabs.com/democracyinaction ), are available to help build the capacity of groups that want to develop action tools for reaching diverse audiences in distributive campaigns. Living in a media-saturated world can sometimes feel like being in a cacophony of conflicting voices. The challenge is how to use these powerful tools most effectively.
Linking in to Existing Communities
Most people regularly find information online from sources that are familiar or already aligned with their views (Hindman, 2009). Similarly, popular search engines such as Yahoo! and Google structure or filter links in a way that facilitates this return to the familiar and the mainstream. One way to work both with and around these patterns may be to link into existing communities of interest and social networks rooted in friends and family. In the Kony 2012 case discussed earlier, Senator Chris Coons (D-DE) told reporters that his 12-year-old twins and his 11-year-old daughter alerted him to the issue (Wong, 2012), which they and their peers most likely learned about through social media (Rainie et al., 2012b). Just as they have offline, the networked worlds of friendship, family, hobbies, and leisure groups may routinely overlap with political engagement and communication.
Such overlap is evident in data from the 2013 University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism's national digital future survey (Center for the Digital Future, 2013). In 2013, 16.7% of Internet users identified themselves as a member of an online community, defined as "a group that shares thoughts or ideas, or works on common projects, through electronic communication only." More than half of these groups were devoted to members' hobbies (62%). Other groups were social (39%) or professional (33%) with only 12% described as political. However, 85% of online community members said they used the Internet to participate in communities related to social causes (this was up 10% from 2007 and 40% from 2006); and nearly three quarters said they had participated in new social causes since they joined an online community.
Friends, family, and communities of interest may convince those who might not otherwise join a cause to join because they help to either create concern about the cause or motivate the individual to shift from concern to participation (Polletta et al., 2013). As these exchanges are increasingly enabled through social media networks, traditional media avenues for getting on the public's agenda are being restructured.
Getting on the Public's Agenda
One of the most important roles that the media plays is getting issues on the agendas of the public and policymakers. What the mainstream media do or do not cover is equally powerful in determining which issues policymakers take into consideration. But the mainstream media's role in defining what 126is mainstream appears to be diminishing due to three interrelated factors: the abundance of new social media platforms, the lowered costs of producing media campaigns that can directly reach the public, and the downsizing among traditional news media outlets that may be undermining the quality of their reporting. The news-consuming public has responded to these interrelated trends. A survey conducted by the PEW Research Center early in 2013 found that nearly a third of people abandoned a particular news source because it was no longer providing the quality information they had come to expect (Enda & Mitchell, 2013). The Digital Future Report (Center for the Digital Future, 2013) also found that 30% of Internet users stopped a subscription to a newspaper or magazine because they could get the same information online. Additionally, more people are seeking out news stories they hear about via social media, even when they weren't looking (Mitchell, 2014). Most American adults (73%) get news from family and friends through word of mouth, but now around 15% are getting it from family and friends through social networking, and the percentage relying on social media is even higher for 18- to 29-year olds (nearly 25%) (Mitchell, 2013).
News as Entertainment: Infotainment
The news media remain instrumental in getting issues onto the agenda of policymakers and generating the political campaign interest that encourages citizens to the voting booths (Groshek & Dimitrova, 2011), but non-news entertainment television programs can also mobilize public constituencies around an issue. Although the Internet has become a more important source for entertainment among Internet users, television remains the primary source for entertainment (Center for the Digital Future, 2013). This may be caused by the fact that television continues to be the dominant form of media in most people's lives, despite the rise of other forms of media online. In 2013, the television was on around 35 hours per week in the average American household (Nielsen Reports, 2013). Teenagers still spend more time watching TV than they do online (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts, 2010). The Internet may be where people go to find out about a health issue, but they often first become aware of the issue through television and films.
Turow (1996) points out that non-news television entertainment that often stereotypes power relationships may be more successful than the news in shaping people's views of issues. Highly viewed TV presentations of health care hold political significance that should be assessed alongside news. Medical and nursing dramas on broadcast and cable television, such as Grey's Anatomy, ER, and Nurse Jackie, are often important sources of information about health and health policy for a wide audience. Researchers Turow and Gans (2002) systematically evaluated one television season of four hour-long medical dramas and found that health care policy issues appeared regularly in the programs. Evidence from a national telephone survey indicates that the percentage of regular viewers of the show ER who were aware that HPV is a sexually transmitted disease was higher (28%) one week after viewing an episode of the show about HPV than before seeing the show (9%). Even 6 weeks after viewing the episode, 16% had retained this knowledge. This capacity to quickly get a message out to millions of people through an hour-long drama is part of the reason that many health advocates work to get their particular issue included in a storyline of a major network drama.
Documentary films, in conjunction with online campaigns, are influencing health policy and politics while achieving mainstream commercial success. For example, two documentaries, The Invisible War(2012) and Service: When Women Come Marching Home (2011) were groundbreaking in creating public conversations about military sexual assault. Both were viewed by members of Congress and used as organizing tools nationally to get the public behind an agenda to change the military's practices. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY), Senator and Chairwoman of the Personnel Subcommittee on the Armed Services Committee, cited The Invisible War as shaping her decision to draft a bill to overhaul military sexual-assault policies by removing the chain of command from prosecuting 127sexual assaults. Although the bill was defeated in March of 2014, her yearlong campaign drew many supporters and put the issue firmly on the political agenda.
Media as a Health Promotion Tool
Media can promote health in three ways: public education, social marketing, and media advocacy. The first two are often used to help people change their health behaviors by acquiring important information they lacked (public education) or through visual or verbal messaging that can shift a person's attitudes and values (social marketing). Both can also be used in political campaigns and to shape public policy, but media advocacy specifically targets public policy.
Media Advocacy
Media advocacy is the strategic use of media to apply pressure to advance a social or public policy initiative (Dorfman & Krasnow 2014; Wallack & Dorfman, 1996). It is a tool for policy change by mobilizing constituencies and stakeholders to support or oppose specific policy changes. It is a means of political action. It differs from social marketing and public education approaches to public health, as noted in Table 14-1. Media advocacy defines the primary problem as a power gap, as opposed to an information gap, so mobilization of stakeholders is needed to influence the development of public policies.
TABLE 14-1
Media Advocacy Versus Social Marketing and Public Education Approaches to Public Health
Media Advocacy Social Marketing and Public Education
Individual as advocate Individual as audience
Advances healthy public policies Develops health messages
Changes the environment Changes the individual
Target is person with power to make change Target is person with problem or is at risk
Addresses the power gap Addresses the information gap
Adapted from Wallack, L., & Dorfman, L. (1996). Media advocacy: A strategy for advancing policy and promoting health. Health Education Quarterly, 23(3), 297. Copyright 1996 by Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications.
The success of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) illustrates the power of media advocacy. MADD was formed in 1980 at a time when a drunk driver could kill a child and it would not be treated as a crime. MADD developed a policy agenda aimed at preventing drunk driving. It developed a Rating the States program to bring public attention to what state governments were and were not doing to fight alcohol-impaired driving. Then, just after Thanksgiving (the beginning of a period of high numbers of alcohol-related traffic accidents), MADD representatives held local press conferences with their state's officials and members of other advocacy groups to announce the state's rating. Local and national broadcast and print press brought the story to an estimated 62.5 million people. Subsequently, lawmakers in at least eight states took action to address drunken driving (Russell et al., 1995).
Today, MADD's website ( www.madd.org ) provides information in a number of areas: policies that people can endorse, a walk to raise funds to support the organization's work, a link to its Twitter page, and news about drunk driving initiatives. Getting on the news media's agenda is one of the functions of media advocacy (Dorfman & Krasnow, 2014). With numerous competing potential stories, media advocacy employs strategies to frame an issue in a way that will attract media coverage. For example, MADD often created media events by putting a wrecked car in front of a local high school a few days prior to a prom. Journalists flocked to these events and the visual impact of the wrecked car got people's attention. The news accounts and parental outrage that resulted from these media events eventually led to wide social support for the concept of the designated driver and harsher penalties for driving under the influence.
How a message is presented is as important as getting the attention of the news media. Debates surrounding the passage and implementation of the Affordable Care Act demonstrate this point. It certainly got on the media's agenda, but many 128important messages were lost in the news coverage that emphasized the controversies such as death panels and horror stories of individuals finding their insurance policies cancelled.
Getting an issue on the agenda of the public and policymakers and shaping the message requires framing. Framing "defines the boundaries of public discussion about an issue" (Wallack & Dorfman, 1996, p. 299). Even more simply put, a frame is a "thought organizer" (Gamson, 2004, p. 245). Reframing involves breaking out of the dominant perspective (or frame) on an issue to define a new way of thinking about it that can lead to very different ideas about potentially effective policy responses. Reframing requires working hard to understand the dominant frame, the values that underpin it as well as its limitations, and then exploring new frames.
Framing applies to all messaging and policy work, whether changing staffing policies in a hospital or promoting legislation that will remove soft drinks from schools. Framing for access to the media entails shaping the issue in a way that will attract media attention. It helps to attach the issue to a local concern, anniversaries, or celebrities or to make news by holding events that will attract the press, such as releasing new research at a press conference (Jernigan & Wright, 1996). Linking to issues already on the political agenda or the media's agenda (as newsworthy) can also be advantageous to gaining access. Most importantly, it requires some element of controversy (albeit not over the accuracy of an advocate's facts), conflict, injustice, or irony. The targeted medium or media will shape how the story is presented. For example, television requires compelling visual images. If a broad audience is to be reached, a powerful, brief message on television can provide a quick frame for an issue and influence how people will view it, but the interactive nature of social media provides the opportunity for others to continue to reframe a message, helping people to break out of a dominant frame.
Framing for content once you are in front of the media is more difficult than framing for access. A compelling individual story may gain visibility in some media, but there is no guarantee that the reporter or social media activists will focus on the public policy changes that are desired. Wallack and Dorfman (1996, p. 300) suggest that this reframing can be accomplished by the following:
• Emphasizing the social dimensions of the problem and translating an individual's personal story into a public issue
• Shifting the responsibility for the problem from the individual to the executive or public official whose decisions can address the problem
• Presenting solutions as policy alternatives
• Making a practical appeal to support the solution
• Using compelling images and symbols that resonate with the values of the audience
• Using the authentic voices of people who have experience with the problem
• Anticipating the opposition and knowing all sides of the issue
Focus on Reporting
Few journalists have the time and the editorial support or the breadth and depth of knowledge about science to provide thorough reporting on health issues that have policy implications. This often results in less-than-adequate reporting on important issues, such as how communities should respond to the West Nile virus. Roche (2002) examined print media coverage of the approaches to reducing the mosquito population to reduce the incidence of, and mortality from, West Nile encephalitis. None of the newspapers or magazines examined gave any information about risk of mortality from pesticide exposure or a cost analysis of this approach. Roche concluded that the public is "operating 'in the dark' in evaluating the question of whether pesticides should be deployed."
Nurses can assist journalists and cyberactivists by both reframing health policy issues and providing the depth of detail that others may lack. For example, a journalist covering a story on the nursing shortage has focused on the faculty shortage and the need to produce more nurses. You could help the journalist to see that framing the story as purely 129one of a supply issue, getting more people into the pipeline, misses the important issues of retention of existing nurses. While talking with this journalist does not ensure that your frame will be incorporated into the journalist's story, you can publicize the frame you believe is important through your blog, Facebook page, or Twitter account.
One strategy is to facilitate information exchange in the public arena by becoming news makers, aggregators, or curators of health news. Posting links to news articles and research on critical policy issues on social media sites, such as Facebook, makes the news easy to find. As searching for health information has become the third most popular online activity for all Internet users 18 and over (Zickuhr, 2010), nurses are positioned to explain complex health policy issues by breaking them down. This can be done not just for information sharing but also for civil engagement so that people will act, whether by having a conversation with a co-worker about the issue or contacting government representatives. Facebook friends, including other nurse colleagues, can share on Facebook, which reposts these articles to their personal networks to widen the community. Social networking can generate a buzz and create conversations about an issue or policy. It is digital activism and it has enormous potential to build networks, propagate power, and frame issues.
Effective Use of Media
The following recommendations provide readers with a starting point for effectively using traditional and social media.
Positioning Yourself as an Expert
Health policy was once the domain of a limited field of experts setting the agenda for everyone else. The rise of user-generated content signals a radical departure from this approach. It signifies a profound transformation in what it means to be an expert and who is an expert. New media provides nurses with platforms to reach the public as media makers and aggregators of reliable health research information.
Gain Credentials.
There are many types of credentials, although they are typically thought of as degrees from educational institutions, work titles, and affiliations. Some institutions require that their employees notify them of any interaction with the media, but this may be unnecessary if you don't name the institution in your interview or other communication. For example, you could be a nurse in women's health at a community hospital.
Become an Expert in Your Field.
Becoming the go-to person who is the expert on a topic or particular field is another way to establish yourself as an expert. You can establish this by launching your own professional website, blog, and Twitter and Facebook pages, as well as by meeting with local journalists who cover health.
Use Personal and Clinical Experience.
Part of why MADD's campaign has been compelling is their strategic use of stories from women whose children have been killed as a result of drunk driving. These bereaved mothers involved with MADD have transformed themselves into experts on the policy of driving while intoxicated and have used their experience to make this point with policymakers. Similarly, people who were infected with HIV/AIDS in the 1980s and believed that the federal government was acting too slowly to move treatment through clinical trials made themselves experts on the science of the disease and by using a variety of tactics including personal accounts of their illnesses, forced policymakers to speed up the time for drugs to reach the market. The Internet facilitates the rise of this kind of expertise.
Getting Your Message Across
Getting your message to the appropriate target audience requires careful analysis and planning. For example, you might want to target a message to local homeowners, many of whom watch a particular TV station's evening news. To get television coverage, you must have a visual story. California nurses staged a media event on a senior health issue by staging a "rock around the clock" marathon, with seniors in rocking chairs outside an insurance 130company. They received press coverage of the event, which elicited some supportive letters to the editor as well as some negative press from seniors who said that they were stereotyping older adults. See Box 14-1 for guidelines for getting your message across in traditional media, and Box 14-2 for ways to use social media tools to reach an audience.
Box 14-1
Guidelines for Getting Your Message Across
The following guidelines will help you shape your message and get it delivered to the right media:
• What is the nature of the issue?
• What is the context of the issue? (e.g., timing, history, and current political environment)
• Who is, or could be, interested in this issue?
• What's the angle or the "so what"? Why should anyone care? What is news?
• Is there a sound bite that represents the issue in a catchy, memorable way?
• Can you craft rhetoric that will represent core values of the target audience?
• How can you frame nursing's interests as the public's interests (e.g., as consumers, mothers, fathers, women, taxpayers, and health professionals)?
The Target Audience
• Who is the target audience? Is it the public, policymakers, or journalists?
• If the public is the target audience, which segments of the public?
• What medium is appropriate for the target audience? Does this audience watch television? If so, are the members of this audience likely to watch a talk show or a news magazine show? Or do they read newspapers, listen to radio, or surf the Internet? Or are they likely to do all of these?
Access to the Media
• What relationships do you have with reporters and producers? Have you called or written letters or thank-you notes to particular journalists? Have you requested a meeting with the editorial board of the local community newspaper to discuss your issue and what the members of the board might think about reporting on it?
• How can you get the media's attention? Is there a hot issue you can connect your issue to? Is there a compelling human interest story? Do you have a press release that describes your issue in a succinct, compelling way? Do you have other printed materials that will attract journalists' attention within the first 3 seconds of viewing it? Are there photographs you can take in advance and then send out with your press release? Can you digitalize the images and make them available on a website for downloading onto a newspaper?
• Whom should you contact in the medium or media of choice?
• Are you prepared? Are you news conscious? Do you watch, listen, clip, and track who covers what and how they cover it? What is the format of the program, and who is the journalist? What is the style of the program or journalist?
• Who are your spokespersons? Do they have the requisite expertise on the issue? Do they have a visual or voice presence appropriate for the medium? What is their personal connection to the issue, and do they have stories to tell? Have they been trained or rehearsed for the interview?
• Prepare for the interview. Obtain information on your interviewer and the program by reviewing the interviewer's work or talking with public relations experts in your area. Select the one, two, or three major points that you want to get across in the interview. Identify potential controversies and how you would respond to them, and rehearse the interview with a colleague.
• During the interview, listen attentively to the interviewer. Recognize opportunities to control the interview and get your primary point across more than once. What is your sound bite? Even if the interviewer asks a question that does not address your agenda, return the focus of the interview to your agenda and to your sound bite with finesse and persistence.
• Try to be an interesting guest. Come ready with rich, illustrative stories. Avoid yes or no answers to questions.
• Know that you do not have to answer all questions and should avoid providing comments that would embarrass you if they were headlines. If you don't know the answer to a question, say so and offer to get back to the interviewer with the information.
• Avoid being disrespectful or arguing with the interviewer.
• Remember that being interviewed can be an anxiety-producing experience for many people. This is a normal reaction. Do some slow deep-breathing or relaxation exercises before the interview, but know that some nervousness can be energizing.
• Write a letter of thanks to the producer or journalist afterward.
• Provide feedback to the producer or journalist on the response that you have received to the interview or the program or coverage.
Mobile and particularly text messaging is the ideal medium for communicating with everyone equally, regardless of their age, gender, or economic status. To get started, do the following:
• Create a subscriber base with zip codes so text alerts can be targeted to subscribers; you can then ask people in a specific Congressional district to contact their representative about an important issue.
• Send alerts about a news item, an action, or a "meet-up"—the calling of a gathering of people for a shared interest.
• Send a link to a website or local news item.
• Feature a text-alert campaign on your website homepage.
Blogs are great ways for you to share your opinions and ideas on health and social topics and to bring attention to important issues. The following are some tips for blogging:
• Be creative.
• Engage your audience and invite readers to get involved.
• Tell important stories.
• Share your process (how your organization works).
• Share successes and challenges.
• Write short, action-oriented posts.
• Link to interesting local news.
• Find your niche.
• Be a subject matter expert.
• Be conversational.
• Write like you'd talk to your neighbor.
One website that provides easy tools for starting a blog is www.wordpress.com .
Facebook ( www.facebook.com )
Facebook provides a vehicle for building and growing a community. Lots of people are on Facebook to stay connected with friends and family. You can also create a Facebook page for your professional life, since mixing the two can be problematic if you're a clinician.
• Create a page for your organization or specific causes or issues; updates may include a new action item and a new goal.
• Upload relevant videos, photos, and articles.
• Turn your cause into a campaign.
• Set an achievable goal, and find a creative way to engage people to invite their friends.
• Host short-term causes.
• Use the announcements feature to keep followers informed.
• Always send new info.
• Keep it short.
• If one idea doesn't work too well, don't be afraid to shut it down and try a new idea!
Twitter ( www.twitter.com )
Twitter asks one question, "What are you doing?" Answers must be under 140 characters in length and can be sent via mobile texting, instant message, or the Internet.
Photo and Video Sharing Sites: YouTube ( www.youtube.com ) and Flickr ( www.flickr.com )
Photos and videos can provide important visual messages, enabling issues to get on the public's agenda by drawing attention to a cause. YouTube has created an online video community. Flickr is a way to manage and access photos.
Blogging and Microblogging
Increasingly, blogs are used as ways to communicate personal experiences and opinions. Theresa Brown is an oncology nurse living and working in Pittsburgh. Her first career was as a doctorally prepared English professor before deciding that she wanted to work more closely with people. She wrote a narrative about a dying patient that was published on the first page of the New York TimesScience section, which until then had been dominated by physicians' narratives. She was then invited to contribute to the Times' health blog, Well. As a result, issues of concern to practicing nurses received regular visibility through her posts. Her expertise as a nurse in cancer care is clearly valued by those who post responses to her blog entries.
Twitter, an example of microblogging, is a great way for nurses to listen as well as to talk to others on a very direct level. Twitter allows users to post short, 140-character messages (called tweets). For longer conversations, people use hashtags (# symbols) to track topics. People are very creative in the way they use Twitter and it holds a great deal of potential for nurses. For example, a Twitter TweetChat is a prearranged chat that happens on Twitter through the use of Twitter posts (tweets) that include a predefined hashtag to link those tweets together in a virtual conversation. There is even a URL that provides a schedule of health-related TweetChats (www.symplur.com/healthcare-hashtags/tweet-chats/ ). When you can't attend a conference but know the hashtag that is being used by those in attendance, you can search for it on Twitter, read the live tweets, and join the discussion by tweeting from wherever you are. It represents both a media and a marketing tool. Each presenter's remarks and recommendations can reach a wider audience.
You can also use Twitter to convey a position on legislation that is up for a vote on the local, state, or national level to inform public debate on how this policy will impact the health and well-being of individuals and communities. Also, you can use Twitter and other social media to link to relevant data supporting a particular position and to see what others are saying about this policy: Is it positive? Negative? Misinformed? Journalists frequently use Twitter to find sources of information on stories they are covering or to simply uncover new stories. Following key health journalists can provide opportunities for recommending yourself or other nurses as experts on specific topics or to help them to reframe their stories.
Digital Media and Social Networking Sites (SNS)
The development of Web 2.0 has meant increased participation and media attention on virtual communities, most frequently in social networking sites (SNS) such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Google+, and MySpace. The impact that SNS will have on health policy is still emerging but there are some intriguing early examples of the advantage they may hold for advocacy. For instance, Facebook is emerging as an important venue for debate about health policy, and not just among people typically thought of as policymakers. The health care reform battle sparked a huge number of for- and against-themed pages, such as Ohio Against Health Care Reform (81 fans), Wyoming for Health Care Reform (247 fans), and the perennial Facebook meme, "I bet we can find 1,000,000 people who support/oppose" health care reform. Although measuring the effectiveness of such Facebook campaigns remains elusive, we will likely see more of this type of activity as health care reform is implemented.
Not everyone understands the potential of social media for shaping advocacy. Lovejoy and Saxon (2012) examined the content of tweets from the 100 largest nonprofit organizations in the United States, 24% of which were health-oriented. The authors identified three primary communication functions: information, community, and action. They found that the bulk of communications sent information (58%), 26% reinforced community via more interactive messages, and only 16% promoted some form of action such as donating, volunteering, or 132engaging in advocacy. Guo and Saxton (2014) applied the same typology to investigate the tweets of 188 civil rights and advocacy organizations and had strikingly similar findings: 67% information, 20% community, and 12% action. Research on nonprofit organizations' use of social media has also shown that the interactive features of Facebook are often underused (Waters et al., 2009). These studies suggest that nonprofit organizations are not yet as successful at reinforcing and building an online community and then mobilizing it.
Analyzing Media
The first obligation that all nurses have is to be knowledgeable consumers of media. Nurses must seek out unbiased information before taking positions on policy issues and be able to critically evaluate media messages, assess who controls the media, and identify whose vested interests are being protected or promoted. Nurses should add www.mediachannel.org and www.freepress.net to their Internet favorites and evaluate their sources.
Getting to know the nature and quality of a particular journalist's or cyberactivist's work can help you to decide how much to trust it. Ask the following questions:
• Do they frequently misrepresent issues?
• Are their stories sensationalized or exaggerated?
• Do they present all sides of an issue with accuracy, fairness, and depth?
• Can you substantiate wild claims through sites such as www.factcheck.org , www.snopes.com , and www.urbanlegends.about.com ?
What is the Medium?
The first step is to ask yourself from where you get your information and news.
• What is the reputation of the television or radio station, program, newspaper, or website? Is it known for balanced coverage of health-related issues? Is it partisan?
• Does it cover international and national, as well as state and local, issues?
• Is it a credible source of information about health issues and policies?
These questions provide a basis to judge whether or not the information and news you are getting is credible and representative of a broad sector of public opinion. You will need a sample of various media presentations of the issue to evaluate their messages and effectiveness.
Who is Sending the Message?
Part of understanding what the real message is about comes from knowing who is behind the message and why. You could interpret the real message behind the Harry and Louise commercials against President Clinton's health care reform legislation once you knew they were sponsored by the HIAA. If the legislation had passed, the majority of insurance companies would have been locked out of the health care market.
For news media, ask the following questions: Who owns this medium? Who sponsors the website? What are the owner's biases? In addition, more and more newspapers and online venues are using the Associated Press (AP), or other major national papers, as their source for stories. The AP does not investigate; they attend events, accept news releases, and file reports. If newspapers are using abridged stories from other papers, the news slant or bias of the other paper reflects the bias or slant of the paper you are analyzing. As newspaper and television newsroom budgets get slashed, few news outlets are able to afford investigative journalism. To preserve this important aspect of journalism, nonprofit investigative news organizations have arisen to fill the void, such as the online Kaiser Health News, founded and supported by the Kaiser Family Foundation, and ProPublica, supported by a major multiyear commitment of funding by the Sandler Foundation. While Kaiser Health News is specific to health, ProPublica is not but does cover health issues. For example, it published a series of reports on the excessive delays in the California State Board of Registered Nursing's actions on complaints against nurses who were found guilty of drug abuse, sexual assaults on patients, and homicides ( www.propublica.org/series/nurses ). The reporting by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Charles Ornstein and Tracy Weber resulted in the governor removing several board members who were up for reappointment and the executive secretary resigning.
What is the Message, and What Rhetoric is Used?
What is the ostensible message that is being delivered, and what is the real message? What rhetoric is used to get the real message across? In 2009, pollster Frank Luntz of the Luntz Research Companies leaked a 28-page memo of sound bites and rhetoric designed to stop the Washington takeover of health care to Politico. The memo, entitled "The Language of Health Care," is reminiscent of the analysis Luntz provided to Republicans for the 2004 presidential campaign and that was used by the Republicans to win legislative battles and political campaigns in 2006. His 2009 analysis provides insight into the language used to frame health care reform by federal policymakers. For example, he proposed that the phrase that "would 'scare people more' about the future of American healthcare" was: "That the government will decide what treatment I can or can't have" (Luntz, 2009, p. 24). PolitiFact.com chose "a government takeover of health care" as the 2010 Lie of the Year because it played a key 134role in public opinion about the ACA (Adair & Holan, 2010). Rhetoric relies on "words that work" and those that do not work based on polling results. One of the words not to say was: private health care/free market health care. Instead, the document advocated the phrase: patient-centered health care.
Every issue has spin doctors who develop believable messages based on focus groups and polling. As messages are repeated in the media, they become believable. It is essential to be attentive to the language used in media messages whether delivered directly by policymakers, pundits, or advocates, and to evaluate the credibility, bias, and intentions of these sources. What and whom should we believe?
Images also convey important messages. As Luntz's (2005) New American Lexicon notes, "Language is your base. Symbols knock it out of the park. The American people cannot always be expected to directly grasp the connection between your policies and your principles. Symbols bridge this gap, so use them" (Section 2, p. 2). The document promotes the obvious symbols of the American flag and Statue of Liberty. But consider the symbols used by health insurance companies to advertise to employed individuals and families. These ads use pictures of healthy active adults and bright-eyed children rather than images of obese individuals or people disabled by arthritis to attract new members to their insurance products. These are examples of targeted media messages in which images are symbols to augment carefully crafted rhetoric to sway a target audience to believe or act in a particular way.
Is the Message Effective?
Does the message attract your attention? Does it appeal to your logic and to your emotions? Does it undermine the opposition's position?
Is the Message Accurate?
Who is the reporter or cyberactivist and what reputation do they have? Are they credible, with a reputation for accuracy and balanced coverage of an issue? What viewpoints are missing? Whose voice is represented in the message or article?
Responding to the Media
One of the most important ways to influence public opinion is to respond to what is read, seen, or heard in the media. Letters to the editor or call-ins to talk radio programs can be powerful ways to reframe an issue or put it on the public's agenda.
Op-eds (thought to be derived from opposite the editorial page or opinion editorial) allow a more in-depth response to current issues and provide a way to get an issue on the public's agenda. Although they may be solicited by a newspaper or magazine, local community papers often are eager to receive op-eds that describe an important issue, include a story that illustrates the local impact of the problem, and suggest possible solutions.
Tips for successful op-eds include:
• Keep it short and within the word limit specified by the publication.
• Hook it to a national event if the publication or website has a national focus, or to a local event for local publications.
• Have a timely topic, concisely and clearly written in a conversational style, and with an unexpected or provocative slant.
• Include details or clinical examples to bring the commentary alive.
• Use data to support your argument
• Define the problem, possible solutions and include a call to action.
Similarly, letters to the editor should be written immediately after the original story is published and follow the publication's guidelines for letters. They should be concise and make a specific point relevant to the article.
Calling in to talk radio provides another opportunity for sharing your perspectives. Identify yourself as a registered nurse and stay on the line while the host or program guest responds to your point or question. You may need to correct a misunderstanding or offer additional clarifying information.
Finally, it is always a good idea to contact a journalist to thank him or her for a good story. If you have a blog, be sure to link to the story in a post. If you see a tweet you like, you can retweet it to others who follow you. If you are on Facebook and like 135someone's posting, you can click on the Like icon and continue the spread of the posting.
Nurses have not always been taught how to use the media as a health promotion tool. Harnessing the traditional and new social media will provide opportunities to shape healthy public policies and engage in political activism.
1. What are your major news sources? What are the potential biases of these sources?
2. How is framing and rhetoric shaping media discussions of a current health or social policy issue? What are the competing frames or rhetoric? How else might the issue be framed?
3. If you were to talk with a journalist about an issue of concern to you, how would you frame the issue? What language or images would you use for the frame?
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Love Warrior by Glennon Doyle Melton turned out to be a little different than I expected. This memoir is about a time in Glennon's life when she found out her husband had been sleeping with multiple women ever since the year they got married. I thought I knew how this one ended. How could anyone find healing after such devastating betrayal?
Throughout the book, Glennon talks about her own faith and spirituality. She doesn't make excuses for the bigotry and judgmental nature of the church but instead reclaims her own faith and spirituality so it resembles what she holds valuable and knows to be true – acceptance, love, activism, tolerance. This made me reflect on my own relationship with religion as a whole and how I struggle with the dichotomy of what I believe in the world and how horrendous organized religion can to be.
This book has been all over the news lately and for good reason. Give it a read and let me know what you think.
For more book recommendations explore this column and follow Philly Book Club on Instagram.
Share what you're reading with the #PhillyBookClub hashtag. | {
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Lisa Mecham writes a little bit of everything. Her work has appeared in The Rumpus, Barrelhouse Online and Juked, among other publications. A Midwesterner at heart, Lisa lives in Los Angeles with her two daughters. | {
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The introduction of diagnostic tests in clinical practice has been for long based on the work of so-called "expert groups" or "expert panels", which were in duty of revising applications and updating the list of clinically available tests according to recent biological discoveries, technological developments or changes of disease epidemiology. This has led the way to generating highly specific panels of tests, dependent upon local epidemiology, economic resources, healthcare sustainability, reimbursement policies and, last but not least, patients' demands. The use of arbitrary criteria for evaluating test performance, costs and healthcare outcomes is the major weakness of this strategy, which has often led to approving diagnostics tests for clinical use in some geographical areas, which have been then overlooked in other, even neighbouring regions.
To overcome some of these shortcomings, most healthcare models around the world are increasingly committing to health technology assessment (HTA), which can be conventionally defined as the accurate evaluation of medical and diagnostic technology for evidence of safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, ethical and legal implications. HTA is hence mainly aimed to provide an evidence-based, reliable and possibly foolproof input into a healthcare strategy or policy decision. In a broader sense, HTA in laboratory medicine should hence be considered a multi-professional and multidisciplinary enterprise aimed at assessing laboratory technology from basic reagents and instrumentation, up to rearranging care pathways and redesigning complex healthcare structures around the new diagnostic test.
representatives and volunteering associations, health and social-sanitary facilities, commercial and no-profit partners, industries, universities. The process of HTA should then consider a number of aspects that contribute to care delivery, thus including material sanitary technologies (e.g., building structures such as hospitals, outpatient clinics and patients' homes), instrumentation and technological systems, reagents and consumables, test complexity, workload, but should also be designed around organisational and care models, clinical guidelines and regulatory systems. The systematic literature analysis should then be conducted using validated methodologies, such as that described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.
The concept of HTA can be summarised as a valuable tool for evaluating innovative medical technologies, better allocating resources, improving both efficiency and efficacy of care delivery by national healthcare systems. To put it simply, the HTA process shall actually answer to four major questions, which are: Does the test work? Is it sustainable for the healthcare system? Is it cost-effective? Does it favorably impact existing care pathways? When all four answers are expectantly "yes", then the test can be introduced in clinical practice.
Importantly, HTA shall cover all management levels of healthcare systems and their structures. Therefore, the outcome of HTA is aimed to impact political and clinical choices taken at different decision-making levels: (i) general level (i.e., legislative decisions and choices of national and regional regulatory bodies including the Ministry of Health, Medicines Agencies, Regional Health Service Agencies, Health Institutes, Regional Health Departments and Regional Agencies); (ii) intermediate level (i.e., management choices specific to individual healthcare facilities such as purchasing equipment, structuring care pathways, adopting specific organisational arrangements, granting assistance or not; and (iii) professional level (i.e., choices made by individuals in daily care practice involving the use of a diagnostic test, the need for medical and/or genetic counselling, the impact on care plans and organisation).
Then, the entire HTA process shall entail assessment before introduction into clinical practice (i.e., for evaluating efficacy and efficiency), but also afterward (i.e., for ensuring that the positive impact will continue despite scientific, technical, organisation and epidemiologic changes). The final purpose is providing a reliable decision-making process about IVD technologies to policymakers, healthcare administrators and laboratory professionals. Importantly, the process shall also clearly define the healthcare settings where the test may express higher efficiency and efficacy, the categories of patients to whom it may be offered, its precise positioning within a network of laboratories, the potential impact on laboratory organisation, as well as prices and reimbursement policies.
Besides the many predictable positive outcomes that HTA may have on diagnostics testing, yet some important shortcomings emerge. First, HTA has now been widely used in many healthcare settings, but its popularity in laboratory diagnostics remains relatively limited. If one enters the keyword "health technology assessment" in one popular scientific search engine such as PubMed, over 4490 documents can be found so far. However, when both keywords "health technology assessment" AND "laboratory medicine" (OR "laboratory diagnostics") are entered in PubMed, then the number of items dramatically falls to 20 (i.e., 0.4%). Although HTA is an element that more than others may provide an add value to innovation, reliable or published evaluations of diagnostic tests can hardly be found.
The ever growing impact of personalised medicine in laboratory diagnostics is a second important aspect. Inherently to the concept of HTA, the introduction of a new test is based upon solid scientific evidence, which has often been gathered from studies in populations of hundreds, thousands, occasionally millions of patients. With the awareness that medicine in not an exact science, what works in the single patient may not be equally straightforward in the general population. Therefore, when the process of introducing diagnostic tests in clinical practice only relies on HTA, there is a significant risk that a minority of patients, in whom that same test may be helpful, may lose chances and potential benefits.
Another critical issue especially concerns the rules of this game, which can be simply summarised in the concept "who is nominated by whom?". It may seem awkward or even paradoxical, but written rules on how the members of the HTA multidisciplinary teams shall be selected are not so frequent. Interestingly, a recent survey endorsed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) revealed that although may countries around the world frequently gather and summarise significant information and scientific evidence to support technology assessment, fewer of them developed juridical issues to define how HTA should be incorporated in healthcare decision making, and only half of them have developed guidelines on how HTA should be conducted. Therefore, in a not so unlikely scenario, policymakers or healthcare administrators may arbitrarily decide to nominate members who may finally support decisions based on healthcare economy but not relying on evidence-based scientific information. Laboratory professionals may even be excluded in the evaluation of diagnostics tests, since no standards have been settled about the composition of HTA multidisciplinary teams for IVD technologies.
Finally, clear rules should be defined for unmistakably identifying potential conflicts of interests, thus avoiding that the final decisions of some HTA team members may be biased by personal interests in diagnostic tests or technology being evaluated.
Although it is undeniable that the larger use of HTA in laboratory medicine will bring many clinical and economic benefits for both the national healthcare systems and the general population, some potential drawbacks should be clearly recognised. The establishment of "working groups" or "task forces" for HTA in laboratory medicine by accredited scientific organisations such as the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) shall now be seen as a compelling need for making the assessment of diagnostic tests a liable, reliable and clinically useful endeavour. | {
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What type types of materials can be used for fiber optic cabling?
What is the encoding method for fiber optic?
What are the issues with implementing fiber optic cabling?
What areas usually implement fiber optic cabling?
What are the major advantages of using fiber optic between buildings?
How many cables are needed for each fiber optic connection? Why?
What are the two types of fiber optic cables?
How do wireless media carry electromagnetic signals?
What is the major concern for wireless signals?
What are the 4 standards for wireless networks?
What are the two network devices necessary to implement a wireless network?
Wireless Access Point (AP) - Concentrates the wireless signals from users and connects, usually through a copper cable, to the existing copper-based network infrastructure such as Ethernet.
Wireless NIC adapters - Provides wireless communication capability to each network host.
What are the WLAN Ethernet standards?
What are some of the CAT5 termination that may performed onsite?
What are the differences in the termination of the two cables pictured?
What could happen if wires are not terminated correctly?
What are the three main splicing errors when using fiber optic cabling?
Misalignment - the fiber-optic media are not precisely aligned to one another when joined.
End gap - the media do not completely touch at the splice or connection.
End finish - the media ends are not well polished or dirt is present at the termination. | {
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I believe it's important to invest my time to understand what's important to you and your financial goals. We work together to develop specific strategies to help achieve your goals.
The office is at LaGrange and St. Francis in the plaza with Aldi, Taco Bell and Sherwin Williams. | {
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Megan Rosenbach is making Philly safer for pedestrians and cyclists, and students to boot
Posted on December 26, 2017 December 26, 2017 by Circle of Hope
Megan Rosenbach, the Deputy Director at the Bicycle Coalition of Greater Philadelphia, is "advocating for every cyclist and every neighborhood."
"I've been there for almost eight years, so my position has changed a lot," she notes. "I mainly oversee our education efforts and I am intricately involved in the program that impacts 100-plus youth a year that uses cycling as a tool for youth development."
Everyone deserves to be protected on the road.
She is concerned with matters of equity, and her job revolves around making sure that Bicycle Coalition's mission and advocacy are driven by such a virtue. She advocates for "not just the folks that people think of as cyclists."
The Bicycle Coalition is the leading advocate group for Philadelphia's Vision Zero program. Vision Zero is a campaign to end road deaths in Philly by 2030. The idea behind it is that every road death is preventable. People shouldn't be killed by driving their car, walking on the sidewalk, or biking.
Megan is involved "to prevent deaths like Emily Fredericks who was killed while riding her bike on Spruce Street last month." To help save "a mom with three kids killed on the Boulevard."
Over 100 people lose their life driving, walking, and biking in Philly. Most people are in cars, but there is an upward trend for pedestrians and cyclists. The program is rooted in making infrastructure safer and more usable. Other towns in the country show that this is possible. New York and Chicago had high rates, but they are physically changing their streets, investing capital for protected intersections, raised sidewalks, protected bike lanes.
"Our focus is the vulnerable road users," she says. The most vulnerable are bikers and pedestrians. It's hard to navigate these waters. "The tricky part is the enforcement part," she notes. "If you look at the city's high-injury network, it is disproportionately in low-income neighborhoods." Megan and the Bicycle Coalition advocate for prioritizing street improvements in low-income neighborhoods; if it's just increased enforcement, it presents problems. So Megan is carefully navigating advocating for the safety of low-income neighborhoods in ways that are more nuanced than simply more law enforcement.
Safe commuting led to education advocacy.
Megan's passions extend beyond safe commuting. She started out coordinating Safe Routes Philly, a local expressions of a national initiative to try to get kids to walk and bike to school. In the 1950s lots of kids did walk or bike to school, but our infrastructure problems and priorities changed that.
Her work in Safe Routes to Philly made her aware of education in the city too. Megan says, "There are incredibly lovely schools that never get talked about."
"I was struck by how negative the rhetoric around public schools was," she says, "I wanted to change the rhetoric." Whereas a lot of white transplants want to "fix the schools," she really just wanted to listen. She would ask what people's experiences were and what their needs were.
"For people without children in public schools, it's a problem of ignorance, in part; negative assumptions are made, and people write up their neighborhood school before even entering it." "The needs are great, the assets and the amazing things happening in the schools are also great and they're just not being talked about as much," she says.
Megan did her part at her local elementary school, in partnership with Circle of Hope. "I started For the Love of Childs (now called NICE) as a [Circle of Hope] Compassion Team." We had a connection with the art teacher and Megan and her team collected art supplies via a fundraiser. She raised $1,000 at the first art show; on Easter, she notes, the congregation at Broad and Washington was covered in 650 pieces of art.
"All these parents and teachers and officials from the School District showed up," she says. She realized that thing had some legs.
The next project they took on was renovating the library. They raised $5,000. "To this day, [the library] is functioning and used by students every day," she noted.
Megan is self-aware as a so-called "white gentrifier," who listens with humility and builds consensus as opposed to "bulldozing" her way through. Having a parent involved in NICE was one way to change this typically ineffective dynamic.
Megan came to Philly to serve in Teach for America. She parted ways with much of TFA's politics. "The charters that took over Frederick Douglass did a lot of good things," she says, "but it's a misguided model to keep growing your charter school network."
"My belief is that there is a misperception that charter schools are automatically better and safer schools," she bluntly put it. "It takes away resources from District-managed schools."
She notes that charters say they are for everyone, but they may not be. For example, she says, "it takes students from the district who have stronger support at home." In order to apply for Charter schools, you need a stable family just to get through the bureaucracy of applications and mandatory meetings.
Megan moved to Philly to be a teacher, was humble enough to learn from her surroundings, but also resourceful enough to practically address the needs of students as commuters and as learners. Her work today is bountiful and powerful.
-Jonny Rashid, writing
Posted in People of CoHTagged Bicycle Coalition, education, justice, public schools, safety
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TNA appoints new chief sales officer
The food processing and packaging company, TNA has hired Peter Oussoren as chief sales officer, who has a commercial background, particularly in the packaging industry.
Oussoren has held multiple senior positions within global sales teams during his 16 year career in the packaging industry.
Before joining TNA, Oussoren was sales director in two different locations of Bosch Packaging, and has previous management experience in China in the third location.
Commenting on his appointment, Peter said: "I'm delighted to join the tna team, which is constantly evolving and adapting in line with customer demands. tna is internationally renowned in its field and this is an exciting time to join the company, as it expands its portfolio across the food processing and packaging industry.
"With customers all over the world, it is important to understand their different needs and offer them a complete line of turnkey solutions which respond to the trends in their respective countries. My job is to organise knowledge transfer among the sales teams and enable them to grow the tna brand by offering the best possible solutions for our customers."
Michael Green, managing director, TNA, said: "He has an impressive background, particularly in the packaging industry, and his demonstrable knowledge of multiple market segments will help us improve and enhance our global customer base."
TNA is a leading global innovator and supplier of integrated food packaging solutions with over 14000 systems installed across more than 120 countries.
chief sales officerpackaging industryPeter OussorenTNA
Südpack Acquires First Production Site in the United States
Ones to Watch returns to the NEC at the PPMA Show 2014
Crown Holdings designs new beverage can for Guinness | {
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Q: How to square an array of numbers in ruby with while without `each` `map` or `collect` methods? I'm new to coding in RUBY. I'm trying to write a method that squares each element in an array of numbers and returns a new array of these numbers squared. Trying to use while loop and NOT use each, collect, or map. Having trouble understanding how to index/loop each individual element of array and square is (**).
This is what makes sense to me but I know its wrong.
def square_array(numbers)
count = 0
while count < numbers.length do
numbers.index ** 2
end
square_array(numbers)
end
Will anyone please help me? Thanks!
A: The easy way to do it is map, of course:
def square_array(numbers)
numbers.map { |e| e ** 2 }
end
But here's what you have to do to do the same with a while loop (which is good practice).
*
*Create an array to contain the transformed data.
*Create a counter (you've done that).
*Set up your while loop (as you have it, except you don't need the do at the end).
*Write a statement that squares the array element whose index is the same as your counter, and pushes that result into the array you created in step 1.
*Increment your counter by 1 (you forgot to do that, so you'll be getting an endless loop since count will always equal zero).
*Return the array you created in step 1.
That will do it for you! See if you can put that together, rather than me just giving you the code.
A: def square_array(numbers)
# Allocate an array with the same size as `numbers`
# so that the runtime does not have to resize it from time to time
result = Array.new(numbers.size)
# The index
i = 0
while i < numbers.size
# Fill the result array
result[i] = numbers[i] ** 2
# and don't forget to increase the index,
# otherwise the loop will run forever.
i += 1
end
# Return the result array
result
end
A: The more functional approach would be to use recursion.
fun =
->(acc = [], arr, map, fun) {
arr.empty? ? acc : fun.(acc << map.(arr.shift), arr, map, fun)
}
#⇒ #<Proc:0x000055ab64333fa0@(pry):12 (lambda)>
And for any mapper (e. g. square root,) use it like:
fun.([1,2,3,4,5], ->(e) { e ** 2 }, fun)
#⇒ [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
Please note! This approach mutates the initial array, so it should be explicitly array.dup'ed before passing to the function. To eliminate the necessity to pass the function itself through and leave the initial array intact, we would need a wrapper.
fun =
->(acc = [], arr, map, fun) {
arr.empty? ? acc : fun.(acc << map.(arr.shift), arr, map, fun)
}
#⇒ #<Proc:0x000055ab64333fa0@(pry):12 (lambda)>
mapper = ->(arr, map) { fun.([], arr.dup, map, fun) }
And use it like:
arr = [1,2,3,4,5]
mapper.(arr, ->(e) { e ** 2 })
#⇒ [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
arr
#⇒ [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A: def sq(arr)
enum = arr.each
a = []
loop do
n = enum.next
a << n*n
end
a
end
sq [1, 2, 3, 4]
#=> [1, 4, 9, 16]
See Array#each, Kernel#loop and Enumerator#next. One could use Kernel#to_enum (documented in Object) in place of Array#each.
A: Using a for loop?
ary = [1,2,3]
res = []
for n in ary do
res << n ** 2
end
res
#=> [1, 4, 9]
But better you stick with map.
A: Here is my solution:
def square_array(numbers)
new_array = []
counter = 0
while counter < numbers.length()
new_array.push(numbers[counter] * numbers[counter])
counter += 1
end
return new_array
end
A: Without using each, map, or collect.
def square_array(array)
new_array = []
array.length.times do |index|
new_array.push(array[index] ** 2)
end
new_array
end
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This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for ACM Transactions on Algorithms (TALG). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.
Monya Baker. 2011. Microscopy: Bright light, better labels. Nature 478, 7367 (October 2011), 137–142.
M. J. Carson and D. Lo. 2001. Immunology. The push-me pull-you of T cell activation. Science 293, 5530 (July 2001), 618–619.
Chen-Lung Hung, Victor Gurarie, and Cheng Chin. 2013. From cosmology to cold atoms: observation of Sakharov oscillations in a quenched atomic superfluid. Science 341, 6151 (September 2013), 1213–1215.
Leonid A. Krivitsky, Jia Jun Wang, Zengbo Wang, and Boris Luk'yanchuk. 2013. Locomotion of microspheres for super-resolution imaging. Sci. Rep. 3, (December 2013), 3501.
Louis Theodore and Robert G. Kunz. 2005. Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
Stefano Markidis and Erwin Laure (Eds.). 2015. Solving Software Challenges for Exascale: International Conference on Exascale Applications and Software, EASC 2014, Stockholm, Sweden, April 2-3, 2014, Revised Selected Papers. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
Caroline E. McParland and Cynthia A. Paszkowski. 2006. Effects of small-bodied fish on invertebrate prey and foraging patterns of waterbirds in Aspen Parkland wetlands. In Limnology and Aquatic Birds: Proceedings of the Fourth Conference Working Group on Aquatic Birds of Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL), Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, August 3–7, 2003, Alan R. Hanson and Joseph J. Kerekes (eds.). Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 43–55.
Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for ACM Transactions on Algorithms.
Government Accountability Office. 2016. Aviation Forecasting: FAA Should Implement Additional Risk-Management Practices in Forecasting Aviation Activity. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Gursharan Reehal. 2012. Designing Low Power and High Performance Network-on-Chip Communication Architectures for Nanometer SoCs. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Erin St. John Kelly. 1993. Neediest Cases Assists With a Christmas Tree. New York Times, 134.
This sentence cites two references [2,4].
This sentence cites four references [2,4,6,8]. | {
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Close to You by Kristen Proby
Unstuck Pages > (Sub)Genre > Chick Lit > Close to You by Kristen Proby
Posted on 20th April 2015 31st May 2016 by Dísir
Series: Fusion #2
Published by William Morrow Paperbacks on August 9th 2016
From New York Times and USA Today bestselling author Kristen Proby comes the second novel in her sizzling Fusion series.
Camilla, "Cami," LaRue was five years old when she first fell in love with Landon Palazzo. Everyone told her the puppy love would fade—they clearly never met Landon. When he left after graduation without a backward glance, she was heartbroken. But Cami grew up, moved on, and became part-owner of wildly popular restaurant Seduction. She has everything she could want...or so she thinks.
After spending the last 12 years as a Navy fighter pilot, Landon returns to Portland to take over the family construction business. When he catches a glimpse of little Cami LaRue, he realizes she's not so little any more. He always had a soft spot for his little sister's best friend, but nothing is soft now when he's around the gorgeous restauranteur.
Landon isn't going to pass up the chance to make the girl-next-door his. She's never been one for romance, but he's just the one to change her mind. Will seduction be just the name of her restaurant or will Cami let him get close enough to fulfill all her fantasies?
Carrying a torch for the best friend's brother for years isn't going to go anywhere and Camille LaRue is just on her way to accept that unfulfilled dream, until it becomes a reality when Landon Palazzo returns from a Navy after a fighter-jet accident that rudely inserts him back into civilian life and straight into the arms of a girl he could never forget.
'Close to You' surprised me in several ways, but what stood out was the cruising speed at which Cami and Landon picked up where they left off. Strangely light-hearted and nearly angst-free, I expected their story to be more gutting and painful, given the unrequited feels and looks thrown between them in the first book. There is much to like about the characters – their steadiness, the chemistry and the lack of denial about their feelings – yet I thought they could have been greater depth perhaps, had PTSD been briefly addressed, as well as the burning question that was never really answered: would Landon have come for Camille at all had the accident not happened? As serendipitous as their burgeoning relationship was written, it felt as though that that this pairing could have succeeded only because of a twist of fate, rather than a deliberate attempt on either side to do something about their feelings.
I'd been hoping for more friction, a little more doubt on both sides and got a sweet story instead – though not without bumps and some drama which thankfully are resolved fairly quickly – which is not a bad change considering the sheer amount of heaving bosoms, plate-throwing tantrums, irrational alpha males and overreacting females that populates the romance shelves these days.
Ultimately, a sweet read, albeit with a very abrupt end that tries to set up Kate's story but left me gobsmacked and hanging.
Chasing Christmas Eve by Jill Shalvis
A Daughter's Choice by Lee Christine
Shattered King by Sherilee Gray
Deadly Obsession by April Hunt
Water Under the Bridge by Lily Malone
Posted in Advanced Reader Copy, Chick Lit, Contemporary Romance, Edelweiss, ReviewsTagged ARC, Chick lit, Contemporary Romance, Edelweiss, Smutty
Simon Says Die by Lena Diaz
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Caetani, Gelasio (Italian engineer, architect, and ambassador, 1877-1934)
Note: Italian ambassador, engineer, and architect. "Born in Rome on Aug. 7, 1877; nobility titles: Duke of Sermoneta, Roman noble, Neapolitan patrician, and noble of Velletri; residence: Caetani Palace, Via delle Botteghe Oscure 32, Rome; education: Laurea in ingegneria mineraria (Doctorate in mining engineering), University of Rome, 1901; died in Rome on Oct. 23, 1934)".
Caetani, Gelasio (preferred,V,index)
Gelasio Caetani (V,display)
Italian (preferred)
ambassador (preferred)
Born: Rome (Roma province, Lazio, Italy) (inhabited place)
Died: Rome (Roma province, Lazio, Italy) (inhabited place)
........ Caetani, Gelasio (I,U)
(Italian engineer, architect, and ambassador, 1877-1934) ..... [VP Preferred]
(Italian ambassador, 1877-1934) ..... [AVERY]
Caetani, Gelasio ........ [AVERY Preferred]
.................................. Avery Authority files (1963-)
Gelasio Caetani ........ [AVERY, VP]
................................ Getty Vocabulary Program rules
Subject: ........ [AVERY, Gallery Systems, VP]
.................... Gallery Systems (2000-) LOC ID: no2004088720
.................... LCNAF Library of Congress Name Authority File [n.d.] 108
.................... Library of Congress Authorities database (n.d.) LOC ID: no2004088720
English .......... [AVERY, VP]
.......... LCNAF Library of Congress Name Authority File [n.d.] 108 | {
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Q: object doesn't support property or method 'slice' jasmine this is my controller code
$scope.loadMajorObjects = function () {
var appId = $scope.currentAppId;
var type = $scope.majorObject.type;
if (_.isEmpty(appId))
return;
var cacheKey = { key: cacheKeys.objectTypeList($scope.asCacheOptions({ ObjectType: type })) };
return dataFactory.get("/MajorObject/All?applicationId=" + appId + "&type=" + type, { cache: cacheKey })
.then(function (result) {
$scope.majorObjects = result.data.data;
$scope.majorObjectsList = $scope.majorObjects.slice(0, $scope.itemsPerPage);
$scope.totalItems = $scope.majorObjects.length;
$scope.isLoad = true;
});
};
and this is test case and in this i am calling $scope.loadMajorObject
describe("Testing MajorObjectsCtrl", function () {
//checking dataFactory.get called only once
it("should call dataFactory.get and called only once", function () {
scope.currentAppId = mockApplicationId;
scope.applications = applicationsMockData;
scope.itemsPerPage = 10;
$controller('AppSettingCtrl',
{
$scope: scope,
dataFactory: mainmockdataFactory
});
expect(mockdataFactory.get.calls.count()).toBe(0);
scope.currentAppId = mockApplicationId;
scope.majorObjects.slice();
scope.loadMajorObjects();
scope.$digest();
expect(mockdataFactory.get).toHaveBeenCalled();
expect(mockdataFactory.get.calls.count()).toBe(1);
});
when i call this function it is throwing and exception as object doesn't support property or method 'slice', how to rectify this?
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The Phoenix Bird
A Fairy Tale That Teaches the Law of Cycles
Helena P. Blavatsky wrote in the nineteenth century that the myth of Phoenix relates to the Law of existence and being.
It is the bird of resurrection in Eternity, she added, "in whom night follows the day, and day the night – an allusion to the periodical cycles of cosmic resurrection and human re-incarnation".[1]
The bird that symbolizes the law of cycles is known in many different cultures. The length of its life-cycle varies according to circumstances. The founder of the modern esoteric movement explained:
"The Phoenix – called by the Hebrews Onech (from Phenoch, Enoch, symbol of a secret cycle and initiation), and by the Turks, Kerkes – lives a thousand years, after which, kindling a flame, it is self-consumed; and then, reborn from itself – it lives another thousand years, up to seven times seven (…), when comes the day of Judgment." [2]
A few lines later, H.P.B. quoted these words from author E.V. Kenealy:
"The [Persian mythical bird] Simorgh is in reality the same as the winged Singh of the Hindus, and the Sphinx of the Egyptians. It is said that the former will appear at the end of the world ….. as a monstrous lion-bird. From these the Rabbis have borrowed their mythos of an enormous Bird, sometimes standing on the Earth, sometimes walking in the ocean…".[3]
In the fairy tale that follows, Hans Christian Andersen shows in his own special way that myth and poetry work together in recording, preserving and expressing universal wisdom.
In the Garden of Paradise, beneath the Tree of Knowledge, bloomed a rose bush. Here, in the first rose, a bird was born. His flight was like the flashing of light, his plumage was beauteous, and his song ravishing.
But when Eve plucked the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, when she and Adam were driven from Paradise, there fell from the flaming sword of the cherub a spark into the nest of the bird, which blazed up forthwith.
The bird perished in the flames; but from the red egg in the nest there fluttered aloft a new one – the one solitary Phoenix bird. The fable tells that he dwells in Arabia, and that every hundred years, he burns himself to death in his nest; but each time a new Phoenix, the only one in the world, rises up from the red egg.
The bird flutters round us, swift as light, beauteous in color, charming in song. When a mother sits by her infant's cradle, he stands on the pillow, and, with his wings, forms a glory around the infant's head. He flies through the chamber of content, and brings sunshine into it, and the violets on the humble table smell doubly sweet.
But the Phoenix is not the bird of Arabia alone. He wings his way in the glimmer of the Northern Lights over the plains of Lapland, and hops among the yellow flowers in the short Greenland summer. Beneath the copper mountains of Fablun, and England's coal mines, he flies, in the shape of a dusty moth, over the hymnbook that rests on the knees of the pious miner. On a lotus leaf he floats down the sacred waters of the Ganges, and the eye of the Hindoo maid gleams bright when she beholds him.
The Phoenix bird, dost thou not know him? The Bird of Paradise, the holy swan of song! On the car of Thespis he sat in the guise of a chattering raven, and flapped his black wings, smeared with the lees of wine; over the sounding harp of Iceland swept the swan's red beak; on Shakespeare's shoulder he sat in the guise of Odin's raven, and whispered in the poet's ear "Immortality!" and at the minstrels' feast he fluttered through the halls of the Wartburg.
The Phoenix bird, dost thou not know him? He sang to thee the Marseillaise, and thou kissedst the pen that fell from his wing; he came in the radiance of Paradise, and perchance thou didst turn away from him towards the sparrow who sat with tinsel on his wings.
The Bird of Paradise – renewed each century – born in flame, ending in flame! Thy picture, in a golden frame, hangs in the halls of the rich, but thou thyself often fliest around, lonely and disregarded, a myth – "The Phoenix of Arabia".
In Paradise, when thou wert born in the first rose, beneath the Tree of Knowledge, thou receivedst a kiss, and thy right name was given thee – thy name, Poetry.
[1] "The Secret Doctrine", Helena P. Blavatsky, Theosophy Co., volume I, p. 312.
[2] "The Secret Doctrine", HPB, volume II, p. 617.
[3] "The Secret Doctrine", vol. II, p. 618.
The above story is reproduced from the book "The Complete Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales", edited by Lily Owens, Avenel Books, New York, 803 pages, 1981, p. 629.
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A series of farmdoc daily articles (September 13, 2018; December 13, 2018; January 16, 2019; January 24, 2019) have examined ethanol use in light small refinery exemptions (SREs) granted under the RFS. The SREs are the main reason that D6 ethanol RINs prices crashed in the last year. Since RINs were designed to incentivize the consumption of higher ethanol blends, it is natural to think this would lead to a decline in the consumption of higher ethanol blends, such as E85. Surprisingly, the data show that E85 use in the U.S. increased sharply in the last year. This means that other factors must have been at work to offset the disincentive provided by declining D6 RIN prices. One factor is increased access to E85 pumps associated with the USDA's Blender Infrastructure Program. Another factor is the discount on E85 relative to E10, which widened markedly for the 10-month period between August 2017 and May 2018. We know that the discount is driven by three variables—the price of gasoline, the price of ethanol, and D6 RIN prices. What is not understood very well is exactly how these three factors interact in the pricing of E85 and E10, and consequently, how the price discount between E85 and E10 is determined. The purpose of this article is to disentangle how gasoline, ethanol, and RIN prices drive the discount of E85 relative to E10 at the pump.
We begin by reviewing the history of E85 prices relative to E10 prices. There has been considerable research in the agricultural economics literature on the discount that drivers in the U.S. require in order to switch to E85 from E10 (e.g., Pouliot, Liao, and Babcock, 2018). At a minimum, it is sensible to think that drivers will demand a price discount large enough to offset the energy loss associated with E85. From a pure chemical standpoint, a gallon of ethanol has approximately two-thirds of the energy value of petroleum gasoline. Assuming E85 consists of an average of 74 percent ethanol, the price discount on E85 relative to E10 needs to be 20.5 percent to compensate for the lower miles per gallon (energy value) of E85.
Figure 1 plots the retail price of E85 in the Midwest as a percentage of the retail E10 price over February 8, 2007 through January 3, 2019. The red line is the breakeven E85 price as a percentage of the E10 price (79.5 percent) that equates the energy value of the two fuels. The figure shows that for most of the time since 2007 the relative price of E85 exceeded the breakeven energy level, and for long stretches of time by a considerable amount. There are two notable exceptions, the first is a 6-month period in 2015 and the second is a 10-month period from August 2017 through May 2018. The latter period is of most interest for the present analysis. About half of the August 2017-May 2018 period overlaps with the surge in E85 use from December 2017-October 2018. This suggests that E85 pricing played a role in stimulating the increase in E85 use that occurred in the last year (farmdoc daily, January 24, 2019).
Figures 2 and 3 present the three factors that should drive the price discount of E85 relative to E10—the price of gasoline (CBOB), the price of ethanol, and D6 RIN prices. It is clear from Figure 2 that ethanol was very cheap relative to CBOB for nearly all of 2018. The steep drop in CBOB prices late in 2018 brought gasoline and ethanol prices back to parity. Figure 3 shows the crash in D6 ethanol RINs that started in December 2017. The RIN price dropped from about $0.90 per gallon to under $0.10 before recovering back to about $0.20. Therefore, we know that ethanol has been cheap relative to gasoline for most of the last year and that RIN prices have dropped precipitously. We also know that E85 contains more ethanol (74 percent on average) than E10, so the price of E85 should benefit more from relatively low ethanol prices than the price of E10. But it is also true that the price of E85 should be more sensitive to the price of D6 RINs, which could offset the benefit from relatively cheap ethanol prices. A model is needed to sort out the differential impacts of gasoline, ethanol, and D6 RIN prices on E85 and E10 prices at the pump, and that is what we turn to below.
E10 price = 0.75 + 0.10 X Ethanol price + 0.90 X CBOB price.
The only complicated part of the model is the expected impact of D6 RIN prices at the pump. Much ink has been spilled on this particular issue. "Full pass-through" of RIN prices to the retail pump level of the fuel supply chain are assumed in Table 1. This does not mean that pump prices change one-for-one with D6 prices. The RFS was designed to incentivize fuel blends with higher biofuels content relative to lower biofuels content through the RIN mechanism. The higher the biofuels content the more impact that RIN prices should have on pump prices. This is readily seen in Table 1 where the coefficient on D6 RIN prices is expected to be -0.71 for E85 and only -0.01 for E10. Note that the coefficient on E85 will vary with the assumed ethanol content of E85. In numerical terms, the coefficients imply that a $1 increase in RIN prices is expected to drop the price of E85 by $0.71 but the drop in the price of E10 is only $0.01. For those interested in further details, excellent discussions of the theory of RIN price pass-through in competitive fuel markets can be found in Burkholder (2014) and Stock (2015).
E10 price = 0.75 + 0.10 X Ethanol price + 0.90 X CBOB price – 0.01 X D6 price.
The next step is to take the models to the data and see how closely reality lines up with the predicted coefficients. Table 2 presents regression estimates of the E85 model based on weekly data for the Midwest from January 5, 2012 through January 3, 2019. The sample starts in 2012 in order to avoid complications introduced by the blenders tax credit (VEETC) for ethanol that was in place before 2012. It should also be noted that results may differ for other regions of the U.S. The overall explanatory power of the weekly E85 model is quite high, with an R-square of 0.95, which implies that the variation in the three independent variables jointly explain 95 percent of the variation in E85 prices during the sample period. The standard error indicates that about 2/3 of the time the prediction error of the model, without regard to sign, is $0.13 per gallon.
The estimated coefficients for the E85 model in Table 2 all have the expected signs and are statistically significant, but the magnitudes differ in meaningful ways from theoretical expectations. First, the intercept of 0.60 is less than the assumed wholesale-retail spread of 0.75. Second, the coefficient on the ethanol price is much smaller than expected and the coefficient on CBOB prices is much higher. This indicates that E85 prices are about equally sensitive to wholesale ethanol and CBOB gasoline prices. Third, the coefficient on D6 RIN prices is about half the magnitude as expected, which implies that E85 pricing at the retail level does not benefit as much from RIN price incentives as it should. This result has been previously reported in the literature on RIN price pass-through (Knittel, Meiselman, and Stock, 2017). One possible explanation is that RIN prices are passed through to the retail level with a time lag. Another is that blenders have market power in the fuel supply chain and profit by capturing some of the RIN price benefits.
Table 3 reports the corresponding regression estimates for the E10 pricing model. Once again, the overall explanatory power of the model is quite high, with an R-square of 0.97, which implies that the variation in the three independent variables jointly explain 97 percent of the variation in weekly E10 prices during the sample period. The standard error indicates that about 2/3 of the time he prediction error of the model, without regard to sign, is $0.13 per gallon. The estimated coefficients for the E10 model in Table 3 all have the expected signs and are statistically significant. The magnitudes of the coefficient estimates are closer to theoretical expectations than with the E85 model, with the exception of the RIN price coefficient. Retail E10 prices are more sensitive to ethanol and less sensitive to CBOB prices than expected, but the differences are not large. The coefficient on D6 prices of -0.08 is substantially higher in absolute terms than expected. This indicates that E10 prices have benefited more from higher RIN prices than theory predicts. It should be noted that the coefficient on D6 RIN prices is estimated much less precisely than the other coefficients.
The final step of the analysis is to use the estimated regression models of E85 and E10 prices to explain what drove the increase in the E85 discount relative to E10 between August 2017 and May 2018 (Figure 1). We use the regression model predictions of E85 and E10 prices to compute a predicted ratio of retail E85 and E10 prices in the Midwest over January 5, 2012 through January 3, 2019. This predicted ratio is plotted in Figure 4 along with the actual ratio of retail E85 and E10 prices. The predicted ratio generally tracks the actual ratio reasonably well, which is not surprising given that the underlying regression models of E85 and E10 prices have such high explanatory power. In particular, the predicted ratio shows a dip during August 2017 through most of the May 2018 period.
Since the pricing models mirrored the widening of the E85 discount during the period in question, we can use the models to dig deeper into what happened. Essentially, three things happened: i) the post-December 2017 drop in D6 RIN prices did not increase E85 prices as much as expected because the pass-through of D6 RIN prices to retail E85 prices is about half of what theory predicts; ii) the post-December 2017 drop in D6 RIN prices increased E10 prices more than expected because the pass through of D6 RIN prices to retail E10 prices is about eight times what theory predicts; and iii) the sharp rise in CBOB gasoline prices increased E85 prices less than E10 prices because E10 prices are much more sensitive to gasoline prices.
In order to understand the changing price discount at the pump of E85 relative to E10 it is necessary to disentangle the influence of gasoline, ethanol, and RIN prices on the price of the two blends. Regression models of retail E85 and E10 prices were estimated using weekly data for the Midwest. These models have high explanatory power (95 percent or more), but the coefficients on gasoline, ethanol, and D6 RIN prices generally differ from the predictions of theory. Most notably, retail E85 prices are about half as sensitive to D6 RIN prices as expected and retail E10 prices are about eight times more sensitive than expected. Having said that, it is important to emphasize that E85 prices are still much more sensitive to RIN prices than E10 prices. The predicted price discount on E85 relative to E10 based on the regression model tracks the actual price discount reasonably well. This lets us determine what was driving the substantial widening in the E85 price discount over August 2017 through May 2018. Essentially, E85 prices increased less and E10 prices increased more than expected as a result of the crash in D6 RIN prices, and the sharp rise in CBOB gasoline prices increased E85 prices less than E10 prices because E10 prices are much more sensitive to gasoline prices. The models developed in the article should be useful in the future as questions arise about the pricing of E85 relative to E10. | {
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Skin stapling, stitching, bone breaks and injections – these were all covered at the offshore medics course held by the Royal Akarana Yacht Club on April 22.
The course is facilitated by Dr Dave Austin who flies in from Rockhampton where he is the director of an emergency department at the base hospital.
Dr Dave, a Kiwi through and through, is an experienced offshore sailor and is sought after as an onboard doctor for top racing yachts. In 2015, Dr Dave was engaged by Yachting New Zealand to review the medical kits for the Safety Regulations of Sailing and in 2016 ran the inaugural offshore medics course at RAYC prior to the Auckland to Fiji race. The course was so well received that RAYC decided to run another one this year & intends continuing it as an annual event.
The course is tailored to sailors by an experienced offshore sailor and emergency physician. Guest presenters include Bex Costello (Hielkema), who is an emergency nurse and experienced offshore sailor, and Yachting New Zealand yacht inspector Angus Willison.
It has a large practical component, with the participants practicing skin stapling, stitching, moving patients, CPR, looking at an AED and how to use it, giving intramuscular injections, relocation of dislocated joints and managing bone breaks.
It is a requirement for all vessels going offshore to have two advanced first aid-trained people on board and the RAYC offshore medics course more than meets this requirement. The fundamental difference between a regular first aid course and the offshore course is that the regular first aid course assumes help within one hour, whereas offshore you must be prepared to keep someone alive and relatively comfortable for a number of days. | {
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using Umbraco.Core;
using Umbraco.Core.Logging;
using Umbraco.Core.PropertyEditors;
namespace Umbraco.Web.PropertyEditors.ParameterEditors
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a parameter editor of some sort.
/// </summary>
[DataEditor(Constants.PropertyEditors.Aliases.MultiNodeTreePicker, EditorType.MacroParameter, "Multiple Content Picker", "contentpicker")]
public class MultipleContentPickerParameterEditor : DataEditor
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MultipleContentPickerParameterEditor"/> class.
/// </summary>
public MultipleContentPickerParameterEditor(ILogger logger)
: base(logger)
{
// configure
DefaultConfiguration.Add("multiPicker", "1");
DefaultConfiguration.Add("minNumber",0 );
DefaultConfiguration.Add("maxNumber", 0);
}
}
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
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One recent afternoon in the Indian city of Pune, a 35-year-old mason named Om Prakash Gaekwad gets a crash course in technology. He watches a street-corner skit explaining the virtues of WhatsApp's messaging service and Reliance Jio's wireless network.
He then climbs aboard a truck to find out how to set them up. Half an hour later, he's made up his mind: He'll upgrade to a new phone so he can negotiate masonry rates on WhatsApp — and let his six-year-old play mobile games.
Such pitches — part tutorial, part kitsch — are boosting web adoption in what is already the world's fastest-growing major internet market. Facebook, WhatsApp's parent, and India's richest man, who started Reliance Jio, are teaming up to draw hordes of customers with cheap phones, rock-bottom rates and handy messaging services.
Photo courtesy of Jan Arendtsz. | {
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Take I-4 East toward Orlando. Take Exit 74 Sand Lake Road / SR-482 and turn left onto Sand Lake Road. Turn right onto Apopka Vineland Road. Turn left onto Conroy-Windermere Road and then turn left into Isleworth Golf & Country Club.
Take I-4 West toward Orlando and exit at Conroy Road, Exit 78. Turn right onto Conroy Road and continue until it turns into Conroy-Windermere Road. Turn left into Isleworth Golf & Country Club.
As you exit the airport, take the ramp onto FL-528 West (partial toll road). Continue on FL-528 and merge onto I-4 East. Take Exit 74 Sand Lake Road / SR-482 and turn left onto Sand Lake Road. Turn right onto Apopka Vineland Road. Turn left onto Conroy-Windermere Road and then turn left into Isleworth Golf & Country Club. | {
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We hope you will enjoy the cool ambiance of "La Menta"!
Sky TV for big sporting events.
Great quality food with friends in a nice and warm atmosphere.
Try the new tapas Lee and Gonzalo chefs have created for you! | {
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About SFCC
Canvas (online learning)
Daum Museum of Contemporary Art
Donald C. Proctor Library
LearningForce
mySFCC (Portal)
SFCC Alert & Campus Closures
Active-Duty Military & Veterans
The LearningForce
SFCC at a Glance
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Work at SFCC
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SFCC Cares
Fred E. Davis Multipurpose Center
Free High School Equivalency, ELL classes
Registration will be held Dec. 12-16 and Jan. 3-6 for the next High School Equivalency (HSE) classes to be held on the State Fair Community College Sedalia campus and at sites in Appleton City, Boonville, Clinton, Richmond, Osceola, Warrensburg, and Warsaw.
SFCC's Adult Education and Literacy (AEL) program provides individualized and group instruction for anyone who wants to develop or improve skills in language arts, reading, math, social studies, or science toward taking the HSE exam, which was formerly known as the GED©.
Enrollment for HSE day class will be held from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Dec. 12-16 and Jan. 3-6, and enrollment for HSE night class will be held from 6-9 p.m. Dec. 12-14 and Jan. 3 in Yeater Learning Center, Room 163, on the Sedalia campus.
HSE classes are free, but students must enroll in person and complete an orientation before attending class.
SFCC's AEL program also offers day and evening classes to help those for whom English is not their first language and for those who wish to become U. S. citizens. These classes are free.
Enrollment for English Language Learners (ELL) evening class will be held from 5:30-8:30 p.m. Dec. 13-15 and Jan. 3-4 in Yeater Learning Center, Room 122, on the Sedalia campus.
In addition to these free programs, AEL also provides opportunities to brush up on reading, writing, math, science, social studies, and language arts to reach personal learning goals or prepare for college-level courses or placement exams. This program offers individualized lessons and one-on-one instruction. Call the AEL office to learn when these sessions are offered and how to enroll.
For more information, call (660) 596-7289 or (660) 596-7380 or stop by offices in the Student Success Center in the Yeater Learning Center.
For more information about other site locations, phone numbers and schedules, go to www.sfccmo.edu/ael.
Sedalia, Missouri – In her inaugural show at the Daum Museum of Contemporary Art on the State Fair Community College campus in Sedalia, Jane Bo ... Read more about 'Jane Booth: Instinct' opens Jan. 25 at Daum Museum. [Read More]
Sedalia, Missouri – Jan. 14, 2019 – All State Fair Community College campus locations and sites (Sedalia, Boonville, Clinton, Eldon, Lake of the O ... Read more about SFCC to close for Martin Luther King Jr. Day. [Read More]
Sedalia, Missouri – State Fair Community College's Small Business Development Center will hold Customer Discovery: Unlocking the Mystery for Succe ... Read more about SBDC to offer no-cost business training in Harrisonville in February. [Read More]
It's about community!
Sedalia, Missouri 65301-2188
230 South LaSalle Street
Copyright © 2020 State Fair Community College
Nondiscrimination & Accommodations
Tobacco-free College | {
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Les copains du dimanche ('Sunday's Friends') is a 1958 film which stars Jean Paul Belmondo. It was directed by Henri Aisner. The film promoted the trade union movement and was not seen in commercial cinemas.
Plot
Trebois, a young laborer, is looking for something to occupy his Sundays, "a glorious activity to make the six working days fly by." He's tired of camping with his friends. One day, in the cafeteria, Casti's friend suggested that he join a flying club. After the flight, Trebois decides that he experienced the best moments of his life in the air. By chance, in the hangar, his friends saw an airplane that had been in an accident. Now restoring it and flying again becomes the meaning of his life.
Cast
Jean-Paul Belmondo as Trébois
Marc Cassot as René Casti
Yves Deniaud as Manaquin
Marcel Perès as Bellac
Paul Bisciglia as Lucien
Paul Frankeur as Mr. Larcheron
Michel Piccoli as the director of the aeroclub
Robert Le Fort as Lemoine
Julien Bertheau as Jean Raymond, known as "Raf"
Évelyne Ker as Monique
Sophie Sel as Mounette
Germaine Michel as the mother Trébois
Clément Thierry as the young bourgeois
Georges Baconnet as the secretary of the committee
Pierre Vernier as worker fitter
Jacques Ferrière as Gilbert
Bernard Fresson as worker in the canteen
Annette Poivre as a lady at the inauguration
References
External links
Film page at Le Film Guide
1958 films
1958 comedy films
French comedy films
1950s French films
1950s French-language films | {
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VW Type 2 Transporter
Richard Copping
A highly illustrated look at the inside story of the first version of the iconic VW Transporter or 'Split Screen'.
In this fascinating and engrossing book, VW expert Richard Copping covers the complete history of the first generation VW Transporter or 'Camper', probably the most famous commercial and leisure van of all time.
Beginning with the prototype vehicles produced in 1949, the author covers the development of the innovative but utilitarian Kombi and the more upmarket Micro Bus, followed by the De Luxe Micro Bus, the Ambulance and the Pick-up. He covers the highlights of each vehicle and analyses the success of the range as a whole.
The book covers the revamped model line from 1955, when the success of the VW Transporter called for the building of a whole new factory in Hanover. At this time, due to popular demand, Volkswagen authorised a whole series of coach built variations on the Transporter theme with vehicles as diverse as mobile shops, refrigerated vans and police mobile offices.
The author also covers the revised model introduced in 1963 with its more powerful engine and revised tailgate and rear window as well as the ongoing success of the model in the United States. By the time German production ended in July 1967, over 1.8 million split-screen, first generation Transporters had been built.
Flying Boats of the Solent and Poole
PaperbackMike Phipp
London Docks in the 1960s
PaperbackMark Lee Inman
Scrapped and Disused Lorries
PaperbackCarl Johnson | {
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#import "ENXMLWriter.h"
#import "ENEncryptedContentInfo.h"
@class EDAMResource;
@interface ENMLWriter : ENXMLWriter
+ (NSString *) emptyNote;
+ (BOOL) validateURLComponents: (NSURL *) url;
- (void) startDocumentWithAttributes:(NSDictionary *)attributes;
- (void) writeResourceWithDataHash:(NSData *)dataHash
mime:(NSString *)mime
attributes:(NSDictionary *)attributes;
- (void) writeResource:(EDAMResource *)resource;
- (void) writeEncryptedInfo:(ENEncryptedContentInfo *)encryptedInfo;
- (void) writeTodoWithCheckedState:(BOOL)checkedState;
@end
| {
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BROOKLYN CASTLE tells the stories of five members of the chess team from an inner city junior high school that has won more national championships than any other in the country, and follows the challenges these kids face in their personal lives as well as on the chessboard.
Share this film. Consider hosting a screening and a discussion with friends, family or colleges.
Support Chess-In-The Schools, "a nonprofit educational organization dedicated to improving academic performance and building self-esteem among inner-city public school children,". They need volunteers and financial donations.
Volunteer your time at an after-school program. Citizen Schools offers suggestions within the U.S.
Learn how to play or improve the skills you already have at Chesscademy.
Lots of extras on the film's funded Kickstarter.
A set of documentaries directed by female filmmakers.
Read champion chessplayer Rochelle Ballantynes thoughts on how to succeed here.
Filmmaker Katie Dellamaggiore talks about the making of BROOKLYN CASTLE, a documentary about a unique public school in Brooklyn that is a chess powerhouse, highlighting how a student's education can be enhanced through the skills taught through this chess program.
Watch the full video on POV.
The financial crisis hitting many of the nation's public schools is taking a heavy toll in cities such as Stockton, a blue-collar port city that struggles even in good times.Perched on the edge of central California's delta, about an hour south of the state capital, the city of nearly 300,000 has had some of the highest home foreclosure and unemployment rates in a state that has ranked high in both categories.
The American Dream – Is It Still Alive?
Is the American Dream still alive today? Can people still rise from poverty to success? Why work so hard or put thousands of dollars into a college education or thousands of hours into a starting a business?
Read now on The Huffington Post.
It's never to late to learn how to play chess! Read about rules and strategies here.
Web editor Jennifer Shahade interviews chess expert, championship coach and frequent Chess Life Online and Chess Life Magazine contributor Elizabeth Vicary. Elizabeth has been teaching chess at I.S. 318, a junior high school in Brooklyn, New York since 1999.
Read the full interview on The United States Chess Federation.
"I don't know diddly about chess, and I still loved it."
"Enlightening, inspiring and expertly crafted" | {
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He goes and sits outside the class but he can't stop laughing. There are some students in the schoolyard. No one's working. The house is on the hill. My mom found out that I skipped school. Mercury is the smallest of the eight planets in the Solar System. I am uncertain when he will come next. King wasn't able to get the box open. I'm tired of her complaints. Carol told John to get his shotgun.
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She was pleased to hear that. Could you change it for a different one? The church is built in Gothic style. Will you go out tomorrow? Now you've gone and ruined everything. I doubt that Gregg would ever consider asking Raj to marry him. Why was Marika so interested in Japanese culture? I wonder why no one has bought this yet. I know this guy that lives off takeaways. The Sami people live in Lapland.
I don't think I'll have too much of a problem with that. Rain, rain, go to Spain // Never show your face again. Dan discovered Linda had another phone. I can't forgive her. His younger brother went to Shanghai the day before yesterday. Your secret's safe. What shall we do next week at this time of day? Have you got any apples? Our class reunion brought back old memories of when we were students. Are there books on the table?
His absence gave birth to all sorts of rumors. He went heart and soul into the work. Cory isn't interested in becoming famous. I'm theoretically home next weekend. He thinks that life is like a voyage in a sense. We'd never hire Amir. He enjoys good health. I hope Piercarlo loses. I think Jin is weak. She thought of the fine autumn day when she had rushed home from school with the good news; she was chosen to be on the relay team.
I called a guy I know in the FBI and requested help. You have to study French harder. Let's ask them. Sean used up all his money. A lot of people attended Arne's funeral. You weren't alone. What's happened to them? I'm tired of disinformation on Tatoeba. If he had had time, he would have visited us. Can the star be seen tomorrow night?
He took medical advice. Betty and Wes have become close. Daijisen and Daijirin are very similar. Where did Lenny get all this stuff? What are you calling me for? I'm just about to enter the match. Who is that gentleman in spectacles? Hold tight. You've probably forgotten about it already. Tal kept the window closed. He gave him a book.
You'll have to do it, whether you like it or not. Masanao is an extremely beautiful woman. The lawyer warned his client against testifying, but he did it anyway. She thinks about him when she's feeling lonely. Do come and see us again. Why would someone kill Joyce? I am well acquainted with the subject. Drop your guns! The lot fell to her to help him. This dictionary isn't the most recent version.
Would you tell Lonhyn I'd like to see him? I don't think anyone else could do my job. He's putting on airs. The choice of place for holiday turned out to be a real bone of contention in their family this year. Just be careful of Honzo. I don't know why that happened. She married an American. She is tossing and turning in bed. Quit picking on Elric. Does Kate like cats?
I hope it gets better. It's not possible. Too many people have serious issues with Italian language. That was our biggest problem. His proposals did not fit in with our aims. Rodent spiked the punch. He can play a flute. Can you outmaneuver your opponents? Johnny and I will go together and we'll return together. I have no particular talent. | {
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Published 04/24/2019 10:34:30 am at 04/24/2019 10:34:30 am in Table Lamps With Night Lights.
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The Meare Heath Bow Reconstruction
The Meare Heath Bow Reconstruction (Part 1).
by Stuart Prior · 03/12/2013
Dr. Prior and the finished bow.
Text & images by Stuart Prior.
In June 1961, the Eclipse Peat Company opened up some new areas for peat extraction on the Somerset Levels. Deep in the peat, one-half of a wooden flat-bow was discovered. This bow was found to date from the Neolithic Period, and was given the name the Meare Heath Bow.
The following article is an account of the re-creation of a working replica of the Meare Heath Bow, which was carried out using the tools, materials and technologies available to the indigenous Neolithic population of Somerset. Through the re-creation and testing of the bow, hypothesis and interpretations previously attributed to the bow, and consequently to Neolithic bow-making in general, are examined and re-appraised.
The conclusions reached include the fact that the Neolithic bowyers were skilled craftsmen and designers, capable of producing highly advanced weapons for the time, and that the Meare Heath Bow, which was previously thought to have broken in use, was probably intentionally broken, perhaps to be deposited as a votive offering in the Somerset Levels.
The reconstruction of the bow was undertaken in the summer of 1997, and two publications subsequently appeared (Prior, 2000 a&b), but this is the first time that an unabridged version of the account of the reconstruction of the bow has been published. The replica Meare Heath Bow has now been shot over 3000 times and is still going strong, illustrating the functionality of its design and the durability of the weapon.
Archaeology contains many sub-disciplines and one such is Experimental Archaeology. Experimental archaeology is the controlled replication of ancient technologies in order to provide hypotheses that can be tested by actual archaeological data. Through this field many ancient tools, buildings and artefacts have been re-created in order to learn about the processes of manufacture, usage and decay. These experiments have shown that many of the traditionally held views, about the ways in which tasks were carried out, things were constructed, or the ways in which various objects functioned, are actually ill founded, and many previously held notions about the past have subsequently been challenged.
One area where experimental archaeology has really come into its own is within the study of ancient archery, or to give it its proper name Archaeotoxophily (Archaeology = the study of antiquities; Toxophily = archery). Experimental archaeology has been used to great effect within archaeotoxophily and much has been learnt about the bows and arrows that the discipline has been applied to. The bows from the Mary Rose have been re-created (Hardy, 1976), as has the Ice Man's bow (Spindler, 1993), telling us much about artisanship and bow technologies of these periods. Flint arrowheads have also been made and tested, and their effectiveness has been proven thrice over.
The story is far from complete however, and for every question answered two more have arisen. Much knowledge may have been gleaned concerning the field of ancient archery, but there is still much to learn.
Figure 1 – The Meare Heath Bow.
The Discovery & Remains of the Meare Heath Bow
In June 1961, the Eclipse Peat Company opened up some new areas for peat extraction on the Somerset levels. Deep in the peat one-half of a wooden flat-bow was discovered (Fig. 1). The bow fragment was immediately taken to Cambridge University and subjected to carbowax treatment to preserve it. This bow was found to date from the Neolithic Period and was given the name the Meare Heath Bow (Clark & Godwin, The Illustrated London News, Feb 10th, 1962). The remains consisted of about half a bow of yew, broken across so that some 6cm's of round-section handgrip remain. The rest of the bow-stave, about 93cm's in length, take a flattened lanceolate shape of maximum width about 6cm's, almost flat on one surface (the inner or belly of the bow) and convex on the outer (or back) of the bow. Part of the sub-terminal notch for attachment of the bowstring also remains. There are two transverse leather bands around the stave at its widest point and traces indicate that others were also originally present. In addition, there were clear traces of a narrow diagonal cross banding by strips of strengthening material, probably sinew. If the bow were originally symmetrical about the grip, its total length would have been around 190.5 cm long.
The Age of the Bow
The age of the bow was verified in several ways. Firstly, stratigraphically the bow was found near the base of a dark humified peat previously known to have yielded a polished Neolithic axe of Graig Llywd stone and several sherds of a late Neolithic bowl of Peterborough ware (Clark & Godwin, The Illustrated London News, Feb 10th, 1962). Secondly, analysis of the sub-fossil pollen grains in the peat sample, taken to Cambridge surrounding the bow, showed the bow to have been deposited at a time shortly after a general decline in Elm pollen that is known throughout Northwestern Europe during the Neolithic Period. Also present were pollen grains of plants associated with the spread of Neolithic farming. Thirdly, the radiocarbon analysis gave results fully consistent with these findings, 2690 BC ± 120 years. The bow then can be placed firmly in the Middle Neolithic Period.
In terms of published results, prior to the current reconstruction, two reproductions of the Meare Heath bow have been made. The first bow was made in the 1960s by a Mr C.E. Lilley, and more recently, another was made by a Mr E. McEwen. It appears however, that both Lilley and McEwen used modern tools to make their bows, and neither reconstruction has been rigorously tested. Mr Lilley's Bow's draw weight was apparently measured, but the results were never published. It was however, shot by an archer at Dunster's 'Grand Western Archery Society's' meeting in May 1963, where an experienced Bowman hit a target at the third draw from a range of 60 yards (Clark, 1963).
McEwen's bow's draw weight was published, 41kg (90lbs) at 81cm's (32″), but the bow broke during the tillering process and was repaired with glue, and a backing strip was added. The backing was a tough elastic strip of hickory; this strengthened the bow to make it usable but also inevitably increased its poundage giving an incorrect reading for the bow (Bergman, McEwen & Miller, 1988). Therefore, a proper reconstruction was necessary to answer a whole host of questions.
The first being, why bother reconstructing the bow?
Dear Stuart,
I enjoyed reading your article on the Meare Heath bow and wondered if you'd have time to answer a question I have about how you applied the bindings/wrappings and what the process was..
I've made an Elm bow that would work very well in this style and would love to try this out.
David Oxford.
DrStu says:
Which of the bindings are you referring to David? Do you mean the rawhide?
davidoxfordjnr says:
Hi DrStu,
Well looking at Figure 1 in this Part 1 of the article, the sinew is wrapped around the tips but what is used for the horizontal bands and the webbing? They appear to be different, are they just different width leather strips? Also, I assume a form of glue used to fix the elements to the bow, the sinew and the hide? | {
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The distinctive architectural traits of our luxurious Mediterranean fashion residence plans emulate designs traditionally found in Mediterranean international locations comparable to Spain , France( colonial & nation ) and Italy. I love the banisters on the aspect of the ramp that is the entrance to the duck home. No matter what kind of cottage house plan you might be in search of, you will discover all kinds of residence designs to select from in this collection. When you are searching for the best home designs, go to us. By searching thousands of possibilities, you could find the home plans that suit you finest.
Tray ceilings within the dining room and main bedroom in addition to cathedral ceilings within the bedroom/research, great room, kitchen and breakfast space create architectural interest, along with visual house on this house plan. Inside, each bedroom of this house plan features elegant ceiling treatments, a stroll-in closet and an adjoining full toilet. This section of our plot had a special really feel about it. It impressed me to build a fairy backyard with an open air fortress, a Wendy house cottage and a sand pit for our grandchildren.
Nevertheless, I might suggest reducing the doll house some in comparison to this image as a result of geese do not prefer to climb much. This little A-body duck home does come with an important tutorial and likewise nice footage to help you see the construct in process. It's the responsibility of the homeowner or builder to make sure these house plans adjust to local building codes. | {
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Penn State Brandywine men's and women's teams back in national championships
Both teams recently captured their fourth straight conference titles
By Matthew Ralph@MattRalph_tBG Nov 8, 2019, 8:17am EST
Share All sharing options for: Penn State Brandywine men's and women's teams back in national championships
Photo by Mine McDade / Penn State Brandywine
A year after coming up one win shy of capturing national championships in both men's and women's soccer, Penn State Brandywine's teams are returning to the United States Collegiate Athletic Association National Championships in Virginia Beach this weekend.
The men's soccer team, which won the school's first national championship last year, will play Berkeley College (N.Y.) on Saturday at 4:45 pm. and Southern Maine CC on Sunday at 2:15 p.m. in Pool A. The winner of Pool A will play the winner of Pool B (Johnson & Wales Charlotte, Berkeley College N.J. and Penn State Beaver) in the Division II final on Monday at 4 p.m.
The women's team gets a rematch of last year's final that they lost 2-0 against Cincinnati-Clermont today at 2:30 pm. and plays Southern Maine CC on Sunday at noon. The winner of Pool A plays the winner of Pool B (SUNY ESF, Johnson & Wales Charlotte and Warren Wilson College) in the Division II final on Monday at 1 p.m.
Both Penn State Brandywine teams won the Penn State University Athletic Conference this season for the fourth straight year to advance to the six-team national championship field.
Brianna Banks, a Philadelphia native who scored 40 goals and dished out 4 assists this season, was named the USCAA player of the year. She has 119 goals and 29 assists over her four-year career. | {
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You ask a moderator... without calling them an idiot. The stock installation of the forums software does not allow users to delete their accounts directly.
I can do this if you wish. Are you sure?
Topic: XBOX 360 RGH Port - Please Help!!!
Re: XBOX 360 RGH Port - Please Help!!!
Topic: GSOC and developing for scummvm: Questions.
Re: GSOC and developing for scummvm: Questions.
especially the Getting Started and Help Where do I start?
donkthemagicllama: Have opened this as https://github.com/scummvm/scummvm/pull/1540 ... If there are no major objections, will merge in a week or so.
Thanks for your code contribution.
Topic: Building with LTO optimization causes GOB engine to be "ignored"
Re: Building with LTO optimization causes GOB engine to be "ignored"
Topic: This girl needs help with Nintendo 64!!!! | {
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Pedku is a village in Sindhupalchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. it had a population of 2284 and had 408 houses in the village.
the population was 1600 (863 females and 737 males) in 391 households.
References
Populated places in Sindhupalchowk District | {
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Do you already have cover from your employer?
Before you look into taking out a PMI plan, you should first check with your employer to see if you are already covered as part of their employee benefits package.
The same applies if you are a member of certain clubs, particularly health or sports clubs, or other professional organisations.
Importantly, even if you do already have private health cover as part of some kind of benefits or membership package, it still may not be the level of cover you actually require, so always check through the details of the policy carefully and if needs be, you can take out an additional policy.
A factor that will likely play a key role in the level of cover you end up wanting from your policy will be the price you are willing to pay. As a general rule, the higher the level of cover, the more your policy will cost.
Of course, other factors come into play such as your age, any pre-existing conditions you may have, and the balance between premiums and excess.
We'll go over specifics (i.e. what kinds of conditions you can expect to be covered for) in the following section but broadly speaking, the different levels of cover on offer can be divided according to the types of treatment they will cover you for.
Most private medical insurance policies will cover you as a day patient and an inpatient that is, any treatment or tests you receive or undergo in hospital.
Some, more expensive policies will also cover any outpatient treatment you receive, such as on-going physiotherapy once you've left the hospital.
When it comes to private medical insurance, you get what you pay for, and so when you come to pick your policy it will involve a careful balancing of your priorities.
It is important to remember that even if your PMI policy offers you full and extensive inpatient cover, not every treatment that requires you to stay in hospital overnight will actually be covered.
First, the bulk of the NHS' funding goes towards helping to care for patients with chronic conditions, whereas private hospitals are more suited to dealing with conditions that can be treated or cured more quickly. This essentially means that you are likely to get a better service for free than you would if you paid for it, making private healthcare an unnecessary expense.
Second is the cost. To cover patients for treatment for long term or chronic conditions would be expensive, and this would translate into incredibly high premiums for the policy holder.
This list is not exhaustive; for a more complete list head over to our article Private Medical Insurance – Will You Be Covered?
It is important to note on the subject of pre-existing conditions that if you do have a condition like, say, diabetes, then it will likely be the case that your PMI supplier will not cover any treatment for your diabetes, but you will still be able to take out a policy, albeit at a slightly inflated price.
The same applies if you have a disability; you won't be turned down for cover if you're disabled (there are laws preventing this) but it may well be the case that you won't be covered for any treatment relating to your disability. | {
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« Who You 'Gonna Call?
Marketing has to do with getting the message out effectively. You want people to know that your home is for sale. Marketing will use mediums such as the old school print advertising all the way to the Internet. It involves pictures and videos. Marketing also has to do with how your home is perceived. Is the presentation of the material pleasing to the eye and does it convey the right information? Is the information reaching the target audience? All of this has to do with marketing.
Sales comes after the marketing. People are in the door because of marketing, now they must be sold on the home. A Realtor might engage sales techniques when one on one with people at an open house. The presentation of your home influences a sale and you might even use a home stager in order to help your home sell.
Remember the difference between marketing and sales when interviewing Realtors. You want to know what a Realtor will do to get people into your home (marketing). This is the most important. The sale will follow if the marketing is effective. You don't need a fast talking salesperson if you have good marketing. | {
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Sri Swami Vimalananda (Pre-monastically known as Sri S. Nagarajan) was born to pious Brahmin parents, in Chamarajanagar, near Mysore, Karnataka in the year 1932. Sri Nagaraj was a great patriot, having taken part in the quit India Movement in his early student life. He was at the same time a great admirer of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Swami Vivekananda, whose teachings had a profound influence on his life. He used to regularly attend the Ramakrishna Mission Satsanga. Finally his love for seclusion on the banks of the Ganga for doing intense Sadhana brought him to Sivananda Ashram in 1953. As a spiritual aspirant he offered himself at the holy feet of Swami Sivananda. He served the Holy Master for almost 10 years.
Sri Nagaraj was an exemplary Nishkama Karma Yogi, and Swami Sivananda at once recognized this spirit in him. Because of his sincerity and trustworthy nature, he was entrusted with the job of receiving Sri Guredev's mail and attending to his correspondence which he did to the great satisfaction of Sri Gurudev. He was at the same time doing personal service to Swami Chidananda, towards whom he slowly developed an exceptional type of devotion and implicit obedience, so much so that his words were gospel to Sri Nagraj. It is indeed rare to see such type of devotion and obedience these days. Even so his love for Sri Gurudev, the Ganga and the Himalayas is something unique. Often he would go into the Himalayan jungles for solitude and seclusion, for hours together.
After Gurudev attained Mahasamadhi, Swamiji was serving Worshipful Sri Swami Chidanandaji Maharaj as his personal attendant and secretary. On 26th of July, 1972, the sacred Guru Purnima, he embraced the Order of Sannyasa and got the monastic name Swami Vimalananda. Being Secretary to Swami Chidananda, he has traveled widely, both in India and abroad. He is an embodiment of patience and self-sacrifice.
He was appointed as General Secretary of the Divine Life Society on 28th June 2004. H.H. Sri Swami Vimalananda, was elected as the Chairman of the Divine Life Trust Society and ex-officio President of the Divine Life Society with effect from 28th September 2008.
Sri Swami Vimalanandaji conveys his warm greetings to all and offers his prayers to Lord Viswanath, Most Worshipful H.H. Sri Swami Sivanandaji Maharaj and Worshipful H.H. Sri Swami Chidanandaji Maharaj for the welfare of all devotees, members and well-wishers of the Divine Life Society. May the choicest blessings and benedictions of Sadgurudev be upon one and all.
Sri Swami Vimalanandaji seeks and prays for the blessings and good-wishes of all devotees worldwide so that he may continue to serve the Holy institution founded by Holy Master Swami Sivananda and spread the message of Divine Life.
An Engineer in the Government of Kerala, he renounced his career and took to life of renunciation to qualify himself for ministering to the Soul of man. He studied Vedanta (Prastanatrayi) and Scriptures in typical Gurukula Samparadaya under a great Master in a Gurukula on the bank of Kaveri River, Tamil Nadu. | {
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TransLink is reshaping Gold Coast public transport with new bus timetables and making changes to a number of local bus services.
Following the early opening of Stage 2 of the G:link tram, the bus changes are on track for delivery on Monday 8 January 2018.
More reliable timetables which reflect current traffic conditions.
Less temporary diversions for route 705 due to events and road closures on Surf Parade.
Your new bus times will be available in TransLink's journey planner. Click here for timetables.
You can get a copy of your new bus timetable by visiting translink.com.au; from TransLink kiosks; or by calling 13 12 30 and asking for a copy to be posted to you.
Download the MyTransLink app to access personalised public transport information.
There are no changes to dedicated school bus services as a result of these Gold Coast bus changes.
Please visit translink.com.au for further information about the Gold Coast bus service changes and timetable changes. | {
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Q: Ubuntu terminal identifying Branch and Repository like Git Bash Is there a way to get the Ubuntu terminal to show the name of the current branch like Git Bash for Windows?
I want to achive this:
A: I have the following function to display the git branch (or tag) in my prompt:
function new_parse_git_branch() {
br=$(git branch --no-color 2> /dev/null | sed -e '/^[^*]/d' -e 's/* \(.*\)/\1/')
if [ "$br" == "(no branch)" ]; then
echo "(git:tag:`git describe`)"
else
echo "(git:$br)"
fi
}
If you run it in a git repository, it will display e.g.
(git:master)
| {
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Wealth, Intellectualism, and Individualism, Part 12
The media is slowly adapting changing reader tastes favoring impartiality over demagoguery. For example, there is evidence the liberal media is at least making some effort giving Trump a 'fair shake', with articles that try to impartially explore the 'Trump phenomenon' from a cultural anthropological standpoint, like "Why are all these people, many of who are well-educated, showing up to Trump rallies? What do they want? Maybe they have been ignored by the political establishment," rather than just writing-off Trump supporters as 'closed minded' and 'bigoted', which is what the liberal media did in 2010 with the Tea Party.
For example, writing in The New Yorker, critically acclaimed short-story writer George Saunders describes his first-hand account (in a long form article coming in at over 10,000 words) of Trump supporters from a June San Jose rally:
The Trump supporters I spoke with were friendly, generous with their time, flattered to be asked their opinion, willing to give it, even when they knew I was a liberal writer likely to throw them under the bus. They loved their country, seemed genuinely panicked at its perceived demise, felt urgently that we were, right now, in the process of losing something precious. They were, generally, in favor of order and had a propensity toward the broadly normative, a certain squareness. They leaned toward skepticism (they'd believe it when they saw it, "it" being anything feelings-based, gauzy, liberal, or European; i.e., "socialist"). Some (far from all) had been touched by financial hardship—a layoff was common in many stories—and (paradoxically, given their feelings about socialism) felt that, while in that vulnerable state, they'd been let down by their government.
Notice how Saunders, who is a liberal, tries to empathize with them, to understand where they are coming from, and to see the positives, too, not just the negatives.
Another example is Slate magazine, which typically leans 'left', defending Moldbug after he was unjustly booted from a tech conference for his right-wing political views.
Also, online, in the comments especially, there is a backlash, especially since 2013, against helicopter parenting and lowered standards in academia, as parents, teachers, and even students realize that America and its fat, coddled kids cannot compete against the lean and industrious Indians and Chinese. As part of this trend, Marc Scott's 2013 long-form article, Kids can't use computers… and this is why it should worry you, about how kids are technologically illiterate, went hugely viral. If there is a silver lining to this, America, like a magnet, attracts smart foreigners, so this should be enough to offset declining standards–but, as part of the post-2013 SJW backlash–people are also growing weary of useless, delusional affirmations that 'every child is special' or that 'everyone can be a genius', as well as tired of false victimization, 'safe spaces', and 'microaggressions'. No, some children better than others, and if you're kid is failing it's probably because he's slow (the individual), not because of the school (the collective) is to blame, going back to the section earlier on 'individualism'. But even the 'left', including the intelligentsia (even liberal professors), began to join the backlash when they saw free speech and the free dissemination of ideas being threatened by 'victimization culture', prompting even the The Atlantic, a generally liberal magazine, to address the issue in a hugely popular 2015 article, The Rise of Victimhood Culture. And from Vox, a story about college professors being afraid to hurt the feelings of overly sensitive students also went viral, as everyone agrees that political correctness on campus has gone too far, and that college should be about teaching ideas, not sheltering students from them.
But sentimentalism definitely is on the way out as evidenced by the recent backlash by millennials and other smart people against Malcom Gladwell and his belief in 'deliberate practice' superseding talent. Although 'grit' is important, it's IQ that determines how much 'millage' you get for your efforts. Although this seems fairly obvious, for much of the 90's and 2000's during the whole 'self-confidence' movement – and up until around at least 2008 – there was period where seemingly intelligent people suspended judgement in a fit of mass delusion of sorts. This is because the harsh realities of Social Darwinism, the effects of which have become acutely and manifestly apparent in our post-2008 economy, douses cold water on affirmations that 'talent doesn't matter' or that 'everyone is equal'. IQ has become something of a 'sorting mechanism' that separates the winners from the losers in today's hyper-competitive, increasingly automated economy. Thus many may be preordained to fail by virtue of bad genes, inhibiting free will. Like it or not, IQ is more important than ever, and the 'blank slate' view of cognitive science is looking increasingly dated.
In 2013 the mayor of London, Boris Johnson, posited that some people are 'too stupid to get on in life,' predictably eliciting howls of outrage from the left. Maybe he's right. The pre-2008 economy provided enough 'good-paying jobs' for almost everyone, but in 2008 the cereal box that is analogous to the economy was shaken, and in what could be described as a 'tyranny of the bookish' the less intelligent 'cornflakes' found themselves at the bottom of the box and the smarter ones at the top, with high unemployment and low-paying jobs for the former. As society becomes increasingly automated, possibly even emulated or ascended, can humans, particularly those who are of lesser intelligence and or wealth, who find themselves at the bottom of the box, maintain some semblance of autonomy, purpose, and dignity.
To quote Andrew Sullivan:
It's a huge challenge for a liberal technocratic society that the skills it increasingly rewards are unevenly distributed across racial groups. It's equally a huge challenge for our society that the kind of intelligence IQ measures is so strongly correlated with economic success, regardless of race, and that the rewards to the most gifted in these areas are growing, not shrinking. The Bell Curve was one of the great prophetic books of our current crisis of inequality. It raised very troubling questions about this country's ability to advance economically and not stratify into two, increasingly separate and mutually uncomprehending nations. And yet the important thing to say about it, according to so many who have never read it, is that it should never have been published and no one should have responded to it.
Elon Musk vs. the left: Twitter War
Anti-Peterson desperation | {
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Dr. J. Brent Gorrell offers behavioral therapy to treat sleep apnea and improve sleeping patterns for his patients.
These oral hygiene tips for at-home care can help you prevent tooth decay, gum disease, and ensure a healthy smile.
If you suffer from deep dental stains, intrinsic stain treatment from Gorrell Smiles may be right for you. | {
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Securities offered through Kestra Investment Services, LLC (Kestra IS), member FINRA/SIPC. Investment advisory services offered through Kestra Advisory Services, LLC (Kestra AS), an affiliate of Kestra IS. Kestra IS and Kestra AS are not affiliated with Levine Group, LLC or any other entity that may be listed on this website. Kestra IS and Kestra AS do not provide tax or legal advice.
This site is published for residents of the United States only. Registered representatives of Kestra IS andand Investment Advisor Representatives of Kestra AS may only conduct business with residents of the states and jurisdictions in which they are properly registered. Therefore, a response to a request for information may be delayed. Not all of the products and services referenced on this site are available in every state and through every representative or advisor listed. For additional information, please contact the Kestra IS Compliance Department at 844-553-7872. | {
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Mobile ransomware is coming for your Android - Dallas, Plano, Irving | Trif Technologies, Inc.
December 24th, 2018 Trif Technologies, Inc.
If malware infects your computer, it would either crash at random, display annoying ads or notifications, or slow down. An Android device that has been breached by malware will not immediately show any signs of infection, unless it's ransomware.
Similar to ransomware on personal computers, mobile ransomware holds data stored on your device hostage and demands ransom. For example, the popular Russian social network app OK was infected by ransomware in early 2018. The malware prompted users to change device settings. There was no option to close the prompt, and tapping Accept locked everything down and left victims with nothing but a ransom note.
How do you protect yourself from mobile ransomware?
Third, back up important files from your device to either a USB disk, a computer, or any cloud-based service. This way, you won't lose valuable data if you are forced to factory-reset your smartphone or tablet.
Last, if ransomware made its way onto your device, don't pay. According to IT security company ESET, mobile ransomware very rarely includes programming to reverse the damage it has done.
Losing any type of data is at least an annoying inconvenience or at most an enormous legal liability. Businesses need to be especially careful about careless employees. Data loss could result in lawsuits or regulatory fines, so it's important that everyone knows how to safeguard their Android devices against ransomware. | {
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This WEITZMANN pilot watch "AVIATIC" impresses not only with its puristic design language but also the polished stainless steel watch case (diameter 47 mm, height 15,5 mm, 5 ATM) and a quality quartz movement known for its precision and also durability. This timepiece with a classical Vintage-look comes with a black dial (model "SCHWALBE") or a white dial (model "ALBATROS"). The high-quality processing of this pilot watch includes a hardened and almost scratch-resistant mineral glass and in this embodiment a stylish, hand-sewn genuine leather strap (band attachment width 22 mm) with an antique finish and in different colours so that this flagship model does not only look great but also can be worn with comfort. The fluorescent hour and minute-hands as well as the second hand make it easy to check the time precisely and easy. A date indicator on the 12 o' clock position completes the smart design of this great pilot watch with a trendy retro look! | {
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At JRD Admin Aid Limited, organisation is our speciality; we have a proven track record of supporting companies and sub-contractors. Our experienced team liaise professionally with customers and suppliers, maintaining high qualities of work and keeping effective communication a high priority.
One of the main aims of our outsourced business support is to enable company growth. We can manage the administration for sales, suppliers, and sub-contractors so you don't have to worry about it. We ensure all the required records are created and in place, building a working partnership with your company, meaning you will be able to focus more on business strategy and implement growth plans more efficiently, while knowing that the support is in place for sub-contractors and employees, other suppliers and if required customers too.
Supporting businesses and their sub-contractors to help to enforce compliance procedures.
Providing support to sub-contractors, managers and employees regarding many business areas.
Creating, implementing and improving upon compliance procedures and paper trails.
Advising of efficiencies in many areas, including finance, procedures and training.
Supporting all areas of self-employment and compliance.
Ensuring that all sub-contractors are registered for self-employment and understand what that entails.
Our services are flexible and tailor made to your exact needs as a business. The main aim of our business support is to save you, as a business owner, director or manager, TIME, by working efficiently and cost effectively with you and your team. When running a business, time is precious, therefore giving you more time to do what you are passionate about will help to grow your business. Let us take the pressure off financial administration, credit control and specific administration for companies and their sub-contractors. JRD Admin Aid is a limited company established in 2012. We have been working closely within financial administration and accounts for companies and their sub-contractors for over 5 years and have a vast knowledge of the standard of work, accuracy and professionalism expected.
Specialising in business procedures and credit control, Rebecca is an ambitious and focused individual who strives for efficiency and accuracy throughout all work completed. Responsible for controlling workload, and scheduling work to ensure deadlines are managed and met, communication is kept as a high priority and expectations are exceeded.
Jane is a qualified accountant with over 25 years' experience in accountancy. Within the business support contracts, Jane ensures processes are in place for all sub-contractors for self-employment, including registering as self-employed and understanding what this means. Also advising our clients to ensure they are fully compliant.
© Copyright 2018 JRD Admin Aid. All Rights Reserved. | {
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The seductive mountains are not forever, they will not last more than a few hundred million years. The Appalachians , the Urals or the mountains of Scotland , are low, rounded mountains that are reaching the end of their normal life. The Rockies or the Andes , on the other hand, were formed about 65 million years ago and still show the rugged appearance of the newly born mountains. a trip to the mountains, we will find that it feels much colder. Everything has to do with our atmosphere. We may not always think about it, but basically we live in an ocean of giant air.
The seductive mountains are in 75 percent of the total of the countries of the world. The climate and the alive beings of a mountain vary in function of the altitude, since the superior zone is much colder than the one that is in the base . It is not uncommon to find snow or even glaciers in the higher areas, so the plants and animals that live there are not the same as those in the lower portions. Sometimes, in the high areas, nothing is observed but ice and perhaps certain birds that fly over.
The inaccessibility of the mythical Naranjo de Bulnes -Pico Urriellu- ended on August 5, 1904, when Pedro Pidal, Marquis of Villaviciosa, and his guide Gregorio Pérez, El Cainejo, crowned their summit for the first time. The approach to the mythical vertical wall, 530 meters high, can be made from different routes, the most comfortable part of the viewpoint of El Cable, at 1,847 meters of altitude, which is accessed by the Fuente Dé cable car, after an ascent of 750 meters from its facilities in the Cantabrian valley of Liebana, 28 kilometers from the town of Potes.
There are few mountains as beautiful and remote as Mount Sarmiento, an icy pyramid in the seas of the end of the world, between blue glaciers, immeasurable forests and some of the blackest and sharpest mountains on the planet: those of the Darwin mountain range, in Tierra del Fire (Chile). Its summit was conquered for the first time in 1955 by a team that included the Italian mountaineers Clemente Gueret and Carlo Mauri.
Don Goyo, as Mexico is known at the Popocatépetl volcano, wakes up from afternoon to afternoon of his nap – the last time, in May of 2013 – to scare the nearly 70,000 people who live in his skirt. The volcano, with a height of 5,426 meters above sea level, is the second largest mountain in Mexico and is visible from some areas of the capital. Next to it is the extinct volcano of Iztaccíhuatl, known as the Sleeping Woman and 5,222 meters high.
The symbol of the indomitable has a short name: K2. A majestic and terrible mountain, curdled with sharp cliffs and with a mass equivalent to 40 Cervinos, which stands like an icy fang up to 8,611 meters in the Karakorum mountain range, on the border between Pakistan, India and China.
The highest mountain station in the Alps is reached from Zermatt, Switzerland, with the Matterhorn Express gondola, a cable car reaching the 3,883 meters of the Little Matterhorn. At this height, the highest point of the Theodul Glacier, is the highest hotel-restaurant in Europe and a 360-degree panoramic platform, with views of Alpine giants such as Matterhorn and Monte Rosa. The British Edward Whymper reached the summit of the Matterhorn for the first time on July 14, 1865.
At 2,132 meters above sea level, the mysterious Mount Pilatus rises (Lucena, Switzerland). Formerly a nest of dragons and legends, today it is one of the most visited places in Switzerland, for its panoramic views of Lake Lucerne. To climb, the best option is the cable car that joins Kriens with the Pilatus Kulm.
In the viewpoint installed in the upper cabin of the cable car of the Aiguille du Midi, at an altitude of 3,842 meters, in the French Alps, one can test his fear of heights. Opened in December 2013, this dizzying cubicle has 12-centimeter-thick crystals that can withstand winds of up to 220 kilometers per hour. Under the feet an imposing alpine landscape unfolds, which includes Mont Blanc.
The perfect volcano: with a circular crater and a red lava lake bubbling in the background. Its lava rivers have covered the city of Goma several times in the Kivu region. An amazing place in the African mountain range of the Virunga.
Formed by a series of valleys and reliefs of glacial origin, the Ordesa National Park has several peaks that exceed 3,000 meters, with Mount Perdido (whose peak, in the center, is covered with clouds in this photo), so beautiful by its name as for its 3,355 meters in height.
It takes eight minutes to climb by cable car to the highest mountain in Spain, the peak of Teide (3,718 meters). The last section from La Rambleta (3,555 meters), the terminal station of the cabin, to the summit of the volcano is restricted by security and conservation measures. In addition to the path to the summit of the crater, two tours can be made, this time without special permission, to the viewpoints of La Fortaleza, to the north, and Pico Viejo, to the south. The base station of the cable car is accessible by road and is located at 2,356 meters above sea level.
Finally, elsewhere, the air on a mountain that is even colder actually begins to sink. This sinking air is compressed, crushed and heated. This mixture of air is called convection and is at the heart of our climate. This system also keeps the surface of our home planet warm enough to live, from the coldest seductive mountains to the warmest beaches in our world. A mountain is a great natural elevation of the Earth, which often has one or several peaks in its upper part. It is larger than a hill and steeper than a hill, but it is formed by processes similar to those of these.
Seductive mountains are found anywhere in the world and even below sea level, where humans can not see them unless they are submerged. Many mountains are arranged successively forming mountain ranges, mountain ranges or mountain ranges, while some are isolated in the field. On the surface they form part of the terrestrial relief and offer spectacular landscapes of notorious beauty. They are also important habitats for many animal and plant species, and in fact, some that make the mountains their home carry the words "mountain" or "mountain" in the common name. Examples are the wildcat, the mountain goat and the mountain lion (puma), but many others that do not have such an obvious common name live nearby. | {
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