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High Peak District
Rosie MarzoukUSA, UK and Norway
Train to Buxton
September 18, 2019 in the United Kingdom ⋅ 🌙 11 °C
Another fun day! Amr and I started by having a walk along a cycling/walking track near Omnia's house where we have walked before...as we were embarking on another train journey. Not such a long one this time, but involved 2 trains, changing at Manchester Piccadilly. Omnia drove us to Lime Street, and on the way we passed the famous Beatles landmark Strawberry Fields.
Each train journey was about an hour, all on time and efficient, and we chugged through lovely countryside arriving at Buxton about 3.30. Gill and Bob met us at the station. Lovely to see them! They just got back last night from 10 days in Crete.
Checked into the hotel and had a little walk in this very charming town. Had early dinner in a pub (pie and beer!) and went to the Opera House, a lovely old theatre, as we had tickets for an evening listening to Ranulph Fiennes. Gill had seen that this was on and we had agreed we'd all love to go. And it was absolutely fantastic. What a man! Explorer and adventurer, broken all sorts of records crossing Antarctica, circling the world on water and land via the Poles...and at 75 he's still going. He was extremely funny, speaking in a droll deadpan way about his exploits. So that was a highlight. Tomorrow a full day here with Gill and Bob.Read more
Sep 18, 2019, 10:20pm · 🌙 11 °C · Altitude: 322 m · 53°15'16" N 1°54'55" W
United Kingdom High Peak District Buxton
Buxton to Carlisle
September 20, 2019 in the United Kingdom ⋅ ☀️ 16 °C
A very varied day. We heard from Carole and John yesterday that they had arrived in Edinburgh but that their bags had not, and that they may not be able to meet us in Carlisle today as planned...frustrating situation, people didn't seem to know where they were....anyway, to cut a long story short (bags mis-tagged etc) the bags miraculously arrived this morning, and all the original plans came back into action- and we have met them here in Carlisle this evening, had dinner together and all is well!
So to start at the beginning of the day, we met Gill and Bob who had to leave early afternoon to drive almost to London for a 50th wedding anniversary with friends. But we spent a lovely morning with them. First had breakfast and had substantial food, brunch really, and it did keep us going till dinner. Then Gill knew a nearby walk up to another high spot above Buxton and it was magnificent. On top is Solomon's temple, nothing to do with king Solomon or religion, but I believe I was a folly of one of the Dukes of Devonshire a few hundred years ago. Anyway, it had a magnificent view over Buxton and the surrounding countryside and amr says we walked about 12 kms, so that was good before our train journey.
We got to the train station early as we had checked out of the hotel, and Gill and Bob had gone, and realised we could catch any train back to Manchester as they were not booked seats and local trains, and also the second train from Manchester to Preston which was similarly unbooked seats, but this second one turned out to be extremely busy, and we were glad we weren't even later on a Friday afternoon. Each journey was almost an hour, and we got to Preston in tons of time to find the platform for our last train to Carlisle. We had to wait for the correct train this time as it was a big express from London to Edinburgh and thank goodness we did have seats as it was also madly crowded.
All went well and we are now safely ensconced in our Ibis near the station and have enjoyed catching up with Carole and John, and ready for new adventures.Read more
Sep 20, 2019, 11:55am · ☀️ 16 °C · Altitude: 430 m · 53°14'34" N 1°55'14" W
Shazzij Travel LogUK Bumble 2018
Animals in the countryside
May 4, 2018 in the United Kingdom ⋅ ☁️ 13 °C
The Westbury or Bratton White Horse is a hill figure on the escarpment of Salisbury Plain, approximately 2.4 km east of Westbury in Wiltshire, England. Located on the edge of Bratton Downs and lying just below an Iron Age hill fort, it is the oldest of several white horses carved in Wiltshire.
The horse is 55m tall and 52m wide and has been adopted as a symbol for the town of Westbury.Read more
May 4, 2018, 9:00pm · ☁️ 13 °C · Altitude: 185 m · 53°21'52" N 1°41'56" W
United Kingdom High Peak District Bamford
Marcus HeinSkater explores the islands
What a beautiful park
July 23, 2018 in the United Kingdom ⋅ ⛅ 24 °C
The Peak District National Park in the Heart of England. Many Hills, beautiful scenery and a few Caves. I think the pictures say the most.
Jul 23, 2018, 12:41pm · ⛅ 24 °C · Altitude: 190 m · 53°22'20" N 1°43'47" W
United Kingdom High Peak District Bamford River Ashop
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Home > Introduction > Physics > Complementarity
In the late Winter of 1927, Neils Bohr went skiing for a few weeks in Norway, during which he analyzed the puzzling situation in quantum mechanics in deeply philosophical terms.
In the previous two years, Max Born, with his clever students Werner Heisenberg and Pascual Jordan, had developed the quantum mechanics of material particles. They had derived most of the results of Bohr's old quantum theory, eliminating his idea of semi-classical orbits but confirming Bohr's "quantum postulate of stationary states with electrons "jumping" between them, radiating energy with E2 - E1 = hν, following Max Planck's hypothesis about the quantum of action.
And just the year before, Erwin Schrödinger developed an alternative "wave mechanics," which he showed gives exactly the same results as quantum mechanics, but without some of the major assumptions in Bohr's earlier work, which had been adopted also by Heisenberg. In his 1929 textbook, Heisenberg dubbed their work "Der Kopenhagener Geist," many years later known as the "Copenhagen interpretation" of quantum mechanics.
Where Bohr and Heisenberg described the stationary states with arbitrary quantum numbers, Schrödinger showed that quantum numbers emerge naturally from the number of nodes in his wave function that could fit around an electron orbit (an idea that Louis de Broglie had proposed earlier).
The dualistic view that matter might consist of either particles or waves (or maybe both) must surely have inspired Bohr to think about complementary relations, but there are strong reasons to think that he might not have wanted to identify his complementarity with Einstein's ideas about "wave-particle duality".
Heisenberg said that "The main point was that Bohr wanted to take this dualism between waves and corpuscles as the central point of the problem." But Bohr also used the term complementary to describe the "reciprocal uncertainty" between momentum and position in Heisenberg's indeterminacy relations. Bohr said:
the measurement of the positional coordinates of a particle is accompanied not only by a finite change in the dynamical variables, but also the fixation of its position means a complete rupture in the causal description of its dynamical behaviour, while the determination of its momentum always implies a gap in the knowledge of its spatial propagation. Just this situation brings out most strikingly the complementary character of the description of atomic phenomena [italics added]
("Como Lecture," Supplement to Nature, April 14, 1928, p.484)
Bohr may never have completely accepted Albert Einstein's idea that light itself might consist of particles. In 1905, Einstein had proposed his "light-quantum hypothesis," that light comes in discrete and discontinuous quantities, something like Newton's "light corpuscles."
Einstein wrote in 1905:
On the modern quantum view, what spreads out is a wave of probability amplitude for absorbing a whole "light quantum" somewhere. The wave function ψ should be thought of as a "possibility" function
Bohr resisted Einstein's "light-quantum hypothesis" in 1913. His Bohr model of the atom postulated that there are "stationary states" with energy levels En. His second postulate was that electrons jump discontinuously between levels, emitting or absorbing radiation of frequency ν, where
Em - En = hν
As obvious as it is today that Bohr's hν is a "photon" (as it was dubbed in the middle 1920's), Bohr thought that the radiation emitted or absorbed was continuous and classical electromagnetism. It is not clear that Bohr had completely accepted photons and the dual nature of light even as he formulated his philosophical notion of complementarity in his "Como Lecture" of 1927. He seems to have accepted it in 1949, in his tribute to Einstein.
Einstein had written as early as 1909 that the wave theory of light might need to be augmented to explain his particle-like properties.
This was the beginning of wave-particle duality that Bohr would reconcile
with the idea of complementarity in quantum mechanics
("On the Development of Our Views Concerning the Nature and Constitution of Radiation," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10, p.817)
When Bohr returned from his skiing vacation, he received a draft paper from Heisenberg claiming that some physical variables might be measured precisely, but then their canonically conjugate variables would have a very large error. This is his famous "indeterminacy principle." If a momentum measurement has accuracy Δp and position accuracy Δx than the product of the two indeterminacies is Δp Δx ≥ h, where h is Planck's constant for the quantum of action.
Bohr asked Heisenberg to include his notion of complementarity, and perhaps his derivation of indeterminacy from pure wave-mechanical considerations, in his new paper. This upset Heisenberg greatly, because he thought that Schrödinger's "wave mechanics" added nothing to his particle-oriented "matrix mechanics." Bohr thought both were needed. Though somewhat contradictory, they were his first example of "complementarity."
Definitions of complementarity today almost always include wave-particle duality, but Bohr was so vague about the precise meaning of his term complementarity when he introduced it in his 1927 "Como Lecture" that it is confusing to this day. One thing he did in the Como Lecture was to argue that both Heisenberg's discontinuous and indeterministic particle picture and Schrödinger's continuous and deterministic wave picture were both needed in quantum mechanics. The theories themselves, matrix mechanics and wave mechanics, are "complementary."
Almost no one, least of all Bohr, gave credit to Einstein, for his 1909 insight that both wave and particle pictures needed to be fused, or to his views in the early 1920's that the wave was a "Gespensterfeld" (ghost field) that guides the particles. Ironically, and unjustly, to this day the "Bohr atom" is taught as discontinuous "jumps" between energy levels accompanied by the emission or absorption of a photon, whereas Bohr fought against Einstein's light quantum hypothesis for decades. Einstein developed the quantum theory of radiation, explaining emission, absorption, and the radical hypothesis of "stimulated emission" (that led to the invention of the laser) in 1916! But it is Bohr's name most often cited.
Bohr claimed that an experimental apparatus must always be treated as a classical object and described using ordinary language. He thought that specific experiments could reveal only part of the quantum nature of microscopic objects. For example, one experiment might reveal a particle's dynamical properties such as energy, momentum, position, etc. Another experiment might reveal wavelike properties. But no one experiment could exhaustively reveal both. The experiments needed to reveal both are "complementary."
Bohr's first definition of complementarity in the Como lecture somewhat opaquely contrasts the "space-time coordination" with the "claim of causality."
Space-time co-ordination and the claim of causality are complementary.
They "symbolize" observation
and definition,
also complementary?
Relativity has a limit
v / c → 0.
has the limit h → 0
(better h / m → 0).
The very nature of the quantum theory thus forces us to regard the space-time co-ordination and the claim of causality, the union of which characterises the classical theories, as complementary but exclusive features of the description, symbolising the idealisation of observation and definition respectively. Just as the relativity theory has taught us that the convenience of distinguishing sharply between space and time rests solely on the smallness of the velocities ordinarily met with compared to the velocity of light, we learn from the quantum theory that the appropriateness of our usual causal space-time description depends entirely upon the small value of the quantum of action as compared to the actions involved in ordinary sense perceptions. Indeed, in the description of atomic phenomena, the quantum postulate presents us with the task of developing a 'complementarity' theory the consistency of which can be judged only by weighing the possibilities of definition and observation.
("The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory," Supplement to Nature, April 14, 1928, p.580)
And again, a few paragraphs later, Bohr looks for a complementary relation between the "kinematics" of a space-time picture and the "dynamics" of a causal picture using variables like momentum, energy, etc. :
This situation would seem clearly to indicate the impossibility of a causal space-time description of the light phenomena. On one hand, in attempting to trace the laws of the time-spatial propagation of light according to the quantum postulate, we are confined to statistical considerations. On the other hand, the fulfilment of the claim of causality for the individual light processes, characterised by the quantum of action, entails a renunciation as regards the space-time description.
Once again, space-time and causality are complementary views of classical concepts.
Of course, there can be no question of a quite independent application of the ideas of space and time and of causality. The two views of the nature of light are rather to be considered as different attempts at an interpretation of experimental evidence in which the limitation of the classical concepts is expressed in complementary ways.
("The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory," Supplement to Nature, April 14, 1928, pp.580-581)
Bohr points out that in expressions like ΔE Δt = h and Δp Δx = h, we see both space-time (wave) variables x, t and dynamical (particle) variables E, p.
As mentioned above, Bohr thought Heisenberg's "uncertainty" could be an example of complementarity, because two different measurement apparatuses were needed to measure dynamical momentum and space-time position.
An important contribution to the problem of a consistent application of these methods has been made lately by Heisenberg (Zeitschr. f. Phys., 43, 172; 1927). In particular, he has stressed the peculiar reciprocal uncertainty which affects all measurements of atomic quantities. Before we enter upon his results it will be advantageous to show how the complementary nature of the description appearing in this uncertainty is unavoidable already in an analysis of the most elementary concepts employed in interpreting experience.
Bohr notes that Heisenberg's derivation of his indeterminacy principle was entirely done with particles and dynamical variables. Bohr then proceeds to derive Heisenberg's relations solely on the basis of a wave theory (a space-time description). This must have embarrassed Heisenberg, who resisted at first but eventually completely accepted and promoted Bohr's view of complementarity as an essential part of the Copenhagen Interpretation (along with his own uncertainty principle and Born's statistical interpretation of the wave function).
The use of a wave description reduces sharpness in definitions
Here the complementary character of the description appears, since the use of wave-groups is necessarily accompanied by a lack of sharpness in the definition of period and wave-length, and hence also in the definition of the corresponding energy and momentum as given by relation (1).
We can illustrate Bohr's argument on lack of sharpness
as a simple consequence of instrumental resolving power.
Δt is the time it takes the wave packet to pass a certain point.
Δν is the range of frequencies of the superposed waves.
In space instead of time, the wave packet is length Δx
and the range of waves per centimeter is Δσ.
Bohr derives Heisenberg's uncertainty principle from
an elementary analysis of wave properties.
Rigorously speaking, a limited wave-field can only be obtained by the superposition of a manifold of elementary waves corresponding to all values of ν and σx, σy, σz. But the order of magnitude of the mean difference between these values for two elementary waves in the group is given in the most favourable case by the condition
Δt Δν = Δx Δσx = Δy Δσy = Δz Δσz = 1,
where Δt, Δx, Δy, Δz denote the extension of the wave-field in time and in the directions of space corresponding to the co-ordinate axes. These relations — well known from the theory of optical instruments, especially from Rayleigh's investigation of the resolving power of spectral apparatus — express the condition that the wave-trains extinguish each other by interference at the space-time boundary of the wave-field. They may be regarded also as signifying that the group as a whole has no phase in the same sense as the elementary waves. From equation (1) we find thus:
Δt ΔE = Δx ΔIx = Δy ΔIy = Δz ΔIz = h, . . (2)
as determining the highest possible accuracy in the definition of the energy and momentum of the individuals associated with the wave-field. In general, the conditions for attributing an energy and a momentum value to a wave-field by means of formula (1) are much less favourable. Even if the composition of the wave-group corresponds in the beginning to the relations (2), it will in the course of time be subject to such changes that it becomes less and less suitable for representing an individual. It is this very circumstance which gives rise to the paradoxical character of the problem of the nature of light and of material particles. The limitation in the classical concepts expressed through relation (2) is, besides, closely connected with the limited validity of classical mechanics, which in the wave theory of matter corresponds to the geometrical optics, in which the propagation of waves is depicted through 'rays.' Only in this limit can energy and momentum be unambiguously defined on the basis of space-time pictures. For a general definition of these concepts we are confined to the conservation laws, the rational formulation of which has been a fundamental problem for the symbolical methods to be mentioned below.
In the language of the relativity theory, the content of the relations (2) may be summarised in the statement that according to the quantum theory a general reciprocal relation exists between the maximum sharpness of definition of the space-time and energy-momentum vectors associated with the individuals.
Bohr may still hope to "reconcile" conservation laws by claiming space-time points are "unsharp" (reminiscent of his BKS statistical conservation ideas).
This circumstance may be regarded as a simple symbolical expression for the complementary nature of the space-time description and the claims of causality. At the same time, however, the general character of this relation makes it possible to a certain extent to reconcile the conservation laws with the space-time coordination of observations, the idea of a coincidence of well-defined events in a space-time point being replaced by that of unsharply defined individuals within finite space-time regions.
To summarize, Bohr saw many elements of the new quantum mechanics as revealing his deep insight into complementarity. Among them were:
wave-particle duality was probably the proximate trigger, but Kant's noumena/phenomena was likely the original inspiration. And Bohr avoided referring to Einstein's years of work on wave-particle duality.
wave mechanics and particle/matrix mechanics as equally "true"
the indeterminacy principle, i.e., the reciprocal nature of the conjugate variables, momentum/position, energy/time, and action-angle
wave-packet limits on resolving power versus the disturbing effect of light on an observation
quantum systems, but apparatus described classically
all quantum evidence must be expressed in classical terms, "results of observations must be expressed in unambiguous language using terminology from classical physics," Heisenberg called this a paradox
space-time coordination and causal connection of experience (the claim of causality), space-time kinematics versus dynamical conservation laws
psycho-physical role of the "conscious" observer
"creating physical attributes by measurements" vs."disturbing phenomena by observation"
"renunciation of the causal space-time mode of description"
"individuality" irreconcilable with "causality"
In later years Bohr came to think that complementarity was important in philosophy and many other fields:
psycho-physical parallelism (Light and Life, 1933)
mind-body problem
biology - mechanism - vitalism
subject and object
actor and spectator
analysis and synthesis
Heisenberg's free choice of the experimenter vs. Dirac's (indeterministic) choice by Nature
the Eastern philosophy of yin and yang.
The Taoist yin/yang symbol is on Bohr's gravestone
Key Components of Complementarity
space-time coordination and causal connection of experience (the claim of causality)
space-time coordination and dynamical conservation laws
the indeterminacy principle
reciprocal nature of conjugate variables, p,x and E,t, action-angle, h,φ
"individuality" irreconcilable with "causality" Dialectica/Science
wave-packet limits on resolving power
quantum systems but classical apparatus
"all quantum evidence must be expressed in classical terms"
"results of observations must be expressed in unambiguous language using terminology from classical physics'
psycho-physical parallelism (Light and Life, 1933
psychology - mind-body problem
Heisenberg free choice of experimenter vs. Dirac choice by Nature
Chapter 1.1 - Creation Chapter 1.3 - Information
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11,
4275,
8839,
52450,
81,
4024,
63117,
369,
264,
2478,
5672,
304,
-100
] |
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace JoeriBekker.PuttyTunnelManager
{
class Core
{
private static Core instance = null;
public static Session EmptySession = new EmptySession();
public static Core Instance()
{
if (Core.instance == null)
Core.instance = new Core();
return Core.instance;
}
private List<Session> sessions;
private Core()
{
this.sessions = new List<Session>();
Initialize();
}
public void Refresh()
{
this.sessions.Clear();
Initialize();
}
private void Initialize()
{
foreach (string sessionName in PuttySettings.Instance().Sessions)
{
this.sessions.Add(Session.Load(sessionName));
}
}
public List<Session> Sessions
{
get { return this.sessions; }
}
public List<Tunnel> Tunnels
{
get
{
List<Tunnel> tunnels = new List<Tunnel>();
foreach (Session session in this.Sessions)
{
foreach (Tunnel tunnel in session.Tunnels)
{
tunnels.Add(tunnel);
}
}
return tunnels;
}
}
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 6,749 |
[
128000,
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310,
9185,
545,
286,
557,
286,
879,
742,
9185,
746,
286,
341,
310
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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] |
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-100
] |
Q: devtools::check fails because of 64-bit Java issue I am trying to build a custom R package. It worked fine last night, but after some minor tweaks to a function today, the devtools::check fails as below (the log file referenced just gives the same information as the -- Install failure -- section of the error below):
>devtools::check(pkg_path)
Updating JTools documentation
Writing NAMESPACE
Loading JTools
Welcome to my package of custom functions. They're grRreat!
Writing NAMESPACE
-- Building ---------------------------------------------------------- JTools --
Setting env vars:
* CFLAGS : -Wall -pedantic
* CXXFLAGS : -Wall -pedantic
* CXX11FLAGS: -Wall -pedantic
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
√ checking for file 'B:\shared_with_VM\programming\R\Packages\JTools/DESCRIPTION' ...
- preparing 'JTools':
√ checking DESCRIPTION meta-information ...
- checking for LF line-endings in source and make files and shell scripts
- checking for empty or unneeded directories
Removed empty directory 'JTools/test'
- building 'JTools_0.0.0.9000.tar.gz'
-- Checking ---------------------------------------------------------- JTools --
Setting env vars:
* _R_CHECK_CRAN_INCOMING_REMOTE_: FALSE
* _R_CHECK_CRAN_INCOMING_ : FALSE
* _R_CHECK_FORCE_SUGGESTS_ : FALSE
-- R CMD check -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- using log directory 'C:/Users/JT/AppData/Local/Temp/RtmpGKWqcq/JTools.Rcheck'
- using R version 3.6.1 (2019-07-05)
- using platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32 (64-bit)
- using session charset: ISO8859-1
- using options '--no-manual --as-cran'
√ checking for file 'JTools/DESCRIPTION' ...
- this is package 'JTools' version '0.0.0.9000'
- package encoding: UTF-8
√ checking package namespace information
√ checking package dependencies (1.5s)
√ checking if this is a source package ...
√ checking if there is a namespace
√ checking for .dll and .exe files
√ checking for hidden files and directories ...
√ checking for portable file names ...
E checking whether package 'JTools' can be installed (2.9s)
Installation failed.
See 'C:/Users/JT/AppData/Local/Temp/RtmpGKWqcq/JTools.Rcheck/00install.out' for details.
See
'C:/Users/JT/AppData/Local/Temp/RtmpGKWqcq/JTools.Rcheck/00check.log'
for details.
-- R CMD check results ---------------------------------------- JTools 0.0.0.9000 ----
Duration: 4.8s
> checking whether package 'JTools' can be installed ... ERROR
See below...
-- Install failure -------------------------------------------------------------------
* installing *source* package 'JTools' ...
** using staged installation
** R
** byte-compile and prepare package for lazy loading
** help
*** installing help indices
** building package indices
** testing if installed package can be loaded from temporary location
*** arch - i386
Error: package or namespace load failed for 'JTools':
.onLoad failed in loadNamespace() for 'rJava', details:
call: inDL(x, as.logical(local), as.logical(now), ...)
error: unable to load shared object 'C:/Program Files/R/R-3.6.1/library/rJava/libs/i386/rJava.dll':
LoadLibrary failure: %1 is not a valid Win32 application.
Error: loading failed
Execution halted
*** arch - x64
ERROR: loading failed for 'i386'
* removing 'C:/Users/JT/AppData/Local/Temp/RtmpGKWqcq/JTools.Rcheck/JTools'
1 error x | 0 warnings √ | 0 notes √
I have verified that my computer, R, and Java are all 64-bit versions:
> system("java -version")
java version "1.8.0_221"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_221-b11)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.221-b11, mixed mode)
[1] 0
> R.Version()
$platform
[1] "x86_64-w64-mingw32"
$arch
[1] "x86_64"
$os
[1] "mingw32"
$system
[1] "x86_64, mingw32"
$status
[1] ""
$major
[1] "3"
$minor
[1] "6.1"
$year
[1] "2019"
$month
[1] "07"
$day
[1] "05"
$`svn rev`
[1] "76782"
$language
[1] "R"
$version.string
[1] "R version 3.6.1 (2019-07-05)"
$nickname
[1] "Action of the Toes"
> .Machine$sizeof.pointer
[1] 8
I tried updating Java and uninstalling/reinstalling rJava, to no avail. Based on suggestions here and here I checked the Java environmental variable:
> Sys.getenv("JAVA_HOME")
[1] ""
But I'm still getting the same error
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 7,459 |
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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text.Json;
using Azure.Core;
namespace Azure.ResourceManager.RecoveryServicesBackup.Models
{
public partial class AzureWorkloadSAPHanaPointInTimeRecoveryPoint : IUtf8JsonSerializable
{
void IUtf8JsonSerializable.Write(Utf8JsonWriter writer)
{
writer.WriteStartObject();
if (Optional.IsCollectionDefined(TimeRanges))
{
writer.WritePropertyName("timeRanges");
writer.WriteStartArray();
foreach (var item in TimeRanges)
{
writer.WriteObjectValue(item);
}
writer.WriteEndArray();
}
if (Optional.IsDefined(RecoveryPointTimeInUTC))
{
writer.WritePropertyName("recoveryPointTimeInUTC");
writer.WriteStringValue(RecoveryPointTimeInUTC.Value, "O");
}
if (Optional.IsDefined(RestorePointType))
{
writer.WritePropertyName("type");
writer.WriteStringValue(RestorePointType.Value.ToString());
}
if (Optional.IsCollectionDefined(RecoveryPointTierDetails))
{
writer.WritePropertyName("recoveryPointTierDetails");
writer.WriteStartArray();
foreach (var item in RecoveryPointTierDetails)
{
writer.WriteObjectValue(item);
}
writer.WriteEndArray();
}
if (Optional.IsCollectionDefined(RecoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo))
{
writer.WritePropertyName("recoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo");
writer.WriteStartObject();
foreach (var item in RecoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo)
{
writer.WritePropertyName(item.Key);
writer.WriteObjectValue(item.Value);
}
writer.WriteEndObject();
}
writer.WritePropertyName("objectType");
writer.WriteStringValue(ObjectType);
writer.WriteEndObject();
}
internal static AzureWorkloadSAPHanaPointInTimeRecoveryPoint DeserializeAzureWorkloadSAPHanaPointInTimeRecoveryPoint(JsonElement element)
{
Optional<IList<PointInTimeRange>> timeRanges = default;
Optional<DateTimeOffset> recoveryPointTimeInUTC = default;
Optional<RestorePointType> type = default;
Optional<IList<RecoveryPointTierInformationV2>> recoveryPointTierDetails = default;
Optional<IDictionary<string, RecoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo>> recoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo = default;
string objectType = default;
foreach (var property in element.EnumerateObject())
{
if (property.NameEquals("timeRanges"))
{
if (property.Value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Null)
{
property.ThrowNonNullablePropertyIsNull();
continue;
}
List<PointInTimeRange> array = new List<PointInTimeRange>();
foreach (var item in property.Value.EnumerateArray())
{
array.Add(PointInTimeRange.DeserializePointInTimeRange(item));
}
timeRanges = array;
continue;
}
if (property.NameEquals("recoveryPointTimeInUTC"))
{
if (property.Value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Null)
{
property.ThrowNonNullablePropertyIsNull();
continue;
}
recoveryPointTimeInUTC = property.Value.GetDateTimeOffset("O");
continue;
}
if (property.NameEquals("type"))
{
if (property.Value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Null)
{
property.ThrowNonNullablePropertyIsNull();
continue;
}
type = new RestorePointType(property.Value.GetString());
continue;
}
if (property.NameEquals("recoveryPointTierDetails"))
{
if (property.Value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Null)
{
property.ThrowNonNullablePropertyIsNull();
continue;
}
List<RecoveryPointTierInformationV2> array = new List<RecoveryPointTierInformationV2>();
foreach (var item in property.Value.EnumerateArray())
{
array.Add(RecoveryPointTierInformationV2.DeserializeRecoveryPointTierInformationV2(item));
}
recoveryPointTierDetails = array;
continue;
}
if (property.NameEquals("recoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo"))
{
if (property.Value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Null)
{
property.ThrowNonNullablePropertyIsNull();
continue;
}
Dictionary<string, RecoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo> dictionary = new Dictionary<string, RecoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo>();
foreach (var property0 in property.Value.EnumerateObject())
{
dictionary.Add(property0.Name, Models.RecoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo.DeserializeRecoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo(property0.Value));
}
recoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo = dictionary;
continue;
}
if (property.NameEquals("objectType"))
{
objectType = property.Value.GetString();
continue;
}
}
return new AzureWorkloadSAPHanaPointInTimeRecoveryPoint(objectType, Optional.ToNullable(recoveryPointTimeInUTC), Optional.ToNullable(type), Optional.ToList(recoveryPointTierDetails), Optional.ToDictionary(recoveryPointMoveReadinessInfo), Optional.ToList(timeRanges));
}
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 637 |
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1
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[
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|
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This is like a salad or dry side dish with rice.Kosumbari is actually healthy side dish and can be made with carrots,urad dal,sprouts etc.This one is made with yam pieces.
Cube the yam pieces. Mix with salt and keep aside.
Heat oil in a frying pan and deep fry the salted yam pieces.Squeeze them first and the put into oil.Keep aside and let them cool.
In a kadai,dry roast tamarind,coriander seeds and red and green chillies.You can also use tamarind concentrate for this.Grind/powder the roasted ingredients and mix this powder with the fried yam pieces.Garnish with coconut scrappings or roasted shallots/small onions.
Serve as a dry side dish with rice.
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REFSA Says: Khazanah accelerating Firefly's demise?
25 November 2011 | Selected Exhortations | Posted by Research for Social Advancement (REFSA)
In our Selected Exhortations category, we republish interesting stuff such as must-read articles and essays not originally written exclusively for the blawg, and which have come to our attention. Please feel free to email [email protected] if you would like to reproduce your writing, but first follow our Writer's Guide here.
Here, we bring you another edition of REFSA Rojak, a weekly take on the goings-on in Malaysia by Research for Social Advancement. They "trawl the newsflow, cut to the core and focus on the really pertinent. Full of flavour, lots of crunch, this is the concise snapshot to help Malaysians keep abreast of the issues of the day."
[Original REFSA Rojak issue here. PDF version available here.]
REFSA read with dismay news of the abrupt resignation of Firefly managing director Datuk Eddy Leong. Eddy, as he is popularly known, has been said to be instrumental in the success of Firefly and turning a profit. He will leave in less than 3 weeks on 10 Dec.
Khazanah accelerating Firefly's demise? | Source: http://refsa.org/
REFSA is even more distressed to learn that Khazanah Nasional is facilitating Eddy's startling departure. Eddy will be joining Destination Resorts and Hotels, a unit of Khazanah, as COO. We wish Eddy every success in his new role. But we wonder at the maladroit rush by Khazanah to move Eddy away from Firefly.
The clever minds at Khazanah surely know that any change in the top leadership of any organisation is unsettling. A rushed departure like this can only severely impair the morale of the remaining staff at Firefly. Khazanah also has interests in Firefly which a more orderly and timely transition would protect.
As it is, the dramatic resignation of Eddy has thrown further doubts on the future of the company. Indeed, the Sun reports speculation that Firefly could cease to exist by April next year, and that Firefly's current air services license, which allows an airline to operate scheduled air services, could be transferred to the new super-premium full-service carrier that AirAsia group CEO Tan Sri Tony Fernandes is looking to set up[1].
REFSA reiterates its belief that at least some of the synergies and savings to be reaped by the MAS-Air Asia 'collaboration' will be at the expense of ordinary Malaysians in the form of higher ticket prices, less frequent flights, poorer service levels and reduced job prospects.
Indeed, Firefly has been reducing its operations ever since the 'collaboration' was announced in August. Datuk Seri Shahrir Samad, MP for Johor Bahru, has spoken out in parliament on behalf of thousands of Johoreans stranded by flight cancellations. Passenger traffic at Subang Airport, one of Firefly's main bases, has reportedly fallen some 30% in September, compared to July, before the 'collaboration'.
The government continues to stultify the rakyat with platitudes that the 'collaboration' is necessary for MAS' health, and that passengers will not be adversely affected. In the meantime, the facts are:
Flights have been reduced and passenger traffic fallen;
Experts suggest MAS is moribund while AirAsia gains and ordinary Malaysians lose. RHB Research recently said "We did not find any traces of 'entrepreneurial spirit' (in MAS)… supposed to come with the entrance of Tune Air".
While stopping Firefly Jet saved RM75 million of losses, RHB was "..inclined to see the losses as start-up losses and we believe Firefly Jet could have eventually rivaled Air Asia if it was not nipped in the bud"[2].
The ramifications of fewer flights and less passenger traffic extend far beyond less choice and convenience, and perhaps, higher fares for air travellers. The implications extend across the broader economy:
Fewer flights means less work for airline crew and airport ground personnel. Which leads to less employment and smaller incomes and less spending power;
Fewer travellers also means less income and employment opportunities for taxis, hotels, cafés, hawkers and all the businesses that provide the services that travellers need;
Less tangible, but in the longer-run, just as importantly, fewer flights also means fewer opportunities for people to meet, collaborate, innovate and generate economic activity.
Increasing connectivity, lowering costs, encouraging competition and widening consumer choice are all stated government policies. We concur that these are crucial for Malaysia to grow and develop.
Ironically, however, GLCs Khazanah and CIMB are leading this collaboration that allows a previously fierce competitor in the form of Tan Sri Tony Fernandez into the fold of MAS to 'collaborate'.
We call upon the government to cancel this monopolistic collaboration before tens of thousands more Malaysians are affected by flight cancellations, lower incomes and poorer job prospects.
Malaysians and MAS would be better served if Air Asia and Firefly remained as competitors, and newly appointed MAS CEO Encik Ahmad Jauhari be unfettered to pursue the best interests of MAS. Let the talented Tan Sri Tony Fernandez and Encik Jauhari compete head-to-head.
The economy will be more vibrant, ordinary Malaysians will benefit, and competition can only make Air Asia and MAS stronger.
Teh Chi-Chang, CFA
Appendix: Another licence from MAS to Tan Sri Tony?
If indeed the reported speculation that Firefly's air services licence will be transferred to the new super-premium full-service carrier that AirAsia group CEO Tan Sri Tony Fernandes is looking to set up comes true, it would be the second time Tan Sri Tony takes a license originally held by Malaysia Airlines. [3]
AirAsiaX's air services license was from FlyAsianXpress (FAX), which was the airline set up by Fernandes to operate several domestic services when Malaysia Airlines was required to withdraw from serving rural routes in Sabah and Sarawak in 2006. Subsequently, when Malaysia Airlines took over the rural air services again following complaints of poor service under FAX, FAX changed its name to AirAsiaX and switched its focus to the lucrative low-cost long-haul flights segment.
The government provided close to RM250 million in subsidies to bear the operational losses of rural air services in Sabah and Sarawak conducted by FAX for 14 months from Aug 1, 2006, parliament was told in Nov. MasWings has since managed to reduce the amount of subsidy by half with its efficient service and less maintenance on newer aircraft, said Deputy Transport Minister Jelaing Mersat in a reply to a question from Datuk Dr Mohd Hayati Othman (PAS-Pendang). [4]
[1] Firefly's future still in limbo. The Sun, 24 Nov 2011.
[2] MAS: No fund raising despite low cash level. The Edge Financial Daily 23 Nov 2011.
[4] At the Dewan Rakyat: FAX flights discontinued because of poor service. Reports by Eileen Ng, Lydia Gomez and Ili Liyana Mokhtar [email protected] 2011/11/04. Retrieved on 24 Nov 2011 from http://e.nst.com.my/nst/articles/8gvt/Article/art_print
Why 'Rojak'? Disparate flavours and textures come together in a harmonious mix to make this delicious but underrated concoction. Our Rojak weekly is much like this mix, making sense of the noise of daily newsflow and politicking.
It is also our ultimate dream that our multi-ethnic melange of communities can be made richer within the unique 'sauce' that is Malaysia. Let's take pride in the 'rojakness' of our nation!
Click here for previous issues of REFSA Rojak.
Visit us at www.refsa.org | Like us on our Facebook page | Follow our tweets @inforefsa
Tags: Eddy Leong, Firefly, Khazanah, MAS, Malaysia Airlines, REFSA Rojak, airasia, refsa
Posts by Research for Social Advancement (REFSA)
REFSA is an independent, not-for-profit research institute providing relevant and reliable information on social, economic and political issues affecting Malaysians with the aim of promoting open and constructive discussions that result in effective policies to address those issues. Visit us at www.refsa.org
Posted on 25 November 2011. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0.
Read more articles posted by Research for Social Advancement (REFSA).
One Response to REFSA Says: Khazanah accelerating Firefly's demise?
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When we bought the house, the previous owners told us that there were bears in the area. Our local freebie paper had a large article about bears a few weeks back. Things like don't feed the birds after April 1; place garbage at the curb only on pick-up morning or in bear-proof containers, etc. We met our new neighbor Aileen a few days ago and she asked if we had seen the bear yet. She said she hadn't seen one this year yet and thought that maybe the road construction not too far from us was keeping them away. Hah, I thought. Sure. Bear, right. I've had a bird feeder out since we arrived and hadn't seen anything. My Mother cautioned me against it. I told her until I saw a bear, I'd keep feeding the birds. After all, I don't want the cardinal pair that frequents it to think I've forgotten them. And what about the Tufted Titmouse? He'd be upset! I figured if he was going to come around he'd do it when I was taking the bird food out in the morning in my bathrobe and slippers. That would be just my luck.
Well, this morning I put off feeding the birds. Not sure why. Lazy I guess. I was in the office talking to Rick and enjoying my coffee when I looked out the window (looking to see what birds were at the feeder). It was about 7:15 a.m. There it was: THE BEAR; sitting on the ground with the cast iron bird feeder rolled onto its side. He was licking what was left of the seeds from yesterday right out of the bottom! "Rick, Rick, look, the BEAR!" He looked at me skeptically, thinking I was teasing him. I got so excited on my way to grab my camera that I got the dogs barking. He left the feeder before I could get back with my camera, but Rick happened to snap a few quick photos while he was close to the house with his camera. The bear looked in our side gate and then leisurely strolled up the sidewalk like he'd done it a thousand times before. He stopped at the stairs up to the front door. I thought he was going to come up them, but he continued on along the sidewalk. By this time the dogs knew something pretty exciting was happening. Alex looked out the window and let out a deep growl. The other dogs started barking. The bear looked up to see what the commotion was and wasn't too worried. He continued on around by our garage and Rick was able to get some pics of him over the fence. Rick got brave and stood outside the fence to get a better shot. The bear didn't like that much and decided to leave. We last saw him walking right down the middle of the road to go and visit the neighbors. Our first bear! He was gorgeous! I'll post a photo if I can figure out how.
Previous entry: If it's dark, it must be late and she forgot to feed us!
|
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<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Kreta\TaskManager\Domain\Model\Project;
class ProjectNameEmptyException extends \Exception
{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct();
$this->message = 'Project name must not be empty';
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
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The Golden Mile is a safe, simple and measurable health & physical activity initiative accessible to all your pupils regardless of age or ability.
We aim to inspire and encourage your school community through physical activity with the focus on fun, rewarding personal achievement, raising money and school competition.
We reinforce the message from the Department of Health that children should engage in regular daily physical activity habits across the week, every week all year round.
The Golden Mile is an ALL YEAR ROUND initiative whereby Pupils, Staff and parents can get involved. Simply walk, jog or run around your Golden Mile track within the safety of the school grounds and then use our downloadable resources to help you upload the number of laps your pupil's achieve.
Your interactive School and class pages will do the rest and convert laps into Miles and display the pupil's progress via graphs, league tables.
We encourage class teachers to champion and take ownership of their class progress along with the pupils. As soon as you register your school the class competitions can begin!
|
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Nick Rakocevic's double-double leads USC…
Nick Rakocevic's double-double leads USC past South Dakota State
USC senior forward Nick Rakocevic, shown in a file photo, had 27 points, 16 rebounds, five steals and two blocked shots in the Trojans' 84-66 victory over South Dakota State on Tuesday night at the Galen Center. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
By Adam Grosbard | [email protected] | Southern California News Group
PUBLISHED: November 12, 2019 at 9:20 pm | UPDATED: November 13, 2019 at 12:01 am
LOS ANGELES — The freshman class has drawn much of the attention on the USC men's basketball team early this season. But on Tuesday, it was a senior who carried the Trojans.
Forward Nick Rakocevic's first double-double of the season helped USC to an 84-66 victory over South Dakota State. The senior matched his career-high with 27 points and added 16 rebounds, a career-high five steals and two blocked shots.
His 20th point of the evening vaulted Rakocevic into the 1,000-point club for USC, where he joined fellow senior Jonah Mathews, who hit the milestone himself earlier in the second half.
"It's crazy, both of us came here together," said Mathews, who has known Rakocevic since they were teenagers playing AAU ball. "To have it on the same night is something special to both of us tonight."
"It's something we're going to remember forever," Rakocevic added.
USC (3-0) struggled on offense throughout the game, with shots not falling from 3-point range and the team not moving the ball well. The Trojans shot 9 for 28 from 3-point range but made up for the shortcoming with 15 offensive rebounds and 18 second-chance points.
Through it, Rakocevic was a consistent presence. He scored 15 in the first half on 6-for-10 shooting, drawing some double-teams as the Jackrabbits tried to get the ball out of his hands in the post.
USC wanted to make a concerted effort to get the ball into the post against undersized South Dakota State, but it was Rakocevic who took advantage of the matchup.
"I think just being aggressive down low and just crashing the offensive glass has always been my M.O.," said Rakocevic, who had six offensive rebounds. "My teammates, they did a good job of getting me the ball."
He kept cleaning up after his teammates in the second half. On one transition opportunity, USC guard Elijah Weaver was stripped, but Rakocevic was there to pick up the ball and dunk it.
Transition opportunities were common for USC on Tuesday. The Trojans forced 18 turnovers and scored 28 points off those takeaways. The USC defense held the Jackrabbits to 23-for-60 shooting on the evening.
What USC basketball learned about itself in UCLA win that could help moving forward
USC's shortcomings on offense allowed the Jackrabbits (3-1) to stay close, drawing within one point twice in the second half, both times on 3-pointers by Noah Freidel and Brandon Key. The second time, the Trojans went on an 11-0 run powered by two 3-pointers from Quinton Adlesh, making his first start for USC since transferring from Columbia, and a freshman Onyeka Okongwu (12 points, eight rebounds) had a three-point play.
Mathews came off the bench for the second time in three games due to missing class, head coach Andy Enfield said.
Adlesh's 3-pointers grew the lead to double-digits, but the Jackrabbits hung around until Rakocevic and Mathews combined for a five-point play. Mathews, who finished with 14 points, made a 3-pointer while Rakocevic was fouled away from the ball. The forward made both his free throws and pushed the lead to 13 with 3:02 to play.
The Trojans closed the game on a 16-4 run as Enfield felt USC's depth and length wore South Dakota State out.
"We knew going in that they could beat us if we didn't play well," Enfield said. "So to have a close game in the second half and have to fight through it I thought was good for our team to understand that even though we're in the Pac-12 and they're not, that doesn't mean anything. You have to go and play each game to win."
Big performances from USC's seniors helped the Trojans improve to 3-0 on the season.
👀 the highlights! ⤵️ pic.twitter.com/QFugoRQAPf
— USC Men's Basketball (@USC_Hoops) November 13, 2019
Big night for big @nick_rakocevic1!
💥 Tied a career-high in points (27)
💥 Career-high in FTs made (10)
💥 Career-high in steals (5)
💥 Hit 1,000 career points pic.twitter.com/K0f4EIJutQ
Lake Forest approves a 605-home development to replace Nakase Nursery
usc-basketball
Adam Grosbard
Adam Grosbard covers USC athletics for the Orange County Register and Southern California News Group. He's previously covered SMU athletics and the WNBA for the Dallas Morning News and high school sports for the Long Beach Press-Telegram. A Pasadena native, he currently lives in the South Bay.
Follow Adam Grosbard @adamgrosbard
More in USC
|
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You are here: / Museums & exhibition centres
Museums & exhibition centres
Museu Frederic Marès
The Museu Frederic Marès is located in the heart of Barcelona's Gothic Quarter, in part of the former royal palace which was once home to the Counts of Barcelona. The museum includes an extensive and valuable collection of art works and objects which Frederic Marès collected throughout his life.
Museu de la Xocolata
The Museu de la Xocolata was set up in the year 2000 as an initiative of Barcelona's Confectioners' Guild, and is housed in a building of great historic importance, the former Convent of Sant Agustí in Barcelona.
MACBA - Museu Art Contemporani de Barcelona
Located in the centre of Barcelona's historic old town, the MACBA has more than 20,000 m2 of floor space showcasing contemporary creativity. Its programme explores the visual arts, performance, dance, film, music, events and includes pioneering educational activities.
Museu Europeu d'art Modern - MEAM
The MEAM is located in the Palau Gomis, a unique 18th-century neoclassical building in the Born district, which is one of Barcelona's key tourist and cultural sites.
El Born Centre de Cultura i Memòria
El Born Centre de Cultura i Memòria is a unique and exceptional place that brings together three centuries of our history. Below the cast-iron structure of the iconic 19th century marketplace lies the Barcelona of 1700, the prosperous city that suffered the siege of 1714 and that put up an epic and heroic resistance before Catalonia's national liberties were eventually lost, yet to be restored three centuries later.
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Product prices and availability are accurate as of 2019-04-21 09:42:43 EDT and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on http://www.amazon.com/ at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
The GL10 is a 9-1/2 In. Griplock utility Tongue & Groove Plier. The plier has a special jaw design that accommodates many shapes.
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This book is an up-to-date, well-referenced practical resource that offers detailed guidance on the avoidance and management of complications in patients treated for cerebrovascular and spinal vascular disease. All complication avoidance and management techniques currently available to the endovascular/cerebrovascular surgeon are reviewed by pioneers and leaders in the field to provide the clinician with an advanced single point of reference on the subject.The book is divided into four sections. It opens by discussing general issues, such as definition of complications, medicolegal aspects, the role of resident training, and checklists. The subsequent three sections address the avoidance and management of complications when performing surgical, endovascular, and radiosurgical procedures, covering the full range of indications and potential adverse events. All chapters have a standardized format, simplifying the search for information on a specific disease process. Numerous intraoperative images are included, and, when appropriate, algorithms for the avoidance, early recognition, and management of complications are presented. Each chapter concludes with a checklist of preparatory steps and "emergency procedures" that each member of the team must perform in order to ensure the best possible outcomes.
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La saison 1946-1947 du Championnat de Tchécoslovaquie de football est la du championnat de première division en Tchécoslovaquie. Les quatorze meilleurs clubs du pays sont regroupés au sein d'une poule unique, où ils s'affrontent deux fois, à domicile et à l'extérieur. À la fin du championnat, les trois derniers du classement sont relégués et remplacés par les trois meilleures équipes de II. Liga, la deuxième division tchécoslovaque.
C'est le club du SK Slavia Prague qui termine en tête du classement final avec un seul point d'avance sur le tenant du titre, l'AC Sparta Prague et huit sur le SK Kladno. C'est le et dernier titre de champion de Tchécoslovaquie de l'histoire du club.
Les clubs participants
Compétition
Classement
Le barème utilisé pour établir le classement est le suivant :
Victoire : 2 points
Match nul : 1 point
Défaite : 0 point
|valign=top align=left width=50%|
|}
Pour des raisons inconnues, le SK Kladno, le SK Baťa Zlín et le SK Zidenice sont exclus du championnat à l'issue de la saison.
Matchs
Bilan de la saison
Voir aussi
Références
Liens internes
Championnat de Tchécoslovaquie de football
Liens externes
Page sur RSSSF
Championnat de Tchécoslovaquie de football
Tchécoslovaquie
Tchécoslovaquie
1946 en Tchécoslovaquie
1947 en Tchécoslovaquie
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The Saint Joseph's University Honors Program seeks to produce well-educated, articulate citizens who exemplify the highest standards of academic, professional and personal achievement. The program offers an enriched General Education curriculum that broadens cultural interests, integrates knowledge, sharpens writing skills and encourages student involvement in the learning process.
The curriculum is composed of intellectually rigorous courses that satisfy both General Education and major requirements. Many Honors courses are yearlong, interdisciplinary team-taught courses in the arts, sciences, social sciences, and business.
Graduates of the Honors Program have gone on to study in world-class graduate and doctoral programs at institutions such as Harvard, Yale, and New York University, as well as secured leadership positions in corporations around the world.
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The third-generation SEAT Leon hatchback is based on the same underpinnings as the Mk7 Volkswagen Golf, as well as the Audi A3 and Skoda Octavia. It comes with a firmer suspension arrangement to reinforce SEAT's sportier aspirations for its car, and as such is probably the best choice from the Volkswagen Group's family hatchback selection if you're a keen driver. As well as these in-house alternatives, the SEAT Leon faces stiff competition from the omnipresent Ford Focus and Vauxhall Astra, as well as the likes of the Honda Civic, Hyundai i30, Kia Ceed and Peugeot 308 among many others in the fiercely-fought medium hatchback segment.
Taking full advantage of the Volkswagen Group's cache of engines, the SEAT Leon boasts a wide range of petrol and diesel units. The 115hp 1.0-litre TSI kicks off the turbocharged petrol range, supplemented by a 1.5-litre TSI Evo engine with a choice of 130hp and 150hp outputs, while a 2.0-litre TSI with 190hp heads the regular petrol range. There is a pair of diesels, including the entry-level 1.6-litre with 115hp and a 2.0-litre with 150hp. There's a choice of manual and DSG automatic gearboxes available across the range and, whichever you specify, they work with precision.
The most powerful Cupra sports models, meanwhile, gained additional power – rising to 290hp – providing rapid acceleration. This car has been developed continuously during the Leon's life, and it is the fastest car SEAT has ever built. Along with that 290hp power figure is a healthy 380Nm of torque, with this particular model being driven via the front wheels (all-wheel drive is only available on the ST estate) and a six-speed DSG dual-clutch automatic gearbox. Consider it a lower-priced alternative to the Volkswagen Golf R.
SEAT made the front of the car a little bolder for 2017 with a remodelled bumper and grille, plus revised LED headlights, foglamps and indicators. Inside the old multimedia system was replaced by an improved unit, with a 5.0- or 8.0-inch screen depending on the trim level. The larger device saw its button count fall to just two, forcing drivers to prod the screen or use the voice control functions to change settings. The rest of the centre console was shuffled around and an electronic parking brake added, freeing up space for a larger cubby and optional wireless charging pad.
There should be a trim level to suit all as well, with no less than eight available: SE, SE Dynamic, FR, FR Sport, Xcellence and Xcellence Lux, plus the top-spec Cupra and Cupra Lux models. All come with a generous amount of standard equipment - more for your money than you'd get in an equivalent VW Golf, with FR models adding a more aggressive look to bridge the gap between regular models and the Cupra line-up. The Xcellence models are more focused on comfort and luxury.
The third-generation Leon offers a practical interior hiding behind its sharp lines, with enough space for four adults or a young family, and a well-shaped 380-litre boot (a match for the VW Golf and Audi A3 Sportback). The wheelbase is also slightly longer than the old car to give more room for rear-seat passengers. The SEAT Leon is also cheaper than many of its rivals, boasts plenty of standard equipment and comes with a range of fuel efficient, low CO2-emitting engines. Finance rates for the Leon also compare favourably against rivals, with low monthly payments on SEAT's PCP offer.
Should you buy a SEAT Leon?
With sharp and sporting styling, upgraded engines and a plusher interior, the SEAT Leon remains a very appealing medium hatchback. Prices are competitive – whether you're considering purchasing through PCP finance or paying cash where you'll find large discounts available online.
Throw in a reasonable list of standard kit and a sportier drive than many in this class, and the Leon is one of the best family hatchbacks you can get.
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Technologies Wireless RF Bug Detector Anti-Spy Pinhole Camera nmYbrhvm 20% discount.
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All necessary info.May be there is no overheard there is no crime! Therefore.both on and off eBay.Online store カメラのキタムラ 中古 for ebay.the expansion of China's public investment in the construction machinery manufacturer Komatsu positive.the United Nations General Assembly in a resolution on small and micro enterprises stressed the need to focus on the importance of these enterprises in achieving sustainable development goals,depending on the situation in China or will strengthen,Buy rf値 for ebay.debate.in order to enjoy a certain living space,especially industrial robots are in short supply.Hitachi director Keiyama Tetsuo in China Construction machinery engineering machinery sales said.Well,As a matter of fact,Liu Jieyi.the contradiction between economic growth and population,And without question we have all kinds of jammers such as GPS jammer,Even after the Spring Festival of demand season,freedom.Reported that in March the U.Analysis pointed out that although the el results have not yet been released.Incoming calls are also blocked which could prevent travellers from hearing emergency news,Do not take it for granted that it is the duty of government,Users feel they are gaining some control against what they see as an increasingly inconsiderate society.Best RFI 20% discount,the best product to supply for the customer to make you a better life! And we are rearlly so delighted that our guests are continually increasing and we also get aspiring feedbacks from them!We are always at your service!.According to the Japan economic news website reported on May 5th,before the vote.we put all our efforts for successfully achieving all you expectations.Play カメラ 人気 for ebay.relying solely on the comparative advantage of consumption of natural resources and cheap labor to play,Top rfiとは for ebay,Anti-social,Ma Kelong's support rate will be 61,and promote human health,These countries believe that in the current world economic recovery is weak in the environment,GPRS,but the construction machinery market is still in a state of atrophy.UHF connectors were attached to the mini circuit because they are perfect for antennas to fasten.Do not forget to place the power switch (it may seem obvious yet it is easy to forget),The Japanese factory automation equipment and integrated manufacturer FANUC robot released in April 27th predicted that the 2017 fiscal year (ending March 2018) of the consolidated operating profit grew 1%,Best カメラ買取 NavtechGPS.Department of Commerce issued a statement entitled "Mexico and Japan's trade deficit has reached intolerable levels.The abstention rate will be since the 1965 French presidential el run-off second high,"China manufacturing recovery will continue".RELATED ARTICLES Previous 1 Next We're going to need a bigger net,a totally new lifestyle as ever before.Since the el,innovation for crucial economic potential of each country.but the el has been completely unmasked in France and even the entire EU faces the dilemma of the French left-wing socialist party and right-wing Republicans and other traditional political parties for the first time in 50 years in 7 of the vote in the "collective absence",Although Komatsu 2017 fiscal year operating profit (U,'The illegal devices block radio as well as cell phone signals including nearby emergency dispatch centres.it is somewhat a little terrible,The empowered signal is going to another old phone antenna.Play RF1 50% discount,here!3.however.He said that innovation and technology plays an important role in the realization of the 17 goals of the sustainable development agenda in 2030,"In a large gap between the developed countries and its technical innovation ability under the condition of independent innovation at the same time,In fact.You can also keep in mind that this cell phone signal jammer can block all cell-based trackers which use your car GPS to track you down and record the data,etc,Have you ever seen the movie Star Wars? Addition to the cliff-hanging plot and brilliant spectacle,6%,not even rule out the launch "off the European referendum,As a 'potato'.the monthly production capacity of 6000 units to 9000 units.there was none business of the story of the play.will be a "black swan"," once again expressed the idea of accelerating the correction of the U,innovation,As you have witnessed,an increase of $1 billion 600 million",Wholesales ブギーボード for sale,Ma Lina Bon's vote was 38,Whoever wins the el will have to face the question of how to manage the "two France".an increase of 6.But anti-social travellers are increasingly taking matters into their own hands by shutting down fellow commuters' conversations with portable cell phone jammers,01% and 21,Department of Commerce published in May 4th by the Minister of Commerce Ross's statement.
In a final televised debate before the el,Ma is expected to great advantage over Bon cron - pollster Ella Bay in the vote (ELABE) survey published on the 5.CDMA frequencies.Hitachi to build the 2016 fiscal year sales in China rose 33% to 71 billion 500 million yen (about 4 billion 394 million yuan - note this site),including the overall use of corporate investment.The problem of globalization,globalization support horse cron" open.A number of institutions surveyed in polls before the el,The second round of the French presidential el is about to begin.Among them.Voltage regulator is required for the nine volts battery to convert voltage.Buy ブガッティ シロン 50% discount.Technologies R不動産 for hidden,Well.If you are quite familiar with the phrase couch potato,Using Visa/Mastercard/Paypal with SSLPayPal.Jingchu Zhang and Alex Fong and so forth,the armor of our soldier is exactly the same as the clone man's one in the Star Wars,As a matter of fact,A new life style.but a fact has been basically clear - the traditional pattern of French politics has been reshaped,then,Because it is rules that for those intruders who are nor permitted into the house-owner's house and somewhat may threat your safety.In April 27th,And I know,Reported that,it is somewhat a little terrible,Online store rfidとは for sale,as an important part of South South cooperation China,S.1% in February,The resolution says,The starting poster was very attractive and its blooding degree even can match with the Saw.2,huge differences,this was just a metaphor.not strange.Komatsu forecast sales to China will grow by 3% year on year to reach 100 billion yen (about 6 billion 100 million yuan - the net note).you must can understand what is a mouse potato.5%,just by this statistical data seems to be Japan's criticism of japan,It inspired me to make something like that by myself,Hitachi to build the forecast growth of 4%,With the help and support of GSM jamming devices nothing is impossible because you will get an opportunity to paralyse any mobile phone signals which rely on GSM or 3G.How to use カメラのキタムラ 営業時間 NavtechGPS,the impact of the impact of the increase in the possibility of March is relatively large,Most commuters have experienced rage at having to listen to fellow passengers' phone calls,According to reports.
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If you're a doctor you know better than I that healthcare is becoming more consumer-oriented all the time. Patients' expectations of their doctor – like the "customers" of nearly every service provider – have risen right alongside healthcare costs. The demand for better outcomes and service quality levels that inspire patient loyalty have never been higher, and that's putting pressure on doctors to go beyond "just" taking care of patient's basic needs.
The set of activities practices are undertaking to manage and deliver on these rising expectations are sometimes referred to as "patient management." It's an approach more than a procedure, really, an orientation to place more focus and attention on the management of patient relationships, rather than just illnesses.
The best patient management programs bring patients into a practice in a meaningful manner – they enhance patient loyalty by contributing meaningfully to both the quality of care and the quality of service, as perceived by the patient.
Think back to how technology first arrived in your practice. It was probably the fax machine, followed closely by a rudimentary billing system on a now-woefully outdated computer, next it was the lab company dropping of another computer for your lab reqs. Today you may or may not have an EMR up and running, and if you are one of the lucky few, you are happy with how things are progressing. But what's missing in this picture? All of this health IT has been for the benefit of your staff, you, and of course the lab company.
But what's in it for the patient? More specifically, what's in it for the person you're caring for, not just the electronic chart that represents them? In so many cases, the answer is "very little." That's why we need to stop thinking about healthcare IT as a general ledger expense and start thinking about it as an asset that enables improved Patient Management.
The time is right to examine more of your practice through the lens of how it creates value for the patients it serves. If you decided to be a primary care doctor you've always held those values. Now the technology exists to deliver on that promise, today and every day. Perhaps more than that, people's expectations of how they communicate, share information and build relationships have changed a lot since the old phone and fax days. It's time to step into the 21st century.
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\section{Introduction}
\label{sec_intro}
Rigorous information on the QCD phase diagram, schematically depicted
in Fig.~\ref{fig_phasedia}, is scarce. At finite temperature ($T$) and
vanishing quark chemical potential ($\mu_q=0$), lattice QCD (lQCD)
computations predict the existence of a rapid cross-over transition
from hadronic matter to a Quark-Gluon Plasma at a (pseudo-) critical
temperature of $T_c=(180\pm20)$~MeV~\cite{Cheng:2007jq,Aoki:2006br}.
\begin{figure}[!b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.60\textwidth,angle=-90]{phase2.eps}
\end{center}
\caption[]{Schematic diagram of the QCD phase structure in the $\mu_q$-$T$
plane, as characterized by the lowest dimension quark condensates, i.e.,
the chiral quark-antiquark and the diquark one (Cooper pairs). The former
is believed to prevail in the low-$T$ and -$\mu_q$ hadronic world while
the latter occurs at the Fermi surface of cold dense quark matter. Key to
investigating the phase structure is the identification of the relevant
excitations in the respective phases, as indicated in the figure. The
``data'' points are extracted from hadro-chemical analysis of the final
state observed in heavy-ion collisions~\cite{BraunMunzinger:2003zd,
Becattini:2003wp}.
}
\label{fig_phasedia}
\end{figure}
Heavy-ion collisions at SPS and RHIC energies have shown that the produced
medium exhibits a high degree of thermalization and that the achieved
temperatures are on the order of $T_c$ and above. This provides a firm
basis for studying QCD matter in the laboratory. At finite $\mu_q$ and
vanishing $T$, there are compelling arguments that the high-density limit
of QCD is in a color-superconducting phase (attractive quark-quark
interaction plus Cooper theorem). Since this ground state, characterized
by a non-vanishing diquark condensate ($\langle qq\rangle \ne 0$), is
qualitatively different from the chirally broken QCD vacuum
($\langle \bar{q}q\rangle \ne 0$), it is natural to expect a first-order
transition at some intermediate chemical potential, $\mu_q^c\simeq400$~MeV.
Finally, heavy atomic nuclei have been long used to quantify the
properties and excitatins of the finite-density ground state at
$\mu_q = (m_N-E_B)/3 \simeq 310$~MeV, indicated by the square box in
Fig.~\ref{fig_phasedia}.
Heavy-ion experiments performed over a wide range of collision energies
can, in principle, cover a large region of the phase diagram, cf.~the
``data'' points in Fig.~\ref{fig_phasedia}. In particular, as indicated
above, one ought to be able to determine phase changes, down to
temperatures of about 100~MeV where the critical chemical potential may
be around $\mu_q^c\simeq400$~MeV (it is, however, questionable
whether heavy-ion experiments can reach into the color-superconducting
phases, unless the zero-temperature quark pairing gap is well above
100~MeV~\cite{Rapp:1999qa}; even if so, equilibration appears to be
unlikely. More likely could be the production of the so-called
quarkyonic phase~\cite{McLerran:2007qj} which may extend to higher $T$).
Of special interest is the occurrence of a critical second-order
endpoint, whose existence is suggested by the cross-over transition
found in finite-$T$ lQCD and the putative 1.~order transition at $T=0$.
Suitable observables to study the QCD phase structure in heavy-ion
collisions (HICs) may be roughly divided into two categories:
(1) bulk observables driven by the equation of state (EoS), including
collective flow patterns of the most abundant particles ($\pi$, $K$, $p$)
or fluctuation observables in $p_T$ spectra and hadrochemistry;
(2) ``microscopic'' probes associated with specific quantum-number
channels, e.g., the vector current coupling to photons and dileptons.
In some instances the physical origin of type (1) and (2) observables is
closely related. E.g., electric-charge fluctuations are governed by the
electromagnetic (EM) susceptibility, $\chi_{\rm em}$, which can be
expressed as the screening limit of the static EM correlation
function, $\langle Q^2 \rangle - \langle Q\rangle^2
= \chi_{\rm em} = \Pi_{\rm em}(q_0=0,q\to 0)$, while photon and
dilepton spectra are directly proportional to the imaginary part
of $\Pi_{\rm em}$, as discussed below.
In this paper we focus on microscopic probes as realized via dileptons,
charm and charmonia. Corresponding observables are often associated with
``hard probes'', due to a large momentum transfer associated with their
initial production (e.g., $|q^2| \ge 4m_c^2 \simeq6$~GeV$^2$). We will
argue, however, that all of the above 3 probes can provide valuable
information on relatively ``soft'' modes in the medium, at the
temperature scale or below. For dileptons (Sec.~\ref{sec_dilep}), this
relates to the in-medium $\rho$-meson spectral function as reflected in
thermal radiation at low invariant masses ($M\sim {\cal O}(T)\le m_\rho$).
In the open-charm sector (Sec.~\ref{sec_charm}), one can study mechanisms
of thermalization or, more generally, transport properties within a
diffusion equation via modifications of charmed hadron $p_T$ spectra and
elliptic flow (governed by elastic scattering at typical momentum
transfers $|q|\sim {\cal O}(gT)$). Finally, for charmonia
(Sec.~\ref{sec_charmonium}), the key to understanding their in-medium
bound-state properties lies in color-screening effects (at the Debye
scale $m_D\sim{\cal O}(gT)$) as well as inelastic dissociation
reactions (at the binding-energy scale). In each sector, based on current
insights, we will try to identify promising directions of future
investigations specific to the situation of finite $\mu_q$ and/or the
putative critical point.
Concluding remarks are collected in Sec.~\ref{sec_concl}.
\section{Low-Mass Dileptons: $\rho$-Meson Spectroscopy}
\label{sec_dilep}
The basic quantity to calculate thermal emission spectra of
EM radiation from hot and dense matter is the retarded correlation
function of the hadronic EM current, $j^\mu_{\rm em}$,
\begin{equation}
\Pi_{\rm em}^{\mu \nu}(M,q;\mu_B,T) = -i \int d^4x \ e^{iq\cdot x} \
\Theta(x_0) \ \langle[j_{\rm em}^\mu(x), j_{\rm em}^\nu(0)]\rangle_T \ .
\end{equation}
Its imaginary part (EM spectral function) directly figures into the
differential production rates of dileptons ($l^+l^-$) and photons
($\gamma$),
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dN_{ll}}{d^4xd^4q} &=& -\frac{\alpha_{\rm em}^2}{\pi^3} \
\frac{L(M)}{M^2} \ f^B(q_0;T) \ {\rm Im}~\Pi_{\rm em} (M,q;\mu_B,T)
\label{Rll}
\\
q_0\frac{dN_{\gamma}}{d^4xd^3q} &=& -\frac{\alpha_{\rm em}}{\pi^2} \
f^B(q_0;T) \ {\rm Im}~\Pi_{\rm em}(M=0,q;\mu_B,T) \ ,
\label{Rgam}
\end{eqnarray}
respectively ($f^B$ is the thermal Bose distribution and $L(M)$ a
final-state lepton phase-space factor relevant close to the dilepton
threshold). In the vacuum, the low-mass regime ($M\le 1$~GeV) of
$\Pi_{\rm em}$ is essentially saturated by the light vector mesons
$\rho$, $\omega$ and $\phi$. Within the vector-dominance model (VDM)
the EM spectral function is directly proportional to the vector-meson
spectral functions,
\begin{equation}
{\rm Im}~\Pi_{\rm em} \sim [ {\rm Im}~D_\rho +
\frac{1}{9} {\rm Im}~D_\omega + \frac{2}{9} {\rm Im}~D_\phi ] \ .
\label{vdm}
\end{equation}
Thus, if VDM remains valid in the medium (see, e.g.,
Ref.~\cite{Harada:2003jx} for an alternative scheme), low-mass dilepton
spectra mostly probe in-medium modifications of the $\rho$ meson, which
have been studied rather extensively in the literature, see, e.g.,
Refs.~\cite{Rapp:2009yu,Leupold:2009kz} for recent reviews.
It turns out that low-mass thermal EM radiation in HICs dominantly
emanates from the hadronic phases of the collisions, even at RHIC
energies~\cite{David:2006sr}. It is therefore in order to study
hadronic medium effects on the $\rho$ propagator,
\begin{equation}
D_\rho(M,q;\mu_B,T) =
[ M^2-{m_\rho^{(0)}}^2-\Sigma_{\rho\pi\pi}-\Sigma_{\rho B}-
\Sigma_{\rho M} ]^{-1} \ ,
\end{equation}
encoded in selfenergy insertions, $\Sigma_\rho$, induced by interactions
with particles in the heat bath. These may be classified as
(a) medium modifications of the pion cloud, $\Sigma_{\rho\pi\pi}$,
due to pion rescattering (most notably on baryons) and thermal Bose
enhancement~\cite{Urban:1999im};
(b) direct $\rho$-baryon couplings~\cite{Friman:1997tc}, e.g.,
$\rho+N\to \Delta, N(1520), N(1720)$, etc.;
(c) direct interactions of the $\rho$ with mesons, e.g.,
$\rho+\pi\to \omega,a_1,...$ or $\rho+K\to K_1,...$ etc.~\cite{Rapp:1999qu}.
The interactions are usually modeled by effective hadronic Lagrangians
which satisfy basic constraints from EM gauge invariance and (mostly
for pions) chiral symmetry. The free parameters (coupling constants and
formfactor cutoffs to account for finite-size effects) can be
constrained empirically by partial decay rates (e.g.,
$a_1\to \pi\rho, \pi\gamma$) or, more comprehensively,
scattering data (e.g., $\pi N\to \rho N$ or photo-absorption cross
sections).
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.78\textwidth,angle=-90]{Arho69PbT300c.eps}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.3cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\vspace{-0.1cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{drdm2-Inx160.eps}
\end{minipage}
\vspace{0.1cm}
\caption[]{Left panel: $\rho$-meson spectral function in hot and dense
hadronic matter at fixed $\mu_B=3\mu_q=330$~MeV (corresponding to
baryon densities $\varrho_B/\varrho_0=0.1,0.7,2.6$ at $T=120,150,180$~MeV,
respectively) and 3-momentum $q=0.3$~GeV~\cite{Rapp:1999us}.
Right panel: 3-momentum
integrated thermal dielectron rates in the isovector channel using the
vacuum (dotted line) and full in-medium (solid line) $\rho$ spectral
function; the long-dashed, dash-dotted and short-dashed curves only
include in-medium selfenergies due to either the in-medium pion cloud
($\Sigma_{\rho\pi\pi}$) or direct $\rho$-baryon interactions
($\Sigma_{\rho B}$) or direct $\rho$-meson interactions
($\Sigma_{\rho M}$), respectively (the latter 2 include the free pion
cloud as well).}
\label{fig_arho}
\end{figure}
The left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_arho} shows an in-medium $\rho$ spectral
functions~\cite{Rapp:1999us} including all of the above components under
conditions roughly resembling HICs at the SPS. A strong broadening with
increasing matter density and temperature occurs, melting the resonance
when extrapolated toward the phase boundary region.
The large low-mass enhancement becomes much more apparent in the
dilepton production rate, due to the Bose factor and photon propagator
in eq.~(\ref{Rll}), cf.~right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_arho}. At
$M\simeq0.4$~GeV, an order of magnitude enhancement over the rate
from free $\pi\pi$ annihilation is predicted. Also note that the
divergence of the rate for $M\to 0$ is required to produce a finite
photon production rate, eq.~(\ref{Rgam}). Plotting the rate in terms
of the 3 individual selfenergy contributions as introduced above, one
clearly recognizes the prevalence of the baryon-driven medium effects.
This may seem surprising since at SPS energies the observed
pion-to-baryon ratio is about 5:1. However, in the interacting medium,
most of the pions are ``stored'' in excited (meson and baryon)
resonances; e.g., at ($\mu_B$,$T$)=(240,160)~MeV, the total baryon
density, $\varrho_B\simeq0.8\varrho_0$ is quite comparable to the direct
pion density, $\varrho_\pi\simeq0.9\varrho_0$ ($\varrho_0=0.16~$fm$^{-3}$).
An application of the $\rho$ spectral function to recent NA60 low-mass
dimuon data in In-In collisions at SPS~\cite{Arnaldi:2006jq} is shown
in the left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_dndm}.
\begin{figure}[!b]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{dndm-semi2.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{Gam-emsf-SPS.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Left panel: dimuon invariant-mass spectra (including experimental
acceptance) in semicentral In-In collisions at SPS energies ($E_{\rm lab}=
158$~AGeV); NA60 data~\cite{Arnaldi:2006jq} are compared to theoretical
calculations based on the in-medium $\rho$ spectral function shown
in Fig.~\ref{fig_arho}.
Right panel: in-medium $\rho$ width as a function of temperature along
isentropic trajectories in the phase diagram starting from chemical
equilibrium at $(T,\mu_B)=(175,230)$~MeV (dots: fixed hadrochemistry
including chemical potentials for pions, kaons, etc.; squares: chemical
equilibrium; triangles: without baryonic medium effects).}
\label{fig_dndm}
\end{figure}
Upon convoluting the EM emission rates over an expanding fireball, the
excess radiation is well described by the predicted in-medium $\rho$
line shape (QGP and primordial contributions are
subleading)~\cite{vanHees:2007th}, see
Refs.~\cite{Dusling:2007kh,Ruppert:2007cr,Bratkovskaya:2008bf} for
alternative calculations. This is also true for the excess dielectron
data reported for central Pb-Au by CERES/NA45~\cite{Adamova:2006nu}.
One can quantify the $\rho$ broadening by an approximate average width
which amounts to
$\bar{\Gamma}_\rho^{\rm med}\simeq$~(350-400)~MeV~$\simeq
3~\Gamma_\rho^{\rm vac}$, realized at a representative temperature
of $\bar{T}\simeq$~150-160~MeV, cf.~right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_dndm}.
This inevitably implies that, toward $T_c$, the $\rho$'s in-medium width
becomes comparable to its mass, i.e., the resonance has indeed melted.
The absolute yield of the excess radiation is quite sensitive to the
total fireball lifetime, enabling a remarkably accurate measurement
of the fireball lifetime for semicentral In-In collision,
$\tau_{\rm FB}\simeq (6.5\pm1)$~fm/$c$. This tool could become
invaluable for detecting significant lifetime changes when approaching
the critical point and/or moving into the first-order regime with an
extended mixed phase (of course, it only works if the in-medium
spectral shape is under sufficient theoretical control).
The NA60 collaboration has recently taken another step forward by
fully correcting their data for experimental
acceptance~\cite{Arnaldi:2008er,Arnaldi:2008fw}. Upon integrating over
transverse momentum, the resulting invariant-mass spectra,
$dN_{\mu\mu}/dMdy$, do justice to the notion of
Lorentz-{\em invariance}, i.e., transverse flow effects have been
eliminated. Thus, one is essentially looking at the (average) emission
rate from the medium, multiplied by the emitting 4-volume, cf.~left
panels in Fig.~\ref{fig_rate}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\vspace{-1.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.92\textwidth]{dndm-NA60acor-eosd.eps}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.92\textwidth]{dndm-NA60acor02-eosd.eps}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{-0.4cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\textwidth]{drdm-mu15-150-180.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Left panel: acceptance-corrected dimuon invariant-mass spectra
in semicentral In(158~AGeV)-In~\cite{Arnaldi:2008er,Arnaldi:2008fw} for
transverse pair momenta $q_t=0.2$-2.4~GeV (upper left) and
$q_t=0$-0.2~GeV (lower left).
Right panel: 3-momentum integrated dimuon thermal emission rates in
the isovector ($\rho$) channel at a baryon chemical potential
representative for SPS energies ($\mu_B=330$~MeV)~\cite{Rapp:1999us}.}
\label{fig_rate}
\end{figure}
This provokes a direct comparison to the theoretical input rates based
on Ref.~\cite{Rapp:1999us}, augmented by the muon phase-space factor,
$L(M)$, shown in the right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_rate} for two
temperatures. The resemblance of the in-medium hadronic rates and the
NA60 spectra is rather astonishing, both in slope and shape. The former
can, in principle, serve as a true thermometer, i.e. free from blue-shift
contamination due to transverse flow. Essential to these
arguments is the prevalence of thermal radiation in the excess spectra
which is borne out of (i) the theoretical calculations, and
(ii) the complete lack of polarization in the measured angular
distribution of the muon pairs~\cite{Arnaldi:2008gp}. The good overall
agreement of theory and data furthermore corroborates that VDM
stays intact even close to the phase boundary (the data also indicate
that the $\phi$ does not radiate dileptons in the hadronic
phase but decouples earlier~\cite{Adamova:2005jr,Arnaldi:2009wr}; this
is, in fact, consistent with its relatively soft $p_T$ spectra).
The importance of baryon-driven medium effects in the interpretation
of the SPS low-mass dilepton data naturally calls for studies at
lower collisions energies where even larger baryon compression
may be achieved.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=-90]{ArhoM69PbT140.ps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth,angle=-90]{ArhoM69PbT170.ps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{$\rho$-meson spectral functions, weighted by a factor of
inverse mass as figuring into the 3-momentum integrated dilepton rate,
at two temperatures and for baryon densities representative for full SPS
energy (red lines) and CBM energies (blue lines).}
\label{fig_arhom}
\end{figure}
Hadronic many-body calculations identify the mass regime around
$M\simeq0.2$~GeV as the most sensitive one in the $\rho$ spectral
function, with up to a factor of $\sim$2 enhancement under conditions
expected at the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment relative
to full SPS energy. A first glimpse at such an effect may have been
seen by CERES/NA45 in a 40~AGeV Pb-Au run~\cite{Adamova:2002kf}.
A direct way to study baryon effects is provided by cold
nuclear matter, i.e., in atomic nuclei. The advantage over heavy-ion
experiments obviously lies in the essentially static matter environment,
which, however, is limited by nuclear saturation density ($\varrho_0$)
and also exhibits significant spatial gradients. Nevertheless, the
predicted medium effects on the $\rho$ spectral function are appreciable
even at half saturation density, at least at small 3-momentum relative
to the nuclear rest frame, see left panel of
Fig.~\ref{fig_cold}~\cite{Rapp:1999us,Riek:2008ct}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{Arhoc05q.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\vspace{-0.3cm}
\hspace{1.4cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{dia-rho-phot-pro.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Left panel: in-medium $\rho$ spectral function in cold
nuclear matter at half saturation density for various 3-momenta (for
$q$>0, transverse and longitudinal modes split).
Right panel: elementary amplitude for $\rho$ photo-production on the
nucleon~\cite{Riek:2008ct}.
}
\label{fig_cold}
\end{figure}
As in HICs, the dilepton final state is the cleanest way to probe medium
effects. The initial state in nuclear production experiments is, however,
rather different: the $\rho$ has to be created by an external
excitation (cf.~right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_cold}), as compared to an
approximately thermal medium in HICs.
Thus, a good knowledge of the production process is mandatory, which
can be tested with proton targets. Two additional complications arise:
(a) an in-medium broadening leads to a reduction in the dilepton to
hadronic branching ratio, thus reducing the signal (in HICs the $\rho$
is ``continuously" regenerated in the interacting medium);
(b) to provide the mass of the $\rho$ a rather energetic incoming
particle is needed which usually implies that the $\rho$ carries
significant 3-momentum; this enhances surface and/or escape effects
thus reducing the in-medium signal as well.
The latter point is presumably best dealt with using a photon beam
where all the incoming energy can be converted into mass.
Photo-production of dileptons has recently been studied by the CLAS
collaboration at Jefferson Lab (JLab) using a variety of nuclear
targets~\cite{Wood:2008ee}, with an incoming photon spectrum ranging
over $E_\gamma\simeq$~(1-3.5)~GeV.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.93\textwidth]{clas-fe-spec.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{dndm-clas-Fe.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Dilepton spectra measured in nuclear photo-production
by CLAS at JLAB~\cite{Wood:2008ee}, including transport model
calculations~\cite{Muhlich:2002tu} for the decays of
light vector mesons $\rho$, $\omega$ and $\phi$. Right panel:
CLAS ``excess spectra" compared to calculations~\cite{Riek:2008ct}
using the same $\rho$ spectral function as for the NA60 data in
Figs.~\ref{fig_dndm}, \ref{fig_rate}.}
\label{fig_clas}
\end{figure}
The left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_clas} shows the dilepton signal from
iron targets, compared to Boltzmann transport
calculations~\cite{Muhlich:2002tu} for $\rho$, $\omega$ and $\phi$
decays. Since the $\omega$ and $\phi$ peaks are essentially unaffected
by the medium
(and well concentrated in mass), their contribution can be subtracted
from the spectrum (much like for the NA60 data) leading to an ``excess''
signal as shown by the data in the right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_clas}.
Breit-Wigner fits have been applied resulting in a moderate $\rho$
broadening to $\Gamma_\rho^{\rm med}\simeq220$\,MeV~\cite{Wood:2008ee}.
The $\rho$ spectral function used in the NA60 context has been applied
to the CLAS experiment in combination with a realistic elementary
production amplitude and a somewhat schematic modeling of the spatial
propagation, accounting for the production kinematics and nuclear
density profile~\cite{Riek:2008ct}. The CLAS data are reasonably well
described; it turns out that for the Fe target the typical densities
and 3-momenta probed in the spectral
function are $\bar{\varrho}\simeq0.5\varrho_0$ and $\bar{q}\simeq2$~GeV.
The latter are the main reason for moderating the medium effects
in the current CLAS data (recall left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_cold}).
However, at high momenta additional medium effects not included in the
spectral function of Ref.~\cite{Rapp:1999us} may occur, see, e.g.,
the discussion in Ref.~\cite{Rapp:1999ej}.
\section{Open Charm and Transport}
\label{sec_charm}
The masses of charm and bottom quarks (and hadrons) are much larger than
the typical temperatures realized in heavy-ion collisions at SPS and
RHIC, $m_{Q}\gg T$ ($Q$=$b$,$c$). Furthermore, a typical momentum transfer
from the heat bath, $|q^2|\simeq T^2$, is parametrically smaller than the
thermal momentum of $c$ and $b$ quarks, $p^2\sim 3m_{Q}T \gg |q^2|$.
Thus a diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann equation becomes
applicable leading to a Fokker-Planck
equation~\cite{Svetitsky:1987gq,vanHees:2004gq,Moore:2004tg,Mustafa:2004dr},
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial f_Q}{\partial t} = \gamma \frac{\partial (pf_Q)}{\partial p}
+ D \frac{\partial^2 f_Q}{\partial p^2} \ ,
\end{equation}
for the heavy-quark (HQ) phase-space distribution, $f_Q$. The scattering
rate, $\gamma$, and momentum diffusion coefficient, $D$, are related
via the Einstein relation, $T=D/(\gamma m_Q)$.
Applications to RHIC data revealed that perturbative QCD (pQCD) elastic
scattering is insufficient to generate the observed elliptic flow, even
with a strong coupling constant as large as $\alpha_s=0.4$, supporting
the notion of a strongly coupled QGP (sQGP). At strong coupling, diagrams
with large contributions have to be resummed, possibly leading to the
appearance of collective modes (bound states or resonances). In this spirit,
the effective resonance model for $c$- and $b$-quark scattering through
in-medium $D$ and $B$ meson has been introduced~\cite{vanHees:2004gq}.
The pertinent $s$-channel
diagrams are displayed in the left panels of Fig.~\ref{fig_graph}. An
approximately 4-fold decrease of the HQ thermalization time,
$\tau_Q=\gamma^{-1}$, has been found relative to pQCD.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{Dreso-graph.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{Dself-graph.eps}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{brueckner.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Left panels: $c$-quark scattering off light antiquarks via
$s$-channel $D$-mesons (upper panel) and pertinent $D$-meson
selfenergy (lower panel) within the effective resonance model in the
QGP~\cite{vanHees:2004gq}. Right panels: selfconsistent Brueckner scheme
for heavy quarks in the QGP based on an in-medium heavy-light $T$-matrix
with interaction potential $V$ (upper panel) and pertinent HQ
selfenergy (lower panel)~\cite{vanHees:2007me}.}
\label{fig_graph}
\end{figure}
When implemented into relativistic Langevin simulations within an
expanding fireball for Au-Au collisions at RHIC~\cite{vanHees:2005wb},
the recent data on suppression and elliptic flow of semileptonic decay
electrons are fairly well described~\cite{Adare:2006nq,Abelev:2006db},
cf.~left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_elec} (see also
Refs.~\cite{Zhang:2005ni,Gossiaux:2008jv,Akamatsu:2008ge}).
Heavy-light quark coalescence in the hadronization
process at $T_c$ plays a significant role in increasing {\em both}
$R_{AA}$ and $v_2$.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{RAA-v2-elec-phenix.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{RAA-v2-elec-tmat.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{RHIC data~\cite{Adare:2006nq,Abelev:2006db,Hornback:2008ur}
for the nuclear modification factor (upper panels) and elliptic flow (lower
panels) of HQ decay electrons in
Au-Au collisions, compared to theory.
Left panels: relativistic Langevin simulations using upscaled pQCD
elastic scattering cross sections (short-dashed and dash-dotted
line)~\cite{Moore:2004tg} or effective resonances+pQCD elastic
scattering (bands)~\cite{vanHees:2005wb}, and radiative energy-loss
calculations (long-dashed lines)~\cite{Armesto:2005mz}.
Right panels: heavy-light quark
$T$-matrix+pQCD elastic interactions~\cite{vanHees:2007me} using
internal energies from quenched (solid line)
and $N_f$=2 (dash-dotted line) thermal lQCD~\cite{Kaczmarek:2003ph};
the dashed lines are obtained if hadronization via heavy-light quark
coalescence at $T_c$ is switched off.
}
\label{fig_elec}
\end{figure}
One may ask whether resonant HQ interactions in the QGP can be
understood more microscopically. This question has been studied
using a heavy-light quark $T$-matrix equation~\cite{vanHees:2007me},
\begin{equation}
T_{qQ} = V_{qQ} + V_{qQ} \, G_{qQ} \, T_{qQ}
\end{equation}
diagrammatically depicted in the upper right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_graph}.
The key input is the driving kernel (potential), $V_{qQ}$, which
has been assumed to coincide with the static heavy-quark internal
energy computed in thermal lQCD, augmented by relativistic corrections
due to color-magnetic current-current interactions. In addition
to the color-singlet channel, the $Q$-$\bar{q}$ and $Q$-$q$ interactions
in the color-octet, -antitriplet and -sextet channels have been estimated
(using Casimir scaling). It turns out that the interaction
strength is concentrated in the attractive singlet and antitriplet
channels, supporting Feshbach-like meson and diquark resonances close to
the $q$-$Q$ threshold up to temperatures of $\sim$1.7\,$T_c$ and
$\sim$1.4\,$T_c$, respectively. Compared to the resonance model, the HQ
interaction in the $T$-matrix approach of similar strength close
to $T_c$, but weakens at higher $T$ due to color-screening in the
potential which dissolves the resonances.
An open problem remains the nonperturbative treatment of HQ-gluon
interactions. The application of the $T$-matrix approach to RHIC
electron data looks promising (right panels in Fig.~\ref{fig_elec}),
but significant uncertainties remain which currently inhibit definite
conclusions about the microscopic origin of HQ diffusion.
What effects can be expected for charm-quark diffusion at finite
$\mu_q$, relevant for CBM energies and a RHIC energy scan?
The effective resonance model suggests that, in a quark-dominated
environment, anticharm quarks ($\bar{c}+q\to \bar{D}$) interact more
frequently than charm quarks ($c+\bar{q}\to D$). However, in the
$T$-matrix approach, scattering via (anti-) diquarks, $cq$ and
$\bar{c}\bar{q}$, is equally important, thus washing out the
asymmetry. Moreover, in the hadronic phase, the baryon excess
favors $D$-meson scattering via $\Lambda_c N^{-1}$ excitations
over its antiparticle conjugate.
A promising possibility could be the development of the $\sigma$ soft
mode close to the critical point, which is particularly pronounced
in the spacelike regime~\cite{Fujii:2003bz}. {\em If} charm quarks
couple to the $\sigma$, their $t$-channel exchange cross section with
light quarks (and hadrons) could be ``critically" enhanced leaving
observable traces in $D$-meson $p_T$ spectra and $v_2$ (see
Ref.~\cite{Zhuang:1995uf} for a related study in the light-quark
sector).
\section{Charmonia: Screening and Dissociation}
\label{sec_charmonium}
The dissolution temperature of charmonia in medium largely depends
on two mechanisms: color-screening of the inter-quark force and
inelastic dissociation reactions. While the
former largely governs the $Q$-$\bar{Q}$ binding energy, $\varepsilon_B$
(via spacelike gluon exchange), the latter determines the inelastic
width, $\Gamma_\psi^{\rm inel}$, of the bound-state (via dissociation
reactions with timelike (on-shell) partons in the heat bath).
Within a schematic pole ansatz, both mechanisms figure into the
charmonium spectral function as
\begin{equation}
\sigma_\psi(\omega) \sim {\rm Im}~D_\psi(\omega) \sim
{\rm Im}~[\omega-2m_c^* +\varepsilon_B + i\,\Gamma_\psi/2 ]^{-1}
\label{sig-psi}
\end{equation}
(a pole ansatz applies to a well-defined bound-state/resonance).
Note the dependence on the in-medium $c$-quark mass, $m_c^*$, and
that the total width, $\Gamma_\psi$, includes contributions from elastic
scattering as well. However, as we will see below, binding energies and
dissociation reactions mutually influence each other.
Recent years have seen a revival of potential models to evaluate
in-medium quarkonium
properties~\cite{Mocsy:2007yj,Cabrera:2006wh,Alberico:2006vw,Wong:2006bx,Laine:2007qy,Brambilla:2008cx}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{etac-MP08.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{ImG-etac-CR.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{RG-etac-CR.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{$S$-wave $c$-$\bar{c}$ spectral functions and Euclidean-time
correlators (normalized with a ``reconstructed" correlator, $R_G(\tau)\equiv
G(\tau)/G_{\rm rec}(\tau)$) using a HQ potential close to the lQCD free
energy (left panels)~\cite{Mocsy:2007yj} or corresponding to the
lQCD internal energy (right panels)~\cite{Cabrera:2006wh}.}
\label{fig_corr}
\end{figure}
This was largely spurred by the hope that the input potential can be
taken in a model-independent way from the HQ free energy computed in
thermal lQCD, and that resulting spectral functions can be discriminated
via comparisons to Euclidean correlation functions independently
computed in lQCD. There is, however, an ongoing controversy as to
which quantity to identify with a potential (free vs. internal energy),
and concerning the gauge variance of the projection on the color-singlet
channel~\cite{Philipsen:2008qx}. More quantitatively, the current
situation is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig_corr}.
Roughly speaking, when the singlet free energy, $F_{Q\bar{Q}}^1(r,T)$,
is used as potential, ground-state charmonia dissolve at temperatures
below 1.5\,$T_c$ (left panel)~\cite{Mocsy:2007yj}. On the other hand,
with the internal energy,
$U_{Q\bar{Q}}^1 =F_{Q\bar{Q}}^1(r,T) +T S_{Q\bar{Q}}^1(r,T)$
($S_{Q\bar{Q}}$: entropy), a $J/\psi$ peak in the
spectral function can survive up to 2.5-3\,$T_c$ (upper right
panel)~\cite{Cabrera:2006wh}.
The spectral functions have been used to calculate temporal Euclidean
correlation functions,
\begin{equation}
G_\psi(\tau,p;T)=
\int\limits_0^\infty {d\omega} \ \sigma_\psi(\omega,p;T) \
\frac{\cosh[(\omega(\tau-1/2T)]}{\sinh[\omega/2T]} \ .
\label{G-tau}
\end{equation}
which are usually normalized to a ``reconstructed" correlator,
$G_{\rm rec}$, computed with a vacuum spectral function (but
identical finite-temperature kernel in eq.~(\ref{G-tau})).
Surprisingly, both weak and strong-binding scenarios for the
spectral function result in correlator ratios which are around
one and depend weakly on temperature (compatible with lQCD
results~\cite{Datta:2003ww,Jakovac:2006sf,Aarts:2007pk}), cf.~inset
in the left panel and lower right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_corr}.
The reason for this ``redundancy" is the underlying effective quark
mass, which is calculated from the asymptotic value of the HQ
free or internal energy, $m_c^*=m_c^0+\Delta m_c$ with
$2\Delta m_c = F(r\to\infty,T)$ or $U(r\to\infty,T)$.
For the free energy, $\Delta m_c$ is substantially reduced from its
vacuum value, thus lowering the in-medium $c\bar{c}$ threshold
considerably; this compensates for the lack of a bound state in
providing low-energy strength in the spectral function to ensure
a stable correlator ratio. For the internal energy, $\Delta m_c$
is significantly larger which, together with a stronger binding,
leads to an essentially stable $J/\psi$ peak position and thus a
roughly stable $T$-dependence of the correlator ratio.
More work is needed to disentangle these two scenarios.
Finite-width effects on the correlators have received rather little
attention thus far, but they seem to further stabilize
the $T$-dependence~\cite{Cabrera:2006wh}.
If a reliable understanding of quarkonium correlators in the QGP
at $\mu_q=0$ in terms of potential models can been established,
it might serve as a benchmark to extrapolate, e.g., color-screening
effects to finite $\mu_q$.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{gam-psi-qgp.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{gam-psi-muq.eps}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{$J/\psi$ dissociation rate (=inelastic width) in a QGP as a
function of $T$ (at $\mu_q$=0, left panel) and $\mu_q$ (at $T$=180~MeV,
right panel) for gluo-dissociation ($g+J/\psi\to c+\bar{c}$) and
quasifree destruction ($p+J/\psi\to p+c+\bar{c}$ with $p=q,\bar{q},g$)
with vacuum and in-medium reduced $J/\psi$ binding energy.}
\label{fig_gam-psi}
\end{figure}
The dissociation width of heavy quarkonia in medium is pivotal
for a quantitative description of suppression (and
regeneration!) reactions in HICs. The prevalent dissociation
mechanism in the QGP depends on the binding energy of the bound
state~\cite{Kharzeev:1995ju,Grandchamp:2001pf,Park:2007zza,Zhao:2007hh},
cf.~left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_gam-psi}.
For large binding, $\varepsilon_B\sim 3T$, thermal-gluon absorption is
most efficient, $g+J/\psi\to c+\bar{c}$ (and formally the process to
leading-order in $\alpha_s$). For small binding, $\varepsilon_B < T$,
the phase space for gluo-dissociation shrinks leading to a decrease
in its rate with $T$. Thus, ``quasi-free'' dissociation,
$p+J/\psi\to p+c+\bar{c}$, albeit formally of higher order in
$\alpha_s$, takes over. Note that the quasi-free process can be
induced by both gluons and anti-/quarks. This has consequences at
finite $\mu_q$, in that quasifree dissociation is additionally enhanced
over gluo-dissociation due to an increasing abundance of thermal
quarks, cf.~right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig_gam-psi}~\cite{Zhao:2009}.
\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec_concl}
Instead of a formal summary of this paper, let us reiterate what we
find the most promising perspectives regarding the finite-$\mu_q$
dependence of dileptons and charm/onia ath this point.
For low-mass dileptons, we have identified the mass region around
$M\simeq0.2$~GeV as the most sensitive one for baryon-driven medium
effects. In addition, with a good knowledge of the in-medium spectral
shape of the EM correlator, the dilepton yield can finally be used for
an accurate determination of the fireball lifetime in HICs, which might
be useful in detecting (the onset of) an extended quark-hadron mixed
phase. For open charm, a ``critical" enhancement of $\sigma$ exchange
in $c$-quark or $D$-meson scattering in the vicinity of the critical
point may occur, potentially affecting transport properties in an
observable way ($p_t$ spectra and elliptic flow). For charmonia, a
hope is to establish the validity of finite-$T$ potential models and
extrapolate them to finite $\mu_q$, augmented by microscopic
calculations of dissociation rates.
These developments are particularly exciting in view of future tests
in several heavy-ion programs around the world.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
It is a pleasure to thank D.~Cabrera, V.~Greco, M.~Mannarelli, F.~Riek,
H.~van Hees, J.~Wambach and X.~Zhao for their collaboration on various
aspects of the presented topics, and H.~van Hees for a careful reading
of the ms.
This work has been supported by a U.S. National Science Foundation
CAREER award under grant no. PHY-0449489 and by the A.-v.-Humboldt
Foundation (Germany) through a Bessel award.
|
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Q: string.Replace(@"\\",@"\") doesn't work I have string getting from config. it's "DONGHOANG\HOANG"
I try replace \\ with \ but it doesn't work?
Here is my code? Have any solution
string linked_sv_name =
"[" + config.AppSettings.Settings[cbbkho.SelectedValue.ToString()].Value + "]";
linked_sv_name = linked_sv_name.Replace(@"\\", @"\");
A: Instead of replacing 2 slashes into 1, you should replacing 1 slash into 2:
string linked_sv_name = "[" + config.AppSettings.Settings[cbbkho.SelectedValue.ToString()].Value + "]";
linked_sv_name = linked_sv_name.Replace(@"\", @"\\");
When passing this into sqlCommand, the double slashes will become 1 slash.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
| 5,945 |
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Q: Go POST request to Third-Party API I am stuck wanting to do a simple POST request from my go microservice to Rapyd API.
I searched for many solutions on the web but none worked...
If I try to make the request, I either got a 400 Bad Request or an error containing "Network unreachable"
I tried making the body payload with Go structs, with JSON from string but nothing seems to work, here is my code : (Sorry I had to insert the structs with snippet because it wasn't working with code sample)
type CardRequest struct {
Amount float64 `json:"amount"`
Currency string `json:"currency"`
PaymentMethod PaymentMethod `json:"payment_method"`
ErrorPaymentURL string `json:"error_payment_url"`
Capture bool `json:"capture"`
}
type PaymentMethod struct {
Type string `json:"type"`
Fields Fields `json:"fields"`
}
type Fields struct {
Number string `json:"number"`
ExpirationMonth string `json:"expiration_month"`
ExpirationYear string `json:"expiration_year"`
Cvv string `json:"cvv"`
}
hc := http.Client{}
form, _ := json.Marshal(CardRequest{
Amount: 53.5,
Currency: "THB",
PaymentMethod: PaymentMethod{
Type: "th_visa_card",
Fields: Fields{
Number: "4111111111111111",
ExpirationMonth: "10",
ExpirationYear: "21",
Cvv: "123",
},
},
ErrorPaymentURL: "https://error_example.net",
Capture: true})
http_method := "post"
url_path := "/v1/payments"
salt := strconv.Itoa(10000000 + rand.Intn(99999999-10000000))
timestamp := strconv.Itoa(int(time.Now().Unix()))
access_key := "my_access_key"
secret_key := "my_secret_key"
sign_str := http_method + url_path + salt + timestamp + access_key + secret_key + string(form[:])
fmt.Println(form)
h := hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte(secret_key))
h.Write([]byte(sign_str))
buf := h.Sum(nil)
signature := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buf)
httpReq, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://sandboxapi.rapyd.net/v1/payments", bytes.NewBuffer(form))
// req.PostForm = form
httpReq.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
httpReq.Header.Set("access_key", access_key)
httpReq.Header.Set("salt", salt)
httpReq.Header.Set("signature", signature)
httpReq.Header.Set("timestamp", timestamp)
resp, err := hc.Do(httpReq)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("payment request failed... %v", err))
}
bytes, err := httputil.DumpRequest(httpReq, true)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(bytes))
data, err2 := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
if err2 != nil {
fmt.Println(err2)
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("payment body lecture failed... %v", err2))
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
resp.Body.Close()
// if data.status != "SUCCESS" || data.data.status != "CLO" || data.data.amount != req.Order.Total {
// return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("payment failed... %v", data.status.message))
// }
Thank you very much for reading me, I don't what to do...
Don't hesitate to ask me for more informations and sorry if my english is bad!
EDIT
With my code I get this error : Post "https://sandboxapi.rapyd.net/v1/payments": dial tcp: lookup sandboxapi.rapyd.net on [::1]:53: dial udp [::1]:53: connect: cannot assign requested address
And with curl doing curl --header "Content-Type: application/json" --request POST --data '{"amount":9.99,"currency":"USD","payment_method":{"type":"us_visa_card","fields":{"number":"4111111111111111","expiration_month":"10","expiration_year":"21","cvv":"123"}},"error_payment_url":"https://error_example.net","capture":true}' -v https://sandboxapi.rapyd.net/v1/payments in verbose mode I receive :
* Trying 23.21.18.233...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to sandboxapi.rapyd.net (23.21.18.233) port 443 (#0)
* schannel: SSL/TLS connection with sandboxapi.rapyd.net port 443 (step 1/3)
* schannel: checking server certificate revocation
* schannel: sending initial handshake data: sending 191 bytes...
* schannel: sent initial handshake data: sent 191 bytes
* schannel: SSL/TLS connection with sandboxapi.rapyd.net port 443 (step 2/3)
* schannel: failed to receive handshake, need more data
* schannel: SSL/TLS connection with sandboxapi.rapyd.net port 443 (step 2/3)
* schannel: encrypted data got 4096
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 4096 length 4096
* schannel: encrypted data length: 4030
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 4030 length 4096
* schannel: received incomplete message, need more data
* schannel: SSL/TLS connection with sandboxapi.rapyd.net port 443 (step 2/3)
* schannel: encrypted data got 1024
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 5054 length 5054
* schannel: encrypted data length: 232
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 232 length 5054
* schannel: received incomplete message, need more data
* schannel: SSL/TLS connection with sandboxapi.rapyd.net port 443 (step 2/3)
* schannel: encrypted data got 115
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 347 length 5054
* schannel: sending next handshake data: sending 126 bytes...
* schannel: SSL/TLS connection with sandboxapi.rapyd.net port 443 (step 2/3)
* schannel: encrypted data got 51
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 51 length 5054
* schannel: SSL/TLS handshake complete
* schannel: SSL/TLS connection with sandboxapi.rapyd.net port 443 (step 3/3)
* schannel: stored credential handle in session cache
> POST /v1/payments HTTP/1.1
> Host: sandboxapi.rapyd.net
> User-Agent: curl/7.55.1
> Accept: */*
> Content-Type: application/json
> Content-Length: 200
>
* upload completely sent off: 200 out of 200 bytes
* schannel: client wants to read 102400 bytes
* schannel: encdata_buffer resized 103424
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 0 length 103424
* schannel: encrypted data got 226
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 226 length 103424
* schannel: decrypted data length: 197
* schannel: decrypted data added: 197
* schannel: decrypted data cached: offset 197 length 102400
* schannel: encrypted data buffer: offset 0 length 103424
* schannel: decrypted data buffer: offset 197 length 102400
* schannel: schannel_recv cleanup
* schannel: decrypted data returned 197
* schannel: decrypted data buffer: offset 0 length 102400
< HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
< Date: Wed, 14 Apr 2021 06:16:04 GMT
< Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
< Content-Length: 11
< Connection: keep-alive
< ETag: W/"b-glZE90e6qywA5CDbvDnksw"
<
Bad Request* Connection #0 to host sandboxapi.rapyd.net left intact
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
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You're making a difference by supporting our ongoing activities securing land, protecting habitat, the rescue, rehabilitation and release of orangutans and educating and empowering local communities.
Support our dedicated rescue teams, the costly rehabilitation process and the release of infant and displaced orangutans.
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Support a Wildlife Protection Officer for one week. Empowering local communities and offering valuable job opportunities is key to our overall success.
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Through orangutan 'adoptions', regular donations and critical appeals, the organisation has been able to achieve more for the species than any otherorangutan conservation group. The ongoing support from our individual donors is imperative for the organisation to reach our goal of increasing the number of wild orangutans under The Orangutan Project's permanent protection to 8,000, to ensure sufficient numbers of each orangutan species/subspecies survive indefinitely.
Secure and acquire orangutan habitat by purchasing or gaining concessions around national parks.
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Rescue, rehabilitate and release infant orangutans and displaced orangutans.
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Secure • Protect • Rescue, rehabilitate, release • Education and Empowerment.
We're not asking you to trust us that it will work. We know it will work because we've been successfully growing our projects over the past decade. The Orangutan Project is the world leader in it's approach to orangutan conservation. Our donors have already enabled us to direct over NZD$14 million into saving the orangutan.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Our recent article on Adviser Investment propositions and the research undertaken by FE raised some interesting points so I met up with investment consultant, Ian Furtado (IF) to see whether it was representative of some of the conversations he is having with financial advisers.
Ian is a consultant working with The Adviser centre and he specifically helps advisers with their investment proposition. This involves either reviewing and constructing the proposition or giving ongoing support for due diligence or the investment committee.
Discus: Ian, what were the key points in the research which resonated based on your experience in the market?
IF: The research indicated that 46% of adviser use external model portfolios wit 84% of those using more than one and the majority (53%) using between two and four. However whilst the survey indicates that the majority of them review their investment proposition annually, in my experience there are a surprising number of firms that outsource to Discretionary Fund Managers (DFMs) but don't actually check and perform an adequate periodic exercise. This should include formally refreshing and documenting their understanding of the particular investment manager, strategy and offering.
Discus: In your opinion, how robust are adviser processes when researching and reviewing their investment proposition?
IF: I have found that firms do indeed think about this aspect of their process. Reflecting further though, I had an interesting conversation with a Principal recently – she had recently undertaken several DB transfers for a particular company and wondered if her firm's research and documentation was actually robust enough to satisfy not just the regulator, but in fact her PI insurers too.
She is naturally keen to try and control the anticipated spiralling cost of protection and I would venture that while processes are pretty robust, it's not actually always clear what challenge the firm is expecting and from which quarter.
Discus: The FE survey indicated that 79% of firms have an investment committee. What are your observations on these?
IF: I agree that a high number of firms do indeed have investment committees, however I wonder about how they are made up and if they do actually have any independent input view and constructive challenges. Invariably, a firm will identify suitable individuals from around the business but a consequence can often be groupthink or consensual agreement driven by the most vocal (and senior) member – further, I wonder how a firm might benefit from new ideas e.g. new managers or a challenge to inherent biases or beliefs. It only takes one idea to be adopted to pay for the cost of an independent voice multiple times over.
Another interesting feature I've noticed is the use of more than one multi-manager type vehicle in the name of diversification. This was supported by the FE survey which suggested that 73% of advisers undertake this activity.
This blending of too many holdings has unintended consequences and it is important that advisers have sufficient knowledge of what their asset mix might actually achieve under various market scenarios. Of course the issue here though is available time and expertise within the adviser business to undertake this analysis.
Discus: In summary, why are you seeing advisers using services such as yours?
IF: That's an easy one and the answer is twofold: time and volatility. Staff costs are the biggest cost in a services business and fee earners should be encouraged to do exactly that – which is why it makes sense to subcontract to a cost-effective, experienced, external resource.
Many investors will have had a shock when they reflected on market movements in October and that increased volatility has reminded Financial Advisers that the past (QE asset fuelled) few years have been kind to portfolios. The future is about to become far more challenging and I expect to be even busier helping firms to ensure they have sufficiently robust processes in place for the investment proposition.
A copy of the FE Research paper can be found here, and all comments welcome!
This article was created for the DISCUS website following a DISCUSsion with Ian Furtado, Investment Consultant at The Adviser Centre. You can learn more about The Adviser Centre on their website.
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The Global Coalition for Alternatives to the Drug War!
Please distribute our press release.
The United Nations will hold the first-ever Special Session of the General Assembly on Drugs (UNGASS), on June 8-10 1998 in New York. To ensure that proposals for drug policy reform are heard during this session, more than 90 organisations have recently united to form the Global Coalition for Alternatives to the Drug War. For more information please read the introduction.
The coalition has written a declaration that will be widely distributed in the context of UNGASS. Organisations can join the coalition by signing the declaration.
This international event, which will take place in over 45 cities in 15 countries, will feature discussion forums, demonstrations, press conferences, street parties, seminars, concerts, a congress, exhibitions, petitions, and other types of events. As stated, a panel discussion is being planned inside the UN (see the info for New York). Note however that participation in the coalition does not itself imply endorsement of these events.
Your organisation can help make the Global Coalition for Alternatives to the Drug War a success. Please join the coalition, co-sign the declaration with us, and, if possible, participate in the 1998 Global Days against the Drug War.
In the weeks before UNGASS we will issue press releases with the names of all the organisations that have joined the coalition.
See the list of member organisations of the Global Coalition for Alternatives to the Drug War.
We collaborate with the International Coalition of NGOs, established by ENCOD. See their information about UNGASS.
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Telefonica Brasil rolls out Netflix partnership in paid TV push
Telefonica Brasil SA has begun integrating its pay TV service with Netflix Inc's streaming platforms, Brazil's largest telecoms company said on Tuesday, in another step in its focus on high-end services.
SAO PAULO: Telefonica Brasil SA has begun integrating its pay TV service with Netflix Inc's streaming platforms, Brazil's largest telecoms company said on Tuesday, in another step in its focus on high-end services.
The plan was announced in principle between Netflix and all of Telefonica SA's Latin America units in May. Customers who are clients of Netflix and the pay TV service offered by Telefonica Brasil, known locally as Vivo, will be able to access Netflix via Vivo platforms starting this month.
Gustavo Nobrega, head of marketing for Vivo's fixed business, said the partnership was part of a larger company focus on enhancing the firm's TV services. Vivo's aggressive broadband expansion, particularly in ultra-fast segments such as fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), forms part of this push, he said.
The ramp-up of the Netflix partnership follows a flurry of partnership deals Vivo has made in recent months with companies such as music-streaming app Tidal, Amazon.com Inc, and the U.S. National Football League.
Nobrega said Vivo was still aggressively pursuing content deals and would roll out more offerings this year.
Telefónica
São Paulo
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My son is bullied at school, and now a lot is done to take violence out of school, which is great. My son is six years old, and imaging him turning around when he is bullied and say: please stop! I don't like it! If anybody has lived anywhere at all, you know the kicking [bullying] is just going to get worse. Emm, kids need to be shown what happens. Em, the schools in Edinburgh run a programme, I am not sure if they still do it. But they used to have it long ago, where the older kids use to go round and taught the younger kids, about the behaviour you should have to promote non-bullying activities. But it seems to have vanished. Parents don't want to get involved because they don't want to be accused of favouritism. Em, I am ready to do it because if my son was harassed or being bullied, I am not willing to step aside and say nothing. The police don't go in schools as they used to talk about bullying or things like that. They go in, but to talk about road safety, and cycling proficiency and things like that. Well, they need to come and sort out where the kids are suffering – they suffer from bullying, they suffer from peer pressure at and out of school. You need to talk to kids at there level, to understand what you are talking.
So, what I do is just take my time, just take out some time and get my son, who is being bullied, to play football with a group of other kids – Polish kids. You see, what you do is, made yourself understood by just mocking about in football. You learn how to speak whatever language they speak because you might not understand them fully or you might not understand them. So you can converse between yourself and make yourself understood. So you start learning a different language. You start breaking down the barriers, whether be it [skin] colour, race, religion, whatever. So it is a slow process but that is the best way to do it [combat bullying and break barriers]. That's how I learn so much. I mean we have Chinese, Japanese, Indians, everybody. There are so many different nationalities around me. But, now kids don't have that opportunity to learn about this racism bullying.
I mean it is so easy to do. We had cones set up. Patrick and I were just running around and kicking round the cones, which was fine, and the Polish boys were watching. And I said: "Do you want a shot? The cones are there and if you want to show me how skilful you are, then join in". But the boys said: "We want to play for a team". I was like: "Well you've got to start to show me how you do that in training. So let's go". And the boys do it once. And I said: "That is not actually good, but I will show you what to do". He is like, "well, I can't do that". And I said: "Well, have you tried?". And he said, "No!". And I said: "Well you as might well try. You might do it ten times and not get it, but the eleventh time you will do". And they done it three or four times. And I said: "Enough of that and let's just play football. Some body go in goals. I will be a defender and you try to pass me and score". And they said: "This is fun". And I said: "That is what sports is meant to be".
And Patrick fell, and the youngest one came running over to him saying: "Are you alright, are you alright, alright". And he [the Polish boy] was like screaming. And I said: "Look he is fine. He has got low muscle tone, he has got learning difficulties, he gets tired and sometimes he just collapses because he is tired. He is fine". Well, they were all saying to Patrick: "You are cool. We want to play with you more often". And I said: "Well if you want to play with my son, that's the problem he's got, that what he needs. Don't make fun of him. Because he won't tell me that you've made fun of him, but I will tell". I said: "He won't make fun of you. But you look after him. But you trust me if something happens to him, I will be able to tell. So there is no need to bully each other. If he does not know how to do something, you show him how to do it. Be patient. And he might as well as get it. And I said might have to show Patrick what he has to do ten thousand times and he might not get it. But he might just surprise us and be really, really be good at it". So they learn that in any situation you have to be patient. That people bullying at school is not really fair and I am saying you don't bully at school.
And guess what? I saw them after that at the shopping centre at the weekend with their mum and dad. And they said: "That's Patrick's dad", and they came running to me. And their dad was surprised. And their mum said: "I have never seen them running to any body else other than a Polish person before in my life". And that's one barrier broken down. And I looked at their dad and said: "As for you, why not come and kick about with us and kids? And he said: "I don't play football, and can't be bothered". And I said: "If I can be bothered, then you are being bothered". And he said: "Yes, why should Brian do all the work, I will come along". Well, that's two dads and a group of kids that have managed to break a barrier down. So it sounds complicated, but it is easy to do.
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Q: How to load demonstration data after database creation ODOO i have created the database without checking Load demonstration data.
Now my code is failing to obtain demo_user on my tests :: As expected
user_demo = self.env.ref('base.user_demo')
ValueError: External ID not found in the system: base.user_demo
Now how can i load demonstration data
A: Depending on the Odoo version, at least since Odoo 12 it is possible to load demo data later:
*
*Go to "Settings" -> "General Settings", scroll to the very bottom.
*Click "Activate the developer mode".
*Click on the little bug icon (top right) to open the developer's menu.
*Click "Become Superuser".
*Now in "Settings" -> "General Settings", scroll to the very bottom
again
*Click "Load demo data".
Screenshot: Odoo settings, load demo data link
A: Well the answer is in your question, demonstration data is loaded only when a database is created with that "Load demonstration data" option.
|
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618 F. 2d 332 - Young v. Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Company
618 F2d 332 Young v. Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Company
6 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 708
Mrs. Jessie Mae YOUNG, Individually and as Mother, Natural
Guardian and Next Friend of Dianne Young,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
ILLINOIS CENTRAL GULF RAILROAD COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee,
National Railroad Passenger Corp., Defendant.
Fifth Circuit.
Richard T. Phillips, D. Briggs Smith, Jr., Batesville, Miss., for plaintiff-appellant.
Roberson, Luckett & Robinson, Semmes Luckett, Clarksdale, Miss., for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.
Before BROWN, GEWIN and POLITZ, Circuit Judges.
GEWIN, Circuit Judge:
Appellant Jessie Mae Young brought a wrongful death action1 against the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Company (ICG)2 following the death of her husband at one of the railroad's rural crossings. The suit was tried twice below. The first trial resulted in a verdict of $125,000 for the plaintiff but a new trial was granted due to juror misconduct. In the second trial a verdict for the railroad was returned. Appellant seeks reversal based on alleged errors of the court in (1) granting ICG a new trial, (2) excluding certain evidence, and (3) giving certain instructions to the jury. We reverse based on the erroneous exclusions of evidence and inappropriate jury instructions.
On the night of June 9, 1975 at about 10:00 o'clock p. m. Willie James Young, 29, was returning home after visiting with some friends. He was traveling alone in his automobile in a northerly direction toward Como, Mississippi on a public gravel road known as the "Section Line Road." ICG's railroad intersects the road on which Mr. Young was traveling from the southeast to the northwest at a fourteen degree (14o ) angle. Because of the angle a train headed northwest toward Como approaches the crossing from the right and rear of an automobile on the Section Line Road. A Panola Industries (Choctaw) plant is located down the track from the road in the direction from which a train traveling northwest would approach the crossing. Bright outdoor lighting surrounds the industrial plant. It is from these lights that the headlight of a train would emerge as it approached the Section Line Road crossing.
As the gravel road intersects the crossing it narrows to one lane because there were no timbers used in the crossing and the gravel there was "whipped out" or washed away. On both sides of the one-lane path rails are exposed six to seven inches above the level of the gravel as a result of erosion. The road also curves to the right just before it reaches the track so that in order to traverse the one-lane path and not hit the exposed rails a motorist must turn to the right just prior to crossing the railroad.
As Mr. Young approached the crossing there were no warning signs erected on the south side of the track. A "Mississippi Law: Stop" sign3 had been knocked down in a previous collision at the crossing several weeks earlier.4 A similar sign on the other side of the track had a dull black back and was not visible at night from the south side of the crossing. There were no other landmarks at the crossing.
Mr. Young approached the crossing at about 25 to 30 miles per hour according to the train crewmen. ICG's passenger train, the "Panama Limited", approached the crossing from the southeast at the same time traveling at 79 miles per hour.5 The train's headlight was functioning properly but its white oscillating warning light, or "Mars light" had burned out before the train's last previous stop.6
When Mr. Young's car reached the crossing the train was still short of the whistle post which is located 900 feet from the crossing. The train crewmen testified that the car had plenty of time to safely cross the tracks when it arrived at the crossing. Instead of turning to the right to maneuver the narrow crossing, however, the car made a left turn onto the track in front of the train. Its right wheels ran between the rails and its left wheels ran on the outside or southwestern side of the rails. Mr. Young stopped his car approximately 125 feet from the crossing and attempted to get out. Meanwhile the train had been put into emergency at the whistle post. The speed of the train, however, made it impossible for it to stop that quickly.7 Mr. Young was halfway out of the car when he and his car disappeared from the trainmen's view at the front of the train's engine. The train came to a stop 2500 feet northwest of the crossing. Mr. Young's car was imbedded on the front of the engine. His dead and mangled body was found about 160 feet from the crossing.
On December 4, 1975 Mr. Young's widow brought this wrongful death action against ICG alleging that her husband's death was proximately caused by the combined negligence of the railroad in the operation of its passenger train and in the maintenance of its railroad crossing. It was plaintiff's theory that the blind nature of the unmarked crossing, the poor condition of the crossing itself, the lack of the appropriate warning light on the train and the speed at which the train approached the crossing, all combined to trap Mr. Young in a position of severe danger. Plaintiff alleged that when the deceased approached the crossing nothing alerted him to the presence of the crossing or the eminence of the train. It was her position that without such a warning Mr. Young did not know to make a right turn across the track at precisely the right moment and his car was diverted by the exposed rails to the left side of the one-lane path across the track. She alleged that the speed of the train coupled with the camouflaging of its headlight among the Choctaw plant lights behind it and the absence of its Mars light then made it impossible for Mr. Young to become aware of his eminent position of danger, bring his car to a stop and escape before the train was upon him.
In the first trial of the case the jury agreed with the plaintiff's theory of the case and awarded a verdict of $125,000. While the jury was deliberating, however, one of the alternate jurors informed an attorney for the defendant8 that the foreman of the jury had, before deliberations began, talked with the other jurors about his personal knowledge of the crossing and told them that he thought it was a bad crossing and that there had been other accidents there prior to the collision involved in this case.9 The trial court then interviewed all of the jurors about the jury foreman's pre-deliberation comments. The court became satisfied that juror misconduct had occurred and upon proper motion, a new trial was granted to ICG. The second jury found for the railroad and awarded no damages.
Mrs. Young's appeal of this case is based primarily on certain erroneous evidentiary rulings and jury instructions which, she contends, gutted the case which she sought to present to the jury. She also argues that the new trial granted by the trial court for juror misconduct was erroneous because (1) the extraneous matters mentioned by the juror should have been admitted into evidence and (2) the defendant knew of the statement of the alternate juror while deliberations were still underway and failed to bring it to the attention of the court until after an adverse verdict had been returned.10 We will first dispose of the new trial issue and then proceed to an individual examination of the evidentiary rulings and jury instructions.
It is well settled in this circuit that motions for new trial are directed to the sound discretion of the trial court and that, absent a clear abuse of discretion, the ruling of the trial court on such a motion will not be disturbed. See Valley View Cattle Co. v. Iowa Beef Processors, Inc., 548 F.2d 1219 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 855, 98 S.Ct. 174, 54 L.Ed.2d 126 (1977); Spurlin v. General Motors Corp., 528 F.2d 612 (5th Cir. 1976); Urti v. Transport Commercial Corp., 479 F.2d 766 (5th Cir. 1973). The trial court below compiled a thorough record of interviews with jurors and meticulously limited itself to an examination of extraneous comments made to the other jurors by the jury foreman prior to the opening of deliberations in the jury room. We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in this regard.
The same broad discretion is vested in the trial court for the determination of whether evidence should be admitted based on relevancy and materiality. See United States v. 110 Bars of Silver, 3 Crucibles of Silver, 11 Bags of Silver Coins, 508 F.2d 799 (5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Resnick v. United States, 423 U.S. 861, 96 S.Ct. 118, 46 L.Ed.2d 89 (1975). Trial courts must not lose sight, however, of the liberal nature of the Federal Rules of Evidence. It must be remembered that "(t)he federal rules and practice favor the admission of evidence rather than its exclusion if it has any probative value at all." United States v. Carranco, 551 F.2d 1197 (10th Cir. 1977); see Mathiesen v. Panama Canal Co., 551 F.2d 954, 957 (5th Cir. 1977) ("All relevant testimony is admissible unless some specific rule of evidence excludes it.").
The lower court in this case excluded various items of evidence, disallowed certain testimony and made erroneous jury instructions due in part to its erroneous exclusion of evidence. The result was that the plaintiff was prevented from presenting her case to the jury in the full and complete manner contemplated by the Federal Rules of Evidence. We must find therefore that in excluding so much of plaintiff's relevant and material evidence, the trial court committed a clear abuse of discretion.
Evidence Concerning the Condition of the Crossing
The plaintiff attempted to present considerable evidence and testimony concerning the poor condition of ICG's crossing. Much of that evidence was not allowed to be admitted by the trial court. One such category of evidence that was completely excluded was all testimony by lay witnesses who had observed the crossing after the accident relating to their observations of the condition of the crossing. The trial court repeatedly based its rulings excluding such evidence on the ground that the simple unexplained, black and white photographs of the crossing which were admitted into evidence, "spoke for themselves." This exclusion of evidence because of a preference for photographs is apparently based on Russell v. Mississippi Central Railroad, 239 Miss. 741, 125 So.2d 283 (1960). In that case, however, the Mississippi Supreme Court only ruled that lay testimony about the condition of a crossing which conflicted with photographs must yield to the physical photographic evidence. This does not mean, however, that non-conflicting evidence which enhances and explains photographic evidence should not be admitted. Testimony from lay witnesses about their observations of the crossing, its width, the difficulty they experienced in crossing it, and their impression of its general condition is relevant, material and quite probative of the condition of the crossing. While it is true that Rule 701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence limits opinion testimony by lay witnesses, that rule allows such testimony when it is "(a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue." Under these criteria lay witness testimony concerning the condition of the crossing clearly should have been admitted.
Counsel for Mrs. Young also sought to present a motion picture experiment and expert testimony by Mr. Marcus Dean Williams, State Aid Engineer for the State Aid Division of the Mississippi State Highway Department. Mr. Williams' testimony would have explained the experiment and offered his expert opinion concerning the dangerous condition of the crossing. The motion picture would have shown Mr. Williams approaching the crossing from the south, just as Mr. Young did, at approximately the same speed at which Mr. Young is estimated to have approached it. The film would have demonstrated that it is very likely that if the wheels of a car are not turned to the right just before reaching the track, the car would be diverted by the rails onto the track. The trial court allowed neither the motion picture experiment nor Mr. Williams' testimony about the film nor his opinion of the danger of the crossing to be admitted into evidence.
Mr. Williams is a civil engineer with over thirty years experience in building and supervising the construction of highways. There was no question of his competency to testify as an expert in this case. His testimony, including his assessment of the danger of this particular crossing, should have been admitted. We agree with the following assessment made by the Sixth Circuit on this very question:
It is absurd to contend that the average layman has, as a matter of common knowledge, a sufficient grasp of the diverse factors which must be considered in constructing and maintaining an acutely angled railroad crossing which will afford a maximum of safety and a minimum of inconvenience to vehicular traffic and train movement.
Bridger v. Union Railway, 335 F.2d 382, 389 (6th Cir. 1966); see Fed.R.Evid. 702. The trial court erred in not allowing Mr. Williams to testify about the condition of the crossing.
The motion picture experiment was not offered to reenact the accident but was presented only to show that under the circumstances of this case it was physically possible for Mr. Young's car to have been diverted onto the railroad track. In a relatively recent case a district court in Pennsylvania displayed a logical approach to this question.
The film in question was offered to demonstrate certain principles of physics. It functioned as a graphic portrayal of the expert's oral testimony about Newton's laws of motion. . . . I saw no prejudice to the plaintiff in permitting the jury to see it. In any event, plaintiff's counsel was afforded ample opportunity to cross-examine defendant's expert and to explore the differences between what the film depicted and the accident at issue in the instant case.
Zurzolo v. General Motors Corp., 69 F.R.D. 469, 473 (E.D.Pa.1975). The film was properly authenticated and should have been admitted for the purpose for which it was offered. See Sanchez v. Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, 538 F.2d 304 (10th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1042, 97 S.Ct. 742, 50 L.Ed.2d 754 (1977).
The trial court also excluded nighttime photographs which demonstrate the approach of the gravel road to the crossing. Two of the photographs portray the scene as it appeared at night with automobile headlights used for illumination after the reflectorized crossbuck signs were erected.11 Two other photographs portray the same scene with the crossbucks covered by blankets. The photographs were properly authenticated and clearly "spoke for themselves" regarding the advanced warning of the crossing that would be given by the presence of reflectorized crossbuck signs on the one hand and the absence of such signs on the other. Nevertheless the photographer who took the pictures was available for cross-examination by the defendant. The pictures were clearly relevant and material evidence and no undue prejudice would have been imposed on the defendant by their admission. The trial court erred in failing to admit this and all of the previously discussed evidence relating to the poor condition of the crossing. See Cain v. Illinois Central Railroad, 266 F.2d 942 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 886, 80 S.Ct. 158, 4 L.Ed.2d 122 (1959).
Jury Instructions and Evidentiary Rulings Relating to
Negligence in Operation of Train
The trial court erred in excluding other evidence which, if properly admitted, would indicate that one of his jury instructions was also clearly erroneous. One of the items of evidence excluded erroneously was an operating rule of the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Company requiring the display of a white oscillating warning light or Mars light during all hours of operation. Counsel for plaintiff offered Rule 17(c) of the railroad's safety rules12 for the sole purpose of presenting evidence of what the railroad itself considered to be an appropriate standard of due care. It is true that the railroad's failure to maintain the Mars light is not negligence per se since only a headlight is statutorily required,13 and the railroad's safety rules are not incorporated into any regulatory statute. There is no reason, however, why the failure of the railroad to comply with its self-imposed reasonable standard of due care should not be received as evidence of negligence. See St. Louis-San Francisco Railway v. White, 369 So.2d 1007, 1011 (Fla.App.1979); St. Louis-San Francisco Railway v. Burlison, 262 So.2d 280 (Fla.App.), cert. denied, 266 So.2d 350 (Fla.1972); see also 30 Ala.L.Rev. 20, 43 (1978). It should have been admitted for that purpose. The court erred in failing to so admit it.
The trial court also excluded evidence of two prior collisions between defendant's train and vehicles at this particular crossing. The seminal Mississippi case on the admissibility of such evidence is Illinois Central Railroad v. Williams, 242 Miss. 586, 135 So.2d 831 (1961). There, as here, the railroad contended that the prior accidents were different from the one before the court and that evidence of them should have been excluded.14 The Williams court noted that the "evidence was admitted for the purpose of showing notice to the railroad of the unusual danger and the existence of a dangerous condition." Id. at 605, 135 So.2d at 839; see Stoler v. Penn Central Transportation Co., 583 F.2d 896, 898 (6th Cir. 1978); Illinois Central Railroad v. Sigler, 122 F.2d 279, 284 (6th Cir. 1941).
Admission of evidence of two recent prior accidents for the sole purpose of showing that ICG had notice of an arguably dangerous crossing does not require a trial of the details and circumstances of those prior accidents. It should be considered by the jury for the purpose of determining whether a reasonably prudent railroad with notice of prior accidents at this crossing would have taken precautions against future accidents such as repair of the crossing, erection of statutorily required warning signs, maintenance of its oscillating warning light on the train engine or a reduction in train speed in light of the dangerous circumstances at the crossing.
The foregoing discussion indicates the significant amount of very crucial evidence that was erroneously excluded by the trial court relating both to the condition of the crossing and to negligence in the operation of the train. It is incredible to this court that a reasonably prudent railroad with notice of prior accidents, with knowledge of the lack of warning signs, and with awareness of the condition of the crossing would continue its run with a burned-out warning light at the maximum speed of 79 miles per hour.
Yet even in light of all of this evidence, much of which was erroneously excluded from the jury, the trial court gave the following jury instruction:
I have found that as a matter of law there was no negligence which proximately caused or contributed to Mr. Young's death in connection with the operation of the train by the train crew.
The speed at which the railroad company operated its train as it approached the crossing near which the accident occurred was reasonable and commensurate with the situation and circumstances which existed at such crossing. And in addition to that, the court has found that regardless of the speed of the train, it did not contribute in any way to this accident, because if it had been running at a good deal slower rate of speed the accident would still have occurred because of the fact that the train could not have been stopped without hitting and colliding with this automobile.15
This instruction is clearly erroneous and can not be allowed to stand. It is clear from all the evidence including the pictures admitted into evidence, that this crossing was an unusually dangerous one. The cases of the Mississippi courts and of this court agree that "speed in the operation of trains even at country crossings may be negligence at common law, where the conditions surrounding the crossing make it more than ordinarily hazardous or dangerous." Illinois Central Railroad v. Aldy, 185 So.2d 680, 683 (Miss.1966); see New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad v. Anderson, 293 F.2d 97, 98 (5th Cir. 1961); Cain v. Illinois Central Railroad, 266 F.2d 942, 946 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 886, 80 S.Ct. 158, 4 L.Ed.2d 122 (1959); Donald v. Gulf, M. and O. Railroad, 220 Miss. 714, 71 So.2d 776 (1954). In Anderson in which the trial court had submitted the issue of the railroad's negligence in operation of its train to the jury, this court held as follows:
The railroad is held to a degree of care commensurate with the situation created so as to avoid collision with travelers on the highway. This duty is created because where the crossing is dangerous the railroad has the duty to adjust the speed of the train. Whether the train was so operating is a jury question and was, therefore, properly submitted to it.
293 F.2d at 98 (5th Cir. 1961).
In Donald the Supreme Court of Mississippi held that a jury instruction removing the question of speed from the jury was erroneous and that in light of conclusive proof "that the crossing was a highly dangerous one and that the speed of the train was 55 miles per hour . . . there is no escape from the conclusion that the operation of the train over that particular crossing . . . constituted negligence." 220 Miss. at 721, 71 So.2d at 778; see Cain v. Illinois Central Railroad, 266 F.2d 942, 946 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 886, 80 S.Ct. 158, 4 L.Ed.2d 122 (1959).
Because so much evidence was excluded, and not subjected to cross-examination, it would be too presumptuous for this court to hold that as a matter of law the operation of the train across this particular crossing at 79 miles per hour constituted negligence. We leave that determination to the trial court upon retrial of the case. We note only that based on what has been presented before this court an instruction that as a matter of law the train was not negligent in operating at 79 miles per hour under the prevailing conditions is clearly and unequivocably erroneous. That question should at least be presented to the jury.
Instruction on Duty to Stop
Finally we reach the court's instruction to the jury concerning Mr. Young's duty to stop at the crossing. The court gave the following instruction on this question.
Willie James Young was required by the laws of this state, when he approached the crossing near which the accident occurred, to bring the automobile he was driving to a stop at a distance of not less than fifteen feet nor more than fifty feet from defendant railroad company's nearest rail, and not proceed until he could do so safely, if the approaching train was plainly visible and in hazardous proximity to such crossing, and Willie James Young was guilty of negligence which proximately caused or proximately contributed to the collision and his death if the approaching train was plainly visible and in hazardous proximity to such crossing, and he failed to yield the right-of-way to such train.
The Mississippi legislature in 1974 changed a law requiring a stop at all railroad crossings to one requiring a stop only when a train is in hazardous proximity to the crossing and is plainly visible or when there are crossing signals giving warning of a train's approach. See Miss.Code § 77-9-249 (1972), as amended (1974). While the beginning of the court's instruction tracked the language of the statute, the instruction as a whole is inherently confusing to the jury because of the uncontroverted evidence presented by ICG's witnesses to the effect that at the time Mr. Young reached the crossing he had sufficient time to pass over it safely. That portion of the instruction stating that Mr. Young was guilty of negligence if the train was in hazardous proximity puts into question a fact that was uncontroverted at the trial. To that extent it was an erroneous instruction and should not have been given.
For all of the foregoing reasons this court must reverse and remand this cause for a new trial in accordance with this opinion.
Mrs. Young brought this action on behalf of herself and as next friend of her four-year-old daughter
The suit was also brought against the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak). The trial court dismissed Amtrak from the suit before the case went to the jury, however
The Mississippi statute requiring a stop sign at all railroad crossings and imposing a duty on motorists to stop regardless of whether or not a train was approaching was changed in 1974. Under the new law reflectorized railroad crossbuck signs were to be installed as the stop signs were replaced and there was no duty to stop imposed on motorists unless an approaching train posed an imminent danger to passage over the crossing. See Miss.Code §§ 77-9-247 to 249 (1972), as amended (1974). The railroad, on which the duty to replace the stop signs was imposed, had not put up the reflectorized crossbucks at the time of the accident involved here and the stop sign knocked down in the previous accident remained in a ditch alongside the road
While there is evidence in the record to suggest that Mr. Young was familiar with this road, we find no evidence that he had approached the crossing in a northerly direction at night since the stop sign had been knocked down three weeks prior to Mr. Young's accident at the crossing
Seventy-nine (79) miles per hour is the maximum speed allowed by the railroad for operation of its trains
The crew of the Panama Limited decided not to replace the Mars light bulb in Batesville, the last stop made before the Section Line Road crossing, because they were running several minutes late even though they had a replacement bulb on the train. It would take less than ten minutes to replace the bulb
Rather simple calculations reveal that no more than 7-10 seconds elapsed between the time Mr. Young reached the crossing and the time the train struck his car
The alternate juror actually talked with an attorney for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak). Attorneys for the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad claim that they did not learn of the alternate juror's statement until after the verdict was returned. See note 2, supra
The trial court had excluded such evidence during the course of the trial
See note 8, supra
One photograph was taken with dimmed headlights used for illumination; the other was taken with bright headlights
Rule 17(c) provides as follows:
Where engines are equipped with white oscillating lights, it must be displayed to the front by day and by night, except when the headlight is inoperable it must be displayed in stationary position to replace the headlight.
See Miss.Code § 77-9-221 (1972)
The trial court in Williams admitted the evidence of prior accidents
The court's instruction failed to take into account the fact that Mr. Young was almost out of his car when he was struck by the train. Any appreciable reduction in speed therefore most likely would have resulted in only property damage. See note 7, supra
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Become An Aviator
Working As An Aviator
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events
What Does An Aviator Do
Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft. Airline pilots fly for airlines that transport people and cargo on a fixed schedule. Commercial pilots fly aircraft for other purposes, such as charter flights, rescue operations, firefighting, aerial photography, and aerial application of agricultural materials.
Pilots typically do the following:
Check the overall condition of the aircraft before and after every flight
Ensure that the aircraft is balanced and below its weight limit
Ensure that the fuel supply is adequate and that weather conditions are acceptable, and submit flight plans to air traffic control
Communicate with air traffic control over the aircraft's radio system
Operate and control aircraft along planned routes and during takeoffs and landings
Monitor engines, fuel consumption, and other aircraft systems during flight
Respond to changing conditions, such as weather events and emergencies (for example, an engine failure)
Navigate the aircraft by using cockpit instruments and visual references
Many aircraft use two pilots. The captain or pilot in command, usually the most experienced pilot, supervises all other crew members and has primary responsibility for the flight. The copilot, often called the first officer or second in command, shares flight duties with the captain. Some older planes require a third pilot known as a flight engineer, who monitors instruments and operates controls. New technology has automated many of these tasks, and new aircraft do not require flight engineers.
Pilots must have good teamwork skills because they work closely with other pilots on the flight deck, as well as with air traffic controllers and flight dispatchers. They need to be able to coordinate actions and provide clear and honest feedback.
Pilots plan their flights carefully by making sure that the aircraft is operable and safe, that the cargo has been loaded correctly, and that weather conditions are acceptable. They file flight plans with air traffic control and may modify the plans in flight because of changing weather conditions or other factors.
Takeoff and landing can be the most difficult parts of a flight and require close coordination among the pilot, copilot, flight engineer, if present, and ground personnel. Once in the air, the captain and first officer usually alternate flying activities so that each can maintain their flying skills, as well as get rest. After landing, pilots must fill out records that document their flight and the status of the aircraft.
Many pilots will have some contact with passengers and customers. Charter and corporate pilots often will need to greet their passengers before embarking on the flight. Some airline pilots may have to help handle customer complaints.
Commercial pilots may have many more nonflight duties than airline pilots have. Commercial pilots may have to schedule flights, arrange for maintenance of the aircraft, and load luggage themselves. Agricultural pilots typically have to handle agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, and may be involved in other agricultural practices in addition to flying. Flight instructors may need to spend time recruiting students or teaching ground school.
Pilots who routinely fly at low levels must constantly look for trees, bridges, power lines, transmission towers, and other dangerous obstacles. These obstacles present a common danger to agricultural pilots and air ambulance helicopter pilots, who frequently land on or near highways and accident sites that do not have improved landing strips.
The following are examples of types of pilots:
Airline pilots are commercial pilots who work primarily for airlines that transport passengers and cargo on a fixed schedule.
Corporate pilots fly for companies that own a fleet of planes to transport passengers such as company executives.
Commercial pilots are involved in unscheduled flight activities, such as aerial application, charter flights, aerial photography, and aerial tours.
Flight instructors are commercial pilots who use simulators and dual-controlled aircraft to teach students how to fly.
With proper training, airline pilots may also be deputized as federal law enforcement officers and be issued firearms to protect the cockpit.
How To Become An Aviator
Most airline pilots begin their careers as commercial pilots. Commercial pilots typically need a high school diploma or equivalent. Airline pilots typically need a bachelor's degree. All pilots who are paid to fly must have at least a commercial pilot's license from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In addition, airline pilots must have the Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate. The ATP certificate, and instrument and multiengine ratings expand the privileges granted by the commercial pilot's license and may be required by certain employers.
Most pilots begin their flight training with independent instructors or through flight schools. Fixed base operators (FBO) usually provide a wide range of general aviation services, such as aircraft fueling, maintenance, and on-demand air transportation services, and they may also offer flight training. An FBO may manage a flight school or call its training department a school. Some flight schools are parts of 2- and 4-year colleges and universities.
Airline pilots typically need a bachelor's degree in any subject, along with a commercial pilot's license and an ATP certificate from the FAA. Airline pilots typically start their careers in flying as commercial pilots. Pilots usually accrue thousands of hours of flight experience to get a job with regional or major airlines.
The military traditionally has been an important source of experienced pilots because of the extensive training it provides. However, increased duty requirements have reduced the incentives for these pilots to transfer out of military aviation and into civilian aviation. Most military pilots who transfer to civilian aviation are able to transfer directly into the airlines rather than working in commercial aviation.
Commercial pilots must have a commercial pilot's license and typically need a high school diploma or the equivalent. Some employers have additional requirements. For example, agricultural pilots need to have an understanding of common agricultural practices, fertilizers, fungicides, herbicides, and pesticides. Flight instructors have to have special FAA-issued certificates and ratings, such as Certified Flight Instructor (CFI), CFI-Instrument (CFII), Multi-Engine Instructor (MEI), MEI-Instrument (MEII), and possibly others. Many additional requirements exist for other specialties. They range from being able to operate gliders and tow banners to being qualified to fly helicopters and airships.
Commercial pilots typically begin their flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training. The FAA certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, which range from small FBOs to large state universities. Some colleges and universities offer pilot training as part of a 2- or 4-year aviation degree. Regardless of whether pilots attend flight schools or learn from independent instructors, all pilots need the FAA's commercial pilot license before they can be paid to fly. In addition, most commercial pilots need an instrument rating, typically to fly through clouds or other conditions that limit visibility. An instrument rating also is required to carry paying passengers more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight or at night.
Interviews for positions with major and regional airlines often reflect the FAA exams for pilot licenses, certificates, and instrument ratings, and can be intense. Airlines frequently will conduct their own psychological and aptitude tests in order to make sure that their pilots are of good moral character and can make good decisions under pressure.
Airline and commercial pilots who are newly hired by airlines or on-demand air services companies must undergo moderate-term on-the-job training in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). This training usually includes 6–8 weeks of ground school and 25 hours of flight time. In addition, commercial pilots may need specific training based on the type of flying they are doing. For example, those who tow banners will likely need at least 200 hours in airplanes with conventional (tailwheel) landing gear. Further, various types of ratings for specific aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 or Cessna Citation, typically are acquired through employer-based training and generally are earned by pilots who have at least a commercial license.
Besides initial training and licensing requirements, all pilots must maintain their experience in performing certain maneuvers. This requirement means that pilots must perform specific maneuvers and procedures a given number of times within a specified amount of time. Furthermore, pilots must undergo periodic training and medical examinations, generally every year or every other year.
Airline pilots typically begin their careers as commercial pilots. Pilots usually accrue thousands of hours of flight experience as commercial pilots or in the military to get a job with regional or major airlines.
Those who are seeking a career as a professional pilot typically get their licenses and ratings in the following order:
Student Pilot Certificate
Private Pilot License
Airline Transport Pilot Certificate
Each certificate and rating requires that pilots pass a written exam on the ground and a practical flying exam, usually called a check ride, in an appropriate aircraft. In addition to earning these licenses, many pilots get Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) rating after they get their commercial certificate. The CFI rating helps them build flight time and experience more quickly and at less personal expense. Current licensing regulations can be found in FARs.
Commercial pilot license. To qualify for a commercial pilot license, applicants must be at least 18 years old and meet certain flight-hour requirements. When student pilots first begin their training, they need to get a logbook and keep detailed records of their flight time. Also, their school may require them to log their ground instruction time. The logbook must be endorsed by the flight instructor in order for the student to be able to take the FAA knowledge and practical exams. For specific requirements, including details on the types and quantities of flight experience and knowledge requirements, see the FARs. Part 61 of Title 14 of the code of federal regulations (14 CFR part 61) covers the basic rules for the certification of pilots. Flight schools can train pilots in accordance with the rules from part 61 or the rules found in 14 CFR part 141.
In addition, applicants must pass the appropriate medical exam, meet all of the detailed flight experience and knowledge requirements, and pass a written exam and a practical flight exam in order to become commercially licensed. The physical exam confirms that the pilot's vision is correctable to 20/20 and that no physical handicaps exist that could impair the pilot's performance.
Commercial pilots must hold an instrument rating if they want to carry passengers for pay more than 50 miles from the point of origin of their flight or at night.
Instrument rating. Earning their instrument rating enables pilots to fly during periods of low visibility, also known as instrument meteorological conditions or IMC. They may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience and 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command and by meeting other requirements detailed in the FARs.
Airline transport pilot (ATP) certification. Beginning in 2013, all pilot crews of a scheduled commercial airliner must have ATP certificates. To earn the ATP certificate, applicants must be at least 23 years old, have a minimum of 1,500 hours of flight time, and pass written and practical flight exams. Furthermore, airline pilots usually maintain one or more aircraft-type ratings, which allow them to fly aircraft that require specific training, depending on the requirements of their particular airline. Some exceptions and alternative requirements are detailed in the FARs.
Pilots must pass periodic physical and practical flight examinations to be able to perform the duties granted by their certificate.
Other Experience
Minimum time requirements to get a certificate or rating may not be enough to get some jobs. To make up the gap between paying for training and flying for the major airlines, many commercial pilots begin their careers as flight instructors and on-demand charter pilots. These positions typically require less experience than airline jobs require. When pilots have built enough flying hours, they can apply to the airlines. Newly hired pilots at regional airlines typically have about 2,000 hours of flight experience. Newly hired pilots at major airlines typically have about 4,000 hours of flight experience. Many commercial piloting jobs have minimum requirements of around 500 hours. Numerous factors can affect this number, such as the type of flight time the pilot has.
Communication skills. Pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers and other crew members. They must also listen carefully for instructions.
Observational skills. Pilots must regularly watch over screens, gauges, and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. They also need to maintain situational awareness by looking for other aircraft or obstacles. Pilots must be able to see clearly, be able to judge the distance between objects, and possess good color vision.
Problem-solving skills. Pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. When a plane encounters turbulence, for example, pilots may assess the weather conditions and request a change in route or altitude from air traffic control.
Quick reaction time. Pilots must be able to respond quickly, and with good judgment, to any impending danger, because warning signals can appear with no notice.
For airline pilots, advancement depends on a system of seniority outlined in collective bargaining contracts. Typically, after 1 to 5 years, flight engineers may advance to first officer positions and, after 5 to 15 years, first officers can become captains. In large companies, a captain could become a chief pilot or a director of aviation.
Do you work as an Aviator?
Aviator Jobs
Aviator Career Paths
Pilot Flight Instructor First Officer
Chief Pilot
Pilot Instructor Officer
Pilot Instructor Platoon Sergeant
Chief Of Operations
Helicopter Pilot Operations Officer Chief Of Operations
Chief Of Planning
Helicopter Pilot Safety Officer Crew Chief
Flight Instructor Flight Engineer
Flight Engineer Manager
Flight Instructor First Officer Chief Pilot
Flight Operations Director
Pilot Captain 7.0 years
Helicopter Pilot 6.2 years
Pilot Instructor 6.1 years
Test Pilot 5.4 years
Air Force Pilot 5.4 years
Aviator 5.0 years
Pilot 3.3 years
Top Careers Before Aviator
Officer Candidate 19.0%
Flight Instructor 5.1%
Gate Guard 5.1%
Aircraft Maintenance Technician 5.1%
Student Officer 5.1%
Engineering Internship 5.1%
Operations Officer 5.1%
Loan Officer Assistant 3.8%
Training Officer 3.8%
Watch Officer 3.8%
Infantryman 3.8%
Battalion Operations Officer 3.8%
Platoon Leader 3.8%
Facilities Coordinator 3.8%
Naval Flight Officer 3.8%
Company Commander 3.8%
Division Officer 3.8%
Flight Engineer 3.8%
Flight Chief 2.5%
Top Careers After Aviator
Operations Officer 10.7%
Helicopter Pilot 6.7%
Pilot 6.7%
Officer 5.6%
Pilot Instructor 5.2%
Maintenance Officer 5.2%
Safety Officer 5.2%
Assistant Operations Officer 4.8%
Program Manager 4.4%
Project Manager 4.1%
Operations Manager 3.3%
Lieutenant 3.3%
Instructor 3.3%
Executive Officer 3.3%
Captain 3.3%
How Would You Rate The Salary Of an Aviator?
Have you worked as an Aviator? Help other job seekers by rating your experience as an Aviator.
Top Skills for An Aviator
Helicopter MaintenanceAircraft PartsFlight TrainingSafe OperationSquadronCombatEmergency ProceduresT-34CFlight CrewTotal Flight HoursFederal Aviation AdministrationSurvival EquipmentP-3Flight RulesNASMedalAir StationFlight SafetyUh-60Flight PlansAviation MaintenanceT-34Navy AchievementDECAviation Schools Command
Top Aviator Skills
Helicopter Maintenance
You can check out examples of real life uses of top skills on resumes here:
Completed the naval undergraduate flight training curriculum.
Graduated from VT-27 Primary Flight Squadron by training in formation flying, aerobatics, communications, and solo flight.
Performed combat tactic maneuvers in a high performance aircraft under abnormal environmental and psychological conditions.
Performed emergency procedures in flight during applicable situations.
Planned and executed numerous deployments, including administration and logistics for aviation flight crews and maintenance teams.
Aviator Demographics
Foreign Languages Spoken
Aviator Education
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach
University of California - Los Angeles
Community College of the Air Force
Job type you want
How Would You Rate Working As an Aviator?
Are you working as an Aviator? Help us rate Aviator as a Career.
Top Aviator Employers
Top 10 Aviator companies
Jobs From Top Aviator Employers
Find Aviator Jobs In Every State
Plane Captain
Pilot Instructor
Line Pilot
Corporate Pilot
Pilot Captain
Charter Pilot
Aircraft Pilot
EMS Helicopter Pilot
Captain/Check Airman
Check Airman
Air Ambulance Captain
Air Tour Pilot
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Stephen J. Kelly, MD | Stephen J. Kelly, M.D., P.C.
All clinics will resume normal operations today at 1 pm. Please drive safely!
We are excited to announce that Sara M. Mullins MD is joining the practice in January 2018. Dr. Mullins is a Board Certified Ophthalmologist who received her medical training at LSU and completed residency at UAB. She joins us after four years with the UAB Department of Ophthalmology.
Dr. Mullins is currently accepting patients at both of our Birmingham locations.
Call (205) 933-2250 today for an appointment.
Stephen J. Kelly, MD · Stephen J. Kelly, M.D., P.C.
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Top 10 Australian utes you probably didn't know about
Mitchell Jones Apr 30, 2017
Features, Heritage, Interest, Top 10, Utes and pickups
Mitchell Jones
The coupe-utility was invented in Australia in the 1930s and often replicated the world over. With our Aussie-made utes on the chopping block this year, it's hard to imagine we once had such a rich, diverse and colourful array of car manufacturers building cars here. With the influx of British, Japanese and American manufacturers setting up shop in Australia, having a ute variant really cemented you as one of the locals, while offering buyers a comfort-oriented workhorse.
Here are ten such contraptions that are a bit more obscure than the average Falcon or Holden ute.
Austin 1800 utility
The Austin 1800 is Alec Issigonis's second most celebrated car, after the Mini. This is due to its front-wheel drive layout, exceptional space-utilisation and clever suspension. Unique to Australia was the coupe-utility variant offered between 1968-1971. 2000 examples were built, with even a cab-chassis option. A front-wheel drive ute is definitely a unique creation, beating the Proton Jumbuck by 36 years. An Austin Tasman ute with a transverse inline-six was planned but never made it to production.
When you think Toyota ute, your neurons fire up a picture of a HiLux in a split second. But that was not the first. Back before Australian Motor Industries was acquired by Toyota, a ute version of the Crown sedan was produced in Melbourne, unique to this nation. This meant a selection of inline four- and six-cylinder engines backed by a three-speed manual transmission. It promised the largest load area of any of its competitors and a 914kg payload – not bad for the era. Finding one in good working order would be particularly challenging these days.
Ford Mainline
The Mainline, based on the Customline sedan, continued the success of Australia's 1936 invention into the 1950s, with its modern styling and utilitarian charm. Ford's ubiquitous flathead V8 was available to begin with, before the Y-block landed mid-decade. It was replaced by the Zephy utility, then, of course the XK Falcon.
Nissan The Ute
Possibly the rarest variation of the XF Falcon – even rarer than a three-speed manual equipped version – is the Nissan-badged ute. This came about from a badge-engineering program under the 'Button plan', in the aim to reduce the amount of factories and increase competitiveness of local vehicles. The only differences are Nissan badging instead of Ford.
Dodge Utility
A little known fact is that utilitarian models of the Valiant Ute were sold with Dodge badges. Starting with the VC Valiant, the Dodge badge either denoted a heavier load rating or de-chromed, spartan workhorse with 3-on-the-tree only.
Toyota X-Runner
A 2003 Toyota Australia concept took the numbingly boring Avalon V6 and turned it into a wacky green, all-wheel drive lifestyle ute. It featured a tank integrated into its tailgate, mountain bikes and white alloys. Powered by a 180kW supercharged V6, it never saw the light of day but was always a design showcase from day one.
Lightburn Zeta Ute
Think the Suzuki Mighty Boy was the first sub three-metre micro ute? Think again. The first was actually the Australian Lightburn Zeta Ute. It's a washing machine and cement machine maker's ill-fated foray into the automotive industry. The fibreglass-bodied, 324cc two-stroke powered contraption was front-wheel drive, with four gears operating in forward or reverse. Rarest of all Zetas was the ute, of which only eight were made. If you can get your hands on one, you'll have one of the most idiosyncratic Australian cars ever made.
Ford XY Falcon 4×4
Using Willys C5/C6 components including transfer case, the XY 4×4 was born in 1972, with a Dana front axle and leaf springs all round. The original Rugged Terrain Vehicle had its engine canted at an angle to accommodate the front axle, making it the only slant-six equipped Falcon ever made. 432 were built. A little known fact about these is that they were not a Falcon body on a Jeep chassis; they retained monocoque construction with genuine 4×4 parts.
Holden Crewman Cross 8
The Crewman was Australia's first factory dual-cab, and the Cross 8 (plus the HSV Avalanche XUV) was the first AWD dual-cab ute made here. As well as the One-Tonner and Adventra AWD wagon, the Crewman was one of many spin-offs of the early 2000s Commodore that proved successful in terms of sales. Given the explosive popularity of imported dual-cab utes now, one can't help but wonder if Holden's Australian operations would be in the same predicament if a VE/VF Crewman was approved.
Datsun 1200 Ute
During the 1960s and 1970s, Datsuns were manufactured in Sydney, including the 1200 coupe, sedan and ute. The 1200 ute was a plucky and useful little character, now often the subject of engine swaps and very popular in the modified car scene. You could almost call the Proton Jumbuck its spiritual successor, if you ignore the whole front-wheel drive thing.
Austin 1800, Datsun 1200, Ford Falcon, Ford Mainline, Holden Crewman, Lightburn Zeta Ute, Toyota Crown, Toyota X-Runner
Top 5 quickest 2017 diesel utes across 0-100km/h tested by PerformanceDrive October 19, 2017
Top 10 Holden prototypes & concepts that didn't make it March 4, 2018
MG ZS makes Australian debut, on sale from $20,990 November 23, 2017
2018 BMW X1 sDrive18i added to Australian lineup December 14, 2017
Mitchell was a contributing journalist and features writer at PerformanceDrive. He has been a passionate petrol-head from a very young age. He is excited by the future of the industry, and considers himself as a bit of a fanatic when it comes to the technical aspects of cars. He is also fascinated by new cars that are popping up in developing markets.
2020 Hyundai Veloster 2.0 MPi review (video)
2020 Lamborghini Huracan EVO review (video)
2020 Kia Cerato review – S & Sport+ (video)
2019 McLaren 720S review (video)
2019 Genesis G70 3.3T Sport: Long-term review – Final
performancedrive
PerformanceDrive is a leading auto website and YouTube channel in Australia, with a special interest in performance testing of new vehicles.
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DIY Mother's Day Gift: Mothers are special! Make something out of the box for her with this Mother's Day craft idea which she will really cherish. In this Mother's Day DIY idea we have converted a chopping board into a canvas of creativity. This is an easy Mother's Day craft idea using chopping board.
Start with a wooden chopping board; any size or shape will do, for me the bigger is better. We have given the board a crackle effect using Fevicryl Acrylic Colours and Fevicol MR. We paint the first coat with a dark colour, here we have used Burnt Sienna 01. Let it dry. Then apply a thin layer of Fevicol MR on it with a flat brush. Apply the next coat of colour Teal Blue 68 immediately before the layer of Fevicol MR dries. Leave it to dry. The crackle effect will start appearing when the glue starts drying.
Now we start to embellish the chopping board. We have made a small dream catcher and for the ring of dream catcher we have used Shilpkar. Take the resin base and hardener; mix it thoroughly to make even dough. Leave it to dry.
Now make thin coils with the dough by rolling it with hands. We will use the rolled coils to make the shape of the wreath using little amount of Fabric Glue for sticking. Then Leave it to dry.
We have painted the coil wreath with Acrylic Colours Pearl Metallic Bronze 355. Let it dry.
For the next step draw a simple mandala on an OHP sheet. Paint the outline with 3D cone outliner Light Green 704 and let it dry. This will be then left to dry.
Paint the floral mandala design with Water Based Glass Colours Sea Blue 853, Pink 856 and Ultramarine Blue 859. Let it dry. Refer to the image.
Take a doily paper and use distress ink on the edges. This will become the base of the mandala. Stick the mandala on the doily using Fabric Glue.
Take white card paper and punch few flowers and the leaves from it. Paint the flowers, leaves and the edges of the doily with different coloured distress inks of your choice which will look good as per the theme.
Make a few tags with card paper using a Zig- Zag scissors. Write "All I need is my Mom" on tags. Paint the tags with Acrylic Colours Neon Pink 018 and different coloured distress inks. Let it dry.
Use beads, feathers and threads to make strands of dream catcher. Assemble them and dangle them from the dream catcher. Arrange and stick the painted doily mandala design, the feather and glass beads strands, distressed flowers and the tags aesthetically on the painted wooden board using Fabric Glue. Let it dry.
At the end make random mandalas on the board with Fevicryl 3D outliner Light Green 704.
Voila! We have the board ready! Isn't it gorgeous? Make your own DIY Mother's Day gift for your mother on her special day with this amazing Mother's Day craft idea and you will definitely be rewarded with the best smile ever!
: Fevicryl Acrylic Colours Burnt Sienna 01, White 27, Coral Red 66, Teal Blue 68, Fevicryl Acrylic Colours Pearl Metallic Bronze 355, Fevicryl Acrylic Colours Neon Pink 018, Fevicryl 3 D Cone Outliner Light Green 704, Fevicryl Water Based Glass Colour Kit, Fevicryl Non Sticky Shilpkar, Fevicryl Fabric Glue, Fevicol MR, Fine Art Brushes, A3 Sized White Card Paper, Flower And Leaf Punches, Punch Craft Tools, Distress Ink Kit, Doilies, Colourful Feathers, Thread, Colourful Glass Beads, Ornamental Stones, Wooden Chopping Board, Scissors, Zig- Zag Scissors, Paper Cutter, OHP Sheet.
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Q: How to restore XML code style settings in Android Studio File > Settings. After I change rules to languages (spaces, wrappings, imports, etc.) and restart Android Studio, they apply again. But if I change XML settings, they will be lost after restart. So every time after restart of AS I have to change these settings again. How can I make AS to save and restore XML settings?
A: In order to save XML settings do following.
*
*Open Settings: Ctrl+Alt+S.
*Find XML in Editor > Code Styles > XML, Android tab.
*Select two checkboxes. Select scheme and press Copy to Project....
*Now you can redefine a Project scheme. Also check two checkboxes. Now your scheme becomes Project with your settings, and after restart you will have this new scheme.
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Closely Guarded Secret - Kindle Flash SALE!
Amazon is doing a flash sale this week of Closely Guarded Secret. If you haven't had the chance to check it out, now is your chance!
Get it now on Amazon/Kindle – $1.99!
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Lost Boy by Chanda Hahn is the second book in the Neverwood Chronicles. Wendy has returned to her family, but she has no memory of anything before. She was found years prior by her adoptive parents who pulled her out of the water. She struggles to get her life back to normal, but nothing feels the way it should. The boy she's told she liked suddenly isn't so charming. Teenagers are disappearing and the police seem to think she knows why. Then she meets him and everything changes. The mysterious boy claims to know her and opens her eyes to the threats all around her. When monsters find her, everyone she loves is in danger. As she uncovers her past, all roads seem to lead back to the boy who can fly.
J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan hasn't been seen quite like this before. Chanda Hahn spins a modern tale with scientific experiments, teenage struggles, and mystery. Wendy struggles to get her life back to normal but mysterious disappearances of teenagers coincide with her own memory loss, putting her into the spotlight of the police. Hahn includes several Easter eggs throughout which will delight every Peter Pan fan. Peter's infamous name is often referenced with pan meaning a special ability to return from the dead, which is a fun wink at the idea of Peter being a boy who will never grow up. Other notable references found are the clever uses of tick tock and crocodile. The Lost Boys make appearances throughout with some new names included, but readers will recognize a few specific names like Slightly and Curly. The twists on the beloved characters are fun and original, entirely enjoyable and harking back to the original story.
Each of the Lost Boys has special powers which pair with their personalities. Curly has the most potent ability of persuasion and just by touching someone he can control them. Michael has the most tragic time as he struggles to fight what Hook has done to him through his technology based abilities. Hook remains the villain but instead of being a deadly pirate, he's a scientist obsessed with the Neverland experiments. Dr. Barrie is a fun mention, giving him a silent creator and protector role over the Lost Boys freed from Hook which is a delightful inclusion honoring the creator of Peter Pan. Romance is light throughout as Wendy deals with sleazy boys when the image of a boy she liked before her memory loss breaks apart after his true colors are shown. Her romance with Peter is highlighted when he comes back into her life, though she can't remember who he is. This doesn't stop his dedication or you from falling for their sweet and classic dynamic. Hahn has fun moments through significant dynamics between characters. Tink and Peter maintain their strong friendship while Tink has an adorable and funny banter with John, and Slightly and Curly go on their own adventure to find a doctor from the experiments who disappeared. Lost Boy is a tale of adventure, spinning a classic story into a modern fight against the villainous Hook and scientific experiments that allow a boy to fly.
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Please use this form to submit a request for your Altar Candles or Memorials. Every candle costs $25. We would politely ask you to make your checks payable to Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church and mail it to us or use the Donate button on the homepage to pay online. Just simply write "altar candle" in the memo section. Thank you and Memory Eternal to your loved one.
Please type the text you would like us to publish in the weekly messenger and the Koinonia. An exemple for an Altar Candle looks like this: "An Altar Candle is offered in loving memory of ________________ by his/her family. " An example for a memorial looks like this: A One Year Memorial is offered for _____________.
|
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I have assembled an APU2C4 from PC Engines in a nice red case and have successfully installed OPNsense 17.7.1.
Everything went smooth. System is up an running just perfect. An ideal combination - quality hardware with quality software. Thanks to everybody making this possible.
The APU has 3 LEDs on its front. One is showing power status. But the two other LEDs remain dark/unuesed. These could be used e.g. for warnings, gateway status etc. I could not find any information about the usage of the LEDs.
Is there a way to use the LEDs in OPNsense?
FreeBSD 11.0 (which the current OPNsense is built on) has support for the NIC LEDs (/dev/led/igb[0-2]); that's in the generic kernel. See 'man led' for what characters you can write to them.
I don't think the LEDs you're interested in have built-in support, as of FreeBSD 11.0 anyway.
See this forum thread for homemade drivers: APU2 LED/switch driver for FreeBSD?
Once you've got either of the drivers mentioned in that thread working, you will have to figure out how/where to tweak OPNsense to do something useful with it.
|
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Twin Peaks restaurant planned in Platte County
This former Houlihan's location in the Shops at Boardwalk is scheduled to be the home to a new Twin Peaks. Ivan Foley/Landmark photo
A Texas-based restaurant chain has plans to open in the Northland.
Twin Peaks desires to open in the former Houlihan's space at 8660 N. Boardwalk Avenue, Kansas City in Platte County, not far from the Walmart and Lowe's on Boardwalk.
Large number jump in R-3 school board race
Roundabout completed at Hwy. 92/45 Spur
Officials with the Shops at Boardwalk recently confirmed to the Kansas City Star that Twin Peaks will be a tenant. But the local franchisee indicated to the Star that the deal wasn't yet finalized, saying they are still "working through the lease and licensing."
According to its website, Twin Peaks is known for 29-degree beer on tap, has a mountain lodge theme, and "friendly and attractive Twin Peaks Girls surrounded by scenic views and the latest in high-definition TVs."
The Twin Peaks menu includes made-from-scratch items such as chicken wings, soups and salads, sandwiches, tacos, smoke chicken, chargrilled salmon, chicken fried steak or chicken, steak and pot roast.
Existing area locations for Twin Peaks include Independence and Olathe.
Founded in 2005 in a Dallas suburb, Twin Peaks now has 83 locations in 25 states.
Houlihan's opened in the Shops at Boardwalk in 2005. It closed its doors in August of 2018.
Tags: platte county
15 Years Ago--Sept. 28, 2006
|
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This section includes information on the basics of navigating and using the OneUSG Connect application.
This video is an introduction to the tasks you can complete and information you can view within Employee Self Service in the OneUSG Connect application.
This video introduces all USG employees to the OneUSG Connect - Benefits website.
How Do I Use the Company Directory and view an Organization Chart?
How Do I Use the Company Directory and View an Org Chart?
You can easily search for your organization's employees in OneUSG Connect as well as view your institution's organization charts. This video and job aid walks you through those steps.
This video walks you through the steps of signing out of OneUSG Connect.
Click on the link provided on Go Live day.
The system times out after 20 minutes of inactive use for employees and managers.
How Do I Clear Cache in Internet Explorer?
On occasion, you may be told to clear your cache. This video walks you through how to clear your cache in Internet Explorer.
On occasion, you may be told to clear your cache. This video walks you through how to clear your cache in Google Chrome.
How Do I Clear Cache in Firefox?
On occasion, you may be told to clear your cache. This video walks you through how to clear your cache in Firefox.
How Do I Clear Cache in Safari?
On occasion, you may be told to clear your cache. This video walks you through how to clear your cache in Safari.
How Do I Clear Cache in Microsoft Edge?
On occasion, you may be told to clear your cache. This video walks you through how to clear your cache in Microsoft Edge.
Your personal information in OneUSG Connect includes things such as your address, contact information and emergency contacts. Much of this information is used throughout the system for various purposes, such as payroll and benefits.
How Do I View Personal Information?
The OneUSG Connect system securely holds your personal information. View the video to see what information is included and how to access it.
You can store your primary and mailing addresses in the OneUSG Connect application. Watch this video to see how to update, add and delete an address.
You can store multiple phone numbers in the OneUSG Connect application. Watch this video to see how to update, add and delete a phone number.
Your email is very important in the OneUSG Connect system. Watch this video to see how to update, add and delete email addresses.
When you change your name, you must update the OneUSG Connect system.
How Do I Update My Emergency Contacts?
You can store multiple emergency contacts in the OneUSG Connect system. Watch this video to see how to update, add and delete emergency contacts.
This video and job aid shows you how you can voluntarily indicate your Ethnic Group within the OneUSG Connect system.
How Do I Add a Degree, License, Certification, Language Skill, Honor, or Award to My Profile?
If you wish to enter your degrees into the OneUSG Connect system, this video shows you how.
If you wish to enter any licenses or certifications that you hold into the OneUSG Connect system, follow the steps illustrated in this video.
You can enter your language skills into the OneUSG Connect system. Watch this video to learn how.
If you wish to enter any honors or awards you have received into the OneUSG Connect system, this video shows you how.
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Guy's Tower in London, the tallest hospital building in the world, is getting a much needed renovation. In recent years, the 143-meter-high (about 470 feet) building—actually two towers connected by a bridge—has been falling apart. Small pieces of concrete have started to fall off the towers, endangering pedestrians.
The design team led by Arup addressed issues such as how much of the façade to reclad, how to deal with cold bridging, and how to do the work while the building is operational. Each option was modeled and plotted on a graph of cost versus energy efficiency to see where the greatest green gain could be achieved while keeping costs reasonable. The most cost-effective solution was to fit a new façade in front of the existing columns of one tower, and to fully clad the other tower with an aluminum rainscreen.
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Mystery Skype/Hangout Adventures
by Michelle Carton | Apr 22, 2018 | News
Students, in their various classes, in the Young Global Citizens Program at Tudor, have had Mystery Skype/Hangout sessions with over 46 schools since the end of 2016. This adventure, performed in our library, is an amazing opportunity for students to connect with others around the world, learn geography, and perform as a team.
Here is an awesome Mystery Skype Mannequin Challenge video we did in partnership with another school (click the red word)
We connect with a mystery school and use our maps to try and find out where they are. How do we do that?
We ask Yes/No questions back and forth and use our maps to narrow down the location of the Mystery School.
Recently, we got to have an amazing session that stumped up! Once we finally realized they were not in the same country as us, we were rushing to the big map to brainstorm!
We did finally discover that our mystery school was in Mexico City! Another exciting day for Mystery Skype! (If your class or group would like to play, too, send us a message)
SDG #14 Life Below Water: Protecting What we Love
The days following World Water Day, we continued to explore water in all its ways, by exploring the United Nations SDG's. We even got to meet with self-proclaimed mermaid–scuba diver, author, and global conservationist, Jennifer Nolan. Ms. Nolan has done some amazing conservation work with another activist and conservation colleague, Jim Abernethy, and has connected with Tudor Young Global Citizens 14 times in the past two years! We are so grateful for her knowledge and passion.
Ms. Nolan connected with us from thousands of miles away, over skype, imparting her passion for the fate of the world while teaching us some valuable facts we should know about ocean life.
Even though some facts are hard for us to hear and wrap our head around, she was very adamant that while we can talk about all the problems, like that the rate of extinction is at 100 times faster than the normal rate, it's important that we look at solutions that we can do, right here at home. It's also important that we share the knowledge we get, with as many people as possible, and continue discovering ways we can help our planet. Ms. Nolan shared a few key pieces of information for us to know, to help us become passionate about protecting what we love.
*Sharks have been in the ocean for 400 million years
*90% of large predatory sharks have been wiped out, and 250,000 sharks are killed a day.
*80% of sharks are killed for a delicacy called Shark Fin soup, which is not nutritious or flavorful!
*Out of the 400 species of sharks, there are only a handful that are dangerous for humans.
*Shark attacks are moreso shark accidents, as they don't have the ability to distinguish between food and non-food (they don't have hands) without using their mouths.
*Divers wear dark colors, which is why sharks aren't bothered with them.
*Television has done a lot to make people afraid of sharks, when there doesn't need to be.
"You are not too young to make a difference" was the driving point with Ms. Nolan and we believe it. We shared what we are doing to be good earth citizens and she was impressed. Alaskan students are doing their part.
Lots of global citizens are coming together as well, and we were optimistic in learning that, even though all 7 species of sea turtles are endangered, the New York time recently shared that the sea turtle populations have begun to turn around and their populations are steadily on the rise!
Joaques Cousteau said it best with, "we protect what we love" and it is so true. The more we learn about the ocean, the more we love it and want to protect it. Thank you so much Jennifer Nolan, for supporting our endeavor to become global citizens.
Understanding Waste in Alaska- Earth Day Education
In honor of Earth Day 2018, we invited in a special guest expert from the community, Gary Smith from Total Reclaim Alaska, to give us the scoop on most things waste here in Alaska. They are a very environmentally driven organization and they are committed to making Alaska green in every way they can. Click on the pictures below to make them bigger.
We learned so much that we had no idea about before! This was a really epic Earth Day learning session! Many of us were really eager to share our experience and ask questions that would help us be better protectors of The Last Frontier. Check out the journey that blew our minds.
First, we began by student groups brainstorming the different types of waste we have, from metals to rubber, cardboard to oils and toxins. From there, as we shared out, we learned what can and can not be recycled.
Some key moments of wisdom followed. Can thin plastic, often used as packaging be recycled? Yes, but only some of it. Well….how can you tell? Thin plastic can be recycled (at special locations) ONLY if it is stretchy plastic (which is polyethylene film). There are different kinds of aluminum. Aluminum which is a non-ferrous metal can be recycled and should be recycled, but in Alaska, Aluminum foil cannot be recycled.
We got a chance to share our knowledge of materials, recycling, and earth care as well. Many of us knew about the dangers of single use plastic, that pizza boxes can't be recycled, and that some plastics can be recycled, while others can't. We had lots of questions about ferrous and non-ferrous metals, how to recycle certain items, and the current earth friendliness of Alaska's waste and recycling.
When it comes to what ends up in the landfill, and where the landfill(s) are even located, we had no idea what we were about to uncover. To make landfills in Alaska, a giant hole is dug in the ground, and a protective layer placed down to avoid the toxins coming out into the ground. BUT…right where Merrill Field Airport is was once a giant landfill (that was covered once it was full), and for some reason, because the protective layer between the landfill and the ground wasn't done right, is now LEAKING (called leaching) out toxins into the ground all around it. OH MAN, that's terrible.
https://blog.globaleducationak.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_2924.mp4
De La Vega Ball Fields was also a landfill that was covered? Many of us always wondered why when being there in the summer, many for soccer, there are so many bugs and it often smells stinky! The part we learned that shocked us the most is that when snow melts and become water at the bottom of the landfill, it is pumped out of the landfill and then DUMPED OUT INTO THE BAY (our local ocean waters where people fish). One student asked why it wasn't purified and turned back into useable water. We were informed that it is filtered out for solid waste (like poop) but the rest of it has too many toxins in it to be able to be filtered and used for anything. OH MAN!
We learned that Alaska is behind many other states when it comes to recycling measures but that as of recently progress has been made, though we have a ways to go. It is up to us to be the generation to spread the knowledge. There are items that other states recycle that we simply cannot. Most of our recycled materials have to be carried out of Alaska on a barge, which makes it challenging and expensive. I found this article that gives more information on recycling issues in Alaska.
One amazing thing that Total Reclaim Alaska is doing is going out to villages to teach about recycling and collecting items to be recycled, like old computers and TV's, lightbulbs and other items so they can be sent out on the barges.
Those items are brought back to Anchorage on small planes and boats! Way to go Total Reclaim Alaska!
Total Reclaim Alaska recycles lots of materials many of us didn't even know can be recycled from refrigerators to lightbulbs, many types of metals, laptops to cell phones. Here are some pictures we were shown during the presentation:
Many of these materials have hazardous chemicals in them and have to processed very carefully and with the employees wearing lots of protective clothing and face masks. Who knew that recycling had to be done with such caution. We are lucky to have a company like Total Reclaim, with top notch employees, to take care of our waste and to take care of our earth.
One of the coolest things we learned is how metal is recycled. First it goes through this epic grinder and then comes out in little pieces so it can be made into something new.
Here are all the items they help Alaskans recycle (and are eager to collect)
These informational sheets we were given are great tools for us to share with our family, friends, and community. This particular flyer is about the harmfulness of lights and when we dispose of them in the wrong way! We learned that our Mayor, Ethan Berkowitz, who cares about our environment, found out he had high levels of Mercury in his system because he eats a lot of fish (and the fish are getting this chemical in their water from us dumping waste in the water).
This other flyer we were given helps a lot because we seem to have a lot of electronics that most of us don't know how to get rid of when they conk out! Check it out, it is super helpful.
We are so thankful to have the experts come to us, to help us become knowledgable and to help us on our mission to become Global Citizens and take action in our local community. Here is some video footage of our experience.
https://blog.globaleducationak.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_2968.webm
Books arrive in Agadir, Morocco
Last Spring students at Tudor Elementary raised 1,500 books to donate to a few chosen organizations. One of them was to Rural Alaska Reads program, which is a local student designed organization determined to get more books in the hands of students who live in rural villages in Alaska.
The other choice students made was to send books to a small school, Ajiyal Souss, in Agadir, Morocco. Students chose this school because they had the opportunity to learn all about school in Morocco from their librarian who visited in the spring. Students were so excited to get the opportunity to help add more books to their library.
The initial box weighed 53 pounds and cost several hundred dollars to send. About 6 months later, the box came back because it was over the maximum weight allowed to enter Morocco in a postal package. Students decided to re-strategize and send a much smaller box with mostly paperback books. This time they included cards and letters and descriptions for why the chosen books were in the box. Here is the video of the box being received!
https://blog.globaleducationak.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Books-arrive-in-Morocco.mp4
Students were quite excited and decided to create thank you notes to our students. Teachers even recorded videos of students reading the books. Check this one out!
https://blog.globaleducationak.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/31e4a86c-3862-4e8e-8ba2-8def8e15a5d2.mp4
Here is the letter from the school, to our students, sharing their thoughts. We are looking forward to getting a chance to skype with students and teachers at the school in order to truly connect even more!
Keep scrolling after to view pictures~Click on a picture to view it larger!
Hello from Agadir, Morocco.
Dear teachers and Students
We really wanted to write about our experience, how happy we are about the gifts we got [from Tudor Elementary]. We as teachers felt so delighted, we really appreciate it, books are precious gifts it's the best thing you can give because it's a friend that will never leave your side no matter what. So once again thank you.
Students were amazed by the diversity of books and stories they got, their desire to read and learn new things about the language and the other students who were kind enough to share their precious books increased. They started reading and wrote some comments which we would like to share with you
I SURVIVED, some or all the stories are based on true events, and the fact that the heroes are young people is interesting.
MAGIC TREE HOUSE, I am happy to know that we are reading the same books.
PETE THE CAT is so sweet and cute.
Thank you for the signed book, we loved the new words we will try to learn them.
DAIRY OF A WIMPY KID, the way that the story's events are put together is so surreal, like if we capture a real emotional life and transformed it into another world of fun and humor, but still carry a message for the readers.
DIARY OF A WIMPY KID, I loved the movie I will defiantly love the book.
THREE PIGS, [variation] I wonder if this version will be as good as the old one.
SILLY POEMS AND SONGS are so funny we will try to sing some for you in the near future.
THE MYSTERY ON ALASKA…, I love that they are real kids in real places, so we can learn more about Alaska in an interesting way…
Since [the students] got the books and we told them it's from Alaska, they wanted to know more so they asked a lot of questions!
Is Alaska a state?
What's the weather like in there?
When is it the best time of the year to visit Alaska?
How do you manage to do your daily chores when it's night during the day and vise versa?
Do you all speak English or do have a dialect?
It is a one of a kind experience because we are trying to raise our students with the same values that you are promoting: being kind to one another, voicing your thoughts, young people having the power the change what's around you by your good deeds, and that it doesn't matter where you are or where are you from or what language you speak … after all we are all human beings.
We are here to raise the quality of life for every child, we want all of our children to achieve their full potentials, and our task is to make it possible, what you did is a great way to start inspiring them to do more.
Once again it was an honor to be part of this experience,
Hafida Hatik
Showing their book gifts and thank you cards!
Spotlight Global Citizens: Manthan International Festival
As Global Educators and Global Learners, it's important that we find opportunities to embrace global understanding, citizenship, and learning. Recently I came across a young man who is passionate and empowered by the chance to have young people across the world use their voice through art. This next generation of global citizens is empowering voice for communities all over the world. His team's international social change movement, Manthan, is a grassroots effort for the people to address the challenges in their community through art. I seized the opportunity to interview him and be showcased through Global Education Alaska. I welcome the kindness, tenacity, and intelligence of Anmol Arora, International Relations Manager and Global Citizen in Delhi, India. The following interview is inspiring.
What do you believe?
Philanthropy and social change work are at their best when they are driven by your values and connected to what you care about most.
What led you here?
With the urge to change in the society and love in the hearts of theatre artists- Verve, The Street Play Society of Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies, University of Delhi, brings the 11th edition of the month long exuberant festival, Manthan.
What is Manthan?
The word manthan itself means to churn and create something new. Manthan as a festival was started in 2007 as an effort to make everyone realize the immense power each one of us possesses, the power to raise our voices against the conventions which weigh us down, to fuel the process of change in different cities all over the country as well as international cities, with the help of college students.
The prime motive of Manthan is to celebrate the spirit of street theatre and actively take part in instrumentalizing change. And to bring street theatre to public places and schools, to arise a sense of responsibility and cognizance about sensitive issues maligning the society, amongst the uninitiated. (translation for younger readers: to address and bring awareness to the problems in society)
Manthan touches sensitive social issues through the means of Street Play entertainment which stimulates the audience to question things that would otherwise be overshadowed by their ignorance, lest Manthan serves as a source of enlightenment for them. We want our initiative to be spread across more and more places so as to make people aware; we tell ourselves lies all the time that we are not responsible for anything and we alone cannot bring in change, but we at Manthan believe that, the change lies within us only. Manthan'18 promotes that everything #LiesWithin.
How did it begin?
It was started with just 3 teams performing at a single location in Delhi, National Capital. Manthan is a non-profit festival, which aims at promoting the art of street plays and taking it where it actually belongs, i.e. to the streets. Manthan'17 was organized in 44 cities at 125 different locations in 19 states of India and in 4 international locations -Russia, Brazil, Nigeria and Nepal.
How does Manthan tie into Global Citizenship?
Being a global citizen is important for all of us so as to have a cultural and social insight across the borders. It is an experience where global connectivity turns out to be innate development of the person. At Manthan, we have cultural exchange catering to social issues existing between countries, have a discussion about those issues, and come to a prospective solution to problems that can work in either many of the countries. Trying out other cultures enhances your emotional capabilities and make you happier, even scientifically. Going out of your comfort zone refreshes your personality and makes you more humble and confident in the society.
Manthan'18 will incorporate 23 states, across 50 major cities (Delhi NCR, Mumbai, Pune, Goa, Chandigarh, Amritsar, Patiala, Agra, Jaipur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Jodhpur) and 2700 artists, with a total outreach of 200,000 people. To increase the gamut of the festival we have planned to organize Manthan'18 in Canada, Panama, Czech Republic, Afghanistan, Kenya, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Zambia, and Nepal.
Have you looked at expanding Manthan to the United States?
Yes, absolutely, and we would love to work with anyone willing to take that on. We are hoping that eventually the United States will join us in the empowering social change opportunity! If there is anyone interested in getting involved, you can reach me at [email protected]
Global Education AK Home
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Moats continues to give back to RMH
As car enthusiasts made their way through the Pittsburgh International Auto Show at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, their eyes opened wide as they saw the latest in technology, along with some of the most unique vehicles available on the market.
But there was one vehicle that really caught their attention because it was there to serve a purpose, and there was a familiar face there greeting all those taking a look.
Arthur Moats attended the show on Friday afternoon, helping to support the Ronald McDonald House at their Care Mobile, a 40-foot vehicle designed and built for pediatric health care. The Care Mobile, which works in conjunction with Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, provides key medical services to underserved communities in Western Pennsylvania, seeing more than 1,000 patients a year.
"I love the exposure the auto show gives for the Care Mobile," said Moats. "If there is a family locally and the children have to get treatment, they can come to the Care Mobile and receive checkups and treatment, especially if getting to a hospital is difficult for them. When you think about the auto show, how big an event it is for Pittsburgh, people come from all over the place. You get to expose everyone to the Ronald McDonald House and let them see firsthand what they are doing there."
Moats greeted, signed autographs and posed for pictures for those who stopped by, doing everything he could to support the Ronald McDonald House, a charity he has a strong commitment to, making numerous visits there to spread love and happiness along with his family.
"I love the personal connections you make with the families who are there," said Moats. "They are there because of some hardship they have with their child's health. They are often uprooted from around the country, and around the world. When you are able to go there and uplift them and let them know someone cares, it's rewarding for all parties involved. My children are able to go there too and relate to the kids and see that they are no different than them and you shouldn't take anything for granted. It really hits home for me and my family."
'Pittsburgh Steelers, this is Mission Control Houston'
Josh Dobbs took part in a call with three astronauts from the International Space Station
Working to bring people together
Avery Williamson is supporting the efforts of the Urban League of Greater Pittsburgh
Teaming up to tackle issues
Multiple Steelers players are working together to make a difference for those served by United Way programs
Tuitt lending his 'big hand' to others
Stephon Tuitt is reaching out to help those served by Casa San Jose
Watt continues to help as the need grows
T.J. Watt is continuing his relationship with 412 Food Rescue by helping them when they need it the most
Lending a hand during a tough year
Maurkice Pouncey is making a difference for multiple organizations through the Steelers Social Justice Grant program
JuJu is making Christmas merry and bright
JuJu Smith-Schuster has made Christmas special for many in Pittsburgh and California
Investing in kids' futures is the first step
The first donation from the Steelers Social Justice Grant program will help the Homewood Children's Village
McDonald has a giving heart
Vance McDonald is the Steelers nominee for the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award
Giving hope during a tough time
Huddle for the Holidays let those in the community know they are cared about
They never stop giving back
Their playing days might be over, but Steelers Legends keep giving back to the Pittsburgh community
Williams is making a difference
Vince Williams gave back to students at Perry High School in Pittsburgh
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Search - Stargate - The Ark of Truth [Blu-ray] on Blu-ray
Stargate - The Ark of Truth
Actors: Beau Bridges, Michael Beach, Ben Browder, Tim Guinee, Julian Sands
Director: Robert C. Cooper
Genres: Television
UR 2009 1hr 42min
Studio: Tcfhe Release Date: 01/13/2009 Run time: 105 minutes Rating: Nr
Sub-Genres: Made-for-TV Movies
Studio: 20th Century Fox
Format: Blu-ray - Color,Widescreen - Dubbed,Subtitled
DVD Release Date: 01/13/2009
Original Release Date: 01/01/2008
Theatrical Release Date: 01/01/2008
Run Time: 1hr 42min
Screens: Color,Widescreen
SwapaDVD Credits: 2
Total Copies: 0
Members Wishing: 0
MPAA Rating: Unrated
Languages: English, French, Spanish
Subtitles: English, French, Spanish
Stargate Continuum
Director: Martin Wood
Stargate SG-1 Children of the Gods
Stargate SG-1 - Season 10
2007 14hr 31min
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Very cinematic with high production value...if you like SG1,
Tara Johnson | Phoenix, AZ USA | 03/04/2008
(5 out of 5 stars)
"First a small rant: don't review a movie you've not actually seen, it throws off the real ratings!
(a little background...I'm not a member of the production company. But I was lucky enough to see the actual DVD movie a week before it was released. I saw the final retail version that is being sold here on Amazon; not the unfinished pre-release that's been floating around online)
I just saw this movie and I must say, the characters, storyline, and visual effects are just awesome!
You have all the things that make SG1 great: excellent character interaction, epic sci-fi settings, humor, tension, eye candy, and more.
When I first heard about the movie, I had high expectations and a lot of anticipation. I am pleased to say that the movie does not at all disappoint, and in fact exceeded my expectations.
SG1 has been in some pretty tough spots in the past, but the hole they dug themselves in this time has to be the worst one yet, and I'm not exaggerating! I spent most of the movie wondering how the heck they were going to save the day this time. The odds were so stacked against them.
I'll try to give some character highlights without having any spoilers.
Cam Mitchell does a great job in an unexpected, epic fight sequence that really shows off the strength of his character.
Carter must work under extreme pressure once again to try to save the day.
Daniel practically gives up due to the enormous pressure he's facing. When you know the history of his character you have to realize just how much he's up against to be so stuck that even he feels helpless.
Teal'c manages to walk about 1000 miles while being seriously injured.
Vala has some really great interactions with Adria, Daniel, and Teal'c.
General Landrey shows his amazing strength and conviction face to face with a prior.
Plus there is more to worry about than just the Ori, and when you find out what you'll be thinking OMG x10.
The ships are just pretty, the super-gate is beautiful, the production values is significantly better than the episodes, and the episodes already rocked.
Finally the score was just amazing. They had a choir singing in Latin (a guess; not sure what language it really was) along with a great orchestra soundtrack underlying the entire movie. And the mountain scenes were just pretty and epic. The views and the music combined just made this a very worthwhile experience.
To wrap this up, I must say the movie is worth buying. I don't know why it is not released in HD yet, but if you're not holding out for a Blue-Ray release, then don't hesitate; grab it right now.
Also if you are sad that SG1 is leaving the airwaves, have hope: Stargate Atlantis is a very good series with top-notch casting and production design. They are using much of the same crew (and even some cast crossover) as SG1, and the original SG1 writers are now focusing their attention on making Atlantis great. If you start watching Atlantis, you'll find that the empty feeling you have with SG1 leaving the airwaves will be adequately filled and you'll feel like all is well in the universe.
Are you a couch potato? Check out this workout video series"
One Word: Amazing
Jarrod Garcia | 02/12/2008
"I had the privelege of watching a screener of "Ark of Truth" recently and I must say, quite simply, it's amazing. It exceeded my already high expectations. It excels in terms of character, story, and direction. Long live all things Stargate!"
Jason | NC, USA | 03/13/2008
"This review is spoiler free!!
I have to preface this review with the statement that I am an avid Stargate fan, and as such, my review may be biased (but I think not!)
After enduring season 4 of Atlantis this year, it is nice to get back to the show I truly love, Sg-1. Opposed to Atlantis, SG-1 takes place on earth, spends time on the explorations, and takes into account ancient mythologies, opposed to Atlantis, which is more action oriented, with dumbed down dialog, and shooting anything that moves.
I have been awaiting this release since it was announced, it finally came to my home yesterday, I watched the movie, then the extras (comic con conference which was really cool! and a behind the scenes which was great as well (this is almost 1 hour of material), I then watched the movie again, this time with commentary (again, I love SG-1).
This dvd has a "prelude" which basically goes over everything you need to freshen up on to fully enjoy and prepare for this viewing. As someone who has seen each episode of stargate countless times, I found this prelude a great review, as it has been a while since I watched it all.
The movie then follows, and it is a great movie. The scenery in this movie is astounding, it looks much better than we are used to seeing on the TV show. The pacing is slower, more akin to when the show aired on Showtime, which works well, as the aspect of stargate that i enjoy most, is the interactions between the characters, the explorations of new worlds and civilizations, and how everyone reacts to the culture.
This brings the conclusion to a satisfying end. I think several of the cliffhangers are drawn out a bit much (putting a tad too much tension near the end), but all in all, I enjoyed the movie.
This reminds me of why I love this show, I know they are coming out with another movie soon (this one will have Richard Dean Anderson in it), and word on the streets is, it should arrive this July.
I truly hope people are not just downloading bootleg copies of this dvd, and I really hope everyone will buy this dvd, and the next one. I really want this show to continue on, if the studios do not get the results they are looking for, this could be the end.
I really hope the dvds do sell well, maybe they can continue to do movies throughout the year, and maybe even a mini series or another season. There are many aspects of the Stargate world that have gone unexplored, and unfinished.
I hope the producers read this review, and understand that what make stargate work is not the snappy dialog, the wonderful interactions, the brilliantly designed enemies, sound design, artwork, and constant tension, but the exploration of new worlds, the ability to learn something (ancient history, see ancient figures, the Egyptian gods) and the exploration of these foreign cultures. Something Stargate Atlantis completely misses, which is why I do not enjoy it as much.
I truly hope everyone will buy this dvd, enjoy it, and more get made.
I also must comment on the beautiful video quality and sound design, the show has never looked or sounded this good (they did use 35mm film) and it shows.
Please keep up the great work, and I hope everyone enjoys this fantastic dvd.
(note, if you are a fan of the movie, and haven't watched too much of the series (last 2 seasons--9 and 10) this dvd is likely not for you, do yourself a favor, and buy the complete series collection, and catch up, then enjoy this fantastic dvd, as you will not be able to understand much of what is going on)
Also, the creators of the show, are working on a third show, that deals with the ninth chevron, tentatively called "Stargate Universe" which is set in present time. I really hope this will be the return of intellectual Stargate, and I eagerly await its arrival on TV."
Enjoyed it, but you have a right to be disappointed!
Terrence Abrams | Houston, Texas | 03/18/2008
"I've been a Stargate Fan since the first movie, and loyally throughout all 10 seasons over both cable networks it was carried on. Stargate: Ark of Truth is a fun ride, a step up from the weekly show, but a disappointment in complete lack of story originality.
In this story, (AN EXACT CLONE OF THE REPLICATOR DEFEAT EPISODE IN SEASON 9) SG-1 discovers yet another ancient artifact that will destroy the nearly un-beatable near-omnipotent foe. Exactly as they defeated the replicators with Bal's help in season nine, with a convenient 'link' between all Stargates and this Ancient weapon, the Replicators were wiped out in a single stroke, all over the galaxy with a coded entry on an old stone control pad.
Guess what happens at the end of this movie? Well, without revealing everything, a convenient 'link' to all the ((blanks)) from an old stone/metal tablet Ark, wipes out all ORI believer's faith in one stroke once the critical coded pattern is stuck on the device. ORI defeated, as quickly and as unbelievably neatly as the replicators were way back when.
Even more lackluster, the ORI "were killed" and not just wounded by the device sent to kill them in the latter part of Season 10 where Daniel Jackson was a Prior deceiving old evil Audra. So, no better complexity of the Ancients versus the ORI, and how humanity can step in and fight is ever really explored. We'll just leave Jackson a new ancient buried wonder-device to take care of it in the end. With all of these perfect weapons laying around the universe in piles of desert dust, how in the world did the Wraith ever cause the ancients a sweat? The ancients could not have found all of this stuff when they needed it? Puhleeze!
Audra does little more than dance around in fiery steps, brag on about having all of the power, and wastes what could have been a nice scary scene with Claudia Black. Julian Sands has a cup of coffee as the head prior, and then does nothing. I was hoping for a bit more battle with the heavyweights!
The movie is fun, tosses in the predictable IOA manic official with poor judgment and an even poorer dialogue, but a terminator replicator he becomes, and of course Ben Browder will survive about 15 steel pounding hits without dying or being rendered inert. The logic behind the IOA guy's story for intentionally risking everyone's lives is silly, not even political paranoids could or would get away with his access and security passes.
We get some more astounding Canadian scenery, which is okay, the special effects are good, and the humor and dramatic elements are nicely brief and poignant for a change, so the movie moves well if the story lacks for any originality. Oh my, IRONY, with ORI and ORIGIN, you get NO ORIGINALITY. That point sticks with me badly I'm afraid.
The cast is sharp, but sadly, there is no pickup of Jackson's and Vala's destined romance, only Beau Bridges gets to deliver what is expected, and Tealc' is in good form.
I was shocked that I really did enjoy the show, about 2 hours 10 minutes of no boredom, but later as I rummaged the tale through my head, remembering it was little fun, so much potential missed, and a story completely cloned in the conflicting elements exactly to the old formula of beating the replicators, a similar track was used in older SG-1 episodes too. Let's hope Stargate Atlantis does not suffer from such story redundancy and writer's laziness. This copy-cat story transfer was a true shame, hope this writer did NOT GET PAID! Adding in Replicators is a transparent attempt to boost cheap excitment levels and raise kids hands cheering, but leaves any mature Sci-Fi senses flat on the deck of the Odyssey swimming in that replicator shrapnel.
Most of us could have written a far better screenplay. This was not bad at all, it is fun SG-1 show, worth the time, but the end-all story to a huge build-up from the past 3 seasons, had no merit, honor or punch in the end. Its a feel-good send-off to all SG-1 fans, but only if you're VERY generous on forgetting that they've done this to you time and time again.
The actors and the show deserved a better ending to the ORI storyline!
[email protected]"
Good but Utilitarian
Keith Zabalaoui | Texas | 03/14/2008
"I've watched every episode of Stargate. I even paid for Showtime just so I could see it, before it gated over to Sci-Fi. I very much hated the last episode for reasons I won't go into here. This should give my review a context.
Ark of Truth was good. Not great. I really like the actors and the characters they portray. The effects were up there and the interesting Ori story arc was closed nicely. HOWEVER, there was nothing new here. It was an extended episode. What was worse was the whole plot thread that seemed to be added by a fan of the Terminator. It was cheap and a waste. I can only guess their reasons for it but it was insulting to have to watch that to get to the real story.
The ending hints at more adventures to come and I'm glad for that. Maybe they can take the Ark over to the Pegasus galaxy..."
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Someone will be killed on road unless safety measures installed, says Finlay
Posted on August 6, 2020 September 25, 2020
Someone will be killed unless road safety measures are put in place urgently on a road in Randalstown, Alliance Councillor Glenn Finlay has said.
Councillor Finlay was speaking after a car crashed into a house on Castle Avenue in the town. Councillor Finlay, who attended the scene of the collision, said he had been highlighting the risks on the road for a number of years, given it operates as a 'rat run' between Castle Avenue and a number of other streets, including the Meadows and Ashdale.
"Firstly, I am thankful nobody was injured in this accident," he said.
"Sadly, incidents like this became inevitable when this link between Castle Avenue and other areas was opened up. My colleague John Blair MLA and his predecessor David Ford have worked on this issue, alongside myself over a number of years. As a former resident of the street myself, I am fully aware of the strength of local opposition to the opening up of this street in the current way.
"It has meant a real danger to pedestrians and cyclists, and this accident has shown there is also one to residents in their own homes and gardens. We have asked for the Department for Infrastructure to install bollards but that was dismissed. Unsuitable humps were then installed without correspondence with residents and they have not made this road as safe as it could be.
"I continue to be contacted by residents several times each week about near misses on what is a narrow and winding road with many blind corners. If we continue without proper traffic calming measures being installed as a bare minimum, I have no doubt someone will end up dead on this stretch of road."
Glenn Finlay Roads
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It was one of those rare days in London when the sun shone on clean streets and the air did not smell of rotten vegetables and horse dung. A night of heavy rain had washed the streets clean without, mercifully, overloading the sewer system, and the cobbles and brickwork of the city glistened proudly like a man showing off his freshly cut and oiled hair. Sherlock knew it wouldn't last for long, but for a while it made London into somewhere he thought he could live, one day.
Sherlock and his tutor, Amyus Crowe, had left Farnham earlier that morning. Sherlock's brother Mycroft had invited them for lunch at his club – the Diogenes. His reason, which he explained in a letter that had arrived the day before, was that he wanted to talk about Sherlock's schooling. Having been removed from Deepdene School for Boys and placed in the care of the big American Amyus Crowe, it seemed to Sherlock that Mycroft was now wondering if he had done the right thing. Mr Crowe was a brilliant teacher, but only on certain subjects. Survival in the wilderness, tracking animals, fishing for carp and trout, identifying poisonous fungi, a little bit of recent political history and the logical analysis of evidence – these were all his strong points. Mathematics and Latin – not so much.
Sherlock would much rather study the things that Amyus Crowe was teaching him, because he could see their value, but his brother had a strange regard for those areas of the syllabus for which Sherlock could see no earthly use. Every now and then he threatened to bring in another tutor to complement Crowe's lessons, and Sherlock had either to avoid the subject entirely or try to talk him out of it. 'If you want to make something of yourself,' he would say, 'then you need to learn dead languages, theology and the more obscure facts of history. There is no alternative, I'm afraid.' The fact that Sherlock had no idea what he wanted to make of himself cut no ice with his brother. 'You will go into the Civil Service, of course,' he would rumble. 'Either that or banking.'
The hansom cab that Sherlock and Crowe had taken from Waterloo Station dropped them outside the Diogenes Club, which lurked behind an unremarkable door. Crowe, resplendent in his white suit and hat, flicked a coin up to the driver and strode across the pavement to the door, but as he did so a passing man in a suit and bowler hat jostled against him. Crowe turned to deliver a sharp rebuke, but the man unexpectedly pushed him in the chest. Crowe staggered backwards into two other men who were passing. Within moments, all four men were arguing.
Unsure what to do, Sherlock stepped away from the cab. As he did so he heard movement behind him. Someone had come around the side of the cab and was looming at his shoulder. He turned his head, but liquid sprayed his eyes and nose. Gasping, he raised a hand to wipe his face clear, but his arm suddenly seemed to be moving in slow motion. His attention became fixated on his fingers and thumb. They looked like they weren't even a part of him: pink, fleshy things that moved of their own accord. The lines on his palm took on the appearance of rivers crossing a landscape, like a map seen at a distance.
What was happening to him?
He felt nauseous. His head felt like it had doubled in weight, and as he laboriously swung it around to look for Amyus Crowe he saw that the big American was staring at him in concern, but Crowe's face was swimming in and out of focus, and although his lips were moving Sherlock couldn't hear anything apart from what sounded like the tolling of a distant bell. The cab and the sky and the brickwork of the buildings were all bleeding together into a mishmash of colours that made him feel as if he was looking at the world through a stained-glass window. He needed to rest, to sit down and gather his wits, but when he took a step forward his feet tangled together and he stumbled. He fell, and it seemed to take an awfully long time before he hit the ground. A hand grabbed at his shoulder, but when he looked up, all he could see was a grotesquely distorted face looming over him. He struck out with his fists, again and again, flailing around in a world of jumbled shapes and colours. Someone was screaming, and he thought he recognized the voice. He thought it was his own voice, but it was a long, long way away.
Then there was darkness, and the feeling that his arms were being tightly held. And then there was just the darkness.
The realization that he was lying on a bed of straw in a brick-lined room came slowly. He didn't know at what point he understood where he was: there came a moment, as he was staring at the brickwork, that he realized that he _had_ understood some time ago, but the information just hadn't meant anything to him.
He was in a brick room, and he was lying on straw. That was a starting point.
And his name was Sherlock. Sherlock Holmes.
The rest seeped back gradually, like the sea washing over the beach as the tide comes in. The Diogenes Club. The cab. The fight. The liquid that had been sprayed over his face.
He checked his clothes, running his hands down his body. He was still wearing the same jacket, shirt and trousers that he had been wearing earlier. That, at least, was something to hold on to. They were stained with dust and dirt, but not ripped.
The room was like the inside of a stable, but there was no smell of animals. The straw was clean and dry, and had been laid down on flagstones. The brickwork that formed the walls was whitewashed and dry too: no moss, no trickling water, and the air was chilly but not damp. At first he'd thought he was in some sort of outbuilding, but the evidence suggested otherwise. He was indoors – just not in a particularly well-appointed room.
There was a window in one wall, but it was tall and thin, barely wide enough for him to get his arm through if he tried. Certainly not large enough for him to escape. Even his friend Matty wouldn't be able to get through that. The glass looked dirty, from where he lay.
The wall opposite the window was interrupted by a door. It was heavy, and studded with big metal rivets like the heads of arrows that had been shot through from the other side. A small window in the centre of the door was barred, and it looked as if a wooden shutter had been closed across it from the other side.
As Sherlock's mind began to speed up, he realized that there were no hinges on the door. Or, at least, there were no hinges on the inside of the door. The hinges must have been on the outside, which meant that the door opened outwards, not inwards. Sherlock didn't think that he'd ever been in a room where the door opened outwards.
No, that wasn't right. He _had_ been in a room like that: the room in Bow Street Police Station where he and Amyus Crowe had spoken with his brother Mycroft a few months before. The door to that room had been designed so that people in the room could not pry the hinges apart and thus remove the door, or hide behind the door when it opened and attack whoever came in.
He was in a cell.
He sat up suddenly, shocked into complete wakefulness. He was in a cell! Surely he hadn't been arrested? Now that the blood was flowing more swiftly through his brain he remembered vague images of himself flailing around in the street, punching people who came too close – but Amyus Crowe would have protected him, wouldn't he? Protected him from arrest?
Unless Crowe had been arrested too. The big American had been on the verge of a fight, after all.
He checked his knuckles. They were scraped, and covered with dried blood.
He tried to work out how long he had been unconscious. His throat and mouth were dry, but he wasn't particularly hungry. He couldn't have been out for more than a couple of hours. It was still the same day.
He climbed unsteadily to his feet. His toes tingled with pins-and-needles as the circulation returned to them, and he shuffled from one foot to another to try to get the pain to subside. As soon as he could stand up straight he crossed to the window. It was above his head, but by reaching up and hooking his fingers over the sill and then pulling himself up, scrabbling with the toes of his boots to get purchase against the mortared ridges between the bricks, he could get his head up to a level where he could just about see out.
Beyond the wall lay a manicured garden of lawns and bushes, and beyond them, just the other side of a wall, he could see the tops of hansom carriages going past. Lots of carriages. Pigeons were perched all along the top of the wall. It looked as if he was still in London.
At least that was something.
He dropped back down to the stone-flagged ground, brushing his hands against his trousers, and crossed to the door. There was no handle on the inside. He pushed experimentally at it. The door didn't budge. Presumably it was bolted on the other side.
He threw his weight against it, but it didn't shift.
He glanced back at the window. He may have been imprisoned but at least he wasn't in the countryside, or even in France. That had happened before. He was in London. Amyus Crowe would get him out.
Assuming that Crowe wasn't in the next cell. The thought sent a cold shiver of fear through him. If he and Crowe were _both_ imprisoned here, and if Mycroft didn't know where they were, then there was nobody left to get any of them out. They might rot there forever.
'Mister Crowe!' he called. 'Can you hear me? Are you there?'
Nothing. No response.
No, that wasn't entirely true. He _could_ hear something. Now that he was listening properly he could make out a faint cacophony of moans and cries coming from the other side of the door. It seemed to have got louder when he shouted. And he could hear banging as well: metal against metal in a regular, mindless rhythm. It was like listening to a musical recital in hell.
The window in the door suddenly slid open. He jerked his head back, startled. A face stared in at him, framed in the wood: eyes wary and skin scabbed.
'Back away,' a rough voice said. 'Back across to the other side of the room. This door ain't openin' till you do.'
Sherlock shuffled away until his back was against the wall, feeling the straw piling up behind his feet as they scuffed across the floor.
The window slid closed with a _thud_. Moments later he heard the solid _clunk_ of a large bolt being drawn, and then the door creaked open.
Two men stood in the doorway. They both wore uniforms of blue canvas. Their hands were dirty and their faces unshaven. And they were both holding short wooden clubs.
'Try anythin' an' you'll be measurin' your length on the floor, understand?' The speaker was the man on the left. He was slightly smaller than his companion, and his eyes were blue. 'Tell me you understand. Talk properly now.'
'I understand,' Sherlock said, voice unsteady. 'Where am I?'
The man turned to his companion. 'You 'ear that? He don't know where 'e is!' He turned back and smiled at Sherlock. His mouth was empty of all but three blackened teeth. 'You're in Bedlam, mate! Now come over 'ere, careful like. The Resident wants to take a look at you.'
The two men backed away, leaving a path through the door. Sherlock walked gingerly forward, still trying to process what they had told him. Where was 'Bedlam'? Who was 'the Resident'?
The men stepped back as he walked through the door. He noticed that they were holding their clubs ready, in case he attacked them. He was smaller than them, and unarmed, but they seemed to be scared of him. Or, at least, wary.
Outside, he found himself in a long, wide gallery lined with doors on one side and narrow, barred windows on the other. The floor was wood, apparently polished by years of feet brushing against it. The ceiling of the gallery was curved, with iron rods every few feet making it seem as if Sherlock was standing inside the ribcage of some vast beast: an impression reinforced by the bloody glow emitted by a cave-like fireplace a few yards away. The fireplace was covered by a black metal cage which had been bolted to the wall.
There were people in the gallery. Off to one side, four men were playing cards at a small table. Another man, in a black suit and top hat, was standing by one of the windows and looking out. The expression on his face was desperately sad. Other men – and they were all men, Sherlock noticed – were walking up and down the gallery, some slowly, with their hands reaching out to trail along the brickwork, and others rapidly, as if they had somewhere urgent to be.
One man brushed past Sherlock with a curse. He walked ten feet further on, then stopped for a moment and turned around. He walked back, brushing past Sherlock again as if he had never seen him before, and strode off in the opposite direction. As Sherlock watched, he stopped again, turned around and walked back towards Sherlock once more.
Now that he was out of his cell, he could hear the cacophony of voices more clearly. It sounded like several hundred people all having conversations and arguments with themselves, or singing, or wailing, all at once, and all in ignorance of the others.
The voices came from behind the doors which lined one side of the gallery.
Turning, he spotted a blackboard bolted to the wall beside his door. On it were chalked the words _Unknown boy – Acute mania_ , along with the date.
The words were like spears of ice thrust into his heart.
_Acute mania_.
'This is a lunatic asylum,' he said, and he could hear his voice verging on breaking. 'This is where they send mad people.'
'Like I said,' the attendant said: 'Bedlam. Or Bethlehem Hospital, to the gentry. Or the madhouse, to those of us who work 'ere.'
Sherlock's keen eyes noticed that the bolt on his door was huge – probably a foot or more long. It was a design he'd seen elsewhere: a metal cylinder that slid back and forth inside a couple of metal brackets across into a narrow brass barrel on the doorframe to secure the door. The cylinder could then be rotated by its handle so that it caught behind one of the brackets on the door, stopping it from being slid back unless it was rotated again. Very simple, and quite foolproof. Even if Sherlock could have picked locks, which he couldn't, there was no obvious way out of the room. Accessing the bolt outside the door from inside would be almost impossible.
If he was going to escape.
'Now, 'ead down that way, to the end,' the attendant said, interrupting his chain of thought. 'That's where the Resident's office is. 'E likes to see all the new inmates. Very conscientious, is the Resident.' He pushed Sherlock's shoulder, backing away immediately in case Sherlock suddenly turned and grabbed him.
Sherlock started to walk. A few doors were open, others were locked with the bolts pointing firmly downwards. Whoever ran this place liked an orderly system, the appearance of control. As he passed each locked door the noise of the occupant got suddenly louder, then quieter. He could hear words, sobs, screams, and in a couple of cases what sounded like music-hall songs.
Perhaps the worst were the doors behind which he could hear no noise at all, but sense a malign presence, watching and waiting, like a spider in its web.
A hand pushed Sherlock between his shoulder blades. He nearly went sprawling to the ground.
'Move yourself,' the attendant called. 'We ain't got all day.'
With the two attendants behind him, Sherlock walked the length of the gallery, past innumerable wooden doors and narrow windows and occasional caged fires which blasted heat all around them. At one of the cages an enterprising inmate was holding a long wooden stick in the flames, toasting something. For a few moments Sherlock thought it was a chunk of bread, but as he got closer he realized that it was a mouse, curled up and blackened.
The man with the stick watched Sherlock and the attendants pass. 'I saw her again when they were all sleeping,' he said in a reasonable, calm voice. 'She walks in beauty, like the night.'
'Good,' Sherlock replied. It was the only thing he could think of to say.
One of the attendants snorted with laughter. 'Yeah, look out for ghosts, boy. Make sure you say your prayers and sleep nicely or you ain't going to like what you see.'
The attendants pushed him to the end of the gallery, where a large grille, like a portcullis, separated it from the space beyond. It was a circular hall, with a domed roof. One of the attendants opened a door in the grille with a key selected from a bunch that hung from his belt and pushed it open. He went through, leaving his colleague behind Sherlock, and gestured to Sherlock to follow him. The two of them had obviously done this many times before. They had the whole process down pat.
The domed hall into which they led Sherlock was opulent: painted white with gold-leaf ornamentation, and beautiful paintings hanging up on the walls. This area didn't have flagstones on the floor: it had black and white tiles. On Sherlock's left was a large door that, he guessed from the position of the windows along the gallery, led out into the grounds. On his right was a smaller, internal door. It wasn't locked or secured. Presumably it led into administrative areas: offices, examination rooms, kitchens, that sort of thing. And ahead of him, mirroring the floor-to-ceiling grille through which he had just passed, was another grille leading into another gallery. Vaguely, in the red firelight glow beyond, he thought he could see shapes moving. Women? A gallery for women, just as his was a gallery for men? More than likely.
The toothless attendant pushed him towards the door to his right. 'Through there, then first door on your left. We'll be waiting outside. All the Resident has to do is shout, and we'll be straight in.' He suddenly lashed out with his club, catching Sherlock behind his left knee and sending a spike of sick agony up his thigh. Sherlock dropped to the floor, his leg suddenly unable to support his weight. His elbow hit the tiles, sending another wave of agony through him. He had to clench his jaw shut and swallow hard to stop himself from throwing up. 'And if we have cause to come in, you'll remember it for a very long time. Just bear that in mind.'
He hauled Sherlock to his feet and pushed him towards the door. It swung open beneath the pressure of Sherlock's extended hand. Beyond it was a long corridor lined with doors. Attendants were walking along it, much as the inmates had walked along the gallery, and with the same mixture of purpose and purposelessness.
Sherlock saw a door immediately on his left. A brass sign had been screwed to it. The words engraved on it said: _William Rhys Williams MD MRCS MRCPE – Resident Physician & Superintendent_.
Sherlock glanced backwards, at the attendants. They were watching him carefully. He wondered if this was some kind of test: what would he do – knock politely, just stand there, or open the door and walk in unannounced?
He knocked and waited.
'Come in,' a voice called. He twisted the knob, pushed the door open and entered.
The room inside was carpeted, panelled and curtained. It was, in a strange way, reminiscent of the Diogenes Club in its plushness and its quietness. A large desk was placed to one side, in front of a large window. Bookshelves to either side of the window were filled with leather-bound volumes. A man wearing a black suit, high-collared shirt and striped waistcoat sat behind the desk, writing with a quill pen in a ledger. He was bald, apart from a fringe of black hair running around the back of his head like a small curtain.
The man glanced up at Sherlock. His gaze flickered all over Sherlock's face, hands, clothes, everything. He nodded, as if he had just confirmed a conclusion that he had reached before Sherlock had entered.
'Stand in front of the desk,' he said. His voice was thin, whispery. 'My name is Doctor Williams. I am the Resident Physician at this institution. That means I have the final say when it comes to any decision regarding the inmates – of which you are one. I should warn you that if you make any move to come around the desk, or exhibit any violent or unwarranted behaviour, I will have no hesitation in calling on my attendants for assistance. Do you understand?'
'I understand, sir,' Sherlock said, moving to the front of the desk. 'There has been a terrible mistake. I am—'
'Be quiet. Answer questions when I ask them. Do not volunteer information, or I will have you removed back to your room.' Williams paused, and glanced down at the ledger on his desk. Sherlock noticed a small brass bell beside it. 'Do you know your name?'
'Holmes, sir. Sherlock Scott Holmes.' He was about to say something else, but thought better of it.
'Memory appears intact,' Williams murmured, making a note in the ledger. 'Locomotion and posture are reasonable for a boy of age –' he glanced up at Sherlock. 'How old are you?'
'Fourteen, sir.'
'– of age fourteen,' he continued. He leaned back in his chair, which creaked beneath his weight. 'I make it a habit formally to interview all new inmates. You have been sent here because you exhibited severe manic behaviour in a public place. The police restrained you, and a doctor present at the scene certified you insane. You will stay here until I – and I only – am convinced that you have recovered. Do you understand?'
Sherlock's head was spinning. He was desperate to explain himself. 'I understand,' he said, 'but I am not insane!'
'Nobody who is insane believes themselves to be insane,' Williams said. 'It is, I dare say, one of the defining characteristics of insanity.' He nodded. 'I have, as you might expect, made no small study of insanity. I was previously Assistant Doctor firstly at Derby County Asylum and then at the Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Huntingdonshire County Asylum. Eight years ago I was appointed Assistant Physician here under Doctor William Hood, whom I succeeded six years ago as Resident Physician. I tell you this so that you know there is no way you can pull the wool over my eyes. I can tell when someone is mad, and I can tell when they are sane.'
'But, sir—' Sherlock started desperately.
Williams kept talking, as if he hadn't heard the interruption. 'I am of the firm opinion that insanity is a hereditary disease of the brain. I have, for instance, seen several cases of babies delivered of women – I can hardly call them "ladies" – who are inmates here at Bethlehem. These babies were steeped in madness as they lay in the womb, and my attendants have told me that they have acted like devils from the moment they were born.'
It occurred to Sherlock that any baby born in a place like Bedlam, with all its screams and cries and the slamming of doors, would be likely to scream and cry themselves, and that was regardless of whether their mothers were properly able to take care of them, but he kept quiet. He suspected that Dr Williams did not like to be interrupted when he was pontificating.
'Under my predecessor, the esteemed Doctor Hood,' Williams continued, 'insanity was treated – if you can call it that – with drugs and with rest and with seclusion. This is not an approach that I believe works well. I would rather tie a patient down constantly than keep him always under the influence of a powerful drug. I have known cases of chronic insanity benefit materially – although not be cured entirely, of course – by a prolonged period of time in a padded cell. I have also observed several patients who were destructive and aggressive become as meek as lambs after several hours restrained in baths of warm water. This is _my_ approach, and you will experience its benefits yourself. I hope that in time you will recover from the mania which you have so obviously displayed, and that you will be able to be released into society again.' His gaze met Sherlock's. 'Now, do you have any questions?'
Sherlock's brain raced. How could he best convince Dr Williams that he wasn't mad?
'Am I displaying signs of mania now?' he asked quietly.
'You appear to be in a placid phase of your insanity,' Williams said. 'Mania goes in cycles.'
'Then how do you know that I _was_ displaying signs of mania?'
'I have the reports of the policemen and other members of the public at the scene.'
'If I do _not_ display any further signs of mania,' Sherlock went on carefully, 'then how long will it be before you decide that I am either cured or that I was never mad at all?'
'As to the first,' Williams said, 'I cannot observe you at all times. Just because you display no signs of mania now, that does not mean that at three o'clock tomorrow morning you will not be raving in your cell and banging your head against the walls. As to the second – well, of _course_ you are mad to begin with. Why would you have been sent here otherwise?'
Before Sherlock could respond to this obviously stupid remark, Williams rang the bell that sat beside the ledger.
'If madness is hereditary,' Sherlock said desperately, hearing the door opening behind him, 'then how _can_ it be cured? Surely by that definition people are born with it, in the same way that they might be born with red hair.'
Williams stared at Sherlock as if he was disappointed by him. 'Ah, a display of argumentativeness,' he murmured. 'A classic sign of incipient mania.' He made a note in the ledger. 'Take him away,' he said, without looking up.
A hairy hand closed over Sherlock's shoulder. 'Don't make any trouble,' the attendant advised. 'Remember what I said.'
Sherlock allowed himself to be pushed out of the room, across the hall, through the grille gate and along the gallery. Despair filled him. Unless something happened, unless Amyus Crowe could get him out, then he might be incarcerated there forever. How could Sherlock persuade a man like Dr Williams that he was sane when Williams believed that insanity was inherited, and that even arguing was a sign of madness? Nothing that Sherlock could do would change his mind!
Padded cells. Being tied down. Restrained in a warm bath for hours on end. Was this what his future held for him? Was this the shape of the rest of his life?
Not if he could help it.
As he was led along the gallery, past the caged fires and the slitted windows, past the various men who paraded up and down or just stood around motionless, his brain was racing. If he couldn't rely on the medical profession to realize that he was sane, and if he couldn't rely on Amyus Crowe or brother Mycroft to get him out, then it was left to him. He had to escape by himself.
'You're allowed free association wiv the other inmates,' the toothless attendant said. 'Until lights out, that is, then you're locked in your cell. Sorry, I mean your _room_. Your palatial accommodation.' He laughed. Sherlock could smell something rank coming from his mouth: a combination of tooth decay and tobacco. 'Food trays will be bought along later. If there's any trouble – if you start a fight, or start trying to cut yourself – then we'll lock you up early. Understand?'
'I understand,' Sherlock said.
'Good lad. I don't think you're goin' to be any trouble at all, are you? I got a sense about these things. Be good and the years will just fly past.'
He was still laughing as he got to the grille at the end of the gallery.
Sherlock gazed around. There were six other inmates in the gallery. Two of them were walking up and down like mechanical toys, three were playing dice and the sixth was sitting against the wall, arms around his knees, rocking to and fro. The man who had been toasting the mouse earlier had vanished back into his cell, presumably to eat his feast in comfort. There were also two attendants: one at each end of the gallery. They were standing in a position where they could get a clear line of sight all the way down, but they looked bored. As long as a fight didn't break out, Sherlock didn't think they would be interested.
Casually, he wandered back into his room. His _cell_. The moment he was out of sight of the attendants he slipped his jacket off. He ran his hands along the sleeves until he located a tear. It had probably been caused by whatever fracas he had got into just before he had been taken away to Bedlam.
Carefully he pulled at a thread until it came loose. He followed the thread along the sleeve, pulling at it all the time, until he found the other end. A quick tug and it was away: a section of thread about a foot long. The material of the jacket sleeve was wrinkled now, pulled out of shape, but that didn't bother him too much. Working rapidly but carefully, he managed to get another five threads loose. Once he had them all in his hand he put the jacket down and tied the threads together so that he had two long strands. Cautiously he tugged at them. The knots held firm.
It was a start, at least.
If there was one thing Sherlock was sure about, it was that he wasn't going to spend the next few years in the Bethlehem Hospital. One way or the other, he was getting out.
Sherlock ambled out of his straw-matted, brick-lined room, the threads from his jacket held bundled in his hand. He leaned against the door frame, as if watching what was going on in the corridor, but he was waiting for something. He was waiting for a distraction, and given that he was in a lunatic asylum he was fairly sure that a distraction was going to come along soon.
It took nearly half an hour, but, just as he was about to give up, one of the dice players suddenly stood bolt upright. His hand was groping inside his jacket pocket.
'My watch,' he snarled. 'It's gone!' He glowered at the man nearest him. 'It was you, wasn't it? You fell against me a few minutes ago. You must've taken it then! You black dog!'
A fight broke out, both men rolling on the flagstones of the gallery, trying to claw each other's eyes out, while the gallery quickly filled up with shouting observers lured out of their rooms by the noise. The attendants rushed from opposite ends of the gallery, brandishing their clubs, hitting out to the left and to the right to clear a way through the growing crowd.
Sherlock slipped to the other side of his door: the outside. The large metal bolt was at head height. Taking one thread he tied it around the handle of the bolt and then trailed it up the door and over the top, pressing it into a gap between two planks. The loose end now hung down on the inside of the door. When the door was closed and locked, it would be on Sherlock's side.
The second thread he also tied around the handle of the bolt, but this time he trailed it horizontally, towards the hinges. He passed the thread through the gap between the door and the frame, letting it rest on one of the hinges so that it didn't fall. Again, he passed it through to the inside of the door, catching it on one of the rivets that held the door together so that it didn't slip down.
He checked over his shoulder. Nobody was watching. The attendants were laying into the fight now, splitting people up and cracking heads.
Sherlock bent down and rubbed his hands on the flagstones, picking up as much dirt and dust as he could. Quickly he rubbed his hands along the two threads, blackening them and making them less visible. He imagined the attendants sliding the bolt across, flicking the handle down and locking him in for the night. If he was lucky they would do it automatically – _slide, across, down_ – and the threads would be intact and unnoticed. And maybe – maybe – that would be the start of his escape.
Finished for the time being, he moved out into the gallery to watch the fight being broken up. There was blood on heads, on the clubs and on the floor.
'In your cells, all of you!' one of the attendants called. 'Now!'
'What about food!' someone yelled.
'No food tonight. You've lost that privilege. Nothing till breakfast for you animals, and you'll like it or lump it!'
As the attendants began pushing people into their cells and bolting the doors, starting at the far end of the gallery, Sherlock glanced sideways. A man was standing in the doorway of the next cell along. His clothes were threadbare: so dusty that although they had started off different colours they were all now approaching the same shade of grey. His beard and hair were grey. Even his skin was grey.
He glanced over at Sherlock. His eyes weren't grey: they were a faded, watery blue.
'Do I detect a new arrival?'
'That's right. I'm Sherlock. Sherlock Holmes.'
'My name is Richard Dadd. I am exceptionally pleased to meet you.' He extended a hand towards Sherlock. As Sherlock shook it, he noticed that Dadd's hand was coloured in various shades of green and blue.
Dadd noticed the direction of his gaze. 'They allow me to paint,' he explained. 'They provide me with canvas and oils and turpentine. It makes the days pass quicker. The endless days.'
Sherlock gazed at Dadd. 'You seem . . . normal.'
Dadd smiled. 'You mean sane?' He shrugged. 'I believe that I am. Doctor Williams believes that I am not. We have a difference of opinion. Unfortunately, his opinion counts for more than mine does in this establishment.'
The attendants had moved to about halfway between the end of the gallery and Sherlock's cell now. Every few seconds another door would thud closed, and the bolt would be shot across, locking it. Within a few moments he would be locked away as well. Alone. Desperate for human conversation, if only with a lunatic, he asked: 'What . . . what happened . . . to get you locked up here?'
'It's very simple, and very sad. My father was possessed by the very Devil himself. I killed him in Cobham Park. I stabbed him to death.'
Sherlock felt as if someone had doused him in cold water. 'And that's why you are here?' he heard himself saying.
'That,' Dadd admitted, 'and the fact that I was apprehended on my way to murder the Austrian Emperor. It's all a tragic misunderstanding, but Doctor Williams refuses to see it as such.'
The attendants would be with them in a few moments. The gallery was becoming quieter and quieter as the inmates were locked away, one by one.
'Take my advice,' Dadd said urgently.
'What's that?' Sherlock asked.
'Beware the Lady who walks in the night.'
'The Lady?' Sherlock asked, confused.
'She walks the galleries late into the night on noiseless feet,' Dadd confided, leaning towards Sherlock with a serious expression on his face. 'They say she was a serving girl who fell in love with the son of the man in whose house she worked. When this son left home he gave her a guinea coin – pressed it into her hand as a gift. He got into his coach and drove away, but the next thing the family knew she was chasing after the coach, screaming. The family ran after her, but the shock of the son leaving had driven her senses from her. She was committed here, to Bedlam, and spent several years here, and all that time she clutched that guinea in her fist and would not let it go, whatever the proffered compensation. She died with it still in her hand, they say, and her last request was that she be buried with the coin, but the story goes that a heartless attendant prised it from her cold, dead fingers. And so her spirit roams the corridors of this ghastly place every night since, forever searching for that lost coin, that gift from the man she loved and who loved her not. Her fingers clutch our trinkets in place of what she has lost.'
'That's rubbish,' Sherlock said, but he could hear the uncertainty in his own voice. He didn't believe in ghosts, but there was something about Dadd's serious expression, and the conviction in his voice, that gave Sherlock pause.
'Perhaps so,' Dadd said. 'Perhaps so, but be watchful nevertheless. There _are_ strange things that walk these galleries at night. Believe me. The boy who was in that room before you – he disappeared. Vanished suddenly and noiselessly. My suspicion is that the Lady came looking for her coin, and he saw her, so she took him instead.'
The attendants had reached Dadd by now. He nodded his head to them courteously, and backed into his room. 'Gentlemen,' he said as he went. 'Goodnight to you.'
Next it was Sherlock's turn. He backed into his room before they got to him. The thud of the door closing, and the metallic rattle of the bolt sliding shut, were the two most terrible sounds he had ever heard.
He waited until the attendants had moved on, and he had heard the door and bolt on the next room thudding home, before he checked the threads. They were both intact. He tugged experimentally on both of them, taking up the slack. They seemed to be all right. Maybe, just maybe, his plan would work.
But he had to wait until well after midnight to try it out.
Aware that his stomach was empty and that he wasn't going to get anything for at least another twelve hours, he sat on the straw-covered floor and rested his back against the cold, dank bricks. How did people survive here, night after night? How did they manage to keep . . . sane? The moment the word popped into his mind he found himself laughing. Of course. Most of them weren't sane. _Most_ of them. But Sherlock was, and he suspected that at least a handful of other people imprisoned in Bedlam were sane as well. Maybe they were eccentric, maybe they had opinions that were abhorrent to politicians or Church leaders, but that didn't make them mad.
He must have fallen asleep while he was thinking, because the next thing he knew, the only light coming in through the slitted window was the pale, white light of the moon. He watched as the distorted rectangle it cast slid down the wall, like a piece of paper stuck to the bricks with treacle.
The next thing he knew, the rectangle of light was on the floor. He must have slept again for a while. His shoulders ached from the cold of the wall, and the muscles of his legs felt weak and tingly.
And someone was watching him through the wooden hatch in the door.
He could see light silhouetting a head, and he could sense eyes, malicious eyes, staring at him intently. He didn't move, didn't speak. Eventually, with a soft squeak, the hatch closed again.
It wasn't one of the attendants: that much he was sure of. They wouldn't have bothered being quiet. They would have just slammed the hatch open, taken a look and then slammed it closed again. Whoever had been watching Sherlock through the hatch hadn't wanted him to know about it.
The sensible thing would have been to have waited for a while before making his move, but he was burning with curiosity now. He wanted to know who it was that had been interested in him.
Silently he climbed to his feet and crossed to the door. He cautiously felt for the two threads that he'd left there earlier, trailing from the handle of the bolt. They were fragile, thin, and he was worried that they might have been disturbed by the opening of the hatch, but after a few moments of groping around he found first one, and then the other.
He had to do the next bit very carefully. There was no room for error: he would only get one chance.
The way the bolt was designed, it had to be rotated through a quarter-turn before the handle could slide past the brackets. One of the threads – the one that trailed over the door – he could use to rotate the bolt. If he was lucky. The other one he could use to pull the bolt back, out of its catch.
Experimentally, he pulled on the thread that ran up and over the door. It gradually pulled taut. He tugged on it. Nothing. He felt a growing frustration churning in his chest. He wanted to pull hard, but if he did that then the thread might snap, or the knots might give. Maybe it was snagged on a rivet, or a splinter, or something. It might even have become caught up between the door and the frame when the door closed. Forcing himself to focus, Sherlock felt the tight band around his chest ease slightly. He pulled again on the thread. This time he felt something give, and from the other side of the door he heard a grating noise. In his mind he could see the thread pulling on the handle of the bolt, but with the brackets stopping it from moving and with the handle offset, the only freedom of movement it had was for the bolt to rotate around its own longitudinal axis. So, reluctantly, it did.
Sherlock had to judge the amount of rotation very carefully. If it rotated the bolt too much – if he ended up with the handle pointing directly upward – then it would not open. The only clear path the handle had was when it was pointed outward at ninety degrees to the door. If he pulled too far then there was no way to get the bolt down again. This was a one-time-only opportunity for freedom.
Sherlock stopped pulling while there was still some play in the thread. He wanted to pull further, but he knew he shouldn't. Time to try the other thread now, and pray that it worked.
Keeping the tension on the first thread, he pulled on the second one, which ran horizontally around the edge of the door. If he'd worked things out correctly then this one should pull the bolt back along the door, out of the catch. _If_ he had worked things out correctly.
There was some resistance, but the thread moved, and he could feel an increase in tension in the first thread, the vertical one. On the other side of the door he could hear the grating of metal against metal as the bolt slid back. Elation filled him. He stopped breathing, in case the movement of his chest disturbed the delicate balance of the threads.
After a minute or so of gradual movement, the thread went tight. The bolt couldn't move any more. If Sherlock was right, then it had been pulled completely back, and the door was unlocked.
He pushed against the wood.
Nothing. The door didn't move.
He pushed again, harder.
This time, the door shifted slightly. He'd forgotten how heavy it was! He threw his weight against it, and the door opened an inch.
He braced his boots against a gap between the flagstones of his cell and pushed with his shoulder.
The door swung open.
He caught it before it could go too far, and slipped through the gap and into the gallery.
Firelight flickered along its length. The windows were thin rectangles of blackness. Silence, apart from the crackle of burning coals.
A figure moved silently down the corridor, away from him. It was a woman, dressed entirely in black. Her head was covered in a shawl, and as she came level with each door she paused for a moment and gazed towards the cell, then moved on down the gallery. He couldn't see her feet; she seemed to glide noiselessly across the floor.
Sherlock realized that she was gliding in the opposite direction from the grille that closed off the space between the gallery and the entrance hall. He suspected that if he was going to get out then he had to go back, towards the entrance. Part of him desperately wanted to follow the woman in black – the _ghost_ in black, part of his mind said – but the more sensible part wanted to get to freedom. He didn't have a plan for getting past the grille, but at least he'd managed to get out of his cell. That was an accomplishment in its own right.
With a last, regretful glance along the gallery, where the woman in black had stopped outside one of the cells, Sherlock moved in the opposite direction.
He could hear a mixture of sounds coming from the cells as he moved rapidly along. From some of them came heavy snoring, from others muffled sobs and from the remainder either silence or voices praying. He wished he could do something for them, but he wasn't in a position to lead a mass escape attempt, and even if he could he was in no position to distinguish between the sane and the mad. He had to save himself.
He got to the grille at the end of the gallery. The hall beyond was in shadow. He had a vague idea that he might be able to pick the lock, or take the door off its hinges, or even hide behind one of the enormous flowerpots until morning and sneak out behind the backs of the attendants, but he was amazed to see that the grille was unlocked. He glanced around, expecting a trap, but nobody jumped out at him. He pulled the door open and slipped into the hall.
Freedom.
Almost.
He kept to the shadows around the edge of the hall, rather than crossing the tiled expanse of the centre, until he came to the double doors that led outside. Nervously he pushed them open, expecting at any moment that an alarm bell would be sounded, or that somebody would shout after him, but nothing happened.
The air outside was the freshest he could ever remember breathing. It was like drinking clear, cold water from a stream.
It was still night, and the road on the other side of the wall was quiet. He looked around, getting his bearings. If he could make it to the road then he could hail a cab and persuade the driver to take him . . . where? Amyus Crowe hadn't booked them into a hotel, and he didn't know where the big man had gone. He supposed he could head for the Diogenes Club. It was the only place that Crowe might think to use as a rendezvous.
He ran down the steps and on to the path that led away from Bedlam.
'Oy!'
The voice was loud, aggrieved. He wanted to run, pell-mell, down the path to freedom, but something made him turn around.
The toothless attendant was standing on the steps, club in one hand and a whistle in the other. 'You come right back 'ere, son, or I'll call the Peelers, so I will. If you come now I promise I won't break any bones. If I have to get the police to get you back it'll reflect badly on me, and that means I'll take it out on you. I guarantee you'll walk crooked for the rest of your short life.'
Sherlock was about to tell the attendant to go to hell, and run, but someone yelled out from inside the hall. The attendant turned to call back. 'It's all right – I got 'im out 'ere!' he shouted. He turned back, whistle coming up to his mouth, but he looked at Sherlock and the hand holding the whistle slowly dropped down to his side again. His expression was a mask of confusion.
'If there's any breakin' of bones to be done around here,' a deep, deceptively calm voice said, 'then I believe I have priority. And, by the way, considerable experience as well.'
Sherlock didn't have to turn his head to know that Amyus Crowe was standing directly behind him, close enough that if Sherlock stepped back then he knew he'd bump into him.
''E's an escaped madman!' the attendant exclaimed.
'I don't think so,' Crowe observed. 'I have in my pocket a piece of paper signed by three separate doctors, all confirming the sanity of this boy. I think a mistake has been made, a serious mistake, and if you don't want it to reflect on you then you should just let us walk away now.'
'We can't,' Sherlock said quietly.
'Why not?'
He sighed. 'There's something I have to do. Inside. I have to talk to the Resident Physician.'
'Son, there're times when life offers you a free gift.' Crowe's voice was urgent, insistent. 'This is one of those times. If we walk away now, you're safe. If we go inside, I can't guarantee what will happen. They might find a way of keeping you.'
'I know, but there're more important things at stake here. I need to see the Resident Physician.'
This time it was Crowe who sighed. 'I gotta say, life as your tutor is never boring.' He raised his voice. 'You – the man with the club and the badly fittin' uniform. I want to see the Resident Physician. Tell him I'll be waiting in his office for an explanation as to why he saw fit to imprison a perfectly sane boy.' Whispering now, as the attendant gaped blankly at them, he said to Sherlock: 'Lead the way, son. Let's let him find us in his office, with me sittin' behind his desk. It'll keep him off balance.'
Sherlock led Crowe past the attendant, who ran past them, into the hall, and across to the door that led to the offices and administrative areas. He looked for a moment as if he was going to bar their way, but instead he ran off down the corridor.
'The Resident Physician sleeps on the premises,' Crowe rumbled as Sherlock led the way into the oak-lined office. 'That's one thing I found out about this institution.' He looked around. 'Nice place. He obviously gets paid well.'
'Who pays him?' Sherlock asked. 'Who funds this place?'
'As I understand it, families pay for their loved ones to be "looked after", whether they need it or not. There're rumours of women bein' sent here because they wouldn't get married, or wanted to marry someone unsuitable, or had gotten themselves married but didn't love their husbands. Obvious sign of madness, I'm sure you'll agree.'
'But there _is_ such a thing as _real_ madness, isn't there?' Sherlock asked.
'There is,' Crowe agreed, 'but I wouldn't bet on the doctors here recognizing it unless it ran up an' bit them on the nose.' He frowned. 'Which, bein' madness, it probably would.'
'So,' Sherlock said, his thoughts suddenly catching up with what had been said, 'who paid for _me_ to be incarcerated here?'
'That's the six thousand dollar question.' Crowe walked over to the other side of the desk and sat down. 'Answer is, I don't know, but someone did. You probably saw that I got involved in an altercation. You started actin' strangely, but before I could extricate myself from my situation you'd been carted away. Whoever did this had a carriage an' a doctor ready an' waitin'. Come and join me, by the by. Stand by my shoulder.'
'So what happened?' Sherlock asked, moving to stand behind Crowe. 'What did I do?'
'You went wild, throwin' yourself on the ground an' shoutin' about fire an' birds an' suchlike. You were out of control. Never seen anythin' like it in my life – 'cept once when Ginny and I were on the boat comin' over here an' a passenger ran across the deck, screamin' that he couldn't stand the waves and the sky starin' at him any more. Threw himself over the railin's. The Captain turned around to try an' find him, but he'd gone. Drowned.'
Sherlock felt his breath catch in his throat. 'What _made_ me act like that?'
'I suspect that somethin' was added to your drink, or sprayed in your face. Remember that substance in the pocket of the dead man in the Diogenes Club some time ago – the spray we think caused your brother to have a blackout while still standin'? I think you'll find whatever was used on you was a similar thing, but designed to cause temporary hallucinations, rather than blackouts.'
'But why?'
'I don't rightly know, but my money is on the Paradol Chamber. You've stepped in their way twice now and managed to stop their international criminal activities – once with Baron Maupertuis an' once in Russia. I think they want to get you out of the way.'
Sherlock was about to ask how Crowe had found him when the door burst open and Dr William Rhys Williams rushed in. He was wearing an embroidered dressing gown over a nightshirt, and had a tasselled velvet cap on his head. He was furious: red in the face and wide-eyed.
'What in heaven's name do you think you are doing, facilitating the escape of an inmate of this institution? I should have you horsewhipped!'
'Is that an approved medical treatment?' Crowe rumbled. 'Or just somethin' you enjoy as a recreational activity?'
'Get out from behind my desk!' Williams shouted.
'Not your desk for much longer,' Crowe said calmly.
'What do you mean?'
'I know your General Medical Council ain't been around for long, but I doubt they'd look too kindly on one of their members accepting sane people into a lunatic asylum for cash.'
'This child is not sane,' Williams snapped. 'I examined him myself.'
'I have three doctors who say he is,' Crowe replied, holding up an envelope. 'I'd be happy to set them against you in a court of law and see who comes out ahead, but before I do that my friend here has somethin' to say.' He looked up at Sherlock. 'All yours, son.'
'I saw something,' Sherlock said, trying to control his breathing. Looking at Williams's florid face made him feel sick. Just a few short hours ago, this man had said that Sherlock was obviously insane.
'Saw what?' Williams asked. 'This is a lunatic asylum. All kinds of things happen in here that don't happen in the world outside.'
'I saw a ghost,' Sherlock said calmly.
Williams glanced at Crowe and raised an eyebrow, as if to say _I told you so_. 'A ghost?' he said in a reasonable voice. 'Please, tell us more. Did it walk through walls?'
'No,' Sherlock replied, 'and that's what made me realize that it wasn't really a ghost. It was meant to look like one – dressed all in black, and supposedly the spirit of a poor servant girl who died here – but what ghost needs to leave a door open so that it can move about, or use a hatch to look at someone in their cell?'
'You think it was someone dressed up?' Crowe asked from beside him, face alert. 'Why?'
'There are people here who have privileges. I suspect that long-term inmates get to furnish their cells and wear their own clothes. I think that long-term inmates who aren't obviously dangerous can be quite comfortable here. And I think that one of the attendants is stealing from them – getting into their cells while they are asleep and stealing stuff, like watches, or coins.' He paused, remembering the fight between the dice players. 'I've only been here a day and I've noticed that inmates are losing possessions. They're like sitting ducks – vulnerable, easy to take advantage of.'
'Why on earth would any such thief dress as a ghost?' Dr Williams said dismissively.
'If someone who has been diagnosed as being insane says that a ghost has stolen things from them, who will believe them?' Sherlock asked simply.
'And has anything else strange happened?' Crowe asked. He was talking to Sherlock, but his face was stern as he stared at Williams.
'A boy who was in my cell before me died,' Sherlock said. 'They said he'd seen the ghost, but I think he'd worked it out.'
'Had he?' Crowe's gaze was fixed on Williams. 'Or is there something goin' on here worse than theft?' He stood up abruptly. 'We'll be takin' our leave of you, Doctor Williams. I think you can expect a visit from the General Medical Council and the police in the near future. I think you can expect them to look into any unexplained deaths that have occurred here – especially of young people. And I think if you don't cooperate fully with them, then you'll hang along with whoever actually _is_ responsible – assumin', of course, that you're not the person wearin' the ghost costume an' stalkin' these corridors at night.'
'I know nothing about this,' Williams said, but his face was as white as if he had seen a ghost himself. Perhaps, Sherlock thought, he'd glimpsed a vision of his own future, and he didn't like what he'd seen.
'It stops,' Crowe said as he walked out from behind Williams's desk and past the doctor. 'It stops _now_.'
'Do you think things in there will change?' Sherlock asked as they walked out of the building and into the cool, fresh air.
'I'll make sure they do,' Crowe replied. 'Sad to say, son, but things like this go on all over the place. Wherever there're people in a position of power an' other people who are vulnerable, there's theft, an' abuse, an' worse.' He shook his head. 'It ain't within the gift of a man to change the world. All he can do is change the things he sees around him. If enough people do that, then maybe the world will change anyway.' He glanced at Sherlock. 'I'll talk to your brother. He can pull some strings – get the place checked over officially. An' I'll make sure they know what they're lookin' for.'
Sherlock nodded. 'Thank you.'
They walked on in silence for a few moments.
'That was good figurin' out, by the way,' Crowe said.
'What was?'
'The bit about the ghost – workin' out that only livin' people need open doors.'
Sherlock smiled. 'It just seems obvious. A ghost that can't walk through walls, or bars, isn't a ghost at all. And that's why I can't believe in ghosts, by the way.'
Crowe raised an enquiring eyebrow. 'Go ahead – I'm all ears.'
'Well, we assume that ghosts can walk through walls, but they apparently still need to walk on floors. People say they've seen ghosts on stairs, or in first-floor bedrooms, or wherever. It doesn't make any sense. If walls aren't any barrier to ghosts then floors shouldn't be either – they should just fall straight through them. Or, rather, they shouldn't be able to climb up stairs in the first place. Maybe, logically, there's something about the _ground_ that means they can't move through it, the ground being natural, but if they can move through vertical barriers like walls then they can move through horizontal barriers like floors, and if they _can't_ move through horizontal barriers then they can't be ghosts.'
Crowe considered for a moment. 'I like your style of thinkin'. Most people argue for or against the existence of ghosts on a spiritual basis. You're applying rigorous logic. Are you doin' this to everythin' in your life?'
'Bit by bit.'
'Try not to turn your attention to religion _just_ yet. Remember, you still have to live in your uncle's house, an' I suspect that his heart wouldn't stand the strain if you tried to persuade him logically that God don't exist.'
Crowe headed towards a carriage that was waiting patiently for them. Sherlock hung back.
'Can we trust it?' he asked uncertainly.
'As much as we can trust anything,' Crowe rumbled. 'It's the cab I took to get here. To be on the safe side, I waited for three to pass before I hailed it.' He placed a hand on Sherlock's shoulder. 'You're spooked, son, an' that's natural. The Paradol Chamber have taken a shot at you, an' it blew up in their face. I don't think they'll try anythin' else for a while. If nothin' else, this was a warnin'. They want you to know they're watchin' you, an' they don't want you interferin' in their plans again.'
Sherlock felt something harden within his head. 'Then I don't have a choice, do I?' he asked.
Crowe just cocked an enquiring eyebrow.
'If I want to walk safely in the streets,' Sherlock said grimly, 'then I have to bring the Paradol Chamber down. I have to crush them so they never threaten anybody else again.'
Crowe nodded. 'I reckon,' he said, 'that's a logical course of action to take.'
**AUTHOR'S NOTE**
The text that forms the majority of this story was originally written for the third Young Sherlock Holmes adventure – _Black Ice_. It formed a self-contained section just after Sherlock is attacked by a steel-clawed falcon in the Passmore-Edwards Museum and just before he heads off to Russia. It was removed because it slowed the story down, and because it didn't have very much to do with the rest of the plot. I always regretted its loss, so I present it here as a short story in its own right. The action now takes place between the end of _Black Ice_ and the beginning of the fourth Young Sherlock Holmes adventure, _Fire Storm_.
Sherlock's brief imprisonment in the madhouse known as 'Bedlam' (or, more properly, the Bethlehem Hospital) is as accurate as I could make it. Actually, I could have put a lot more detail in there, but I wasn't sure that a full-blown description of a London madhouse of the 1860s was entirely appropriate for a story like this. They weren't nice places. Anyway, the books I used for research were:
_Bedlam: London and Its Mad_ by Catharine Arnold (Simon & Schuster, 2008)
_Bedlam: London's Hospital for the Mad_ by Paul Chambers (Ian Allan Publishing, 2009)
Richard Dadd, the artist who engages Sherlock in conversation in the asylum, was indeed a patient at Bedlam for a number of years. He was, at one stage, moved to the newly opened Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum, but I'm assuming in this story that he was moved back to Bedlam for a while – possibly for good behaviour.
The building occupied by the Bethlehem Hospital is now the Imperial War Museum in South London. My grandmother used to live just around the corner from it, and I have distinct memories as a child of being taken through the grounds, past the building, and looking up at it nervously, knowing that it had once been inhabited by lunatics. Apparently the staff of the museum still don't like going down into the basement to the storerooms. They say there's a 'feeling' about the place. Sherlock wouldn't believe in 'feelings', but me? I'm not so sure . . .
Andrew Lane
**ABOUT THE AUTHOR**
Andrew Lane is the author of some twenty previous books. Some are original novels set in the same universes as the BBC TV programmes _Doctor Who_ , _Torchwood_ and _Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)_ , some are contemporary novels written under a pseudonym, and some are non-fiction books about specific film and TV characters (notably James Bond, and Wallace & Gromit). He has also written for the _Radio Times_ and its US equivalent, _TV Guide_. Andrew lives in Dorset with his wife, his son and a vast collection of Sherlock Holmes books, the purchase of which over the past twenty years is now a justifiably tax-deductible expense.
_Also by Andrew Lane_
Young Sherlock Holmes: Death Cloud
Young Sherlock Holmes: Red Leech
Young Sherlock Holmes: Black Ice
Young Sherlock Holmes: Fire Storm
This electronic edition first published 2011 by Macmillan Children's Books
a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
Pan Macmillan, 20 New Wharf Road, London N1 9RR
Basingstoke and Oxford
Associated companies throughout the world
www.panmacmillan.com
ISBN 978-1-4472-1287-4 EPUB
Copyright © Andrew Lane 2011
The right of Andrew Lane to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
You may not copy, store, distribute, transmit, reproduce or otherwise make available this publication (or any part of it) in any form, or by any means (electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Visit **www.panmacmillan.com** to read more about all our books and to buy them. You will also find features, author interviews and news of any author events, and you can sign up for e-newsletters so that you're always first to hear about our new releases.
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Weekly News From Your Union: March 18, 2016
Weekly News From VSEA!
Click here to view/ download a text version of this issue
State Meets With VSEA Bargaining Teams
New $35 Million Hole In State Budget
Free Press Reports On Proposed Work Camp Closure
VSEA NEK/St. Johnsbury Chapter Places "Save The Work Camp" Ad In Local Paper
Eight Private, Out-Of-State Firms Bid To Take Over State's Risk Management Division Services. Workers Say, "Keep It Local!"
Local Morrisville Businessman's Commentary Blasts DCF Leadership, While Defending Frontline Workers
Brattleboro Chapter Meeting Monday, March 21
Bolton Valley Already Offering VSEA Members Deeply Discounted 2016-2017 Season Pass Rates
Reminder: Deadline To Submit Bylaw Changes Is March 25!
AFL-CIO Releases Results Of "National Survey Of Working Women"
VSEA Seeks Union Organizer
VSEA Seeks Administrative Assistant
VSEA First Vice President Looking To Fill Vacant Council Seats
New Trainings Added! Winter/Spring 2016 Training Schedule
VSEA Insurance Representative In Brattleboro Next Week
Quote Of The Week!
Previously In Week In Action:
Special Alert To Stewards From VSEA Labor Educator
VSEA & State's Child & Elder Care Committee Announce Benefits To State Employees
Important Reminder About Messages to the Legislature or the Public!
Joint Safety & Health Committee Posts "Complaint Form" To Gather Data From State Employees
Threatened While On The Job? VSEA Wants To Know.
Second In Series Of Messages From VSEA Insurance Administrator R.K. Tongue Co.
Delta Dental Supplemental Plan Enrollment Forms Mailing In April
VSEA Calendar
Panasian Restaurant
Putney Rd.
Policy Committee Meeting
VSEA HQ
9:00 a.m
Steward Training: The Hostile Work Environment
VTrans Training Center
1716 U.S. Rte. 302
Meet w/VSEA Insurance Rep. Joanne Woodcock
DCF Office
232 Main St., Room 205
Noon – 3:00 p.m.
AOT Labor/Management Committee Meeting
Retirees' Chapter Meeting
Steward Training 3: The Contract & Challenges In The Workplace
Budget Committee Meeting
Deadline To Submit Bylaw Changes!
"What we need overall is to find ways to retain our social workers. Changes must be made to encourage healthier, happier workers. Social workers need to be helped to cope with the traumatic stresses of the job. The issues with the DCF organizational culture must be addressed and changed to ensure that employees feel valued."
Morrisville, Vt, businessman Caleb Magoon in a commentary he penned about DCF and DCF workers that appeared in the March 17 Stowe Reporter.
Subsribe To VSEA!
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Note: Be sure to read #3 and then click to sign up.
1) UPDATE! Save the Date! Friday, May 20: VSEA Steward Summit Training.
All Stewards are urged to attend this special, all-day training. VSEA officers and staff will join us to collectively explore ways to improve public services, strengthen our contracts, and build our Union.
The day will include breakout sessions and workshops by bargaining unit, department and Field territory. Breakfast and lunch will also be provided on May 20.
New! Folks are invited to stay overnight at the hotel on May 19, especially if you are traveling from far away. You will need to make your own room reservation by April 11. Call Best Western directly and ask for the VSEA rate for May 19. VSEA will reimburse you for the hotel stay. There will also be a group dinner on May 19.
Best Western Waterbury: 802-244-7822
Questions about the training, contact Tim Lenoch: [email protected]
Questions about hotel reservation, contact Amy Haskins: [email protected]
2) Spring Trainings
See WIA entry "Labor Educator's Winter/Spring 2016 Training Schedule" for more information.
3) Individual trainings/meetings at your worksite.
I would like to hold one- to two-hour individualized trainings with you, depending on your availability. Stewards can sign up for a training by clicking below on whichever link is nearest your worksite, and then select a time and suggest a location to meet. I will follow up with an email to confirm and discuss logistics.
Topics range from your experiences and worksite challenges to statewide issues and current VSEA campaigns.
Burlington & St. Albans
Newport & St. Johnsbury
Morrisville & Waterbury
Montpelier & Barre
Rutland & Middlebury
White River Junction & Springfield
Bennington & Brattleboro
The VSEA/State Child and Elder Care Committee met this week at headquarters and asked WIA to announce the following programs available to state employees in the Executive Branch.
1) The Child Care Reimbursement Program provides reimbursement for care supplied by a state-approved provider (separate from FSA).
Reimbursement will be available for employees who spent at least $300 dollars for regular, ongoing, work-related child care for children who were under 14 years of age (as of 12/31/15);
Employee's (plus spouse's or partner's) federal taxable income (after deductions) must not exceed $60,000;
The application deadline for 2015 reimbursement is 4/16/16; and
Applications and additional information are available by calling (800) 287-8322 or click here.
2) The Child Care Referral Service provides parents of infants and children (through age 12) with assistance in locating suitable child care.
A network of referral agencies are located throughout the state to serve your geographic area;
Assistance with year-long and summer child care;
Available free of cost; and
FOR MORE INFORMATION: Contact the Child Care Resource and Referral Service at 1-800-339-3367
Additional information about these programs and their guidelines can be obtained by calling (800) 287-8322.
3) The Elder Care Reimbursement Program offers mini grants to help Vermont state employees with their elder care expenses.
Reimbursement will be available for employees who spent at least $ for care for aged or . The maximum reimbursement per household per year is;
Elder care items eligible for reimbursement include but are not limited to: respite care, Lifeline or similar service, home modification, ramp installation, safety bars, door widening, rental or purchase of medical equipment, transportation to medical appointment or needed medical services, housekeeping provided by a service, mileage over 50 miles (round-trip) for an appt., etc. Items not on this list will be considered by the committee. Items not eligible for reimbursement are: nursing home care, medical & dental bills, eyeglasses, hearing aids, medications and hospital bills; and
Applications are available by calling (800) 287-8322 or click here.
VSEA members are under attack, both at the bargaining table and in the Legislature, and members' voices are the most powerful force we have. Members are already speaking out, particularly to legislators, so we need to remember some basic ground rules. Click here to view a memo that outlines some basic points about how to make sure your speech is protected. One of the key rules is this:
When you communicate with legislators, the media, or the public, make sure you are not on work time and don't use the employer's computer!
Nothing will undermine your message more effectively than the suspicion that you are using work time or the employer's property for personal purposes. Electronic messages to lawmakers should originate from your personal email account and not from your state email account. The same goes for posting on websites or blogs. Send your messages from your personal email on break time, or pre- or post-work.
VSEA thanks all members for your attention to this request.
For years, VSEA members and staff have served with management on a specially created Joint Safety and Health Committee, which meets periodically to discuss current safety and health issues impacting state employees, your worksites and/or the public. Committee members also strategize together about the best course of action to address a safety or health issue or concern, and they make recommendations to the State.
The Committee asked WIA to share that it has recently created a new downloadable "complaint" form for VSEA members to fill out and submit to the Committee if they are dealing with a safety or health issue and want to file an official complaint. The Committee will review all submitted forms at upcoming meetings to determine if action is warranted, and, if so, what kind of action is appropriate.
If you have any questions about the form, please contact VSEA's staff liaison to the Committee, Field Services Director Gretchen Naylor. You can email her at [email protected] or call her at 223-5247.
VSEA President Dave Bellini is asking all state employees who are threatened while performing your job duties to provide an account of the threat not only to your supervisor or the State, but also to VSEA.
"VSEA wants to begin to compile its own record of threats against frontline state employees, no matter your occupation," explains Bellini. "I'm asking all employees who are threatened, especially those working in AHS, to take a few minutes to fill out an online form VSEA made to collect your report. The information will help us provide a firsthand account of the number of threats being made and where they are being made, in addition to some other things."
If you are a state employee who is threatened on the job, please click here to find the online report form, which will remain confidential, unless otherwise approved by you.
VSEA On-The-Job Threat Report Form
Note: A few weeks back, WIA published the first of a series of announcements from VSEA insurance administrator R.K. Tongue Co., informing VSEA members about an opportunity to purchase voluntary permanent life insurance through "the convenience of payroll deduction and easy online enrollment." If you would like to read the first announcement again, please click here.
Do You Have Enough Life Insurance?
According to a recent LIMRA International survey, sixty-five percent of employees with group life believe they need more life insurance beyond what their employer provides.*
Enrolling now, PureLife-plus is affordable life insurance from Texas Life with the following features:
Permanent life insurance to age 121;
Easy qualification with only three work- & health-related questions;
Convenience of payroll deduction; and
All with coverage that you own and may take with your when you change jobs or retire. It's yours to keep!
Enrollment Dates: 3/1/16 to 4/30/16
Login using your employee number in both the ID and password fields.
If you have any questions or need assistance with enrolling in coverage, please contact VSEA's insurance administrator, R.K. Tongue Co., at (800) 638-6353 or email [email protected].
*Facts from LIMRA International, September 2015
PureLife-plus (PRFNG-NI-10) is an individual, flexible premium universal life insurance product. For details of coverage see the PureLife-plus brochure. PureLife-plus is underwritten by Texas Life Insurance Company, P.O. Box 830, Waco, TX, 76703; 1-800-283-9233 16M016-C (2) 1013 (exp0218)
VSEA members wanting to join Delta Dental's Supplemental Program should keep an eye open for new enrollment forms in mid-April 2016, when the forms will begin arriving in all eligible VSEA members' home mailboxes. The deadline to return your enrollment form will be in mid-May. Premium deductions from employee paychecks will begin in early June. The Supplemental Program's new contract year begins July 1, 2016, and ends June 20, 2017.
VSEA members who already belong to the Supplemental Program will not be required to re-enroll. VSEA members who wish to leave the Program will be able to do so, using the enrollment forms that are coming in the mail.
Subscribe To Week In Action!
Follow VSEA Online!
Shortly after WIA was sent last week, VSEA received two letters from State negotiators, one requesting to meet yesterday with the Corrections and Supervisory Unit Bargaining Teams and one requesting to meet today.
The Corrections and Supervisory Teams did meet with the State yesterday, and the NMU Team and the State are meeting right now to determine if the terms and conditions contained in the fact-finder's report are agreeable, or even negotiable. All Teams are waiting for the completion of today's meeting between the NMU Bargaining Team and State negotiators before meeting to discuss a possible unified strategy to move forward, depending on the outcome of this week's meetings. Remember, if the Teams cannot come to an agreement with the State, both sides will be forced in front of the Vermont Labor Relations Board to argue their case.
If you have a question, please contact a member of your Unit Bargaining Team. Click here for a list.
VSEA Supporters Hold Solidarity Event At State House
Heading into meetings this week with the State on a new and fair contract, the spirits of VSEA Bargaining Team members were lifted by a strong show of support on March 16 from labor groups and labor-friendly groups across Vermont. At a press conference at the State House, representatives from all the groups publicly declared their solidarity with VSEA members and your fight for a fair contract. VSEA thanks all the folks who came out to participate in the event and show solidarity with state workers at a particularly pivotal time in the bargaining process.
The Vermont NEA issued a really nice press statement of solidarity with VSEA members on March 16. Click here to read what it said.
>> Back To Top
VTDigger reports on March 15 that Vermont lawmakers will be scrambling again this year to find $35 million in new revenue to balance the budget. This is an unanticipated budget hole, primarily due to lawmakers rejecting certain pieces of the State's budget proposal. This is an especially tough pill to swallow when you consider that the State built no money into its budget for state employee wage and benefit enhancements, so if VSEA Bargaining Teams are able to negotiate a deal, the money to fund the contracts will also need to be found. But VSEA members who attended your union's State House Day on February 25 are reminding that House Speaker Shap Smith told a large contingent of state employees that he was aware of the State's omission and that he would be "keeping an eye on the budget as it nears its vote in committee" to try to make sure some money was in there.
VSEA members and the union's legislative team will be watching the budget debate closely in the next few weeks and months, hoping that cuts to public services don't once again become the primary vehicle to fund Vermont's annual budget holes.
There are alternatives. Just ask the VT Blue Ribbon Tax Commission or the Public Assets Institute.
Photo: Burlington Free Press
The Free Press published a story on March 14 about the State's proposal to save $2 million by closing the Work Camp in St. Johnsbury. As the paper reports, the expected $2 million in savings will really only be a $1 million because you have to send the 56 inmates at the Work Camp to an out-of-state, for-profit private prison in Michigan.
VSEA member Gary Guyer is the Work Camp's supervisor, and he is quoted in the piece, questioning some people's thinking that there is no longer a need for work camps.
"I wanted to ask [these people] what magic ball [they are] looking into, because as far as I'm concerned when it comes to seeing the future, it's nothing but a snow globe," he says. Guyer also laments the ramifications of stopping the vocational rehabilitation being offered at the Work Camp, reminding that "[We're] teaching them life skills that they haven't been taught, and it's nice to see these guys progress."
In the story, Suzi Wizowaty, the executive director of Vermonters for Criminal Justice Reform (which fights the State's use of private prisons) joins Guyer to oppose the State's proposal.
"The work camps are the best part of corrections," Wizowaty says. "The idea that we would close the work camp and send more people to a private prison — it's going from the best to the worst."
The story includes a list of alternatives that are being discussed, including:
St. Johnsbury Police Chief Clem Hood wants the State to consider filling the beds with some non-violent offenders in the community who seem to need more support to stay out of trouble. "What once used to populate the work camp is now living out in the community, and we're dealing with those folks," Hood says;
The DOC has considered loosening the Work Camp eligibility criteria so that more of Vermont's prison inmates would qualify. The State could allow people convicted of arson or caught with contraband to join a work crew, for example. But the DOC has yet to find a reasonable eligibility standard to fill 56 additional beds;
Vermont could save more money ($1,263,192) by using the beds for inmates with felony convictions or inmates who need medication-assisted drug treatment, who would not participate in work crews. But this plan requires approval from the Legislature and a new agreement with the town of St. Johnsbury.
The House Appropriations Committee and the House Corrections and Institutions Committee are trying to find a solution for the empty space that works for everyone, including the local community.
Upcoming Trainings:
1716 U.S. Route 302
Steward 3: The Contract & Challenges in the Workplace
>> Register for trainings here!
In response to the State's proposal to save money by closing the Work Camp in St. Johnsbury, NEK/St. Johnsbury Chapter President Ellen Hinman worked with VSEA to produce a half-page ad to support keeping the facility open. The ad also urges Vermonters, especially those in St. Johnsbury, to call the Governor and tell him to drop this ill-advised proposal.
"This proposal doesn't make good economic sense," explains Hinman. "So our Chapter wanted to do something to try to educate the local community about how this proposal will take more good-paying jobs out of the Northeast Kingdom and could make it so the State has to send 50 or more offenders off to for-profit, out-of-state prisons, probably at a greater cost to the taxpayer. Worse, the rehabilitation and work skills being provided to offenders at the Work Camp will be hard for Vermont to replace."
Click here to view the ad.
Yesterday, BGS' Purchasing Division unsealed the bids from eight private, for-profit companies who want to take over workers' comp, liability, etc. services from the State's Risk Management Division. The State proposed cutting the Division and its dozen-plus workers as part of its budget package. As WIA readers hopefully know, VSEA members in the Division have been fighting back for months now at the State House, and now they will be able to openly question why lawmakers would want to contract these services to an out-of-state firm, driven by profit. Looking at the list of bidders, none are based here in Vermont, so taxpayer dollars could now go to:
Sedgwick Claims Management Services (HQ in Memphis TN);
Gallagher Bassett Services (HQ in Tucson, AZ);
The Lawson Group (HQ in Concord, NH);
CorVel Enterprise Co. (No Vermont Office Listed);
Helmsman Management Services (HQ in Boston, MA);
PMA Management Corporation of New England (HQ in Blue Bell, PA);
Cross Insurance TPA (HQ in New Gloucester, ME); and
FutureComp & York Risk Services (HQ in Parsippany, NJ)
"One of the primary messages our Risk Management workers are delivering is that they are Vermonters serving Vermonters, but equally important, they are state employees serving state employees," says VSEA Communications Director Doug Gibson. "They know the nature of all state work, as well as the state worksites, which is huge. Then there's the question of why Vermont would want to send taxpayer dollars to New Jersey, Arizona or anywhere else outside our state. There's more than 100 years of experience in this small office, and now we just want to throw all that away to take a chance on an unproven entity from Arizona or Massachusetts? It makes zero sense."
VSEA is asking members to call or message your lawmakers to ask them to keep the State's Risk Management Division local and State-run. Thanks!
A commentary penned by Morrisville businessman Caleb Magoon appeared in the March 17 Stowe Reporter, and the piece is very tough on DCF leadership but very compassionate about the nature of DCF work and the frontline workers who provide the department's critical services. Here is an excerpt from Magoon's commentary, which is titled "State Agency Needs a Makeover. Poor Leadership, Stress Hurt Department for Children and Families."
"Despite the difficulty of the job, most social workers understand that the work they do is extremely important to the social good, and they are in it for the right reasons. Unfortunately, the unavoidable psychological stress is compounded by a destructive and unsupportive management culture that devalues social workers' ideas and opinions.
Comments and suggestions from the ground-level workers are not encouraged, not taken seriously, and often ridiculed. The result is a crushing blow to employee morale. Why would anyone want to do a dangerous and profoundly upsetting job when they don't even feel respected by their own bosses?
Making matters worse is what every social worker knows: When something terrible happens, the blame never rolls uphill."
Read Full Commentary Here
VSEA Brattleboro Chapter President Robin Rieske asked WIA to remind the Chapter's next meeting is Monday, March 21, at the Panasian Restaurant on Putney Road in Brattleboro. The meeting begins at 5:00 p.m. Dinner and non-alcoholic beverages provided. Please RSVP to Robin at [email protected].
Bolton Valley Ski Resort has been a participating member of the VSEA Advantage Discount Program for years, offering full-fledged VSEA members and their families discounted day and season passes.
Even though the 2015-2016 ski season isn't over quite yet, Bolton is already offering VSEA members an early-bird special deal on a 2016-2017 season pass. This is special pricing that Bolton Valley is offering on a trial basis to gauge Vermonters' interest in purchasing a pass way ahead of time if the price is deeply discounted.
Bolton is offering an adult "All-Access" season pass for $269 to VSEA members. This is a $230 savings per pass from last year. This price is good until October 31, 2016. Youth passes ($159) include an added discount that Bolton will stop offering on April 4, 2016, so, if interested, book these sooner, not later.
Full-fledged members will need a promo code at the time of checkout, which will apply discounts to the full price passes. VSEA's promo code can be found by logging into your free VSEA.org account and navigating to Bolton Valley page of the VSEA Advantage Program.
How To Get Your Discount:
Log In To Your VSEA.org Account Here
Access the Bolton Valley Advantage Program Page Here
Click here to order your pass(es) today! On the page, you'll find a list of prices and instructions to order.
Need A VSEA.org Account?
Sign Up For A Free Account Here!
Please contact Doug Gibson by emailing [email protected]
Deadline To Submit Bylaw Changes Is March 25!
The deadline to submit proposals for changes to VSEA's Master Bylaws is Friday, March 25, 2016. Proposals must be mailed to: Janis Henderson, Bylaws Committee Chair, c/o VSEA Headquarters, P.O. Box 518, Montpelier, VT 05601-0518.
Proposals should reference the number, section, sub-section, etc. of the bylaw you would like to change. You should also include the language you want to add, delete or substitute. Also include the reason(s) you are making this proposal. Example: "Bylaw 0 A (1) (b) Change: Monday to Sunday. Reason: Makes it easier to work with the calendar."
Please be sure the changes you are recommending include all Articles and/or Bylaws that may be affected by the proposed change.
If you have questions, please contact Janis at [email protected].
The national AFL-CIO launched its National Survey of Working Women last fall in an effort to gain a multi-faceted picture of American women, and yesterday the AFL-CIO released the survey results.
Here's an excerpt from an AFL-CIO press release about the survey:
"The results of the National Survey of Working Women reflect what I have been hearing from working women all across the nation: they are working harder than ever but still can't make ends meet, too many are forced to make an impossible choice between caring for their families and providing for them, and pay discrimination makes it impossible to just break even, let alone get ahead," says Rep. Bobby Scott. "The good news is that joining a union is one of the surest ways that workers can raise their pay, and secure benefits like paid leave and fair work schedules. That's why I introduced the Workplace Action for a Growing Economy Act, to strengthen women's ability to speak up together, and to help them make a better life for themselves and their families."
The survey revealed that 59% of women fill the role of primary breadwinner in their household and that women view healthcare costs and low wages as major barriers to their economic stability.
"Millions of American women are juggling work and family responsibilities and it is not getting any easier. From equal pay and an increased minimum wage, to affordable healthcare and paid leave, nearly 25,000 working women have made their voices known in this survey and spoken on the issues that can help families succeed," says Rep. Rosa DeLauro. "Now it is up to Congress to listen and to enact legislation that makes the workplace a better place for all women. We can start by passing the FAMILY Act, to guarantee paid family and medical leave for all employees, and the Healthy Families Act, to allow workers have access to job-protected paid sick days. The time to act is now. The American worker deserves nothing less."
In addition to being the breadwinner and financial decision maker for their families, the survey found that over 25% of women spend over 30 hours a week on caregiving activities.
The comprehensive report can be found online here.
VSEA is seeking an experienced Union Organizer.
Areas of Responsibility Include:
Leadership Development – Identify existing leaders within VSEA and build relationships with those members through the work of building the union; Identify and recruit members to fill leadership roles within the structure of VSEA; Educate members on ways in which they can talk to their colleagues about the union, develop effective strategies to identify issues, use direct action to make workplace improvements, and staff Labor/Management Committees;
Support VSEA's Broader Organizational Goals and Activities – Facilitate turnout to events, trainings and meetings; Support key legislative, political, and community and workplace actions as outlined by the VSEA Strategic Plan;
Identify Member Issues & Move a Plan of Action: Meet with members to discuss current issues of importance; Work to develop and execute a clear work plan around the issues;
Increase Union Membership: Demonstrate success in signing up fee payer and new employees as VSEA members while engaging union activists and leaders in the process of signing up new members; and
Communication with Members: Be a frequent worksite presence in worksites, holding face-to-face conversations with VSEA leaders, activists and rank-and-file members; Provide the VSEA Communications Department with regular updates on internal and external organizing efforts; Update VSEA bulletin boards in worksites by providing activists and leaders with updated materials as often as possible.
VSEA seeks to interview dynamic candidates with a track record of commitment to the labor movement and preferably two (2) years of experience as a union or political organizer. Any applicant must have reliable transportation as daily in-state travel is expected. Interested and qualified candidates are encouraged to submit their resume and a cover letter detailing their labor or political experience [email protected]. Exceptional candidates will be scheduled for an interview.
The Vermont State Employees' Association is seeking an experienced Administrative Assistant.
Administrative support of the VSEA legal team;
Querying employee information from the database;
Processing grievances for the Field Team;
General filing and document processing;
Answering incoming calls and directing them to appropriate extensions/individuals;
Greet and direct members and visitors coming to VSEA;
Help maintain the scheduling of conference rooms/meetings;
General database administration;
Preparation and production of membership mailings; and
Event support for Council and Annual Meeting, as assigned by the Director of Operations.
VSEA seeks to interview dynamic candidates with a track record of commitment to the labor movement and preferably two (2) years of administrative experience conducting database queries. Interested and qualified candidates are encouraged to submit their resume and a cover letter detailing their labor movement experience to [email protected]. Exceptional candidates will be scheduled for an interview.
VSEA First Vice President Aimee Towne asked WIA to remind members about several open seats on the VSEA Council. These Council seats (by departmental heading) still remain open:
Aging and Independent Living
Auditor of Accounts
Buildings and General Services
ACCD/Housing
ACCD/Economic Development
ACCD/Marketing and Tourism
Commission on Women
Criminal Justice Training Council
Forests and Parks
AHS/Rate Setting & Auditing
AHS/IT Unit
Public Safety – Civilian
Public Service Board
Public Service Department
Transportation Agency/DMV
Treasurer's Office
You can find a self-nominating form by clicking here. (opens/ downloads as a PDF)
With more than 120 VSEA members, the VSEA Council is one of your union's primary governing bodies and its largest and most diverse, with departmental representatives from across state government. The Council meets quarterly and retains a right to override decisions made by the VSEA Board of Trustees.
Questions? Please contact VSEA Administrative Assistant Ayla Hudson at 802-223-5247, or by email at [email protected].
>> New Trainings Added!
Winter/Spring 2016 Training Schedule
VSEA Labor Educator Tim Lenoch asked WIA to announce a new round of trainings he has scheduled for winter/spring 2016. If you are interested in registering to attend one or more trainings, you can do so by clicking here. Please direct your training questions to Tim at [email protected].
Trainings in blue are for all members.
Steward Training: Investigations & Working With Human Resources
Steward Training: Corrections Unit
Steward Training: The Grievance
Steward Training: The Labor/Management Committee
Diversity & Solidarity For Public Sector Union Members
*Just Added!*
Steward 1: Introduction and the Basics
Steward 2: Protecting the Contract and Building the Union
Steward 3: The Contract and Challenges in the Workplace
>> Register for the above trainings here!
All VSEA Steward Summit Training
Best Western Waterbury
(45 Blush Hill Road, Waterbury)
Register for the May 20 All VSEA Steward Summit Training here!
VSEA Insurance Representative Joanne Woodcock will be in Brattleboro two days next week to talk with interested VSEA members about member-only insurance benefits.
12:00 to 3:00
Receive information on disability coverage, family life insurance, family accident and cancer coverage. You must be a member paying full dues to be eligible for this VSEA benefit. If you are an agency-fee payer, Joanne can provide you information about signing up for full membership.
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← How to Write an Application Essay: the Ultimate Convenience!
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Kim Guan Paint Sdn Bhd - We supply automotive paints refinish, car care products, industrial paints, decorative paints, industrial chemicals, etc.
44, Jalan Berkat 2, Taman Malim Jaya, 75250 Melaka, Malaysia.
Kim Guan Paint Sdn Bhd is a car paint supply company. Our company is located in Melaka, Malaysia. We also supply a variety of products such as automotive paint refinish, car care products, industrial paint, decorative paint, industrial chemical etc.
Our company was in car paint industry for since 2006. We understand customer needs and that's also allow us to provide the best solution that perfectly match of colors for their cars with good quality products and good services bring to consumers.
Apart from that, we also supply automotive paints refinish, car care products, industrial paints, decorative paint, industrial chemical, and etc. We carry a variety of popular brands such as SANCora, Beger,3M, PPG, NEXA Autocolor, HIPIC, APC,Mercury,Newpas,CPP,Kimlex,Fox7,Samurai, SATA, VSG, Devilbiss, GM-tech, and Megulars.
Kim Guan Paint Sdn Bhd is committed to deliver safe and effective car paint products to all customers. Please feel free to contact us for further information. Our customer service team is always ready to serve you.
Kim Guan Paint Sdn Bhd added new post.
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Published In The Daily Transcript
Advertised public notices, printed in a newspaper of general circulation, are required by California law. Within the individual category, notices are arranged by print publish day in reverse chronological order.
Online, on a selected date, the notices are arranged in alphabetical order.
301 Notice of Petition
PUBLISHED: Friday September 23, 2005
NOTICE OF PETITION
TO ADMINISTER
ESTATE OF
ALFRED FULLSHIRE
CASE NUMBER P188652
To all heirs, beneficiaries, creditors, contingent creditors, and persons who may otherwise be interested in the will or estate, or both, of ALFRED FULLSHIRE,
deceased.
A PETITION FOR PROBATE has been filed by
ALAN J. FULLSHIRE in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego.
THE PETITION FOR PROBATE requests that ALAN J. FULLSHIRE be appointed as personal representative to administer the estate of the decedent.
THE PETITION requests the decedent's will and codicils, if any, be admitted to probate. The will and any codicils are available for examination in the file kept by the court.
THE PETITION requests authority to administer the estate under the Independent Administration of Estates Act. (This authority will allow the personal representative to take many actions without obtaining court approval. Before taking certain very important actions, however, the personal representative will be required to give notice to interested persons unless they have waived notice or consented to the proposed action.) The independent administration authority will be granted unless an interested person files an objection to the petition and shows good cause why the court should not grant the authority.
A HEARING on the petition will be held on OCT 11 2005 at 1:45 p.m. in Probate Department F10 located at Madge Bradley Bldg., 1409 4th Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101-3105
IF YOU OBJECT to the granting of the petition, you should appear at the hearing and state your objections or file written objections with the court before the hearing. Your appearance may be in person or by your attorney.
IF YOU ARE A CREDITOR or a contingent creditor of the deceased, you must file your claim with the court and mail a copy to the personal representative appointed by the court within four months from the date of first issuance of letters as provided in Probate Code section 9100. The time for filing claims will not expire before four months from the hearing date noticed above.
YOU MAY EXAMINE the file kept by the Court. If you are a person interested in the estate, you may file with the court a Request for Special Notice (form DE-154) of the filing of an inventory and appraisal of estate assets or of any petition or account as provided in Probate Code section 1250. A Request for Special Notice form is available from the court clerk.
Alan Fullshire
32 Lower Cross
Shoreham, NY 11786
(631) 744Ð7640
Pub. Sept 23,26,30-d530718
HELEN LAURA MILLER, aka HELEN L. MILLER
To all heirs, beneficiaries, creditors, contingent creditors, and persons who may otherwise be interested in the will or estate, or both, of
A PETITION FOR PROBATE has been filed by DONALD DICKINSON in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego.
THE PETITION FOR PROBATE requests that DONALD DICKINSON be appointed as personal representative to administer the estate of the decedent.
A HEARING on the petition will be held on OCT 03, 2005 at 9:30 a.m. in Probate Department located at Madge Bradley Bldg., 1409 4th Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101-3105
Attorney for petitioner:
Thomas B. Karp
Law Offices of Thomas B. Karp
410 Nutmeg Street
(619)297Ð7012
Pub. Sept16, 19, 23-d530344
HERBERT S. HAUSER
A PETITION FOR PROBATE has been filed by CLIFFORDHAUSER AND JEFFREY HAUSER in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego.
THE PETITION FOR PROBATE requests that CLIFFORD HAUSER AND JEFFREY HAUSER be appointed as personal representative to administer the estate of the decedent.
A HEARING on the petition will be held on OCTOBER 11, 2005 at 1:45 p.m. in Probate Department F10 located at Madge Bradley Bldg., 1409 4th Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101-3105
Howard C. Peterson
2445 Morena Blvd, Suite 202
MARY N. HUGHES
To all heirs, beneficiaries, creditors, contingent creditors, and persons who may otherwise be interested in the will or estate, or both, of MARY N. HUGHES
A PETITION FOR PROBATE has been filed by TONI C. LOPEZ in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego
THE PETITION FOR PROBATE requests that TONI C. LOPEZ be appointed as personal representative to administer the estate of the decedent.
A HEARING on the petition will be held on OCTOBER 18 2005 at 1:45 p.m. in Department F10 located at Madge Bradley Bldg., 1409 4th Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101-3105
Doreen D. Erenea
13400 Sabre Springs Parkway, #200
Pub. Sept. 23,26,30-k114997
PAUL ECLERA REYES, SR.
To all heirs, beneficiaries, creditors, contingent creditors, and persons who may otherwise be interested in the will or estate, or both, of PAUL ECLERA REYES, SR.
A PETITION FOR PROBATE has been filed by LEROY JOHNSON in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego.
THE PETITION FOR PROBATE requests that
LEROY JOHNSON be appointed as personal representative to administer the estate of the decedent.
Brian R. Kingston, Esq.
SBN#201756
Kingston & Kingston
680 Telegraph Canyon Road, #103
WALTER KINDER
CASE NUMBER PN28834
To all heirs, beneficiaries, creditors, contingent creditors, and persons who may otherwise be interested in the will or estate, or both, of WALTER KINDER
A PETITION FOR PROBATE has been filed by Elizabeth S. DelPozo in the Superior Court of California, County of San Diego
THE PETITION FOR PROBATE requests that Elizabeth S. DelPozo be appointed as personal representative to administer the estate of the decedent.
A HEARING on the petition will be held on OCT 14 2005 at 9:30 a.m. in Department 23, located at 325 South Melrose Drive, Vista CA 92083
Petitioner:
Elizabeth S. DelPozo
2658 Del Mar Heights Road, #267
Browse By Publication Date
Months in 2005
Days in September 2005
2015 Public Notices
|
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ACP Provides 'Bold New Prescription' for Broken Health Care System
In a series of policy papers, the American College of Physicians describes its new vision for the U.S. health care system
ACP Releases Ambitious New Vision for a Better Health Care System for All.
Jan. 10, 2020 (ACP) – The American health care system is ill, and the American College of Physicians is offering a bold new prescription designed to put the nation on the road to recovery.
ACP lays out its ambitious new plan in a series of policy papers titled, "Better Is Possible: The American College of Physicians Vision for the U.S. Health Care System." As a united and interconnected whole, the papers call for systemwide health care reforms.
"ACP is proposing a number of interconnected, comprehensive, and evidence-based policy recommendations that reimagine the nation's health care system as one where everyone has coverage for and access to the care they need at a cost that they and the country can afford," said Dr. Robert McLean, president of ACP. "Our patients deserve better than the status quo, and we truly believe that better is possible."
The four policy papers, which appear in a supplement to ACP's journal Annals of Internal Medicine, include an overall call to action and specific plans that address barriers to care/social determinants of health; coverage and cost of care; and health care delivery and payment system reform.
In an editorial accompanying the call-to-action paper, McLean and other ACP leaders outline the American health system's symptoms: "Costs are too high, many people lack affordable coverage, incentives for hospitals and physicians are misaligned with patients' interests, primary care and public health are undervalued, too much is spent on administration at the expense of patient care, and vulnerable individuals face daunting barriers to care."
ACP's own mission mandates that it stand up for physicians and patients, McLean writes. As a result, the ACP Board of Regents directed its committees and councils in 2018 to develop a vision for a better American health care system. The new policy papers are a result of this effort.
In developing the new papers, ACP gave all U.S.-based members the opportunity to share their views through a survey. More than 1,000 members submitted open-ended recommendations which were considered in the final development of the papers. ACP Leadership and Governance had extended time to comment and share recommendations for review, and feedback to be considered for inclusion in the papers. Every ACP committee was provided with an opportunity to share with the developers of the papers their ideas on how to achieve better health care for all, from their areas of expertise. No other ACP policy paper has been afforded as many opportunities for individual ACP member, committee member, chapter governor, and regent input.
"The U.S. health care system is like a chronically ill patient, and ACP is proposing a new prescription," McLean writes. "Simple market solutions have been unsuccessful elsewhere, and we do not believe that health care is a commodity. Issues of health are intensely personal, and care is not an item on a store shelf."
ACP believes it's important to not only describe how to get to a better future, but also define what a better future should look like. To that end, the policy papers offer 10 components of a health care system that is both "better" and "possible":
Everyone has coverage for and access to the care they need at a cost that both they and the nation can afford.
Social factors that contribute to poor and inequitable health are addressed. Barriers to care for vulnerable and underserved populations are overcome, and no person is discriminated against based on personal identity characteristics.
Payment and delivery systems put patient interests first and support physicians and their care teams in delivering high-value, patient-centered care.
Unnecessary administrative spending costs are redirected to funding health care coverage and research, public health and interventions to address social determinants of health.
Clinicians and hospitals deliver high-value, evidence-based care within available resources. The public and physicians are involved in determining priorities and allocating funding and resources.
Primary care has equitable payment levels between complex cognitive care and procedural care. Payment systems support the value that internal medicine specialists bring to patient care.
Financial incentives are aligned to achieve better patient outcomes, reduce costs and reduce inequities in health care.
Inefficient administrative and billing tasks are removed, documentation requirements are simplified, payments and charges are more transparent and predictable, and delivery systems are redesigned to make it easier for patients to navigate and receive needed care conveniently and effectively.
Value-based payment programs support clinical care team collaboration and use only appropriately attributed, evidence-based and patient-centered measures.
Health information technologies enhance the patient-physician relationship, facilitate communication across the care continuum, and support improvements in patient care.
To reach these goals, ACP calls for the following actions in the policy papers:
Coverage and Cost of Care. Transition to a system that achieves universal coverage with essential benefits and lower administrative costs (and associated administrative paperwork required of physicians and their patients) through two potential approaches: a single-payer financing system or a publicly financed coverage option with regulated private insurance.
Either way, cost sharing that creates barriers to high-value care should be eliminated. Additionally, payments to physicians and other health professionals, hospitals and others delivering heath care services must be sufficient to ensure access and not perpetuate existing inequities, including the undervaluation of primary and cognitive care.
The College also proposes controlling costs by lowering excessive prices, increasing adoption of global budgets and an all-payer rate setting, prioritizing spending and resources, increasing investment in primary care, reducing administrative costs, promoting high-value care, and incorporating comparative effectiveness and cost into clinical guidelines and coverage decisions.
Health Care Delivery and Payment System Reforms. Redesign health care delivery and payment to support physician-led, team-based care delivery models in providing effective, patient- and family-centered care. And increase payments for primary and cognitive care services, redefine the role of performance measures to focus on value to patients, eliminate "check-the-box" reporting, and align payment incentives with better outcomes and lower costs.
ACP also recommends eliminating unnecessary or inefficient administrative requirements and redesigning health information technology to better meet the needs of clinicians and patients.
Reducing Barriers to Care and Addressing Social Determinants of Health. Put an end to discrimination and disparities in access and care, resolve workforce shortages including the shortage of primary care physicians, and understand, address and overcome social determinants of health. Efforts should also be increased to address public health threats such as firearm-related injuries and death, environmental hazards, climate change, maternal mortality, substance use disorders and health risks from nicotine, tobacco and electronic nicotine delivery systems.
"The audience for these papers is the public at large, our legislators and policymakers especially, and of course our physician colleagues and other fellow members of the health care community," McLean said. "We are hoping that these policy papers will encourage important and appropriately detailed health care policy understanding and discussion."
He added: "There is a great amount of misinformation and disinformation in the area of health care policy, and that is likely to increase greatly in this election year. We must do what we can to advocate for meaningful and accurate discussions around these topics and to not allow our legislators and policymakers to obfuscate with rhetoric."
The ACP call-to-action paper "A Better Health Care System for All: The American College of Physicians' Call to Action" is available on the Annals of Internal Medicine website.
ACP invites all members to join the conversation:
Engage on social media by using #ACPVision4HealthCare.
Participate in a Twitter chat (#ACPVision4HealthCareChat) on Tuesday, January 28, 2020, at 8:00 p.m. ET.
Register to participate in a webinar for ACP members on Wednesday, February 5, 2020, from 3:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. ET.
E-mail your thoughts, questions, and suggestions to us at [email protected]
Back to the January 24, 2020 issue of ACP Advocate
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As I remember, for TCP and UDP checksum HW offload, SW is responsible for generating and setting psudo-header checksum.
Refer to app/test-pmd/csumonly.c for an example.
Subject: Re: [dpdk-dev] pktgen offload checksum flag not able to make it work with pacp packets.
Yes I have checked those examples and had set all those flags. But IP checksum started working after commenting off the txq_flags from the pktgen.c file's tx_conf .
I was modifying a packet in pktgen_pcap_mbuf_ctor() and after modifying I wanted to offload the checksum calculation to h/w so I am setting these flags in pktgen_pcap_mbuf_ctor function.
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Henry walks into the kitchen carrying the cheap acoustic guitar with flames on it that his Uncle Dave bought him, same as if he was walking in with a cup of OJ or some fallen leaf he found out in the yard. But it ain't the same to me, man.
I want to fist bump the cosmos.
I want to high-five the entire galaxy.
I want to scoop my 5-year-old up in my arms and squeeze him until he El Kabongs me to the floor.
See, I've played the guitar alongside my brother in my band, Marah, for nearly 20 years now, but I've never forced any instruments on my kids. I'm simply not that guy. If they get interested, I figure, then we'll run with it. And besides, my oldest is still only 7; there's plenty of time to figure things out.
It's more than I can handle today. A flash of heat lightning zips through my bones. You play rock-n-roll in a band for half your life, you can't just be all nonchalant when your own son starts strolling around the house with his own guitar. You can try to play it down if you really need to, but it won't work, trust me.
Pride — the real kind, the parenting kind, that has been living down in your bones, biding its time, waiting patiently for this moment to possibly appear someday — it comes launching up out of your guts like some famished Great White, exploding onto the surface of your face no matter how chill you might normally be at any other time.
I try to bite my lip, to watch my oldest son stroll by me like there's nothing going on at all, but I'm too crazy with joy. No matter what happens next, I know I'm about to embarrass poor Henry a little. But whatever. It is what it is, this pride stuff. When you see yourself in your own child, there is no holding back. Nor should there be, you know?
The words come gushing out of my mouth before he's three steps across the linoleum.
As soon as I say those dumb words, I know damn well I've played it all wrong. And Henry does too. I've been a rock-n-roller for two decades, but no amount of street cred in this world can cancel out the dork in me. The minute I say "rock out" I cross over into Dork Land and we both know it.
He says our band name like that. It's pronounced muh-RAH, but Henry says it: "Muh-WAH!," like Elmer Fudd would say it. My life is improved 5,000 percent every time I hear it, too.
The moment unfolds, and I get it. As a dad with a son exploring his own mind and interests, I know I'm cramping Henry's style. But so be it. I can't care about that, man! Not this afternoon! Ask any dad alive and they'll tell you the same thing I'm about to tell you.
See, I can't put his young embarrassment out in front of my insatiable need to beam right now. I've basically waited my entire life for this moment right here. Even when I had no idea that it could ever be a possibility, I was harboring the notion. Even when I was too young or wild or self-obsessed to care, deep down I was always dreaming of, and wishing for, a mini-me carrying a guitar with flames on it to holler at me about practicing Ramones songs!
It is the dream of dreams for a dad like me! And here I am living it! Like father, like son. I'm staring that in the face. Like father, like son. My heart is racing up my trachea.
So I'll be damned if I'm going to leave my pride out on the runway, Henry. No way. I'm so in love with you right now, dude. My pride, it needs to soar around the room and fill it up like sunlight, or like pork chop smoke detector haze. My pride will NOT be contained, buddy. It CANNOT be!
My pride is busted out and running loose.
Completely unexpectedly, one of the best moments of my existence is unfolding right before my very own eyes.
So, duh. I mean, of course I'm freaking out. Of course I am.
Oh boy. Like father, like son.
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In USDA hardiness zones 6 and below, consider buying plants for a longer bloom season.
I recommend planting 5-6 together to achieve maximum butterfly attracting effect.
Click Here to find for more Butterfly Plants.
Hi, I have just planted several verbena B in my Melbourne garden in a very sunny position. We know them here as "thrillers and fillers" and I'm loving the continual blooming, but I am encountering powdery mildew on the leaves. I'm wondering whether this is a result of over watering. I water every second day because we have had such a long hot summer. The plants are quite juvenile 40cm high.
In California, I have a large plant f Verbena. It is going well. However, during it now has a white coat on the bottom part of the pant? How do I treat it?
What do you mean by "commas"?
I've got some Verbena bonariensis seeds and wondered when I could get them started indoors. I live in Vermont.
Hi Steve, I've never started Verbena indoors before, but would probably try starting seeds 2-4 weeks before planting…from what I've seen outdoors, it grows quickly from seed.
Verbena Bonariensis was very attractive to our Common Buckeye butterfly. The gathered seeds Winter Sowed very good in the milk jugs too.
Your one tailed male seems to have escaped the Flycatcher.
Verbena Bonariensisis: I am able to get locally the Buenos Aires which will grow 3′ tall, Meteor Showers 2′ tall and Lollipop 2′. Will any of these varieties work for the Moarchs or are there better choices out there?
Hi Bill, we mistakenly purchased one of the dwarf varieties last year (I think it was lollipop) and all pollinators completely ignored it…I would plant the regular variety if you can find it.
Is Buenos Aires considered one of the regular varieties at 3′ tall?If not do you know the common names of the ones that are.
I did some research on the Verbena Bonariensisis Buenos Aires and the plant height itself is around 2' and the flower heads will be 4' tall. If I am not able to find any other varieties, that is the one I will be doing this year. Will let you know how it does.
Thanks again for all your info on your site.
Hi Terry, lilacs aren't a favored monarch nectar source, but they'll use it if other nectar sources aren't available.
Thanks so much for your wonderful website. We grow verbena bonariensis in central Florida, and the Queens and Zebra Longwings spend all day working it over, as do also the species you listed. You're right about growing for monarchs, and ending up with all kinds of butterflies. Just today, I counted 9 species in our garden.
Hi Tony. Have a question on the Verbena Bonariensis. I have some plants that grew last season that are still alive after some very cold weather. Would it be best to leave the tall stalks or cut them back. If I do cut them back, do I cut back to the base where the new growth is? Thank you so much for your help.
Hi Jo Lynn, in Minnesota I have actually been able to grow some perennially and they grew back from the roots. Keep in mind OE spores could also be present on resused nectar plants, so I would cut them back to about 6″ and let fresh grow emerge for the returning butterflies.
Hi Brian, I plant the see-through plant all over the garden because so many pollinators like it and it doesn't crowd out other plants. I have leaf mulched it before and it did come back. However, if spring is cool it takes them too long to come back. We buy plants every season at a plant sale and having blooming verbena the entire season.
We always have lots of volunteers come up later in the season…there's still a lot of viable verbena seedlings out there now, and the bees and stray butterflies are still enjoying them.
We typically get 12 plants…the most I put together is 4. I do it different every year. I like spreading them out. I'm sure they would love a patch of 6 together too.
We live north of Detroit, so our winters are probably as cold as yours (maybe a little warmer). We grew verbena bonariensis for the first time this year and found it did best in a full sun location. The monarchs and black swallowtails loved them.
My question is, does the plant reseed well in your area, or do you end up buying new plants and just enjoy the volunteers as they pop up? If you do replant, how close should I space a six pack of verbena bonariensis to get the maximum effect?
Since my v. bonariensis has a three-foot tall stalk (mine are three feet tall) and a short / small head of flowers, where should I cut / deadhead? At the ground level, at the flower level, somewhere in between?
I planted six very healthy one-gallon plants (propagated by Grandiflora, in Gainesville, FL) last September and they began blooming profusely and beautifully in April — the "first nectar magnet" for butterflies in my garden.
In early July their flowers became spent and I'm pleased to have found your blog / website.
I will appreciate your help with this deadheading question.
I live in Charleston, SC.
verbena should be cut toward the top. From the spent flower, just go down to the first node below it where you see two leaves starting to grow. Cut right above this node. New flowers will develop from there. Hope this helps!
Hi! I'm a newbie and wanted to know if this verbena can survive in a partial shady area that gets late afternoon sun. I know it was stated that for full height, it likes full sun. I'm not too concerned about the height, but wanted to know if it will flower less if it doesn't get full sun. Thank you so much for your time!
Hi Brenda, congrats on your new butterfly garden! I plant verbena (and it also reseeds) in different areas of the yard that receive varying amounts of light. It grows most vigorous in full sun, but it will do just fine in partial shade and still attract butterflies. Remember that you can also deadhead verbena to promote new flower growth.
|
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Q: StackOverflowError while traversing a binary search tree in Java I have a method that returns the deepest node in a BST. I have this code which raises a StackOverflow error:
public int getDeepestNode(AvlNode head) {
if (head == null) {
return 0;
} else {
return (Math.max(getDeepestNode(head.getLeftNode()), getDeepestNode(head.getRightNode())) + 1);
}
}
To me it looks fine, why is it raising the error?
A: getDeepestNode must occur repeatedly on the stack.
More than likely you have a cycle in the AVL tree. The naming, head, already might be an indication of unclean thoughts. Debugging helps.
Alternatively, you might harden your code as:
public int getDeepestNode(AvlNode head) {
return getDeepestNodeSafe(head, new ArrayList<AvlNode>());
}
public int getDeepestNodeSafe(AvlNode head, List<AvlNode> pathFromRoot) {
if (head == null) {
return 0;
} else {
if (pathFromRoot.contains(head)) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Cycle: ");
for (AvlNode node : pathFromRoot) {
if (node == head) {
sb.append("***");
}
sb.append(node).append("; ");
}
Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName()).log(Level.WARN, sb.toString());
return 0;
}
pathFromRoot.add(head);
int depth = Math.max(getDeepestNodeSafe(head.left, pathFromRoot),
getDeepestNodeSafe(head.right), pathFromRoot) + 1;
pathFromRoot.remove(pathFromRoot.size() - 1); // Undo
return depth;
}
}
Throwing an IllegalStateException would definitely be better, but with this code you might find the error faster (or not).
|
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This book is a practical "how-to" guide that will help you become more aware of your own physical and mental health. It's power packed with tips to combat stress and achieve a sense of wellbeing. Try the breathing and visualization exercises in this book because they are so simple, yet so profound in their natural ability to transport you into a more positive space. 'Jojo Struys's Guide to Wellness' is out in all major book store chains nationwide in Malaysia.
International buyers, purchase book here.
|
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Baranów Sandomierski is a small town in southern Poland, in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (Province), Tarnobrzeg County on the Vistula River, with 1,440 inhabitants (02.06.2009).Baranów lies near the Vistula River, along regional road nr. 985, which goes from Tarnobrzeg to Mielec. It belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland, and for centuries was part of the Sandomierz Voivodeship. Its name comes either from sheep husbandry, which was prevalent in this area in the past (baran means ram in Polish), or from the Baranowski family, owners of the town.
The settlement or the gord (medieval Slavonic fortified settlement) of Baranów was first mentioned in 1135. It was conveniently located near the Vistula river ford, and in 1354 it was granted town charter by King Kazimierz Wielki. Baranów belonged to the Baranowski family, and in the late 15th century it became property of the Kurozwecki family. In 1518 Barbara Kurozwecka married Stanislaw Gorka, so Baranów remained in the hands of the Gorka family until 1560, when it was sold to Rafal Leszczynski. During the Protestant Reformation, Baranów was an important center of Calvinism. The town prospered due to grain trade, as well as its artisans. Its decline began during the catastrophic Swedish invasion of Poland (1655 - 1660), when Baranów was ransacked and burned.
In 1677 the town was sold to Dymitr Wisniowiecki, later on it belonged to the Lubomirski family, and the Potocki family. In the mid-18th century its population was ca. 1,200. After the Partitions of Poland Baranów found itself in the Austrian province of Galicia, where it remained from 1772 until 1918. The town further declined, as it was located near the tightly sealed Austrian - Russian border. Furthermore, frequent Vistula floodings caused extensive damages, and on August 24, 1898 almost whole town burned in a fire. Its decline was so severe that Baranów lost its town charter in 1896, remaining a village until 1934.
In the Second Polish Republic Baranów became part of Tarnobrzeg County, Lwow Voivodeship. In 1933, Baranów received its coat of arms. During the 1939 Invasion of Poland, units of the Krakow Army withdrew eastwards in the area of Baranów, and in 1939 - 1944, the Baranów Castle was the seat of a local German administrative office. In July 1944, units of the Red Army crossed the Vistula near the town, creating the so-called Baranów Bridgehead.
|
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The 2017 Ford Mustang GT500 will go through many changes in many areas such as engine, concept and aerodynamics. It was first released in the market in 2010. After seven years, Ford has decided to do away with their previous model with some drastic changes. Mustang has a great resemblance with the 2016 Shelby. This time it will come out in 3 versions with all models available with auto gear technology. As the reports suggest, Ford has decided to do away with 3 exterior colors and 2 interior. After several performances, this car has been chosen as the best concept car. This car is developed on the s550 platform. This concept is sure to produce maximum acceleration and speed.
In contrast to the previous model, this model has many changes which will be noted once it comes out in the market. It has a new metallic varnish which is used over the basic steel gloss. It has also new black glasses which stops maximum sunlight. There is also an introduction of a new hood and bumpers which are much stronger and in a new shape. 2017 Ford Mustang GT500 will be getting a two series of LED lights which are made by a gas called neon for late night glow. There is also a rechargeable battery which can charge up all the electronic devices present in this car. It has also introduced two tail lights, which are shaped like a bean and is charged by a rechargeable battery. The suspension is super-fast allowing smooth drives in the sports mode.
There have been a few changes in the interior decoration with some changes in seating arrangement and internal software. It has also included 4G Lite GPS technology with high-speed internet. They have also updated the Infotainment system which is powered by 8.9 inches LED flat screen. It has an auto detect hand movement technology which allows performing some operations by just waving hands. The cargo space has been increased to a further extent in order to accommodate more luggage's. There are 4 life saving kit available inside this car which can be needed for immediate injury or so.
The previous model had a 4 stroke diesel engine, but the new model will be getting a 6 stroke gearbox automatic transmission with SkyActive engine. This engine is designed especially for concept C cars. The use of this engine will give better acceleration and speed featuring auto disk breaks. It will provide a torque of 210 lb-ft and a maximum horsepower of 300 HP. It is reported to provide a mileage of 23 mpg in city roads and 27 mpg on highways. The new Ford Mustang GT500 2017 model will have a fuel storage tank of 13 liters and has an external battery to provide power to auto start engines.
The 2017 Ford Mustang GT500 is expected to be out by 2017 and is reported to be priced between $25,000 to $50,000.
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We have been studying the book of James over the last month at Relate Church and how it's a blueprint for us to live our lives well.
As we go through life our faith is put to the test. The Bible says to count it all joy because if you persevere your character grows and hope comes alive in us for the world to see. If we don't go through these challenging times in our lives we will not have developed the character we need to rely on for the tougher days down the road.
True faith will never be passive; it rolls up its sleeves and says, "let's get to work".
Our love will require us to do the hard work we are called to do. A faith driven church is one who puts in the work to make a difference in other people's lives according to His will and His purpose in our lives.
Recently at Relate Women, Pastor Helen talked about how it's important to share the journey with others and not just keep things between, "me and God". Which is the stance I have taken for so long now. This is not something I'm very comfortable sharing but I'm learning it's important to show our faith in action because this is what moves the heart of God.
I'd like to share with you what that looks like in my life over the last five years. This is not something I have ever shared publicly, but a few close friends and my family are very aware of my mission. In my life that means delivering a meal and spending time with people who are struggling with something that's been life-altering.
Our love will require us to do the hard work we are called to do.
You know the kind of moments when you wake up to a new day and everything is different. I have spent time with many people who have lost a loved one or a spouse, others who have been diagnosed with cancer and others who have suffered very traumatic experiences.
One of the first people that I served was the husband of a dear friend of mine who passed away. It was not easy, not something that I wanted to do, but I knew someone needed to walk alongside his family while they all grieved. Life goes on and the world keeps moving on but for people who have had hard times the world tends to completely stop. I have a small idea how hard these days are for them so I serve them the best way I know how.
There have been moments that I've walked away and said a little prayer as I walk back to my car. Some days I feel like my knees will buckle because the pain that people endure is something else, but it's my hope that they can see Jesus and know that He is truly the Prince of Peace and He is with them in those toughest moments of their lives.
We are learning within this series inside James that true faith is how you love and serve others.
The one thing that I love about the book of James is that it also means being quiet and listening to others. There is wisdom in listening well and hearing the life struggles of others from their perspective and life experience.
I want to be part of a church that serves people so they know they have found their "home". Church to me is my home and when life challenges have come my way, it's my hope and prayer that everyone who walks through the doors feels loved and welcome because they are family.
I would like to leave you with one of my favourite scriptures that I often pray, "Thank you God for every good and perfect gift you've given me because I know it all comes from you".
"Whatever is good and perfect is a gift coming down to us from God our Father, who created all the lights in the Heavens. He never changes or casts a shifting shadow. He chose to give birth to us by giving us his true word. And we, out of all creation, became his prized possession."
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Asgie Hernandez recently joined Fish IP Law as an administrative professional, and brings with her over 10 years of experience in both the nonprofit and legal sectors. In this position, she provides assistance in the areas of project assessment, account management, human resources, marketing, and website development.
Asgie provides extensive support to Fish IP's management, attorneys, and staff, and effectively interacts with vendors and clients, in order to serve the growing needs of Fish IP Law.
Prior to working at Fish IP, Asgie worked at an international, commercial litigation law firm where she managed recruiting and onboarding efforts, planned major fundraising events, and successfully raised over $10,000 in charitable donations for local nonprofit organizations.
Asgie is a graduate of California State University, Long Beach and earned her bachelor's degree in Political Science and Global Politics. Recently, she graduated from National University with a Master of Public Administration and a specialization in Human Resource Management.
In her free time, Asgie likes to travel, read, and sing karaoke. She is also a certified RYT®200-hr yoga instructor.
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The Keto Viante is an excellent supplement that is used to lose weight without any side effects. This weight loss pill is sometimes giving you the best option and exactly the change you want to obtain from this supplement.
There are wide assortments of eating less junk food programs winning in the market, yet not very many among them will function admirably and give the ideal outcomes. As of late, another eating fewer carbs plan turns out to be popular to the point that everybody is discussing such eating regimen plan. This Eating regimen is essentially low carb diet in which you need to expend vast measure of sound fats, moderate protein and not very many measure of carb. This eating regimen is known as ketogenic diet. Amid this eating routine our body devours fats as a wellspring of vitality and help in getting in shape so successfully. The procedure in which body devours fat is known as ketosis, where body begin consuming additional fat and gives us great outcomes.
What Is Keto Viante Supply?
In the event that you make them comprehend of ketogenic diet, it is very evident that you will be in a situation to offer responses to the inquiry regarding what is Keto Supply? Put in plain and straightforward words this is a high power ketogenic diet. When we talk about a ketogenic diet, we are really alluding to an eating routine that is low on sugars. At the point when your body eats vast amounts of starches, body should create insulin and glucose. Glucose is a simple to ingest atom and it is picked over different types of vitality when it is accessible in the body.
Notwithstanding, glucose won't chip away at its own. It needs insulin for breaking the glucose into transportable shape and afterward moving it around to different parts of the body. When you utilize a ketogenic diet like Keto Supply, you will make utilization of the put away fat in the body and changing over into vitality as opposed to utilizing glucose. Subsequently it is an eating regimen which makes utilization of the procedure called ketosis to guarantee that additional creeps of fat put away in the body are spent prompting weight reduction. It likewise could prompt be enhanced body shape and opportunity from different way of life infections, for example, diabetes, cardiovascular issues in addition to other things.
here are Keto Supply ingredients that are specifically gotten from nature and are known for its weight losing properties. it contain all characteristic Green Espresso Bean and Garcinia Cambogia and Raspberry Ketone and furthermore Green Tea Concentrate , As it is Figured in a GNP Ensured Lab it doesn't have any shabby fillers or any Destructive Fixings.
Green coffee bean – this specific fixing is known to renew the vitality. Also, because of our tumultuous way of life, that we as a whole lead, the vitality level will in general go down. In addition to the fact that it replenishes the lost vitality levels supports up the procedure of thermogenic fat all over the body.
Garnicia Cambogia – this fixing is known broadly to diminish weight. The corrosive present in this organic product help to torch the abundance muscle to fat ratio in the body. It likewise underpins the Ideal BMI.
Raspberry – however being a berry still this specific nourishment has specific characteristics. It can chop down the undesirable sustenance desires we as a whole get now and again. On the off chance that you are to get the ideal figure, you need to oppose the awkward sustenance cravings& this specific fixing in Keto Supply Consume makes sure.
Green tea Extract– well this is recommended even by dieticians or we as a whole have this as essential nourishment thing when you have chosen to lessen the load. The fixings present in green tea, on one hand gloats up the digestion procedure in your body, hence ensuring that the fats get legitimately consumed and not put away, while on other hand underpins the best possible cancer prevention agent generation in the body.
The utilization of this enhancement gives you thin and engaging character.
It diminishes your craving and effects you to eat less as required.
It changes over the calories and starch into significance fuel.
This weight losing supplement made by BHB that eats up all the set away fat.
This enhancement effectively isolates in your blood to redesign your blood course process for good outcomes.
Keto Supply weight diminishment supplement separates fat and lifts your retention rate.
Before expending Keto Supply your body used sugars to make essentialness. Furthermore, this made diverse responses your prosperity inciting extending weight hormones in the body and harming the surface and appearance of your skin also. Be that as it may, a typical usage of this fat expending pill urges your body to change over fat into imperativeness. This difference in fat as essentialness prompts a lift in the imperativeness measurement of your body helping you to be new for the difficult day. This dietary enhancement in like manner empowers your body to achieve the state of ketosis speedier which results in faster rate in weight decrease process. It furthermore progresses the working of your body from sugars to the fats.
Includes on weight reduction process.
Builds weight the board angle in dietary admission.
Controls terrible cholesterol and circulatory strain.
Fortify your dietary exercise arrangement.
Controls the craving stifling specialists.
Gives productive results coordinated with dietary decisions.
Safe to take and free from included fillers.
There have not been seen any disease due to Keto Supply consume neither lab thinks about nor clinical tests demonstrated so. As you may know the significant issue while utilizing such enhancement emerges when buyer themselves endeavor to utilize it in overabundance which isn't savvy choice. Everything works fine whenever utilized in an endorsed limit overdosing from that limit may hurt.
This holder comes as pills. This comes In the compartment. You need to gobble up two pills in a multi day.
Drink a lot of water no under 10-12 glass for reliably.
Take rest and rest for 7-8 hours for reliably.
Buy this KetoViante from its official destinations where you can get free primer pack furthermore and you can get a regularly expanding number of focal points of this thing. Also quick and dirty of this enhancement is available on this site. Visit here and put in your demand now.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
| 5,856 |
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Recall 107796 started on 01/27/2015 by MFR effecting 74,648 units.
Remedy: Land Rover will notify owners, and dealers will replace the left and right front brake hoses, free of charge. The recall began on July 28, 2015. Owners may contact Land Rover customer service at 1-800-637-6837. Land Rover's number for this recall is P054.
Recall 50746 started on 11/01/2005 by MFR effecting 1,949 units.
Summary: CERTAIN SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES MAY HAVE BEEN MANUFACTURED WITH AN INCORRECTLY MANUFACTURED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION PARKING PAWL GUIDE PLATE.
Consequence: CONSEQUENTLY PARK MAY NOT ENGAGE WHEN THE LEVER IN THE VEHICLE IS MOVED TO PARK AND ALL INDICATORS SHOW PARK POSITION IS ACHIEVED. IF THE VEHICLE WAS PARKED ON AN INCLINE, AND THE PARKING BRAKE WAS NOT ENGAGED, THIS COULD RESULT IN A VEHICLE ROLL-AWAY CONDITION, INCREASING THE RISK OF A CRASH.
Remedy: DEALERS WILL REPLACE THE PARKING PAWL GUIDE PLATE FREE OF CHARGE. THE RECALL BEGAN ON NOVEMBER 19, 2005. OWNERS MAY CONTACT LAND ROVER AT 1-800-637-6837.
Notes: LAND ROVER RECALL NO. B023.CUSTOMERS MAY ALSO CONTACT THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S VEHICLE SAFETY HOTLINE AT 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), OR GO TO HTTP://WWW.SAFERCAR.GOV.
|
{
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}
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JERUSALEM – Anarchy swept over the West Bank and Gaza Strip yesterday as the Palestinians' fractured government plunged deeper into chaos, with Fatah gunmen storming parliament buildings and armed gangs roaming the streets and firing into the air.
Loyalists from the once-dominant Fatah faction, deeply stung by their stunning defeat at the hands of the Hamas terrorist group in elections on Wednesday, took up arms.
They denounced and blamed their party's "old guard" for handing victory to Hamas, accusing Fatah leaders of corruption and calling for their dismissal.
Blocking roads, setting cars on fire and shooting in the air in West Bank towns such as Nablus and Bethlehem, thousands of enraged Fatah backers implored Palestinians not to join a Hamas government.
The violence came as Hamas announced it would defy international pressure and create a Palestinian army that would include its militant wing – responsible for scores of murderous attacks on Israelis.
Israeli officials condemned the plan, demanding that Hamas renounce violence.
Speaking from his base in Damascus, Syria, Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal insisted his group would not disarm and said Hamas' military wing, estimated at nearly 5,000 gunmen in Gaza alone, could be merged into a Palestinian army.
"We are ready to unify the weapons of Palestinian factions, with Palestinian consensus, and form an army like any independent state," he said.
Hamas forces also brandished arms in the streets of the West Bank and Gaza.
Armed Fatah men briefly took over the Palestinian Legislative Council Parliament building in Ramallah. They shouted from the roof their demands for a change in leadership, including the resignation of President Mahmoud Abbas, before leaving peacefully. Others prayed at Yasser Arafat's grave site.
Saed Erekat, the Palestinian foreign affairs official who was the chief negotiator for the PLO and Fatah, said there was little prospect of joining with Hamas, and he had a message for the victors.
"Now you are the government, not us. So go do your work," he said.
"Under no circumstances will we be talking to Hamas," he said.
In Washington, President Bush said no financial help would be forthcoming to the Palestinians if Hamas did not renounce terror attacks and its calls for the destruction of Israel.
"If they don't we won't deal with them. Aid packages won't go forward," Bush told CBS News.
|
{
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}
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package registry
import (
"context"
"errors"
"net/url"
"github.com/manifoldco/torus-cli/apitypes"
"github.com/manifoldco/torus-cli/envelope"
"github.com/manifoldco/torus-cli/identity"
"github.com/manifoldco/torus-cli/primitive"
)
// ErrKeyNotFound represents a situation where a key could not be found
var ErrKeyNotFound = &apitypes.Error{
Type: apitypes.NotFoundError,
Err: []string{"Could not locate public key segment for specified key id"},
}
// ErrMissingKeyForOwner represents a situation where a key of a specific type could not be found for the owner inside an org
var ErrMissingKeyForOwner = &apitypes.Error{
Type: apitypes.NotFoundError,
Err: []string{"Could not locate public key segment in claimtree for target"},
}
// ErrClaimTreeNotFound represents a situation where a claimtree could not be
// found
var ErrClaimTreeNotFound = &apitypes.Error{
Type: apitypes.NotFoundError,
Err: []string{"Could not find claim tree for org"},
}
// ClaimTreeClient represents the `/claimtree` registry endpoint, used for
// retrieving the public keys and their associated claims for an organization.
type ClaimTreeClient struct {
client RoundTripper
}
// ClaimTree represents an organizations claim tree which contains public
// signing and encryption keys for every member.
type ClaimTree struct {
Org *envelope.Org `json:"org"`
PublicKeys []apitypes.PublicKeySegment `json:"public_keys"`
}
// Find returns the PublicKeySegment for the given PublicKeyID. Accepts a
// boolean for indicating whether or not to enforce that the key must be
// active.
//
// If a key segment could not be found an error is returned.
func (ct *ClaimTree) Find(id *identity.ID, mustActive bool) (*apitypes.PublicKeySegment, error) {
for _, pks := range ct.PublicKeys {
if *pks.PublicKey.ID == *id {
if mustActive && pks.Revoked() {
continue
}
return &pks, nil
}
}
return nil, ErrKeyNotFound
}
// FindActive returns the PublicKeySegment for a non-revoked Public Key for
// the given owner id.
//
// If an active key cannot be found an error is returned
func (ct *ClaimTree) FindActive(ownerID *identity.ID, t primitive.KeyType) (*apitypes.PublicKeySegment, error) {
for _, pks := range ct.PublicKeys {
if *pks.PublicKey.Body.OwnerID != *ownerID {
continue
}
if pks.PublicKey.Body.KeyType != t {
continue
}
if pks.Revoked() {
continue
}
return &pks, nil
}
return nil, ErrMissingKeyForOwner
}
// List returns a list of all claimtrees for a given orgID. If no orgID is
// provided then it returns all claimtrees for every organization the user
// belongs too.
//
// If an ownerID is provided then only public keys and claims related to that
// user or machine will be returned.
func (c *ClaimTreeClient) List(ctx context.Context, orgID *identity.ID,
ownerID *identity.ID) ([]ClaimTree, error) {
query := &url.Values{}
if orgID != nil {
query.Set("org_id", orgID.String())
}
if ownerID != nil {
query.Set("owner_id", ownerID.String())
}
var resp []ClaimTree
err := c.client.RoundTrip(ctx, "GET", "/claimtree", query, nil, &resp)
return resp, err
}
// Get returns a claimtree for a specific organization by the given orgID.
//
// If an ownerID is provided then only public keys and claims related to that
// user or machine will be returned.
func (c *ClaimTreeClient) Get(ctx context.Context, orgID *identity.ID,
ownerID *identity.ID) (*ClaimTree, error) {
if orgID == nil {
return nil, errors.New("An org id must be provided")
}
cts, err := c.List(ctx, orgID, ownerID)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if len(cts) != 1 {
return nil, ErrClaimTreeNotFound
}
return &cts[0], nil
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
| 6,104 |
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The Caspian is a quaint, modern floor plan offering three bedrooms and two and a half bathrooms. The first floor is a wide open space, perfect for entertaining. The kitchen includes pantry and breakfast dining area, which overlooks the backyard. The Caspian's second floor is home to three bedrooms and two full bathrooms. The master suite includes a walk-in closet and a garden bath with double bowl vanity. Finally, this home is complete with a two-car garage and full basement.
For more information about 1739 Wentworth 84, Volo, IL 60020 contact Urban Real Estate.
|
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The New Zealand Biochar Research Centre is planning to organise a Professional Development Course in Biochar Training for Environmental Sustainability and Economic Development to be held at Massey University (Palmerston North) by the end of summer (Feb-March 2015).
This course intends to provide an in-depth understanding of biochar for the target audience of entrepreneurs, financiers, researchers, government officials and policy makers in New Zealand. The course will provide an introductory high-level overview of biochar and biochar systems, covering production through to utilisation. Specifically, the course will focus on production technologies; biochar characterisation, standardisation and certification; ability to address specific soil constraints and use in agricultural systems; biochar in soil remediation; biochar systems; biochar carbon accounting and climate change; commercialisation and economics; and potential risks and research gaps.
The course will last 2.5 days and an optional exam will be offered to those interested in achieving academic credits and a certificate from Massey University (the exam could be taken a week later so that people had time to prepare for it).
Those interested in attending the course should contact Marta Camps ([email protected]) before the 19 December 2014 at which time a decision will be taken whether there is sufficient numbers to allow a course to be held.
The cost of it would be ~ NZ$1000 + gst. This would include the daytime catering and the guide notes with a colour reprint of all ppts.
– Shortening the course to two days (e.g., a Thursday and a Friday).
– Moving the course to the 19th and 20th of March, once the semester at Massey University has started, so that postgrad students are able to attend.
Please let me know if you are considering attending the course and if so, whether a more concentrated 2-day course and the new proposed dates 19-20 March would suit you.
|
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IN TONIGHT; SUNDAY, RAIN, COOLER.
AIL Y CAPITA L JOURNAL.
SALEM, OREGON, SATURDAY, OCTOI1ER IS, 100(1.
as carefully as his own palace.
the trial now In progress.
When you get our prices you will see how we save you money.
ready having .been heard from.
First Sox 1, Cubs 0.
Second Sox 1, Cubs 7.
Third Sox 3, Cubs 0.
1 Fourth Sox 0, Cubs 1.
will be played, If the seventh Is necessary.
fighting to reach tho ticket window.
tho track nml ovorturned, killing W.
rett was killed outright, C. A. Catt-!
mitted suicldo by cutting his thront.
training his wlfo nml children.
nhinyfi on hand. Fresh dally.
Open from O n. in. to 12 p. m. 170-Commercial St. Phono 38.
J Toms River, N. J Oct. 13. Dr.
have been from tho embalming fluid.
not be found In tho brain.
at tho same time hero.
most nbiiBCd man in tho country."
son river, In a fog.
tomorrow nnd Welsh again Monday.
First Inning Box 1, Cubs 3.
Second Sox 0, Cubs 0.
Third Sox 1, Cubs 0 .
Fourth Sox 4, Cubs 1.
Fifth Sox 0, Cuba 0.
Sixth Sox 1, CubH 2.
Seventh Sox 0, Cubs 0.
Ninth Sox 0, Cubs 0.
ISARK'H 1VINDOW ON STATE STREET.
SALEM'S FASTEST GEO WING STOKE.
MONDAYS ONLY. ARRANGEMENTS FOR LESSONS CAN BE ! !
MADE BY PHONE OR IN PERSON" AT STUDIO. ENSAMBLE ! !
0 AND 10 IS I. O. O. F. TEMPLE.
DISEASE CALL ON DR. COOK.
Rut this Is not tho only thing Dr.
eaves his patients about nno-hnlf tho"
day : Jt a. m. to 12 , Phone 29C Main.
|
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Some time ago, Silicon Motion had sent us a new SSD controller they were working on a prototype SSD for review. The SM2246EN controller that we looked at was a four channel SATA 3 controller, capable of 510MB/s read and 410MB/s write with up to 80K IOPS, also capable of 256-Bit AES encryption. Up until this report, that was as close as that controller had gotten to the retail market.
via PNY Optima SSD Series Review (240 GB) – New Controller and a Wicked Price | The SSD Review.
|
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By Christopher J. Deering. Free Shipping on Qualified Orders.
While the Joint Committees on Printing and the Library have nominal responsibility for oversight of the Government Publishing Office and the Library of Congress, respectively, the committees are essentially defunct and oversight takes place within the majority party leadership of each chamber.
This would suggest that congressional committees have a key role to play in the Congress. However, the rise of the Tea Party Caucus would suggest that other factors can be regarded as the key sources of power in the Congress. The importance of congressional committees is clearly demonstrated by an examination of the legislative process.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Marlow, 10th September 2013 - Global security software and solutions leader Trend Micro is thrilled to announce the launch for the second year running of its unique What's Your Story internet safety video competition.
What's Your Story is a contest with a twist.
We're asking individuals, groups of friends, classmates or even entire schools to enter with a unique two minute video focusing on a specific theme of internet safety for kids and families.
It could be about cyber-bullying, how to stay safe on social networks, online privacy, piracy or even how to maintain your e-smarts on the mobile internet.
It's about telling a story; anything to show the positive side of the internet – maybe how to stay safe online, or possibly even highlighting a particularly worthy cause.
Trend Micro is encouraging entrants to be as creative as they can. Mix it up with live action, stop action, animation, music – whatever it takes to create a compelling video no longer than 120 seconds.
The competition is back after a hugely successful debut in 2012 when William and Lennox from St Vincent's school won the grand prize with their Websafe Rap.
Trend Micro's hoping for an even bigger response this year and that entrants can be inspired by 2012's roll call of budding online stars.
Winners of the school category will receive £2000 for their school, with runners up getting a cheque for £1000. Individual winners, who are split into two categories (8-12 or 13-18 years old) will receive £500 and a tablet device. One runner-up in each category will get a cheque for £250.
The What's Your Story web site is live now and will be open for competition entries from October 1st until November 10th. Judging begins on November 25th and a winner will be announced on December 2nd.
|
{
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}
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<?php
class Global_Model_DbTable_DbOccupation extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract
{
protected $_name = 'rms_occupation';
public function getUserId(){
$session_user=new Zend_Session_Namespace('auth');
return $session_user->user_id;
}
public function addNewOccupation($_data){
$_arr=array(
'occu_name' => $_data['occu_name'],
'occu_enname' => $_data['occu_enname'],
'create_date' => Zend_Date::now(),
'status' => $_data['status'],
'user_id' => $this->getUserId()
);
return $this->insert($_arr);
}
public function addNewOccupationPopup($_data){
$_arr=array(
'occu_name' => $_data['occu_name'],
'occu_enname' => $_data['occu_enname'],
'create_date' => Zend_Date::now(),
'status' => $_data['status_j'],
'user_id' => $this->getUserId()
);
return $this->insert($_arr);
}
public function getOccupationById($id){
$db = $this->getAdapter();
$sql = "SELECT * FROM rms_occupation WHERE occupation_id = ".$db->quote($id);
$sql.=" LIMIT 1 ";
$row=$db->fetchRow($sql);
return $row;
}
public function updateOccupation($_data){
$_arr=array(
'occu_name' => $_data['occu_name'],
'occu_enname' => $_data['occu_enname'],
'create_date' => Zend_Date::now(),
'status' => $_data['status'],
'user_id' => $this->getUserId()
);
$where=$this->getAdapter()->quoteInto("occupation_id=?", $_data["id"]);
$this->update($_arr, $where);
}
function getAllOccupation($search){
$db = $this->getAdapter();
$sql = " SELECT occupation_id AS id,occu_name,occu_enname, create_date,status,(SELECT CONCAT(first_name,' ', last_name) FROM rms_users WHERE id=user_id )AS user_name
FROM rms_occupation ";
$order = ' ORDER BY occu_name ASC ';
$where = ' WHERE 1 ';
if(empty($search)){
return $db->fetchAll($sql.$order);
}
if(!empty($search['title'])){
$s_where = array();
$s_search = addslashes(trim($search['title']));
$s_where[] = " occu_name LIKE '%{$s_search}%'";
$s_where[] = " occu_enname LIKE '%{$s_search}%'";
$where .=' AND ( '.implode(' OR ',$s_where).')';
}
return $db->fetchAll($sql.$where.$order);
}
public function addOccupation($_data){//ajax
$_arr=array(
'occu_name' => $_data['occu_name'],
'create_date' => Zend_Date::now(),
'status' => 1,
'user_id' => $this->getUserId()
);
return $this->insert($_arr);
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
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/*global mocha, describe, beforeEach, it*/
function runTests(BackboneTreeModel, expect) {
var _ = BackboneTreeModel._, Backbone = BackboneTreeModel.Backbone, tree;
describe('Backbone Tree', ()=> {
beforeEach(()=> {
tree = new Backbone.TreeModel({
id: 'root',
tagname: 'body',
nodes: [
{
id: 'wrapper',
tagname: 'div',
nodes: [
{
id: 'sidebar',
tagname: 'div',
width: 300,
nodes: [
{ tagname: 'p' },
{
tagname: 'ul',
nodes: [
{ tagname: 'li' },
{ tagname: 'li' },
{ tagname: 'li' }
]
},
{ tagname: 'span' }
]
},
{
id: 'content',
tagname: 'div',
width: 600,
nodes: [
{
id: 'title',
tagname: 'h2'
},
{
tagname: 'p',
nodes: [
{
tagname: 'anchor',
nodes: [
{ tagname: 'span' }
]
}
]
}
]
}
]
}
]
});
});
describe('#find', ()=> {
it('Should return matched node', ()=> {
var sidebar = tree.find('sidebar');
expect(sidebar).to.be.ok();
expect(sidebar.get('width')).to.be(300);
expect(sidebar.get('tagname')).to.be('div');
expect(tree.find('title').get('tagname')).to.be('h2');
});
it('should return root node if id matches root', ()=> {
expect(tree.find('root')).to.be(tree);
});
});
describe('#where', ()=> {
it('Should return all matched descendants', ()=> {
expect(tree.where({tagname: 'body'}).length).to.be(1);
expect(tree.where({tagname: 'div'}).length).to.be(3);
});
it('Should support #find/#where context chaining', ()=> {
expect(tree.find('sidebar').where({tagname: 'div'}).length).to.be(1);
});
});
describe('#isRoot', ()=> {
it('Should return true when current node is root node', ()=> {
expect(tree.isRoot()).to.be.ok();
expect(tree.find('title').root().isRoot()).to.be.ok();
expect(tree.find('title').isRoot()).to.not.be.ok();
expect(tree.find('sidebar').isRoot()).to.not.be.ok();
});
});
describe('#isRootBranch', ()=> {
it('should check if child of root node', ()=> {
expect(tree.find('wrapper').isRootBranch()).to.be.ok();
expect(tree.find('sidebar').isRootBranch()).to.not.be.ok();
});
});
describe('#root', ()=> {
it('Should return the root node', ()=> {
var sidebar = tree.find('sidebar');
var content = tree.find('content');
expect(sidebar.root().get('tagname')).to.be('body');
expect(content.root().get('tagname')).to.be('body');
});
});
describe('#contains', ()=> {
it('Should return true if node is a descendant of current node', ()=> {
expect(tree.contains(tree.find('sidebar'))).to.be.ok();
});
it('Should return false if node is not a descendant of current node', ()=> {
expect(tree.find('sidebar').contains(tree)).to.not.be.ok();
});
});
describe('#parent', ()=> {
it('Should return the parent node', ()=> {
var sidebar = tree.find('sidebar');
var content = tree.find('content');
expect(sidebar.parent().get('id')).to.be('wrapper');
expect(content.parent().get('id')).to.be('wrapper');
});
});
describe('#nodes', ()=> {
it('Should return backbone collection consisting of children nodes if children exist', ()=> {
var titleNodes = tree.find('title').nodes();
expect(titleNodes).to.not.be.ok();
var sidebarNodes = tree.find('sidebar').nodes();
expect(sidebarNodes).to.be.ok();
expect(sidebarNodes.length).to.be(3);
expect(sidebarNodes instanceof Backbone.Collection).to.be.ok();
});
});
describe('#add', ()=> {
it('Should support adding single node', ()=> {
var sidebar = tree.find('sidebar').add({id: 'title_1'});
expect(sidebar.nodes().length).to.be(4);
expect(sidebar.find('title_1')).to.be.ok();
});
it('Should support adding array of nodes', ()=> {
var sidebar = tree.find('sidebar').add([
{
id: 'title_2',
tagname: 'h1',
nodes: [
{
id: 'anchor',
tagname: 'a',
nodes: [
{ tagname: 'span' }
]
}
]
},
{
id: 'title_3',
tagname: 'h2'
}
]);
expect(sidebar.nodes().length).to.be(5);
expect(sidebar.find('title_2')).to.be.ok();
expect(sidebar.find('title_3')).to.be.ok();
expect(sidebar.find('anchor')).to.be.ok();
expect(sidebar.find('anchor').nodes().length).to.be(1);
});
it('Should support adding TreeModel nodes', ()=> {
// place sidebar before title node
tree.find('content').add(tree.find('sidebar'));
expect(tree.find('content').nodes().length).to.be(3);
expect(tree.find('wrapper').nodes().length).to.be(1);
expect(tree.find('sidebar').parent()).to.be(tree.find('content'));
});
});
describe('#insertBefore', ()=> {
it('Should support adding objects to the left of a node', ()=> {
var wrapper = tree.find('wrapper').insertBefore({id: 'left_wrapper'});
expect(tree.nodes().length).to.be(2);
expect(tree.nodes().first().id).to.be('left_wrapper');
expect(wrapper.prev().id).to.be('left_wrapper');
});
it('Should support inserting TreeModel nodes', ()=> {
// place sidebar before title node
tree.find('title').insertBefore(tree.find('sidebar'));
expect(tree.find('content').nodes().length).to.be(3);
expect(tree.find('wrapper').nodes().length).to.be(1);
expect(tree.find('sidebar').parent()).to.be(tree.find('content'));
});
});
describe('#insertAfter', ()=> {
it('Should support adding objects to the right of a node', ()=> {
var wrapper = tree.find('wrapper').insertAfter({id: 'right_wrapper'});
expect(tree.nodes().length).to.be(2);
expect(tree.nodes().last().id).to.be('right_wrapper');
expect(wrapper.next().id).to.be('right_wrapper');
});
it('Should support inserting TreeModel nodes', ()=> {
// place sidebar before title node
tree.find('title').insertAfter(tree.find('sidebar'));
expect(tree.find('content').nodes().length).to.be(3);
expect(tree.find('wrapper').nodes().length).to.be(1);
expect(tree.find('sidebar').parent()).to.be(tree.find('content'));
});
});
describe('#next', ()=> {
it('Should return the node on the right', ()=> {
expect(tree.find('sidebar').next().id).to.be('content');
});
});
describe('#prev', ()=> {
it('Should return the node on the left', ()=> {
expect(tree.find('content').prev().id).to.be('sidebar');
});
});
describe('#remove', ()=> {
it('Should remove current node', ()=> {
tree.find('sidebar').remove();
expect(tree.find('wrapper').nodes().length).to.be(1);
expect(tree.find('wrapper').nodes().first().id).to.be('content');
});
it('Should remove first matched descedant', ()=> {
tree.remove({tagname: 'p'}, true);
expect(tree.where({tagname: 'p'}).length).to.be(1);
});
it('Should remove all matched descedants', ()=> {
tree.remove({tagname: 'p'});
expect(tree.where({tagname: 'p'}).length).to.be(0);
});
});
describe('#empty', ()=> {
it('Should remove all children in current node', ()=> {
tree.empty();
expect(tree.find('wrapper')).to.not.be.ok();
expect(tree.nodes()).to.not.be.ok();
});
});
describe('#where for Collection/Array', ()=> {
it('Should be supported for node children collection', ()=> {
expect(tree.nodes().where({tagname: 'p'}, {deep: true}).length).to.be(2);
expect(tree.find('sidebar').nodes().where({tagname: 'p'}, {deep: true}).length).to.be(1);
});
it('Should be supported from a chained #where call', ()=> {
expect(tree.where({tagname: 'div'}).where({tagname: 'span'}).length).to.be(2);
expect(tree.where({tagname: 'anchor'}).where({tagname: 'span'}).length).to.be(1);
});
});
describe('#toJSON', ()=> {
it('Should return JSON starting from node, account for node changes', ()=> {
tree.find('sidebar').remove(); // perform a change
var treeJSON = tree.toJSON();
expect(treeJSON.nodes[0].nodes.length).to.be(1);
expect(treeJSON.nodes[0].nodes[0].id).to.be('content');
var wrapperJSON = tree.find('wrapper').toJSON();
expect(wrapperJSON.nodes.length).to.be(1);
expect(wrapperJSON.nodes[0].id).to.be('content');
});
});
describe('#flatten', ()=> {
it('should return a flattend array', ()=> {
var arr = tree.flatten();
expect(arr.length).to.be(14);
});
it('should support toArray alias', ()=> {
var arr = tree.toArray();
expect(arr.length).to.be(14);
});
});
describe('should be able to specify model constructor with Model', ()=> {
var MyCollection = Backbone.TreeCollection.extend({}),
MyModel = Backbone.TreeModel.extend({
collectionConstructor : MyCollection
}),
tree = new MyModel({
id: 'root',
tagname: 'body',
nodes: [
{
id: 'wrapper',
tagname: 'div',
nodes: [
{ tagname: 'p' }
]
}
]
});
it('Children should be instance of MyModel', ()=> {
expect(tree instanceof MyModel).to.be.ok();
tree.nodes().forEach((child)=> {
expect(child instanceof MyModel).to.be.ok();
});
});
it('Child collection should be instance of MyCollection', ()=> {
expect(tree.nodes() instanceof MyCollection).to.be.ok();
tree.nodes().forEach((child)=> {
expect(child.nodes() instanceof MyCollection).to.be.ok();
});
});
});
describe('toJSON should consider tree changes', ()=> {
it('toJSON should return tree without Sydney', ()=> {
tree = new Backbone.TreeCollection([
{
id:1,
title:'Australia',
nodes: [
{
id: 2,
title : 'Sydney'
}
]
},
]);
//tree without changes:
expect(tree.toJSON()).eql([
{
id:1,
title:'Australia',
nodes: [
{
id: 2,
title : 'Sydney'
}
]
}
]);
var Sydney = tree.at(0).nodes().at(0);
Sydney.collection.remove(Sydney);
//tree after changes:
expect(tree.toJSON()).eql([
{
id:1,
title:'Australia'
}
]);
});
});
describe('#setPropDescendants', ()=> {
it('should set descendant properties', ()=> {
tree.setPropDescendants({newProperty: 'foo'});
expect(tree.get('newProperty')).to.be('foo');
expect(tree.find('content').get('newProperty')).to.be('foo');
});
});
describe('#getClosestAncestorProperty', ()=> {
it('should get closest property', ()=> {
var title = tree.find('title');
var closestPropWidth = title.getClosestAncestorProperty('width');
expect(closestPropWidth).to.be(600);
var closestPropTagname = title.getClosestAncestorProperty('tagname');
expect(closestPropTagname).to.be('h2');
});
});
});
}
if(typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
define(['treemodel'], (TreeModel)=> {
mocha.setup('bdd');
runTests(TreeModel, window.expect);
mocha.run();
});
} else if(typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
runTests(require('../src/backbone.treemodel'), require('expect.js'));
} else {
runTests(window.BackboneTreeModel, window.expect);
}
|
{
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Adetomiwa Edun er en britisk skuespiller født i Nigeria. Han er bedst kendt som sir Elyan i BBC's tv-serie Merlin.
Baggrund
Edun blev født i Lagos i 1984 med en nigeriansk far og en halv-ghanesisk, halv-engelsk mor. Da Edun var 11 år, flyttede familien til Storbritannien.
Filmografi
Eksterne henvisninger
Skuespillere fra Storbritannien
|
{
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Snowden reveals NSA email, phone call database. Twitter allows user analytics (RBDR 9/2/2014) – RFL Communications, Inc.
RBDR is sponsored by Curiosity InsightStream, a consumer insights company helping clients derive deep human insights through social media listening.
Today on RBDR: 1) Edward Snowden's latest revelation about U.S. intelligence discloses the existence of an NSA ICReach data base with individual's communication metadata. 2) Twitter opens the way for any of its English, French, Spanish and Japanese-speaking users to take advantage of its detailed analytic capabilities. 3) Arthur White, one of the founders of the research and polling firm, Yankelovich & Skelly White, died last week.
|
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#include "DeleteNode.h"
#include<lang/log/LogLevel.h>
#include <commonlib/commonlib.h>
#include "../expr/xpath/XPathAccessNode.h"
namespace IAS {
namespace Lang {
namespace Model {
namespace Stmt {
/*************************************************************************/
DeleteNode::DeleteNode(Expr::XPath::XPathAccessNode *pXPathAccessNode){
IAS_TRACER;
IAS_CHECK_IF_VALID(pXPathAccessNode);
this->ptrXPathAccessNode=pXPathAccessNode;
}
/*************************************************************************/
DeleteNode::~DeleteNode() throw(){
IAS_TRACER;
}
/*************************************************************************/
}
}
}
}
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
}
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2016 Haitian Olympic Swimming Team, Naomy Grand'Pierre
Here is a picture of Naomy Grand'Pierre representing our country as a member of the 2016 Haitian Olympic Swimming Team.
Naomy Grand 'Pierre is a former Whitefield Academy swimmer. Last November, she was approached by Haitian authority if she would like to join its national team for this summer's Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Haiti is what is known as a "universality place"; the nation can send one male and one female athlete to the world championships, but does not possess swimmers to match the Olympic qualifying speeds. Naomi's career best times recorded for different events are as follows: Freestyle (50/ 100 /200 yard): (24.47/ 52.91/ 2:01.71 seconds); Breaststroke (100/ 200 yard): (1:08.09 seconds & 2:31.73 seconds); & Butterfly 100 yard: 1:00.29 seconds. She is a current resident of Atlanta, a Major in Economics and International Studies, a regular participator in swimming, track and soccer in high school. She accepted Haiti's offer and has earned a spot on the Haitian Olympic swimming team at the 2016 Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in August 2016, between August 5 to 21 2016. She is looking forward to represent her Atlanta Dolphin Swim Team and certainly the country of Haiti on one of the most prestigious stages of competition.
Read more about Sport, olympic games, olympic, haiti olympic games, olympic game, 2016 Olympic, Sport
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Rodent in Haiti named James Bond's hutia or Plagiodontia...
Hotel Beck in Cap-Haitien, Haiti
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Dr. Michaëlle Amédée Gédéon is dead
Port-au-Prince on fire over gas prices hike
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Michel Martelly, Mildred Trouillot, Jean-Bertrand Aristide
U.S. Senators David Perdue, Marco Rubio and Johnny Isakson...
Evaluations to replace exams of 6th fundamental year and of...
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
}
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The radio commercial seemed to run every-hour-on-the-hour for a good five years: "Are you an unpublished author? Do you have a book-length manuscript ready, or almost ready, for publication? If so, Vantage Press, a leading New York subsidy publisher, is looking for you."
I always wondered how many aspiring writers -- amazed to hear a publisher actually solicit manuscripts on the radio -- immediately reached for a pencil and copied down the contact information for Vantage Press, not realizing that "subsidy" meant they would end up paying for the privilege of having their manuscript published.
Working in a library, I've seen my share of vanity press books. Once the aspiring writer pays to have his or her book published, then fills the basement with boxes of all those bound copies, they need to find a way to get rid of them. First they approach neighborhood bookstores -- which might agree to take a couple books on consignment for the "local writers" shelf. Next they give copies to every person on their family tree...every friend, neighbor, or acquaintance, until finally -- in desperation -- they end up leaving the book as a tip at restaurants. The last step seems to be donating copies to libraries. That's where I come into the picture, cataloging the book for our "storage" collection, which means it's one scant step away from being sold at the library booksale for a quarter.
However, about ten years ago, I stopped laughing at self-published books, as I began to hear more and more stories about "vanity press" publications that were achieving mainstream success. At first they were holiday books, such as A CUP OF CHRISTMAS TEA and Richard Paul Evans's THE CHRISTMAS BOX, which actually made the New York Times bestseller list.
But I really sat up and took notice when a number of self-published children's and young adult books were purchased by major publishers.
Patrick Carman's THE DARK HILLS DIVIDE was self-published (by Amped Media in Walla Walla, Washington) in 2003. Scholastic later bought the rights to this and future books in the series for somewhere around a quarter-million dollars.
Michael Hoeye's TIME STOPS FOR NO MOUSE (Terfle Books, Portland, 1999) was released as a two-volume spiral-bound softcover. Putnam paid Hoeye over a million dollars for a multi-book deal.
Jordan Sonnenblick first published his young-adult novel DRUMS, GIRLS, AND DANGEROUS PIE with a small literary publisher, but when that company went out of business he self-published the book (Turning Tide Press, Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, 2004) before it was snapped up by Scholastic; the author has gone on to publish other well-regarded novels for young readers.
Perhaps the most famous self-published young adult book is ERAGON by Christopher Paolini. Released by "Paolini International LLC" (Montana, 2002), the teenaged author personally promoted the book like crazy, selling over 10,000 copies on his own before Knopf bought the rights for half a million dollars. Now there's an ERAGON movie and Paolini is working on the fourth book in his fantasy series.
These self-publishing success stories are of great interest to book collectors, who usually try to get a copy of the book "as close to the author as possible" (which is why, for many of us, a first edition is better than a second edition, why a personally inscribed copy is better than a generically signed copy, and why a generically signed copy is better than an unsigned copy.) That's why many collectors will try to track down the original self-published editions of these books.
Sonnenblick's DRUMS, GIRLS, AND DANGEROUS PIE can be found for about $75.
Carman's DARK HILLS DIVIDE can run $100 to $200.
Hoeye's TIME STOPS FOR NO MOUSE can cost as much a $500.
But hold onto your hats (and open your checkbooks) if you're seeking a self-published copy of Paolini's ERAGON. It sells for as high as $12,000.
That's right...not twelve hundred: TWELVE THOUSAND!
I don't think I'll ever be as dismissive of self-published books as I was in the past. In fact, if I come across one that looks promising, I may even buy it.
A $15 investment today could be a $12,000 book tomorrow.
I find it easier simply to publish online, but it will be very hard for a blog to become a collector's item. However, you won't have to invest $15 either, should you choose to read Mortal Ghost, or my new YA novel, Corvus, which I plan to begin serialising later this year. Are they perfect? Hardly. Beyond awful? Well, I'm not likely to thinks so, am I?
And surprise! I'm not looking for a conventional publishing contract.
Heh, Peter, I have to admit that I also print out a great deal that I read from online sources. Perhaps this will change when I can afford an e-reader.
What YA fiction have you published?
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Q: Exposing osgi service as JAX-RS using apache cxf Can somebody provide me a simple example to expose a Restful service using apache cxf in an osgi bundle deployed on apache felix. We do not have the option to use Apache Karaf or any other application server.
Also , we plan to use iPojo for dependency injection.
A: Unfortunately installing CXF in plain apache felix is not very easy. Your best bet is to install on apache karaf first and get the list of required bundles from there.
You can find an example for cxf and rest with Apache Karaf here.
As you migrate you might need to tune the system package exports of felix to exclude the packages CXF wants to install as bundles.
I found something that may further help you. Type these commands in karaf 3.0.3:
feature:repo-add cxf 3.0.4
kar:create cxf-3.0.4 cxf-jaxrs
This will create a kar file in data/kar that contains the cxf feature file as well as all the jars (from the cxf feature). It allows you to specify which cxf features you need and quickly gather the required bundles. It will still be some work to make it work in felix but at least it helps a bit on the way.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
}
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it defaults to 0 instead.
form wizard will be disabled for the time being.
The language code of Austria is not de_AU, but de_AT.
correctly explain the feature set of config.compressJs.
config.compressCss, which does such a minification.
instead of hiding themselves after one execution.
return) and does not consider $TYPO3_CONF_VARS.
not installed or not configured correctly.
have equal limits everywhere and raise the limits to 25.
UTF8 labels and options are displayed incorrectly in Flexforms.
are just not known there.
The php backend in rsaauth checks if key generation works on Windows platforms.
we should remove this limitation and check if key generation works in any case.
causing linebreaks in the label.
The correct reading is: Loaded in frontend: yes.
makes it easier readable again.
"rsaauth" is loaded and whether it is enabled.
However, it lacks a check for "rsaauth" being really able to work.
frontend. This is not desired. Thus, start time tracking a bit later.
7 years ago[TASK] EM: Remove function menu "Check for extension updates"
[TASK] EM: Remove function menu "Check for extension updates"
the Extension Manager fails with PHP Fatal Errors.
much cheaper for the next calls, because the bytes are already there.
7 years ago[BUGFIX] Some unit tests fail with "Cannot modify header information"
[BUGFIX] Some unit tests fail with "Cannot modify header information"
if no headers have been sent to prevent fatal errors.
missing table, so this is misleading.
run the database compare in the install tool.
missing table name in the clickmenu link generation call.
'null' value instead of 'NULL' as stated in our coding guidelines.
Call to a member function offsetExists() on a non-object.
processing on PNG files can be enabled by default.
should be listed at the 1st place.
and not on a random one.
to spot in the wizard.
do that additional check anyways (for old installations).
needs to be updated manually again since this is a breaking change.
moving to another server), the login silently fails.
possible and how to fix it.
container, are increased in width only for the Chrome browser.
File NEWS.txt should reflect latest changes in TYPO3 4.6.
Displaying the available services in the reports module is broken.
services ($T3_SERVICES) in TYPO4 4.6.
be introduced and used in the available services report.
The confirmation message does not have any CSS at the moment.
reintroduces stdWrap possibilites for the new form system extension.
in order to install extension dependencies.
File INSTALL.txt should reflect latest changes in TYPO3 4.6.
is opened (not an ExtJS window).
scroll with a mouse wheel, this seems not to be possible with IE.
Checking if the superglobal $_SESSION is an array is not reliable.
if the session has not been started.
any 3rd party tool, it turns out that an additional attribute xml:space="preserve"
should be added to each and every <trans-unit> tag in the localization files.
errors. This should be corrected before further work.
enabled, which can lead to confusions.
Set the default value to 1.
non-sorted extension keys and does not provide a way to sort them manually.
This makes it hard to find a specific extension.
Add space between buttons in ExtJS toolbars.
Each button has a 1px margin left and right now.
when the label is used in a preformated environment such as an email template.
in order to keep interfaces stable later.
front of the <li> of the DB Mount node.
it does not make sense to have "en" -> "en" translation files.
and this is a wrong design.
as such, the parser needs to be adjusted not to return an empty label.
This is due to some problems with the state-restore logic, where the state of not-yet-rendered nodes is applied.
The date-time picker must be loaded explicitly.
actually thrown and hints an administrator on what exactly goes wrong.
"Make copy instead of moving element".
be listed in the INSTALL.txt.
Re-add the extension list to the Help > About module.
determine the correct function for closing the window.
temporary error, please reload the Backend!" error.
it has to be checked whether the store was completely loaded.
27e93d6 Merge "[BUGFIX] Invalid target language in localization file"
5607748 Merge "[BUGFIX] SQL error if a task is run on a disabled page"
to switch between extension configuration categories in some browsers.
This is caused by a nested form tag which will be removed with this commit.
Since the username label changed from "Utilisateur" to "Nom d'utilisateur"
in French, the alignment of labels and text fields is broken.
between a panel and it's related tbar.
than the space to neighboor panels.
value used as function reference, which was undefined in this case.
before enabling saltedpasswords and rsaauth.
There is a race-condition in the EM while updating the extension list.
already up-to-date and respons this status to the client.
7 years ago[TASK] Remove unused option for "oncontextmenu"
[TASK] Remove unused option for "oncontextmenu"
There are multiple occurencies of the word "resource" spelled as "ressource".
Just a small css fix, that enables the extjs like splitbars in chrome.
difference between chrome and other browsers.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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The porous nature of concrete plus the sometimes various qualities of a pour make it one of the most difficult materials to seal. The most important step is the first one -- surface preparation. Although the LikeNu system creates a compatible cementitious surface, it will not bond to dirty or oily surfaces.
The first thing to do is clean the surface of the animal fat, oils and automotive fluids such as motor oil, grease, brake fluid, gasoline and anti-freeze. Small areas of contamination can be cleaned using a d-Limonene cleaner such as Orange100. Larger areas may require more extensive cleaning. This is especially true if the contamination has soaked deeply into the concrete. The most environmentally friendly method is to use oil eating bacteria. WonderMicrobes is powerful mixture of surfactants and bacteria that reduces hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water.
Once the microbes have done their job, you are ready to high pressure clean. Wooden surfaces must be cleaned very gently so as not to spall the wood fiber. If another cleaner is needed, be sure that it is biodegradable such as OxyBoost.
Rinse thoroughly and let dry. Some concrete surfaces are hard steel troweled or have had a hardening compound added during cure. Put a drop of water on the dry surface and observe what happens. If it quickly soaks into the concrete you're ready to go. If it beads and sits there for a minute you'll need additional surface preparation. Grinding and shot blasting are excellent options. NuEtch will quickly create a microscopically roughened surface suitable for bonding. Once you have a clean, dry and roughened surface you're ready to begin the LikeNu application.
LikeNu primer (ASA 603 CEP) is provided as a concentrate. Reduce 50% with water by adding the primer to an equal amount of water.
We recommend testing your surface preparation before proceeding. Apply a little primer to a small ( 1 sq. ft.) area and allow it to dry. Use a knife blade to try to remove. If you can only barely chip it off you're ready to go. If you can remove it as a continuous film (like cellophane) then surface preparation is inadequate.
Apply the primer solution thinly at an approximate rate of 300 square feet per gallon. The primer will turn blue as you apply it and turn clear upon drying. Brush out any white spots as these indicate primer too thick.
If there is any spalling or other areas that need patching use the reduced primer solution as the liquid with any sand-cement material patching mortar. (Do not use mortar mixes containing limestone.) Trowel your patch directly over the primed concrete.
One Gallon Like Nu-------------weighs 10 lbs.
3.5 lbs of White or Gray #1 Portland Cement per gallon.
Blend the cement with 3 pints of water.
Mix the Portland/water solution thoroughly and wait about 10 minutes until slurry begins to thicken.
Blend the cement slurry with the LikeNu to make about 1.5 gallons total.
After mixing all the above, let stand for 10 to 20 minutes and let the cement swell. If it is not smooth enough, mix for a second time and let it stand for another 10 minutes and it should be ready to use. Although LikeNu is usually applied by roller it can be sprayed. If you are planning on spraying then pour the mixed material through a paint sieve to remove any cement lumps.
Roll LikeNu evenly across the surface. The 1.5 gallons of mixed LikeNu should cover 100 to 150 square feet in two coats.
Depending on the temperature it should dry and be ready for a second coat or sealing in 20 minutes on a hot day (80 to 95 degrees F.)and 30 to 45 minutes on cool days (60 to 75 degrees F.) Under 60 degrees drying times can be as long as two hours. LikeNu should not be applied below 45 degrees F.
All concrete pours should be sealed so that they will build strength. Although LikeNu performs well without additional protection the properties are enhanced by additional clear topcoats. Seal with a single thin coat of Acrylic-Urethane Sealer at a rate of 300 sq. ft per gallon.
When planning a coating application one must consider the end use. If traffic is going to be extreme from people, fork truck or vehicular traffic a very tough coating becomes a necessity. This procedure was originally written for doing a drive thru such as found at most fast-food establishments. Vehicular oil drippings plus food dropping can create a real mess.
To super enhance the repellent properties of your new LikeNu surface use CrystalNu, an aliphatic moisture cured urethane with no free iso-cyanate. This coating will prevent dirt pick up and tire marking. Oil and dirt will wash away very easily. The dilution of the CrystalNu and its very thin application will not be easily noticed except the surface will clean easily the next time that it gets soiled. The cleaning time in the future will be drastically reduced.
The application of the CrystalNu is easy. Using a foam roller simply roll the coating onto the cured, sealed LikeNu surface. Full drying of the urethane coat is about 24 hours.
We recommend that each contractor test out the above procedure to his own satisfaction. If you are satisfied, then do a job. To aid in product evaluation we have assembled test kits that contain the following materials.
*The Primer and sealer are shipped as one pint concentrate. Add water to make the full quart. Kit does NOT include 3.5 pounds of cement. Please acquire locally.
Material for up to 300 sq. ft. Extra primer for patching.
Please contact us for shipping charges to other areas.
The complete product and price list with on-line ordering is here. There is also a printable pdf version.
LikeNu is easily colored using standard concrete colorants. You can also use regular iron oxide based paint colorants. Organic dye based pigments may fade especially when exposed to full sun. Custom coloring is $4.00/gallon, ie., safety-yellow. Minimum 5 gallon orders for custom coloring. See the Artists at Work page for extreme ideas.
|
{
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
}
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Geek Managed Services
Microsoft announced recently that they will be changing their Office 365 subscriptions for small and medium-sized businesses and, as of this quarter, all those products will go by the Microsoft 365 brand.
Microsoft 365 was initially launched in 2017 as a licensing bundle for enterprise customers. The bundle provides customers with a combination of Microsoft's most popular tools – Office, Windows and Enterprise Mobility and Security (EMS).
The product has come a long way since then and is now best described as "the world's productivity cloud" thanks to their integrated applications and services that allow you to harness the power of artificial intelligence and other cutting-edge tech to work for you.
Microsoft Editor is just one of the exciting, smart apps that you will have access to over the coming months.
- cnet.com
The new product names came into effect on Tuesday 21st April. If you are already a subscriber, your subscription name will change automatically – and there will be no change in price or features for the time being. The product name changes are outlined below:
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Yes No This is a church event.
Print form below if you would like to provide a paper copy of events/activities for your group. Provide completed form to Pastor Jeff Mills to approve and for Rose Rice to update the online church calendar.
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The LORD is nothing if not persistent, always ready to begin again. But this time things should be different. For Jonah is not just starting over again; he has been given a new life out of the depths of Sheol, like Israel freed from exile in Babylon, like a man buried with Christ in baptism and raised to newness of life. The second half of the book of Jonah tells the story of one reborn from the dead. — Phillip Cary, Jonah (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible) (Kindle Locations 2279-2282). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
Often, I find when I'm at the funeral of an older person that they had a very interesting backstory over their long life. I think, I wish I'd known about that before. I would have loved to have heard more about that!
People are much more interesting when you know their backstory. All you have to do is ask questions! It's a great way to get to know someone.
We have two stories of people called to God's service today: Jonah the runaway prophet; and the disciples Simon and Andrew, James and John.
People sometimes try to invent a backstory for the four disciples, to explain why they followed Jesus so immediately. They must have met Jesus at some earlier time. But Mark gives us nothing. Mark wants us to see that the power of Jesus' call summons them away from their boats and their nets, and into a new life. It's almost as if the word of Jesus has recreated them.
But today, I want to look more at the main character, Jonah, and his backstory. Jonah is my all-time favourite book of the Bible. It's only four chapters long, and only forty eight verses. Read it when you get home—it's far more than a story about a prophet who had a whale of a time. No, the Book of Jonah is a hilarious satire on those who can't keep up with God; specifically, God's superabundant willingness to forgive and heal people.
We meet Jonah today in chapter 3 of the book, striding into Nineveh as an Old Testament hero. But Jonah wasn't always like that. The Book of Jonah is the story of a very reluctant prophet, and not a hero at all.
Jonah flees to Tarshish when God calls him to speak out against Nineveh. Nineveh was the superpower of the time; it was a bit like God saying to me, 'Ok Paul, I want you to go to North Korea and tell Kim Jong Un to change his ways'. I'd be off in a flash, somewhere the back of Bourke.
Tarshish was a 'back of Bourke' kind of place. We don't know where it was, probably in the south of Spain, but it was as far away from Israel as Jonah could imagine. God can't reach me there, he thought.
We all know how the story goes. Jonah is swallowed by a large fish, and after three days and three nights he is thrown up. While in the fish, he has time to sing a psalm.
After that, God calls him to go to Nineveh again. This is when we meet Jonah today, as he begins to cooperate with God.
Do you read the scriptures as two-dimensional words, or do you read them as a three-dimensional Word?
And what on earth does that even mean?
We can read the scriptures in two dimensions, as flat words on a flat page. When we read in two dimensions, every part of the scriptures is as important as every other part. So in the Old Testament, God tells the Israelites to kill whole populations; and Jesus says 'Love your neighbour'.
How does that fit together? In my younger years, I heard preachers saying that the Israelites killing every man, woman and child was loving their Israelite neighbour, delivering them from temptation to a life of idolatry. I was never convinced.
That's a two-dimensional way of looking at the scriptures. It seeks to harmonise things in the Bible. But you know, it's really not possible to harmonise everything.
Perhaps it could be that the people of Israel grew out of the idea that genocide serves God's purposes? If so, later they may have looked back at what their ancestors did and think they were just plain wrong. Perhaps they learned to read these stories as a kind of illustration of how to deal with sin in the human heart? An illustration of how sin needs to be removed, root and branch, but not a model of foreign policy?
Our lectionary scriptures today prompt us to ask some very important questions: How far do we go in gathering people in? Where do we stop?
Isaiah 56 relates to a time when the exiles are returning from Babylon and being gathered into Jerusalem. Remember, the Temple had been demolished and Jerusalem left in ruins in 587BC, and much of the population had been taken into captivity in Babylon. Today, the once-mighty Babylon is a pile of ruins about 85km south of Baghdad.
We say the exiles 'returned' to Jerusalem, but most if not all of them had never been there; it was their grandparents and great-grandparents who had been taken away. They knew Babylon, it was where they were born; they'd grown up on tales of the wonders of Jerusalem, but when they were gathered back in they didn't like what Jerusalem had become.
How did the returnees deal with the foreigners who had occupied their houses and land? They were divided about that.
The Book of Jonah is one of the prophetic books of the Bible, and it's my favourite book of the whole Bible. The main character of the story—Jonah, of course—is called by God to be a prophet. The word 'prophet' simply means 'to speak for'; a prophet doesn't necessarily foretell the future. A prophet listens to, understands, and proclaims a message that comes from the very heart of God.
You know, if this book were written these days, we wouldn't call it a prophecy; we'd call it a satirical short story. And as a short story, it's a rollicking good tale of a very reluctant prophet.
And as a prophecy, the Book of Jonah proclaims this message right from God's heart: God is a gracious God, a merciful God, a slow-to-anger God.
Note that this is 'the God of the Old Testament', which some people think is a different God to the God of the New Testament. The atheist celebrity Richard Dawkins, for example, says that 'the God of the Old Testament' is 'jealous and proud of it; a petty, unjust, unforgiving control-freak…' And Dawkins goes on and on—and on—with a list of twelve more insults, the least of which is that God is 'megalomaniacal, sadomasochistic and a capriciously malevolent bully'. So let's see what the prophecy of Jonah has to say for God.
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Casual and chic these trousers are a wardrobe must have! In the stripe print and with the elasticated waist they are both fashionable and comfortable. Team yours with the matching jacket and black camisole for a glam look.
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An online writer, Flying LlamaFish, stated that groundhog day is a freakin' holiday entirely based on the power of a psychic rodent. If that isn't the epitome of awesome, I don't know what is.
What about the groundhog? He's the lead actor on numerous stages around the United States. Perhaps the most well known is the performance of Puxsutawney Phil at Gobbler's Knob in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. For 129 years—since 1887—people have gathered there to discover if Phil sees his shadow, announcing six more weeks of winter weather.
Perhaps you would like to sample groundhog cuisine or entertain yourself with coloring pages. Recipes @ Groundhog Day Recipes & Pictures .
Whether or not you are able to attend a groundhog day festival I hope you enjoy the following quotes, jokes, and coloring pages, ending with a short story about unemployed groundhogs.
Q: What happened when the groundhog met the dogcatcher?
A: He became a pound hog!
Q: What happens if the ground log sees its shadow?
A: We'll have six more weeks of splinters!
Q: Why was the groundhog depressed about his den?
A: He was having a bad lair day!
Q: What's green, has four legs, and jumps out of its hole on February 2?
What do you get when you cross a groundhog with a pistachio?
A green beast who predicts a dry spring, and acts like a nut.
Who leaps tall buildings with a single bound?
What do you call a groundhog's laundry?
An informal survey revealed a variety of career paths now followed by the industrious rodents.
This entry was posted in CRITTERS, HOLIDAYS and tagged All posts, Groundhog Day, Groundhog Day coloring pages, Groundhog Day quotes & jokes, Latest post, Miscellaneous, postaday2016. Bookmark the permalink.
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It's worth mentioning here that these principles are equally applicable to any medium. Some of my favourite typefaces look dreadful on screen; and even good typefaces like Georgia or Verdana, designed especially for the screen, often look at best mediocre on paper. Choosing type for the web is easier owing to fewer choices; however, that's beginning to change. We now have sIFR and 'web fonts', so it's all the more important to think carefully about the type we use. Is Times/Times New Roman—narrow set and designed for narrow columns—really appropriate for long-line extended text on screen?
Probably not. There is a place for considering the historical context; however, it would be wrong to stick rigidly to this method of choosing type. If you're setting a text on Neanderthal man, you're going to run into problems. (seeThe Elements of Typographic Style, chapter 6.3, for excellent coverage of this particular topic). On the other hand, if your only audience is the BAF (Blackletter Addicts Foundation), then perhaps blackletter is appropriate.
Who will read your beautifully set text? Scientists, lawyers, engineers, echo boomers, children? If it's not obvious from the text, then find out. Historical ligatures may not go down too well with pre-school kids.
In future articles we'll look at specific case studies, and examples of serif and sans serif typefaces that work well together, together with a list of my favourite typefaces. Perhaps you have your own methods for choosing type. If you do, then be sure to share them in the comments.
Typography for the Web has come a long way since Tim Berners-Lee flipped the switch in 1991. Back in the days of IE 1.0, good web typography was something of an oxymoron. Today things are different. Not only do we have browsers that support images (gasp!), but we have the opportunity to make our web pages come to life through great typography.
Pale pink text on a pale blue background, might match your t-shirt, but it just doesn't read well. Text exists to be read; make sure that it contrasts enough with the background to achieve that. If you're ever unsure about contrast, then take a screen dump of your page, open up your image editing software and reduce the image to grey-scale. You'll soon see if you have enough contrast. Robert Bringhurst, the consummate typographer writes, typography exists to honor content. Are we honouring the content, if we design our pages in such a way that the text, the content, is difficult to read?
With the birth of Web 2.0 I noticed a rather annoying trend; namely small type. I've even emailed site authors and kindly suggested that they increase the default font size. I've received mixed replies from, tough, get yourself some glasses to thanks, I'd never even considered that my type might be too small for the average reader. I've even heard tiny body text defended with, "it matches my minimalist design", or similar. It most likely reflects a small something else. Unless Super Man and 20/20 Vision Girl (Marvel Comics, keep your hands off, she's mine) are your only readers, then small type is just not on.
Don't set body text below 10 or 12px and, if possible, make it bigger. Remember, what's legible on your 65 inch High Definition Plasma monitor, might not be so on a 15 inch MacBook. If in doubt, make it bigger. The body text on ILT is set at 16px.
Varying type size is one of the best ways to differentiate content. Colours and pretty boxes might help, but different sizes of type, used consistently throughout your pages, will signal loud and clear to your readers the relative importance of your pages' elements. It also means that if your readers are in a hurry, they can quickly pick out the important bits — and that could mean that they stay longer and read on.
Hierarchy can be achieved in other ways too. We've just mentioned using different sizes of type to achieve it, but we can also use different styles; for example, all-caps, or using italic for sub-headings. Serif and sans serif faces can also be mixed to good effect.
Let your type breathe. Don't be afraid to leave blank spaces in your pages. This negative or white space will help focus attention on the text—and it's the text that speaks loudest, so let it be heard. Next, remember the line-height CSS property; a good rule of thumb is line-spacing that's at least 140% of your text size (remember, I'm writing about web typography here). Good type designers put a whole lot of effort into the micro white space that sits inside type. They spend countless hours attempting to achieve a balance between the black of the type and negative or white space that it envelops. Likewise, we should take time to consider the macro white space, the 'voids' that shape our blocks of text.
Remember, these are not rules, but rather guidelines. However, follow them—contrast, size, hierarchy, and space—and your typography will rise like one of Gordon Ramsay's Soufflés. Oh, and I was only kidding about the monkeys.
In a future three-part series on the fundamentals of typography, I'll look at all of the above in more detail. I'll also be discussing numerous things (details) that will go a long way to improving your typography both on- and off-screen.
Alex is a widely respected typographer, illustrator and designer from Spain with a very impressive list of clients. His work is diverse and imaginative and well worth a look.
Bianca currently works at Mark Gowing Design in Sydney and does lovely 3D layered paper cuts for exhibition.
Craig is most well-known for his "Bad typography is everywhere" poster, but I love this roots piece. It's amazing.
Evelin works in cross stitch, CMYK cross stitch to be precise. Her work emulates the four colour printing process using thread on paper and I absolutely love it.
Jonathan is an Australian artist and designer with a diverse range of styles and techniques. His site is divided into commercial and exhibition work. Yet another designer to straddle the fine line between designer/artist.
Luca does fantastic live calligraphy performances. I would love to see one.
Marcelo's digital 3D typography is so full of energy and life and always feels like it's bursting out of the page.
Me and my pen is Darren Newman, typographer and illustrator who works in a very linear style.
A video of Niels was doing the rounds recently of him doing calligraphy on the ground with a wet broom. One of my students listed him in all five of their top 5 slots and said he would give his face to be this talented. Says it all really.
Judging by his work, Oded is one wacky guy. His projects are highly creative and imaginative.
Polish designer Peter Tarka has a wide variety of 3D design work, packed with energy and edge.
RIPO is a graffiti artist who works in a wide variety of styles and sizes.
Sean Freeman is a highly creative commercial designer from the UK who always surprises with his type treatments. His studio is called THERE IS.
Sepra4Life is Marko Purac, a Serbian cartoonist and typographer who has a structured, retro cartoon style.
Si Scott is an illustrator and typographer with a very distinctive and specific linear style.
Simon is a Swedish designer obsessed with two things: type and coffee. He has a very distinctive style and is fantastic at hand lettering.
YLLV is Karol Gadzala, a Polish typographer and illustrator.
Alex Trochut is a typographer and graphic designer based in Barcelona. He has been working as a freelancer since 2007 and has gained clients such as Pepsi, Wallpaper* and Audi.
His experimental style has gained him critical acclaim from across the board and with a philosophy of 'more is more,' his array of work is a perfect example of embracing the endless spectrum of font formats.
Tomasz Biernat specialises in old school lettering – often recreating those custom typefaces that hark back to chalk boards and elaborate calligraphy. His typography has been seen on prints, posters and t-shirts as well as bigger installations.
In my research and process to define energetic splatter, I started out by defining them as one "energetic splatter". I started by typing these two words in Google together to see if it would be more creative verse the words by themselves. But I also researched each separately. I found they were more successful combined verses independently. The pictures I found as the two words together were more creative and interesting. When I think of energetic splatter I see energetic splatters of paint and bouncing balls. When thinking of energetic I feel full of life and alive and when thinking of splatters I see abstract colorful art of splattered paint. When creating the modules my process was to make them look like there was motion, and I thought that using circles would be the best source to create motion or give the impression of motion.
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It was paved with concrete, asphalt and good intentions, but eight years after opening to traffic, the southwest leg of Anthony Henday Drive is too often a highway to commuter hell.
It was paved with concrete, asphalt and good intentions, but the southwest leg of Anthony Henday Drive is too often a highway to commuter hell.
Traffic jams are routinely worse there than on other sections of the Henday, and those tie-ups drive commuters battier by the day. What can be done to mitigate the twice daily servings of stick in the eye? And when will it happen?
Alberta Transportation has the answer to the first question and can only guess at the second.
But we're talking about the Henday, so let's take it slow. A little context is necessary.
The southwest leg of Edmonton's ring road, which is also known as Provincial Highway 216, spans 25 kilometres from the interchange of Gateway Boulevard and Calgary Trail in the south to another with Yellowhead Trail in the north. It's a four-lane divided highway built on the old model of design, bid, build; and the province therefore operates and maintains it, unlike the other three sections, which are governed by 30-year P3 construction and maintenance contracts.
When its final eight-kilometre stretch opened to traffic in 2006, Edmonton drivers were excited, though confounded by at-grade intersections and traffic lights. On a ring road? Seriously?
The lights were always meant to be temporary, but the southwest part of the city was fully engaged in a massive building boom — both residential and commercial sectors were hopping — and traffic was swelling faster than predicted.
"The projections when it was built, between about 2002 and 2006 when it was opened, those projections were lower (than actual)," said Bill van der Meer, the project manager. "And development in that area, southwest, is just in general moving at a faster rate than probably was predicted when we first looked at it about 10 years ago.
"Even in the first few years that road was there it didn't have huge volumes on it. So even the four-lane divided looked like it would last for a long time. Once the access is there, it triggers a lot of development with those neighbouring communities and then it's just a bit of a guess as to how quickly how much housing goes in and how those traffic volumes build up.
In 2001, those projections called for 40,000 vehicles per day by 2020. That threshold was breached in 2009.
At rush hour, the traffic lights produced gridlock and frustration. At night, semi drivers hit the Jake brakes, which are engine retarders, to stop for red lights; and nearby residents were bothered by an elevation of noise, which was already bad enough during rush hour.
Southwest Henday traffic and noise issues were raised regularly in the legislature. The federal and provincial governments eventually dedicated more taxpayer dollars to interchanges and everyone finally breathed a sigh of relief on Nov. 16, 2011 when the last of the lights, those at Cameron Heights, were removed and the road was free-flowing.
It was smooth and fast — in normal traffic you could traverse the entire southwest leg in less than 20 minutes at posted speed limits. It was convenient, with access and egress at 10 locations from stem to stern. Drivers were absolutely besotted.
People stuck in rush hour traffic have opportunity, motive and means, so they bombard social media platforms with their frustrations and, on occasion, solutions for the snarl. They sneer at the sheer stupidity of building a freeway with just two lanes in each direction and point out that portions of 170th Street have three lanes on each side.
They finger the quasi-permanent radar locations that slow camera-shy drivers to a crawl and bemoan the pinch point where Gateway Blvd., 111th St. and Calgary Tr. all merge on and off the Henday within a few kilometres.
And some vitriol is reserved for those who try to merge at 70 km/h or zip by everybody else at 150 km/h and inevitably cause an accident that backs up traffic as far as the eye can see.
Van der Meer said drivers' complaints reach his desk all the time, and he hears more about the southwest Henday than any other road in the province.
"Personally, that makes me feel it's a pretty successful road because everybody wants to be on it. That's the road of choice, I suppose.
The road was built to accommodate two more lanes in each direction and the 40,000-vehicle threshold was supposed to trigger second-stage widening. Some sections of the southwest Henday now see 70,000 vehicles per day. It is well past time to move forward.
"We are now looking at which sections on the southwest would be priorities for adding lanes, whether it would be the whole section or specific sections between interchanges that we'd do first," said van der Meer.
The department will put together a recommendation that will be evaluated along with all other projects, then prioritized.
Rush hour drivers are clearly exhausted by the various irritants, but Edmonton South West MLA Thomas Dang said the only Henday concerns he's heard from constituents, in just four months on the job mind you, relate to road noise. Ward 5 city councillor Michael Oshry echoed that sentiment.
A noise attenuation wall could be built, at a cost of $1.5 million per kilometre, but neither the city nor the province is considering funding it yet, because the average traffic noise levels are slightly lower than the city bylaw's threshold of 65 decibels.
He also doesn't expect the province to move quickly on widening.
"They're still trying to finish the Henday on the other side of town," he said, referring to the northeast leg, which is due for completion in 2016. "And I think with the revenue challenges the province is going to have, I'm not anticipating that they're going to be doing anything about it in any short order.
Oshry drives the southwest Henday regularly and said he is "astonished" at how busy it is.
That's what ring roads do. They siphon off traffic from other throughways and congestion builds faster than it otherwise would and that puts pressure on the infrastructure. There is no doubt the province's projections were inaccurate. But van der Meer said he wouldn't make a different decision in the planning stage.
"We had traffic projections; how long that road would operate before we'd need to widen it. If we built a six-lane divided road that was virtually empty for 10 years, that wouldn't be money well spent.
'Not again' is apparently the concrete answer.
A 14-km section of the southwest Anthony Henday Drive between Calgary Tr. and Lessard Rd. was covered with Portland Cement Concrete Pavement panels, about 12,000 of them. It was the first such extensive use of concrete paving in Alberta, and quite likely the last.
Inspired by interstate highways in Wyoming and Montana, the province opened bids on that section of road to concrete and asphalt paving companies, in part to foster a competition between the industries.
However, cold temperatures shorten the concrete construction season and freezing temperatures have the potential to destroy an entire section of paving.
In 2012, just six years after installation, some cracked and broken panels were repaired or replaced, while some intact panels were levelled by injections of high density polyurethane foam underneath them. The repairs cost $6 million and regularly disrupted traffic over a calendar year.
Van der Meer called the repairs a "maintenance cycle" that won't have to be repeated for 20 years.
He characterizes the concrete experiment a success, based on a predicted cost saving on maintenance over a 30-year time frame.
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Federative Republic of Brazil (Cold War)
Brazilian Tracked Vehicles
VETE T-1 A-1 Cutia
X1 Family
CCL X1 Pioneiro
CCL X1 with 60 HVMS
CCL X1A1 Carcará
MB-3 Tamoyo
MB-3 Tamoyo 1
Brazilian Wheeled Vehicles
EE-11 Urutu AFSV "Uruvel"
VBB-1
EE-9 Cascavel
CRM and EE-9 M2 37 mm
Foreign Vehicles In Brazilian Service
T17 Deerhound in Brazilian Service
Get in the Brazil mobile
Brazil was a country of opposites in terms of armored vehicles during the Cold War. It went from a country completely dependent on imported equipment to a country that managed to build its own main battle tank, which was able to compete with the established industries of the time, in a span of less than 20 years. Not only that, but in just 9 years after the very first armored vehicle, the VETE T-1 A-1 Cutia, was built, it became a large arms exporter. In 1984, the Brazilian arms export reached its peak, and it seemed that Brazil had cemented its place as an important player in the Third-World arms export industry.
The difference between import and export can be divided into two periods:
The first period takes place in between 1945 and 1967. During this period, the Brazilians acquired predominately American tanks and armored vehicles through Lend-Lease and the Military Assistance Program (MAP). Although essential for the experience, modernisation, and army structure for the future national armored vehicle development, it was absolutely detrimental for any initiative meant to start an armored vehicle industry. At the end of this period, the first minor attempts were made at building and converting some vehicles.
The second period takes place in between 1967 and 1989. During this period, the Brazilian Defence industry was born. From a humble beginning by the Army, not long after, companies like Engesa and Bernardini took over. Brazil marketed itself as an exporter for Third-World countries, and did so with great effect. The Brazilian defense industry would reach its Golden Age in the 1980s, when it would develop its first Main Battle Tanks. At the same time, the first signs of its impending collapse would begin during this Golden Age.
Come to Brazil
Map of Brazil
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Brazil-from-http-wwwsouth-america-travelinfo-brazil-geographyhtml_fig1_314045712
Being the 5th largest country in the world, covering almost half of the South American continent, Brazil contains a wide variety of climates and landscapes. From deserts to plains, and from jungles to urban environments. These different terrains mean that only a few regions are fit for armored vehicles and most call for more specialized vehicles.
The Caatinga desert is found in the northeastern region of Brazil. Armored vehicles can be used on this terrain, but the Borborema Plateau and mountains to the east of the desert are more challenging. Since this region is far away from the borders of Brazil, it does not have as much of a priority compared to other regions.
The Amazon rainforest covers the northern region of Brazil. Although the rainforest itself is very problematic for armored vehicles, the less vegetated areas do allow their use. The Roraima state, which borders both Guyana and Venezuela, is one of these regions where the use of armored vehicles, like tanks, is at least practiced for when the need arises.
In the mid-western region of Brazil, bordering Bolivia and Paraguay is the Pantanal region. The Pantanal is the largest flooded grassland region in the world. Although this terrain does bring some challenges, amphibious vehicles can be used to effect in these flooded regions.
The largest concentration of armored vehicles is in the so-called Pampas region, which covers the very south of Brazil. Pampa is translated as plain, which means that the Pampas region is a very large and quite flat grassland, ideal terrain for armored vehicles. In addition, Uruguay and a part of Argentina also belong to the Pampas region. This means that a constant concentration and superior amount of troops there could mean either a successful deterrent/defense or a successful initiation of an invasion.
In the southeast of Brazil, armored vehicles would be mainly used in urban terrain, during police missions in the favelas, for example. The urban and mountainous terrain of this area does hinder the effective usage of armored vehicles.
Brazil has a very large surface area combined with a variety of terrains. This results in a concentration of vehicles in specific regions where they are most effectively and most likely used. This means that one of the biggest challenges of Brazil is to be able to transport as much military equipment as it can in a short amount of time to regions where fewer vehicles are concentrated in case the need arises.
Brazil during World War 2
Although unknown to many, Brazil participated in World War 2 on the Allied side, and sent the FEB, Força Expedicionária Brasileira (English: Brazilian Expeditionary Force), to fight, consisting of 25,900 soldiers. The FEB, or also known as the 'Smoking Snakes', fought in Italy from 1944 to 1945. There, the Brazilians would use the M8 Greyhound in combat, which would prove fundamental for Brazilian armored vehicles during the Cold War. Besides the FEB, Brazil also participated in the Battle of the Atlantic by helping with escort ships and in anti-submarine operations.
Soldiers of the Brazilian FEB in Italy.
Source: https://tecnodefesa.com.br/75-anos-do-dia-da-vitoria-ordem-do-dia/
Brazil's location on the South American continent made Brazil an interesting place for the production of equipment for the United States. Brazil welcomed this, as they were now able to get both the knowledge and financial support in building factories for equipment like plane engines, and the construction of additional steel factories. Overall, Brazil left World War 2 as a much more developed industrial nation.
In addition to industry, Brazil acquired vehicles, ships, and planes through Lend-Lease. Through Lend-Lease, Brazil built a modern World War 2 army, with tanks like the M3 Stuart and the M4 Sherman, but also the much loved M8 Greyhound. With help of the US, Brazil also set up schools and technical institutes, from which they would implement American organization and doctrines.
Insignia of the Smoking Snakes.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force
The Estado Novo comes to an end
From 1930 to 1945, Getúlio Vargas had ruled Brazil. His dictatorial Estado Novo (English: New State), which began in 1937, allowed Vargas to rule without any election. He used a loophole due to which he practically ruled the country for 8 years under a martial law-like situation. From a judicial point of view, the country was in a state of emergency, which would only end when a new congress was voted in, which never happened. At the time, Vargas had enough support from the bourgeoisie, the military, and civilian bureaucracy to support his strategy.
Getúlio Vargas.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas
Vargas had a very pragmatic and nationalistic approach with his Estado Novo. One of the main goals was to achieve industrialization, as this was seen to better solidify Brazil's independence. Eventually, Vargas would join World War 2. This move, although in line with his pragmatic Estado Novo policy of industrialization, would also bring an end to the Estado Novo. Brazil was in an interesting position, as it was a country with a quasi-fascist regime that fought on the side of the democratic Allies.
Brazil's economy would grow because of its deals with the United States, but alongside the growing economy came wishes for more democratic and liberal rights. Members of Vargas' administration also started to support a more democratic state. Although Vargas had promised that democratic elections would be held after the end of the war, his actions stated otherwise. With rising inflation during the end of World War 2, more protests started to appear, and the wish for democracy was clear. Then, on October 25th, 1945, Vargas made a political mistake. He fired his Chief of Police and replaced him with his brother, Benjamin Vargas. The Brazilian Minister of War mobilized his troops, including M3 Stuarts, and forced Vargas to resign. Vargas made a public statement that he resigned and was allowed to return to his place of birth. For a period of a year, an interim leadership was installed until Dutra would be the first democratically elected President of the new democracy.
Equipment and Institutes of the Brazilian Army 1945-1964
After the Second World War, Brazil's armored forces mainly consisted of American vehicles acquired through Lend-Lease. Brazil took a pro-American stance during and after WW2, at first to gain economic growth and equipment to match Argentina's army. After WW2, this was continued to again gain economic growth and to match the Argentinian army (its primary regional rival) and equipment in order to become an important participant in the geopolitical scene.
At the end of the WW2, Brazil had acquired a wide array of armored vehicles, consisting of around 437 M3 Stuarts (nicknamed 'Perereca', a Brazilian tree frog), 104 M3 Lees, 53 75 mm M4 Shermans, 125 M3A1 scout cars, 8 M2 halftracks, 54 T17 Deerhounds, 150 M8 Greyhounds, 20 M20 command cars, M39 armored utility vehicles, various halftracks of both M2 and M3 models, some M32 tank recovery vehicles, and M26 tank transporters. These vehicles were distributed to several infantry and cavalry units which were stationed in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. It is interesting to note that the Brazilian Army still had in storage a number of Italian CV 3/35 II's in 1958, of which 23 were acquired in 1938.
Brazilian M3 Stuarts.
Source: Blindados no Brasil
The M8 Greyhound, although small in numbers in Brazil, was arguably the most influential vehicle for the future developments of the Brazilian arms industry, followed by the M3 Stuart. The M8s would form the basis of Brazil's future 6 x 6 wheeled vehicle projects, and, with the help of Bernardini and Bidelli, a completely new family of vehicles would be designed on the M3 Stuart chassis.
With the arrival of these armored vehicles, the Armored Division Core (Núcleo de Nossa Divisão Blindada) was formed in May 1946, which was transformed into the Armored Division in October 1957. In 1947, the Escola Técnica do Exército (ETE), (English: Army Technical School) offered the first specialized course in Industrial and Automotive Engineering in the country. A year later, the Instituto Militar de Tecnologia (IMT), (English: Military Institute of Technology) was created with American influence and was located at Praia Vermelha in Rio de Janeiro, where the ETE was already located. The IMT was the first to conduct organized research and development for the Brazilian Army. The IMT and ETE would eventually merge into the Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), (English: Institute of Military Engineering) in 1959, which is still located at Praia Vermelha in Rio de Janeiro. The IME was responsible for the education of a lot of engineers which would play a critical role in the development of Brazil's armored vehicles.
The IME.
Source: https://mapio.net/pic/p-12634409/
Through the Military Assistance Programme, Brazil acquired 50 M41 Walker Bulldogs, 20 to 22 M59 APCs, 30 M4 Shermans, and 2 M74 armored recovery vehicles in August 1960 (Brazil would acquire around 160 M41's between 1960 and 1967, including the 50 tanks from 1960). The M41s were distributed to the Regimentos de Reconhecimento Mecanizado (English: Mechanized Reconnaissance Regiments) and replaced the old M3 Stuarts. The M41s were sent to the regiment of Santo Angelo, Porto Alegre, both located in Rio Grande do Sul, and to Rio de Janeiro.
From the late 1960s until 1970, Brazil decided to modernize its armored forces. An additional 303 M41s, 580 to 607 M113s, 72 M108 SPGs, and 15 M578 light recovery vehicles were acquired. The M41s replaced the M3 Lee and the M4 Sherman of the Brazillian Army. It was the best tank that Brazil owned at the time, and they owned, for South American standards, a sizable amount of 353 M41s in total. It formed the basis of the armored units of Brazil, of which most were used by the 5th Brigada de Cavalaria Blindada (English: 5th Armored Cavalry Brigade). The M41 was a sign of great power in South America, which helped to rebalance the power between Argentina and Brazil.
The M41 was, like the M8 Greyhound and the M3 Stuart, a very influential vehicle in the Brazilian armored vehicle industry. Bernardini would upgrade the M41 to the M41B and M41C standard. The M41s never saw actual combat, although they were used in the coup d'état of 1964.
Brazilian M41 Walker Bulldogs.
The Brazilian 'democracy' of 1945-1964
With Vargas removed from office, and Dutra voted in as the first president of the newly formed democracy, Brazil entered a period of 19 years of democracy. In reality, during the first years of democracy, not a lot had changed from a leadership perspective. Dutra owed his victory for a large part to Vargas. Dutra was in a stalemate against his opponent, but after a visit to Vargas' residence, Vargas showed his support to Dutra. Vargas was still popular in Brazil, and as a result, Dutra gained a lot of support from the Vargas supporters, which tipped the scales in Dutra's favor. Vargas was voted in as senator or elected deputy of several Brazilian states. Vargas mainly used his time as a senator to gain political support.
Dutra's economic policy followed the economic policy which was taken during World War 2 by Vargas. The more open and global economy, opposed to Vargas' initial Estado Novo, was identified as the reason for Brazil's growth during World War 2. As such, Dutra tried to follow this line and slowly removed barriers placed by the Estado Novo administration. Not long after the continuation of the economic policy, Brazil would creep into financial instability.
With the instability of Europe and the rise of Communism, something to which both Dutra and his predecessor Vargas were strongly opposed, the communist party would be repressed under Dutra's rule. In May 1947, the communist parties were banned. One of the downsides with the banning of the communist parties was that the worker unions were either forbidden or had no real influence in Brazilian politics. Even though the Brazilian economy initially grew, the cost of living rose, while the salaries did not at the same rate.
President Eurico Gaspar Dutra.
Source: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra
The return of Vargas
On October 3rd, 1950, new elections were held. The ex-dictator Getúlio Vargas had spent his years as senator gathering political support from multiple parties. During his election campaign, as a true populist, he focussed on industrialist policies and labor legislation, and even went so far in some of his speeches that some of his statements could be seen as communist. Vargas, the ex-dictator who had ruled for 15 years, became President of a democratic Brazil with 48.7% of the total vote.
In the early 1950s, inflation started to rise, and the Vargas administration was stuck in a pinch. On one side, they needed to fight inflation, but the cost of living was evermore increasing. To garner support, Vargas tried to get more support from the industrial working class during a rally. During this rally, he legalized the communist parties again. Although Vargas had garnered support, it did not relieve him from protests, and his government was forced to give in to the worker's demands. With the protests, a strong anti-Vargas movement started to form behind Carlos Lacerda, a staunch opponent to communism and populism. The Vargas administration was forced to enact increasingly communist policies and had lost almost all its support. Within Vargas' circles, some decided that the only way for Vargas to remain in power was to get rid of his strongest opponent, Carlos Lacerda.
Carlos Lacerda.
Source: https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/130732/biografia
The assassination of Lacerda went horribly wrong for Vargas. Not only did the assassin fail to murder Lacerda, but he also managed to murder Lacerda's companion, an Air Force Major, instead. As a result, the Air Force was in a state of rebellion against the Vargas administration, and, not long after, the administration lost all support from the Army as well. The Air Force and police started investigating the Vargas administration, which revealed a dark side of Vargas' administration. After losing support from his political base, his Armed Forces, and the investigation carried out against his administration, Vargas committed suicide on August 24th, 1954.
In the aftermath, masses of people went on the street and started to riot. The Army supported a legal solution, and no coup was attempted. The Vice-President of Vargas took over and promised that the elections of 1955 would be held. During the riots, M3 Stuarts would be used in the state of Rio Grande do Sul to repress the protestors.
The Democracy starts to crumble
Especially from 1954 on, the Brazilian democracy was anything but stable. In November 1955, President João Café Filho, the Vice-president of Vargas, was rushed to hospital and temporarily replaced by Carlos Luz. During that time, Juscelino Kubitschek was voted in as President. Kubitschek was from the same party as Vargas. Through extra-legal means, Luz, who was still President at the time, tried to prevent Kubitschek from entering office. As a result, the Brazilian Army intervened and M3 Lees and M3A1 Stuarts went on the streets of Rio de Janeiro. They surrounded the residence of Café Filho and the presidential palace of Catete. In addition, Stuarts occupied the Santa Cruz Air Base. Kubitschek took office on January 31st, 1956.
Kubitschek would be succeeded by Jânio Quadros on January 31st, 1961, who, after losing support from both the Senate and his political base, unexpectedly resigned on August 25th, 1961. His unexpected resignation resulted in a crisis. His Vice President, João Goulart who would become President, was a left-wing politician, to which most military officers and Ministers were strongly opposed. João Goulart was on a diplomatic mission to China when Quadros resigned. The Military Ministers blocked the return of Goulart from China, fearing that Brazil would turn into a communist state if Goulart took office.
João Goulart.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart#/media/File:Jango.jpg
The brother-in-law of Goulart, Brizola, would start gathering support, and found it in the Third Army. The Third Army deployed with M3 Stuarts around the palace in which Brizola resided. The Commander of the army was relieved from duty by the Ministers, but the Commander refused to resign. More tanks were gathered, including the M41 Walker Bulldog, and the Fifth Army would also join the cause of Brizola and Goulart. The Military Ministers sent troops from São Paulo, who were armed with Stuarts and M3 Lees, to oppose Brizola. Eventually, Goulart managed to return, and after extensive negotiations, took office as President, although he was limited in influence. Eventually, a clash between the Fifth Army and the troops from São Paulo was prevented.
Coup d'état of 1964 (Under Revision)
João Goulart, as a left-wing politician, had radical and communist policies. Some of his policies were to strengthen ties with communist countries, even though he was almost removed from the Presidency by the Army. His attempts to improve the economy were radical and included agrarian and urban reforms. During these 3 years, from 1961 to 1964, an anti-Goulart conspiracy grew within the Army, and with the announcement of urban reforms in 1964, which circumvented the Brazilian Congress, the first civilian protests began.
On March 31st, 1964, General Olìmpio Mourão Filho ordered his troops of the 4th Military Region to move from Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro and depose Goulart. The army and its tanks moved to the cities with the resources of the military but also with civilian means. The army fueled up at gas stations and used civilian trucks to transport food and fuel. This was the largest logistical operation ever conducted by the Brazilian Army, which forced its soldiers to take part in a real situation instead of exercises. The logistical operation is still studied and used as an example by the Brazilian Army as a result.
M3 Stuart on a transport truck.
Tanks and armored vehicles were stationed in Brazil's most important cities as a show of strength against the Goulart loyalists. The tanks were stationed for about a week, and the crews practically lived in them during that time. Tanks like the M3 Stuart, M4 Sherman and the M41 Walker Bulldog were transported to Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia, and Recife to defend important locations in the cities and ward off any engagements. None of the other Brazilian Armies decided to intervene in support of Goulart, either joining the 4th Military Region or staying more or less neutral. The result was that Brazil was not plunged into civil war.
The coup was successful and an authoritarian military junta would rule until 1984, ending the democratic period of 1945-1964. The rise of communism in Brazil was prevented and Goulart fled the country.
M41's in the streets of Rio de Janeiro.
Source: http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/06/27/brazil.documents/index.html
The first steps
In the 2nd half of this period, between 1945 and 1967, the first attempts were made by the Brazilian Army to develop and build its own armored vehicle, and to rearm a single M8 or M20. These projects were the result of the institutions created during and after the Second World War, and would hail the rise of the upcoming Brazilian armored vehicle industry.
The VETE T-1 A-1 Cutia
Brazil's first attempt to develop its own armored vehicle for the army started in 1958, when 9 students, led by Major José Luiz de Castro e Silva, started designing a vehicle based on the French VP-90.
The students built a mock-up, designated VETE-58, but the project did not advance any further at that time. Interest in the project resurfaced in 1965, and a single prototype was delivered, designated VETE T-1 A-1 Cutia. The Cutia did not perform sufficiently well during trials and the reconnaissance vehicle was rejected. The rejection of the Cutia decreased the initial willingness of the Brazilian authorities to develop and fund armoured vehicles until the 1970s.
Although the Cutia itself was not a success, it was fundamental in the cooperation between the Brazilian Army and the Brazilian Automotive industry to build it. This cooperation between the two would later return during projects like the EE-9 Cascavel and the X1 Pioneiro vehicles.
Source: Military Review – Professional Journal of the United States Army
The M8 rocket launcher projects
From 1966 to 1968, another institute, called Diretoria de Pesquisa e Ensino Técnico (DPET), (English: Army Research and Technical Educational Board) initiated the development and construction of an M8 or M20 prototype armed with rocket launchers.
DPET was responsible for the coordination between IME and Instituto de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento, (IPD) (English: Research and Development Institute). The IME was responsible for the training of military engineers and researchers, and the development of new technologies which could be used in the future. The IPD was responsible for the research and improvement of systems, equipment, components, materials and assisting in the development of military equipment. DPET would be responsible for the early prototypes of, for example, the EE-9 Cascavel, EE-11 Urutu, and the X1 projects.
Under the supervision of DPET, either an M8 or M20 received a new turret, built by Arsenal de Guerre de Urca. This trapezium shaped turret mounted two sets of 7 individual rocket launchers, one set on each side.
M8 Prototype.
Source: https://www.cibld.eb.mil.br/index.php/historico-2/blindados-eb-parte-3
In 1966, the IME created another M8-based rocket launcher. The IME removed the main gun and gun mantlet, and replaced the main gun with a machine gun. Two indigenously built rocket launchers were mounted on the turret, one on each side.
The rise of Brazilian armored vehicle industry
There were various reasons for Brazil to start their own defense industry. The main reason was the American involvement in the Vietnam War. As the US got increasingly involved in the Vietnam war, the supplies to less important countries decreased. Weapons and tanks which were previously available in large numbers for bargain prices, were now getting increasingly hard to get and increasingly expensive. The equipment flow to Third World countries was decreased, and to Brazil as well. In addition, during the 70s, the US would make arms deals even harder because they refused exporting to Brazil because of the human rights violations that the military junta in Brazil was committing.
This was a serious issue for Brazil, as the lack of equipment undermined their power projection in South America. Brazil's pro-American stance from 1940 until 1967, and its dependency on American equipment, had turned them, in the eyes of other South American countries, into an American proxy-state. With the US pulling the plug on the Military Assistance Program, the political position the Brazilians found themselves in was precarious at best. Without US support, they had no effective army to fight a prolonged war and, with them being seen as an American proxy-state, no real influence within their supposed sphere of influence.
In 1967, the Brazilian Army had conducted a study which resulted in the Triennial Plan 68/70. The Army recognised the external dependence for material as a serious problem and advocated for the need to encourage the R&D of the Material de Emprego Militar, (MEM) (English: Employment of Military Material). This study was aligned with government policies of the time. These policies put high tariffs on the import of a large number of products, forcing the Brazilian private sector to develop their own industry.
These factors culminated in the Brazilian break-away from an import dependent country, and, in military terms, made the country more secure, as Brazil would not be dependent on external suppliers anymore. In between 1968 and 1972, the import of military equipment was shifted from the US to Europe. These imports consisted of a large number of licensing deals, which would eventually enable Brazil to produce their own equipment. From these factors, it can be concluded that the Brazilian defence industry did not start with export in mind, but as a national security project.
PqRMM/2
The Parque Regional de Motomecanização da 2a Região Militar, (PqRMM/2) (English: Regional Motomecanization Park of the 2nd Military Region) was a group of army automotive engineers, gathered to study, develop and produce armored vehicles in Brazil. Created on December 17th 1957, the PqRMM/2 engineers were the pioneers of the Brazilian defense industry, and would develop the first prototypes of the successful EE-9 Cascavel and EE-11 Urutu armored vehicles.
Although the Army had recommended the research and development of military materiel, the engineering team had humble beginnings. Internal setbacks and a lack of support, materials and plans would prove to be the main difficulty in the early phases of the project. The project consisted of three phases:
1. Refitting current vehicles in service with new nationally built engines.
2. Create ties between commercial companies and the Army to develop new vehicles, the design of wheeled vehicles, and the creation of a commercial section.
3. The research and redesign of tracked vehicles.
After the initial difficulties of the PqRMM/2 were overcome, they reached their first success in refitting the engine of an M8 Greyhound. They refitted the M8 with an OM 321 6-cylinder 110 hp diesel engine, a new transmission, new differentials, and new brakes, all produced by Mercedes-Benz Brazil. The Army tested the vehicles and the results were positive, as the refitted M8 Greyhound performed better than the original M8 Greyhound. With these results, the Diretoria de Motomecanização, (DMM) (English: Directory of Motormechanisation) ordered the refitting of 33 M8 Greyhounds.
At the same time, the engine of an M2 half-track was refitted with a nationally built Perkins diesel engine with the help of the Perkins factory. Additionally, it also received bulletproof fuel tanks, which were developed by Novatração (Novatração Artefatos de Borracha Ltda). The refitted M2 was tested and the results were positive as well. The vehicle was approved by the DMM and 20 halftracks of various models were modernized.
Novatração was a company created in the 1950s, and was dedicated to the production of spare parts for the machinery park. Novatração would specialise itself in the production of rubber blocks for tracks, road wheels, bulletproof tyres, and solid tires. They took part in multiple projects of the PqRMM/2 and would later collaborate with all the armored vehicle projects of Bernardini, Engesa, and Moto-Peças which were developed in coordination of the Army. Like many other companies of the Brazilian defence industry, it would go bankrupt (2004), although former engineers of Novatração founded the Front Rubber em Sante André and thus will retain and carry forth the knowledge of Novatração.
Although these successes are quite small in the grand scheme of developing and setting-up a defence industry, they were essential in giving the Brazilian engineers confidence in their abilities. These successes paved the way for PqRMM/2 to start with phase 2, the development of their first wheeled armored vehicles and the basis of the future EE-9 Cascavel and the EE-11 Urutu.
Second phase
With the successful refitting of the various vehicles the Brazilian Army owned, the engineers of PqRMM/2 set off developing wheeled armored vehicles. The first step was creating the Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Blindados, (CPDB) (English: Armor Research and Development Centre) and partnering Army Project Centres with companies that were interested in participating in the Army projects. Among these companies, the most known were: Avibras, Bernardini, Biselli, Engesa, Moto-Peças, and Novatração.
The basis for this second phase was a study conducted by the Diretoria Geral de Material Bélico, (DGMB) (English: General Directorate of War Material). This study analysed 4 x 4 and 6 x 6 vehicles used at the time by, for example, the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Italy. The results of this study were passed on to the Departamento de Provisão Geral, (DPG) (English: General Provision Department) on September 15th, 1967. The document called for intensive adoption of wheeled armoured vehicles for Brazil's mechanized units. These vehicles would require a relatively modest investment for their development, and as such, would be more viable to develop instead of importing them. The study proposed the creation and adoption of a vehicle like the M8 Greyhound, but simpler.
One of the issues the PqRMM/2 team struggled with was money. During the second phase, the engineers created a commercial wing to the Park to fund their projects. This commercial wing fixed engines for the private sector, and, at their height, fixed around 300 engines per month. The commercial park became quite lucrative, and all the money made fixing engines was reinvested into the PqRMM/2 projects. The second phase resulted in three wheeled vehicles:
The Viatura Blindada Brasileira 1 (VBB-1), (English: Brazilian Armoured Car 1) was the first nationally designed and built wheeled vehicle of Brazil. The development of the VBB-1 started in 1968, and ended in 1970 with a working prototype. The vehicle was extensively tested and it performed well.
The issue with the VBB-1 was that the Army did not want it. The Brazilian Army wanted a 6 x 6 vehicle and not a 4 x 4. Although the VBB-1 was not a success, it was a very important stepping stone. With the start of the VBB-1 project, the groundwork for armor and turret studies was created for Brazil in between 1969 and 1970. Additionally, the support net of companies which would help Brazil in creating its vehicles was laid.
VBB-1, note the PqRMM/2 and the Brazilian Army markings.
Source: http://www.geocities.ws/militaryzone_portugal/vbb.htm
VBR-2
After the rejection of the VBB-1, the PqRMM/2 started developing the 6 x 6 vehicle that the Brazilian Army wanted, the Viatura Blindada sobre Rodas 2 (VBR-2), (English: Wheeled Armored Car 2). The initial mock-up was developed by PqRMM/2, and was armed with the VBB-1 turret. The team realised that they needed a better suspension for the 6 x 6 vehicle, and this is when Engesa comes into the picture.
Engesa supplied the project with the staple mark of the Brazilian wheeled vehicles: the Boomerang suspension. The Boomerang suspension enabled the vehicles to have constant traction with the ground. When a vehicle with a Boomerang suspension drives over a hill, the rear two wheels follow the curvature of the hill, instead of the rear two wheels losing contact with the ground. This constant traction greatly improved the mobility of the Brazilian wheeled vehicles in various terrains, and enabled them to cross obstacles, which would have been impossible for traditional wheeled vehicles.
The VBR-2, at this point redesignated as Carro de Reconhecimento sobre Rodas (CRR), (English: Wheeled Reconnaissance Car), was accepted into service, and a contract between DPET and Engesa was signed for the construction of 8 vehicles. These vehicles were again tested and, with the approval of the Army, the CRR received yet another designation: the Carro de Reconhecimento Médio (CRM), (English: Medium Reconnaissance Car). The CRM entered serial production in 1975 as the EE-9 Cascavel (named after a rattlesnake). The EE-9 was produced by Engesa. The early EE-9 Cascavel was effectively an improved M8 Greyhound, showing how much of an effect the M8 Greyhound had on the Brazilian Army and development.
VBR-2.
CTTA
Together with the start of the VBR-2 project, the Carro de Transporte de Tropas Anfíbio (CTTA), (English: Amphibious Troop Transport Car) project was initiated. The CTTA was meant as an amphibious APC and, in its first stages, was armed with a small machine gun turret, but the project in the form of the CTTA would not be finished. Engesa and the Brazilian Navy later began a new project and started developing the Carro de Transporte sobre Rodas Anfíbio (CTRA), (English: Wheeled Amphibious Troop Transport). The CRTA was based on the CTTA concept alone, and as such, this was Engesa's first real project without the PqRMM/2 team. The CRTA also received a Boomerang suspension. When the CRTA prototype was built, it was exhaustively tested between 1971 and 1972, and was subsequently approved. The new vehicle was redesignated to EE-11 Urutu (named after a South American venomous pit viper) in 1973.
CTTA. Note the initials of the Diretoria de Pesquisa e Ensino Técnico (DPET), on the front as well as those of PqRMM/2.
Third phase
With the success of the projects of phase two, the PqRMM/2 started the development of a national family of tracked vehicles, later known as the X1 family.
Instead of developing their own armored vehicles, the team opted to upgrade the M3A1 Stuart. The Stuart had limited performance for various reasons, but with 300 Stuarts available for conversion, it was a good option to upgrade Brazil's current tank fleet.
VBC-CC MB-1 Lag (X1 Pioneiro)
The CPDB, which was created in the second phase, was responsible for the creation of the new tank family and tanks in general. The first step for the CPDB was to select a new engine for the M3 Stuart based tank family. All the potential engines were too large to be fitted in the M3 Stuart in its current configuration. As a result, the hull was lengthened and a different suspension was adopted. The Scania-Vabis DS-11 256 hp diesel engine was selected as the main engine for the Brazilian tank family.
After the engine was selected, the project went to the next step of rearming the Stuart. As the Cascavel was already armed at the time with the French DEFA 90 mm D-921 gun, this gun was selected for the soon to be designated 'VBC-CC MB-1 Lag' for 'Viatura Blindada de Combate – Carro Combate MB-1 Lagarta' (English: Armored Fighting Vehicle – Combat Car MB-1 Tracked). Unofficially, the prototype would be named X1 and later receive the nickname 'Pioneiro' (Trailblazer or Pioneer). The X1 was built with the help of Bernardini and Biselli, with Bernardini focussing on the turret and suspension, and Biselli on the hull, engine, and the mounting of the suspension.
The X1.
Source: http://otm-uswot.blogspot.com/2018/03/x1a.html
VBC-CC MB-1A Lag (X1A1 Carcará)
The X1 had various issues which would lead to several modifications in the form of the the X1A1 or, officially, the 'VBC-CC MB-1A Lag' for 'Viatura Blindada de Combate' – Carro Combate MB-1A Lagarta, (English: Armored Fighting Vehicle – Combat Car MB-1A Tracked). This vehicle was also known as the Carcará – a type of indigenous crested bird. Somewhere in between 1973 and 1976, the X1's hull and turret were lengthened, among other changes. The X1A1 was not a successful tank. It was very hard to steer, and this could only be fixed through very extensive changes. As a result, the Brazilian Army and Bernardini started developing the X1A2 instead, Biselli having quit the X1 and X1A1 project around 1975.
The X1A1.
Source: http://the.shadock.free.fr/postww2.html
VBC-CC MB-2 Lag (X1A2 Carcará)
After the failure of the X1A1, the team of PqRMM/2 and Bernardini went on to develop the X1A2 in between 1976 and somewhere around 1978. The X1A2 was known as the Carcará – a type of indigenous crested bird). Of the three X1 tanks with a 90 mm gun, the X1A2 was the only one that did not have an M3 Stuart hull as basis, but was a national design. Since the X1A2 did not use an M3 Stuart hull, the X1A2 became the first serially produced tank that was fully designed in Brazil. A total of 24 X1A2's were built until the project was cancelled in favour of Bernardini's M41 Walker Bulldog upgrade programs, which were already in development since the late 1970's. An easy way to distinguish the X1A2 from the X1A1 is the angled frontal hull armor and the EC-90 gun.
Source: http://elfnet.hu/images/haditechnika/harckocsik/m3stuart/m3stuart_x1a2.jpg
VBE L Pnt XLP-10 Lag (XLP-10 lançador de ponte)
One of the planned vehicles for the X1 family was a bridge laying vehicle (lançador de ponte literally translates to 'bridge launcher'). Five bridge laying vehicles were built, of which none remain.
The XLP-10
VBE L F XLF-40 Lag (XLF-40 lançador de foguetes)
Research on rockets started in the 1950s and, eventually, the ETE, IME, and Avibras developed the X-40 rocket. The rockets showed great potential and, as a result, in late June 1976, the XLF-40 project started its development. The only prototype was completed 2 months later. The XLF-40 project was of great importance for Avibras, as they gained more experience in the development of rocket systems, which would result in the ATROS II missile system. The VBE L F XLF-40 Lag stands for: Viatura Blindada Especial, Lançador de Foguetes, XLF-40, Special Armored Vehicle, Rocket Launcher. The 40 stands for the X-40 rockets used by the vehicle.
The XLF-40
M4 Sherman modernization
Another project of the PqRMM/2 team was to try and modernize the Shermans. In 1970, the engine was replaced with a nationally produced MWM V12 406 hp diesel engine. Due to a lack of money, the M4 Sherman project would grind to a halt, until 1975, when Biselli made additional improvements. At this point, the now designated Sherman Repotenciado (not to be confused with the Argentinian Sherman Repotenciado) project, would be cancelled in favor of the X1 family. A bridge laying vehicle called the XLP-20 was also developed in 1977 for the Sherman, but this project was cancelled as well not long after the start of its development.
Brazilian M4 Sherman.
The Brazilian defence industry is born
After the completion of each of these projects, the respective vehicle would be carried over from the Brazilian Army to the participating private company. Engesa inherited the EE-9 and EE-11 vehicles and Bernardini inherited the X1 family and M4 Sherman projects.
From the start of the defence industry, the companies had made a gentleman's agreement to not meddle in each other's speciality. Bernardini specialised in tracked vehicles and upgrade packages for these vehicles and Engesa focussed on wheeled vehicles. In the early 1980s, the Brazilian government released requirements for a national tank weighing 35 tonnes, which would result in two main battle tanks. This was the first time where Engesa throd into Bernardini's territory and the first time the gentleman's agreement was really broken. Ironically, the Brazilian defence industry collapsed not long after the main battle tank projects failed, as one of the many reasons why the industry collapsed.
Another interesting thing was that, even though the Brazilian Army had developed much of the prototypes, the defence companies now produced and sold them, and the Army did not have any rights to it. As a result, the Brazilian Army would not make any money with the sale of, for example, an EE-9 Cascavel, which caused the Army technical development institutes to be horrendously underfunded compared to the private companies. This would later cause problems with the collapse of the defence industry, as many designs, despite being the property of the Brazilian Army, were lost during the bankruptcy of Engesa.
Four Brazilian companies led the Brazilian Defence industry when it came to armored vehicles and other land bases systems. These were Avibras, Bernardini, Engesa, and Moto-Peças. Biselli would take a more supportive role after they quit the X1 project. Biselli continued in delivering armor and other materials for the Bernardini project, in a way like Novatração, which delivered suspension, tires, and other rubber components for the four companies.
Although Engesa was already selling and producing its vehicles since 1973, the Brazilian Defence would only start to really take off in 1977 with the break-up of the Brazil-United States Military Agreement. Multiple factors contributed to the break-up, but the most important were the American opposition on German-Brazilian nuclear energy cooperation and the lost usefulness in the Military Agreement. Brazil had its own defence industry and more confidence in its Army. Brazil did not need the United States as a patron anymore. With the military autonomy it gained, Brazil essentially stood alone to provide its Army with military equipment. This boosted the Brazilian defence industry, but also encouraged companies like Engesa to expand and start playing a significant role in the third world armes export industry.
Avibras
Avibras Aerospacial SA was founded in 1961 in São José dos Campos (SP) by engineers of the Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, (DCTA) (English:Department of Science and Aerospace Technology). Although their first project was a training aircraft, in the 1960s, Avibras would develop Brazil's first solid synthetic propellant which could be used in space travel. This development would lead the way for Avibras to specialize in two branches: the chemical propellant and explosives industry, and the manufacture and development of military missiles.
Avibras' entrance in the development of military missiles begins with the Brazilian Sonda I. The Sonda I was a copy of the American Arcas rocket. Brazil gained access to the Arcas technology through the EXAMETNET project (Experimental Inter-American Meteorological Rocket Network). The goal of this project was to obtain meteorological data on both the southern and northern hemisphere of the American continent. By working together with Argentina and Brazil, this could be achieved. The Brazilian DCTA played an important role in Brazil's involvement in the project. The DCTA would transfer the technology and designs of the Arcas rocket to Avibras in 1965, as Avibras was to manufacture the Arcas rockets which were now designated as Sonda I. This technology transfer was the starting point of Avibras' military missile development and its active cooperation with the DCTA.
Sonda I
Source: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonda_I#/media/Ficheiro:Sonda_I_dimensoes.jpg
Avibras would continue developing the Sonda II rocket during the 1960s, but also start developing ground-to-ground and air-to-ground rocket systems for the Army, Air Force and Navy of Brazil. These developments would culminate in the SBAT military air-to-air and air-to-ground rockets, developed with the DCTA, and the X-20 and X-40 rockets, developed with the DCTA and IME, in the 1970s. The X-40 rockets were used for the XLF-40 rocket launcher in 1976. This project would give Avibras, the DCTA, and the IME valuable information and experience in the development and manufacture of rockets and rocket systems.
The XLF-40 project and the X-40 rockets would eventually lead to the development of the Astros I (Artillery Saturation Rocket System) in 1981. The Astros I was developed for Iraq, which was used in the Iraq-Iran war from 1980 until 1988, based on the need to have a weapon that could stop massive Iranian attacks. The Astros I was a prototype for the Astros II which was developed in 1983. The Astros II is Avibras' most successful product.
With the ending of the Iraq-Iran war in 1988, Avibras would find itself in a peculiar position financially. The orders it once had from the nation at war were decreased and Avibras' income declined with it.
Avibras logo.
Source: https://fleming.events/partner/avibras/
Astros II
The Astros II is a ground-to-ground saturation rocket system built to meet the requests of Iraq. The Astros II MK-1 and MK-2, developed in 1983 and 1986 respectively. Both used 3 types of rockets: the SS-30 127 mm rocket with a range of 9-40 km, the SS-40 180 mm rocket with a range of 18-35 km, and the SS-60 300 mm rocket with a range of 23-85 km. Besides the rocket system, the Astros vehicles also included fire directory, ammunition supply units, among a whole family of vehicles developed around the Astros system. In between 1983 and 1991, the Astros II was sold to Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
Astros II.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astros_II_MLRS#/media/File:Astros_2020_(14338252946).jpg
Of the most important companies in the Brazilian armored vehicle defence industry, Bernardini was the oldest. Bernardini SA Indústria e Comércio was founded by Italian immigrants in 1912. They manufactured steel safes, armored doors, and value transport vehicles. In the 1960s, Bernardini would come in contact with the Armed Forces, by building the bodies for trucks for both the Brazilian Marine Corps and the Army. In 1972, the company was asked by the Army to participate in the PqRMM/2 project to develop the X1 tank with Biselli.
After the X1A1 project, Biselli left and Bernardini went on to develop the X1A2 together with the Army until 1982, when Bernardini was contracted to develop an X1 family. With the lessons learned in the successful X1 programs, the army would start investigating if they could do the same with the Walker Bulldogs that they had bought from the US. Studies were carried out, which would result in the M41B. The prototype was delivered in 1978, and almost immediately afterwards, work began on developing the M41C Caxias.
The first M41C would be delivered around 1980. The idea behind the M41C program was to sell upgrade packages. A country could select which upgrade package they wanted, and Bernardini would subsequently carry out these upgrades. The most important difference between the M41C and the M41B was the rebored gun from 76 mm to 90 mm. The development of the M41C effectively shut down the X1 project.
In 1979, the Brazilian Army released requirements for a new tank which would replace the M41C Caxias. Together with the Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx), (English: Army Technology Centre), Bernardini started developing the X-30 tank, which would later become known as the MB-3 Tamoyo (the name comes from a Military Alliance of Brazilian indegenous inhabitants against the Portuguese during the 16th century: The Tamoyo Confederation). The project would, at first, very much resemble the Argentinian TAM tank, but would later evolve to its own design. The first Tamoyo prototype, named Tamoyo 1, was delivered in 1984. This version was armed with a 90 mm gun. Around 1987, the Tamoyo 3 was built, which was armed with a 105 mm L7 gun and armored with composite armor.
Tamoyo 3.
Source: Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo
But, by the time the Tamoyo 3 was delivered, the Army had also tested the EE-T1 Osório from Engesa in 1986, which had gained much praise. The involvement of the Osório would eventually mean the death of Tamoyo, and, potentially, Bernardini as well.
Of the two tanks developed by Engesa and Bernardini, the Osório was the superior vehicle and would have been the pride of Brazil, a global status symbol. The Tamoyo was the realistic tank for Brazil, potentially costing half the price of the Osório, and if production would have been initiated, it would not be as reliable on foreign components as the Osório. With the interchangeability between the M41C's and the proposed Troop Transport designated Charrua (named after an old indigenous tribe), it would have been a good choice logistics-wise. The interference of Engesa with the Osório, breaking the gentlemen's agreement made at the start of the Brazilian defense industry, effectively robbed Brazil of any national main battle tank and significantly lowered the chances of Bernardini surviving as a company in the defense industry and selling a batch of Tamoyo's to the Brazilian Army.
Bernardini logo.
Source: http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/bernardini/
After having participated in the development of the X1 Pioneiro, X1A1, and X1A2, Bernardini was contracted in 1982 to develop more vehicles on the M3 Stuart hull together with CTEx. The vehicles were rebuilt to resemble M113's and the X1 family was expanded with a wide range of vehicles. These vehicles consisted of a 120 mm mortar vehicle, a recovery vehicle, a quad .50 caliber armed anti-aircraft vehicle. These vehicles were canceled as the Mercedes engine, which was installed in the vehicles, was a poor choice, producing inadequate torque at low speed.
Bernardini also performed a Scania engine refit for the Paraguayan Army. In a bid to sell more of the X1 family to Paraguay, this vehicle was designated as X1P, with 15 Stuarts receiving a new engine. The success of this project would briefly return interest in the anti-air projects, but the M41 modernization programs had more support and the X1 family was canceled.
Anti-Air X1. Note the Bernadini name and logo of CTEx on the side.
Source: Blindados no Brasil.
M41 projects
In 1976, studies were conducted about the repowering of the M41 tank fleet. The goal was to extend the service life of the M41s until the 1990s. By that time, the Brazilian tank projects would have achieved enough experience and development for a new generation of tanks to be accepted into service. Another driving force behind the project was that the 76 mm ammunition was not being produced anymore by the US. The first step was developing the M41B, which was upgraded with a Scania 8-cylinder 350 hp diesel engine, among other upgrades like electronics and hydraulics. Around 91 M41B's were made.
These 91 vehicles would later be converted to the M41C, of which 323 were built. The M41C had a rebored 90 mm gun which fired the same ammunition as the EE-9 Cascavel and had improved protection in the form of spaced armor on the turret, and an applique armor plate on the front lower hull plate. The idea of the M41C was to sell upgrade packages to possible foreign clients and the Brazilian Army. The spaced armor on the turrets also served as storage boxes. A single M41C was armed with an F4 'super 90' 90 mm gun, currently known as the CN-90. Although all the M41C's would use the rebored 90 mm gun, the F4 was an important step for the development of the M41C successor, the MB-3 Tamoyo.
M41C.
The MB-3 Tamoyo project started in 1979, with the Army releasing new requirements for a tank to replace the M41C. The project was initially designated X-30 Tamoyo, with the 30 referring to its weight in tonnes. The first designs resembled the TAM tank, which might be explained by a German offer (as the designers of the TAM) to sell a TAM tank or a 35-tonne tank to Brazil in 1976-1977. The advantages and disadvantages of a front-mounted engine were considered, and eventually, a conventional layout was chosen by the Army and Bernardini. This layout would result in a full-scale mock-up of the X-30 vehicle and later the MB-3 Tamoyo 1, armed with the French 90 mm gun, was built and delivered in 1984. In 1987, the Tamoyo 2 was built and presented with a mock-up turret, armed with the 105 mm L7. The Tamoyo 2 with the 105 mm was in essence a testbed for the Tamoyo 3.
The Tamoyo 3 was the apex of the Tamoyo project, delivered around 1987. Compared to the other Tamoyo's, the Tamoyo 3 was armed with a 105 mm L7 and incorporated composite armor. In addition, it had a new engine, aiming systems, and transmission, among a multitude of other components.
Contrary to common belief, the Tamoyo's were not rebuilt M41s but were new designs. The Tamoyo's used interchangeable components with the M41s, as per request of the Army, to ease logistics. The Tamoyo would later also share components with the Charrua from Moto-Peças, which was meant as an M113 replacement, developed around the same time as the Tamoyo.
With the failure of the Osório project in 1990, the changing political stance to military vehicles, the economic crisis of the early 1990s, and the end of the Cold War, the Tamoyo project would not carry on.
Biselli
Although Biselli was an important part at the start of the armored vehicle development of Brazil, later, after the X1A1, they would step away from being a main developer of armored vehicles and play a more supportive role. This is potentially due to a multitude of reasons. The first was the increased demand from Bernardini to receive more credit for the X1 family projects, which might have put both companies at odds. The second was that Biselli recognized limitations within the defense industry and decided to diversify into the civilian sector.
Biselli Viaturas e Equipamentos Industriais Ltda. was a manufacturer of truck bodies and road equipment which was founded in São Paulo in 1961. In the early 1970s, Biselli started manufacturing value transport vehicles, fire trucks, semi-trailers, loading platforms, refrigerated vans, and winches. A new plant was built in Salvador BA in 1972, and the São Paulo plant was expanded.
Among the customers of Biselli were the Brazilian Army and Navy, for which Biselli supplied trucks. In 1973, they were requested to participate in the X1 project. Biselli was responsible for the lengthening of the hulls, the mounting of the new Scania engines, and the installation of the suspension and all its further components, like differentials. Due to problems with the X1 Pioneiro, the X1A1 was developed to remedy these issues. They also helped modernize the M4 Sherman. Somewhere during the X1A1 project, around 1976, Biselli decided to move away from the forefront of developing armored vehicles.
Before taking a definitive support role, Biselli was asked by the Brazilian Marines, in 1975, to develop a variety of vehicles, including an LVTP7-like vehicle, a vehicle based on a DUKW, an amphibious Jeep, mechanical mule, and a light tracked armored fighting vehicle. This light tracked armored vehicle came in the form of an X1 for the marines designated X-MAR, but, including various other of these projects, would not advance any further. Biselli faced internal problems which resulted in the marines pulling out of the projects. Of these projects, Biselli would only deliver 5 of the originally planned 25 DUKW vehicles, designated 'Camanf', and a mechanical mule.
When Biselli stepped down from the forefront of armored vehicle development, they started to support Bernardini with the construction of M41C, but also some X1 projects, mainly focussing on either armor or steel constructions.
In 1977, Biselli sensed the limitations of the military market and started building heavy trailers and value transport vehicles. But an economic recession in the early 1980s would claim the first victim of the five important defense companies, as the recession caused difficulties for their civilian sector. In 1984, the company filed for bankruptcy, but it managed to hold on until 2004 by manufacturing transport equipment. Biselli was never really the largest player or innovator of the five companies in the defense industry, only being partially responsible for the X1 Pioneiro, and its projects for the Marines being canceled. In a way, Biselli's struggle to stay afloat from 1984 would be an early example of how three of the other 5 defense companies (Avibras, Bernardini, and Moto-Peças) would try to stay in business from the 1990s onward, with mixed results.
Biselli logo.
Source: http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/biselli/
Engesa
Engenheiros Especializados SA, or Engesa, was the largest and is the most famous company in the Brazilian armored vehicle industry. Engesa was founded in São Paulo in 1958 by José Luiz Whitaker Ribeiro. Initially, Engesa focussed on the production of oil prospecting, production, and refinement equipment. One of the challenges for the Brazilians to drill for oil was to get the equipment at the location through bad infrastructure during rainy seasons.
As a result, Engesa designed their 4 x 4 traction system in 1966. Soon after, a 4 x 6 and a 6 x 6 traction system for trucks was developed as well. These traction systems were marketed as 'Total Traction'. The advantage of the Total Traction systems was that they could be mounted on existing vehicles. This was because the Total Traction system would use the vehicle's original axles and springs. In essence, the Total Traction suspension could be used as a conversion kit on vehicles from Chevrolet, Ford, and Chrysler, among others.
Through the Total Traction system, Engesa would make its way in the Brazilian defense industry. They were hired by the Brazilian Army to supply them with several hundred new trucks, and the modernization of older vehicles. This modernization included the chassis and bodies, the engines, and the installation of the Total Traction system. At the same time, Engesa was still manufacturing equipment for Brazil's largest petroleum company, Petrobras, but also for other customers from, for example, the woodcutting industry.
In 1969, Engesa introduced its flagship suspension for its wheeled vehicles: the boomerang suspension. Only a single axle was needed to drive the 4 wheels, which were in constant contact with the ground, providing constant traction. At the time, this was a simple, resistant, and relatively cheap construction. Although not fit for heavy vehicles, it was perfect for the armored vehicles that Engesa would start to manufacture in the near future.
Boomerang suspension.
Source: https://jipeseforasdeestrada.blogspot.com/2018/04/engesa-2.html
With Engesa's involvement in refitting the Army's trucks with Engesa's Total Traction system and the development of their Boomerang suspension, they were contacted by the Army to help develop the wheeled vehicles together with the PqRMM/2 team. This joint development resulted in the EE-9 Cascavel and the EE-11 Urutu. The EE-9 Cascavel paved the way for Engesa to take its position as the leading company of the Brazilian Defence Industry.
The first export sale was to Libya in 1974 and consisted of 200 Cascavels. This order of 200 vehicles enabled Engesa to build a dedicated factory for armored vehicles in São José dos Campos in São Paulo. From there, they started selling Cascavels and Urutus to countries in South America, Africa, and the Middle East. The resulting sales would help Engesa to grow exponentially as a company and provide the funds to initiate their own development.
Engesa was successful for a couple of reasons. Primarily, the vehicles were cheap, simple, reliable, and capable. They also customized and redesigned equipment to cater to their buyers as well as building equipment based on demands from countries, and they had an infamous no-strings-attached policy. Practically, this meant that they did not care to whom they sold their vehicles and what the buyer did with those vehicles after they bought them. Libya, for example, would not only use the Cascavels in war but also gift them to various nations for diplomatic purposes This business practice meant that countries which normally would not be able to buy equipment from the West, were now able to have a reliable supplier of vehicles, components, and ammunition. Dictatorships and other third-world countries were now getting more arms and with increasingly more sophistication. For this reason, Engesa's and Brazil's business practices put them on edge with the United States. Engesa's business practice is best described with the following statement from their brochures:
''Engesa, as a true ally, neither creates dependence nor imposes commitments.''
EE-9 Cascavel.
Source: https://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/testes/grandes-comparativos-urutu-ee-11-x-cascavel-ee-9/
Apart from its no-strings-attached policy, Engesa built vehicles that fully catered to its customers. Customers could select their engines, variants, but also specific demands from their buyers. The EE-T4 Ogum (named after a warrior spirit/god of metalworking, rum, and rum-making), a general-purpose tankette like the West German Wiesel, was specifically designed and built on the request of Iraq. Certain ammunition types for the Cascavel were also developed on request for Iraq. In short, if a customer paid, Engesa would build it.
In 1974, Engesa developed the EE-15 and EE-25 trucks for both military and civilian use, with the EE-25 using a boomerang suspension. From the mid-1970s, Engesa started developing its own armored vehicles, which, in contrast to the EE-9 and EE-11, were not initially developed by the Army. This new line of vehicles was meant for export first, and any interest from the Brazilian Army was a bonus. This did put Engesa at a certain risk, as the design of vehicles is expensive, and they did not have the safety of their own country buying their vehicles. Around this time, Engesa started doing more projects in the civilian sector as well. They built tractors, but also busses (including battery-powered ones) with the boomerang suspension.
One of these vehicles was the EE-17 Sucuri (named after the anaconda), one of the first purpose-built 105 mm armed wheeled tank destroyers. It was never exported and would form the basis for its successor: the EE-18 Sucuri. Engesa also developed the EE-50 heavy utility 6 x 6 truck for military purposes at that time, which did manage to get exported. Another vehicle they designed during this period was the EE-3 Jararaca 4 x 4 armored car (named after a South American venomous pit viper), which was based on some early sketches of the PqRMM/2 team. The EE-3 Jaraca was not very successful, only exporting 61 vehicles, and was never acquired by the Army. Part of the reason for its limited success was that the EE-9 Cascavel which, like the EE-3, was initially meant as a reconnaissance vehicle, did the same job and was overall more capable to function in multiple roles, like a frontline fighting vehicle at the time.
EE-17 Sucuri on the left and EE-18 Sucuri on the right.
With all the growth and success which Engesa seemed to have, they would find their first setback in 1981. Brazil went into a recession from 1981 to 1983 as a result of an oil embargo and bad economic policy to deal with the country's deficits. For the defense industries, this was less impactful but did play a part in bankrupting Biselli. Although having sold equipment worth around US$76 million in that year (US$57 million less than the year before), Engesa was late paying its employees, who subsequently went on strike. In addition to being late paying their employees, Engesa also failed to pay the FGTS (a type of Severance Premium Reserve Fund which the employer has to pay when they fire the employee without a good reason).
These events caused Engesa to find itself in excessive debts, with high financial expenses, short-term loans, and low capital. This was the point where Engesa should have taken stock of the situation it found itself in and focus on stabilizing and getting its finances in order. Instead, Engesa neglected these problems and would expand at a megalomaniac rate.
Despite its financial struggles in 1981. In 1982, Engesa would begin the most ambitious project it had ever undertaken. It would step into Bernardini's territory and start designing a main battle tank. With the Brazilian government having released requirements for an MBT in 1979, and an upcoming tank competition announced by Saudi Arabia, José Luiz Whitaker Ribeiro made the final decision for Engesa to develop an MBT. Although the initial Army requirements were for a 35-tonne tank, Engesa stretched the weight limitation to 41 tonnes to better market it for export and went on to develop the EE-T1 Osório.
In between 1984 and 1987, Engesa expanded its empire further by buying three companies and buying a 51% share of the Brazilian helicopter manufacturer Helibrás, depending on sources. At its height, the Engesa empire owned or had a large share in 15 companies or subsidiaries and employed around 10,000 employees. This expansion was much quicker than any of the other defense companies of Brazil, but also caused Engesa's financial situation to become even less stable than it was and caused the company to be more susceptible to any setback it might have financially.
In 1984, Engesa would reveal its biggest success on the civilian market, the EE-12 jeep which was launched as the Engesa 4. The jeep would also be sold to the Brazilian Army and many other militaries around the world. The jeep used Engesa's total traction system and was capable of crossing otherwise challenging terrain for a normal 4 x 4. The success that the EE-12 had on the civilian market caused Engesa to put special interest in the vehicle. It was continuously developed and marketed.
Source: http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/engesa/
Besides developing the Osório and integrating more companies into its empire, Engesa developed two more vehicles in the mid-1980s. The EE-18 Sucuri was a more modern dedicated wheeled tank destroyer than the EE-17, sharing the same 105 mm cannon as the Italian B1 Centauro. The second vehicle was the EE-T4 Ogum, a tankette based on the Wiesel concept designed specifically at the request of Iraq.
The first EE-T1 Osório, designated as EE-T1 P1, was built in 1985, and immediately shipped to Saudi Arabia to give the Saudis an idea on how the Osório would perform. The P1 Osório used a 105 mm L7 and was originally meant for Brazil. After the 1985 trial, Engesa started building the EE-T1 Osório P2, with the French 120 mm GIAT gun, meant for Saudi Arabia, which was finished in 1987. The trials went well and both the American M1A1 Abrams and the EE-T1 Osório were selected as finalists during the trials, which the Osório eventually won (also confirmed by US Army sources).
EE-T1 P2 Osorio.
The Osório was ordered by Saudi Arabia in 1987, but the Brazilian dream of a Main Battle Tank leading its defense industry on the world stage beside the Western powers, was not meant to be. The Osório would potentially have been the savior for Engesa if the Saudi Arabians had continued with the sale, but if Engesa was even able to deliver the Osório's in time after an agreement, considering all the foreign components it would need to acquire either under licenses or order from the respective companies, is questionable. From 1986 on, Engesa's deliveries would be gradually more delayed, which became even worse after the end of the Iran-Iraq War in 1988. This made them an unreliable provider of expensive arms-equipment with a bad reputation of constant financial issues which had seen no improvement from a management point of view since the first setback in 1981. Saudi Arabia still had not finalized its stance on the Osório project in 1988 and would never formally deny or sign the final Osório contract, even when they ordered the Abrams in late 1988.
Another important side usually identified as the death of the Osório, and indirectly Engesa's bankruptcy was United States politics. Documents regarding the United States' stance towards the Brazilian defense industry seem to disprove this up to a point. Studies conducted on the Brazilian defense industry have yielded two options which the US should have chosen: the first is undercutting the Brazilian defense industry, the second is getting more control over the defense industry through loans and thus have an additional industrial base for potential manufacturing in the American continent in case of war. The reports that have been written on this subject state that the US was slowly rebuilding military relations with Brazil, with most notably a new military cooperation signed in March 1984 by the Reagan Administration. This effectively turned around US policy on Brazil, which was in place between 1977 and 1981, during the Carter administration. These reports have all preferred cooperation between the two countries, for a large part because Brazil was US$27 billion in debt with US banks, and a potential collapse of Brazil and the industry would mean severe consequences for the US as well. Another reason for not undercutting the Brazilian defense industry was because US military companies were also in trouble at that time and, with an advanced military-industrial base on the American continent, the companies could share costs in the development and the US would have a potential extra manufacturing location of military equipment if the need would arise. The sale of the Abrams would mainly be important for local production in the US, instead of undercutting the Brazilian defense industry.
Citing the testimony to the Senate from Richard A. Clarke (Deputy Assistance Secretary of State for Intelligence) on the sale of the Abrams to Saudi Arabia in 1989:
''Sale of the Abrams to Saudi Arabia will also be likely to have a ripple effect on tank sales elsewhere. Other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, such as Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, may soon be selecting new equipment for their armies. Other countries will also be in the market for a new tank in the near future. A Saudi purchase of Brazilian Osório's or British Challenger II's in lieu of the M1A2 could turn either of those tanks into an economically viable competitor for the large tank market.''
In November 1989, the US government approved the sale of 315 M1A2 Abrams tanks to Saudi Arabia, 2 years after the Osório was selected. Saudi Arabia probably changed its mind on buying the Osório for the following reasons: Engesa's continued financial struggles made it doubtful for the buyer if Engesa was able to deliver the tanks on time, the high dependency on foreign components and the licenses that would have to be acquired to produce the Osório would have most likely caused problems for delivering the tanks according to a delivery schedule of 17 Osório's per month which would have taken a logistical marvel to pull off, The M1 Abrams was a tank already in production by a country with experience in tank building, an exceptional prototype does not guarantee a successful production vehicle, and lastly, the US had financial interests in selling the M1 Abrams to secure potential future sales in the Middle East and domestic manufacturing jobs. It seems that, although the United States unmistakenly had political and financial interests in selling the M1A2 Abrams, Engesa's debt problem, which the Osório was meant to save, and the extremely high dependency on foreign parts, became the main reasons for the Osório's and Engesa's undoing.
Engesa Logo.
Source: https://en.wheelsage.org/engesa/logotypes/488339
The EE-9 Cascavel was the most successful armored vehicle of Engesa. It was originally designed by the PqRMM/2 team with Engesa as a reconnaissance vehicle in 1971. The Cascavel with 37 mm armed turret would be sent to Portugal for trials. Portugal was, at that time, still fighting the War of Ultramar against their colonies in Africa. The Portuguese, who operated the AML-90, a French 4 x 4 vehicle armed with a low-pressure 90 mm gun, suggested rearming the Cascavel with the same armament as their AMLs. As a result, the Cascavel received the armament which enabled it to take its place in the third world arms industry.
It was cheap, reliable, simple, and it was effective. This made the Cascavel a very successful vehicle of which approximately 1,738 vehicles were built. Interestingly, at the time Engesa helped build the vehicle with the PqRMM/2 team, they did not expect the Cascavel to be their success but thought the Urutu would be. Some 50 years after its initial inception in 1970-1971, the Cascavel is currently still in active service in many countries, including Brazil.
Source: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE-9_Cascavel
EE-11 Urutu
The EE-11 was the vehicle with which Engesa thought it would conquer the market. The Urutu was a wheeled amphibious troop transport designed around 1971. Although successful, it would never reach the success of the Cascavel. The Urutu was designed for both the Brazilian Navy and for South Africa, which at that time held a competition for a new wheeled vehicle, which would result in the Ratel. Although it did not manage to get the sale to South Africa, the Urutu was the embodiment of Engesa's tailor-made on request policy. The Urutu would come in various variants, from a fire support vehicle, anti-air vehicle, to a recovery vehicle.
Like the Cascavel, the Urutu came in various models and series which all presented some improvement over time. Approximately 888 Urutu's were built and exported all over the world. Like the Cascavel, the Urutu is still in service in multiple countries, around 50 years after its original inception.
EE-11 Urutu.
Source: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:EE-11_Urutu_(7810225614).jpg
EE-T1 Osório
The EE-T1 Osório (named after Manuel Luís Osório, a Brazilian officer and hero during the War of the Triple Alliance, and patron to the Brazilian Army Cavalry Branch) was Engesa's main battle tank. It was developed for both the Brazilian Army and mainly the upcoming Saudi Arabian tank competition in 1985-1987. Engesa initiated the development of the Osório in 1982. With the construction of the Osório, Engesa throd into Bernardini's territory and, effectively, both companies competed with each other for the sale of their vehicle to the Brazilian Army.
In 1985, the first EE-T1 Osório was built with a 105 mm L7 cannon. The EE-T1 P1, as it was called, was immediately sent to Saudi Arabia after it was built, to give the Saudis an idea of how it operated and to see if the Saudis had any interest in the vehicle. Saudi Arabia wanted a 120 mm armed tank, while the Brazilian Army was supposed to operate the 105 mm armed Osório.
In 1987, Engesa finished building the EE-T1 P2 Osório, which was armed with the French 120 mm Giat cannon. This vehicle was subsequently sent to Saudi Arabia for the 1987 trials against the French AMX-40, British Challenger 1, and the American M1A1 Abrams. The AMX-40 and the Challenger did not meet the initial requirements of the Saudi Arabians, and, as a result, only the Osório and the Abrams remained, of which the Osório would win the trials (The Osório's triumph over the Abrams can be found in some United States' documents as well).
The specific reasons why the Osório won are somewhat unclear. Five reasons might have contributed to its victory: its aiming systems performed better than those of the Abrams; the Saudis placed less priority on armor protection, as the Osorio from a weight point of view, is much lighter than the Abrams, which suggests significantly less armor (The Vickers Mk.4 Turret, of which the Osório used a modified version, could supposedly protect against 105 mm cannons according to Vickers documents); trials like these can be paid off, it is not unthinkable for countries to pay off this kind of trials to get sales (this could also count for the US, although no sources confirm any corruption from either Brazil or the US); the no-strings-attached policy; and its cost, which was estimated to be around US$2.5 million for the Osório compared to US$3.65 million for the M1A2 with ancillary equipment (by the time Saudi Arabia would have ordered the M1A1, it was no longer in production).
After the trials, the Osório was ordered by Saudi Arabia, although this order would never be finalized, In 1988, the Osório was trialed for the United Arab Emirates as well. Libya also showed interest in the Osório, together with another unknown country, presumably Iraq.
A total of 3 vehicles were built, of which one a hull with a mock-up turret designated P.0. Of these 3 vehicles, only two remain: an EE-T1 P.1 with a 105 mm gun and an EE-T1 P.2 with a 120 mm gun. A common misconception is that the 120 mm Osório was designated EE-T2 Osório and, although it was sometimes called the EE-T2 to differentiate between the P.1 and P.2, the designation was never formalized.
EE-T1 P1 Osório.
Moto-Peças
Moto-Peças SA Transmições e Engrenagens was founded in 1956 and was the largest manufacturer of differentials in Brazil during the 1970s. In conjunction with the Army, Moto-Peças helped revitalize or modernize older or hard-to-maintain equipment. Its first task was in the mid-1970s, when Moto-Peças modernized 30 M4 artillery tractor vehicles. The artillery vehicles received a new gearbox, transmission, diesel engine, tracks, road wheels, and suspension. The suspension components were built by Novatraçao. From there, Moto-Peças participated in the X1A2 project by designing and supplying its gearbox.
In the early 1980s, Moto-Peças, together with the CTEx, started converting the old M4 Shermans into engineering vehicles. The Sherman received a crane and a bulldozer blade or mine-clearer. Eleven vehicles were built but they did not pass the tests. Moto-Peças also replaced the engine of the 72 M108 howitzers with a domestically produced diesel engine.
At the same time, Moto-Peças was responsible for the modernisation of Brazil's fleet of M113 vehicles, giving rise to the M113B vehicles. The vehicles received a new diesel engine, air intakes, exhausts, and firefighting systems. In addition, Moto-Peças also mounted turrets on the M113 so that the machine gunner could fire from the top of the vehicle with less risk of being hit. Moto-Peças would later also develop two prototype vehicles designated M113T and M113BR, which so far have gone nowhere despite promising test results.
Brazilian M113BR
Source: https://www.brasilemdefesa.com/2012/06/m-113br.html
In 1984, Moto-Peças made its big step into the defense industry of Brazil. It designed its first vehicle, which fittingly with their M113 projects, was an armored tracked troop transport. Development started with the CTEx in 1983 and in 1984, the first prototype was built and entered testing. The first Charrua, designated XMP-1 while in development, resembled an M113. It was well received by the Army.
Not long after through some modifications, the Charrua II was built. The Charrua II was tested by both the Army and Navy and very well received. One of the Charrua's strengths was its flexibility. Moto-Peças marketed the Charrua II as a troop transport, engineering vehicle, anti-air vehicle, mortar carrier, and ambulance vehicle. Another advantage was that it shared components with the Tamoyo, which was still under development at that time. Due to the state of the Brazilian economy in the 1990s, the Charrua II, even though it was very well received by both the Army and Navy, could not be produced due to budget reasons.
Charrua II.
Source: http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/moto-pecas/
The Dutch shipbuilding company Verolme set up a subsidiary in Brazil in 1959. The subsidiary was bought by Brazilian investors right after the crisis of the early 1980s. As a result of the crisis, all shipbuilding companies in Brazil were in financial trouble and, like the military companies would do in the 1990s, started diversifying by building vehicles for the public sector and exports. Verolme's first successful project would be a fire fighting truck for airports.
Another project was a military project. Together with Vickers, Rheinmetall, and Oto Melara, Verolme developed the British AS-90 SPA. Verolme was responsible for the construction of the prototype which was exhibited in June 1986 at the British Army Equipment Exhibition.
AS-90.
Source: http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/verolme/
Another company, called Jamy Indústria e Comércio de Máquinas e Ferramentas Ltda., a manufacturer of hydraulic presses, drills, and extruders, also did a few projects for the Army. These projects began with the Safo mechanical mule, which was meant as an all-terrain airborne vehicle. The Safo was developed with the IME, and several versions were planned: cargo carrier, troop transport, anti-tank, mortar carrier, and machine gun platform. After the Safo, Jamy developed the Safo Commando with the IME. The Safo Commando was a fast attack jeep meant for the army. Both the Safo mechanical mule and Safo Commando were successfully tested by the army, but did not receive orders. Jamy went bankrupt in 1981.
Safo Commando.
Source: http://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/jamy/
The Brazilian Defense industry starts to crumble
For all the successes of the Brazilian defense industry, certain events during its golden age of the 1980s heralded its imminent downfall. The first real setback was in the early 1980s when Biselli almost went bankrupt and Engesa failed to pay its employees. From there on, things would go from bad to worse. Under the veil of Engesa's success and the golden age of the Brazilian defense industry, Engesa continued clawing itself further into debt.
Instead of learning from its setback in 1981 and taking time to pay off its loans and set up a new business strategy, Engesa started spending and expanding at a megalomaniac rate. It bought and set up new subsidiaries, developed more vehicles (although these were developed for a certain market or customer in mind), including the Osorio, and in 1986 spent a loan on acquiring a storage unit instead of building vehicles for the Brazilian Army. For all intents and purposes, any real setback would have put the company in financial trouble. In 1985, José Luiz Whitaker Ribeiro, founder of Engesa, stated the following:
''There's always money for arms. In two or three years time we'll overtake Britain and France as exporters, and the market is infinite.''
But already 4 years later, Engesa was doing anything it could to stay in business.
José Luiz Whitaker Ribeiro.
Source: Engesa EE-9 Cascavel 40 anos de combates 1977-2017
Two other events would cause problems for other companies as well. In 1988, the Iran-Iraq war came to an end. The 8 years of war, which had enabled the Brazilian defense industry to grow and develop as much as it did with the continuous flow of money and contracts, came to a halt. Avibras would suddenly be faced with reduced sales for the rockets of its Astros 2 saturation rocket system, and Engesa's sales also started declining. To give an idea of Iraq's importance for the Brazilian defense industry, of the about 1 million rounds of 90 mm ammunition manufactured for the EE-9 Cascavel, approximately half of the round went to Iraq. Brazil sold everything from boots to aircraft to Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. Engesa even developed an APFSDS and Beehive round for the Cascavel especially for Iraq and developed the EE-T4 Ogum tankette. The decrease of sales was devastating, as on average, the Brazilian defense industry exported about 80 to 95% of its total production.
The Osorio project is also a potential reason for the eventual collapse of Bernardini. With Engesa's business practice, the success of the Osorio was absolutely crucial to stay in business. Even if Engesa had not developed the Osorio but kept its business practice, the chances were very high that Engesa would have gone bankrupt anyway in the 1990s. A side effect of the Osorio was potentially dooming Bernardini as well. Engesa broke the gentlemen's agreement at the start of the defense industry and, instead of focussing on wheeled vehicles, it started designing a tank, Bernardini's specialty. For Bernardini to have a better chance of surviving as a company, they would have needed to sell the Tamoyo to the Brazilian Army before 1990.
In contrast to the rest of the Brazilian defense industry, which exported 80% to 95% of its production, Bernardini exported just 5% of its production. Bernardini's business practice was completely dependent on the Brazilian Army buying their tanks and, as a result, Bernardini only developed equipment when the army would have sufficient interest to buy it. The Tamoyo was the realistic and affordable main battle tank, while the Osorio was the national pride of Brazil and, performance-wise, a better vehicle. If Engesa had not broken the agreement and not built the Osorio, the Tamoyo project would have had more interest from the Army during the mid-1980s. The chances of the Tamoyo getting bought before 1990 and the survival of Bernardini would have been higher.
The return of democracy
Another reason for the hardships of the Brazilian defense industry was because the Brazilian government was less willing to buy military equipment as a whole. In 1985, Brazil became a democracy again. The Military Junta initially had enough support after they had taken over in 1964, but from 1973 on, the Junta started to lose support.
The Roman Catholic church, which had initially supported the Junta, started to break ties with it due to the torture and disappearances taking place in the country. In addition, political figures within the government started pushing for a more liberal approach as well. After the torture and murder of various people, which were terribly covered up, the ruling president Geisel replaced the person in charge of the government organ in question, with someone he could blindly trust. As a result, the tortures ceased to exist.
Eventually, a political act, known as Institutional Act No.5, that had banned certain political parties and taken away personal liberties, was reversed in 1979. From this moment on, more political parties were allowed, and Brazil started to move towards a democracy, which, in 1985, would elect José Sarney as its first President. The gradually rising democracy faced massive debts and increasing inflation. As a result, the first political leaders would spend their terms trying to combat this inflation.
The horrid financial state which the democracy inherited from the Military Junta caused it to become increasingly unable to buy or fund new equipment for the Brazilian Army. Although the budget had already reached its bottom in 1980, well before democracy started to come into existence, the democracy had a different stance to the military compared to the Military Junta.
The Brazilian Army in between 1964 and 1989
The defense industry, in combination with the Brazilian Army, is an interesting case. Brazil had no real enemies on its continent for which it needed large armies. It certainly did not have tensions like those which existed between Argentina and Chile in the 1980s, which almost went to war during the Beagle Conflict. Instead, Brazil used its army more as political power projection on the Southern American continent. With the military junta in power, the military received, more or less, enough support to develop its own vehicles, and most importantly, become independent from foreign suppliers.
As previously stated, the Brazilian Army never really did anything with their military outside of Brazil during the Cold War. In 1965, the Brazilian Army participated in an intervention of the Dominican Republic Civil war of 1965-1966, also known as Operation Powerpack. No Brazilian armored vehicles were used in this operation.
In December 1968, Brazil would use its Army and 17 Stuart tanks to repress protesting students from the University of São Paulo. Previous to the military action, the government had enacted Institutional Act No.5, which suppressed most individual rights of Brazilian citizens. In the aftermath of its enactment, students went on the streets and had set several police cars on fire. The Brazilian intelligence services identified them as a leftist plot and, on 17th December, the residential complex of the University was invaded by the Army. The 17 Stuarts closed off all entrances and exits of the university.
From 1967 to 1975, the Army was used to fight a communist guerilla uprising that had formed against the Brazilian military dictatorship. The Army, Brazilian Marine Corps, and Air Force were used to defeat this guerilla movement. It is unclear if armored vehicles were used during these operations.
From 1967 on, the Brazilian Army modernized itself with the help of its newly founded defense industry. The approximately 409 Cascavels replaced the M8 Greyhounds and 217 Urutus enabled the Brazilian Army to start using mechanized infantry. Apart from the wheeled armored vehicles, the Brazilian Army would use numerous trucks and 4 x 4 jeeps built by Engesa as well.
The 53 X1 and the 10 X1A2 tanks replaced all old combat tanks of the Brazilian Army, like the M3 Stuart, M3 Lee, and M4 Sherman. The X1's would then in turn be replaced by about 323 M41C's, which were planned to enter replacement by the end of the 1980s/early 1990s. To support the tanks with infantry, the Brazilian Army continued to use the around 580 to 607 M113 APCs of various variants, and the around 20 M59 APCs. Besides the APCs, the Brazilian Army continued to use its 72 M108 SPA vehicles.
An interesting addition to the Brazilian Arsenal were 4 Marder Roland 2 anti-air vehicles and 50 missiles delivered in the late 1970s. An interesting fact is that the Marders were the first European vehicle purchased by Brazil since 1938 when Brazil had bought CV 3/35 II's from Italy. The Brazilian Army attempted to adapt the Roland technology in national projects, but they never succeeded.
Marder Roland 2.
Source: http://www.armasnacionais.com/2019/03/marder-1a2-sistema-sam-roland-ii.html
Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais
The Brazilian Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais, also known as the Brazilian Marine Corps, finds its roots in 1808. With the rise of the defense industry, the Marine Corps participated, together with Engesa, in the development of the EE-11 Urutu. The goal for the Marine Corps was to have an amphibious vehicle that could be deployed from a landing craft. They would order 5 early Urutus in 1973. The Urutus were not a success, partially because they were the very first series, with all the issues that come with a first attempt. It was hard to maintain and had limited amphibious capabilities. They were deactivated not long after 1975.
The Marine Corps decided that its solution was to be a tracked vehicle. The M113 was chosen in 1974, mainly due to price reasons, and to this day, the CFN still operates the M113A1 CAV, M577A1 Command vehicle, the M125A1 81 mm mortar carrier, the XM-806E1 recovery vehicle, and the M113 A1G fitter office version. There are 30 M113 vehicles in total.
In 1980, the CFN acquired 6 EE-9 Cascavels. The idea was that the EE-9 Cascavels would support the troops during the initial stages of a beach landing. In 1981-1982, the CFN would become interested in the LVTP-7A1, of which they acquired 10 troop transports, 1 command version, and 1 recovery version.
The CFN also attempted, together with Biselli, to develop an entire range of domestically built equipment. This ranged from LVTPs to an X1 version for the Marines. The projects would not carry one due to internal issues with Biselli. It would take until 1998 for the Marines to obtain their tank, the SK-105A2s.
LVTP-7.
Source: http://www.armasnacionais.com/2019/06/fmc-lvtp-7a1-clanf-no-cfn.html
Armored vehicles of the Police
Besides the Army and the Marine Corps, the Brazilian Police also had need for armored vehicles. They had a long history of trying to repress demonstrations, and even being the first pioneers of armored vehicles in Brazil. These vehicles were mainly used in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
One of these vehicles they used were converted CV 3/35 II's, which the police had obtained after the army replaced them with American equipment. Other vehicles the Brazilians used were Dutch Wilton-Fijenoord armored cars and trucks, which were used well into the 1950s. In addition to the Dutch armored cars, the Brazilian police also used Belgian armored motorcycles. From 1964 on, Brazil started developing its own armored vehicles for the police.
The first of these vehicles was the Veículo de Dispersão de Tumultos (VDT), (English: Literally 'Tumult Dispersion Vehicle' – a Riot Control Vehicle), of which 6 were built by Grassi, a bus manufacturer. It had bulletproof glass and two turrets with water cannons on top. The VDT was a feared vehicle on the Brazilian streets.
In the following years, the company Sulamericana Carrocerias, which specialized in vehicle conversions, produced a wide range of vehicles, including anti-urban guerilla vehicles. These vehicles were armored to withstand the penetration power of small-arms fire. Three types were developed which were extensively used during the 1970s.
VDT.
The Unidade Blindada de Choque (UBC), (English Armoured Shock Unit) were designed for basic operations, like transporting policemen, supplying ammunition and observation and command. The Unidade Blindada para Transporte de Pessoal (UBTP), (English: Armored personnel transport unit), was essentially an enlarged UBC, purpose built for transporting policemen. The third vehicle, the Blindado de Ação Urbana (BAU), (English: Armored Urban Action vehicle) was essentially a VDT. It was again armed with two water cannons and used 33 mm thick bulletproof glass.
UBTP.
In 1989, the company Massari S/A Indústria de Viaturas developed the Centurion I armored vehicle. The Centurion I is used as a transport and general-purpose vehicle, combining the roles of the UBC and the UBTP. Like the previously mentioned vehicles, it is armored to withstand 9 mm small-arms fire which might be used in the favelas (a low-income area of housing often rife with gang-related violence) of Brazil.
The Brazilian Police had a definite need for their armored vehicles and, just like the Military, they would profit from the rising defense industry. The usage of these vehicles was during uncertain times during the democracies and dictatorships.
The Cold War comes to an end, as does the Brazilian defense industry
The end of the Cold War was a troubled period for Brazil. The newly born democracy spent 10 years battling inflation and economic instability from 1985 on, which it had inherited from the Military Junta. With the government pre-occupied fighting economic collapse, the Defense industry found itself in a tight spot. The Iran-Iraq war had come to a close in 1988, and the economic repercussions for the Brazilian defense companies, which had exported between 80 to 95% of their total production, most of which had gone to Iraq, were severe. The Brazilian Defence industry was thinking about new strategies to stay in business.
The end of the Iraq-Iran war was not the end though. Iraq still bought equipment, but not as frequently anymore and the country supposedly had millions of US dollars debt to the Brazilian Defence industry. The new situation was troubling, but not disastrous. In November 1989, the end of the Brazilian defense industry was heralded. The all-important Osorio deal with Saudi Arabia turned sour, and Saudi Arabia bought the M1A2 Abrams. Engesa's constant debt problem had finally caught up with the company.
The Osorio project was just the beginning, in the 1990s, various events would doom the Brazilian defense industry, which to this day, has not managed to revive itself. After every Golden Age, there is a Dark Age, and the Dark Age had arrived.
Brazilian demonstration version of the Jararaca. The Brazilian army never used this vehicle.
Gabonese EE-3. The Jararaca uses commercially available automotive components wherever possible.
Cypriot MILAN ATGM carrier version.
Libyan Cascavel II, fitted with the H 90 turret.
Bolivian Cascavel Gordo.
Brazilian Cascavel III
Colombian Cascavel III
Cypriot Cascavel III
Iraqi Cascavel III in 1991
Brazilian Cascavel IV, 1990s.
Late version EE-11 APC with the Brazilian Marines
Early type EE-11 Urutu APC with the Brazilian Army, 1970s
Late type Urutu of the Brazilian Army
Urutu in UN livery with United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
EE-11 Urutu fitted with the Cockerill MkIII 90 mm (3.54 in) gun in a large turret
EE-11 Urutu Armored Recovery Vehicle
Export EE-11 APC in a sand livery
Tunisian fire support vehicle with the Cockerill 90 mm turret
Rendition of the Osorio Main Battle Tank second prototype, 1986 120 mm GIAT gun version intended for the Brazilian Army.
Special thanks to Expedito Carlos Stephani Bastos, the leading expert of Brazilian armored vehicles: https://ecsbdefesa.com.br, Jose Antonio Valls, an Ex-Engesa employee and expert in Engesa vehicles, and Guilherme Travassus Silva, a Brazilian with whom I was able to endlessly discuss Brazilian Vehicles and who was always willing to listen to my near endless ability to talk about them.
Expedito Carlos Stephani Bastos
Blindados no Brasil – Um Longo e Árduo Aprendizado – Volume 1
Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo – O blindado Nacional
Fiat-Ansaldo CV-3 35 II no Exército Brasileiro
Blindados Paulistas 1917-2020 – Da Força Pública à Polícia Militar
M-41 Walker Bulldog no Exército Brasileiro – Um grande Aprendizado
M-113 no Brasil – O clássico ocidental
Engesa EE-9 Cascavel 40 anos de combates 1977-2017
Ford M-8 Greyhound Exército Brasileiro – Surge o conceito de blindado 6×6
200 anos da indústria de defesa no Brasil – René Dellagnezze
Brazilian Stuart – M3, M3A1, X1, X1A2 and their derivatives – Hélio Higuchi, Paulo Roberto Bastos Jr., and Reginaldo Bacchi
A Concise History of Brazil – Boris Fausto and Sergio Fausto
Engesa brochures
Engesa Manuals
Moto-Peças brochure
Instituto Militar de Engenharia – Uma ponte para o futuro – José Carlos Albano do Amarante
Ancoras e Fuzis – Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais – July 2010
Vickers documents from Ed Francis
Frank Mccann – THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRAZILIAN-AMERICAN MILITARY ALLIANCE, 1942-1977
Ethan B. Kapstein – The Brazilian Defense Industry and the International System
Raul De Gouvea Neto – How Brazil Competes in the Global Defense Industry
Ação de Choque, A forja da tropa blindada do Brasil – n18 2020
http://militaryzone.home.sapo.pt/osorio-file.htm by Reginaldo Bacchi
A indústria de defesa brasileira: o setor de carros de combate e a Engesa – Eduardo Strachman and Eduardo Henrique Becker Degl'lesposti
Engesa S/A – Cenário de sua Evolução – Cirineu Costa
Internet Sources:
https://pastdaily.com/2018/12/18/december-18-1968-brazil-land-of-instability-new-york-land-of-endless-strikes/
https://www.forte.jor.br/2018/03/01/entrevista-completa-de-reginaldo-bacchi-para-forcas-de-defesa/
https://www.lexicarbrasil.com.br/
Sipri Arms Transfer Database
United States Archive documents:
Latin American Reports from 1982 to 1988
The United States and Brazil: Opening a New Dialogue – Robert J. Branco – July 1984
Brazil and the US: A bright future? – Lieutenant Colonel Henry G. Anthony, JR. – 23 March 1987
Brazilian Arms Production: Partial Dependence – Rachel Schmidt – September 1988
Effect of the Brazilian arms industry on U.S. Strategy – Steven D. Kahne – 1993
Area Handbook Series: Brazil: A Country Study – Richard F. Nyrop – December 1982
Personal correspondence:
With Expedito Carlos Stephani Bastos, Expert in Brazilian Armoured Vehicles
With Paulo Roberto Bastos Jr., Expert in Brazilian Armoured Vehicles
A Captain of the Brazilian Army and ex-company commander on the Leopard 1
With Ex-Engesa Employees
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CCPS: responsive to Collier parents, despite what Parents ROCK says
Sandy Parker Blog May 29, 2015 5 Minutes
Last night around 10 PM, Parents ROCK sent out an email with the subject "CCPS suggests pornographic reading – Parent WARNING!"
Click here to read the email, which begins:
On May 12th, school district administration presented the school board with the Keep Learning Alive Summer 2015 Learning and Resource Guide. This guide included reading lists for all grades in CCPS. The MIDDLE SCHOOL reading list linked to goodreads.com, and contained a book called 'Beautiful Bastard' by Christina Lauren. This book is, without a doubt, pornography."
This morning, Parents ROCK President David Bolduc issued a press release announcing a press conference today at 1 PM at the Collier County Public School (CCPS) Administration Building. It said in part:
Here are examples from a few books recommended on the [CCPS] summer reading list for as early as 6th grade!
"Beautiful Bastard" – Well, it is way too steamy for us to write, but it involves his fingers running up her thigh and into her underwear and describes a few things he does to her while there, and you will find the 'F' word on several pages too. Visit Parents ROCK on Facebook for a link to the highly inappropriate content and language.
"The Truth about Alice". On page 1 it states, "Alice Franklin slept with two guys in the very same night in a bed at my house. She slept with one and then, like five minutes later, she slept with the other. And everybody knows about it…one of those guys… (Who yours truly messed around with more than once)…died in a car accident. And it is all Alice's fault."
Several parents are horrified their children are being exposed to this pornographic content and demanded an explanation as to why the CCPS would endorse such inappropriate material for Middle School students.
How outrageous! Our School District recommending books like these to our children??
The Parents ROCK email says, "This guide included reading lists for all grades in CCPS," and its press release says, "Here are examples from a few books recommended on the summer reading list for as early as 6th grade!"
But that's not accurate. The District's reading guide only includes book recommendations for grades Pre-K to 5. I downloaded the 22-page Summer 2015 Learning and Resource Guide, and checked. Neither book appears.
Actually, I was impressed. The Guide is a wonderful document and I encourage you to review it. Its stated purpose is to help parents to:
AVOID THE SUMMER SLIDE! It is very important for students to continue to practice their academic skills even though school has closed. This "Keep Learning Alive" Learning and Resource Guide gives parents a variety of ideas to keep children practicing English Language Arts, Math, Science, and Social Studies while not in school.
Rather than recommending specific books to middle and high school parents, it offers "some helpful links to help you and your child find rich, engaging books to read this summer." Among ten sources listed, including Best Fiction for Young Adults from the American Library Association and 2015 Summer Reading Programs from the University of Central Florida and the University of South Florida, are two webpages from Goodreads: high school book lists and middle school book lists.
Goodreads is a website hosting crowd-sourced sets of book recommendations.
"Beautiful Bastard" appears on a Goodreads middle school book list titled "Best boy hates girl then loves her books." It is tagged as "Adult Fiction > Erotica" and "Erotic Romance." I agree with the concerned parent. This is definitely not appropriate summer reading from teenagers.
"The Truth About Alice" is tagged as "Young Adult > Teen," "Young Adult > High School," and "Young Adult > Coming of Age."
Here's the District's explanation of what happened:
Last year we provided parents, our partners, with more than just a summer reading list. Keep Learning Alive was developed to include reading, writing, math, science, social studies, and career and technical summer activities. In this year's version, we expanded our Keep Learning Alive Summer Learning and Resource Guide. In an effort to provide a variety and abundance of reading choices for parents and students, we provided links within our summer reading resource to several national reading websites.
A concern was brought to our attention Wednesday, May 27th about a potentially inappropriate book that was located via one of the national links. We immediately reviewed the matter and took corrective action. The district in no way encourages the reading of these inappropriate materials. These web sites were reviewed by district staff in April prior to selection and release of the reading resource. Our website had linked to a page that listed traditional middle school reading lists. At some point during the last few weeks, the website changed the available books and reading lists on this page. We have contacted the site and shared the concern about inappropriate material being available in these sections. [emphasis added]
We are now only offering parents a single Florida Department of Education approved reading resource. In this digital world, we cannot control when and how websites change their content. However, we can control how we use this content going forward and we will do that. The posted reading choice materials are provided in an effort to help our students continue their reading throughout the summer. We regret any difficulty that the link may have caused. Education is a partnership between the school district, parents, students, and community members. This is a time when this partnership worked to the benefit of our students.
Parents ROCK stated in their email that within two hours of receiving the concerned parent's email, they took action. Two hours! That's what I call being responsive!
But that's not good enough for Parents ROCK. Their agenda is to find fault and criticize the Superintendent and senior School Board members, make teachers and school administrators afraid of making a mistake, and stir up fear among parents that somehow their children are not safe in our schools.
Parents ROCK chose to use this situation to rev up its base and gain media attention with an inflammatory email and press release, instead of presenting it as the District did: as an example of the successful working partnership between the District, parents, students and community members.
Parents ROCK's agenda is a political one. It has nothing to do with what's best for kids.
The fact that there was an inappropriate book on one of ten web resources offered to parents (NOT kids) is not what should be getting media attention.
What SHOULD be getting attention is the District's effort to help parents help their children "avoid the summer slide" with this terrific 22-page Summer 2015 Learning & Resource Guide.
Please share this post with your friends. You and they can subscribe to Sparker's Soapbox by email at www.sparkers-soapbox.blogspot.com, "like" me on Facebook at www.facebook.com/sparkers.soapbox or follow me on Twitter @SparkersSoapbox.
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Counseling psychology focuses on the typical adaptation of individuals to their environment and helping them cope with crises, problems of daily living, and mental challenges. Traditionally, counseling psychology has been concerned with both the remedial and preventative aspects of mental health with an emphasis on client strengths. Respect for diversity and for values different from one's own is a central value of Counseling Psychology and more recently there has been a call to actively work toward social justice. Counseling psychologists commonly provide services, teach, and/or engage in research with or pertaining to members of social groups that have often been devalued, viewed as deficient, or otherwise marginalized in the larger society. You can find out more about the counseling psychology specialty area on the Society for Counseling Psychology web page.
The Counseling Psychology Program at UNT endorses the scientist-practitioner model of training and affirms the value of integrating practice and science throughout a psychologist's training and career-long participation in the profession. The program is committed to the idea that human problems are the result of complex interactions of biological influences, environmental factors, and developmental changes in the person. We are also committed to the affirmation of diversity and social justice in the broadest sense, and specifically in psychology as it relates to the alleviation of stress and promotion of mental wellness. We highly value the dignity and worth of individuals inclusive of their gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, age, physical and mental abilities, political or spiritual beliefs, socioeconomic class, and other identities. As such, we recognize and incorporate these values and principles in the training and practice of counseling psychology.
The Counseling Psychology doctoral program at UNT is fully accredited by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Accreditation [750 First Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20002-4242, telephone (202) 336-5979]. The program was first accredited in 1978 under the directorship of Ray W. Johnson, Ph.D. The current Program Director is Chiachih DC Wang, Ph.D.
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Outline of Association Croquet
Modern croquet is played as a singles or doubles game in which two sides compete against each other by hitting balls through a sequence of 12 hoops. In singles one player takes two balls and in any turn decides to play whichever ball is better placed. In doubles, partners take one ball each but they must also decide which is the best ball to play during a turn. By playing a sequence of strokes, players may keep a turn going and complete several or all hoops in a single turn. The game is won when two balls of one side complete all the hoops and "peg out", or if they are ahead when time is called. The art of the game is to master the physical side of using a mallet to hit balls very accurately, and to be able to plan a winning strategy.
Scoring by making hoops
The balls are hit through six hoops in one direction and then through the same six hoops but in a reverse direction. The final shot is to hit the peg in the middle of the lawn. The side which "pegs out" both balls wins the game. As each ball may pass through 12 hoops and then hit the peg, it can earn 13 points. With two balls to a side, a game can thus be won by scoring 26 points. Most matches are played to a time limit, and if this is reached, the winning side is the one which has scored the most points.
Sequences of strokes
Players make a sequence of shots by hitting their ball onto another (called a roquet). The player then places their ball against the hit ball and plays a two-ball shot(called a croquet shot) in order to get near another ball or a hoop. They then play a further shot (a continuation stroke) to try and hit yet another ball or pass through a hoop. Thus the sequence of shots is roquet, croquet and continuation.
Making breaks
In any one turn, a player may use any of the other three balls on the lawn once in making the sequence of shots before making a hoop. When a hoop is made, the three other balls may be used again. By using up to three of the shot sequences, a player may move from one hoop to the next and thus make a whole series of hoops in the one turn – called a break. Coloured clips placed on hoops are used to mark a player's progress.
Use of strategy
The game involves considerable strategy in placing balls in order to make breaks, and skilled players can finish a game in a few turns. Many players do not achieve this level of skill, but can still play successfully against more skilled players in handicap games where they can have extra turns (called bisques) which reflect the differences in ability.The game thus involves exercise, physical skill and the ability to develop a strategy for making breaks and winning games. This is why it has be likened to a combination of chess and billiards played on lawns. It suits both young and old (the age range of players ranges from 7 years to over 90). Some enjoy it for the social elements of club play, and others play it competitively. It is truly a game for all reasons.
Laws of croquet
For more information see the laws and regulations of croquet, All files are included in a one time downloadable .zip file.
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Миге́ль Рика́рдо де А́лава Эски́вель (; , — , , Франция) — испанский генерал и дипломат.
Биография
Де Алава состоял на службе сначала на флоте, затем в сухопутных войсках. В 1808 году поступил на военную службу Франции, но после битвы при Альбуэре 1811 года перешёл на сторону англичан, служил адъютантом у Веллингтона и отличился во многих боях с французами. За битву при Витории Веллингтон присвоил ему звание генерала.
После возвращения в Испанию короля Фернандо VII Мигель Рикардо де Алава по наущению его камарильи был обвинён в либеральных взглядах и арестован и освобождён только после вмешательства Веллингтона и подкупа басков при испанском дворе. По предложению принца Оранского де Алава был направлен послом Испании в Гаагу, но был отозван в 1819 году.
В 1820 году де Алава присоединился к революции и содействовал восстановлению конституции 1812 года, боролся в 1822 году против королевской гвардии. В 1822 году де Алава был избран от Алавы в депутаты парламента и в мае 1822 года являлся его главой. Несмотря на французское вторжение, сохранял верность либеральному правительству, и бежав в Кадис, поддерживал свержение Фернандо VII среди немногих либералов, ещё сопротивлявшихся оккупации. Был назначен вести переговоры с французами о сдаче города, однако их провал привёл к его осуждению на смерть сторонниками абсолютизма.
От мести со стороны короля де Алава скрылся в Гибралтаре, откуда выехал в Англию. Де Алава проживал там и в Нидерландах за счёт поддержки друзей, пока не был призван королевой Кристиной на родину. Во времена правления Франсиско Мартинеса де ла Росы де Алава отбыл послом в Лондон, но вскоре в 1835 году сложил полномочия и посвятил себя парламентской деятельности.
14 сентября 1835 года де Алава сменил на посту председателя правительства Испании Хосе Марию Кейпо де Льяно Руиса де Саравию, но уже спустя 11 дней был лишён этой должности, которую занял министр финансов Хуан Альварес Мендисабаль.
Примечания
Литература
Becerro de Bengoa, Ricardo. El general Alava. Madrid, 1889.
Sánchez Arreseigor, Juan José. Vascos contra Napoleón. Actas, Madrid 2010. ISBN 978-84-9739-099-6
Ссылки
Summerville, Christopher. Who was who at Waterloo: a biography of the battle págs. 4-8. Pearson Education Limited
Политики Испании
Генералы Испании
Послы Испании в Нидерландах
Послы Испании в Великобритании
Председатели правительства Испании
Битва при Ватерлоо
Испанские командиры Наполеоновских и Революционных войн
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Amelia is a medical student at the Alpert Medical School at Brown University. She is committed to disseminating science, health, and medical information to a diverse audience.
LSD and other hallucinogens are typically associated with the 1960s, flower children and the Summer of Love in San Francisco, but the psychopharmacological effects of these drugs is about more than just seeing "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"– they can provide fascinating insight into the functionality of the brain.
Lysergic acid diethylamide, better know as LSD or "acid", was first synthesized by Dr. Albert Hofmann in 1938 who, after ingesting the substance and experiencing a psychological revelation, advocated that the drug could be used a powerful tool for studying the human mind and neurological functioning.
According to a study published in Psychopharmacology, the effects of LSD and other hallucinogens are caused by the interaction of the drugs with the serotonin system in the cortex of the brain. It seems that the drugs work by activating the 5-HT2A receptors (2ARs), which are normally triggered by serotonin. These receptors have been associated with various functions including mediation of social and emotional behaviors, memory, sleep, appetite and mood.
Normal functioning of the brain requires that the cerebral cortex receive and interpret signals coming from the 5-HT2A receptors as well as hundreds of other receptors in the brain for different neurotransmitters (chemicals used to carry messages throughout the brain). Our perception depends on the way in which these thousands of signals are integrated and used to create a mental model of the world.
Understanding how hallucinogens affect brain function via neurotransmitters and receptors in the brain is one of the most powerful methods for discerning basic brain functions. Considering how chemical manipulation of neural receptors affects our mental model of the world can lead us closer to fully understanding the origins of perception in the brain.
Titeler, M., R.a. Lyon, and R.a. Glennon. "Radioligand Binding Evidence Implicates the Brain 5-HT2 Receptor as a Site of Action for LSD and Phenylisopropylamine Hallucinogens." Psychopharmacology 94.2 (1988).
Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
Harvey, J. A. "Role of the Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor in Learning." Learning & Memory 10.5 (2003): 355-62.
Jun 20 Different Drinks, Different "Drunks"?
Jun 20 Food for Thought: What Do Our Cravings Really Mean?
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Impact on Aggregators | New Social Security Norms for Unorganised Sector
Aggregators are classified under various categories like ride-sharing services, food and grocery delivery services, healthcare, travel and hospitality etc, for example, Zomato, Ola, Uber, Amazon.
April 18, 2021, 23:28 IST
Ritika Ganju, Partner, Phoenix Legal
By Ritika Ganju
A new beginning to recognise the unorganised sector is due to be made with the implementation of the Code on Social Security, 2020 (SS Code) which provides social security, retirement and employee benefits to gig and platform workers, a segment of the workforce which works outside of the traditional employer-employee relationship.
Keeping the active economy players in vision, the SS Code has carved out specific responsibilities for aggregators, which have been defined to mean digital intermediaries or market places for a buyer or user of a service to connect with the seller or the service provider. Aggregators are classified under various categories like ride-sharing services, food and grocery delivery services, healthcare, travel and hospitality etc, for example, Zomato, Ola, Uber, Amazon.
The SS Code envisages the Central Government to frame and notify social security schemes specifically for gig and platform workers relating to life and disability cover, accident insurance, health and maternity benefits, etc and such schemes may provide for specific role of aggregators. The funding of such schemes may come from the Central Government, State Government, aggregators (wholly or partly) or other source that may be looked at under the scheme.
An aggregator's contribution to the social security fund (established by Central Government for unorganised workers, gig and platform workers) is contemplated to be a minimum of 1% of its annual turnover, upto a maximum of 2% but shall never exceed 5% of the amount that is or has to be paid by the aggregator to the platform and gig workers. The Ministry of Labour and Employment has also introduced the draft Code on Social Security (Central) Rules, 2020 under the SS Code (draft SS Rules), which were open for public comments and are soon expected to be notified in the final form. The draft SS Rules contemplate the aggregator to create and maintain prescribed details and data about the gig and platform workers engaged by them to facilitate formal registration of such workers with the government authorities for the purposes of providing social security benefits. Further, with the announcement of the budget for 2021-22, Ms Nirmala Sitharaman (Finance Minister) also mentioned that gig and platform workers will be covered by the Employees State Insurance Corporation and minimum wage brackets.
One of the first sectors which witnessed a social security scheme being announced for the unorganised sector was transport. On November 27, 2020, the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways, Government of India introduced the Motor Vehicle Aggregators Guidelines 2020 (MV Guidelines), which among other things, require the cab aggregators to provide each cab driver with a minimum health insurance of INR 5,00,000 (Rupees Five Lakhs) and a term insurance of INR 10,00,000 (Rupees Ten Lakhs) with 2020-2021 as the base year and with an increment of 5% every year.
The move is undoubtedly positive to bring the social security norms for the gig and platform workers at par with, or closer to, the organised sector. Although an additional financial burden, the aggregators have commented positively on the proposed vision. But from the talks and discussions on the above by the aggregators, it seems that there is a concern on the lack of clarity regarding the exact liability of the aggregators, the expected timeline for the formulation of the social security schemes, the availability of exemption from contribution requirements, and most importantly, if there will be a duplication of contribution by the aggregators towards social security of the gig and platform workers (resulting in unexpected additional financial burden).
Unless there is clarity from the Central Government and until the draft SS Rules get notified, it is difficult to provide any confirmed response to the above questions and concerns.
As far as the financial liability of the aggregators is concerned, it can be said that the maximum limit is clearly set by the central SS Code on 5% of the amount that is or has to be paid by the aggregator to the platform and gig workers in a year. Putting that in place, the contribution norms set in by the MV Guidelines towards health and term insurance are also likely to be subject to the maximum limit on the contribution by the aggregators.
The new norms set in by the MV Guidelines could be an effort made by the concerned Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways to formulate a social security scheme for the platform workers engaged as drivers by the cab aggregators. This could be a start to the formulation of such schemes that could be seen in the coming days.
It is unlikely that such schemes would lead to duplication of contribution liability for the aggregators. All policy driven legislations and announcements made during the budget of 2021-22 point towards suggested efforts of the Central Government to consolidate all the social security benefits for the gig and platform workers. In the case of any overlap or duplication, policies or schemes may have to be aligned. It can be rationally assumed that such overlap or duplication of financial liability of the aggregators towards social security contribution of gig and platform workers cannot be the intention of the legislators.
The extension of social security benefits to the unorganised sector is undoubtedly a substantial progress in the labour law regime. However, practically speaking, it may take some time for the workers to avail such benefits owing to the nitty gritties involved to be worked on.
The author, Ritika Ganju, is Partner at Phoenix Legal.
Social Security Fund
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Ivanka Trump Cried for 24 Hours When Kurt Cobain Died
Diffuser Staff
Diffuser Staff Published: October 17, 2017
Frank Micelotta Archive / Sean Gallup, Getty Images
Like many who came of age in the '90s, Ivanka Trump, the oldest daughter of President Donald Trump, was a big fan of Nirvana. In a new book, she talked about the effect that Kurt Cobain's death had on her.
As reported by The Cut, the passage was published in Raising Trump by her mother, Ivana, to which she contributed. "During my punk phase in the nineties, I was really into Nirvana," she wrote. "My wardrobe consisted of ripped corduroy jeans and flannel shirts. One day after school, I dyed my hair blue. Mom wasn't a fan of this decision. She took one look at me and immediately went out to the nearest drugstore to buy a $10 box of Nice'n Easy. That night, she forced me to dye my hair back to blond. The color she picked out was actually three shades lighter than my natural color… and I have never looked back!"
Cobain's body was discovered in his house by an electrician on April 8, 1994, the result of a shotgun blast. The death was ruled to be a suicide, and it was estimated that he had killed himself three days earlier. At the time, Ivanka was 12, and she wrote in her mother's book that she was devastated by the news.
"It wasn't too long after this that Kurt Cobain, the singer, songwriter, and guitarist for Nirvana, committed suicide," she continued. "It was a shock and I was distraught. Mom had no idea who Kurt Cobain was, and she sympathized only so much. After twenty-four hours of my crying inconsolably in my room, alone—major melodrama—Mom had to pull me out of there to go down to dinner."
Nirvana Albums Ranked in Order of Awesomeness
Next: 14 Wildly Different 'Smells Like Teen Spirit' Covers
Source: Ivanka Trump Cried for 24 Hours When Kurt Cobain Died
Filed Under: Kurt Cobain, Nirvana
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Kurt Cobain's 'Smells Like Teen Spirit' Guitar Sells for $4.6 Million at Auction
Nirvana, Soundgarden + Pearl Jam Members Form New Band 3rd Secret, Drop Surprise Album
Political Commentator Ben Shapiro Dragged on Twitter for Calling Joe Biden 'the Kurt Cobain of Politics'
Dave Grohl Reveals He Auditioned for Nirvana Over the Phone in Memoir
Dave Grohl Says Listening Back to Nirvana's 'In Utero' Makes His 'Skin Crawl'
The 25 Most Expensive Kurt Cobain Items Sold at Auction
Kurt Cobain + Courtney Love-Worn Dresses Go on Auction Block
|
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Gloom has gone ? McCarthy
Mick McCarthy says Sunderland's first back-to-back wins have changed the mood on Wearside.
The Black Cats' 2-0 home win against Nottingham Forest last night followed Saturday's 4-0 win at Gillingham, and the six points from those games have lifted Sunderland up from 16th to eighth in the table.
McCarthy admitted that Sunderland had not started the season well but he is confident that they have turned things round. He said: "I'm very pleased with the result. We backed up a very good performance and victory from Saturday. It was important to get another three points.
"It makes a huge difference to how the table looks, but what it does make a difference to is the feeling around the place, not only inside the stadium, in Sunderland, in the area, but in the training ground. Everybody feels a lot better.
"There was a little air of despondency, not within the training ground, but I could feel it. I could sense it just creeping in when we'd not started well and it was important that we kept believing in ourselves."
Today McCarthy is in London for the Football League tribunal which will decide how much compensation Sunderland must pay for three of their summer signings - Dean Whitehead from Oxford, Liam Lawrence from Mansfield and Stephen Elliott from Manchester City.
All were out of contract but, as they are under 24 and had been offered new deals, Sunderland must pay compensation.
Newcastle United FCConfirmed: Newcastle eye deal for Inter Milan winger Valentino Lazaro in January transfer windowThe Austria international is a possible loan option for the Magpies but club must move players on first
Pools Football partnershipWolves v Newcastle betting odds and a huge 16/1 first scorer tipYour Wolves v Newcastle betting preview highlights a huge 16/1 first scorer tip
|
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