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the non proprietor will be the of the proprietor what the owners wish to do the whole power of property will do either through the law or else in defiance of it of course i speak of all the property not merely of the great estates when the rich are as frequently happens it is the joint treasury of the poor which their every man owns something if it is only a cow or a or his arms and so has that property to dispose of the same necessity which the rights of person and property against the or folly of the magistrate the essay vii form and methods of governing which a pro x r to each nation and to its habit c thought and to other state of society in this country we are very vain of our political institutions which are singular in this that they within the memory of living men from the character and condition of the le which they still express with fidelity and we prefer them to any other in history they are not better but only for us we may be wise in asserting the advantage in modern times of the form but but to other states of society in which religion consecrated the that and not this was expedient is better for us because the religious sentiment of the present time better with it born we are qualified to judge of which to our fathers living in the idea was also right but our institutions though in coincidence with tlie spirit of the age have not any from the practical defects which have other forms every actual state is corrupt good men must not obey the laws too well what politics satire on government can equal the severity of censure conveyed in the word which now for ages has signified cunning that the state is a trick the same necessity and the same practical abuse appear in the parties into which each state itself of and of the administration of the government parties are also founded on instincts and have better guides to their own humble aims than the sagacity of their leaders they have nothing perverse in their origin but rudely mark some real and lasting relation we might as wisely the east wind or the frost as a political party whose members for the most part could give no account of their position but stand for the defence of those interests in which they find themselves our quarrel with them begins when they quit this deep natural ground at the bidding of some leader and obeying personal considerations throw themselves into the maintenance and defence of points belonging to their system a party is perpetually by personality whilst we the association from we cannot extend the essay vii same charity to their leaders they reap the rewards of the and zeal of the masses which they direct ordinarily our parties are parties of circumstance and not of principle as the planting interest in conflict with the commercial the party of and that of parties which are identical in their moral character and which can easily change ground with each other in the support of many of their measures parties of principle as religious or the party of of universal of of slavery of of capital punishment into or would inspire enthusiasm the vice of our leading parties in this country which may be as a fair specimen of these societies of opinion is that they do not plant themselves on the deep and necessary grounds to which they are entitled but lash themselves to fury in the carrying of some local and momentary me useful to the of the two great parties which at this hour almost share the nation between them i should say that one has the best cause and the other contains the best men the politics the poet or the religious man will of course wish to cast his vote with the for free trade for wide for the of legal in the code and for in every manner the access of the young and the poor to the sources of wealth and power but he can rarely accept the persons whom the so called popular party propose to him as representatives of these they have not at heart the ends which give to the name of what hope and virtue are in it the spirit of our american is destructive and it is not loving it has no and divine ends but is destructive only out of hatred and selfishness on the other side the party composed of the most moderate able and cultivated part of the population is timid and merely of property it no right it to no real good it no crime it no generous policy it does not build nor write nor cherish the arts nor foster religion nor establish schools nor encourage science nor the slave nor the poor or the indian or the from vii neither party when in power has the world any to expect in science art or hu at all with the resources of the nation i do not for these defects despair of our republic we are not at the mercy of any waves of chance in the strife of ferocious parties human nature always finds itself cherished as the children of the at bay are found to have as healthy a moral sentiment as other children citizens of states are alarmed at our institutions into and the older and more cautious among ourselves are learning from to look with some terror at turbulent freedom it is said that in our license of the constitution and in the of public opinion we have no anchor and one foreign observer thinks he has found the in the of marriage among us and another thinks he has found it in our expressed the popular security more wisely when he compared a and a republic saying | 37 |
that a is a which sails well but will sometimes strike on a rock politics l go to the bottom whilst a is a which would never sink but then your t are always in water no forms can re any dangerous importance whilst we are by the laws of things it makes difference how many tons weight of at sphere presses on our heads so long as the ae pressure it within the lungs the mass a thousand fold it cannot in to crush us as long as reaction is equal action the fact of two poles of two and is universal i each force by its own activity other wild liberty iron want of liberty by strengthen law and decorum conscience law only where there is and self in the a mob cannot be a s interest requires that it should not st and only justice all we must trust infinitely to the beneficent which shines through all laws human expresses itself in them as as in statues or songs or and abstract of the of nations would be i v a of the common conscience have their origin in the identity of men reason for one is to be reason for another and for every other there is a middle measure which all parties be they never so many or resolute for their own every man finds a sanction for his simplest claims and deeds in of his own mind which he calls truth and in these all the citizens find a perfect agreement and in these not in what is good to eat good tc wear good use of time or what amount o land or of public aid each is entitled to claim this truth and justice men presently to make application of to the measuring o land the of service the tion of life and property their first no doubt are very awkward yet absolute right is the first governor or every govern ment is an the idea which each community is to make an mend its law is the will of the wise man the wise man it cannot find in nature and i makes awkward but earnest efforts to his government by contrivance as by politics entire people to give their voices on every or by a double choice to get the of the whole or by a selection t the best citizens or to secure the advantages of and internal peace by confiding the government to one who may himself select his agents all forms of government an immortal government common to all and independent of numbers perfect where two men exist perfect where there is only one man every man s nature is a sufficient advertisement to him of the character of his fellows my right and my wrong is their right and their wrong whilst i do what is fit for me and from what is unfit my neighbor and i shall often agree in our means and work together for a time to one end but whenever i find my dominion over myself not sufficient for me and undertake the direction of him also i the truth and come into false relations to him i may have so much more skill or strength than he that he cannot ex press his sense of wrong but it is a lie and hurts like a lie both him and me love and nature cannot maintain the essay vii tion it must be executed by a practical lie namely by force this undertaking for another is the blunder which stands in colossal in the of the world k is the same thing in numbers as in a pair only not quite so intelligible i can see well enough a great difference between my setting myself down to a self control and my going to make somebody else act after my views but when a quarter of the human race assume to tell me what i must do i may be too much disturbed by the circumstances to see so clearly the absurdity of their command therefore all public ends look vague and beside private ones for any laws but those which men make for themselves are if i put myself in the place of my child and we stand in one thought and see that things are thus or thus that perception is law for him and me we are both there both act but if without carrying him into the thought i look over into his plot and how it is with him this or that he will never obey ihe this is the history of one man does something which is to bind another a politics ho cannot be acquainted with me taxes me looking from afar at me that a part of my labor shall go to this or that end not as i but as he happens to fancy behold the consequence of all debts men are least willing to pay the taxes what a satire is this on government everywhere they think they get their s worth except for these hence the less government we have the better the fewer laws and the less confided power the to this abuse of formal government is the influence of private character the growth of the individual the appearance of the principal to the the appearance of the wise man of whom the existing government is it must be owned but a shabby imitation that which all things tend to which freedom cultivation intercourse go to form and deliver is character that is the end of nature to reach unto this of her king to the wise man the state exists and with the appearance of the wise man the state the appearance of character makes the state es at vii unnecessary the wise man is the stale he needs no army fort or navy he loves men too well no bribe or | 37 |
impression the quality the spirit of men and things the genius is all the man and is his system we do not try a solitary rd or act but his habit the acts which praise i praise not since they are from his faith and are mere le which tribes and es in one is alone to be respected men are steel yet we ct a and say o steel one what heart drawings i feel to thee at prodigious virtues are these of thine r constitutional to thee and whilst we speak the is down falls our in a heap with rest and we continue our to wretched let us go for for the not for the needles man life and its persons are poor a personal influence is an if they say it is great it is great j if y say it is small it is small you see it l you see it not by turns it all its i from the momentary estimation of the the will of the if i go too near if you go too far only at one angle who can tell if be a great man or no who can i essay viii tell if be yes or any but the twelve or six or three great gods of fame and they too loom and fade before the eternal we are creatures for two elements having two sets of faculties the particular and the catholic we our instrument for general observation and sweep the heavens as easily as we pick out a single figure in the landscape we are practically skilful in elements for which we have no place in our theory and no name thus we are very sensible of an influence in men and in bodies of men not accounted for in an addition of all their properties there is a genius of a nation which is not to be found in the citizens but which the society england strong punctual practical well spoken england i should not find if i should go to the island to seek it in the parliament in the at dinner tables i might see a great number of rich ignorant book read conventional proud men many old women and not anywhere the englishman who made the good speeches combined the accurate engines and did the bold and nervous deeds it is even worse in america where from the intellectual quickness of the race the genius of the country is more splendid in its promise and more slight in its performance not do the work of we conceive distinctly enough the french the spanish the german genius and it is not the less real that perhaps we should not meet in either of those nations a single individual who with the type we infer the spirit of the nation in great measure from the language which is a sort of monument to which each forcible individual in a course of many hundred years has contributed a stone and universally a good example of this social force is the of language which cannot be in any concerning morals an appeal may be made with safety to the sentiments which the language of the people expresses words and grammar convey the public sense with more purity and precision than the wisest individual in the famous dispute with the the had a good deal of reason gen at till ideas are they are our gods they round and the most partial and sordid way of living our to details cannot quite our life and it of poetry the day is reckoned as standing at the foot of the social scale yet he is with the laws of the world his measures are the hours morning and night and and all the lovely accidents of nature play through his mind money which represents the prose of life and which is hardly spoken of in without an apology is in its effects and laws as beautiful as roses property keeps the accounts of the world and is always moral the property will be found where the labor the wisdom and the virtue have been in nations in classes and the whole life time considered with the in the individual also how wise the world appears when the laws and of nations are largely detailed and the completeness of the system is considered nothing is left out if you go into the and the custom houses the and offices the offices of of and measures of inspection of it will appear as if one man had it all wherever you go a wit like your own has been before you and has realized it thought the mysteries the egyptian architecture the indian the greek show that there always were seeing and knowing men in the planet the world is full of ties of of secret and public of honor that of scholars for example and that of gentlemen with the upper class of every country and every culture i am very much struck in literature by the appearance that one person wrote all the books as if the editor of a journal planted his body of in different parts of the field of action and relieved some by others from time to time but there is such equality and identity both of judgment and point of view in the narrative that it is plainly the work of one all seeing all hearing gentleman i looked into pope s yesterday it is as correct and elegant after our of today as if it were newly written the of all good books seems to give me an existence as k at tiu wide as man what is well done i feel as if i did what is ill done i not of s passages of passion for example in and hamlet are in the very dialect of the present | 37 |
year i am faithful again to the whole over the members in my use of books i find the most pleasure in reading a book in a manner least flattering to the author i read and sometimes as i might read a dictionary for a mechanical help to the fancy and the imagination i read for the as if one should use a fine picture in a experiment for its rich colors tis not but a piece of nature and fate that i explore it is a greater joy to see the author s author than himself a higher pleasure of the same kind i found lately at a concert where i went to hear s as the master overpowered the and of the and made them of his so it was easy to observe what efforts nature was making through so many hoarse wooden and imperfect persons to produce beautiful voices and soul guided men and women the genius of nature was at the this preference of the genius to the parts is the secret of that of art which is found in all superior minds art in the artist is proportion or a habitual respect to the whole by an eye loving beauty in details and the wonder and charm of it is the in insanity which it proportion is almost impossible to human beings there is no one who does not in conversation men are with personality and talk too much in modem picture and poetry the beauty is miscellaneous the artist works here and there and at all points adding and adding instead of the of his thought beautiful details we must have or no artist but they must be means and never other the eye must not lose sight for a moment of the purpose lively boys write to their ear and eye and the cool reader finds nothing but sweet in it when they grow older they respect the argument we obey the same intellectual integrity when we study in exceptions the law of the world facts as the never quite of magic and and tin wide as man what is well done i feel as if i did what is ill done i not of s passages of passion for example in and hamlet are in the very dialect of the present year i am faithful again to the whole over the members in my use of books i find the most pleasure in reading a book in a manner least flattering to the author i read and sometimes as i might read a dictionary for a mechanical help to the fancy and the imagination i read for the as if one should use a fine picture in a experiment for its rich colors tis not but a piece of nature and fate that i explore it is a greater joy to see the author s author than himself a higher pleasure of the same kind i found lately at a concert where i went to hear s as the master overpowered the and of the and made them of his so it was easy to observe what efforts nature was making through so many hoarse wooden and imperfect persons to produce beautiful voices and soul guided men and women the genius of nature was at the this preference of the genius to the parts is the secret of that of art which is found in all superior minds art in the artist is proportion or a habitual respect to the whole by an eye loving beauty in details and the wonder and charm of it is the in insanity which it proportion is almost impossible to human beings there is no one who does not in conversation men are with personality and talk too much in modem picture and poetry the beauty is miscellaneous the artist works here and there and at all points adding and adding instead of the of his thought beautiful details we must have or no artist but they must be means and never other the eye must not lose sight for a moment of the purpose lively boys write to their ear and eye and the cool reader finds nothing but sweet in it when they grow older they respect the argument we obey the same intellectual integrity when we study in exceptions the law of the world facts as the never quite of magic and and the new of and are of ideal use they are good indications is insignificant as an art of healing but of great value as criticism on the or medical practice of the time so with and the church they are poor pretensions enough but good criticism on the science philosophy and preaching of the day for these of the ought to be normal and things of course all things show us that on every side we are very near to the best it seems not worth while to execute with too much pains some one intellectual or or civil feat when presently the dream will scatter and we shall burst into universal power the of idleness and of crime is the of our hopes whilst we are waiting we tha time with jokes with sleep with eating and with crimes thus we settle it in our cool that all the agents with which we deal are which we can well afford to let pass and life will be when we live at the and centre and the i wish to speak with all respect of persons but sometimes i must pinch myself to keep awake and preserve the due decorum they melt so fast into each other that they are like grass and trees and it needs an effort to treat them as individuals though the man certainly finds persons a in household matters the divine man does not respect them he sees them as a rack of clouds or a fleet of which the wind drives over the | 37 |
thinks we wish to belong to him as he wishes to occupy us he greatly mistakes us i think i have done well if i have acquired a new word from a good author and my business with him is to find my own though it were only to melt him down into an epithet or an image for daily use into paint will i grind thee my bride to the confusion and make it impossible to arrive at any general statement when we have insisted on the of and our affections and our experience urge that every individual is entitled to honor and a very generous treatment is sure to be repaid a sees only two or three persons and allows them all their room they spread themselves at large the man of state looks at many and the few habitually with and these look less yet are they not entitled to this generosity of reception and is not the means of insight for though say that the cards beat all the players though they were never so skilful yet in the contest we are now considering the players are also the game and share the power of the cards if you a fine genius the odds are that you are out of your reckoning and instead of the poet are your own of him for there is somewhat and infinite in every man especially in every genius which if you can come very near him sports with all your for rightly every man is a channel through which heaven and whilst i fancied i was him i was or rather my own soul after as a artificial viii worldly i took up this book of and found him an indian of the wilderness a piece of pure nature like an apple or an oak large as morning or night and virtuous as a rose but care is taken that the whole tune shall be played if we were not kept among every thing would be large and universal now the excluded attributes burst in on us with the more brightness that they have been excluded your turn now my turn next is the rule of the game the being in its form comes in the secondary form of all sides the points come in succession to the and by the speed of a new whole is formed nature keeps herself whole and her representation complete in the experience of each mind she no seat to be vacant in her college it is the secret of the world that all things and do not die but only retire a little from sight and afterwards return again whatever does not concern us is concealed from us as soon as a person is no longer related to our present well being he is concealed or dies as we say really all and things and persons are related to us but according to our nature they act on us not at once but in succession and we are made aware of their presence one at a time all persons all things which we have known are here present and many more than we see the world is full as the ancient said the world is a or solid and if we saw all things that really surround us we should be imprisoned and to move for though nothing is to the soul but all things are to it and like yet this is only whilst the soul does not see them as soon as the soul sees any object it stops before that object therefore the divine providence which keeps the universe open in every direction to the soul all the furniture and all the persons that do not concern a particular soul from the senses of that individual through eternal things the man finds his road as if they did not and does not once suspect their being as soon as he needs a new object suddenly he it and no longer attempts to pass through it but takes another wa y when he has exhausted for the time the essay viii nourishment to be drawn from any one per or thing that object is withdrawn from observation and though still in his neighborhood he does not suspect its nothing is dead men dead and endure mock and mourn ful and there they stand looking out of the window sound and well in new and strange disguise is not dead he is very well alive nor john nor paul nor nor at times w believe we have seen them all and could easily tell the names under which they go if we cannot make voluntary and conscious steps in the admirable science of let us see the parts wisely and infer the genius of nature from the best particulars with a becoming charity what is best in each kind is an index of what should be the e of that thing love shows me the of nature by to me in my friend a hidden wealth and i infer an equal depth of good in every other direction it is commonly said by farmers that a good or apple costs no more time or pains to rear than a poor one so i would have no work of art and no speech or action or thought or friend but the best the end and the means the and the game life is made up of the and reaction of these two powers whose marriage appears beforehand monstrous as each and to the other we must reconcile the as we can but their discord and their introduce wild into our thinking and speech no sentence will hold the whole truth and the only way in which we can be just is by giving ourselves the lie speech is better than silence silence is better than speech all things are in contact every has a sphere of things are | 37 |
and are not at the same time and the like all the universe over there is but one thing this old two pace creator creature mind matter right wrong of which any proposition may be affirmed or denied very therefore i assert that every man is a that nature him as an instrument by self conceit preventing the tendencies to religion and science and now further assert that each man s genius mi being nearly and affectionately he if justified in his individuality as his nature is found to be immense and now i add that every man is a also and as our earth whilst it on its own all the time around the sun through the celestial spaces so the least of its rational children the most to his private affair works out though as it were under a disguise the universal problem we fancy men are individuals so are but every in the field goes through every point of history the as soon as he is and rich man has beyond possibility of sincere and unless he can resist the sun he must be the remainder of his days lord said in his old age that if he were to begin life again he would be but he would begin as we hide this if we can but it appears at all points we are as ungrateful as children there is nothing we cherish and strive to draw to us but in some hour we turn and it we keep a running fire of sa at ignorance and the life of the senses and then goes by perchance a fair girl a piece of g y d happy and making the commonest offices beautiful by the energy and heart with which she does them and seeing this we admire and love her and them and say lo a genuine creature of the fair earth not dissipated or too early by books philosophy religion society or care a treachery and contempt for all we had so long loved and wrought in ourselves and others if we could have any security against moods if the prophet could be to his words and the who is ready to sell all and join the could have any that tomorrow his prophet shall not his testimony but the truth sits veiled there on the bench and never an syllable and the most sincere and doctrine put as if the ark of god were carried forward some and planted there for the of the world shall in a few weeks be coldly set aside by the same speaker as morbid i thought i was right but i was not and the same demanded for new if we were not of all opinions t if we did not in any moment shift the platform on which we stand and look and j speak from another if there could be any any one hour rule that a man should never leave his point of view without sound of trumpet i am always as always knowing there are other moods how sincere and confidential we can be saying all that lies in the mind and yet go away feeling that all is yet from the of the parties to know each other although they use the same words my companion to know my mood and habit of thought and we go on from explanation to explanation all is said which words can and we leave matters just as they were at first because of that vicious assumption is it that every man believes every other to be an and himself an i talked yesterday with a pair of philosophers i endeavored to show my good men that i love everything by turns and nothing long that i loved the centre but on the that i loved man if men seemed to me and rats that i and saints but woke up glad that the old pagan world stood its ground and died hard that i was glad of men of every gift and nobility but would not live in their arms could they but once understand that i loved to know that they existed and heartily wished them yet out of my poverty of life and thought had no word or welcome for them when they came to see me and could well consent to their living in for any claim i felt on them it would be a great satisfaction new england new england a lecture read before tee in y on sunday march whoever has had opportunity of acquaintance with society in new england during the last twenty five years with those middle and with those leading sections that may constitute any just representation of the character and aim of the community will have been struck with the great activity of thought and his attention must be commanded by the signs that the church or religious party is falling from the church and is appearing in and non resistance societies in movements of and of and in very significant called sabbath and bible composed of of of all the soul of k lecture at hall the of and meeting to call in question the authority of the sabbath of the and of the church in movements nothing w us more than the discontent they in the the spirit of protest and of drove v the members of these to bear i against the church and immediately l afterward to declare their discontent with these their independence of their and their impatience of the methods they were working they defied e ch other like a of kings each of whom h d a realm to rule and a way of his own that made concert what a of projects for the salvation of the world one thought all men should go to farming and another that no man should buy or sell that the use of money was the cardinal evil another | 37 |
that the mischief was in our diet that we eat and drink tion these made bread and were foes to the death to it was in vain urged by the that god made as well as and loves fer just as dearly as he loves new england ion that the element in the grain and makes it more and more no they wish the pure wheat and will die but it shall not stop dear nature these incessant advances of thine let us scotch these wheels others attacked the system of the use of animal in and the tyranny of man over brute these his food the ox must be taken from the plough and the horse from the cart the hundred acres of the farm must be and the man must walk wherever boats and will not carry him even the insect world was to be defended that had been too long neglected and a society for the protection of ground worms and was to be without delay with these appeared the of of of of and their wonderful theories of the christian miracles others assailed particular as that of the lawyer that of the merchant of the of the clergyman of the scholar others attacked the institution of marriage as the lecture at hall fountain of social evils others devoted themselves to the worrying of churches and meetings for public worship and the fertile of among the elder seemed to have their match in the plenty of the new harvest of reform with this din of opinion and debate was a scrutiny of institutions and domestic life than any we had known there was sincere protesting against existing evils and there were changes of dictated by conscience no doubt there was plentiful and cases of might but in each of these movements emerged a good result a tendency to the of methods and an assertion of the of the private man thus it was directly in the spirit and genius of the age what happened in one instance when a church and threatened to one of its members on account of the somewhat hostile part to the church which his conscience led him to take in the anti slavery business the threatened individual immediately the church in a public and formal process this has been several times repeated it was england excellent when it was done the first time but of course loses all value when it is copied every project in the history of reform no matter how violent and surprising is good when it is the dictate of a man s genius and constitution but very dull and suspicious when adopted from another it is right and beautiful in any man to say i will take this coat or this book or this measure of com of yours in whom we see the act to be original and to flow from the whole spirit and faith of him for then that taking will have a giving as free and divine but we are very easily disposed to resist the same generosity of speech when we miss originality and truth to character in it there was in all the practical of new england for the last quarter of a century a gradual of tender from the social there is throughout the contest between mechanical and spiritual methods but with a steady tendency of the thoughtful and virtuous to a deeper belief and reliance on spiritual facts in politics for example it is easy to see the at hall progress of the country is full of rebellion the country is full of kings hands off let there be no control and no interference in the of the affairs oi this kingdom of me hence the growth at the doctrine and of the party of free trade and the to try that experiment in the face of what appear acts i confess the motto of the globe newspaper is so attractive to me that i can seldom find much appetite to read what is below it in its columns the world is too much so the country is frequently affording solitary examples of resistance to the government who throw themselves on their reserved rights nay who have reserved all their rights who reply to the and to the clerk of court that they do not know the state and the courts of law by non and the commander in chief of the by non resistance the same disposition to and appeared in civil and domestic society a restless conscientious criticism broke out in unexpected quarters who gave me the money with which i bought england my coat why should professional labor and that of the house be paid so to the labor of the porter and this whole of trade gives me to pause and think as it relations between men inasmuch as i am prone to count myself relieved of any responsibility to behave well and nobly to that person whom i pay with money whereas if i had not that i should be put on my good behavior in all companies and man would be a benefactor to man as being himself his only that he had a right to those and services which each asked of the other ami not too protected a person is v there not a wide between the lot of me and the lot of thee my poor brother my poor sister am i not of my best culture in the loss of those which manual labor and the of poverty constitute i find nothing or in the smooth of society i do not like the close air of i begin to suspect myself to be a prisoner though treated with all this courtesy and luxury i pay a destructive tax in my it lecture at hall the same criticism may be traced in the efforts for the reform of education the popular education has been with | 37 |
a want of truth and nature it was complained that an education to things was not given we are students of words we are shut up in schools and and rooms for ten or fifteen years and come out at last with a bag of wind a memory of words and do not know a thing we cannot use our hands or our legs or our eyes or our arms we do not know an root in the woods we cannot tell our course by the stars nor the hour of the day by the sun it is well if we can swim and we are afraid of a horse of a cow of a dog of a snake of a spider the roman rule was to teach a boy nothing that he could not learn standing the old english rule was all summer in the field and all winter in the study and it seems as if a man should learn to plant or to fish or to hunt that he might secure his at all events and not be painful to his friends and fellow men the lessons of science should be also the sight of the planet through a is new england worth all the course on the shock of the electric spark in the elbow all the theories the of the the firing of an artificial are better than volumes of one of the traits of the new spirit is the it fixed on our devotion to the dead languages the ancient languages with great beauty of structure contain wonderful remains of genius which draw and always will draw certain men greek men and roman men in all countries to their study but by a wonderful of usage they had the study of all men once say two centuries ago latin and greek had a strict relation to all the science and culture there was in europe and the had a momentary importance at some era of activity in physical science these things became as education as the manner of men is but the good spirit never cared for the and though all men and boys were now in latin greek and it had quite left these shells high and dry on the beach and was now creating and feeding other matters at other ends lecture at of the world but in a hundred high schools and this warfare against common still goes on four or six or ten years the pupil is greek and latin and as soon as he leaves the university as it is called he those books for the last time some thousands of young men are at our in this country every year and the persons who at forty years read greek can all be counted on your hand i never met with ten four or five persons i have seen who read but is not this absurd that the whole liberal talent of this country should be directed in its best years on studies which lead to what was the consequence some intelligent persons said or thought is that greek and latin some spell to with and not words of reason if the physician the lawyer the divine never use it to come at their ends i need never learn it to come at mine is gone out of fashion and i will omit this and go straight to affairs so they jumped the greek and latin and read law medicine or sermons without it to the astonishment of all the self made men england took even at once with the oldest of the regular and in a few months the most circles of boston and new york had quite forgotten who of their was college bred and who was not one tendency appears alike in the speculation and in the movements through all the and all the the wish namely to cast aside the superfluous and arrive at short methods urged as i suppose by an that the human spirit is equal to all alone and that man is more often injured than helped by the means he uses i conceive this gradual casting off of material and the indication of growing trust in the private self supplied powers of the individual to be the affirmative principle of the recent philosophy and that it is feeling its own profound truth and is reaching forward at this very hour to the happiest conclusions i readily that in this as in every period of intellectual activity there has been a noise of denial and protest much was to be resisted much was to be got rid of by those who were reared in the old before they could at begin to affirm and to many a in his of and that makes the of the class they are partial they are not equal to the work they pretend they lose their way in the assault on the kingdom of darkness they all their energy on some accidental evil and lose their and power of benefit it is of little moment that one or two or twenty errors of our social system be corrected but of much that the man be in his senses the criticism and attack on institutions which we hare witnessed has made one thing plain that society gains nothing whilst a man not himself attempts to things around him he has become good in some particular but or narrow in the rest and and vanity are often the disgusting result it is to remain in the establishment better than the establishment and conduct that in the best manner than to make a sally against evil by some single improvement without supporting it by a total do not be so vain one objection do you think there is only one my good friend there is no of society or of life better than any other part all our things are right and wrong together the wave of | 37 |
evil all our institutions alike do you complain of our marriage our marriage is no worse than our education our diet our trade our social customs do you complain of the laws of property it is a to give such importance to them can we not play the game of life with these as well as with those in die institution of property as well as out of it let into it the new and principle of lore and property will be no one gives the impression of superiority to the institution which he must give who will reform it it makes no difference what you say you must make me feel that you axe aloof from it by your natural and supernatural advantages do easily see to the end of it do see how man can do without it now all men are on one side no man deserves to be heard property only love only an idea is against property as we hold it i cannot afford to be irritable and nor to waste all my time in attacks if i v at hall should go out of church i hear a false sentiment i could never stay there minutes but why come out the street is as false as the church and when i get to my house or to my or to my speech have not got away from the lie when we see an eager of one of these wrongs a special we feel like asking what right have you sir to your one virtue is virtue this is a jewel amidst the rags of a beggar in another way the right will be in the midst of in the heart of cities in the of false churches alike in one place and in another wherever namely a just and heroic soul finds itself there it will do what is next at hand and by the new quality of character it shall put forth it shall that old condition law or school in which it stands before the law of its own mind if partiality was one fault of the movement party the other defect was their reliance on association doubts such as those i have intimated drove many good persons to the questions of social reform but the new england against the spirit of commerce the spirit of aristocracy and the of cities did not appear possible to individuals and to do battle against numbers they armed themselves with numbers and against concert they relied on new concert following or advancing beyond the ideas of st of and of three have already been formed in on kindred plans and many more in the country at large they aim to give every member a share in the manual labor to give an equal reward to labor and to talent and to unite a liberal culture with an education to labor the scheme offers by the of associated labor and expense to make every member rich on the same amount of property that in separate families would leave every member poor these new associations are composed of men and women of superior talents and sentiments yet it may easily be questioned whether such a community will draw except in its the able and the good whether those who have energy will not prefer their chance of superiority and power in the world at hall to the humble of the whether such a retreat does not promise to become an to those who have tried and failed rather than a field to the strong and whether the members will not necessarily be of men because each finds that he cannot enter it without some compromise friendship and association are very fine things and a grand of the best of the human race for some catholic object yes excellent but remember that no society can ever be so large as one man he in his friendship in his natural and momentary associations or himself but in the in which he himself to two or ten or twenty he himself below the stature of one but the men of less faith could not thus believe and to such concert appears the sole specific of strength i have failed and you have failed but perhaps together we shall not fail our housekeeping is not satisfactory to us but perhaps a a community might be many of us have differed in opinion and we could find no man who could make the truth plain but possibly a college or an new england council might i have not been able either to persuade my brother or to prevail on myself to the traffic or the of brandy but perhaps a pledge of total might effectually restrain us the candidate my party for is not to be trusted with a dollar but he will be honest in the for we can bring public opinion to bear on him thus concert was the specific in all cases but concert is neither better nor worse neither more nor less potent than individual force all the men in the world cannot make a statue walk and speak cannot make a drop of blood or a blade of grass any more than one man can but let there be one man let there be truth in two men in ten men then is concert for the first time possible because the force which moves the world is a new quality and can never be furnished by adding whatever quantities of a different kind what is the use of the concert of the false and the there can be no concert in two where there is no concert in one when the individual is not individual but is when his thoughts look one way and his actions another when his is traversed i lecture at hall by his habits when his will enlightened by reason is by his sense when with one hand he rows and with | 37 |
the other backs water what concert can be i do not wonder at the interest these projects inspire the world is to the idea of union and these experiments show what it is thinking of it is and will be magic men will live and communicate and plough and reap and govern as by added ethereal power when once they are united as in a celebrated by and exactly together four persons lift a heavy man from the ground by the little finger only and without sense of weight but this union must be inward and not one of and is to be reached by a reverse of the methods they use the union is only perfect when all the are isolated it is the union of friends who in different streets or towns each man if he attempts to join himself to others is on all sides cramped and diminished of his proportion and the the union the smaller and the more pitiful he is but leave him alone to recognize in every and place the secret soul he i ii a new england will go up and down doing the works of a true member and to the astonishment of all m the work will be done with concert though no man spoke government will be without any governor the union must be ideal in actual i pass to the indication in some particulars of that faith in man which the heart is preaching to us in these days and which the more regard from the that the speculations of one generation are the history of the next following in alluding just now to our system of education i spoke of the of its details but it is open to graver criticism than the of its members it is a system of despair the disease with which the mind now labors is want of faith men do not v e in a power of education we do not think we can speak to divine sentiments in man and we do not try we all high aims we believe that the defects of so many perverse and so many frivolous people who make up society are and society is a hospital of a man of good sense but of little faith whose compassion l lecture at hall seemed to lead him to church as often as he went there said to me that he liked to have and and churches and other public amusements go on i am afraid the remark is too honest and comes from the same origin as the of the tyrant if you would rule the world quietly you must keep it amused i notice too that the ground on which eminent public servants urge the claims of popular education is fear this country is filling up with thousands and millions of and you must them to keep them from our throats we do not believe that any education any system of philosophy any influence of genius will ever give depth of insight to a superficial mind having settled ourselves into this our skill is expended to procure diversion we adorn the victim with manual skill his tongue with languages his body with and manners so have we hid the tragedy of and inner death we cannot is it strange that society should be devoured by a secret melancholy which breaks through all its smiles and all its and games new england but even one step farther our has gone it appears that some doubt is felt by good and wise men whether really the happiness and of men is increased by the culture of the mind in those to which we give the name of education unhappily too the doubt comes from scholars from persons who have tried these methods in their experience the scholar was not raised by the sacred thoughts amongst which he dwelt but used them to selfish ends he was a profane person and became a turning his gifts to a use and not to his own and growth it was found that the intellect could be developed that is in separation from the man as any single organ can be and the result was monstrous a appetite for knowledge was which must still be fed but was never satisfied and this knowledge not being directed on action never took the character of substantial humane truth blessing those whom it entered it gave the scholar certain powers of expression the power of speech the power of poetry of literary art but it did not bring him to peace or to at hai l when class betray a of faith it is not strange that society should be and by what remedy life must be lived on a higher plane we must go up to a higher platform to which we are always invited to ascend there the whole aspect of things changes i resist the of our education and of our educated men i do not believe that the of opinion and character in men are i do not recognize beside the class of the good and the wise a permanent class of or a class of or of or of i do not believe in two classes you remember the story of the poor woman who king philip of to g her justice which philip refused the woman exclaimed i appeal the king astonished asked to whom she appealed the woman replied from philip drunk to philip sober the text will suit me very well i believe not in two classes of men but in man in two moods in philip drunk and philip sober i think according to the good hearted word of unwillingly the soul is deprived of truth new n x or thief no is ut by a supposed necessity which he y or of sight the soul lets lo man go without some and of a presence it would be easy o show | 37 |
by a narrow of any man s that we are not so wedded to our performances of every kind but that very man has at intervals the grace to scorn lis performances in comparing them with his of what he should do that he puts on the side of his enemies listening to what they say of him and of the same things what is it men love in genius but its hope which all it has done counts all its miracles poor and short ts own idea it never executed the he hamlet the column the roman the the german they are ended the master casts behind how sinks the song in the waves of which the universe over his before that gracious infinite out of he drew these few strokes how mean hey look though the praises of the world at hall attend them from the triumphs of his he turns with desire to this greater let those admire who will with silent y he sees himself to be capable of a beauty thi all which his hands have done a which human hands have ever done well we are all the children of genius the children of virtue and feel their in our happier hours is not every man sometimes a radical in politics men are when they are least vigorous or when they are most luxurious they are after dinner or before taking their rest when they are sick or aged in the morning or when their intellect or their conscience have been aroused when they hear music or when they read poetry they are in the circle of the that could be collected in england old or new let a powerful and intellect a man of great heart and mind act on them and very quickly these frozen will yield to the friendly influence these hopeless will begin to hope these will begin to love these immovable statues will begin to spin and i cannot help recalling the fine new england which relates of bishop when he was preparing to leave england with his plan of planting the gospel among the american savages lord told me that the members of the club being met at his house at dinner they agreed to rally who was also his guest on his scheme at having listened to the many lively things they had to say begged to be heard in his turn and displayed his plan with such an astonishing and force of eloquence and enthusiasm that they were struck dumb and after some pause rose up all together with earnestness exclaiming let us set out with him immediately men in all ways are better than they seem they like flattery for the moment but they know the truth for their own it is a foolish cowardice which keeps us from trusting them and speaking to them rude truth they resent your honesty for an instant they will thank you for it always what is it we heartily wish of each other is it to be pleased and flattered no but to be convicted and exposed to be out of our nonsense of all kinds and made men of lecture it instead of ghosts and we are wear of gliding the world is itself so slight and unreal we a sense of reality though it come in strokes of pain i explain so by this love of truth those and errors into which souls of great vigor but not equal insight often fall they feel the poverty at the bottom of all the seeming of the world they know the speed with which they come straight through the thin and conceive a disgust at the of nature charles napoleon and i could easily add names nearer home of rising who drive their so hard in the violence of living to forget its illusion they would know worst and tread the floors of hell the heroes of ancient and modern fame alexander have treated life and fortune as a game to be well and played but the stake not to be so valued but that any time it could be held as a trifle light as air and thrown up caesar just before the battle of with the egyptian priest concerning the fountains new england of the and offers to quit the army the empire and if he will show him those mysterious sources the same shows itself in our social relations in the preference namely which each man gives to the society of over that of his equals all that a man has will he give for right relations with his mates all that he has will he give for an erect in every company and on each occasion he aims at such things as his neighbors prize and gives his days and nights his talents and his heart to strike a good stroke to himself in all men s sight as a man the consideration of an eminent citizen of a noted of a man of mark in his profession naval and military honor a general s commission a s a the laurel of poets and anyhow procured the acknowledgment of eminent merit have this lustre for each candidate that they enable him to walk erect and in the presence of some persons before whom he felt himself inferior having raised himself to this rank having established his equality with class after class of those with whom at hall he would live well he still finds certain others before whom he cannot possess himself because they have somewhat fairer somewhat somewhat purer which homage of him is his ambition pure then will his and his possessions seem worthless instead of avoiding these men who make his fine gold dim he will cast all behind him and seek their society and ice this his humiliation and mortification until he shall know why his eye sinks his is | 37 |
and his brilliant talents are in this presence he is sure that the soul which gives the lie to all things will tell none his constitution will not him if it cannot carry as it ought high and in the of any man if the secret whose whisper makes the sweetness and dignity of his life do here withdraw and accompany him no longer it is time to what he has valued to himself of what he has acquired and with caesar to take in his hand the army the empire and and say all these will i if you will show me the fountains of the dear to us are those who love us new england the swift moments we spend with them are a compensation for a great deal of misery they our life but are those who reject us as for they add another life they build a heaven before us whereof we had not dreamed and thereby supply to us new powers out of the recesses of the spirit and urge us to new and performances as every man at heart wishes the best and not inferior society wishes to be convicted of his error and to come to himself so he wishes that the same healing should not stop in his thought but should penetrate his will or active power the selfish man suffers more from his selfishness than he from whom that selfishness some important benefit what he most wishes is to be lifted to some higher platform that he may see beyond his present fear the good so that his fear his coldness his custom may be broken up like fragments of ice melted and carried away in the great stream of good will do you ask my aid i also wish to be a benefactor i wish more to be a benefactor and servant than you lecture at hall wish to be served by me and surely the greatest good fortune that could befall me is precisely to be so moved by you that i should say take me and all mine and use me and mine freely to your ends for i could not say it otherwise than because a great had come to my heart and mind which made me superior to my fortunes here we are with fear we hold on to our little properties house and land office and money for the bread which they have in our yielded us although we confess that our being does not flow through them we desire to be made great we desire to be touched with that fire which shall command this ice to stream and make onr existence a benefit if therefore we start objections to your project o friend of the slave or friend of the poor or of the race understand well that it is because we wish to drive you to drive us into your measures we wish to hear ourselves we are haunted with a belief that you have a secret which it would advantage us to learn and we would force you to impart it to us though it should bring us to prison or to worse extremity new england i nothing shall me from the belief that every man is a lover of truth there is no pure lie no pure in nature the entertainment of the proposition of is the last and there is no no but that could it be received into common belief suicide would the planet it has had a name to live in some but each man s innocence and his real liking of his neighbor have kept it a dead letter i remember standing at the one day when the anger of the political contest gave a certain to the faces of the independent and a good man at my side looking on the people remarked i am satisfied that the largest part of these men on either side mean to vote right i suppose considerate looking at the masses of men in their and in their actions will assent that in spite of selfishness and the general purpose in the great number of persons is fidelity the reason why any one refuses his assent to your opinion or his aid to your benevolent design is in you he refuses to accept you as a of at truth because though you think you have it he feels that you have it not you have not given him the sign if it were worth while to run into details general doctrine of the latent but ever spirit it would be easy to illustration in particulars of a man s equality to the church of his equality to the state and of his equality to every other man it is yet in all men s memory that a few years ago the liberal churches complained that the church denied to them the name of christian i think the complaint was confession a religious church would not complain a religious man like fox or is not irritated by wanting the sanction of the church but the church feels the accusation of his presence and belief it only needs that a just man should walk in our streets to make it appear how pitiful and a contrivance is our the man whose part is taken and who does not wait for society in anything has a power which society cannot choose but feel the familiar experiment called the in which a column of water n w r j the ocean is a symbol of the relation of one man to the whole family of men the wise on hearing the lives of and read judged them to be great men every way excepting that they were too much subjected to the ence of the laws which to second and true virtue must very much of its original vigor and as a man is equal to the church and equal to the | 37 |
state so he is equal to every other man the of power in men are superficial and all frank and searching conversation in which a lays himself open to his brother each of their radical unity when two persons sit and converse in a thoroughly good understanding the remark is sure to be made see how we have disputed about words let a clear apprehensive mind such as every man knows among his friends converse with the most commanding poetic genius i think it would appear that there was no such as men fancy between them that a perfect understanding a like receiving a like perceiving differences and the poet would confess that lecture at b his imagination gave him no deep advantage but only the superficial that he could express himself and the other could not that his advantage was a which might impose on indolent men but could not impose on lovers of truth for they know the tax of talent or what a price of greatness the power of expression too often pays i believe it is the conviction of the purest men that the net amount of man and man does not much vary each is superior to his companion in some faculty his want of skill in other directions has added to his fitness for his own work each seems to have some compensation yielded to him by his infirmity and every as a of his force these and the like experiences intimate that man stands in strict with a higher fact never yet manifested there is power over and behind us and we are the channels of its we seek to say thus and so and over our head some spirit sits which what we say we would persuade our fellow to this or that another self within our eyes him new england that which we keep back this in vain we compose our faces and our words it holds communication with the and he answers to us but believes the spirit we exclaim there s a traitor in the house but at last it appears that he is the true man and i am the traitor this open channel to the highest life is the first and last reality so subtle so quiet yet so that although i have never expressed the truth and although i have never heard the expression of it from any other i know that the whole truth is here for me what if i cannot answer your questions i am not pained that i cannot frame a reply to the question what is the operation we call providence there lies the thing present every time we converse we seek to it into speech but whether we hit or whether we miss we have the fact every discourse is an answer but it is of small consequence that we do not get it into and whilst it for contemplation forever if the of the heart shall make themselves good in time the man lecture at hall who shall be bom whose advent men and events prepare and is one who shall his with a higher life with the man within man shall destroy distrust by his trust shall use his native but forgotten methods shall not take counsel of flesh and blood but shall rely on the law alive and beautiful which works over our heads and under our feet pitiless it itself of our success when we obey it and of our ruin when we it men are all secret in it else the word justice would have no meaning they believe that the best is the true that right is done at last or chaos would come it rewards actions after their nature and not after the design of the agent work it to man in every hour paid or see only that thou work and thou not escape the reward whether thy work be fine or coarse planting com or writing so only it be honest work done to thine own approbation it shall earn a reward to the senses as well as to the thought i matter how often defeated you are bom to victory new england the reward of a thing well done is to have done it as soon as a man is to look beyond and to see how this high will without an exception or an interval he settles himself into serenity he can already rely on the laws of gravity that every stone will fall where it is due the good globe is faithful and carries us securely through the celestial spaces anxious or resigned we need not interfere to help it on and he will learn one day the mild lesson they teach that our own is all our task and we need not assist the administration of the universe do not be so impatient to set the town right concerning the pretensions and the false reputation of certain men of standing they are laboring harder to set the town right concerning themselves and will certainly succeed suppress for a few days your criticism on the of this or that teacher or and he his to all men s eyes in like manner let a man fall into the divine and he is enlarged obedience to his genius is the only lecture at hall influence we wish to escape from and a sense of inferiority and we make self den we drink water we eat grass we refuse the laws we go to jail it is all in vain only by obedience to his genius only by the in the way constitutional to him does an angel seem to arise before a man and lead him by the hand out of all the wards of the prison that which us in beauty and wonder as we are is cheerfulness and courage and the endeavor to realize our aspirations the life of man is the true romance which when | 37 |
leaves his library and takes his seat in a rail car where he is by with journals still wet from liverpool and with not yet fifty minutes old from and at the screams of the steam whistle the train city and away into the interior drops every man at his estate as it along and shows our traveller what of thousands of powerful and men science armed and society armed at large in this ample region obscure from their numbers and the extent of the he on the power no i which each of these plain can employ how far these chains of intercourse and travel reach and what what what are applied to nature for the benefit of masses of men then he what a negro fine is that of and solomon what a substantial does my possess a man who has a hundred dollars to dispose of a hundred dollars over his bread is rich beyond the dreams of the keep our eyes as long as we can on this picture we cannot oflf the question the famous question of to the of all this power and these and inventions this and roads and mines the aspect this country presents is a certain activity an immense apparatus of cunning machinery which turns out at last some toys has it as great interests do any intellectual power where are the works of the imagination the test of a national genius at least as far as the purpose and genius of america is yet reported in any book it is a and no genius one would say there is nothing colossal in the country but its geography and its material that the moral and intellectual effects are not on the same scale with the trade and production there is no speech heard but that of and the where is the great breath of the new world the voice of nations opening new with hymns of lofty cheer our books and fine arts arc there is a fatal and in our educated men to new studies and the of nature we have taste critical talent good professors good but a lack of male energy what more serious calamity can befall a people than a constitutional and the moral influence of the intellect is wanting we in vain for any profound address voice speaking to the american heart cheering timid good men the youth the defeated and gently announcing duties which clothe life with joy and tlie ce of land and sea to men it is a poor consideration thai the country wit is and as we say practical that political interests on so broad a scale as ours are administered by little men with some village talent by good strict quite empty of all superstition these appearances it would yet be a poor to read the of this country from these narrow on the contrary we are persuaded that moral and material are always every material organization exists to a moral end which makes the reason of its existence here are no books but who can see the continent with its inland and surrounding waters its temperate ite west wind breathing vigor through all the year its of races so favorable to the highest energy and the infinite of their production without putting new to destiny as to the purpose for which this muster of nations and this sudden creation of enormous is made this is equally the view of science and of patriotism we hesitate to employ a word so much abused as patriotism whose true sense is almost the reverse of its popular sense we have no sympathy with that boyish hoarse with cheering for our side for our state for our town the right patriotism in the delight which spring from our peculiar and legitimate advantages to the benefit of humanity every foot of soil has its proper quality the on two rides of the same fence has new and so every acre on the globe every family of men every point of climate has its virtues certainly then country does not lie here in the sun and though it may not be easy to define its influence men feel already its quality in the careless self reliance of the manners in the address freedom of thought in the direct roads by which are reached and and even in the reckless and sinister politics not less than in expressions bad as it is this freedom leads onward and upward to a of thought and art which is the last and endless end of s a lovers of our country but not always of the counsels we should certainly bo glad to give good advice in politics we have not been able to escape our national and habit and to be from interest in the and in public affairs nor have we cared to we are more than others to make our politics clear and as we believe politics to be accidental or exceptional but subject to the same laws with trees and we see that reckless and destructive fury which the lower classes of american society and which is by hundred presses tlie young who drive in rooms and town meetings the trade of sagacious only to seize the victorious side have put the country into the position of an overgrown and finds no heart or lo weight and to her contrary judgment in hours when it seemed only to need one just word from a man of honor to have the rights of and to have given a true direction to the first steps of a nation we have seen the best of new england the ted leaders of her counsels constitute ing a and le pi ed opposition clapped on the back by comfortable from all sections and persuaded to we are too old to stand for what is called a new england sentiment any longer rely on us | 37 |
for commercial representatives but for questions of who knows what may be opened wo are not well we are not in our seats when justice and humanity are to be spoken for we have a bad war many each of which the country into an immense and a very political opposition the country needs to be from its delirium at once public affairs are chained in the same law with private the of armed states are not less sure and signal than those which come to private the facility of is no protection from the natural of their acts men reason badly but nature and destiny are logical but whilst we should think our pains well bestowed if we cure the of and should be sincerely pleased if we could ve a direction to the politics we are far from believing politics the interest of men on the contrary we hold that laws and cannot possess a commanding interest for any but vacant or people for the reason that this is simply a formal and superficial interest and men of a solid genius are only interested in substantial the state like the individual should rest on an ideal basis not only man but nature is injured by the that man only to be th bread but he lives in such connection with thought and fact that his bread is surely involved as one element thereof but is not its end and aim so ike insight which commands the laws and of the true forever all interest in the of parties as soon as men have tasted the of learning friendship and virtue for which the state exists the of office appear and their followers a journal that would meet the real wants of this time must have a courage and power sufficient to solve the problems which the great groping society around us stupid with perplexity is exploring let it not show its by g each difficult question and arguing every point on which men are long ago unanimous can it front this matter of to which the names of and have attached and dispose of that question will it cope witb tho allied questions of government and all that belongs under that will it with the chapter of slavery in some sort the special of the time as it has provoked against it a sort of and enthusiasm singular in modem history there are literary and philosophical to settle the name of has in this very time acquired new honors and the current year has witnessed the appearance in their first english translation of his here is an unsettled account in the book of fame a to dim but wliich great may yet resolve into a magnificent system here is the standing problem of natural science and the merits of her great to be determined the and the collected by the author of the of creation here is the balance to be adjusted between the exact french school of and the genial catholic st hi and will it venture into the thin and difficult air of that school where the secrets of structure are discussed the topics of and the of what will easily seem to many a far higher question than any other is that which re the of the conscience of the period is the age we live in to the highest powers to that of the with the poetic faculty which has distinguished the ages we have a better opinion of the economy of nature than to fear that those varying phases which humanity presents over leave out any of the grand springs of human action mankind for the moment seem to be in search of a religion the is declining the divine or as some will say the truly human now seen now unseen before us this period of peace this hour when the of churches is or will seem only the more to those who believe that man need not fear the want of on be cause they know his constitution that he rest on the moral and religious as the motion of bodies rests on in the rapid decay of what was called religion timid and people fancy a decay of the hope of man but the moral and religious sentiments meet us everywhere alike in as in churches a starts up behind cotton also the conscience of man is as is the atmosphere so that society cannot be that health which we call virtue is an which easily itself and those which a child s finger can move and a weight of many hundred tons cannot overthrow with these convictions a few friends of good letters have thought fit to associate themselves for the conduct of a new journal we have obeyed the custom and convenience of the time in this form of a review as a mould into which all metal most easily runs but the form shall not be suffered to be an the name might convey the of a book of criticism and that nothing is to be found here which was not written expressly for the review but good readers know that inspired pages are not written to fill a space but for inevitable utterance and to such our journal is freely and open even though every else be excluded we entreat the aid of every lover of truth and right and let these principles entreat for us we rely on the talents and industry of good men known to us but much more on the of truth which is and for itself and friends for us we rely on the truth for and against ourselves the art i from uie of the united states to the two at the commencement of the second of the tu ninth i washington there is a period in history when war is thought to be the state of mankind when certainly it ia the common | 37 |
state and peace an exception to the general rule labor is hated and war honored in such a time no reason need be for going to war rather perhaps is a i required for ceasing from battle and in the early period of rome the now and then made a but never a peace peace was only an for a limited period says it is the business of a man to fight of a slave to till the ground he represented the general opinion of the heroic age but now things arc somewhat changed war is the exception public is against it merchants and dislike it for it with their operations thinking men it as unreasonable and good men look on it as wicked in all european countries the thinking men demand of their s a good reason for disturbing their relations of peace the old ta k about national honor diminished not a little amongst intelligent men who think the national honor which is gained or lost by a battle is of no great value indeed so far have matters gone that many men hold the opinion and some have even a sober and settled conviction that war between nations is no more and manly no more likely to establish justice than by battle in of law no better than men of honor or a bout with fists between two ii h partially drunken think that war is nothing but murder in the first degree with malice and what is for one man is wrong for twenty millions that injustice is not tlie less so for being a great injustice then again there are some religious men who think that christianity actually war it is true the various churches of the world have taken httle pains to say so but a good deal of pains to say opposite we never yet have seen the creed the or the which gave us the smallest hint that christianity and war were still there are religious men who think the religion of which the war god planted the in human nature is thoroughly hostile to all war all of these men united may be few in number philosophers and the like still they are not idle nor they have already produced a change in public opinion and in this city and its neighbourhood a great change within a few years then too there are sound sober practical men who look at first principles it may be ana the nature of things but much at modes of operation and effects they see that war is costly that it costs money that it costs men that it is not productive in short they see that all which a nation in its army and navy is a bad stock which does not pay still further there are humane men who think that man is of more account than the accidents of a man property and the like they think that all government should be designed for the good of all men and therefore that it must accord with the principles of absolute justice which god has written on the heart of mankind they see that war all these principles under foot and therefore and in the name of the people they refuse to promote to favor or even to a war now by means of these small parties of original the philosophers the and the it has come to pass that war is getting sadly out of favor true there are men and enough of them in the name of religion of philosophy economy and who defend the old usage they think that war now and then is a good thing it the people it off the and for the latter purpose is better than the jail and gallows as well as these men have a great many newspapers at their command and sometimes occupy seats deemed more sacred than an editor s chair they the progress of true ideas and so add to the misery of mankind yet they no longer govern public opinion their influence yearly becomes less for man naturally loves justice and is a human being not a brute nor a fool it has now come to pass that in all civilized countries the mass of men look on war as a terrible evil and one not to be lightly incurred by the government of the nation it surprises no one when two savage tribes quarrel the cause is seldom inquired after for it is known that in such a stage of progress war is to be looked for and expected bnt the war when a civilized nation pauses in its career of productive exertions and turning its art its science its strength of hand and head its natural activity from their work seeks to destroy the property of its sister state to bum her towns to butcher her men and with the soldier s foot her soil it is a serious and a dreadful thing sober men look for the cause of such madness the physical evil is monstrous the waste of property the of life but this is the smallest part of the mischief the savage spirit excited in the soldier which he carries home to his village the hunger after the thirst of blood wliich successful war in the conqueror s throat the desire of revenge which defeat in the heart of the these long the progress of mankind take the foremost of civilized nations the mass of men have not yet forgotten the savage the thin garment of civilization is easily torn and stripped off you break the skin of the gentleman and behold a the peasant of england or france becomes the fierce saxon or the savage whose deeds you shudder to think of every war in this age the progress of mankind the united states having their mother refused her resisted her es and at last separated | 37 |
m said to the lord major of london in tt it is with utmost astonishment tliat i find any of my subjects capable of encouraging the rebellious that j exists in some of my colonies in north america some of the subjects however did to advocate and to the cause of the them aid and comfort the king thought it was moral treason a of the war they had i and justice on their side and against king george the d mr proceeds to state the case of america against tlie americans had suffered many from i the the wrongs we have suffered from almost ever since she became an independent power and the patient endurance with which we have borne them are without a parallel in the history of modem civilized nations soon her independence she commenced a system of insult and our citizens employed in lawful commerce were imprisoned their vessels seized our flag insulted in her ports change of rulers brought no change in this system continues the president the american government made repeated wliich were followed only by new promises of were ned or tlie commercial treaty of no in general declared tliat such conduct would justify in all nations immediate war yet he thought we give one more to for the past before we resorted bo war accordingly were entered into in and the government promised to do all which reason or justice this was in but in december the o had not been fulfilled mr distinctly declares had the united at that time adopted and taken into their all our would probably have been long adjusted and tlie war been avoided p this is a plain statement but if the began the war in because the americans we can the war not see how any one act of the in could have prevented it unless indeed had been so weakened as to be unable to a war but the president does not see that he is admitting that the did begin this war all of whose causes we are to seek previous to a compound issue is a difficult one to plead we beg the reader to notice that tlie president admits that the causes of the war the of american property and men to our i are all to the year and mi ht been disposed of then if we had then sought in the usual way by war of course all that has since can be but after the feet but a now was begun the of april th took place this was the first in august n of s with limited to eighteen months was organized to tiie claims of american citizens against an ap by the king of came to assist in the work the board allowed american claims t i the amount of oh the american allowed also i i which the had not time to examine thus there was a total of t i tv the american demanded of other claims to were also presented which the american had not decided upon when their period of service came to an end her to pay the hut unable to pay immediately asked for more time a second took place january th and an agreement was made that the interest due on tlie acknowledged claims should be paid on the th of the next april and the of principal and interest in twenty one each three months the interest was paid and three of the as they became due though wo are told such was the poverty of the government that some of the money could only be raised by forced on the th of november a third waa concluded upon by the government for the purpose of and settling all other claims not previously the of these claims and cross of of the were well exposed by mr j a member from virginia in a ss the war a i by the first in american authorities offered some to the scheme which it seems the did not to and so the never took place in brief then letting alone the offered to our flag and wo know not how they can be shaken out of its folds this is the sum of at and owes about and does not pay the president thinks war ought to have been declared long ago in long to her most solemn treaty obligations plunder our citizens of their and their persons without affording them any we have failed to perform one of the first and highest duties which every government owes to its citizens we had ample cause of war against long before the breaking out of but even t it is doubtful to what time we to take into our own hands until herself became the by our soil in hostile array and shedding tlie blood of our citizens sur h are the grave causes of against message p wc do not by any means approve of the whole conduct of in her with america but were many circumstances which that conduct she did not pay the money for she had no money to pay with and no credit to borrow with in mr wrote to the american that her are in a condition utterly desperate the amount of public debt does not fell much short of j loo and interest was paid on but a small part of it is it a thing unheard of for one state to delay the claims of another unheard of to wait a long time before such a payment the government of has a large claim on the of france a very just claim too as it seems to us at this moment the king of the french can pay it but does not how long did america wait for the payment of her french claim s and her claims nay | 37 |
how long has the state of waited for the payment of her claims this for official of these matters see mr po k e of der d of december mr c j s report on the war with jane with mr n th and the report of mr of the date no ho of ui lit oe the in of the j the war very american which in to have taken her i sister by the throat and sold all that she had that payment mi ht be made and promptly too i the president is not very desirous to pay the claims which american citizens ha l against france prior to though the american owes tlie money to her own citizens mr himself by his forbade the payment after had appropriated the funds if had been able and would not j ay tlie case would have been different we have seen now the grave causes of complaint the ample causes of war the wrongs which we have suffered without a parallel in the history of modem civilized nations let us now come to the smaller matters the minor we must go a little into the of the times in the were completed for the of to the united states the causes of are well known the south did not wish a non state on the frontier the economical the moral the effect of such a state was clearly foreseen the institution of slavery was in danger it seems to be thought by some that while stands the south will stand when slavery falls the south will fall and then the north the union freedom and the rights of man the method by was brought about is also pretty well known the of the great southern the the the stupidity of many of the members of all this is well known but getting better known the recent letters of mr mr and mr shed some light on the matter the political excitement of our day has passed by and some future historian of in america studies the subject afresh and with impartial eyes he wiu write in sadness a dark chapter we know not which he will blame most bitterly the or the but perhaps the latter as acting against their convictions and without the effects of that will appear in due time and may be a little different from what the intended but offered to her independence aod abandon her claim on condition that would not to america there was a war between and not a war but the war the accident follows the substance when america took it was for better or she took her war along with her the war though not at that time de protested against as an act the most unjust which can bo found in annals of modem a friendly nation of a considerable portion of her territory and on the th of march her minister demanded his and all regular intercourse came abruptly and formally to an end now in i t general thought it a delicate matter to recognize the independence of and said in his the acknowledgment of a new state as is t ail times an act of great ami more especially o when such r state has forcibly separated itself from another which still claims dominion over it a premature recognition under these circumstances if not looked on as cause of tear is liable to be upon as proof of an spirit to one of the parties but in all former cases so wisely consistent with our just principles has been the action of our government that we have under the moat critical circumstances avoided all censure and encountered no other evil than that produced by a transient of good will in against whom we have by force of evidence been compelled to decide the uniform policy practice of the united is to avoid all interference in which merely relate to the internal government of nations and constantly to recognize the of the prevailing party reference to out interest s and or to the merits of the original he considers the power of the independence of a new state as equivalent under some to a declaration of war it will always be considered most s that it should be exercised when to with the previous of body by whom war can alone be declared s message st when france the independence of the l states in the english government considered the acknowledgment an no we think would doubt that if france had then the united states to herself the offered a for the declaration of war on the part of england but did not declare war against america in she made no preparations for war she protested and de ro i k m the war further intercourse had been as powerful as england the of would not have been disposed of ho but distracted and weak another alleged offence committed on the part of ia her refusal to receive the american mr here are the facts in the case aa the president states them on the th of the american at the city of was instructed by his government to ascertain from the government whether they would receive an from the united states with full power to all the questions in dispute between the two on the loth of october the government assented the assent was made known to the american government on the th of november and the next day mr was appointed extraordinary and minister with full powers to and definitely settle all j between the two countries those of boundary between and the state of he reached on the th of november and on the th of december but the government of president who had seemed desirous of settling the difficulties by peaceful was tottering general a military man had thrown the | 37 |
country into confusion and declared against receiving a minister of peace from the united states the was alarmed aud refused to receive mr on tbe that america had not sent the on a special mission confined to the question of s alone but had given him the general powers already mentioned the th of december himself came into power a military u who was known t be bitterly hostile to the united states on the ist of march mr presented m to the new government desiring to be in the regular on the th the request was finally rejected and he soon returned home thus says the president was the extraordinary spectacle presented to the civilized world of a in of it own express agreement having twice rejected a minister of mr e p th war peace invested with full powers to all the existing between the two countries in a manner just and honorable to both i am not aware that modern history a parallel case in which in time of peace one nation has refused even to hear from another for existing difficulties between them p mr must be a forgetful not to remember that the court of france rejected mr in and actually him from their territory yet mr was not altogether like one of the most s citizens of but a man well known for his public services a character says mr once his rival whose integrity talents and services placed him in the of the most esteemed and respected in the nation the insult then offered to america by the french in the most public and official is no parallel to the conduct of to make that insult yet the informed mr the former minister who had been recalled but was still at that they will not receive another minister from the united states until the of which france complained have been the know of no minister from the united states said they yet the of g liad been created by france america liad most at as well as in su ts f which nothing but a remembrance of her aid in and her continued help ui the remaining portion of the war of our revolution enabled the nation to endure but what said the republican party did they maintain that the dignity of the nation was insulted di l they insist that we must go to war to wipe off the stain because the french did not pay our just demands and because a minister ha l been from the french soil we are sorry to recall old and will pass over the matter with all possible and the conduct of that party is well known their apology for the conduct of to special sion may th r of messrs on the french in state i ts i foreign l ol i p ct p ct and vol it p cl p ct m cl the whole of trouble ha now become once more sec vol p d the war the but america ud not declare war it waa proposed hy the party hostile to the administration tliat an extraordinary minister the solemnity of the occasion should he sent to represent the temper and of the country messrs and were appointed and instructed to our differences in manner aa might be the best calculated to produce mutual and i ood their treatment was a disgrace t the french nation two of them demanded their and returned home mr remained till and recalled still there was no war america was put in a state of defence not in a state of offence the then made to even these measures is well known some were desirous of war still pacific counsels prevailed the reason was the american desired to keep the peace yet the committed on the property and persons of american citizens were enormous says mr was repeatedly taken to insult the american government open war was to he by the of france on american commerce and the flag of the united states was a sufficient justification for the capture and condemnation of any vessel over which it waved more than three hundred american vessels had been taken by the french and the of their was estimated at over still president said in that we do not fear war in the necessary protection of our rights and honor we shall give no room lo infer that wn abandon the desire of peace it in peace that we have uniformly und and harmony us and may be restored at h r we are surprised that mr should lay any stress on the refusal of me to receive mr to receive a minister is a duty of imperfect obligation as the would have told him any state may to receive a particular person as minister without the of nations if she objects to the personal character of the man or to the character of the minister this is so i second m th ia b by the of ee too the the war i oil that it is to refer to authorities the refusal to receive mr fur the reasons was a matter of no great magnitude or had never agreed to receive a with full powers to reside near her government as a permanent representative of the only a to treat in reference to the but take the president s statement of the case admit that it waa foolish the part of under such circumstances to reject mr because america had committed a breach of etiquette suppose it was weak and silly it was certainly no ground for war is quite plain that mi was a very person send on a mission of peace to an offended nation his proves this he may be a very citizen of but few men in america we out that state | 37 |
ever heard much good of him before his ap to this mission his conduct while there no honor on america we cannot think he waa sent there with the serious intention of settling the difficulties in a just and honorable manner indeed some of his seem ven him quite as much with a view to influence public opinion in america as to have an effect on the government this wiu appear by the following extract from mr s letter to him under date of march th on your return to the united energetic measures against would at once be recommended by the and these to obtain uie support of if it c be asserted the existing that of the military president who succeeded j not refused to receive our minister this was written nearly two months after general had been ordered to move to the the energetic measures were already commenced though without the knowledge of america was territory which claimed and at the same time her minister to present his with a view to the difficulties in a pacific way this we confess is extraordinary the president did not know the minister would he rejected bv when he ordered general to advance into and he was not rejected till two months an one me the in too a of nation iii the wear that order bat we most to this of in another page the man who could lo the in order to america would do it with the admission that she began the war else why undertake to justify it if began the war was her she is to justify it if e can america mar hare a reasons for making a war but if she has not made it she has no reason for undertaking to a war which she did not begin the president state other but not in such a connection or for such a purpose as the present but now he that part of the argument the issue is changed it is that began the war but how bj our territory the mr p a hail c i a large army on the opposite the west shore of the invaded our and commenced bj t our forces thus long of outrage by on war and the blood f our on it is true that on the th of april general did order the commander on the frontier to attack enemy by every means which war and on the th of april to the same person adds i suppose jou fighting already or preparing for the c a campaign it is that he taking the but where was the to he attacked was he to take the by making an or one to answer question we are to show what was the western df was it the the or some line between them or elsewhere t mr to the ko these are die arguments which he as by france in has been always as extending west to the and y the united states asserted and their rights to this extent till when it was to spain it is on the strength of this claim that is a the of always this river from the mouth to the source as her and it was as such by himself in s for mere than nine years many acts e fi the war of and over the and west of the understood that the from source to mouth was the boundary of in when the act of was this was the which was admitted as one of the states of our union all this is at least to one who knows nothing of the facts very plausible to one who is more a subject of authority than a subject of reason but had never a the from source to mouth as her boundary on tliis side wo think there is no about the of except as it borders on the territory yet uncertainty of limits is by america in the very act of the joint resolutions say doth consent that the territory properly included and belonging to republic of may be erected into a new state and said state to be to the of the government of all ti o m of boundary that may other ere the are admitted to be doubtful and are to be adjusted by the government suppose this were all that the boundary was sim doubtful what was the just an l proper course to pursue to bend an army to the extreme and doubtful limit of the territory which wc claimed if so then who thought at least her claim equally good l the same right what if t course had been pursued witli england in settling the question of the l k or the boundary of the territory what if england had acted by the same rule and the two nations without a single attempt to settle the matter by had sent an army of occupation to take military possession each power up to the extent of its own claims why it would have been like what we have seen in but why did not the american resort to because the government would not receive a special appointed for that work not at all she rejected mr because he was i t such a special sword says somebody ends all popular evils but none it certainly begins a great many the reason why the american government sent the sword before the appear in due time it is by no means clear that the americans ba l a good and si the war clear title to the from end to end a claim is thing a clear title is a little bid the american claim as the boundary of ana m by france in so we western a part of tlie same mr in said it | 37 |
of not only an open one but in possession the east bank of tlie seemed to me inconsistent the expedition in defence of the claim of is our troops should march immediately to river what the of determined not to fight for but to settle by to say the least of it could as well be left to the united states on the same conditions mr took this course because he did not wish to have a public with the president in regard to an important measure of his administration still he thinks the claim to the ought to be maintained the only question was whether the circumstances we a position to make war fur this claim in the face of an i the part of this the government that it could be settled by i at once decided that we should take no such position but should regard only as within the limits of our protection that portion of territory actually possessed by and which she did not consider as to the of would have passed a resolution the claim to the if they had deemed it expedient in this matter to manifest their of the treaty preferred by president jones or to oppose the which might be drawn from his that admitted the right of to keep an armed force this side of the p mr thought it for to attempt a forcible possession of the because leaving out of view the of conducting such an enterprise the consent of the on the population the entire the would have been to the united states these people long harassed by the military of their own the government though ir thai for more than nine years has here seek for nothing so as escape from violence they have been often visited by tlie who in revenge of their and of the of have not been disposed to the blows of on the other hand by remaining is gradually her ability to introduce by peaceful means her authority as far up the as she may please p a s war mr then states die grounds on the claim to tho would be tho right of the people of to resist oppression and enforce such a organization as deemed necessary the acknowledgment of in g bi which was prevented from of rt j among which was of herself on tjie s the capacity of if not now at least in a short period to establish by force claim to boundary thia capacity id fairly from offer of to recognize her independence and is self evident to all who have any of the relative and position of and the united states in addition to the foregoing grounds will have the older one on the claim but all these considerations arc bat to the necessity which exists for tjie of the as uie boundary between tjie two has at pleasure t possession of her the j there has only suspended because it was inconvenient to maintain it on such grounds it cannot be doubt il that already considers the whole of the territory between the and the as lost to her there is a disposition in some members to resort to some action the expectation of that tho will he maintained as the boundary hut no provision making this a non in our action hereafter will be adopted let us take a word of comment from another source li general sent mr to to the state of things mr thus writes in august it was the of this the tt government after the battle of san to have claimed from the along the river to the degree of latitude and due west to uie pacific it was found however that this would not strike a convenient point in and that the territory now determined on would be sufficient for a new the political limits of proper were the th war river on the west a tbe additional territory hy since the of independence will increase her population at least of ho of d th c no mr c j in his speech on the d of march said the deserts between the and the the are the natural boundaries there ends the valley of the west there begins while peace is that will be respected not till the spirit of conquest wiu tjie people mi either side or mix with each other n war was expected as the op the a tion in his letter of june th to mr mr says if takes possession of the country between the and the and comes still further east within the territory are the united states to stand still has about seven sand troops on the i look upon war as inevitable a war intended to deprive both and the united states of all claim to the country between the and the p june d writing to mr he says the british minister who has been recently to informed president jones that he thought war would be the consequence of the determination of to accept the terms of p again in writing to mr june th he says mr remarks that a new invasion of may be t apprehended if the of lately received from the united sl should be accepted such a war would be ha and occasioned by the acts and aimed at the interests no less of tbe united states than of the is to say that a force consisting of three thousand men will be prepared o act without a moment s delay c p i again to the same june th such an invasion occasioned by the acts of the united states it will of course be the duty of the president of the united to p m im june d he writes ta captain the prospect of a war is so immediate aa to justify your remaining on | 37 |
citizens and standing in the language of the president s message in a hostile attitude towards us and to be as the seat of the custom house where our enter their goods is ours fe the capital of new is ours governor is our governor and subject to be tried for treason if he does not submit to us twenty towns and villages are and their peaceful inhabitants their fields and tending their flocks are suddenly converted by a stroke of the president s pen into american citizens or american this is too bad and instead of making to its as the president them to do rather that it is the duty of the to its of ail this part of the transaction by a i therefore propose as an additional resolution resolved that of the left bank of the into the american union by virtue of a treaty with as the said would do a part of the of new and would be an act of direct on for all the of which the united would stand responsible in the of his speech mr made four points namely that the of the treaty would be of itself war between the united states and that it would be unjust war that it would be war made that it would be war upon a weak and pretext in his speech delivered in the secret and of course not published he declared that if america claimed to the if there were but one man of spanish blood in all and he no bigger than tom thumb he would fight yet further of in his speech said though not in the corrected copy i will here add that tlie present of i have from judge the whole speech of mr is va e reading at tliis time it may be in the globe of that period in with the third point we quote the letter of dated may i think there can be no that and stretch of power bj ample materials for the exercise of the of and it a an on the of to put it in ho i m the war the president of the that formed the of and also a member of the first under that constitution were fixed a they now are to the and a view of having a large margin in the and tee had no expectation of retaining them om they now exist on our book we will now return to the mission of mr and state the so as we can gather them we shall rely wholly on official documents accompanying the president s special message of may th t relative to an invasion and commencement of by it contains the correspondence of the american at and mr with the previous authorities this correspondence however is hut imperfectly published the frequent show how much is still concealed from the public eye no doubt for very good reasons the instructions of the american government to mr are not in this document nor do we remember ever to have seen them in print what adds to the difficulty is this the of the authorities are not published in their original language but in a translation on which wo cannot always place entire confidence indeed one very im phrase made to receive two very different a we shall presently show on the th of mr at the command of mr desired mr black the american at to ascertain from the government whether they would receive an from the united states witli full ix to au the questions in dispute between the p mr black made the in and mr y the minister of foreign relations and thus replied th in answer i to say to you that although the nation is deeply injured by the united states through the by in t te of which belongs to this nation ray government is disposed to receive the of united states who may come to this capital with full powers from his government to settle the present dispute in a peaceful ami manner thus giving a new ko th iti sets ho of the war proof that even in the midst of its injuries and of its firm decision to exact adequate for them it does not with the measure of reason and peace to which it is invited by its adversary as my government believes this invitation to be made in good faith it also hopes that tlie will be a person endowed with the qualities proper for the of this end that his dignity prudence and moderation and the and of his proposals will contribute o calm as much as possible the just irritation of the and in fine that the conduct of the on all points may be such as to persuade them that they may obtain satisfaction for their injuries through the means of reason and and without being obliged to resort to those of arms and force p mr asked if would receive an with full power to all the in offers to receive one with full powers to settle he present dispute in a peaceful and honorable manner she does not offer to receive a minister nor a special to settle all the questions in dispute but only the present dispute namely the d out of the matter of not a word is said in the correspondence of the parties about a minister to reside near the government as a permanent representative perhaps mr y ia ought to have distinctly stated that would not receive such a he only told what receive not what she would not still further it seems there was a council of government whom mr y did not consult before an mr s note and offering to receive a special mr was sent with a letter of from president him to reside near the government of the in the | 37 |
of extraordinary and minister of the united t p it is quite plain mr was not such a as had offered to receive the between an extraordinary and ter sent to reside near the government and a special sent to a single dispute is aa obvious as the difference between an egg and an apple after various mr asked to be as extraordinary and minister to reside near the government of the the war republic as formal answer came he renewed the request on th the next day th tlie answers that tlie delay has arisen solely from certain difficulties occasioned by the nature of these as compared with the proposition made by the united states through their to treat peacefully upon the affairs of it has been found necessary to submit the said to the council of government for its opinion with regard to them p mr was informed by y that th government does not e that in order to fulfil the object proposed by the said in ihe name of the american government and accepted by the y it should admit his mr in the character with which he is invested this proposition as well as its acceptance rested upon the precise and definite understanding that a should be ad that is to say to settle in a peaceful and honorable manner the questions relative to mr does not come invested with that character although it is true hat in the letter brought by his mr it is stated that he is informed of the desire of the president of the united states to restore cultivate and strengthen friendship and good correspondence between ihe two countries it is also no less true that in this the single word restore is by no means sufficient to give to mr the special character of or ad to as to the of calculated to establish peace and to ttie of war by adequate agreement the admission of such a minister an absolute general minister an ordinary to reside near the government should be preceded by the which the united states propose to enter into for the of peace and good with interrupted by the of this point being from its very nature necessary to be l before any other and until it shall have been entirely and peacefully settled not even an appointment should be made of a resident minister by either of the two the supreme government of therefore cannot admit his mr to the exercise of the functions of the mission conferred on him by the united states government but ac the sentiments expressed by the are in no wise changed he now them adding he will have the the wan s almost pleasure in treating with mr as soon as he bare presented him ly and exclusively to settle the questions which have disturbed the harmony and good understanding between the two and which will bring on war between them unless such settlement be effected in a satisfactory manner to which the proposition of the government of tlie united states related and under the express understanding of which the proposition was accepted by the see also p t to this mr angrily replies on the of december and makes a mistake on referring to the letter of the government offering to accept a mr says the government declared itself disposed to receive the of the united states who might come to capital with full to settle in a peaceful reasonable and honorable manner p whereas the minister only ex a line to receive a with full to settle the present disputed p comment is needless there was evidently a mistake or a blunder on the part of the american government the government gave america a chance to the error by recalling mr and sending a special in his place powers as the occasion demanded or sending such powers to mr wo the of france of england or even of would have done so we have before shown what waa done by president when mr waa rejected march l t mr thus writes to mr should the government by finally refusing to receive you the act of folly and bad faith of which they have afforded such strong nothing will then for this government but to take the of the wrongs of its into its own hands in the event of such a refusal you ought bo to conduct yourself as to the of the failure of the upon tht me government the desire of the president is that you should conduct yourself with such wisdom and firmness at the crisis that the voice of the american people shall be unanimous hi favor of the wrongs of our much injured and long suffering in the meantime the president in anticipation of final refusal the government to receive you has ordered the army of to advance and take position on the left bank of the and directed that a strong fleet he assembled th war bee m tht of will thus be to with ir moment give him p i y i in of mr writes to y of y l and says i unwilling to lake a course wliich would in war j another to o n ho s by every of tu to the civilized world that if iu he the must fail on m is to preserve that peace hut of hostility which now exists on the part of o h f to mr tl is one which is with tho dignity ami of the united states it for mi an government to decide whether it hall to friendly or lead to an open p to y replied on the th that the government receive him mr nd minister to reside near it it i true that the display with which tlie | 37 |
american union present herself by sea with her oil t by land with lier advancing by the where the president had them two without waiting till him authority at tim that by her ra bad and would be a won r not listening lo them m long as all hall be even lo the of u ia by the t rt ia order h m ia it aad tha of the f the to the of thai ef aad u is al hi lo this aad fir it di y of the b tha b mm e or april a the war considering the time as having come for carrying into effect the of the united states in union and by agreement with their and in that territory the means for the purpose the project was introduced into the american it was at first thanks to the consideration the and the wisdom which the of the united proceeded nevertheless the project was in the and was then approved and in the form and terms known to the whole world a fact such os or to speak with greater so notable an act of created an imperious necessity that should it with proper firmness and dignity the supreme government had beforehand declared that it would look upon such an act as a and sa a consequence of tliis declaration was by its very nature at an end and war was the only recourse of the but before it proceeded to recover its outraged rights were to it from the so called president of which for their object io enter into an accommodation upon the basis of her independence and the government agreed to them and consented to name the who with this view were sent to it from moments so precious were not thrown away by the agents of the united states in of the of they so prepared matters and directed affairs that the already to the american union should follow almost immediately thus this of a territory which had constituted an part of that of during the long of the spanish dominion and her for so long a time without any interruption and which measure had been recognized and by the treaty of limits between the republic and the united states of america was effected by the means of violence and fraud civilized nations have beheld with amazement at this enlightened and re ned epoch a powerful and well state itself of the internal of a neighbouring nation putting its vigilance to sleep by of friendship setting in action all manner of springs and alternately and violence and seizing a moment to her of a precious part of her territory regardless of the the recent letter of mr in of u a ood on this part of the letter the war of the most and the most possession here hen is the true on of the republic it is now attempted to subject her to a degradation it is manifest that it was the firm intention of the government to admit only a from the united states clothed wi b powers ad that m to say special to treat u on the question of and upon alone as preliminary to the renewal of friendly relations between the two if the result should be such as to admit of their restoration and then but not before of an extraordinary and minister near the same government nor could the government of the republic on that occasion extend its engagement this for to admit any person seat by the united states in the character simply of the ordinary agents between friendly nation s whilst the grave question of was still would be equivalent to an acknowledgment that the question was at an end thus it without even touching it and to a recognition that the relations of friendship and harmony between the two nations were from that moment in fact in the actual state of things to say that a position of hostility with respect to tlie united states is to add a new offence to her previous injuries her attitude is one of defence because she has herself been attacked because a portion of her territory is by the forces of a nation intent without any right whatever to possess itself of it because her ports ore threatened by the of the same power it is then not upon seeing her present state that it to decide if the issue be a friendly or an open it is long since her interests have made this necessary and her dignity has demanded it but in the hope of an at once honorable and specific she has silenced the claims of those imperious it follows that if war should finally become inevitable and if in consequence of this war the peace of the civilized world should be disturbed the will not fall upon it will all rest upon the united states to them will the whole of it belong not upon who with a generosity admitted the american citizens who wished to in but upon the united states who bent upon possessing themselves early or late of that territory encouraged thither with that view in order that in due time its inhabitants themselves from into its masters should claim the country as their own for the purpose of it to tlie the war if states not upon l who having in due season protested against so a wished to remove all cause for and but on the united states to the of the and in of gave protection and aid to those of a so not upon who in the midst even of injuries so great and so repented has shown herself disposed to admit for but upon the united states w ho pretending sincerely to desire a friendly and honorable accommodation have | 37 |
by acts the sincerity of their words finally not upon who putting out of view her ever dearest interests through her desire for e has entertained as long a was wished the which with this view might made to her but the united states who by frivolous made the conclusion of such an arrangement peace at the very moment when they are causing their and their troops to advance upon tke ports and of a humiliation impossible to be submitted to in order to if no reason can be found which may occasion the breaking out of it is therefore upon the united and not upon that it to determine in the alternative presented by mr is between a friendly and an mr who all along had given so many indications of ignorance and fully wrote such a letter aa might have been looked for demanded his and returned home had been to throw the responsibility and the of war upon but would not take the and declare war nor commence an invasion declaring it was to be done shall the president ask to declare war i the success of that would he shall he himself take the responsibility and commence without the advice of there were yet tricks to be tried which were parallel m time with mr s mission to we shall this matter by some fi the between the war and general it is contained in the same no witli the letters of mr th mr then secretary of war thus wrote to general has some military on the east side of the which are in the actual of her i the m wm th m an forces at the in will n he so long aa the of peace m h k th ia to be the up ia thin t i xi h va if tide ff rf which are in the actual of m ti n m xi an which did not jt at the period of or ht u id d that you approach as near tht the prudence dictate th fr nt desires that your position be th tt r a la t for the american ir is to e hit if win h tt ia h were in the td a at th k of mi or before it let u w tm l p that no more e m m k u v than m on the t herself ih t that the h mv t w l w hi w u a l mr r m ith l n a m ai i f i a m ht t as ic lt m k ma to y b r til i t w j m i i al i to tax if a i w l i m a tf n mi left fi hi r the war not find any force on the at all still less any thought of invasion again mr may he other acts on the part of which would put an to the of p in such a case he is told that he may cross the and take and hold of general did not fall into the thus laid for him ho kept the limits he writes that he does not want any and hopes no more be sent till called for that the is of opinion there be no declaration of war by the mass of the people is opposed to war with us i must express the hope that no force will he ordered to join me without my i cannot believe that it will become necessary to employ from the united states after had finished his trap set it it with such instructions for general on the th of august he waited till the of october as it appears the published perhaps he was making arrangements for the to to a peace be that as it may a month after mr had written to desiring that all existing should be terminated by and not by the sword stating also that the president is anxious to preserve peace and the american government was expecting pacific from he writes again to urge the al into the toils laid for him previous instructions will have put you in possession of the views of t w government of he united not only as to the extent of its but of its to assert in carrying out e instructions you be left very much to your own j you will approach as near the of the as circumstance will your present position at the most western point in the possession of to be you need not for directions from washington to carry out u hat you may deem proper to be done then ho speaks of the of your selecting or directed to take a position on the banks of general however continued at the war perhaps be saw the perhaps he thought it was not his to take the responsibility of a war with at any rate th he writes the position now occupied by the troops may perhaps be the t while are p or at any rate until a shall be i to them under the that such may be the view of the department be had not then received the note of make from this point until ter are received p after the receipt of this letter it became plain that general was not thus to be caught with but the government had yet other on the d of september mr marks a short time before american at wrote a letter to general which of course was forwarded to the american government from which we make tjie following extract | 37 |
general the commander assured me that there will be no of war on the part of general pledged his honor to me that no large body of troops should cross tbe left of the that only small not to exceed two hundred men should be permitted to go as far a the twenty from the that they should be strictly ordered only to prevent indian and trade i then had no he in assuring him that you general would not commit any act against or her citizens and that solely maintain position you t present occupy at or near river i in having made this to him it wiu meet your and be ad to as in a great measure peace depends on prudent movements in this particular for very obvious reasons the american government never published this letter but what must bo done true mr was in pretending to a settlement of all our difficulties with he had not been refused by the act government of true was in and might have been consulted as in the ent of the shall the government wait for the result of mr mission no that was anticipated as well it might have been shall war be assembled quite as little on the th of january mr thus writes to the cautious general i am directed by the president to instruct you to advance and the troops your command positions on or near the east of tiu as soon as it can be conveniently done it is not designed in our present relations with that you should treat her as an enemy but should she that character by a declaration of war or any open act of hostility towards not act merely on the on the th of march the american array moved from and on the l t reached the and took position on its eastern bank opposite the town of on the th of march commander in chief of the forces opposed to the issued his in this he says it has been reserved for the united states to practise deceit and the treachery in in the of peace to appropriate to herself the territory of a friendly nation who had confided in the sincerity of her promises and in the solemnity of her what hopes therefore can the republic entertain of treating with an enemy ti h at he very moment he to lull into by opening ne proceeds to occupy a territory which never could have been the object of the the limits of are fixed mid known tliey have never beyond the p the d of march a letter to general protesting against his invasion of the territory without previous declaration of war and without explicit announcement of his design ho speaks of this act as contrary to the practice of civilized and the principles of the law on april the general ordered general to retire within twenty four hours or war would follow on the th of april general the chief informed general that he considered commenced and should them and on the same day a slight took place though on the soil the history is but too well known already the of the president may th the vote of the conduct of the party and the party the war p e all are well the president may declare that war exists by an act of the may vote it to be true tliat changes nothing tliey cannot create a fact by a vote it was the american government that made the war made a war wliich is mean cowardly and wicked even amongst wars well said the but a month ago we must confess not without a blush that we are exhibiting to the scandal of two christian people of two in the presence of all the doing one another all the harm they can by about boundaries when we have an excess of land to people and cultivate on the beautiful where providence caused us to be bom which nation should blush let mr answer lie said in his speech in the th is it if he of ti had not taken place there would have been no with but that was not the cause of ihe war thi immediate cause of tjie war was the marching of our troops from to he if general had remained with forces where he was there would have been no there would been no for the statements we have made we have not relied on the speeches of leaders for the es of a hostile to the administration we have not depended on the miserable secrets of conversations private letters and cabinet since public and n documents furnish the sure ground on which we can stand the american representatives and with almost threw the blame of this ui on tlie and declared that the war existed by the act of only fourteen iu the house only two in the against the bill wliich made this declaration and which turned the treasure the talent the energy and the life of this terrible american nation against the and distracted people of what shall we say of that declaration it was a lie war existed by an act of the american government we think no honest man informed of the can be so simple as to doubt it the say that the bat s speech of th s the war conduct of america is in the of modern nations mr j is here mistaken it is not wholly there is one to our course of upon that is the of reading anew the documents relative to this matter the corresponding points in that infamous parallel liave forced themselves upon u that says a distinguished writer on public law was the most ol l of natural justice and law which has occurred since europe emerged m over as over it | 37 |
the land till wondering nations saw it from afar let us look at this he had condemned it struck a blow at the influence of our institutions thank i did not slumber over that danger ho had condemned the war it was st a war of a war the president s action was an offence the were i the war distracted the prey of military she had nothing that deserved to be called a government and america is strong and united in making war the president had very much an important provision of the constitution yet mr could say at philadelphia d nevertheless war is upon us armies are in the field are upon the sea we believe that the government ought in an honorable and satisfactory manner to bring the war to a conclusion if possible but while the war this unjust and war while soldiers are on the land and on the sea of our country you feel and i and every american feels they mi st be and sustained they have done honor to the country to which they belong where can we look for such bravery and modesty as in these the most distinguished incident in the history of our country of the good conduct of the of new raised from amongst the le is perhaps that of the battle of hill i might go further and say that at hill the newly raised and themselves behind some temporary but at uie assailed a fortified nor waa that all but the day before addressing a body of young men who probably had never considered the justice of the war nor asked whether they were to fight for slavery or freedom ho could cheer and encourage them to fight in a war which he declared and threatened to the president for beginning could bid them go and the stars of their s banner such was the conduct of that man on whom nature has so her gifts a intellect a heart of noble make in uie what did he to end the war to the president nothing so far as opposition to the war is concerned no mouse in the wall could have lain or more snug all winter he sat in his busy but with other things the of the passed by and see is the friend of the war he not a son invested in that enterprise such is the conduct of the four most men of we hive followed the of this ch in a register io the is little more intense the the war sa no one of them the war does any one say a t ood word against it he is sure to eat that word the next io y the war is thought glorious and called patriotic are bid to fight the war of their country right or how few remember that to fight on the wrong side to fight against the country the glory of the enter what does it amount to why if the united states were to conquer all viewed as a military the glory of the deed would be nothing as well might the at london claim glory because they had chased a i of women from and driven them up gate hill we make no doubt that a private company for the of might bo got np in boston which in two years time would conquer the whole of that country and keep it perhaps for ever the glory which twenty millions of are to get from conquering the population of is glory in the wrong column even when looked at merely with the eyes of a soldier lit seems surprising all men cannot see that such a glory is fa shame one day the people must awaken justice at last hold a stem reckoning with the memories of our i men but what is the real cause which lay at the bottom of the i national design produced and made and the war for the of there is a power behind the constitution but greater than the constitution itself rising above and projecting beyond it yes greater than the rights of man we mean the institution of domestic slavery of the old world are too liberal and enlightened to allow it any longer in their domain it is cleared oft from the soil of western rope the of solemnly says to the world it is a ery cruel thing and our heart from it wo have men s slavery in all our all slaves at shall touch our territory shall become free even weak have no slaves on her boil bat in america it has foimd an asylum a borne tlie egg was laid in the nest of the american eagle who now loves its ghastly and hideous better than all her legitimate brood whose food that what is not destroyed the american eagle over this with fond delight the war p caressing it and wing for that she the living and tears the dead slain for its the constitution of the states in spirit and letter slavery the laws are on its side there is not a state in the wliich dares say with that prince all slaves that touch our territory shall become free neither party ia opposed to it both favor both love it now with open now with in secret a resolution refusing to end the area of slavery is down at a of political in the heart of scarce a prominent man in tlie party is opposed to this the great who reach to the upper currents of the popular air all point that way the little whose stature does not exceed the range of and in the street tell mainly the same tale certainly the of america the large and the little s of politics are friends they | 37 |
oppose it how could tliey with here and there an exception the american churches are also on its side and can quote scripture for their purpose defending it in the name of god southern chivalry with its tone and the morality of the with its are united in its defence the press it the g with their thin but continuous talk and the grave sober literature an imitation of english models in all besides is american only in its support of slavery it is this which this which began the war slavery is the idol of america men of intellect who differ on most other matters of national concern agree in defence of this bat its as of au evil is in the name of god no man said mr of south in his speech in no man who reads his bible and who is a christian can slavery as the very first steps taken by the french for the authority of the bible was to publish to the world slavery wrong in principle and then the bible the advocate of slavery y it is founded on the laws of god written in the climate and soil of the country it is your inferior clergy says an able writer a northern man with southern that are teaching that slavery is contrary n in the now to p bj northern with southern war to the laws of god you slavery for ood is pledged to it the idol ia to refuse its worship is found danger i ous to oppose it is but to be on its side to feed h with money and blood is honorable patriotic pop said the father of his country in his farewell ad dress real who may resist the of the i are liable to become suspected and odious while its i tools and es the applause and confidence of the to sun interests the wanted new territory for slaves were falling in value on the soil of the old states in mr in the virginia if it should be our lot to acquire their price mil in mr of the same state thought the acquisition of would raise their price fifty per cent it was feared or pretended that might slavery so in then american secretary of state wrote to our minister in the establishment in the very midst of our states of an independent government forbidding the existence of slavery could not fail to produce most unhappy effects there not bo any security for that species of property ia absolutely to the salvation of the south in he wrote to our minister in england if should not be attached the united states we cannot maintain that institution of slavery ten years and probably not half that time so the south must have and extend slavery over that soil whence the had it out could the north prevent it moat certainly even little new england could have prevented it mr who thanks god that he did not slumber over that danger new mi ht have prevented it if she ut her people would not be roused but long before new learned to the ant hinges of the knee that may follow the most disinterested enthusiasm of this day long directed slavery in general fought against this special and a few noble men spoke loud and long but to reluctant in not tb s on art ears and cold hearts had their counsel been followed we have had no no invasion no war i but a false idea had gone abroad in new england that southern slavery b profitable to the north the chivalry and the morality have one common affection not the love of their country nor the love of right but the love of gain t so new england assented to the north assented a the fat of slavery m her land with the expectation of a war the south has its wish the north its reward the nation the of her constitution the of her great men it was by slavery and to that her sons have bowed the neck she the of her honor it was betrayed by slavery j she for thousands of her children slain they were murdered by slavery which still for more end itself behold the beginning of the end which is not the art ii powers greek slave the appearance of mr powers statue among us and the feeling of earnest with which it has been received afford ua an occasion to say a few words not so much with reference to the and his work as to art in general of which it may be said that there is no one side of human knowledge concerning which the ideas of men arc so vague varying and inadequate to explain what it truly is to place it in time relations to make every man feel that it is of importance to him and that its is essential to the highest development of mankind will bo the future work of genius through ages k we cannot give a reason for the faith that is in us we can still protest against and indifference it will assist us in our endeavour if we the views and feelings with which art is regarded among men i we have the large class who have no thought on the subject but to whom music poetry or any work of art not beyond the range of their sympathies is a source of the highest gratification on art n those ill whom a partial or development has the natural balance of the faculties thus the man whose life has been devoted to action in the world is accustomed to view art as action without a useful end or else sees in it only a means of pleasure and the thinks its influence doubtful or dangerous to the | 37 |
interests of religion and in those persons who are not wanting in a due sense of the value of art but who see it only in parts aud fragments or are influenced by fashion or some dominant mind and are thus incapable of it as a whole iv we could wish there were a fifth class to be added but in this age of the world when wc are made familiar with the works of all times m selection to the whole and through the mass of works that obscure it seize the clear image of art itself as the did must evidently be granted only to genius industry and opportunity combined there may be individuals but hardly a class we say and more or less we believe that god made man in his image what are attributes that we involuntarily attach to the supreme are they not creation that action that love that us and in which we the life of man is passed in the exercise of these same attributes or faculties wc that religion is love to and man to action man is by necessity from the first moment of being when he ceases to act he is de d man lives and he now feels the necessity to the natural delight in melody in imitation fi points out the way he makes a song he draws a rude outline and art already exists this nature of man religious practical and artistic is rarely if ever confided by nature in full measure to the same always the one and thus we lave the priest the poet and the man of action or in early times the man of action par excellence the soldier and this is the reason for the fascination that the military profession still the soldier has been in all times the visible tv je of the man of action the harmonious development of these three attributes a necessary to the development of the individual man which explains tbat wonderful perfection of development that was found in individuals in the earlier ages so that the progress has st ul been towards on art the improvement of the race we can point to no more perfect specimens than the and the possessed in all times it seemed to bo the of providence to make some peculiar race the of the divine fire of a new idea or at least the means of its and interpretation to mankind and by the steady j of the idea in such a race an individual development has been attained that has served as a model to all after times and which in its perfection always suggests a divine inspiration rather than human progress if the two things can be separated such was the progress of a pure religion among tire jews of a pure art among the in their early progress the two were always most intimately united but after a certain point had been reached a separation has taken place art became a minister to learning religion became narrow and until in the bands of another race and under the of new ideas hare been again united for a time in those early times art was grand and ideal filled with the dignity of its mission it been the property and possession of the people and not of individuals the poems of the greek the and its belonged to every greek as much as to but when mission was fulfilled when individuals became the of art it its high ideal character and this became its chief aim to please and interest whenever in later times art has a high and idea position it has been when under the of dominant ideas it spoken to the genius of the people instead of answering to the narrow demands of thus the art of the middle ages achieved by belonging to the church at a time when the church belonged to the people for one must always to the catholic ch that it was tho representative of the people when the i had no other representative it will be seen that we have spoken principally with reference to art but our idea of art all though it is one of the most difficult questions in relation to art how far and in what sense poetry is an art a great confusion in the mind of most men art in poetry suggests the idea of men are to say they prefer nature to art and tho one understands they mean the mistake is poetry is strictly an art the first and highest of all the on art st subject to the same laws yet their chains more from its ethereal nature poetry has this advantage over the other arts that its expression is immediate it speaks out and at once to all the it cannot bo made a of its ideal nature its inspiration is the means by it exists art has a body an appearance which give pleasure apart from its soul or inspiration but if poetry be not in it ia all other arts must be learnt by slow laborious mechanical means the body of or musical art has to be mastered before the soul can be expressed there must be access to the most eminent masters but the poet has only to speak and the world now to a certain extent the same is true of poetry which we hare said of the other the earliest poetry is always and ideal in its character and belongs to the people but when all things are in a state of decline the small class of cultivated men become the and of those treasures of art which were the free property of a l tliis age immediately succeeding what may be called the heroic age of art is usually fertile in excellent poets and artists of a secondary class living immediately in the presence of works of the | 37 |
highest order with no bad e as yet to create a false taste or lower the standard such men are in a to whatever can be of the merit of ancient works but instead of speaking to a now people they address themselves to a small but admirably cultivated class as the audience so do the works religious awe and reverence have disappeared or are poetry becomes more and more artificial until a new idea or a new revelation calls for new and singers following in this course art gradually becomes degraded thus we have seen poetry become an amusement for learned men and all kinds of bad taste in a chase after a superficial novelty without at tliis time more fully into particulars of the various and ideas that have from time to time new blood into tlie body of art we now come to a e of art peculiar to our own time an earnest yet complex and self conscious age looking diligently for light and aid in all directions in its poets and artists a false aim a want of true inspiration a ah from the worn out traditions of m r it u earnest aim a greater hm in a a n u nature now this demand id r l d in a partial truth and leads to an error k that h i i n it arises the i ti r hi i art in an and selection nature tho of art is as has been in tho en or appears very w i ard tlie arts only for their ul ii r lie t s to be regarded m thi vi but turn t architecture when ih lo mi nature can we return to wo in own mind of true and beau ul il wc am to i n not to nature but to and this it im of li to accomplish the same t r if there arts in which there is no i it that this imitation cannot be the it form which for the essence of u t w the th do n of t ti idea of a return to has been of ou for and and hu tim of of tbe literature f re m that it has run its and ia v r p m w k in d i b an v f good w hit wi t f in tke v i af f f art w a k e m i r oat l a ia m m i a af l ai a i i m w f a il aa n mi w u i di fa t on art nature been to wood and and sat down before them to muse with as much set purpose as the painter does to sketch the being once adjusted and the general tone of thought and prescribed making poetry has become so easy hat it ia done as a matter of course every body can sit down before a every tenth man can put his into verse every can get them printed the general taste becomes sentiment exaggerated and yet the leaders of this school have great men and in spite of a false theory have done good in their time another phase in modem art has been the reverse of this i perceiving the religious nature of high art certain of devout mind have taken as their model that period in art its aim was purely and ideal such has been the tendency of the modem german school of painting the has been to the faults and were in those early masters from their knowledge without the deep feeling for them the consideration of these various stages of perfection decline and more or less successful suggests the existence of laws by which they are governed and the more we examine the subject the more universal wc end the of these laws to be we arc made aware of the depend of the artist on liis time ai d we become conscious that through his works the of the time speaks to us more or less perfectly indeed according to the perfection of its we arrive at the conviction that where the genius of a people needs an expression individual genius will never be wanting to give it utterance we learn that it is with reason that the works of art produced by a nation are instinctively appealed to as the finest test of the rank they are to among the nations we also or should this not to xi or demand of artists a work to greek or italian or any other art but rather to look and hope l r an artistic expression in new directions among the j we have seen poetry painting all developed and carried to perfection in a single period of time and among a single people in modem times on the contrary each nation and age have chosen a new and separate direction the genius of germany finds at one period an thought on art expression in architecture at another in a grand and original music one might almost believe that an original architecture could only spring up among a simple and devout people of an race bat that a perfect expression in music require tho full development of an older people we may remark moreover that as we find the religious the artistic and the active principles developed in different individuals is it with nations in an able degree the jews were a religious race the of the revelations of god to man the artistic the the great active race of borrowed their art the english and french the active races among the have originated very httle in art save only in poetry the art | 37 |
of arts which is least subject to these laws may not this continent see of tho english race in which the three parts of our nature shall not be so widely separated and a new art spring from a new order of things to to our of admirers and of art we can perceive that our first great class is die most important to art the may know and appreciate all that is beat in what has gone before us in art and his is to interpret it and spread its influence through the world but when a new art springs up it has always to new and fresh minds to an understanding of itself and thus we see in all such renewed the t between new and old just in as art and appeals to the genius of a it be hi and in its character whilst poetry or of art that appeal to a cultivated will always be elegant and it must be that the period of if it hare produced the at st has ma to e on things of the same kind may be compared but an original work of art is different in from any thing that gone before the de and mr powers statue cannot be compared except in certain external particulars for they express ideas as different as possible ideas different in kind where then lies the difficulty simply in this that supposing a work to be a true work and a new work to us we approach it in a false position when we to it we should come to learn from it and to admire it we because we are afraid we shall admire amiss we are not simple minded we are afraid of being taken in to admire not admirable only make it certain to men that they can make no mistake in admiring and admiration may be liad cheap tliis hasty criticism is always tlie fault of the partially cultivated class most artists will in their hearts admit that contemporary criticism is for the most part worthless in itself and injurious to the artist who to it ho must know better than his audience or he knows nothing we believe that it is a difficult matter to aright what is left us to each man his and nothing more but let each one remember in giving that that to a clear and instructed eye his opinion shows plainly enough bis own range of apprehension and insight but can show nothing of the relative value of the work with reference to other works in brief our advice would be on seeing a new work which you believe to be an important one take time try to see it do not it incumbent upon you to think or feel about it do not dwell upon it long at a time for the attention becomes fatigued but return and each time you will find that you understand it better since you last saw it it has been with you in the interval it has lived with you and you to itself and when you have learned from it all it can teach you write down your thought about it and see how impossible to compass it in words how paltry and insignificant criticism at sight seems to you i it is only works which we have thus lived with that we can truly and such criticism is very different from finding fault if a work is not worth tliis it may be worthy of consideration but not of criticism can we hold ourselves if this we a few words the statue wliich suggested our subject thought on art do we an american man of this century hammer and and gives us in white marble his of a lovely woman certainly not a goddess such as two years and the christian have her since a modern woman not an i of that is most lovely in the female j to stand boldly in the public gaze and receive the of all but rather an ideal individual the suggests no need of dress but we feel that this woman has laid aside her dress and is conscious of it yet the image of her purity you like the lady in the form b full of all in an exquisite whole and by the very peculiarities which strike the eye as from the greek ideal claiming our and sympathy we learn this is a slave exposed for sale in the and supposing her a captive torn from her home we can imagine few scenes that shall for so much pity admiration mid tenderness all these feelings must be called forth in the highest degree but yet all and beyond all these the sense of beauty must everywhere be and it is and indeed most persons go away the idea that they have been called to see and admire nothing but u naked female but it again and ag and you will find this marble figure gradually into your affections there is no theatrical air no forcing of the story upon you no open demand of your sympathies you before only this exquisitely delicate form self armed only witli its purity and no other shield than this in tin most touching of all situations wo ch se with tlie hope that our artist has ere this received demonstration tliat he can depend upon the growing taste and love of art in his own countrymen both for praise and bread the condition and of greece art m the political condition and prospects of greece the independence of greece is one of the most glorious r events in the european history of the century the success of the revolution against honor both on the greek nation and on the human race but the actual condition of the king is the disgrace of european france great britain and russia combined to a republic into | 37 |
a and their creation in and promises to end in the statements published from time to time concerning the condition of the greek people and the adverse opinions offered on the conduct of the greek government induce us to believe that we can render some service to our fellow citizens by presenting them with an impartial i tion of the new freed from the false of french and english to us the cause of greece is one of the deepest interest but separated as we are from the political of eastern europe we cannot feel any very lively concern about the party at the greek court this very circumstance may enable us to establish some of truth amidst the of which hangs over greek affairs to us king general prince pair do france and sir the five leading political characters in greece are only interesting as their actions affect the political and social condition of the greek people and only occupy a different position in our minds because their cast a wider and brighter light it is not our intention to say any at present concerning the greek revolution the citizens of the united states the best work on the of the with the ii the of revolution y f r s to s mr of a of considerable fortune who md of his youth in the east and wa well m at greek he repaired to join the with supply of mi and as aa the revolution broke oat lie died in s of in scotland holding the rank of major in the work is universally regarded na the best authority on greek on of his freedom from all party feelings furnished to greece in the hour of her fought and several perished in her service and iu the of pro into greece cargo cargo contributed to j the de h until tiie assistance of the war those who the of the people at the period when the american reached the country can alone form an idea of the state of misery to which the population reduced of families were saved from starvation and wo here mean not from a lingering death brought on by want and its diseases but literally from by immediate and absolute starvation even in of the arrival of those supplies famine had already progress that tlie fearful spectacle of death from hunger has witnessed by more than one of our who visited the of greece to these our present task is only to review the state of from the tame the three great powers of europe great britain and russia determined to assume the of and to in what have tim assumed the work of um most m is a study worthy of of the three waa to an authority to with by a treaty at oo the th of that treaty was w of na m which the d a of the and the on u tu was in a ik tf r n aa ihe of of bow tt to be f greece us ii e ef a a of mid ef a e a of sa m to a aa m tha war the condition and projects of greece in the year the of count converted disorder into spread over the whole and the authority of the existing government ms confined to the walls of civil war laid waste the of greece each military leader endeavoured to round him a band of followers strong enough to retain possession of a province capable of troops the united to attack the successful the sufferings of the agricultural population amidst this scene of were for the j cheered by the comparative of s administration had the soil and they now saw the relics of their property after escaping the and destroyed by their own while the irregular troops were en i in destroying the resources of the greek state the three powers were searching in all the royal of to find a king for the it cannot be supposed that the fate of the greek people was a matter of indifference to the of france and russia but still we may doubt whether more indifferent than prince lord and prince to the sufferings of a rude try ever assembled to decide on the fate of nations all events it is quite in that they took no direct steps to prevent the civil war in greece from the population and the resources of the they were engaged in though nothing could have been easier on the th of may a between the three powers and the king of was signed his second son prince king of greece this treaty is a document it gives the king of power to a of foreigners to send a corps of foreign troops and a host of foreign officials to greece yet it was notorious that greece possessed fit enough for though not for or and were just as well known then as how and that there were far too many armed men and l officials in tlie country was by the civil war and incessant every body exclaimed tliat greece wanted nothing but order and the three powers deliberately set to work the causes of disorder to guard the evil effects of the failure of their speculation upon themselves france great britain and russia no i the condition and ff imposed on the greek people by the twelfth article of this treaty to which it is to be observed that greece waa not directly a party a debt of sixty of which was to be disposed of by the to the and they created in their own favor an of the of the now kingdom for the payment of the interest to fall due on this debt the whole transaction was utterly according to every principle of | 37 |
or law and it is strange to find the ministers of france and england in the very act of a new under foot the most indispensable characteristic of free states namely that no financial burdens shall bo imposed on the people without their express consent to increase the of the the expenditure of these millions was placed at the disposal of ignorant both of the wants and resources of greece and the were excluded from any edge of the manner in which it was proposed to employ it we must further observe that in this treaty the greek kingdom not one word is said concerning the lives and property of the their civil institutions or political constitution greece and the were placed at the absolute disposal of a as it was suspected by the protecting powers that the greek people would make a vigorous protest against this disposal of their lives and fortunes without their consent instructions were to the representatives of the in greece ordering these gentlemen to obtain a of the treaty as quickly as possible from some body of men having the usual characteristics of a government de in order to show our readers into what a of the provisions of the involved the we must one article of these instructions the of france great britain and russia arc ordered to declare that the choice of prince was made by the three courts in virtue of a formal and unlimited on the part of the greek nation that consequently the three courts had a ri ht to make that choice and are all strictly obliged and firmly resolved to it the fact how tlie will be found in of m london l of to both of parliament by hi s a to of the th of p the and of ever ia that no such formal and ever existed if it had the three courts would have been eager to quote it in form in the the necessity of the case was their real warrant for interfering in greek affairs and the idea of the greek republic into a german kingdom in their own political sagacity it would on the whole have been wiser and more to have told the plain truth in the official instead of seeking to veil their folly in when the heard that country had been transformed into a kingdom they formed a national assembly which met at the of in july lis the displayed so much respect for the constitutional liberties of their country that the representatives of the three powers were alarmed at their proceedings these gentlemen consequently addressed a note to tlie secretary of state for foreign affairs in the de government which ia preserved in the of greece as a proof of the contempt of france and great for constitutional the of mr the english minister and the desertion of their country s cause by the great of the party enabled the members of the to the national assembly of by military violence when it was found that a majority of the members were determined to defend the liberty of their country with firmness a band of irregular troop s was excited to enter the assembly and the even after this act of military violence sixty two had sufficient courage to in another place and publish a against the conduct of the government this protest with great force the danger greece incurred from the continuance of and pointed out with justice that the of the of the allied were as much the cause of the existing as the lawless violence of the irregular f had been allowed time to the election of king but tliey had neither approved of the other articles of the the letter of tlie it printed in tho excellent work of of d la tt d h a tou vo sec vol i p t this which is of k me length will be found in vol i p of ant a for constitutional liberty was be greek nation the united power of the king of the first act of was the desertion of british influence under tlie guidance this party had obtained of the offices in the government and to retain power its members sacrificed the rt of the greek people to the of foreign their is boldly announced in an official t rt signed by and in which they make their responsibility to a foreign r to their duty to the constitution of their from this period the fiction in greece called the party though consisting of many respectable men has always been regarded by the with considerable distrust and indeed the frequent desertion of their principles for place has prevented them from recovering the reputation they then in their defence it has been sometimes urged that the majority of the national assembly of consulted private interests in the line of conduct it pursued this may or may not be true but it is certain that the of english consulted their interests both more openly and more the real secret of the of great britain to constitutional liberty in greece at this time lay perhaps less in any decided aversion to liberty or any very strong attachment to king than in a pitiful fear that a free election of would give a majority to the party in consequence of the of the allied powers and the of the government greece remained in a state of until the arrival of king tho and the in unfortunately for greece there was only one member of the who was sincerely attached to constitutional liberty but for her he was the only one who possessed any talents this man was george and he is now a member of the liberal cabinet lately formed by the king of almost all the good greece has derived from the creation of the is to be attributed to the and ad the is printed by | 37 |
vol l p j the condition and of labors of mr an excellent organization of the courts of justice and an able code of civil still his merit the heads of his were filled with very different ideas the grand act by which count the president of the announced his arrival in greece the first of his policy was to issue a royal declaring that two crowned and probably on account of the loan were to be the of the arms of the greek kingdom the introduction of the of followed and in a short time the had exchanged their dirty or fur embroidered lace ribbons crosses and stars many were daily committed but no absurdity committed in greece not even in the expenditure of the loan was equal to the absurdity of and who the money at the disposal of the before its members were acquainted with the wants of greece mr was to keep himself free from connections and he attached himself too closely to the french party his enemies availed themselves of all hia errors and the king of was induced to recall him he ceased to be a member of the on the of july from august to the th of february greece was governed by count an amiable and accomplished who imposed on the by assuming the mr of a his policy however was directed to maintaining himself in place by securing a influence to british than either to advancing or the social and improvement of greece it was by this very indifference to principle that daring his administration the of the system mr after his o germany published a work on the of greece which l e a defence of his valuable information dot in und vo there is an work which throws on urn bat it the of presenting every thing distorted a ht of the history of tf ct rom tht by h h esq secretary of i to greece london s o an account of tlie state of g i administration will be in p iii entitled n and tht nation bj george author of greece under london the condition and prospect of greece carried to their greatest height the number of in greece waa never so gi eat as the period of his in the and political corruption and reached their in every department during his administration as in order to strengthen his position many were admitted to share the profits of his system so that his administration undoubtedly a certain degree of sinister popularity the of greece were however kept under the control of and the real minister could not speak a word of greek and hardly two of french a council of state was also formed this was undoubtedly a step in the right direction though it was made into the mud for it must be observed that this council was not of men capable of being of any use as but only of those whom it waa of some importance to gain aa their were secured by and by the power which the count retained in his own hands of removing them at pleasure if they displayed constitutional an absolute government can never avoid to attempts were made to restrain the liberty of the press and a disposition was manifested to commence a persecution of the or as it waa called to render it the russian party the preacher who was editor of a religious newspaper at was by count to a in and in this way newspaper was suppressed sir a captain in the british navy and a man of popular manners was sent by lord as british minister with instructions to support the system of the count to the utmost sir has continued to great britain ever since at the court of and has taken a leading position in greek politics his first ance in was as the of the and the foreign and the opponent of a representative on the pretext that greece was not fit for a constitution there u a despatch containing a rather of th s in the to i p among a number of s it is that not one landed in to a place since the king s now if were correct there would be no t merit in it ma count had been sovereign of greece more than a year as president of the with two as and during that time ne had a number of his the condition and of greece the lavish expenditure of count brought greece into financial difficulties and the king of recalled him as he had done mr mr sent as his successor but resigned his office of i minister in the month of december and resignation pat on end to the open of the in the greek cabinet from the th of december to the l of september the cabinet was almost entirely composed of though king continued to employ a er of private chiefly to control the acts of his ministers and thus gave a permanent existence to the established bv co mt it is not necessary to enter into any details concerning the conduct the various from the termination of the to the establishment of constitutional liberty in during this period national feelings gained strength rapidly that the ministers of the allied powers were in turns compelled to appear as the friends of a representative received the of great britain france a few words in favor of the constitution when mr presided over tlie greek cabinet under the of france great britain loudly preached doctrines and when assumed the direction of s in on principles with the joint of france and england russia stepped forward as the advocate of liberty let us now for a moment from the task of the course of and turn to the more agreeable duty of tracing the progress of the greek people the year | 37 |
found the of greece ac testimony of professor j in a state of such that the and were without cattle to till their the scanty hardest of the year was in a great part the produce of manual labor every town in greece was in ruins wliich been under s government had been from and among others mr who did more to the of greece than other foreigner it u true this was not done the king s it would be easy to produce many other fa ta as lo the of tne despatch i the condition and prospects of greece again the colony of greek by dr at the of was burnt to the and tlie whole island of in the hands of the were almost desolate schools by were dissolved and the regular army had melted away the king arrived and the of the three restored order every man sought to his house and every to procure a pair of oxen the price of labor rose to the moat extravagant pitch and the interest of money advanced to four per cent a month the second volume of work of professor treats of the measures which the was bound to adopt in order to as much as possible the evils under which was suffering he the means of improving the condition of the agricultural population of restoring of commerce and of the moral and state of the the practical experience of the of great and russia in the of peopled and partially organized induced the enlightened men in greece to that the subject be one well by the ministers of these courts and it was concluded they would communicate their advice to the and king the work of professor however proved useless to his countrymen and the advice of the ministers of great britain and russia had ihey been really competent to give any would have been rendered of no avail by their joining the opposition shortly after the arrival of the indeed the way in which the affairs of greece were treated by king and foreign ministers affords convincing proof that practical knowledge of is as rare among in the nineteenth century as it was in the when their verbal and magnificent pretensions drew from the the celebrated reply to his son mi fill the advances made by the in social improvement previously to the year were almost entirely due to their own individual exertions the little assistance they derived from then own government was unwillingly and accorded and any received from foreigners has been rather more than it deserves while king or to speak perhaps more correctly seized a civil list tlie condition and of ts of two hundred dollars a year out of a of two millions of dollars and count to the amount of thousand dollars and other ten dollars each while orders of and crosses and stars of silver gold and diamonds were on and tlie interest of money was at eighteen per cent on the best security and the s of the european j were fortunes as no step was taken by the greek government to the general distress or to improve the social condition of the people in consequence of this neglect the population of the kingdom soon suffered a considerable immense numbers of from asia minor and compelled to quit greece in which they were unable to settle as the government refused to sell for houses in the towns and and rents for the national lands that lay still all the oppressive of the system of were retained by the king s government and their severity was rendered e by tlie under tlie laws of europe consisting of government officials were alone competent to decide on cases affecting the taxes which were withdrawn fi om the of the courts of law the farmers of the received flowers to the proceedings of the during the han est so that every proprietor who attempted to introduce an improved system of was liable to on die ground that he had the laws the consequence was that almost every was ruined or compelled to abandon his attempt no though at a distance from any village could reap a field of com out his grain or e his crop without a separate j ion for each operation from tlie of the and after all he was compelled to transport the tenth which fell to the share of the a day s journey to such as the farmer might the nine belonging to the of the soil became merely an of the one tenth claimed by and were treated by the government as a fund for it against the consequence of this system on the of greece may be seen from the windows of king s palace at the land round the royal garden is cultivated in a and more manner than in the wildest province of the empire the commerce of greece was treated with as little intelligence as the laws exposed the of the kingdom to be involved in commercial hostility with the greek subjects of the empire absurd the trade of the kingdom which is composed almost entirely of coast the internal was abandoned to and french and the sailors of and were compelled to pass half their time in idleness or seek employment in turkey the moral intellectual and religious culture of the nation was almost as much neglected by the government as tlie agricultural and commercial interests of the people it is true that mr dining his administration took some steps to a complete system of national education but the subject did not meet with due attention from his too mr himself adopted some rash measures with regard to the greek church which arrested tlie of religious education the state of things we have described gradually produced a deep rooted hatred of the though the prime minister of greece was no longer a still the military service and | 37 |
the court were filled with who held all die best an occurrence during the visit king louis of paid to his son king will afford some idea of the justice of the feelings of the at a the king of asked a colonel in the greek what rank did you hold in my sen ice before you came to greece colonel the reply was i was a lieutenant good good very good the monarch and moved on for the promotion seemed rather too rapid the king then addressed a fine looking tall captain whose broad and light hair spoke his descent well captain and what rank did you hold in your majesty i was a was the delighted answer proclaimed in a voice and accompanied with a smile the monarch looked rather blank but turning sharply round to a captain with an aristocratic name and some ribbons and crosses on his breast that seemed to of service in the field he again risked the royal inquiry well baron what rank did you hold the c and of i was then at the military academy was the modest reply thunder and storms whispered his majesty to his own de camp it is not safe asking here in greece but if the are promoted as rapidly as the no doubt sir is quite right and every body must be vastly pleased with count s administration except perhaps the parties who may think of paying the loan he is spending a short time after the were driven from their in greece the russian j acquired a influence the discovery of a secret society which embraced many russian both in greece and turkey was used by the british m to them from power by creating a serious bi the mind of king concerning their projects this secret association was called the society and it acquired a considerable degree of from the british cabinet affecting to believe that both the greek and the empire were exposed to imminent danger by its tlie british minister would in all have recovered his influence at the greek court after this discovery had the mind of king not been deeply prejudiced against british policy by a series of the most personal attacks that were ever made on character of a reign prince almost immediately after the recall of count a number of letters began to appear in the morning chronicle then generally as the organ through which tlie for communicated its and prejudices to the public though these letters were utterly destitute of the polished and pointed style of the famous of displayed in their and ill constructed sentences all the fierce and malignant passions of the secret and the same preference of sarcasm to truth king was the i great object of hostility and the attacks were rather directed his person with the intention of his feelings than against the nature of his power for the purpose of improving the constitution of greece the letters appeared communications fi om a correspondent at but it was con evident in greece that they originated ui circles where many things were known of which the people of had not the smallest idea as the correspondence was by the british and british in greece it soon began to excite great attention tlie condition and of from one step to another the correspondence reached it climax by that king was au idiot and that a been signed by a number of about the court hia and the names of several holding offices in the king s palace were published as having signed the the news produced a at and caused the dismissal of two of the accused by the writer from their offices at court conjectures were risked concerning the real source of the but the m tory of the writer has never been revealed the of the attacks on king liave however been visible ever since in the uneasy position by the british minister at the greek court king not without justice considers himself insulted both by the publication of the correspondence in a paper and by the given to the correspondence by the agents of the british government in greece and he holds sir and lord responsible as many of the facts could never have become public without the sanction of one of these the effect in greece was also injurious to the english party some of the disgusted with the conduct of the court inferred that the british cabinet had determined to king and embarked in anti the personal hostility between king and sir became a marked in greek x a section of the constitutional party began to plot the of king and the demanded the recall of sir both parties failed but the displayed by the king of greece in the long struggle he has carried on vith a minister of the acknowledged talents and great popularity of sir has afforded the world ample proof of liis capacity to reign in the way most to british influence this discord proved very injurious to the progress of greece when the cry of the greek people for constitutional government as the only of the burdens under which they suffered became so loud as to alarm the court king the projects of great britain and russia both of whom he seems to have suspected of to him threw into the arms of france and trusted blindly to its support a revolution was impending great britain and russia in pressing for the condition and of greece explanations concerning the financial position of the greek government and the king in his embarrassment adopted the most measures of economy making extensive among the in to maintain all the officers officials and about the palace consequence was a revolution headed hy the greek on the th of september king was compelled to proclaim the constitution m hich had been in since the of the at and a national assembly it is generally supposed that both | 37 |
eyes immediately after the of the national assembly in formed a under the open and protection of great britain with the exception of himself this did not contain a single member suitable to the place he occupied who ik j the condition and prospects of greece was named minister of foreign affairs though a man of the most private character had been unfortunately involved in political differences with sir which had prevented holding any intercourse during the meeting of the the british minister having publicly proclaimed as a from the cause of the constitution one consequence of the bad composition of this was the immediate of a numerous body of from the english party the administration of only four months from the th of april to the of august and in that short space of time the english ty contrived to away the last relics of their political the favorable state of public opinion when commenced his cabinet is stated by sir in a despatch to the earl of in tho following words thus my lord the great political change commenced on the loth of september has been con almost without for the who lost his life fell by accident and entirely without interruption of commerce or communication by sea or land not a vessel or a has been stopped the taxes have been collected and paid into the treasury and the have their ordinary se such was the state of greece in the month of april before the month of august the country was involved in civil war was in arms against and the capital was on the eve of this is to be attributed to the manner in which and his selected their officials and to his open to foreign influence the very soon drove both the country and tho court into the po and himself became an object of suspicion to the people and of aversion to the king the of a man who had served in the t armies as governor of and of a bold but captain who had been both a rebel and a of a district admits neither of nor apology f at the general officer document will he found in the to tht in s p t sir the officer of b to tm loan s p mn the condition and of greece tho garrison of the capital was put forward as the candidate for the house of representatives in direct of an article of the constitution just completed and at the imminent risk of producing a bloody collision between a and an at the minister of justice endeavoured to force the inhabitants to elect him as their by means of tho a letter of his ordering the to make use of military violence to secure liis election fell into the hands of the opposition and was md before the king and communicated to the press the peal of indignation it created the of s from the moment of its formation this cabinet had been an object of aversion to king on of its intimate connection with sir it was from a knowledge of tliis aversion as well as from an opinion of its utter that refused to take office such in vain m the french ed his influence to support and e the appearance of between the french and english parties the attempt was and the moment perceived that the english party had its reputation he stepped forward as its opponent at the head of a large majority of the supported by the court by the strangers dismissed from office by and by the or citizens by birth it is not o ir intention to the administration of it belongs to the domain of party politics not to history and the truth is concealed in the most contradictory statements that his has l een on the whole in greece cannot be reasonably doubted but in our opinion it has on the too much on the and principles of count to receive from us any testimony in its favor the british press however tliat greece entirely by force and corruption common sense that the thing is impossible the whole population of greece is armed universal and tho vote by exist now must be a man if witli an of five thousand men he can tho dispersed and population of the greek kingdom and if with a net of little more than ten millions of he can bribe a majority of the population if can really witli their no i g j the condition and prospects of greece own troops ami bribe own money lie is evidently the very man the protecting powers want to save them trouble and t ought to make much of liim tlie fact ia administration derived some popularity from tlie made in the amount of by tlie late house of representatives though really without any merit on his part for like most he have prevented tlie had it been in his power the long duration of s has given a victory to french which excited the of lord to such a degree that he has commenced hostile operations against the greek state for to a state of things so anti taking advantage of the separate given by each of the for a third of the loan imposed on greece by the treaty the the british foreign secretary has greece to pay the interest due to great britain on the third by her in vain have france and russia declined a step of such severity and pointed out that if the should be adopted simultaneously by all the three protecting powers it would cause the dissolution of the and them to enter into ne s for the settlement of greece the english turning a deaf to arguments has adopted the resolution of acting and greece has already commenced pacing to great britain tlie interest of a sum of money of which the | 37 |
british government directed or the ex of a larger portion than the government of greece the measure appeal s to tis to bo not only severe but absolutely we have already mentioned that this loan was not sought for by the but was on them by the for the of the affairs of the east of europe the were not a to tlie of the th of may by the twelfth article of which the loan w is and the three protecting powers were as great as greece by tlie actual expenditure of the money the question which alarmed both france and was arranged with this fund the gi moreover were left in complete ignorance of the manner in which tlie protecting powers had of the loan until tlie meeting of the national assembly in long after it had been expended as great britain ia now receiving from the her the and share of hie interest on this let us examine in what manner she performed her share of the responsibility she assumed of of the funds of the a trust not the less surely because it was self and assumed in direct of every financial principle of the english if we recollect rightly the three per cents stood at about eighty six at london when this loan was contracted in that case great britain by a proper use of her might have furnished greece a loan at five per cent any loss or for yet we find in the papers an of the sums m m the two first series of the loan of sixty millions of up to the st of december which shows that the expenses and losses of this loan really amounted to more than four millions of we the account it requires no comment the loan being at ninety four occasioned a loss of six per cent to messrs two commission on payment of three half years interest and sinking fund commission to mr s d of for of money to paris and st and of to messrs for prompt payment of the total of portion of the loan to different powers in execution of former to on account of turkey to the of twenty two millions of to turkey in discharge of of forty millions of to england on account of sterling advanced upon the loan the condition and of greece total to the powers total un portion of the loan expended by the three powers it appears therefore from this account laid before the british parliament that in the two first series of the loan or the sum of forty millions great britain an e of for purposes totally with the improvement of the state of greece wo may observe too that it la singular to find that while england appears to have advanced money still a large sum is paid for before the of december we must now the papers in order to seek for some light paid to a banker at for the of money the information concerning the loan published in greece us to trace a considerable of it to the of before any part reached the greek treasury expense of the king and officials to greece transport of troops in paid to for military stores expenses of s visiting greece on special of the portion of the loan to greece of the paid to at loss on foreign money c total received by the to third of to both of a wc p the n and cut of greece these t sums are stated in but as we have omitted noticing a payment ie out of the proceeds of the loan to mr the banker of count and some other we are within the mark when we say that about millions of were expended by the three powers and by with the advice and consent of great britain before a single dollar of the loan reached the hands of the besides this the accounts of tlie greek since the establishment of the prove tliat expenses on greece by the troops s and civil officials by the ci tl list of the king and by tlie which the royal dignity was to at paris london st ma and considerably exceed the sum of fifteen millions of so that greece far from any pecuniary advantage from tlie loan has been a very serious sufferer indeed it s that greece has received about ten millions of loan of sixty millions in order to cover the which has occurred in the since the year and that the remaining fifty millions have been in the manner we have stated above or in payment of tlie and sinking fund of the loan as it due in the month of june russia proposed that the funds from the d of the loan should be a exclusively to the payment of the interest and sinking fund of the loan during the next five or years strange proposition to retain greece in perpetual by increasing her debt was not adopted by the other powers but greece has not been a great by the mo they introduced the of greece average about thirteen millions of of this sum about two millions arc absorbed by the expense of collection for a worse financial system than that of tlie greek be found one million is wasted on the list of king so that ten millions remain to the current c of a government which has an army of five thousand men and a fleet by two sailors governed greece witli a of al out four millions and the increased expenses of the were imposed on the country by tlie fa a of more ten per between the and he x to oar the and of greece powers and and encouraged great the of english party in h i it is an act of as well open f r great britain to hold greece | 37 |
responsible for the of tho loan of sixty millions no if or ld condemn a private individual ill the of greece towards the protecting powers lu these can prove for the of their ward now greece can that if those having the power had paid due attention to the greet ten millions of or even would covered the in the greek u the w of ih g when the commenced the of of the loan to pay themselves the and fund of two series spent under their authority it is ri ally to l france great britain and russia the three of europe which so rarely to confer any benefit on the race in the alliance t the in perpetual hy a financial tliey reduce the long they have to a worthless tlie government to a destroy tlie future hopes of the nation they have aa skilled their with the ink of the accounts w but it w for the spirit and s hands of lord to with tliis e cheeks of hero suggests itself why do the great exert o determine hy to retain the greek ill a state of the must be in the of the e st and the of the the n still the condition and of greece tt from office at the of greece in civil war and in uie meantime who can hardly be supposed to new the of a free people iii the le with much favor has sufficient prudence to leave to england tlie task of the progress of greece russia knows well that the feeble and policy of the french government will effectually prevent france from greece tho d necessary to develop her moral resources in a as to open a new destiny to the greek race and she already that the of great britain will in all soon greece in such a state of as must drive both the people and tho king to themselves at the feet of russia and refer the settlement of their to her we have very little to say concerning the conduct of fi ance her seems to be confined to keeping in and obtaining from the king as many crosses and s for as his majesty can be induced to part with for the internal improvement of greece france has not done more than her no have been to check the corruption of the general nor to prevent the of the of the greek is in tho and all the absurdity of a double election of and while exists as regards tjie no improvements are made and from what we liave seen of the capital of greece we are inclined to think that with one of the largest palaces in europe it has tlie streets and worst police that ever disgraced an village yet has large local and four in the house of representatives the greek nation when separated entirely from its offers to our contemplation a more cheering scene the revolution owed its success to tlie mass of the jn their enthusiasm and endurance secured the liberty of greece and navy wore utterly inadequate to encounter tho forces of the in a protracted war and the government had neither the nor tlie resources ed to with the of the people alone by their spirit of resistance rejected the idea of defeat and to their k nor has the popular ix since the establishment of the though it has now taken a i the and of greece more peaceful direction whatever greece has made in political and social under the government of king must be attributed to the efforts of the people striving on the one hand to push forward their rulers and on the other the efforts of the european powers to their advance it is not to be wondered at therefore if we find the progress of greece in tlie career of improvement to be rather eccentric while towns are while commerce and trade are while the press is free and the number of daily increasing while one class in short is occupied with trade commerce and another remains scattered over the greater part of the king the labors of in poverty and ignorance the towns of and equal any towns of their size in europe in social the rural in their immediate vicinity continues in the most primitive condition superiority in the social position of the of the towns must be attributed to the influence which public opinion wherever free institutions exist with any of population and to the freedom with which knowledge is allowed to in greece not only is the press perfectly free but even the of books whether b the greek or any other language is not subjected to the smallest duty education in the towns is tl more common than the south of france in spain italy or and books of sterling value are much more common the shops of may be compared with those of and with great advantage to the wherever the population is sufficiently compressed to enable it to enjoy the advantages of a rapid of ideas there knowledge has produced of action in the country on the other hand the extreme of the agricultural population and the great m the way of fi have the inhabitants of extensive districts in some information on the of education in to the in is d will b found in an ij of the bi c which appeared in the d c ni tt du en at pre are two french and sixteen greek newspapers published in the kingdom since about three have been printed at alone on moral and religious a much number of political there are at and tim condition and of greece greece deprived of all the advantages of moral and political culture as well as of education to place the independence of greece on a solid basis the first step must be to improve the condition of the | 37 |
agricultural classes to do tliis the assistance of the government is tlie must commence by the farming of the and by all the laws which render the government in virtue of its claim for one as a tax the masters of the whole crop if is ever to improve iii greece it cannot be until the the absolute disposal of all his can do in the way of improvement who are compelled to ask permission to commence the harvest and to house the crop it is true that mr made an attempt lately to put an end to the system of farming the tlie english party however succeeded in throwing out his bill in the expectation of him to resign however aware of the i i ty of his measure ventured to the chamber though the had not been passed and so well had he estimated the popular indignation at the conduct of the opposition that not one of the members who had sacrificed the a of their country to party and succeeded in being our space will not allow us to enter into any details concerning greece for such details mu st be extremely minute in order to reveal the strange varieties of civilization and the strong social that in the different classes of uie as there can be no doubt however that the future fate of the as a nation will more on their own personal exertions and individual qualities than on the of tlie feeble now existing it is of some importance to notice the actual state of education the general field of and moral culture demands a far more extensive and searching investigation than wo can bestow we shall therefore confine o r observations to the university of which has become the living fountain of knowledge to the whole greek race for information wc must refer to at a kingdom or a ion of that country drawn up from official and y strong esq at for their the i na and london vo this work ly imperfect but the chapters on religion and education be consulted with profit tke of mr was engaged m the of the university when he was recalled count in us terror of every thing which was the project entertained by mr and wished to establish four separate x namely of law medicine and philosophy the difficulty he met with in this project him to delay the establishment of the university until he was aware that ins recall had been decided on he then prepared in haste a confused and imperfect organization for the university at the commencement of january by the exertions of mr the accomplished pro at this organization considerable improvement and the was at last established on the th of may though the government had been compelled to yield to public opinion so far as to found the university it still met with many obstacles in its progress ample funds had been for orders of and other useless of royal an immense palace had been erected to lodge king but not one cent could be found to a building to enable the professors to lecture or to render the national library available to the public the teachers were often for want of lecture rooms for then hardly possessed houses sufficient for its inhabitants the books sent as to greece for the use of the were left to rot piled upon volume in damp and churches the people now came forward to perform the duties neglected by their rulers party feelings were laid aside and in spite of court and and personal a public meeting was held at i he party was allowed to take the lead and it was ed to raise the sum necessary for an university and public library by tlie of the over all europe were most liberal large sums were sent from london and and in a very short time the amounted to forty thousand dollars a handsome building has now been erected the number of the professors ordinary and extraordinary at present to thirty four all of whom deliver lectures though many of them receive only very trifling from the m ft at fuu iv iv p the condition and of greece of their holding government connected with the subjects on which they deliver their instructions the are distributed as follows three law nine medicine ten philosophy twelve the number of to nearly three hundred and of these about one hundred and fifty the and the who repair to to complete their studies tliis fact alone is sufficient to prove the immense this institution cannot fail to exercise over the ultimate fate of the empire it must be observed that besides the faculty at university there is a college for priests founded by a of two brothers named this college has five teachers of whom only one is a professor at the university and about twenty five students the library of tlie university consists of nearly forty thousand volumes but its value does not correspond with its extent as it has been composed almost entirely of every is extremely imperfect the kings of and and the french government have been the most liberal foreign and they have contributed many valuable a very collection of the earliest k books in which we i believe every of tiie greek mil be aad every edition containing the best text was purchased by the greek fi om mr a greek who had j ent many years at in this of a public library at the library contains al o a few and greek from the left to the university by an named who died in india where he resided many years aiid devoted much time to the study of literature some of his have been lately printed at by messrs and the of the university it be interesting to our renders to sec a t of the subjects on which | 37 |
of lecture of vary a little in the different history hebrew and tory law common law of greece civil code i c law of nations of law of in and sur ry mid n of medicine medicine latin hia the and prospects of greece future of the greek nation cannot certainly be considered as destitute of e when the people display so much energy and direct that energy with so much judgment still we must not be too sanguine in our expectations as long as the agricultural classes remain in a stationary condition as to intelligence wealth and numbers the national civilization rests on an uncertain and basis tlie civilization of greece rests on the power existing in the state tliis power great jealousy in all the european connected with the and its is not regulated by an administration the task moral discipline into greek society and of the rude to the position of orderly and intelligent landed is one of no ordinary difficulty to do this in the face of an active enemy like great britain and a feeble ally like france demands a larger fund of patriotism than is possessed either by or indeed unless greece can be released from the of the three powers she can only hope for a permanent of her political condition by some great ui the east wo o vn however that we are not entirely without hopes that the protecting powers will be induced by the strength of public opinion the portion of european society to commence some of the injuries tliey have committed since france and russia have almost come to the conclusion that loan of sixty millions ought to be regarded as a bad debt and even great britain in payment of her had the frankness to declare tbat the british took the severe step of compelling the to pay the sum of as interest and sinking fund of a loan they had not been allowed to spend to prevent the of mr from carrying on a system of and corruption yet it is not to e that if any circumstance should induce and russia to adopt tlie policy of england then the darling object of the correspondent of the le n economy o an excellent i of lord on in h m ii on the ra of mat i k it it to be the of the british go at does not with al london the condition and pro of e chronicle the post would be attained and king would be driven from the of greece at all events tlie greek kingdom has little chance of enjoying internal as long as any one of the three powers can the government and the of the country according to party views the conduct of great coming in aid of the errors of mr has produced no less than three dangerous and a considerable loss of life and property in the present year if the three powers or even great britain alone would determine to enforce payment of the interest of the loan for the purpose of preventing the and of the greek government no matter or should be prime minister and if tliey would apply the sums from the government in the of the people and in doing those things essential to the independent existence of the nation which have been neglected by the by the king and by the english french and russian parties while in power then indeed the three powers might lay claim to be really to greece let this sum be employed in forming roads building bridges establishing and boats and communications for strange to say the only roads at present existing in greece are those round the capital which lead to nothing and serve principally aa drives for the carriages of the court and of the of the and the only are royal kept to transport foreign princes who happen to visit greece from one port to another the three powers are certainly the parties moat to blame for the actual state of greece who on earth though bred in the regions of a court except and could in the nineteenth century have entertained the project of a before creating the means of the central government to act with or the people to feel the necessity of national unity the greek from its presents singular difficulties to internal communication and os these difficulties caused the division of the country into a number of independent states in ancient times it cannot have been overlooked by such profound classical scholars as the english ministers the they established is moreover divided into four distinct divisions on the map con i tjie condition and prospects g greece the ca and the islands of tlie the portion is pierced bj and hy bare and mountains twelve separate chains of which rise to an elevation of upwards of thousand feet above the valleys at their base there are thirty islands a journey by land from one end of the kingdom to another more time than one from tlie to and a voyage from to generally more time than one from boston to new it cannot be wondered at therefore if there exists a constant striving on the part of the population of greece to destroy the work of the three powers and break up the into a of independent states the control of the central government is only manifested in compelling the people of the provinces to their taxes to the internal trade is so insignificant that each village thinks it would be a by refusing to pay its of and by assuming complete independence the operation of feeling is not without effect in producing the constant which disturb tlie government of greece in order to j the existence of the it is necessary for the powers to make a new on the affairs of greece they must compel king to reduce civil | 37 |
list to one quarter of its present amount they must prevent their own ministers from the greek custom house and sacrificing the honor of european chivalry by themselves of their privilege they must their from carrying on the trade of place of the greek court in european newspapers and exciting the greek people to rebellion they must to the government the steps necessary to reform the and tlie impartial administration of justice if some such line of conduct be not speedily adopted we fear that the state of greece will very soon begin to trouble the repose of europe the tell a story not quite to present circumstances they say that a restless english once visited the east whose name may be translated lord he purchased a beautiful slave named and presented lier with a pa of brilliant slippers richly with diamonds the lady walked up and down the room in surveying both the slippers the condition and prospects of greece and her pretty feet lord on his looking at the beauty but his own present at last tired and wished to sit down but her master exclaimed turn another turn for a female vanity sustained believed was moved by admiration of her beauty but a constant exclamation of another turn how beautiful the are i revealed the sad truth that his was thinking of nothing but his own the indignant could bear the fatigue no longer so taking off uie diamond slippers she threw them in the face of lord such vigor that he could see neither lady nor slippers for the next fortnight and exclaimed as she rushed weeping out of the room keep your gifts i neither want your generosity nor your tyranny great britain ought to on the conduct of her ministers to greece and pause for a moment ere she takes herself the responsibility of their acts let her not put faith in their talk about the liberty of the when she hears that they are accused by foreigners of rank and honor of acting the part of at and of at the conduct of the british government towards greece has now fixed the attention of the civilized world and will be recorded in the page of ry whatever may be the regret felt by the of and in tlie truth the claims of greece to enter the of independent states are and no longer on the enthusiasm of scholars or the dreams of poets ai and are indeed names which in future ages will be in regions now hut such names as they cast no spell over the minds of trading do not constitute any claim in national independence yet even european admit tliat the of the in war and the activity of tlie citizen m peace that the existence of a free press of the trial by jury of institutions of a representative chamber and of a national system of education give greece the fullest right to complete political independence though the state of tlie country bo the morality of the public men and though both life and property demand security still lot the impartial student of political history compare the al and intellectual condition of under life and of tion of mr with that of under the more government of the british peer lord and the comparison will almost persuade him that greece is an and a great minister that our o is not quite so favorable the readers of this paper must he fully convinced wo have endeavoured in the preceding pages to give an accurate and impartial sketch of tlie present miserable of the greek kingdom greece now stands on the thi of the assembly of nations great britain to close the gates of that assembly against her perhaps for ever the deed if accomplished would go down to the latest posterity as a crime of the against the of this crime we attempt to raise a warning voice moved by feelings of affection and veneration for both parties if our judgment on the facts we have recorded bo correct and we can answer tliat our industry in the search after truth been it seems to us not tliat oven this statement of a nation s wrongs may awaken some across the atlantic and render greece some service at the very crisis of her fate the life and writings the b t news for american scholars lately is the acceptance by mr of the of and at this must give additional interest to any concerning his life and labors hitherto and we have accordingly applied ourselves with what books and documents were at hand and above all with the assistance of friends specially informed on the subject to a sketch of his private history and scientific career the is of french and were among those whom the of the of obliged to leave france e immediate ancestors of mr fled to the pays de which at that time made part of the of from the time of their establishment in their new residence their prosperity has been the branch to which our belongs has been especially devoted to the the life and writings of the whole line for five generations having been the father of was at st one of the of the ancient of which had been just into the french empire when he married the younger daughter of a physician of the de rose mayor a young lady as remarkable for the vivacity of her mind aa for her beauty they had the misfortune to see their first four children die one after the other and the family seemed in danger of becoming extinct when there was a fifth son who has become the eminent of whose life and labors we propose to give some account louis was bom on the th of may a century after the birth of from his birth he waa the object of an unbounded and surrounded by all the | 37 |
care which the most watchful solicitude could suggest to parents alarmed by the loss of four children fearing tho influence of the severe climate of st the had just left this parish to take charge of one in a in the of called situated on the of between the lake of and the lake of it was here tliat was bom here on the borders of the beautiful lake at the foot of a hill covered with rich in full view of tlie ch of the he his first years under the eye of a mother who divined from the first the future that was in the young and ardent nature of her child after having received his first education in his father s house was placed with his younger brother at the of a small town in the neighbourhood tliis was at that time very celebrated throughout the the two brothers passed here several years devoted almost exclusively to the study of the ancient their father in the meantime had left the parish of and accepted a situation in his own in the town of situated at the foot of the it was the which he passed with his parents that e attention of the young student was turned for the first time ward the natural those who knew him at that remember tlie with which he made his tions and the delight he showed when on his return from an excursion he had some new butterfly or some insect to show to his mother this taste for natural history re no i tjie life and of new when in consequence of a second promotion his father was called to the parish of a large village situated on the lake of the vicinity of the lake which the walls of the opened a new field to his curiosity concerning objects from this moment his attention was v directed to the fishes and as if he already a of the great results which he was one day to from the philosophical study of these animals he not only applied himself to collecting them but also began to into their habits their manner of life and the characters by which they are distinguished he took part in all accompanied the on all occasions and often went alone with hia line in to pass whole days in the middle of the lake when he came afterwards to compare the results which he had obtained with the accounts given in on natural history he saw immediately how much remained to be done in this department and the idea of filling this gap constantly occupied his mind he had now his studies at school it was to be expected that the example of his ancestors he would devote himself to the but natural history had gained too much his father wisely left to him the choice of a profession he chose that of medicine as offering the most for pursuing his beloved studies he commenced the study of at the academy of where he was most kindly received by professor who admitted him to an intimate acquaintance and furnished every facility in his power for the pursuit of hia from he went to the university of where ho devoted himself especially to the study of the direction of the celebrated professor his in study did not prevent him from taking part in all the amusements of the so that the chose him for their president and long after he had quitted the university he was still spoken of as an accomplished the rare talent of g with equal dexterity the and the it was at this time that the government having recently organized the university of called thither as professors the most eminent men of german in the of science there were brought together at that time the celebrated the who the life and writings of ha l lately returned his travels in south america with a j harvest of scientific materials the great and the founder of modern such a corps of teachers could not fail to attract a large body f youth eager to learn among others did not i to the university of for the rude capital of it is here that his scientific career the four that he passed at the new university may be among the most remarkable of his life although only a his already extensive knowledge of natural history soon i drew the attention of the professors whose lectures he eagerly attended sprung up between him and them and the intimacy in which he lived with these chosen men resulted in an increased enthusiasm for science as well as an extension i f the field of his with he studied the organization of plants and distribution according to and re of the globe with in whose house he ie penetrated the mysteries of the of animals and the u development during the period with he discussed the principles of ac i to the intimate of things based on a profound of their organization t with he approached those of the which in germany more anywhere ae have at au times been the study of the greatest minds the relations that exist between the essence of beings and the laws of the physical world in other words between spirit and matter the theory was embraced at that time by many men in i and it is not surprising that by the results of science and professed under anew attractive form by bu man who freed from all party considerations pre it in all its grandeur it excited the enthusiasm of the young men who crowded round the chair of this celebrated philosopher already prepared for the doctrine by the writings of and if we arc rightly informed also of their it was not until afterwards that as shall show directly having commenced the study of former he modified his views | 37 |
eagerness every thing concerning species upon his for his introduction to the great was so much astonished bv it that after a second interview he informed that he would give up the projected publication and make over to him all his materials if he would to describe for those who know the which the materials for a literary work in the eyes of an author this incident by itself will be sufficient proof that s moral character was equal to his intellectual power from this moment continued on intimate terms with s family until the death of that great man and we hare heard him say that the happiest moments of his life were in s cabinet after the death of to to obtain a in some of public of the de bein disappointed iu this he the of of to establish in that where they were to the he was soon after appointed of a place which he until his departure for the united the and of alexander von who has enjoyed the rare privilege of being able to assist so many men of talent was from the first the devoted friend of and it was his patronage that enabled our to commence in so soon after his arrival in the publication of great work on fishes which he to and of which we intend to say a few words as of all his works this made the greatest sensation and it is this that obtained for him the eminent rank which he now holds in the scientific world this work consists of five volumes with an of about four plates and descriptions and figures of nearly a thousand species of fishes all the specimens are represented of the natural size with tho colors of the bed from which they were taken it was that so many new species should be made known without rendering many alterations necessary in the science of new types were established and the of various groups and families to each other more clearly shown moreover did not confine himself to establishing a vast number of species and even families beside this he founded an entirely new based principally on the importance of the fishes makes two general divisions among fishes the and the fishes also the fishes from the of which he makes his first order that of the but ho the fishes again into other equally important orders that the class of fishes is divided into four oi namely tho the the and tlie this is not founded on tho skeleton like that of but on the nature of the outward the scales starts with the principle that the outward covering of fishes is the of their internal organization with this principle ho the different families of the class of fishes with respect to their scales and finds in the of the external a variety of characters on which he his as to tliis it is to be remarked at tho outset that all the fishes with the exception of a few arc furnished with scales while the skin of the fishes is covered with plates or of a peculiar form known under tho names of c scales of the the life and writing t of fishes are constructed on a totally different plan and the are so marked that mr considered them a sufficient foundation for his three orders of and the two former which almost all the fishes of the present epoch both have scales but they differ in this that the have the edge of the scales while in the this border is entire ho seeks to prove that this distinction apparently insignificant is in truth founded in nature being the expression of a character which itself equally in other parts of the body fishes having or scales have generally on the bead the and various parts of their i while the others the are smooth and without defence mr considers the perch with the species as the type of his order of and the family of the salmon c as typical of the this division therefore to a certain extent with s division of fishes into and the second order that of the seems to have a yet more satisfactory foundation there have been found in the and in tht rivers of north america two fishes which have s puzzled the that of the is known under the name of the other which is found in america is the i some resemblance to the both fishes are furnished with scales of very peculiar form and structure instead of being arranged in the manner of as in most fishes placed simply side by side the surface being covered with a coat of making a very solid on examining these fishes in an point of view mr found that the skeleton presented no less striking differences than the scales and the soft parts of the body nevertheless it seemed to separate them altogether from the other great families and when the of their number was considered it seemed contrary to all method to place them in the same rank with the on one side and the fishes on the other but the though not by the study of the living fishes was justified by an examination of species here displayed a whole having the characters neither of the a w p the life and writings of nor of the fishes but altogether to the and the u so that these two apparently mere exceptions in the present creation in reality constitute a type by themselves which though not numerous at present is nevertheless the expression of an entire order of things with these the numerous species whose scales have the same structure mr made his di of wliich already contains many hundred species and promises to become still larger since it in all the to the chalk mr several distinct families of this | 37 |
order the two principal ones are the s to which the aad the belong and the which were and probably fishes somewhat resembling the in ance but no representatives in the present creation these among the had not a interest alone the numerous that mr was obliged to make in order to establish in all the of extinct species with living types revealed to him relations of great interest which had been hitherto passed over he thus discovered the important fact not before made known that there exists a remarkable between the development of the and the development of the whole class in the series of ages in the early stages of life the column does not exist in place of it there is found in the a mass called the cord around this cord which remains for a longer or shorter time in all fishes are formed the as bony rings these rings gradually increase and more and more upon the cord which in most fishes at last in some types however for example in the it remains during the whole life bo that this fish no and the rest immediately on the cord now shows ua that this is the case with all tho fishes of former they all have distinct often very strong and completely but they show no trace of separate whence he that these organs wore wanting and that tho cord continued throughout life as in the as to tho relative superiority of living also to us a wonderful there is no fish however imperfect whose organization does not the life and of to some phase in the life of more perfect take for example the or that still more imperfect fish known under the name of or t ma which placed among the from its great to ordinary fishes the former in place of the a corresponding to the ha e of the skull and the latter is deprived even of this and the cord extends to the end of the the first has a single fin more or less divided in the other the fin extends along the whole finally neither has jaws so called now the most perfect of our fishes such for example as the salmon are all at one period of their ufe at the same point of development but with them it is a transient state a stage of growth whilst in the others it is the permanent condition these views have a philosophical bearing particularly in their application tj other classes of the animal kingdom it is in accordance with them that determined the rank to be assigned to the various families of fishes according to it is to nevertheless that the greatest profit is derived from these discoveries in comparing together the fishes found in various from the first had also thrown new light on the relative age of these thus to but a single example he was enabled by the study of the fishes of tlie slate of to that this which had previously been considered as g to the most ancient rocks the is much more recent and forms a part of the group another and more general result of his labors was the discovery that not only are all the species different from those now living but also that from one formation to another the species arc equally distinct and this according to him is not confined to the larger but exists equally between the various stages of the same formation thus he no species as common to the and the to the upper and lower to the ancient and recent of the c the necessary is that the whole creation has been renewed at different by a direct of the creator however did not stop here but pushed his conclusions still further from the fact that like certain regions of the earth s surface are inhabited by species peculiar to them not found elsewhere the life and w of in of the same age he inferred that each creation was local that is to say that were created m the they and that to each was assigned a limit which it does not pass so long as it remains in its natural condition man and those few species that are associated with him are exceptions to this general law and as the of even species takes place under the direct influence of man we may conclude that they were vn to former these considerations with others not less important concerning the relation which tliis bears to the temperature and degree of elevation of at different suggested to some general with which he his chapter on and which we as showing the spirit m wliich this work is written such facts says he loudly proclaim principles which science has left untouched but which the of urge upon the with an ever increasing force those i mean that respect the relation of the creator to the universe we see phenomena closely connected in the order of succession yet without any sufficient cause for the connection an infinite of species without any material bond of union so as to present the most admirable development in which our own species is involved we not here the most of of the existence of a superior intelligence whose power alone s been able to establish such an order of things methods of scientific investigation however are of such that what seems to our feelings a matter of course we cannot admit unless supported by numerous and well established facts on this account i have delayed e t re sing my on this subject the last moment not that i have to avoid the which the announcement of such results necessarily excite but that i have been desirous not to provoke them before establishing for these a purely scientific foundation and supporting them by rigid rather than by a profession of faith an acquaintance with more than fifteen | 37 |
hundred species of fishes has taught me that species do not pass into each other but that they appear and disappear unexpectedly m showing connection with those preceding them for i do not think that any one can seriously affirm that the t u life and of types of and whidi are almost arc descended from the and would be m to bay that man are directly from the fishes all have a fixed time of appearance and disappearance indeed existence i limited to a definite period present in their general character a ni more or close and a definite in a system intimately connected witli the mode of life of each type and even of each species more than this in all ages an l through this immense presenting to ui as a definite result a continual progress in this of which man ia the end the four classes of animals the steps and the tho constant have we not hero the of a mind as x as tlie of an intelligence sublime as the marks of m infinite as wise the most palpable demonstration of the of a personal god author of all ruler of tho sc and of all l this at is what read in works of the creation in with a grateful heart such feelings moreover se to the and study it for itself and it is my that if in the study of tho natural in h these questions were s avoided even in the sphere of observation our progress would be generally more and more ra it is not astonishing that such results accompanied by views so and with the irresistible force of a l gained for their author the respect of the wi societies in showing their sympathy him and a distinction at the age of four was a member of every scientific academy iu europe was at tliat time in advance of all other nations hi the study of it was here that found at once tho richest materials and uie gi encouragement whole were put at his and he obtained in this many precious specimens some of his friends with pleasure tlie produced by his visit on tho of the united kingdom im were of him among their the cities of and be on the and of him the degree of ll d him also among their citizens we learn that his personal influence induced several of high rank to engage in the study of natural history among others sir philip and lord whose are known to all he with the moat influential in the king he a aa the welcome guest of sir robert and lord and the friend of and distinguished english having from the study of fishes results so important to the of the development of the whole naturally sought to confirm them by the study f other classes of animals and accordingly applied himself the examination of the and the latter had been in general somewhat neglected by the species in particular were scarcely known although from their great variety and the com structure of their shells they are of great importance in the age of various in a short time ho had collected a considerable number of belonging to various public and private europe and in he published in the first of the de la a of the class of the principles of which have since been generally adopted the volume contains another paper giving descriptions and of the belonging to the group of the a year afterwards he in another the de la descriptions of the peculiar to in the same year appeared the first number of more extensive work having the title of number contained the of the small belonging to the chalk it was followed by three others treating of the the tes and the of the the last number by m to the study of these animals so important to the history of successive made casts in plaster of ail the specimens in this collection of nearly five a belonging to tbe lower green sand near from be latin name of whidi city it its name life and writings of hundred species the of ll ch are to be found in tlie great in europe and has thus become one of the precious documents we k s e s concerning this class of animals the labors of mr on shells are not less important a young m had made a collection of shells from all the stages of the and mr commenced the publication of them in a work entitled ur us du et de la of this four numbers have appeared with a hundred plates the group of the and that of the at the same time published a german translation of s with numerous notes and additions and the french and german of s but whatever may be any man s ability and energy nature has fixed certain limits to what it is possible for liim to accomplish which he thus in order to explain the rapid succession at so short intervals of the works we have mentioned those of which we have yet to speak we must observe that about this time associated with himself a young mr who has ever since labored with him and under his direction and who having accompanied liim iu all his excursions and in his visit to this country is now living among us to the information furnished by mr as well as to his writings we are indebted for much of the present sketch which could not have been written without his assistance the united of the two friends accomplished what would have been beyond the reach of a single individual aad the fruits of these labors we see in numerous the reputation of mr and his energy transformed the little town | 37 |
of into a nursery science to the great astonishment of the peaceful who for the most part could not at all comprehend what was going on around them the more enlightened among them soon gathered about and thus a society of natural history was formed that soon drew attention by its activity the established by the of some of the citizens increased rapidly at the recommendation of mr a young a pupil of his mr life and writings of ill known by his work on was despatched on a voyage round the world to collect objects of natural the which exercised was not confined to he town where he lived he succeeded also in ing the of the t of he was one of the it was in consequence of exertions that tliis society resumed with renewed vigor its which had for some time for want of nourishment his studies of the did not make forget the fishes which have always been and still are his ihe continued to collect materials for his natural history of the fishes of europe his now a complete series of drawings executed with the greatest by mr the skilful whom he had at having formed at a i in which there were several distinguished artists he determined to commence the publication of his work plates of the magnificent which justly ranks among first works in this department were off under his ye at it is on this account only the more to be that after having exhausted all his pecuniary re to make this publication worthy of its name the found it impossible to continue it on the plan projected science has been partly by the of the of the salmon tribe which forms the second number of the work after the attention which german had given to the study of important and branch of science determined that his fishes also should contribute their hare he therefore employed his friend mr now of at the university of who under mis direction this part of the work which ia justly esteemed by all a third part of the same work the of the the fruit of the joint labors messrs and has since appeared in the third of the of the society with a large number of a executed mr had finished the publication of the add that in the opinion of mr execution of these e b en only in one work the of united states expedition i the life and writing of u fishes but though the book was the subject was not numerous poured in from all the study of the system in had made known a whole of a peculiar character mr was requested by the british association to publish these interesting remains this he did in a first to the under the name of the fishes of the s about the same time he presented to the british association his report on the fishes of the london clay after the publication of the fresh water fishes there appeared a work of a different character and which of itself would be sufficient to establish the of a this is the an of all the in the animal kingdom with an indication of the of their names of the author by whom the names were proposed the date of their publication and the family to which they should be referred from the commencement of his career had been struck by the disorder that pervaded and the confusion from the application of the same name to totally different animals to remedy this difficulty he prepared in which he entered the names of au as they occurred to him in his studies after having continued tliis practice for more than ten years he arranged the names and published the of each class separately ad r having it by the most europe in each special branch the is preceded by an introduction in latin in which the general principles of arc profoundly discussed and it has become an authority universally acknowledged in connection with this work we must mention another publication more extensive and not less important the d which grew up in a similar manner by the side of the it a list of the authors in the former work with notices and is in course of publication at the expense of the ray society this work will form several volumes the first numbers containing a list of the of scientific institutions have recently we come now to speak of a series of which have particularly tended to make the name of known to e the life and writings of lis public in general from which resulted his theory this theory is so generally known that it may be interesting to relate in a few words its origin and the different phases in which it has appeared although now of so wide application extending to the whole northern as far as and polished rocks are found its first origin is to be sought in the it was among the hunters of the that the idea arose that masses of rock were by these men accustomed to live in the high regions of the and seeing every year enormous masses of rock transported to a distance from their original position by the found no in supposing that all the are found in the valleys had been transported thither in the same manner and as they had observed the of the of the that is to say their advance in one year and their in the next they concluded in like manner that at tho period when the blocks now found at a distance from the were first detached the themselves must have reached further than at present these notions however had not extended beyond the limits of the valleys m an engineer | 37 |
of the the first to undertake an application of them in a on the subject in which he showed tliat at various periods since the end of the last century the had extended further than at present and in retiring had left everywhere heaps of stones and large rocks as marks of presence afterwards m de conceived the idea of extending the application of these beyond the region of the present he advanced the that the distribution of tlie which are scattered over the valley of and on tho sides of the may be accounted for in this way this opinion which he expressed in a brief was received with almost unanimous incredulity ao generally adopted was s theory which accounted for these phenomena by the supposition that the chain had been broken through at various points allowing vast lakes before shut up within its walls to escape with violence f th part of between the aiid the j m by name i for some at of t see s of american edition vol i p m no i i the life and writings of mr as we hear was among the and in visited m de with the view of persuading friend to an which he considered but the latter instead of entering into a conducted to the places themselves on the de at where his had been made he showed him the actually at work in and in its passage and the rocks at it sides a light now burst upon the mind of mr not only did he admit that the blocks found in the valley of might have been carried thither in this manner hut he saw moreover at a glance the immense hearing of this fact and the effect it must necessarily have on the science of and indeed in order that the should extend to the so as to deposit these blocks at the elevation of four thousand feet the valley of must have been covered with ice at least two thousand five hundred feet thick now such an of ice could not be the effect of a local cause the depression of necessary to account for this extension of these most have made itself felt elsewhere and this with an intensity increasing towards the north now as the soil of presents the same marks of as the of the and the also by the conclusion was that all the north of europe must have been covered by a vast sheet of ice in the same manner as the regions are at present the formation of this sheet of ice in consequence of a sudden depression of the temperature it insisted must have pot an end to the epoch by the and plants then existing such was the original form of the theory which was first announced in a discourse of mr in s at the opening of the meeting of the held at the opposition excited by m de s theory which only extended the of the as far the was roused in a degree by that of mr as is always the case when a new truth dawn upon the world two parties were immediately formed one embracing the new doctrine with enthusiasm the other furiously opposing it arose even concerning the present it was denied that they were capable of and scratching rocks doubts were raised as to the mode in which they advanced and as the very fact of their advance rested tlie life and of j on public it was demanded that their movement should be shown by direct observations before any were drawn from it a problem before purely io cat was thus suddenly changed into a question of fact requiring a long series of and ex though by liis various labors did not shrink from this task lie saw at once that to a satisfactory solution it was not enough to have such observations as can be made in a short visit it was to examine the not only at their termination but also throughout their whole extent to ascertain the influence of of the soil on their movements the temperature of the ice and the effect of external upon it under all circumstances in a word it was necessary to do what had never been done before namely to establish an intimate acquaintance with the mr after having visited in succession most of the fixed his head at the of the whither he went for eight years with his friends to pass his summer at first with no shelter except a large lying on the middle of the and which became famous under the of the hotel den afterwards he built a little stone cabin on the left margin of the this received the name of the here he the long series of that have obtained so much in the scientific world although his retreat was situated eight thousand feet above the level of the sea and twelve miles from any habitation it was soon well known throughout the country and there might often he seen assembled a select company in which all nations were represented the scientific results obtained from these are contained in two works the first published in under tile title of ur hi f a description witli plates of the principal with the together with a detailed account of the author s views as to their former extent the second recently published the name of si is the last and seems to likely to be one of the most successful works of the author it contains a detailed of the made during his last five visits from to with the view to determine the mode of of the in all j arts of their course at all seasons of the year an l all conditions of temperature tliis work is accompanied by beau the life and of and a of the of | 37 |
toward the it ascended constantly from the and began to extend to the we already feared lest it surround ua a second time when we found that it terminated abruptly at the distance of a few feet from ua owing to this circumstance we beheld before us a wall of mist the height of which we estimated to he at least from to feet since it rose from the valley of to a considerable distance above our heads as its temperature was below the point the little of were into of ice and reflected the sun s rays in au the colors of the rainbow we seemed to be surrounded by a mist of gold the scientific results of tliis were the discovery that the snow even on the highest is not changed into ice though it rests on a crust of compact ice also that the summit of the is and not as been supposed among the gathered by mr at the summit was anew species the others were among those found by on the general features of mr history since the life and writ of are probably known to most of our readers in the fall of c being charged with a scientific by the king of ia and having also received an invitation to lecture before the he arrived in this country where he has since resided on the of the scientific school at cambridge the of and was offered to him and after some accepted of the results of his labors in tliis country it yet too soon to speak but the impulse given to these studies by hi presence is a matter of public and of the highest importance to scientific culture among us in conclusion we give a list of the most important of mr works et et species in per xx et vol et col les to et w u in z d u v s vo description des do la to d et to les to des d de r europe but les de et to sur les fo pi also the same in a german translation to des du vou un des les de la des sc vol in publication by the ou sur les et m im paris catalogue des et par mm et des sc mr has also prepared hy request an work on natural history which is now in course of publication l art v short notices a report to the american academy of arts and significance of the by c m d by e p boston first book founded on significance of the by c m d an of h properly speaking has never had the gentlemen of tlie american at who have ut forth the report in favor of stale very clearly the from the extreme contradiction at present existing between the writing and the but they have not the origin and history of this nor comparative truth to the nature of language of the writing and and hence the remedy they suggest is worse the evil for it a sanction and extension of every abuse of the which has the chance of present fashion in its favor it future return towards the standard of the european tongues in and what is worse ban all it that truth to the eye which the language in a at degree still preserves by being written with letters the natural growth of the words from common to the whole family of languages to which it belongs we therefore would call attention to dr s on the significance of tlie as well as to the first book of english which he ha published the latter notwithstanding some carelessness ed in the composition of the is conceived in a more and suggests more any we seen in the significance of the dr shows that the latin arrangement of the visible signs of sounds was made with reference to the organs which made the sounds and that these organs imitate the things and the ideas which ore the subject of consequently that the sounds they make are significant and in the first book of english he states as a principle that the great secret of language is this namely that the sounds by the lips tongue throat and teeth signify exactly what these organs to the senses and imagination if this is the case and if as he states the used hj the european nations sounds to their origin and significance an importance is given to these schemes of writing in the eye of the and philosopher and does not respect but which claims the careful ix of both and dr has yet to in a second boot of english e bearings of his idea upon the of the language in his on the significance he has spoken of the we use as a perfect standard of latin for which language it invented the views and arguments with respect to the of latin are not new except in this country adopted this in his lectures in and in fact it is now generally recognized as the of the language and the authority of the old roman in its favor even in england s latin grammar ms been translated and the adds to the proofs by others of his own and dr long ago in hia dictionary gives us the same view but dr goes to the root of the matter in pointing out the significance of the sounds and showing he bearings l f the true of latin upon the establishment of a of radical and the laws that identify words in all the european languages the possibility of establishing this standard and discovering laws which may be used as keys to the vital of that immense family of languages containing the highest results of human gives the subject such an interest as | 37 |
might for it the attentive study not only of professed scholars but of practical men o whom it becomes yearly of more importance to speak in a variety of the suggestion of the a comparative of languages opens a new world to every man of common sense no than to the and philosopher among the many trains of interesting thought suggested by e works we have room only to to that point in which they seem to cross the path of the dr all the of the of the writing and of english pointed out by the report of the academy and touches upon others of more importance still and although he that the english writing is less than the and is rather to be preserved of the two he admits and even suggests some reform the writing since the latin is not adequate to the writing of the english tongue which contain t eight more and five more than the latin he would it by a system of pointing as the poles did when ihey to write their language with latin letters lie that the a in man o in not and nor c in i in and u short and in should have each a dot under them and u id fun two this would a for every for dr does not that mere quantity of sound changes the to the division of the he would add c with a lot under it to represent ch in church to the un division he would add s with a dot under it to the sit in y and a z with a dot under it to represent the t sound in to represent the ih in t tis he suggests that either the saxon be restored or a d with a dot under it used and for th in either the saxon character or a dot under t these twelve additional characters would represent all the sounds of the english language rendering the present not or obscure but clear and and then a great deal of the english language could he as it ia but this last should not be done there are many silent in english writing which should be preserved because they ate sounds that have a meaning and the t and u are often of sunken and must be in those instances preserved it h proper also to remark although dr suggests this reform in it is not at all essential in his eyes languages are studied on the principle the of the writing of english are of less consequence we were quite surprised to find from the first book of english how seldom the soft sounds of c and g occur in the language dr that never occur except in from the pronounced latin of the middle ages or in from the french in the saxon words girl get c wc have g hard before c and i as well as before a o and u we would suggest that if the writing be a dot should bu placed over c and g wherever they are soft to the reading of the language to children and foreigners the space allowed has compelled us to what we have hinted at and we can only add that the suggestion of ing the letters of the latin to represent those sounds of the english which are not found iu latin has this advantage over the scheme of the that it is in with the and in harmony with the significance of the language and suggests to scholars true standards of and meaning short review md prison life and or a narrative of arrest trials conviction imprisonment treatment reflections and of work and suffered an unjust and cruel imprisonment in the for attempting to aid some slaves to liberty three parts in one volume by george n one of the prisoners printed by james m mo xvi and the above title is descriptive of the work k the characteristics of tlie present age by translated from the german by william i john l mo xvi and two years ago mr smith translated another work of the nature of the scholar to which he a short but beautiful of its and year mrs translated his de of man thus is likely become well known to english renders the present volume contains seventeen lectures on the following subjects idea of universal history a general and minute of the present age and its scientific condition the life according to reason earlier conditions of the scientific or literary world and its ideal condition as a phenomenon of the present age the origin and limit of history the absolute form and of the state influence of christianity on the state development of the slate in modern europe public morality and public religion of the present age conclusion lie promises also to d doctrine of religion the and most celebrated of all his works the translation is more free than literal a of principles by est non sit non inter john w vo and this is the work of some man who has read much amongst philosophical and and has thought much he thinks william of originated the that and were not the main springs of the short and tion in england but the revival of letter ami ihe influence of the articles of the english church lave a however he admits errors in the church e hut think the mainly to be blamed for their existence the most important feature of the book is the author s opposition to all worship of the bible he considers that has m on the one hand and verbal inspiration on the other at the same time he the deliver an message from god to man in regard to all matter of essential and religious truth set forth and thinks the gradual development of truth was terminated by the final revelation of the gospel | 37 |
after a good deal of good discussion and learned talk he comes to the conclusion that it is the duty of all rational men who are subject of the british crown to enter the widely spread of the national which allows full scope for the free exercise of the of reading the and treats with every unimportant of religious sentiments he cannot understand why any one who in the authority of the lord should object to the su of the of the author has but a poor appreciation of the doctrine of the after tlie christian life by james vol london l mo xii and first volume of the was published in and has been and read in america this work is thus to rev john this volume the expression of a heart enlarged by bis friendship and often aided by his wisdom is in memory of many labors lightened by purposes by sympathy and the of years balanced by constancy affection volume contains twenty one sermons with the following titles where is thy god the sorrow with downward look the shadow of death great hopes for great souls lo is here christian self the heart help thou mine having doing and being the of christ the good soldier of christ the realm of order the christian doctrine of merit the child s thought looking up and lifting up the christian the family in heaven and earth the single and the evil eye the seven the sphere of silence short and man s god s it is very refreshing to find a volume of sermons so bright go original so profound and beautiful as these somebody says the day of reading sermons is over though not the day of preaching them are sermons which would command in any age and still more in this when s and are about all that one looks for in wc have found in this volume nothing in the least i degree all is large and liberal there is piety without i wisdom without conceit and humanity with no we can only say to the author send us more and his or legends of the tion by author of the city of the or the last of the c witli an essay by rev c philadelphia vo and in this work and the others the same pen wc ver traces of a ni n of superior abilities of a noble and generous nature but he seems ill at ease stung perhaps by or by neglect by seeing the wrongs of tlie world and the men who upon those wrongs he writes often from an inferior motive yet always in the interest of mankind showing a ready with justice mercy and unaffected trust in god he does not seem at peace with himself or with the world there are many things in his works which we are sorry to see for his many show the ability to do better things some day we shall hope for a work better than his terrible paintings of crime and sin in the city but he never makes vice lovely the monster certainly has a frightful mien yet the moral effect of such a book a that is more than questionable to us we can understand how could write his easier than we can read ihe play a second time and are not pleased to see an able man writing from such an impulse even the city has scenes of great power and excellence the legends of the revolution extend over but a small part of the whole war and relate mainly to of the life of the battle of and declaration of independence it contains many fine scenes though the descriptions are too full am the too intense to suit a classic and notices narrative of an visit to each of the cities of china and to tlie islands of and in of church missionary society in the r ears l o j by the george smith m a of man hall and missionary to china london yo xxiv and ij mu smith visited to a the c nature of local for missionary enterprise and to procure a native of the or court dialect tin book is marked by ignorance conceit and contains but little information of tiny value to the general reader mr smith conversed with a on religious subject and desirous of overwhelming the heathen out especially an form of infant suffering we once asked him how on any than that of the entrance of sin into the and tjie fall of man he could regard misery at so early an a e as with the infinite benevolence of the creator he seemed to feel tlie force of ihe argument but endeavoured to it by suddenly asking us how it was there were so many of christians one day mr smith visited a the priests came up and intimated their desire that he would give them tobacco we made known to them adds the author that we had no such gift for them but offered them some copies of the to the s and a tract entitled the way of eternal ble s one told him that since the war with england the chinese were more than formerly to listen to christian doctrine thinking that if englishmen were christians it could not be a good religion which permitted them to be so insolent and mischievous another said perhaps this english doctrine may be very good but we wish that you would try it first on the english themselves for they are wicked men when this doctrine has made them better then come and speak to us my chinese boy more than once on the voyage to in a vessel carrying seven hundred and fifty boxes of valued at about st io a me whether i knew there on bo and what i should say in reply | 37 |
of hich we are promised a third volume with illustrations originated as the preface tells us in indignation at the shallow and criticism of the of the day on the works of the living artist j m w to whom it principally its purpose ia to the utter both pf the facts and principles the of and error f arrangement on which the so called ideal of the old painters are based and to insist on the necessity as well as the dignity of an earnest faithful living study of nature as she is with all that man has ever done to and her the old he thinks md love of nature nor feeling of her beauty they looked for her and most commonplace effects because they were easiest to imitate the deception of the senses was the great and first end of all their art the modem english painters on the contrary and particularly according to him hare looked at nature with totally different eyes seeking not for what is easiest to imitate but for what is most important to tell whether mr and his countrymen deserve the high relative rank here given them we have in this country few for judging probably few will admit the justice of all he on this point and we may trace here perhaps some injurious effect of the circumstances under which the book or at least the t part of it was written but this we conceive to be altogether a minor question the no i i short and main point is whether there is any thing in nature capable and worthy of which the old j rs did not represent this question am be discussed as well perhaps in this country as for on one hand nature with all her variety has but one system and produces all her effects hy the same means on be though much of the spirit of a picture is lost in a print yet enough usually remains to show its general character and aim therefore to enable us to apprehend a of plan if it exist though not to judge of its execution now how much we may admire s or this at least we must admit that they something very from what we know of actual nature and this not merely the superficial of scene and climate hut a difference of aim in the painter nobody expects to find in the galleries of rome or any thing reminding him of new england yet we are reminded of new england and of what might seem the most local and peculiar effects and d of ir s land cape on almost every page of our authors first volume though he treats exclusively of european scenery the difference therefore arises not any of the objects but of the sentiment with which they were viewed this may be higher or lower it ia at least different i am not speaking he says of the beauty or of the system of the old masters it may ih sublime and affecting and ideal and intellectual and a great deal more but all i am concerned with at present is that it is not true a man accustomed to the broad wild sea shore with its bright and free winds and sounding rocks and eternal sensation of power can scarcely but be when bids him stand still on some and with and against to watch a rippling bound and water at has not strength enough in one of its waves to upset the on the wall or even fling a jet of spray over the stone nor is it only by the professed painters that the great of the material world are betrayed grand as are the motives of in the works of lie earlier and men there is yet in them nothing approaching to a view nor complete rendering of natural phenomena not that they are to be blamed for this for ihey took out of nature that which was fit for purpose and their mission was to do no more but we must be cautious to ih that imaginative of lands which alone we in them from the entire statement of truth which has been by the from the window of s house at the of the is seen lifted in power above the plain of every dawn that the towers of lights a line of short and notices fires along colossal ridge but there is so far as i know no evidence in of the master s works of his ever having beheld touch less felt the majesty of their burning more than this of which ihey loved and rendered much is rendered by noble indeed but such nevertheless as would be if the landscape became the principal subject instead of an accompaniment and whether this dis of aim be attributed to inability or to the reason is we think in case the same namely that there now exists a more profound appreciation of the landscape by itself without any interest than formerly the only alternative is to suppose that what wc feel in the landscape is the reach of art that the old painters it also but wisely from attempting this opinion is a common one and is by the instinct which everywhere holds by what has been done and refuses to admit the possibility of any thing better and so far the feeling is just we are not called upon to take possibilities for facts or to believe that any thing can ite until it is but it is to be remembered on the other hand that every great action a s has been said is an impossibility until it is done and that if we quit our and say positively that it is bible for modem art to the ancient we ought to show some ground for our assertion in the nature f things that are | 37 |
the pleasant influences of soft winds and and shady of the violet couch shade they received perhaps in a more noble we but they found not any thing except fear upon the bare or in the ghostly the they loved more for its sweet than its purple hues but the christian spirit finds the object of its love everywhere in is harsh and peaceful as well as what is kind nay even in all seem and commonplace seizing that which is good and more sometime s at finding its table spread ui strange places and in the of its enemies and honey coming out of tlie rock if all were into a less wondrous if then there now exists a sense for formerly it will follow that the aim of painters of m of the day u to be and very naturally may be higher than m short and notices that of c s and a s remarked is the point our author goes further this and to show in n detailed of he landscape in in existing pictures the paul of his first the superiority of the whatever y ite of this tliis part of the book will ly he most m from the keen observation and of nature which it we undertake to here it l e to know when to stop and we can only every lover of the country to buy it and read for himself the second volume of general principles of l though resting rather upon feeling ie are yet in the highest degree and in this volume are many keen works of art the american is very neatly executed and with tolerable hut we hope the do not intend to put us off with die work of the whole we are sorry to wo no indications on the cover or page that this is only the volume de et des colonies par en h la de paris paris vo and this is tlie work of the author on the same or a similar subject in he published a work on and the laboring classes in the first two chapters he treats of slavery he says liberty for ail men and in all of life is the hope of the age the two great problems of france are to found a new of things in and in the west indies to restore the slaves to the condition of entire civil and social he will not undertake to prove the of the time has gone by when it was necessary to that the color of the skin or the place of birth ought not to determine a man s rank in society it must be remembered he is writing at paris slavery is a crime and a blunder the of mankind w s taught fully by the and by christianity but has not been understood till now has taken the lead in the doctrine and ought to slavery for will influence other nations and is at this day the obstacle in the way of it the matter and the slave it it w t the wealthy and the of the poor b n on that the are degraded and tb show that we la mi short and notices ist of be mr clay one of the most mt n of the union and one of the most ardent of slavery in louis tlie tenth all free who touched the of france but the slavery into the french colonies formerly the sh slaves were better treated than others but now in point of cruelty slavery can only be compared to the american he thinks the and escapes show that the slaves are not happy and mr who says he has studied their condition where the laws and national habits tend to thi ir lot but goes back with the same horror of slavery as when he first quitted europe it seems the churches are cot alone in ir defence of the institution for the of s in which most of the clergy are educated for functions teaches the of slavery and the slave trade the religion of a nation seldom over its interests says it is the not the who th i question of he thinks works well in the british west indies the have money in tlie bank they join societies build churches and fill them they send money to the london society to promote work they send to africa to preach love and liberty on their soil crime from year to year he says are three schemes of gradual and general general and spontaneous he general and immediate in iii he gives a history of ancient by the and in iv he pro a reform of the french colonies in chapter v he touches upon the condition of a tale of by henry third boston wm d ca mo this is a beautiful k em in relates tin adventures of a young french maiden a native of the english destroy the li of grand and carry off the who scattered over the continent gets separated from her lover after seeking him in all the french from the i lake to the gulf of im a sister of charity in she in a k and too f to speak he dies in her ami s she s him in l e world where there is no separation the poem is full of beauties now of description or of short and notices ment ami of thought tlie movement is generally f but sometimes more emphatic and almost to prose tlie seems wholly congenial to the author s mind j the on echo to the we give a few specimens many a word and sweet on the lingered long in s heart and i it with gladness then were covered the embers that on the and on the stairs the tread of ihe soon with a step | 37 |
the foot of followed up the ft space in darkness lighted less hy the lamp than the shining face of the maiden p friends they and homes and many asked of t ic earth but a grave and no longer a friend or n fireside written their history islands on of stone in the churchyard long among them was seen a maiden who waited and wandered lowly and meek in spirit and patiently all things fair was she and young but alas i before her extended dreary and vast and silent the desert of life wit its pathway marked by the graves of those who had and before her long extinguished and hopes long dead and abandoned as the s way o er the western is marked by camp fires and that in the something there was in her life imperfect as if n morning of june with all its music and sunshine rd in the sky and fading slowly descended into the t again from whence it late had arisen she lingered in town till urged the fever within her urged by a restless the and of the spirit she commence again her endless search and sometimes in strayed and on the crosses and sat by some nameless grave and thought that perhaps iu its bosom ho was at rest and she to slumber beside him p still stands the forest but far away from its shadow side by side in their graves the lovers are sleeping under die humble walls of the catholic churchyard in the heart of the city they lie unknown and unnoticed daily the tides of life go and flowing them of throbbing hearts where theirs are at rest and for ever thousands of aching brains where theirs no longer are bu v thousands of toiling hands where theirs have ceased from their labors thousands of weary feet where hare completed the journey l l we would only remind the author that the tree does not grow in tire was not known among its and that no orchard is found bending with golden fruit in that region in the month of american readers may well thank the author for a poem so wholly american in its incidents its geography and its scenery we cannot but think it will add to the well fame of lu accomplished author it has l three in a few days and we t will soon many more t short and essays by r w first series new edition boston james vi and mo new edition contains some poetic matters not in the earlier impression tha principles of nature and her divine revelations and a voice to mankind by and g i in three parts new york and this book con of three parts the key containing remarks on the of society in past and present times the revelation containing an account of the origin and nature of the c in man and the application which contains an analysis of society a of its and their remedy the work treats of many matters in physical social and science if it had appeared as the production of scholar writing after much rt and careful study it would be thought a production very remarkable considering the variety of matters the of mind and general displayed many things in the book are fantastic many statements if it were the work of any man not twenty one years of age under the most favorable circumstances it would still be an extraordinary ok perhaps the most extraordinary in the world but the lectures of which the work is were delivered by mr while in a stale of excitement written down and published from his while in that state tlie only alterations made by the were the of words and of false for mr is an man who cannot his native tongue with common accuracy what a to the wonder is that the author had no acquaintance with literature or science the claim that he had access to the sphere of human and there in part obtained his knowledge in a manner not possible except in this state of trance we see no reason for doubting the int of the author or his they may be mistaken they can be shall we suppose mr had l dr s lectures the of tlie natural history of creation the works of and which have l so and in a form so cheap and that in the intense excitement of the state he what and notices he li id i l in this form and additions of hu own shall it be that tho of living men through impressed him in that lie in that his his deny both of these sup they do not that lie is and there are many and great errors in the book they claim nothing miraculous in his case only his ideas from the sphere of human existence it is that bo young a man no who had never attended any school half a year in his whole life without acquaintance with scientific works dictate so remarkable a work it must then be referred to the same class with the works of fox and the whole host of writers who wrote more or less in the state of y or trance very httle is known respecting that state and we hope the appearance of this and the and with which its claims lu e made to so remarkable an origin will i a of the whole matter viewed as one will the book is one of the most remarkable literary ever heard of a summer in the wilderness embracing a voyage up the and around lake superior by charles author of t for summer hours etc new york d co the subject of this book is sufficiently explained by the the ground over it will be i most interesting we are sorry however mr in | 37 |
writing his travels has rather to indulge in general and than to bring before liis own mind and thus before his readers the feature of the country and iti t co years in the or farewell t views of ttie nature and of true christian and views of the nature of the christian religion and salvation by christ by a m boston the object of the first of these ie to show tlie no of making im exact science ed and nature with the facts and of the universe and that then is between religion and the second on the other hand guards against l tt tm short and danger of supposing religion and salvation thereby to be a mere belief in certain doctrines and in that religion is wholly a matter a thing of the life ib s of notes by r d c s of x and mo in the text the industrious and oe x editor has followed mainly ihe valuable edition of the text one and sixty eight pages the notes and two and forty seven pages the text id l hi ii and clear the notes are full and and exact study on tlie editor s part so far a have been to examine them they are accurate and valuable but too full and learned for the use of lads in the lower classes at college while tliey mere remarks which tlie advanced scholar wiu not need however if thia fulness of be an error it is one on the right side there is an english and a greek index l of which arc mainly designed to guide the reader to a knowledge of the j s of the author this so carefully is one of the signs of the increased attention to the study of the human a discourse delivered before the of the society at cambridge by p marsh boston little brown vo the subject of mr marsh s address is the position and duties of the american scholar with us he says the pursuit of knowledge is the task of youth or tlie of maturity and age rather than the stated of a s in contrast with the scanty period usually allotted to its pursuit he the immense extension of the field of in our day tlie advances made in history politics art and in spite of improved methods the of knowledge has now become so wide thai none can hope to possess it in its full extent we are reminded however that knowledge is not a mere of it is a mistake to pose that mental acquisition mental facts end may be forgotten again and leave the mind at last more than they found it j short and notice the idea or law is is to be learned pure law is all that is truly and a knowledge of law brings us to ihe ultimate possible as well as the and limit of human knowledge however according to mr marsh is but a means to an ultimate end and therefore should be pursued with constant reference to its higher uses which are not the of external means to selfish ends to reign over one s self and to promote the best interests of mankind as to the prospects of literature in this country mr marsh thinks that the american intellect the of the german with the practical tendencies of the english mind and thus sees in the literature of america abundant promise of rich to the of the highest which can occupy the faculties of mortal man we have received of two new called the nineteenth to be devoted to science literature national reform theories of government and law and religion without e to be hy c c and i by g b co philadelphia among the names of promised we notice those of and mr tlie other is to bear the title of tlie and to be devoted to inquiry and the of the principles of nature in their application to individual aiid social ufe it is to be conducted and published by s b of new york assisted by twelve associate among whom is mr the recent in continental europe g d d to b g u tc ir b d bu his to g il j h l a h bitter d d in c ir ir g g d n d r vo j g t c v e r n a di c c r to the same j d w v t n wit d lt bis u d vo ti n u s ir th a g s el o ir a d d vo u k von a n s a d d t j h to u f h h de oa et du d to et o des pour de ct do pi de et es de c par a ct el li t paris to pi j d d d to j j y d st to c f d to e u g s n c s v e de te and v c vo t a m vo n g bud d bob m d d a d d in d d tc und v u d i l od u etc and j r j tc vo recent in continental europe p h f link d in s h lie h in to j e a term vo ii w ut h d period n d ol d bis ro j j s t j d in d a d v c j i to p p un im el v i iv i jt g j j de en el de s l l de t i ill p pa p i di is parts vol e ur de sa n c m p i om il r k a d | 37 |
in d o a ter d d n k d d ix g ik k till ii e l d d d te d u d o j v k w r b j g fi r g c r b i i p g r s n w system d moral vo ix x n f b op sup ed c ii v iii w v j do la philosophic par paris vol vol ii to recent in continental g k n i r e e sole vo a w t s t e b vo fr t r und r vo g f a s t dr w l di con e e the same d di v de la b c t lo de m de t o de n j d l f de t o a y le di review no ii march art i has slavery in the united states a legal basis the of slavery part first and second by mo of s on the slavery by vo m pillar of domestic slavery as it now exists in the united states of america is tlie idea that it rests upon the law law is regarded with veneration as the great foundation and support of the rights of property of personal rights in a word of social organization with a natural disposition to the importance of a profession to which most of them have belonged have been induced to overlook or to disregard the natural foundation of rights of them represent the idea of property as resting on a merely artificial basis the law not the law of nature hut the law of upon that same artificial basis too they are induced to rest oven the most important of rights these ideas widely spread through the community greatly public opinion upon the question of slavery in the abstract slavery all admit is sheer cruelty and injustice but slavery as it exists in the united states is supposed to be and being legal is supposed to acquire a certain character of right to use our best efforts for the of and injustice is admitted to bo a moral duty but then it is a moral duty and in the opinion of a duty to obey the law g ideas on the theory of government tend precisely no n i legal basis of american slavery march the same way those ideas derived from and represent government as a contract the natural state of man the state of nature is assumed to be a state of war of hostility on the part of each individual against every other to escape out of this wretched condition men we are told resort to the artificial expedient of government founded on contract according to thi theory the only moral principle involved in the idea of government is contract and this contract we are told must be preserved or government is at an end and chaos comes again no matter how absurd no matter how unjust towards ourselves or others a bargain i s a bargain and though it for the of flesh it be fulfilled many excellent men ready to in the abstract a s the sum of all will tell us in the same breath that the of the constitution existence it is morally wrong they say to attempt to or got over or set aside those and this appeal to notions of honor is not without a powerful influence upon the best portion of the community opinions respecting law and government involve indeed the and absurdity of supposing that men have power by an l to make that right which naturally is wrong there have not been wanting able writers to expose this and absurdity these writers have shown enough that the basis of law the basis of property the basis of personal rights the basis of government arc to be sought for and found in the nature and constitution of man not in any artificial or arbitrary or they have shown clearly enough that law so far as it has any binding moral force is and mast be to natural les of right indeed tliat in this alone its moral binding force and that so far as this is wanting is called law is mere violence and tyranny to which a man may submit for the sake of peace but which he has a moral right to resist at all times and forcibly when he has any fair of success such indeed was the principle upon which tlie american revolution was justified the acts of parliament of which the colonies complained had all the of law and and other great lawyers said they were law but in the view of the they lacked the substance without which law cannot exist they those legal of slavery principles of right and expressed in that and usage of tlie english constitution coupled t and representation together without was bj the as mere robbery to which though concealed under the form of law they were not obliged to and would not submit the le of tlie and of matter what their object character or operation been attacked with no less energy and success it has been shown that the very essence and of con i tract is mutual benefit whether in law or morals have no binding force without a consideration a good and valuable consideration men cannot bargain away either their own rights or the rights of others all such con ct are void from the beginning the of fraud in the one party and ignorance in the other or of injustice and intentions in both to say that by committing the folly or the crime of to do an act a man lays himself under a moral obligation to do that act is to the very foundations of morality nor are these | 37 |
to establish with lie clearness in the minds of such men a legal of american march tion to so much folly and crime if besides they saw opinions hostile to slavery openly and spreading around them if they saw a certainty of being powerfully sustained in justice on her seat what form of words would be able to satisfy such a court that the supreme authority intended to sanction a system so horribly unjust and wicked i at all events in a case where were no words at all or very obscure and vague ones a court so and so situated surely never would discover any such intention it is the glory of the of the common law that even when trampled in the mud by the feet of power they have never consented to lie there in quiet they have struggled always to a certain extent often nobly to rise again to the robes of justice from the mire of ignorant cruel self seeking to lift again on high the balance of ei and to the full extent of their power and their light to weigh out again et justice to all bat to enable them to do this the community about them must their hands what can four or five gray haired men do against the ferocity the the injustice of a whole community men formed by long of the world iu its least amiable aspects will not cast their pearls before swine s feet like wise men they bide their time we shall find in these considerations a complete reply to a frequently thrown iu our teeth by the of the of slavery what more absurd they say than to question a recognized and admitted ever since the settlement of the country but why absurd from a period long preceding the of north america down to tlie famous iu set s case or four years before our declaration of the of slavery in england was also recognized and admitted it required the enlightened humanity of a the perseverance of a an age awake to the rights of humanity and a community free in a great measure from the bias of interest to draw up from the deep well of the law that amiable and admirable secret no slave can in england tlie knowledge of the law s my lord is like a deep well out of which each man according to the m legal of american of his understanding is it too to that we shall yet have american judges with hearts and strong enough to draw up out of that same deep well the twin secret that there is not and never was any legal slavery in america it is not strength of understanding that has failed us have we not had on the bench of the united states supreme court a a a shall a story what has been lacking is heart courage more than all the support of an enlightened and humane public opinion to sustain our judges in looking this lurking devil of slavery in the face no court of justice in the united states has ever yet dared do it lest being called on to decide against the of slavery they be called upon in so doing to set at defiance a of interests and prejudices which they have not had courage to brave which no prudent court would venture to what been wanting not less than a fearless court a court daring f enough to face in the cause of justice and right the ferocious prejudices of a ferocious nation has been a learned fearless bar the court alone by the bar incapable of justice points must first be presented before they can be decided and how much depends on the manner and the medium of their would the english law of treason ever have been ed of many of its terrors and reduced so much within the limits of justice and moderation but for the earnest of an and a had o been an ordinary lawyer or an ordinary would the p house of lords ever have seen those in his which the irish judges had overlooked no counsel has ever yet been retained for the slaves no body of influential friends has ever appeared to impress upon judges the necessity of serious investigation and to assure them of support in the right tlie case has gone by rather it has never yet been entered in court we proceed to give a brief statement of the grounds upon which the assumed of slavery rests slavery in the middle ages existed in england under two forms j in were slaves the same as ours from master to master uke any other j tu ing were attached to the soil inseparable from it and only with it these two forms of slavery may still bo seen in and legal bam of american slavery march was the being the descendants of the ancient and held in from a time whereof the memory of man ran not to the contrary previous to the discovery of america or shortly after that period english in gross had almost ceased to exist so late as the reign of elizabeth there only remained a few in obscure comers the la r and the clergy in whom the principal intelligence of that age was had both greatly contributed to this result the english common law courts refused to recognize the of the civil law that favorite of all slave holding that the children of female slaves inherit from the mother the condition of slavery tliey held on the contrary that the child followed the condition of tlie father a doctrine which gave freedom to great numbers for in all slave holding the masters esteem it a part of right to use the slave women as in all touching the english law courts made it a point to lean in favor of freedom | 37 |
perhaps however ho only claimed to hold the boy as an servant it was not till cases arose for which the english common law as the understood it made no provisions satisfactory to the slave that any distinct mention of slavery occurs in the of virginia in the course of forty years by wliich time the slaves numbered two thousand in a population of forty thousand children had been bom and to manhood should be the condition of those children by the english law when the fathers were free the children were free also but this did not suit the of the slave tlie were few ignorant and and the virginia notwithstanding its acknowledged obligation to strictly to law did not hesitate to disregard a great and principle of that law and to that children should follow the condition of the mother and this principle by or usage was ultimately adopted in all the another question not less interesting to the slave presently arose of the brought to virginia some had been converted and this was the case to a still greater extent with those bom in the colony by what right were these christians held as slaves the law of england even according to the view of it entertained by the did not allow the slavery of christians it was only and who could be but the assembly came to the relief of the and with that audacious disregard of all law and all right except its own l pleasure by which slave holding has ever been that body in er defiance of the english law even their own version of it that converted and should not thereby become free this act bears date in another act passed the year in equal defiance of the english law provided t slaves by extremity of should not be esteemed since it cannot be presumed that malice should induce any man to destroy his own estate legal of slavery three acts the basis of slavery in were during the government of sir william well for his famous i thank god we have no free schools nor and i hope we shall not have these hundred years for learning has brought and and into the world and has them and against the best government god keep us from both this wish has not been in vain the establishment of slavery secured its fulfilment virginia has no free schools to this day none at least worthy of the name she has indeed a few presses but they are restrained from against that best government the of slave the very next year after the of the two tr mentioned the of virginia admitted that no christian could be held in slavery it had been provided for reasons of policy or humanity tliat indians should not bo held as whatever the reason it places the of virginia on this in honorable contrast to that of new where as we have seen the contrary practice prevailed but did this extend to indian taken in war elsewhere than in virginia and brought to tliat colony for sale this question was settled by that all servants not being imported by shall be slaves for their lives servants imported by were to serve a limited time only freedom had just been denied to christian converted in the colony or bom there but the assembly did not venture to any such over stranger christians all stranger christians coming into the colony of whatever origin or color were to be free in attempting to give a to the slavery of christians and the governor and assembly put at defiance what they knew to be the english law yet in the j to tlie code of in which all the laws of colony were those laws are ex declared to be a mere extract from the laws of and to which the assembly profess and acknowledge all obedience and reverence sometimes perhaps from the difference of our and their condition varying in small things but far from tjie presumption of any thing therein contained too in that very above quoted containing his of free schools and presses expressly declares that contrary to the laws of legal of american slavery we never did nor dare make any he admits indeed one exception namely deeds to bo recorded such an exception seems to be one of those that prove the rule as a necessary to the slave code the system of the free to now also began it was in in that negro women though free should bo and as free and indians were also to purchase or white servants the virtuous resolution of virginia on the subject of indians did not last long nor did its freedom from schools and presses preserve the colony from tlie immediate cause of bacon s was the of to against tlie indians who had lately committed some prepared a scheme pf defence by but the alleged that his interest in the fur trade made him too tender of the indians a law in by bacon s assembly might seem o imply that the eagerness of the for offensive war was not altogether disinterested into an act for the of the indian war a provision was inserted that indian prisoners might be held as slaves and this with some other of bacon s laws was continued in force after the of the in g during s the slave code of virginia received some slaves were forbidden to carry arms offensive or or to go off their master s plantation without a written pass or to lift hand against a christian even in self defence who refused to be might be killed already the internal slave io was begun that trade in which virginia still bears so unhappy a part as yet however the colony was sl r not and for were d by a partial of the existing ion in favor of | 37 |
stranger christians it was that all servants whether or indians brought into the colony by sea or land whether converted to christianity or not provided they were not of christian and country and al o all indians bought of the neighbouring or other might be held as slaves yet with au this car for new purchases the of the slave system were already felt the colony was suffering severely from an over production of tobacco to such a degree that the poorer people could scarcely purchase clothes for themselves an legal bang of american march production to which as stated in an report the buying of had exceedingly contributed in shortly after the breaking out of tlie first french and indian war policy or humanity or both combined recovered the mastery slavery of indians by since the time of bacon s rebellion was now finally yet the humane intentions of the were but partially fulfilled and the practice of indians was still the virginia records were always in the most state as it was the judicious custom in that colony to all the law from time to time the original date of particular was apt to be forgotten this law forbidding the of indians was included in the of and waa supposed to have been originally in that year when at a period shortly to the revolution the golden age of virginia an interest began to be felt in many of the descendants of indians were encouraged to bring suit to their freedom in all cases in which the of the appeared to have commenced subsequent to the supposed earliest date of the act the virginia court of appeals held the entitled to their freedom but many were dismissed because the could not bring themselves within that limit when at length the act of g was discovered in manuscript the court of appeals recognized its authority and decided in to it that no indian subsequently to the year could have been reduced to slavery and that the descendants of all such indians were free this decision however availed but few of the unhappy they were too ignorant and helpless to their rights multitudes of the descendants of indians in virginia so says the learned and laborious editor of the virginia are still deprived of their another proof how little the law the feeble and this same code of above referred to made some additional in the relating to slaves and the mixed race all servants imported and brought into this country by sea or land who were not christians in their native country except and in witli her majesty and others who can make due proof of their being free in england or any christian country before they legal of american slavery were in order to hither be accounted and be slaves and as he here bought and sold notwithstanding a to al all children to be bond or free according t d the condition of their mothers such was the final of virginia under which near half her population are still held as slaves but even in tliis act the original idea that no christian could be reduced to slavery is still apparent in the ca se of servants newly brought into the colony religion not color nor race is made the sole test of distinction between slavery and service whatever may have been the practice it is plain enough that under this act no negro who was a christian in his native country could be brought into virginia and held there as a slave and this law to the present day this same code also provided that persons in england of crimes with loss of life or member and all and should be to hold office in tlie colony white women having children by or were to pay the parish fifteen pounds or in of payment to be sold for five the child to be bound out as a servant for thirty one years and for a further of that abominable mixture and issue which hereafter may increase in this her majesty s colony and dominion as well by english and other white men and women with and as by connection with them it was that any man or woman with a negro or bond or free should be imprisoned six months and ten pounds the minister the marriage to be also thus early was the cry of raised in virginia similar laws in the other colonies to and keep down the colored race and to prevent the institution of slavery from assuming that character by which in other countries it is greatly softened and sometimes has been indeed is more striking than the different treatment bestowed by american slave especially those of the united states upon their own children by slave mothers and the ir of dutch spanish and french towards their children in the slave holding colonies of these latter nations j legal basis of american slavery march that white is regarded as unnatural mean and does not if hia permit secure for colored children and some pecuniary provision colored children are not less m the united states but here conventional decorum the white father to recognize his colored offspring at all or to make any provision for them they are still held and sold as slaves among which unfortunate class may be found the descendants of more than one of the declaration of of the revolution and leading and candidate of our own day to what shall we this strange and most disgraceful difference to what if not to that narrow spirit of that insolent derived from the superstitious study of the old testament with which the whole british race is so thoroughly the careful student of our history will discover this spirit of religious and as in the southern colonies as in those of new england moses was good authority in all the english for with and indians | 37 |
and for the of races as unnatural and wicked but no law could control the appetite of the or prevent that which inevitably takes place whenever two races are brought into contact if one race bo held in slavery austere morality pretending to be religious for which the united states are above all nations on the face of the earth has been obliged in this case as in others to content itself in defect of to its rules with cruel and a lie acted out it is said is the tribute which vice s to virtue of that sort of tribute the religious of our country are full the virtuous man southern or minister of the gospel his with his female slaves by looking on his own children with cold glances in no recognition dwells as a farther proof of his austere morals occasion offering he them at we have dwelt thus long on the slave of virginia and have carefully traced them from their commencement to their final development because upon these the and finally the of all the other colonies were slavery had existed in from its first settlement legal of american slavery but no appears to have defined its nature or the parties subject to it till by which time held jn bondage composed a fifth part of the population id that year upon occasion of the restoration of the ment to tho family the laws of were and the new code provided that all and other slaves ly or hereafter to be into this and all children now bom or hereafter to be bom of such and slaves shall be slaves during their natural lives upon tliis rest all the claims of the hold ing system of to a legal foundation the grand model the first pi constitution of the production of the celebrated contained le following every of shall have power and authority over his negro slaves of what and religion but tho grand model in with the repeated and earnest of the was in lt aud for nineteen years the slavery in south remained without any but that by the mistaken notions of the to the english law the assembly however at length bought it necessary to provide some authority of own for holding two thirds of the population in an act for that purpose passed in provided that all or indians wliich at any time were sold or now are held or taken to be or hereafter shall be bought and sold for slaves are declared slaves to all and purposes with exceptions however in favor of those who have been or shall be for some particular merit made or declared free and also of such as can prove that they ought not to be sold as slaves this most f extraordinary piece of worthy of a south a ly was in and again in by the t ct of it was modified as follows all indians and indians in with this government and and who are free who now are or shall hereafter be in this and all their issue and offspring bom or to bo bom shall and they are declared to and remain for ever hereafter absolute slaves and shall follow tho t of the mother and shall be deemed in law in all claims of freedom the burden of proof was to bo on the and it was to be always presumed that every negro no u i legal of american slavery march indian aud is a slave unless the contrary appear this act which forms the legal basis such as it is of the existing slave holding system of south was preceded and by all the customary barbarous of slave yet the south assembly seem to have supposed themselves to be within the limits of the english law for at the very same at which the slave act of was the common law of england was declared to bo in force in south in north ca the slaves were already a third part of the population j but no act of that colony seems ever to have given a basis to the authority of the master which rested and still rests upon mere custom and the old imaginary right under the common law to reduce and their descendants to so far as relates to the slavery of indians the had been from the beginning they had an irresistible to the unhappy natives and reduce them to slavery one chief of quarrel with the grew out of efforts made by them to put a stop to thi s it is well known was intended to be a during the eighteen years that its affairs were by the who had planted it slavery was strictly during this whole period the from the streets of london the principal english in had raised a loud against this to it the poverty and slow progress of the colony the natural result of their own idleness and the famous had pleaded with the ti in favor of slavery under the old slave trading pretence of by that means the christian religion the settled in long had scruples but they were reassured by the heads of their in germany take slaves in faith and with the intent of conducting them to ist the action win not be a butt may prove a thus as the ous sentiment and its most disinterested were made the tools of worldly selfishness for the and plunder of mankind the amiable afterwards bishop of had already served as a similar cats in spite of the of the to the contrary the idea still remained strongly impressed on the mind that christians could not be held in and many legal i of american refused to allow their slaves to bo or lest thereby they might become free during s residence in america for the purpose of a missionary college in his attention was attracted to the | 37 |
of these acts to distinguish in tliis respect from the servants regularly from england ireland germany and elsewhere and sold and as in the colonies are nowhere in these acts m legal bam of american slavery march spoken of as slaves nor there any shadow of ground for so far as these acts are concerned between the of and that of the into tlie colonies and sale there of to be field for a period to he esteemed during that period the goods and of the and to be sold at his pleasure was undoubtedly legal by the law of england and there is nothing whatever in the acts above to show that any more was intended to be recognized in the case of such indeed seems to have been the view taken of these acts by lord if they slavery in the colonies they just as much it in great britain for the of was not to america but though these acts were and relied upon in s case lord allowed them no weight we are led in this connection briefly to notice an oft repeated that slavery was forced upon the colonies by the mother country their will and in spite of their efforts to prevent it has labored by at least to give some color to this charge which originated with and made its first appearance in the introduction to the constitution of virginia wished to repeat it in a still more direct and emphatic form in the declaration of independence but it was rather too much to ask the from the and to the slave trade as a cruel war against human nature its most sacred rights of life and liberty hail struggled against and had finally defeated the attempt to make ber a free state could she charge the king with forcing upon her that commerce the hated britain he hated slavery and he wished to bring these into o but to do required a very excited imagination had any colony ever the introduction of had any colony ever that should stand on tlie same ground as white servants and be discharged at the end of seven years sen ice and bad the king such he might then have been charged with forcing slavery on the colonies but no colony ever passed any such law or thought of it the on which relied wore of a very different sort the colonies especially of the south wished to raise a part of their by duties on with the double object of the burden of direct tax legal of american slavery and protection to domestic the english merchants in whose hands the commerce of those colonies was were then as now of free le they complained of those duties as an interference with their commercial rights and had interest enough with the british government to a standing instruction to all the royal not to consent to such sort of taxes among the chief into the southern colonies were but in seeking to impose a tax of a few on each negro imported the no more intended to or to slavery or the slave trade than when it agreed to the s yard cotton goods intended to or the use of and it seems then to be very plainly made out that at tlie i commencement of our revolution slavery had no in any of the north american states it as many other wrongs existed in all of them in many of tlie colonies i the under a mistaken view of tlie law of england or their own powers or through wilful disregard of had attempted to give it the sanction of law but by that same law of england which the claimed as their and to which they so loudly appealed against the of the mother country such were all void the were too ignorant to know their rights and too helpless to tliey could not appeal to england uke the south nor had they a powerful party there to support their rights but speaking they were all free it remains then to inquire whether the american revolution which we arc accustomed to as an outburst of liberty a memorable indication of the rights of man did in fact give to slavery a legal character whether men entitled by british law to their freedom became slaves under tlie state and interesting and important subjects of inquiry these but we have already exceeded our limits and this inquiry must be reserved for a future occasion the system march art u a system of logic and being a connected of the principles of evidence and the methods of scientific investigation by mill and second edition london we beg the reader not to take fright at the heading of our article after ail that can be said logic at least in the common sense it must be confessed has to do only with the dry bones and dust as it were of thought from whence all interest has fled but our business with mr mill s book on the present occasion is only to illustrate from it and by it the point of view from which in england especially the first principles of science in general are approached and treated by a large class of writers particularly in the department of natural some of the most famous names in literature it is not then as a on logic in the sense ve alluded to that we have to do with it but as a system of namely as the best recent ex position wo have met with of the or however otherwise the prevailing of bacon s and s philosophy according to time and place may bo of the detail of the work before us therefore its merits an a system of practical rules or and the manner in which subordinate to the general problem are treated we shall say nothing logic is usually | 37 |
understood to signify merely an account of the forms and arrangement of ui the and the of the ui without regard to the subject matter of the or to the question whence the form is derived or on what its authority depends the therefore rather the science of reasoning mr mill however following declares it to be tlie science as well as the art of reasoning and that a right understanding of the mental process itself of the conditions it ends upon and the steps of wliich it consists is the only basis on which a system of rules fitted for the direction of the process can possibly be founded but though he makes logic with reasoning yet he it to the investigation of furnished and thus other faculties to which the obtaining of these exclusively belongs so that logic with him is the but a part of philosophy it ia necessary for us in the first place to justify our in treating his logic as a theory of knowledge in general truths says mr mill ai e known to us in two ways some are directly and of themselves some through the medium of other truths the former are the of or the latter of the truths known by are the original from which all others are inferred our assent to the conclusion being upon the truth of the we could never arrive at any knowledge by reasoning unless something be known to all reasoning examples of truths known to us by immediate consciousness are our own bodily sensations and mental feelings i know directly and of my own knowledge tliat i was vexed yesterday or that i am hungry to day examples of truths which we know only by way of are which took place while we wore absent the events recorded in history or the of this faculty of or consciousness is called direct perception a mental or physical seeing c whatever is known to us by is known beyond possibility of question t sees or feels whether bodily or one cannot but be sure that one sees or feels no science is required for the purpose of establishing such no rules of art can render our knowledge of them more certain than it ia in itself there is no logic for this portion of our knowledge the other source that of or knowledge is or reasoning this is the province of logic which is to that portion of our knowledge which consists of from truths known logic is not the science of belief but the science of proof or evidence the distinction is that the science or knowledge of the particular the e logic the principles and rules of the estimation of evidence logic does not pretend to teach the surgeon what are the symptoms which indicate a violent death this he must learn from his own experience and or from that of others his in his peculiar science logic thus to which its rules are to be applied every proposition is formed by together two names and of three the the system march the and the names he into several classes of which the only ones of importance to our are the and non a non term i is one which a subject only or an attribute a is one which a subject and an attribute names have been also called because the subject which they is by or receives a name from the attribute which they james and robert receive the name man because they possess the attributes which are considered to constitute humanity thus whenever the names given to convey any information that is whenever tht y have properly any meaning the meaning not in what they but in what they so that the only names of objects which nothing are proper names and these have strictly speaking no but their object is merely distinction a proper name is but an mark which we connect in our minds with the idea of the object and it is even conceivable that i might know every single individual of whom a given name could be with truth affirmed yet could not bo t j know the meaning of the name every therefore that is every term which simply something mu t be an name a name to have any meaning must include an attribute or quality common to the thing named with other things and thus refer the thing to a previously existing class direct perception then is possible only of names for not merely a simple perception of the thing but also a knowledge of its attributes that is a which is given not directly or by but by a mental process the existence of a name therefore that direct perception is and tliat reasoning has taken j it may perhaps bo objected that may he directly known though unconsciously inasmuch as the though might not be at first perceived but discovered afterwards this seems to be what mr mill means by what he says about ascertain i and j x the but hero the is as a process and the question is how it came about is surely an act or process of the mind and if so how can we call that di the system knowledge to all reasoning has been preceded by a it is difficult to understand mr mill here unless wc suppose that as he had laid it do vn the meaning is in all cases discovered hy the notion might have floated through his mind that the tion is the meaning thus the act or process with the result obtained by it however this may he our clear result is this that wherever we any thing we find that a mental process beside tliat of mere direct perception has preceded and that direct to the principles started with is impossible we are very far from supposing that this result is at all | 37 |
contemplated or would be admitted by mr mill on the contrary as we have seen he depends upon and to direct perception for the and ultimate foundation of all science this doctrine that ultimate truths are directly perceived is we believe under one or another common to most english and french a writer in the review vol l p vm thus states it our knowledge rests ultimately on certain facts of consciousness which as primitive and consequently are given less in the form of than of but if consciousness in its last analysis in other words if our experience bo a faith the reality of our knowledge turns on the of our as ultimate the quality of these cannot be inferred their truth however is in the first instance to be presumed the result of direct perception therefore to theory must be incomprehensible and for as these results according to the supposition are altogether of and with mental action must be purely and given to it from without however which seem all will allow to be in fact either which habit made rap id and easy or else in reality included in something already known of the first class namely which are commonly mistaken for our author i gives as an example our perception of distance than wliich as he nothing can seem more directly an example of the other class of so called is given by the truths of number thus that i the same is true all of which ire are conscious all pre something more than mere reception from without the march but for the present we will observe only that if the of truth be only an and which we know leads us astray very often and of which we can have in no case any test the would seem to form a very foundation for science and here we must notice a great in the of the of the school namely that while they claim in behalf of their own system confidence in they will not allow tliis to others now if these are to un questioned as truths it is evidently impossible to draw the line between those to be admitted as of scientific and those to be rejected whatever we fully then is true there is no test but persuasion then the visions and of and of various kinds must be allowed as scientific truth and even if the fact of full in their own be denied in these cases or if tho belief of all mankind be required it will ab least be admitted that some have in the history of science been held with as full and universal belief as any scientific truth at the present day tlie in the system no doubt as fully believed that the sun moved the earth as we now lo the converse now the important i is not that we believe ever so strongly but that we have reason to if passive belief were the source of knowledge not only would all men of equal of sense be on a par in scientific but the brutes also would stand on a level with man for they also have and sensations and what wo call instinct is precisely incomprehensible or knowledge our result therefore that this so called direct knowledge is no knowledge at all from our author s premises against his intention itself from tho to which the site supposition necessarily leads it is moreover confirmed by mr mill s subsequent admission that we cannot in any case know any thing of objects but only the impressions or representations in the mind thia point he says i is one on which those are now very considered to have made out case namely that all we know of objects is the sensations wliich they give us and tlie order of tho occurrence of those sensations now as sensations are states of the not states of the body as distinguished from tl the it i this would certainly seem to saying of the outward world we know absolutely at all but only as represented or conceived by the mind this is not only involved but openly stated in the theory of yet we find writers on constantly of phenomena as if they were things of a more airy and sort indeed but things still having a material existence though wanting the attributes of matter instead of being the results of a mental process when it said that phenomena have no existence out of the mind this is taken to be a denial of all reality on the contrary if the objects of sensation were reality sen being of itself only of aa we have already seen and not of reality we should be cut off from all knowledge what we perceive is the thing itself but the representation is no thing and what is present in the mind is not the thing but the so that we are not to fancy things existing in our minds ta fragments of truth out of which science is to be built up by in what we call facts and in all general names provided they stand for any thing and are not merely repeated by the outward world is seen met the of the impression being removed by reflection it is that there exists in the mind much that the results of and may be called immediate but from knowledge properly so called in this that it exists unknown to the mind itself and is manifested only in action im knowledge or instinct shows in its results a to the of conscious reason as for instance in the knowledge of shown in the construction of the bee s cell this knowledge is displayed certainly by the bee unconsciously so that it cannot be said to belong to the bee but is given to the insect from but when | 37 |
we speak of science and method and the mo ment we reflect upon the nature of our knowledge that moment it ceases to be instinctive it is no longer knowledge merely but our knowledge and nothing can properly bear the name except the results of conscious mental p action it is to the second of the two sources above mentioned that which a productive action of the mind namely j the march reasoning or that we arc referred for tlie origin of all our knowledge and logic therefore as the science of mill be with philosophy or the science of knowledge most of the which we says mr mill i i are not on their own evidence but on the ground of something previously assented to and from which they arc said to be inferred to infer a proposition from a proposition or is to in the mast extensive sense of the term reasoning is pop to be of two kinds reasoning from particulars to and reasoning from to tlie former being called me latter or sm and first of the to a legitimate it is essential that should be three and no more than three namely the conclusion or to be proved two other which together prove it and which arc called the it is essential that there should be three and no more than three terms namely the subject and of the conclusion and another called the middle which must be found hi both since it is by means of it that the two terms arc to i c connected together the of the is called the m or term of the the subject of the conclusion us called the minor term one the major is an universal i and according as this is affirmative or negative the is so too all therefore starts from a general proposition principle or assumption the other is always affirmative and that something belongs to the class respecting wliich something was affirmed or denied in the major that is the subject of the major always that of tho minor so tliat the minor must always be particular thus even where it is universal in its form as in the all men are mortal all kings are men therefore c the minor in fact only something already contained in the major all being contained m all men so that what is said i about the minor as a ca e must be rejected as inconsistent with the general principle unless by a bow case he means only a case not before thought of the conclusion must therefore be already contained in the major being merely pointed out by the thus it must be t w system granted that in every considered as an argument to prove the conclusion there is a accordingly he allows that no reasoning from to can as such prove any since from a general principle you cannot infer any but those which principle itself as but this is iu fact to say that nothing ever was or can be proved by which was not known or assumed to be known before all real accession to our knowledge then mu it be contained in the general proposition the major but i whence do we derive our knowledge of the general truth no aid being supposed the answer must be by observation now all which man can observe are individual cases from all general truths must be drawn and into them they may be again resolved for a general truth is but an of particular truths a comprehensive expression by which an indefinite number of individual facts are or denied at once thus general are merely of such already made and short for making more the major of a consequently is a of this description and the conclusion is not an drawn from the but an tn to the the real lo or being the facts from which the general collected by but if the be only an of what already exists in the or a test of such an its office most be an altogether dependent and secondary one and it cannot take any part in the original investigation of for if truth of an of facts and if the neither nor the facts clearly nothing is left for it beyond examination of the bearings and consequences of truths already elsewhere obtained mr mill accordingly to the altogether a subordinate place in the system its function says he i is interpretation and its chief use is that it affords a set of precautions for correctly reading the general or records of facts to obtain general therefore as well as particular facts we must resort to the other branch of namely what is therefore and what conditions render it legitimate cannot but bo the main question of the science of logic the question which all others c the system march it is ths i bj we infer that what we know to be true in a particular case or cases will be true in all cases which resemble the former in certain respects in other words is the process by which we conclude that what is true of certain individuals of a s is true of the whole class or that what is true at certain times will be true under similar circumstances at all times at first sight it might seem as if mr mill s own criticism on the de et would apply to this definition what says he i do we learn by being told that whatever can be affirmed of a class may be affirmed of every object contained in the class the class is but the objects contained in it and the de merely to the identical proposition that whatever is true of certain objects is true of each of those objects if all were no more than the application of this to cases the | 37 |
would indeed be what it has so often been declared to be solemn trifling now as the de et is evidently only an of as above defined all this would seem to be true of the definition but in order to understand what is really meant here we must bear in mind the position above that a general truth is a mere of particular truths whence it will follow that a class is an of particular individuals and as is here taken as mere there results from this a principle of founded not on but on for an of particulars contains no relation of but only of difference it is true that where we find certain facts associated we are inclined to suppose an among them but tliis is because we instinctively at least their associated to depend on some internal but the theory any such as accordingly every class is a real kind which is distinguished from all other classes by an multitude of properties not from another while on the contrary differences that are merely and like those by the words white black or red may bo disregarded if the for which the is made does not require attention to those particular ties i but a distinction in class which we the may make or not at our pleasure wo may acknowledge or not when made by another and thus where the is definite no distinction according to these principles can be made this however it ia to consider until it be shown that a definite can be found in nature that is that in any case the differences between two things can be exhausted unless we draw a line somewhere and declare that certain differences may be disregarded as unimportant a proceeding utterly on the principles of this system it is evidently impossible to come to the end of the differences between any two or oak leaves or any other two things in nature the most minute examination would only the field and the problem all difference then must be difference of class and as i v no two things are the every object in the universe must foi m a class by itself that is is impossible except as a matter of arbitrary a relation i not upon what the con notes but upon the class which it that ia upon the or what we have agreed it shall stand for ana upon the place which in some given that class to the particular subject k then from certain apparent between a number of things we form them into a class and if then it bo proposed to conclude from these that a attribute belonging to a certain among them but not known to belong to the rest does in fact belong to them the proposition would be so far fi identical that on the contrary it would be altogether the problem of therefore instead of a seems to be a hopeless puzzle that we do infer general from particular experience all will allow but bow this is even possible on the principles here laid down much more the ground of it it is to perceive for any thing that appears it may be a gi prejudice it is of the utmost necessity therefore to discover some test or evidence a by which the wanting foundation may bu supplied to and until this be done the whole fabric of science must s ing in air some of the practical difficulties growing out of this defect in ir mill notices though not uie defect itself the popular he says i consists in ko n the march ing the character of general to all which are true in every instance that wc happen to know of it ia simply a habit of expecting that what has been true once or several times and never yet found false will be found true again but this by no means follows thus from the earliest records the testimony of all the inhabitants of the known world was unanimous on the point that all are white yet this cannot have been a good since the conclusion has turned out the uniform experience therefore of the inhabitants of the known world agreeing in a common result without one known instance of from that result is not always sufficient to establish a general conclusion and we may add if not i sufficient in the absence of any test as to when it may be relied upon and when not it can never be sufficient mr accordingly makes a distinction i tj a mere of cases and a real namely that the facts must not v be t together but moreover that the connecting link must be some character which really in the facts and which would manifest itself therein if the be which our organs of sense require but this is saying in other words that our must not be conventional or accidental but founded in the nature of things a direct contradiction to the notion of before mentioned this contradiction is necessarily inherent in the system for the problem of science is to particulars and this the theory renders impossible but let us see what the connecting link must be as it b to be a character existing in the facts it must be something common to all of them ad community of attributes and all identity in principle being abstracted as the of prejudice and demands we have nothing left whereby to group objects except their position in time and ace avoiding the question whether even these relations do not an principle of among particulars so related it is true that in all our experience we find things and events in a certain order in time and space every object a space and every event happens in a certain time whilst other characters may be without them one or of these character then must | 37 |
in several invariable it may follow with equal any one of several or of so that i where in every single a multitude an multitude of are and what security have we that in our a we have taken all these into one reckoning how many must we not generally be ignorant of among those we know how probable that some have been overlooked and even were all included how vain the pretence of up the effects of many causes unless we know accurately the law of each a condition in most cases not to be fulfilled and even when fulfilled to the calculation in any but very simple cases the utmost power of science with its most modem improvements these difficulties mr mill confined to certain of hut os remarked on a former occasion allowing this the trouble is that we can never be sure whether or not any given case belongs to one of those classes this therefore must extend to all our results as a remedy for these of mr mill the march the i the of investigation wliich from the proved of direct methods of observation and experiment remains to us as the main source of the knowledge we possess of tho more com ia called method and consists of three operations the first one of direct the second of and the third of the problem of the method is to find the law of an effect from tho laws of the tendencies of which it is tho joint result the first requisite therefore is to know the laws of these tendencies the law of each of the causes and this a previous process of observation or upon each cause separately or else a previous wliich also must depend for its ultimate upon observation or experiment this being accomplished the second part follows that of from the laws of the causes effect any given combination of tho e causes will produce thus far there is nothing peculiar in tho method its essential characteristic is the third process whereby the general conclusions formed by are compared with the results of direct observation without it is acknowledged l that all the results of the method have little other value than that of g ie s work it is n therefore that the of all scientific results must at last depend tliat e advances henceforth to be expected even in physical and still more in mental and social science will be chiefly the result of is evident from the general considerations already but it is not a sufficient that the supposed cause accounts for all the known since this is a condition often fulfilled well by two conflicting it is sufficient only provided the case bo such that a false law cannot lead to a time result provided no law except tho very one we have assumed can lead to the same conclusions which that leads to here the whole difficulty is provided for in advance in a summary manner the uncertainty whether our investigation had been sufficiently ample to all possibility of influence from causes is disposed of but by a for the of which we can see no grounds previously to we have no means of obtaining such knowledge the law in question except through w m the system and founded unless some to on account of its forming part of the process we see no chance tiiat the can ever be complied witli mr mill however is of a opinion he it often be realized and gives as an instance s demonstration that the law governing the motion of the is but in all as our author himself remarks i j the result is already implied in the and the ii g derived from simple that the can ever be complied with in cases other than he does not snow and he is obliged to admit that in order that shall be proof it is necessary that the supposed cause should not only bo a real but should be already known to some influence on the supposed effect the precise degree and manner of the influence being the only that what is an at the beginning of the inquiry becomes a proved law of nature before its close can only when the has for its object not to detect an unknown cause hut to determine the precise law of a cause already ascertained ii therefore is a subordinate matter and does not help us at all in tbe main d ii namely the discovery of cause for this we arc referred back to observation and experiment ii furnish the independent evidence on which depends the by suggesting observations and experiments puts upon the road to that independent evidence if it be really and until it be attained the ought not to count for more than a suspicion in this account of it may be observed we have throughout assumed that the preliminary is in all cases an since from what has already been shown it must always answer to mr mill s definition of an h namely a supposition made upon insufficient evidence if it is not an there is no need of if it is is no more possible than before is thus only an with which it ends being nothing more than e with which begins it results therefore that the connecting link of phenomena be discovered the j from the particular to the s march the and inexplicable we must with and not only this but also a the particular only of itself and not of other we must be content with a partial or knowledge ei usually give the name of to those which ob or experiment has shown to but upon which they to in cases those which have actually for want of any reason u ay a law should exist it is implied therefore in the of an law that it is not an ultimate law | 37 |
that if at all its truth is ci able of being and requires to be for it is a law l e of which is not known laws therefore can only be true within the limits of time and place in which they have und true bv ana not merely the limits of time and but of time place and circumstance for since it is the very meaning of an law that we do not know the ultimate laws of upon which it is de i we cannot foresee without actual trial in what ner or what extent the introduction of any new circumstance may affect it in i i therefore to our ignorance of the on which il law de ends we can be less that it will continue to hold good and the further we look into the less improbable is it that some one of the wh j e gives rise to the may be destroyed or i nearest that the philosophy can come to truth i pi universal experience being must ik so also its first principles must be the whole problem of the investigation of is what are the which being il the order of nature as it exists would be the result i i it t aj to know tlie nature or the of any thing but content itself with the it universe into two m the mystery of and the mystery of knowledge body is the unknown exciting cause of the something the mind to feel and mind the or m of the m wliich fools and on the inmost nature of thinking principle as well as on the nature of matter we are and witli our human faculties must the always remain entirely in the dark i it is often said that from the general of faculties we ought not a to require or expect human knowledge to to any more than probability to demand for science absolute and necessary truth seems to many persons a kind of at the extreme of presumption for if we regard truth as an the largest conceivable will still he a quantity distinct from the infinite not in degree but in kind but in the first place it ought to be distinctly and confessed that probability of itself can have no scientific value we do it is true often attribute high scientific importance to what are only but this is on the that they are not to remain but tn become truths their importance consists in the prospect of knowledge and if this be absolutely cut off as in the theory their value is at an end in the second place we maintain that this whole theory of probability is founded on an that is nothing higher than sensation i that there is nothing in knowledge which our senses could not perceive provided they were perfect of their kind i and thus nothing but a of particulars that the material world is such an of particulars we admit but at the same time it is that we have no communication with objects except through the senses and that sensations are states of the mind not states of the body therefore is based at all events not directly on any thing material but on something mental as appeared at the of our examination wc have no direct of objects but all our knowledge a mental process namely however is to is to attach to the particular an attribute that is a general character a particular attribute an attribute which does not attach the particular to a class is a contradiction in terms mr mill himself says ii in every act of what is called observation there is at least one from the sen to the presence of the object from the marks or to the entire phenomenon that is we infer the general character indicated by the sensations and again we cannot describe a fact without more than the fact the perception is only of one individual thing but to describe it is the march to affirm a connection between it and every other thing which ia either or by any of the terms used or rather we should say what we perceive is an individual thing but the thing as an object or phenomenon is is what is meant by the distinction between phenomena and in there is not the slightest reason says mr mill i for that what we call the sensible of the object are a type of any thing inherent in itself or bear any to its own nature a cause not as such resemble its effects an cast wind is not like the steam of boiling water why then should matter resemble our sensations why should the inmost nature of re or water resemble the impressions made by these objects u k n our senses and if not on the principle of resemblance on what other principle can the in which affect us through our senses afford us any insight into tlie inherent nature of those objects it may therefore safely bo laid down as a truth obvious in itself and admitted by all whom it is at present necessary to take into consideration that of the outward world we know and can know absolutely nothing except the sensations which we experience from it that ia to say our and even the representations we make to ourselves of outward things are not material things but of a nature altogether distinct from matter and sensation considered as mere to impulses is an abstraction and not a fact of experience in this statement of mr mill s however as in s distinction between phenomena and the notion seems to remain that the reason we perceive only phenomena lies in a weakness of our powers that phenomena are still but as it were the shadows or ghosts of the things and that if our faculties were more perfect we should perceive | 37 |
the things themselves lying behind of the same sort is the notion elsewhere alluded to that are co of the things or impressions from without i ii these and the like views all flow out from the assumption that reality is equivalent to matter now that matter is the of all things under the sim we are ready to allow whatever d not manifest itself we are at to conclude does not exist de non d f mm r but that material existence is not reality we think sufficiently appears from the principles of the philosophy itself according to it tlie only character common the to all the material world its therefore is every natural event to destroy itself and bring else in its place the bud makes way for the flower and the flower for the fruit the growth of the tree is a hastening to decay every and every mechanical force aims at bein or spent the spring to the seeks the there is throughout nature a reference of each thing to something else each by itself is and partly in another existence is thus an existence the idea of the thing is not realized in the thing itself but partly in another thing and this again in another and so on to reality therefore or the existence of the idea itself ml the phenomenon but as namely a of the form of existence ami of the form is of the manifested in it thia is shown for instance in the effect of on animal organization alluded to by mr mill i effect he says is the of the animal substance by combination with t the poison into a compound held together by so a force as to resist the subsequent action of the ordinary causes of now life consisting in a continual state of and of the different organs and whatever them for the life so soon as the form is made permanent life which is the reality manifested in it is destroyed existence or accordingly is an embodied self contradiction a contradiction between the and the substance and thus a prolonged the form of which is change or time and the assertion that we know only particulars must be with the that these particulars or facts arc nothing more than phenomena to know wliich is to know their another prevailing notion is that matter is a reality that though it does not endure for ever yet it contains a certain amount of being but time as is shown by the old of and the cannot be divided into moments that is cannot be really divided other i wise each would be an eternity every force say will act for ever unless not that we have any experience of a force acting for ever but if we a force it necessarily becomes eternal since the j the notion of existence not include but non a reality is a false reality a reality which is partly the succession of time ia the development of this that we perceive only phenomena as already remarked so far from being with a knowledge of reality tliat on the contrary it simply declares the superficial nature of the that we see in things that which changes is not the but the and to this is to its opposite so that to reduce matter to a superficial and transient form is not to deny but to affirm the reality it contains and change though apparently a mere or destruction of matter is in truth affirmative being a of the negative though on tlie other hand it is not to be imagined that the reality is something existing apart behind the phenomenon for the phenomenon is nothing else than the reality a or though in an form it is no degradation therefore to spiritual things that exist materially man for instance exists as body and we may say that m body is a complete of his soul provided we keep in mind that this is an or partially false and thus existence and do not confine the spirit to its temporary as we have already seen all knowledge is but to the particular is to destroy its knowledge of particulars therefore ia a knowledge of their connection with and dependence upon a general principle and here we see the root of the inability of ihe theory to form a satisfactory each particular to some other and again to another and so on when we come to examine one therefore we are necessarily referred to the next and thus the problem is prolonged to or rather to thus it is that mr mill makes the term general equivalent to indefinite whereas it properly what is universal and therefore definite in to what is accidental and thus were each object in nature a definite fact it would be necessary to study each separate thing by itself each grain of sand on the would as special and careful examination as any other fact problem proposed by the philosophy to knowledge out of particular facts is the wildest of the nearest approach tliat an the system gate of can make to the la the indefinite that which to be but is not finished here is no reason to attribute the failure to the weakness of faculties when the task proposed is an absurdity it would nothing from to say that two hills cannot be made without a valley between the talk about the nature of man and his consequent inability to grasp universal truth an entire of the whole process of knowing whole is this a is a must have definite dimensions and thus cannot contain the infinite but a thing can no more contain a sensation than it can the infinite the difficulty then would be not how wc can have absolute knowledge but how we can have any knowledge or even if then it bo allowed that we mentally perceive are | 37 |
con at all there is no reason why knowledge should be limited knowledge as wc have seen is now what grounds have we for supposing that the must be for on this ground alone can knowledge be that our knowledge of the universe is in point of fact no one will question new objects and new for o are presented to us every day and if by knowledge we an of facts and observations tliis is a defect in kind as well as degree wo cannot safely until wc have gathered the universe into a heap and weighed measured and the whole of it this however being knowledge is so too or else the theory is wrong it will not help us at all to call our present knowledge an as if it were only in degree there is not the slightest hope that all mankind in any imaginable lapse of ages could even a single grain of sand for this reason that matter is di and can be stretched to match any extent of time this however is at least as fatal to knowledge ae to any other of what use ia it to talk about a partial when the part must be an infinitely or rather small quantity and a merely abstract or imaginary amount degree and kind arc here one we either know or else the argument against absolute knowledge falls to the ground here again the theory is beaten by own weapons it for its authority to experience or common sense but common j the sense claims to know and moreover to know the i s tlie distinction between the and the essence is altogether foreign to it the contradiction in the tliat the universal can lie contained in a in other words that particular things are real exists therefore in its whole strength in the theory itself as we have already sh wn the perception even of phenomena things then ought not even to to be for this e the contradiction it is not enough to say that objects make impressions on our senses for they make also on other objects one stone for instance on another hut there being no no sensation is caused the of with does not indeed seem to satisfy even oar author in its practical working says he is a single instance in some cases sufficient for a while in others of instances without a single exception known or presumed go such a very little way toward establishing an universal proposition can answer this question knows more of the of logic than the wisest of the and has solved the great problem of tliat this should occur is indeed most natural for wore the theory sound ought to proceed in exact proportion to the amount of facts collected the force of evidence ought to he with precision a certain number of instances being given we must know the number being less believe or conjecture accordingly but without having the slightest intention of measuring ourselves with even the less wise among the wc think the answer to the problem a very plain one simply tliis that in some cases wo apprehend the idea at once and at times a long time for it the difficulty is confined to the system and our business in this examination has been only to show this and thereby to answer the arguments founded upon it as to the question what us the theory of knowledge we do not propose to go much into it at present all or systems of philosophy are necessarily self contradictory since the problem proposed is with the means employed for its solution to know is to but cannot be accomplish s the d by sensation nor by any of sensations for t ic reason that sensation and has to do only with particulars whereas to is to perceive the secondary and dependent nature of particulars and thus that the faculty to particulars namely sensation ia a subordinate one of this indeed the theory n partly conscious for that less weight is given to particulars as such and a more or less distinct feeling that the point is what is common to all of them but its error consists in this tliat instead of seeing that the common principle must be the one itself under these various it sees in it only an accidental coincidence of certain attributes to be got at by the other attributes instead of a common principle therefore we have as many as there are attributes by the understanding it is thus a system of we hear various that of for instance or blamed for their by writers of this school but the of all is the for it i great principle is abstraction and its results are abstract attributes v it seeks again to by them to fancied the existence of which it does not always even pretend to believe and can in no instance show where do we find such a string of as in the modern english their philosophy par excellence f la and tlie rest any one ever seen these so far from it that it is not pretended that tliey are things at all yet a separate existence is given to them and they are supposed to be induced upon or imparted to matter now to the philosophy if consistent is no that is has not material existence is hence the of c in which qualities arc supposed to exist yet to matter that is to exist and not exist at the same time thus for instance it was formerly fancied by that u communication must take place by means of a and accordingly they up for the occasion not only the but through tlie nerves for it to run in but the es found to be solid and meanwhile offering itself as a | 37 |
yet more convenient was proposed instead so the great of force which is nothing else but abstract motion or action the s march it would be e r to out in this s in to all knowledge from and yet building theories upon where ire impossible or at least have been made but the point of interest that these errors are not accidental or at random but show a progress of the system itself beyond its own principles that it and thereby the term is n used by persons of this way of thinking as equivalent to or m or misty which is supposed to be the same thing and as a pretence of human to accomplish what is beyond their sphere but this again can apply nowhere so well as to the system itself for this is precisely its portion it has got so far ae to feel that the reality it seeks is not the phenomenon bat no reality except matter it does not get beyond this negative conception of matter matter that is from which all attributes are abstracted thus it makes reality an abstraction and at the same time speaks of it as and present to experience it may be worth while shortly to describe the process gone through by the theory were pure realities one act would be as in science as a thousand all that we can learn at all we could learn at once and there would be no need of but every one feels that in every fact there is much that is accidental and belongs to the particular circumstances of its appearance if every fact were a pure reality then a five legged calf would be a new species this however was never imagined unless by a child or a savage men with very little aid of science come unconsciously to the notion of a ti pe that is a universal form to which phenomena ought but sometimes do not an ideal standard is established that is the reality of the thing is declared to be outside of it and not attained in any one thing though all aim and tend it but each more or less wide of the mark this is the true sense of which is nothing else than the attempt to discover the reality in phenomena but this establishing of a type is nevertheless directly contrary to the with which the theory begins namely that is equivalent to matter for here a distinction is made between the th and its reality the system common sense nothing of these distinctions to it the world is a and reality a calf with a leg or two more or less does not puzzle the he is used indeed to see with four legs and is thus at first with the novelty but he knows no reason why if it pleased god they should not have twenty legs as well as four and if the birth of a five calf should happen half a dozen times would bo quite reconciled to it and think no more of the matter that is his are he is content with his immediate experience and his being merely instinctive and not a matter of reflection is readily modified instinctively he makes a distinction between and reality matter and form so that degrees of connection between them and thus different degrees of reality are recognized and acted upon in practice though not in theory as the mind is further developed it becomes by degrees conscious of this distinction and re upon it the of the material world become the object of interest and the question arises whether these laws are invariable the answer is that the law invariably acts but from various the effect does not always follow cf importance is thus given to the law the general form and less to the particular case the subject matter in which the law is manifested thus the distinction before instinctively made is now recognized also matter and law are separate ae form and substance and come together only in the ti in which the law is completely embodied and the body completely obedient to the law this is a great step for here reality is placed in the coincidence of matter and law that is they are declared to be really identical and where they do not completely there must bo here however the theory becomes or rather to adopt s distinction tr ce the notion of type that matter is not equivalent to reality that is that the assumption is mr mill accordingly this notion others as mr philosophy of admit it but the main point is admitted by all since otherwise could not go on but though they hold fast to the new view they do not let go the one a contradiction thus arises reality is outside of matter and yet is identical with it it is therefore both identical and not identical that is it is partly identical material objects them are no ii the system march partly real and j unreal these sides are to be separated the phenomenon is to be split in and the one half retained the other thrown away this is the actual position of tlie theory here however it is to be remarked that the two sides are merely declared so that if we fix a to be reality b must be but it does not appear by what authority one is preferred to the other that is why b not as well be and a in whatever way we establish it some one else may choose to reverse their relative positions to declare our cases typical and vice all then must be conventional we cannot affirm any identity between things but only it is necessary therefore to find some principle of between these but as they are of themselves mere there is either no such | 37 |
also rests the right of self government these principles it is true are as yet mostly matters of the instinct and not of consciousness felt and acted upon but not understood thus few comprehend or would acknowledge the truths their faith and rests upon bo in the theory of government the of self have the argument mostly on their side in england land germany for example there is no end to triumphant that this country is in and license the newspaper from month to month ever w had a separate existence have the announcement we on the spot however failing to be convinced theory also must sooner or later come to the same level and meanwhile must show itself to bo behind the age in not being able to comprehend or explain historical which are no longer to be overlooked or denied history is progress in the consciousness of freedom freedom however is the unity of the law with the inward or the idea thus a free man is not from without but the law of conscience the first of this consciousness we see in the in and government having no merely instinctive side but requiring throughout the consciousness must be reached last thus the system as we have seen more or less distinctly that reality or truth can exist only in the unity of matter and law these however are not of themselves united but and we cannot discover any of union between if we resort to a third principle by way of this is not only an proceeding but moreover does not at ail remove the difficulty since the union being outward merely the opposition apart from the temporary of the principle as before knowledge requires not only connection but unity of these it is not enough that matter should obey a law it must be its law else we could not for it would not follow that because any thing is true to day it will therefore be true to morrow as we have not the third principle within our power in other words as we do not know through s mind but through our own we know at most only single of its action and not its law nor can we how it will act in future either the knowledge is impossible or else these are only opposed but in united of themselves without the of any other principle education of the people march law is not then an outward form impressed upon matter but its idea the same reform is thus necessary in philosophy which we have seen its appearance in religion morals and government and the demands made on the science from without with the inward which it is driven to make of itself art m document no reports of the annual of the schools of the of boston boston vo and annual of the board of education together with the annual report of tjie secretary of the board boston o and ix in the wide sense of the word is the harmonious development of all the natural of man of the body of the mind conscience affections will and religious sentiment the general means to that end are the world of matter and the world of men leaving the former out of the latter may be considered imder four several forms as so many forces which influence the development of the rising generation m this country there is i the political action of the people represented by the state ii the material action of the people represented by business iii the literary and scientific action of the people represented by the press iv the action of the people represented by the churches now these four the state business the press and the churches are the great forces wliich most affect the intellectual and moral development of the people the original tendency of each generation as it rises this is so m the very nature of man and the constitution of society of the but subordinate to these general forces there are likewise special institutions whose design is to prepare the child and put him in communication with these general influences tlie more completely they do that the more completely are commonly thought to do their work and for this purpose schools and have mainly heen established to put the youth in connection with these forces and thus enable him to do the duties and receive the instruction which the state business the press and the churches may demand or afford him he who has learned to read to write and to calculate has got of the three most important tools or and by the use thereof receives the aid of these great general he who also a foreign language letting alone other advantages of that study may thereby receive the instruction which the state business press and churches of another land have likewise to offer him were these great and general forces of a higher or a lower character than now with us their influence would be modified accordingly it is the duty of a wise to appreciate the kind and degree of influence ih forces actually exert on the young and act with or against it as the case may require the state by its actions may teach men to reverence the right or only the power of armies and commerce business of the nation may teach respect for honesty and manly usefulness or only the of the dollar the press may direct men to justice truth and may fill them with noble ideas and sentiments or teach them to be mean and little taking public as their standard the churches may men to love and to love man as the objects of ideal or practical affection or they may teach men to with public sins to believe a lie and for a pretence make long prayers affecting a belief in all manner | 37 |
of and it is the duty of such as direct the public education of the people to understand the character and influence of all these it will be hard work for the teacher to make his pupil ascend though by their pro m r motion while these forces are to drive him down but when these forces act in the right direction it is difficult for the youth to go wrong however it is not our task at present to these forces and what they actually teach in america at this day what good they promise ill they threaten j education of the people march for the future we rather to look at the institutions for the education of the people whose aim ib to furnish the youth of our with the of after a nation has provided for the common material wants of protection food shelter clothing and the like the most important work is to the rising generation to do this is not merely a duty which the father owes to his own child but wliich society in virtue of its eminent owes to every bom in its the right of the state to control alike person and property is continually set forth till it often comes to be considered as superior to reason and conscience but the duty of the state to watch over the culture of its children is too often forgot but this duty is the right and both grow out of the relation of which the state holds over the individuals that compose it it has always been acknowledged that society owes to each subject to its power in the ages of social existence it is felt to be the duty of the state to protect as far as possible the lives of its citizens from the violence of a public enemy from abroad or a private enemy at home next it becomes i as a natural duty to protect also the property of each man as well as his person then the state admits its obligation to aid all its citizens or subjects in their religious culture and so in some or other for the public worship of the god of the state is no government in which does not admit all these obligations all have c t a li lied armies and churches with their appropriate furniture to protect the persons and property of their subjects and do something to advance their religious culture at a period of social considerably more advanced the state first admits it is a public duty of the sovereign power to defend a man from want and save him from starvation not only in times of famine and war but in the ordinary state of things at a period of progress still more recent it is also recognized as a duty to look after the education of all the children of the state this duty rests on the same foundation with the others at this day it is admitted by all that each citizen has a right to claim of his state protection for property and person food enough likewise to keep him from on condition that he j education of the people what ho can to protect himself in new england and most of tho states of the world it is also admitted that each child has a right likewise to claim of the slate an opportunity of acquiring the of education but how far ought tho state to carry education which is to be placed within the reach of all the answer to this question we will attempt to give in another part of this article only here that in a people the point of education b rising what was once the of hope one day becomes the of in new england it long been admitted in practice though not proclaimed in our theories that the state owes each child in it a chance to obtain the average education far as schools can secure that our scheme of public education of the people is one of the most original things in america in literature and science america has hitherto shown little invention and has achieved little worth in business the nation is eminently and in politics we are the most original of nations both in respect of ideas and the forms in which tliey become actual with these exceptions the new england scheme of public tion now extended over most of the free states is the moat original thing which america has produced take new england as a whole with the states which have descended from her her public free schools are the noblest monument of the character of the people of their industry their foresight their vigorous and manhood new england been for her ships her roads of earth and iron her her towns and her shops she has often looked with pride on her churches once tho of such piety and long the of civil freedom in the new world bat she has far more reason to be proud if aught human may be proud of her common schools these are more honorable to her head and heart even the great political and legal institutions which have gi own around them and above them but always out of tho same soil is the government of all the for tho sake of all the citizens and by means of them all of course it only on condition that it is itself conducted by tlie eternal laws of justice which man has not made but only found made otherwise it will not be for tho sake of all bat hostile to the welfare of some such a is of course i education of the march only an ideal as yet but the sentiments of e j of new england and her states are her ideas are her institutions in the main all tending towards that ideal | 37 |
vow there be slaves in new england not black slaves alone but white freedom would be in few hands in few hands in few hands power in few hands comfort and virtue in few hands new england might then be the heaven of the rich and the noble the of the wise and the good but the hell of the poor and the weak if there had never been any public schools for girls in new england then the majority of women would have had the of ignorance they would be the slaves of tlie men not their companions the hardest and most work in the streets the and the would be performed by the hands of sisters wives mothers woman would be the victim of lust of of every crime trod down the dust hut f oi still the foot the other hand if the public schools could have been better could have been as good and well attended in as now new would have gained perhaps at the least fifty years where would have been the the education of tjie people the crime which now prey ou society wc should l ot need so many and five thousand of the police in we should not have a nation with bo little shame and so much to be ashamed of a press so corrupt and business would be marked bv an activity and yet greater and by its morals the churches be far other than what now they are the amount of intelligent activity might be what it is now and that activity would itself in al of human concern in a morality comfort order and welfare in general there are several causes which prevent the common schools from doing the service which is needed of them we w mention only the two chief all tlie children from five to sixteen do not attend regularly from a fourth to a third part arc always absent mr of this as an enormous loss the most and community in the world here plays the and prodigal the state can do little directly to repair this evil to make attendance would be inconsistent with the spirit of american and perhaps productive of httle good teachers school and uie clergy can doubtless do much to check this the next cause is found in the inferior character of the teachers employed far be it from us to find fault with these persons there is no class in the community for whom we feel b more profound respect or regard with a deeper sympathy madam said dr johnson to a lady who grumbled about her madam you cannot expect all the celestial vii for three shillings a week eminent ability does not naturally flow towards the master s desk in the common schools take two thou sand five hundred of the men of most marked for general ability and probably not ten of them be found among the teachers of schools in that certainly not seeking there a permanent resting place there is no honor connected with the calling the pay is miserably little rewards her teachers better we think than any other state but on the average after the expense of board pays the male teacher less than twenty five dollars a month and the female but eight dollars and seven cents in it is hut twelve dollars a month for and four dollars and seventy five cents for females g education of the people march the celestial virtues are seldom to be liad so cheap such a is not likely to attract men of superior energy they will flee from a calling which can offer no but the vow of poverty men of inferior ability have hitherto to fit themselves for the duties of a teacher indeed there have been no means hitherto placed within reach there have long been for the training of lawyers and soldiers lately none for the education of teachers there are even now few good works treating either of the art or the science of teaching is no college we think in ttie united states in which are given on this art or science it is necessary for every parent to practise the art and to understand it belongs to the very profession of the teacher the normal schools have already done something to remedy tliis evil teachers lectures by men the production of books treating of the art and science of will also do good but all this will not reach the root of the evil may always he found to go on the forlorn hope of humanity but no state ever on a whole army of to man its and its to form the rank and file of the very a more argument must he resorted to than the hope of eternal rewards in heaven superior talent will always bo attracted towards wealth and social rank in no country more certainly than m america a minister waa once sure of a competent support for his natural life sure also of a high social rank then men of masculine and superior culture to that calling and did it honor representing the superior thought of the nation circumstances changing the minister s salary becoming uncertain in its continuance or comparatively small his social rank in far less that masculine ability aiid superior culture seek other channels of usefulness and only by exception flow through the pulpit then to the amazement and consternation of the church long to the drowsy of an stream now it is entirely in the power of the people to command superior talent cultivation and skill solely by paying its price some men are born with a genius for teaching many with a talent for it offer a pay and they will come and the results will appear in the character of the next generation it is not difficult for to obtain men of fine and | 37 |
the normal schools which already have done so much to advance the education of the people such schools should provide for the youth of both sexes originally the public schools of new england were open only to the boys the hebrew notion has long prevailed that man was created for hia own sake woman only for man s sake because it was not good that the man should be alone she has been considered as inferior to man and therefore not entitled to any considerable culture this barbarous notion still as proof of which wc need only look at the one hundred and nine in the united states and ask wliat provision has been made for the superior education of young women boston has done much for the education of her children and thereby been distinguished above the cities of the western or the eastern world her latin and english high would be an ornament and to any city in the world but even in boston there are no public schools for girls at all corresponding to those excellent institutions for bo why not perhaps nothing would give so direct and powerful an impulse to popular education in new england as the establishment of free schools for girls in boston to the latin and english high schools for boys rich men can give their daughters a culture some of them will a it at any cost but nine of the girls must depend on the public alone there is no reason in the nature of no u of the people march things or the duty of the state to its citizens why superior education should be confined to the sex in the higher and the first class of the grammar schools few boys are found from the ranks of the people services are so valuable their parents will not allow the boy to attend school now to man of small means the daughter s time is not worth so much as the son s she therefore could attend school much longer were there any superior school for her to attend such too is the demand for active young men and the general hurry of the times that young men rush from the schools and into active life long before they are prepared young women less needed in active life finding indeed few to fill could remain longer at school and would gain a superior culture in such schools there would come many daughters out of the portion of the people and getting well educated they would become the mothers of men of no humble would an influence wherever they were and that class which is now a and a reproach to the young further still the presence of a body of highly educated young women would the other sex more than any amount of appeals from the press or the pulpit a coarse and ignorant young man and conceited his head filled with nothing better than newspapers and play bills who thought as nature a he hates nothing much as to be found inferior to the women he constantly meets while the majority of women have a very inferior culture their heads even more furnished than the young men s while they are ignorant incapable of all serious thought even of attention enough to understand a common lecture and report it faithfully it is no wonder that men who have a better culture though still coarse and ignorant conceited and should think woman inferior when such men meet a woman of really superior culture they only mock and call names looking on her as a curiosity almost as a monster were there many such women were the m of women of such a character our ignorant young man finding himself in a would become ashamed would give over calling names and finding that his boasted superiority of nature made him ridiculous would himself to culture of his better and would end by becoming thing of a man of the people it need not be the expense of not be afforded for all experience of public education shows that it costs less to the whole at public to the select portions who now occupy the we think it could soon be shown that the sums now paid for tiie education of two or three hundred young women at private schools in boston would more than suffice for the superior education of the thousand who would avail themselves of such an education were it possible were a thousand young women furnished with the best culture which this age could rd scattered about m society as wives and mothers it is easy to see the change which would soon effect in a sin e generation nay it is not ear to see all the change they would effect their influence soon appear in the churches in tiie newspapers the theatres in all our literature yes in tiie state itself and produce effects by no means anticipated now the establishment of such an would in a very few years double the number of per who have a superior education and every such woman is not only an ornament bat a blessing to society to crown the whole system of public education a public college would seem necessary founded by the state watched over by the state and by the state preserved from all and influence a college with and lectures open to all were able to understand their use our scheme of public education is exceedingly until this also is established at present many young men of superior talent are from a generous education by their inability to meet the expenses of a college course suffer for lack of culture and society suffers for lack of their services inferior men but bom of parents or more fortunate obtain the culture and occupy the more elevated poets of society which can only be filled | 37 |
by men bom with superior gifts not less than bred everywhere we see signs that a e public college is needed and desired amongst them are the rise of e which only express e want which t ey cannot satisfy uie numerous and courses of lectures the library association the of and the like m boston it would be easy for any of the free states to such a public in one of its principal cities offering instruction to all of the people march who pass such an examination as would show they were capable of the instruction offered we will not go into the details of such a scheme wishing only to invite public attention to the subject such would soon a large body of men with a superior education and free us from one of the troubles of american society professional men ignorant of their profession lawyers doctors ministers whom it would be flattery to call half educated but who are yet not to be blamed having all the culture they could get still more it would a education amongst all classes of society and the advantages of that we have not time to point out it is no mean reproach to us that the the and the french have done far more for the education of the people than we have thought proper even to attempt has taken the lead in many important movements of the nation we wish she would set the example of a public college j for surely no state is so competent for various reasons to make the experiment and perhaps none so much feels the need of it every man of superior education so far as that goes is a blessing to society not less than an ornament he gives dignity and honor to his calling not it to him he may sit on the bench of a judge or on the bench of a be an or a man that is of small account his thought his wisdom his character do their work in society as now go we get rich faster than we get intelligent and as a nation deserve the reproach of being material and vulgar said in his day the mass of laboring people should not he of a character too elevated a government demands for all the best education which it possible for all to receive the superior education of as many as possible in all the large towns of men and women have associated together established and secured to themselves courses of lectures every winter this movement shows the want of something more than schools and churches have hitherto afforded the effect of these with their lectures is excellent in many ways intellectual moral and social but as yet little is accomplished by them in comparison with what easily be done no system is pursued by such institutions lectures come after one another without order there is no sufficient body of men well trained for the business of popular brilliant t of the people d men serve for an hour s amusement but fail of the great work which waits to be done it seems us that the of several towns might combine together and have regular and s courses of lectures delivered in each by the same person in this manner men of and suitable education might easily be well paid for the labor of preparing valuable lectures and the people receive the advantage of instruction from the best minds in the land the business of a popular might soon become as important as that of a judge his social rank as high and his salary still more in this manner some of the best talent of die state might b applied to its most appropriate work the of the people lectures might be delivered of the facts of nature or science in its various the facts of man his history literature laws and e like lectures on facts and lectures also on ideas a few years ago in boston one of her sons founded an for the better education of the people by means of and thereby did a greater service to that town as we than any american has ever done to his native place in its large sense is the greatest charity which can bestowed on a town or a city we refer to the its usefulness is now only beginning there the services of some of the moat able men of america and of europe have been wisely obtained for the purpose of the people the experience of that shows that superior talent and culture can easily be commanded for this great work whenever the pecuniary means are provided a combination of numerous though poor can secure the services of men of superior ability for their as soon as they will the apparatus most important education is men able men the influence of lectures e of and at the of at the various and elsewhere it is not easy calculate not only o those men give positive but tliey all their hearers to desire a yet nobler culture and suggest the intellectual and other by which it may bo won in new england there is no public or even social amusement recognized as such the old and barbarous sport of military has long been and is now ous the amusement of getting drunk is rather old though still the only of the wretched is not j education of the people march to revive amongst intelligent or even merely respectable men politics and may serve for awhile in place of amusement for the men that for the women but they will not do the work this absence of amusement and the somewhat character with which america has been reproached render it the more desirable that and public lectures should be provided to meet numerous wants and while they cultivate the mind cultivate also social feel amongst | 37 |
all public also will powerfully this work we there is not a public library in any large to vn in united states a library to all have access the land is full of books valuable l even are now becoming more and more common true the yellow literature the literary that is about at the a low taste in the and of such miserable productions the school books in most common use we regret to say are poor and low such as relate to science often poorly constructed and devoid alike of scientific principles and scientific method it is commonly thought that an ignorant man write for the ignorant if he wishes to keep them so he ha better but the most skilful are needed by the men still spite of the increase of these works and the spread of that yellow fever of literature the taste for really valuable books has increased with astonishing rapidity the want of public in most of our large towns b beginning to be felt the establishment of social arc not so often merely domestic as heretofore of district school the of the various associations and the like is only an indication of the want not adequate provision to meet it it is a remarkable fact that in the city of paris there are more books thrown open to the public every day than are contained in all the college and state of this country there we have seen with republican and christian delight a professor from the and a in his of blue cotton sitting at the same table gently studying works which neither of them perhaps could afford to own we are glad to learn while writing these pages that are making in boston to found such a library the generosity of the wealthy men of that city is well wn and seems to have almost no limit but we think education of people their wealth has seldom been directed to a nobler object than work of the people the scientific school in the university at cambridge recently will doubtless afford valuable in e solid education of the people a want has long been felt of some institution which should afford a culture somewhat different from that of our better not less severe and scientific but more so if possible only less and we see it suggested by the distinguished president of university that something is perhaps to be done with a view to the formation of accomplished teachers for classical schools and and hope that some provision may soon be made there or elsewhere for instruction in the science of education what the call apart from the art of teaching there is a science of education as distinct from the practical business of instruction as is from the art of surveying land or making an this also is a liberal science to be cultivated in part for itself as an end and therefore should have a in every liberal scheme of education as well as and but is a means also and will prove useful in practice as most men come at length to have the charge of forming and developing the characters of others at the most tender age committed to their care the english language is singularly deficient in works which treat of this subject though the is sufficiently rich at least so far as quantity is concerned we come now to speak though briefly of the works named at the head of our article no contains the reports of two sub of the boston school committee the first n tho report of the annual examination of the grammar department of the grammar and writing schools the second of the annual examination of the writing department of the grammar schools the first is a plain statement of the results of tlie examination of each particular school the reading in the divisions of the first class is pronounced admirable as that class is under the direction of the head masters but the three lower classes including more than four of all tlie children in the schools are under the care von te of the people march of subordinate teachers with much smaller and probably with inferior t the author mr g b thinks a considerable majority of all the children never reach the first class and therefore do not partake directly in the advantages of the best instruction provided for the schools some children have been two years in the grammar schools who yet have not advanced at all since they entered them something ought to be done to remedy this injustice there is a considerable deficiency in the e of the schools but in special there is a great want of there are not two thousand volumes m all the grammar schools in the city the author thinks should be provided tliat the study of should be introduced into all the schools as soon as possible and also that the art of drawing should likewise be taught in all and in the schools for boys the report also the want of schools for ignorant a want deeply felt and now but imperfectly supplied by the benevolence of a few private persons many ignorant foreigners come yearly amongst us many also from places in new and where there are no schools accessible who cannot even read it is hard to leave these men to the irregular care of private benevolence which already finds more than enough to do it is unjust to neglect them leaving them in their ignorance the little which would be required to establish such schools would perhaps be a gain to the city in the end the report of the other committee is a literary curiosity a document so ill written we have seldom seen and know not which is the more remarkable the confusion of thought or of speech speaking of the school the author says the teacher has had | 37 |
no apparatus to illustrate or interest the pupils in in the school he says no permitted books are used the tenth question in l laid before the pupils at the examination was as follows j the north pole of the earth and the north pole in the same part of the earth s surface but we forbear from giving any more specimens of the of the report the committee recommend as it seems to us very justly that plain sewing should be taught in all the girls schools to some this will doubtless seem a trifling matter while in reality it is one of great importance but the committee also recommend that and should be in the writing schools that boys should be of the people educated only by men and tliat should be distributed to the most excellent scholars we trust tlie city will take three steps backward in compliance these suggestions we wish the boston examining committee had recommended the appointment of a general of all the in the city to look after teachers and both the school from their very nature can at l e fc do their work but imperfectly n their reports show it would be easy for each town with ten to a of public schools who should make it his whole business to look after their welfare and we think that in a few years most beautiful results would follow the school have seldom much time to devote to their work they are yet more rarely men who understand tlie science or the art of education so well as the teachers themselves the result is that the teachers become adopt methods of instruction or attempt to teach with no method at all and much of the time of the children and the money of the people is thereby wasted no contains a large amount of valuable information and important suggestions offered by tho secretary of the board of education his report will doubtless be and therefore we say but little of its contents the most important part is the section which treats of the power of common schools to redeem the state from social ice and crimes thinks that more than half of the bodily and disease of tlie pains and of sickness of all of death before the ago of seventy years are the consequence of sheer ignorance and therefore can easily be avoided he gives the testimony of eight distinguished friends of popular education all of them believing in the natural of the human heart to show that the common schools may be made to cl ninety nine of all the vices and crimes under which society now and the crowning beauty of the whole is he continues that christian men of every faith may cordially unite in carrying forward the work of reform however various may bo their opinions as to the cause which has made that work necessary just as all good citizens may unite in a though there may be a hundred conflicting opinions ae to the means or the men that kindled it he thinks the most generous public education is the best economy for the state what is in tho of i of the people crime in each generation would build a palace of more splendor in school district in the land would it with a library beyond the ability of a lifetime to read would supply it apparatus and for the of every study and the of every art and the services of a teacher worthy to in such a of intelligence and lie the cost of war and its preparations with the cost of education since the organization of the government in the expense of our military and naval and in round number is two of our ships of the line have cost more than s cm the value of the arms accumulated at one time at the in in this stale was the military academy at west point has cost more than in our town meetings and in our school district meetings wealthy and men oppose the grant of for a school library and of for both library and apparatus while at west point they spend sm in a single lesson at firing ami the government keeps a hundred horses and and to take care of them indispensable part of the ap of the academy the pupils at our normal schools who are preparing to become teachers must maintain themselves the at the academy receive a month during their entire term a h a compensation for being educated at the public expense adding and to wages and i suppose the cost of a common foot soldier in the army cannot be less than a year the average cost of female teachers for the public schools of last year was only a month of board or at a wliich would give for the year but the average length of the schools was but eight months so that the cost of two common soldiers is nearly that of female teachers the annual salary of a colonel of in the united states army is of a general of a major general that of a captain of a ship of the line when in service and even when off duty it is there are but seven towns in where any teacher of a public school receives so high a salary as and in four of these towns one teacher only receives this sum he might have added that the annual coat of a single ment of in the united states service is more than greater than the annual cost of the public education of the people of there are now ia education of ike people ben ice three such ro ments yearly a sum greater than the cost of all the of new england no boy can waste hia cake and have it too it being proved if all our children were to be brought under | 37 |
the influences of such teachers as the state can supply from the age of four years to that of sixteen and for ten in each year that ninety nine in every hundred of can be rescued from from falsehood from from violence and and reared to the performance of all ihe duties and to ihe practice of all the and of domestic mid social life made of ihe common of from it this being proved i witli deference submit to tlie board and through them to the and to my fellow citizens at large that every is in an sense tc u can not both spare and his children for school for uie entire period above and that while he remains thus poor it is not only the dictate of generosity and christianity but it is the wisest policy and too to supply from the public or slate or both whatever means may be wanted to make certain so glorious an end these principles and this practice the divine doctrines of christianity have always pointed at and a civilization has now brought us into to them how is it that we can call a man poor because his bo ly is and not because his highest and have been frozen up within him in one and perpetual winter from his birth hunger does not the of the body half so much as ignorance of the mind no wound upon the limbs or of vital organs is a part so terrible us those of the soul tliat its highest happiness and defeat the end for which it was created we should not perform our duty did we omit all mention of the movements recently made in this state for the improvement of popular education the condition of our public schools in and for some years previous is well known tlie state loss than for purposes there were no public for teachers many of the teachers themselves were to a degree almost exceeding belief little interest was felt in the public education of the people either by the mass of men or the classes most favored with culture and with wealth the natural of society a few noble men generously feeling for the common good of mankind formed the brilliant exception to the of the people march general and melancholy rule by the efforts of a few men the board of education waa established in at that time was president of the with a fair prospect of advancing in his political career he had abundant talents good men of all parties gave him their confidence he was also a lawyer with a reputation rapidly increasing and a professional income of about a year some one was needed to take the office of secretary of the board of education and toil for the common good of the people of accepted that post he gave up his chance of political so dazzling to the greedy for noisy fame gave up his profession with the certainty of wealth which it offered he secretary of the board of education with a pitiful salary of fifteen hundred a year and tlie chance tliat even that would be reduced one half by a vote of the in a year or two he knew he must toil far harder than ever before and that too with the of being abused by each and a sleepy of hia work j by every who could get up the insane cry of expense and talk of the folly of paying fifteen hundred for a man to look after the common schools yes by every from to who feared nothing so much as education wide spread amongst the people such was the prospect many thought him a fool for taking the office and some said so but one good man soaring far above the heads of his thanked him for his heroism and him god speed that man long since ceased to be mortal and needs no praise of ours a single guess would solve the mystery it was dr the ends which could so easily have been foreseen soon came to pass the penny wisdom of the state was appealed to by the pound foolishness thereof and the talk was of the expense the great cost of the board of education fifteen hundred dollars in one year actually paid to the secretary truly the was in danger the also took their turn attacking the board and its secretary not with success but not without effect were to their craft and raised the old cry of and church in danger till the land rung again but if the ears of the people at that cry wo think other ears also at the retort and echo loud and long education of the people political and were excited and widely dark sinister and de were and they worked longer and more for working beneath the surface even the or a part of them joined also in the battle excited we know not whence or how and fought with if not with science and with skill even now we fear the battle is not over the normal schools got established a single man thereby doing much for education that greatest charity much in public though as green a growth still unseen of that same stream of private flowing towards the same end by means of this movement by the board of education by the normal schools and still more as we think by the able efforts of the secretary matters are rapidly getting mended the education of the people goes rapidly and yet more certainly arc losing their influence their power but it is getting light when the day wild beasts lie down in their and and are not seen nor heard if we were asked for tlie man who in the last ten years done the greatest service to his state we should not | 37 |
the being who made the promise other promises likewise arc made hb are to possess tho territory of ten distinct tribes or nations all the land from tho to it when the miraculous child is born god commands the to the born son but the offering is prevented the sou grows up to manhood a wife must be found for him but she must not be a woman of ordinary descent coming from the nations of his own neighbourhood she must come from the classic and distant land whence himself had must be of the same as her husband so the daughter of a and conspicuous man is foimd and becomes the wife of u special care of tho son not loss than of the bears two sons and jacob one of these jacob is tlie of hebrew race lie is the younger of the two but for a trifle the ts of the first m hfe the ss from his elder brother and gains in i a blessing firom his father which for ever upon mm and his posterity all the that had promised to upon the children of jacob is thus represented as bom of most illustrious having a and august and is heir of the promises formerly made by god when he also grows up to manhood a wife must bo sought for him but not among the women of tho neighbourhood to keen the race pure and he must return to the native land of his and take a partner from the celebrated family which had already given to the world an a and a watches over jacob with the same of affection he had formerly bestowed on and lie visits jacob by night gives counsel by day him in the art of over reaching his wives father and that father against interfering to jacob are bom twelve sons and two daughters the family are the special objects of s care in this way a b made out which no ancient herald would find fault with the arc the noblest of ihe noble descended from the prime nobility of the earth it is true the character of jacob is base and treacherous when measured by the christian standard of times but in the estimation of the author of the narrative the characteristic vices of the were doubtless virtues and seem to be related as if in themselves praise had it otherwise to he probably would have represented as to punish jacob or to prevent the from descending to his posterity now as if this illustrious descent were not enough to the hebrew nation withal a corresponding and parallel effort is made to cast a cloud over the origin of the other races most immediately in contact with them many of them it is said are descended from ham tho second son of a person held in high veneration by many of the oriental races but it is said that ham committed an offence which demanded the on the part of hia father curses tho youngest son of ham the were the special objects of hatred to the in the early part of their history the latter conquered and gradually absorbed the territory of the former the inhabitants or thorn to bondage so the author of after relating the m march y march the crime of ham twice in a single paragraph the fact that is the son of hum the for his father s and the is repeated three times in a single paragraph thus according to the of one third of the human race are disgraced by the act of their ham his descendants are the numerous nations of descent in the south and west of asia and the north of africa the j and the but though the disgrace must bo shared equally by the children of ham yet the curse falls specially upon hia posterity taking the names from the common version of the old testament are the the the the the and the many others these are the with whom tie arc so often at war and who were unworthy to furnish wives for and jacob in language manners and institutions some of uie tribes were more closely allied to the than tlie aa it appears this fact must be for in the hebrew history and accordingly they are derived from hut they also are in their origin they arc not allowed to be descended from the honorable and bom wife of the but from a secondary wife or and also a slave in s family whom once drove out of doors on account of her in addition to this reproach is herself an egyptian woman and therefore disgraced by her descent from the infamous family of ham however after her from s household she returns bears a son called i and remains there until after the birth of till has nearly attained the age of as it appears then at the of the slave mother is turned out of doors and her son with her himself of the must not be a joint heir with nor inherit the land or tlie promises still as he also is s son he must have a blessing and become a nation but when posterity arc pains are taken to add that he was the son of a female slave and she an egyptian a therefore of the race of ham other kindred nations are also said to have been descended from but having for their mother only an obscure the woman whom author of the seeks to still more calling her by a bad name while he the origin of a hostile neighbour the or had likewise a strong national resemblance to tlie in many respects they therefore must be referred to the same they are descended from the t brother of jacob but had shown himself unworthy of his privilege of and had sold the | 37 |
promises upon the first bom thus the of the is disgraced at an early period of the family history but that is not enough against his parents consent a shameful taking two wives b of them descendants therefore of the infamous family of ham and still more of the most infamous of that family and of a special curse pains are taken to the descendants of this unfortunate marriage but wo need not follow the children of further than to show the and powerful enemies of the were traced back to tliat original there remain yet two other nations often at war with the the and the the moat intense national hatred appears to have existed between them and the descendants of jacob which continued long after the establishment of the to these nations so formidable and detested an origin yet more disgraceful is assigned they arc the children of lot and his own daughters the sons of and at tlie very beginning the birth of and is recorded the author diligently adds that they are the parents of the and thus the early and most important enemies of the are disposed of and referred to some original an ingenious man might put all these things together and considering also what nations are not thus might give a shrewd guess at the date of the book of itself the other four books of moses as they are called are not more precisely than the first equally and in the portions which relate to and marked by the same intense which is at times ferocious of the historical of the these and of the apparent mode in which it was composed we shall speak in a subsequent part of this article the hebrew march the book of is in many respects like ite it is full of and the book of judges ia less constructed than and free from the i spirit which that book but it is also and by no means a historical document on which any certain reliance can be the books of samuel and kings have a more and historical character all the outlines of the period tliey treat of are by the hand of writers state records seem to have been kept from the time of david downwards the seem often to have been in tlie of the authors of samuel kings and even the spirit is much diminished in its intensity but the of the work named at the be of this article treats of their character and we will presently give his opinion upon the subject aim is to write a political history of the but he treats also of their religious affairs for the whole value of hebrew history to us turns upon the hebrew religion to this end he uses the hebrew documents with the same critical freedom that and dr show in their treatment of the documents he does not scruple to point out the between the books of kings and nor to reject a statement which is absurd nor to set do vn a fiction under its appropriate name as we have to deal with human fortunes to us by the evidence of documents which bear plentiful marks of the mind and hand we dispense with a free and full criticism of these in wo have no choice but to proceed by those laws of aiid of reasoning which in all the have now received we advance from the known towards the unknown we assume that human nature is hke itself and interpret men of early ages by our more intimate knowledge of contemporary and recent times yet making allowance for the difference of circumstances much more do we that god is like himself and that whatever are his moral attributes now and his consequent judgment of conduct such were they then and at all times nor ought wo to question that the relations between the divine and the human mind are still ee de im the hebrew i i the same as ever until we find this obvious presumption utterly to fail in for the facts presented to our examination we explain all the phenomena by known causes in preference to unknown ones and when one after another is gradually to be cleared up by patient and a world of reality to itself before the mind is added to the grand princes of modem philosophy which experience proves alone to to self consistent results the author has not the common superstitious reverence for the bible and not take the letter to the christian spirit with he shows everywhere a large humane and christian spirit he is aware that his way of treating the hebrew documents is not usual with countrymen and says a render will meet here things which passed across but have been rejected under idea that if they were true ihey would surely be well known to t d hut let him be assured is not the same and ignorance concerning the old testament in the as in the english li the hebrew history has hitherto been nearly as a sealed book to u it is because all the and li of it are to thirty nine articles of assuming their it is not easy to conceive how little we might know of if from the revival of greek studies had been d with a view o the ideas of it current in the century but it is easy to assure ourselves that neither nor c could have produced their valuable works under such a until the strike off these from the it is mere hj in them to to a s in any question of rate x we dictate to the from their early youth what ihey are to believe and thereby deprive them of the power of bearing independent testimony to it in their mature true religion consists jn elevated notions of right affections and a pure towards but certainty not | 37 |
in the to a system of history those who religion are in ihe writer s belief as much in the dark i a those who place it in and outward but while utterly both these false and injurious representations lie desires his book to carry on its front his most intense tliat pure is the noblest the most blessed the most valuable of all god s countless gifts that a heart to fear and love is a possession sweeter the march than and than talents and that although the out ward form of held sacred hy good men is to be by the progress of knowledge yet iu their deeper essence there ia a spirit which wilt live more with the development of all that is most precious and glorious in man y vii this book must be regarded we think as the most valuable contribution ever made in the english language to our means of understanding that portion of hebrew history and the books which relate to it only two writers in the english tongue dr and dr ey so far as we know have ever treated the historical books of the old testament with the same freedom and courage mr has made a highly valuable contribution to the study of the old testament but as he starts with the assumption that has made itself responsible for the fact that the religion like itself proceeded immediately from god his critical and progress is by a conclusion the work before s is sufficiently learned but a little more copious reference to other writers would its value the author appears to be familiar with the works of the best german writers who have treated the subject even the most recent in writing a history he has written at the same time a good historical on the books of kings and and sheds light also on contemporary passages in the prophetic works lie with the most profound of modem critics that the five books of moses were written long after the time of david that the hebrew code of laws uke all others was formed part by part during a considerable period of time and that the establishment of the ia of later date than the itself he thinks the books of kings were during the exile and those of samuel a little earlier wo will not give an analysis of the whole work but only of parts which appear of most value the political aim of the hebrew institutions was to constitute a people of small independent land owners the most remarkable law was that which forbade the sale of land beyond the year of this was the law of which aimed directly to keep land in each family and therefore indirectly to prevent of large masses of landed property the of tht l c vol ii note d p ct the hebrew deal result was that no permanent aristocracy could exist but he admits that the law of rested on usage and feeling rather than on any or positive he thinks that samuel may be called a second moses that the results of his wore greater and his instructions more permanent than those of moses himself but we see not how can be unless he to samuel and not to moses the first introduction of the worship of one god to the nation the hebrew creed he was not in sense of denying the of other gods it rather degraded them into devils samuel preached against as john and john in and scotland preached against and foreign tyranny the brief dis on the is perhaps the best account of remarkable men in tho language with all their they were not free from various of they often worked themselves a religious frenzy in tho administration of samuel and during the of tho early kings there were two great parties in tho land one favored the exclusive worship of the other allowed also that of and other a sign or monument of each of their tendencies may be noticed in tho proper names of persons and places some are with jt some with others with or je for in the family of there is a singular mingling of these names but after his time the names derived from samuel and tho favored the party said s policy was to foster tho of foreign as a to the of the a parallel to the of david s treatment of the is found in the conduct of the american indians and other savage tribes his proceedings were not according to the his public and his private sins are not excused by this author but looked at with a clear cool human eye he says tlie involved in his murder of so his in the dust that rather pity and excuse admire him all the brilliancy alike of bis and of his piety is and cold minds bis of if wise and bold enough to open the monarch s conscience before the of wickedness bad swelled into a most happy might it have l een but the hebrew march we cannot wonder that it so very hard to rebuke a and david was not indeed an s an d or a saint louis yet was be one of tlie vulgar herd of kings the in which he indulged so must in part be laid to his weakness when we observe how restrained in on was hid nevertheless s a man he was and generous sympathetic and a king his j of religious persons was highly judicious and his whole de o character of importance to the best interests of his people and of mankind as a he taught a mutual confidence and common in their god and first elevated his countrymen into a ruling and race whose high place it was to for and teach the heathen around his career may serve to warn all who are wanting in depth | 37 |
of passion or enlarged knowledge of nature that those on whose conduct society has relaxed its wholesome are to be judged of by their partial of evil but by the of good which they habitually compared with the great of the educated nations of europe david s virtues and vices appear alike but among he a great man of his own posterity though several who were happily subjected to greater were far more consistent in there is none who more our interest and our love than the heroic and solomon built the temple from mingled motives of policy and piety the of the building tho of the j there three times a year led the people to there partly from curiosity partly for and iu part for religious thus a custom wa s established which helped the nation to this circumstance author attributes a good deal of the ity which had over in later times in solomon s time the strange awe of the dangerous ark appears to have ark was opened and in it were found neither the rod of which new tho golden pot of but only two tables of stone yet it is not certain that the successive high priests dared examine them and compare the inscription with the copy in their books the author finds a remarkable di the two copies of the which is uniformly overlooked by we give his version of a found in only that he has the first third and sixth i ki x the first e i no other god for a jealous ia a jealous god ii make thee no n od hi the t of bread shall thou keep and ite me but the ot thy sons thou redeem none shall appear before me empty iv six days shalt work but on the seventh day thou shalt rest in time and iu harvest thou halt rest second k v thou shall observe the feast of weeks the of e t and the feast of nt the year s end vi thrice in the year shall au your appear before the lord the god of vii shall not offer the blood of ray sacrifice with viii the sacrifice of the feast of the not be left to the r ix the first of the of the land shall thou bring into the house of thy god x thou shall not a kid iu his mother s milk during the latter part of solomon s reign through the influence of the party opposed to the of came again into favor and a popular prophet appealed to an eminent man for of the wrongs which the nation was suffering this was the beginning of the revolution which finally separated the kingdom but the pious design of the prophet wag by no means accomplished is painted in black colors by the hebrew and as our author thinks mainly because lie did not the the grand waa a one but the made no real opposition until the reign of the author relates tlie counter revolution which took place in favor of the party in which the descendants of were so by a tiger of a man such is the train of a message on both the hebrew a lime was the royal of and now likewise that of that writers can over such funeral events so to their own people is wonderful that men called christians can l with is still more melancholy for this i the of all ts to cruelly the march under the name of religion tliis lit up hell es in this ba unknown to this has even to the present age a confusion of mind too often leads those who are naturally mild and to inflict vexation and loss the professors of a rival creed until men learn that neither does nor ever did sanction such as commanded and executed they will never have a true into the heart of him who is the god of the pagan as well as of the jew p the account of the development of the is and valuable the j system was complete that of the was in its infancy the caste included the professional or learned men by frequent they became almost an hereditary caste and the idea of a tribe of priests descendants of gradually grew up then the regular priests became exclusive books were written by them or under their influence facts were suppressed or distorted to suit their purposes and made some books are thus strangely marked by a spirit t m appears eminently in and in the not to mention other books sometimes the priests furnished an important check to the of the this was particularly the case in and it is that in the as in the scotch the principle was too much in die there was and deep conviction noble ends proposed and self devotion to them but nothing of the of wisdom no gentleness and as to other men s equal rights and far too little to combine with b id men and commit their good cause to wicked the forty days fast of his journey to the solitary the wind the and the fire in which was not with the still small voice in which was found are a noble poem but sitting in and revealing the plans of s campaign and the which he speaks in his is far less dignified and reminds us of tales of magic when twice calls down fire from heaven and two bands of fifty soldiers sent to arrest him he is severe and terrible bat when curses a troop of young children in the name of and brings two bears out of the wood who forty two of them because they at bis bald head he ie ludicrous as well as savage who the of and after them in public j tjie hebrew trial of miracles the spectators to | 37 |
proud and heathen at length n of wisdom and rejoice to honor them wo thank the writer for hia hook and would gladly see it here but as its would not favor any we have no reason to to see it in an form and accordingly have boon thus in our from its pages a few works written with the industry learning and so ble in thia and above all marked by the same humane spirit of religion would do much to the christian world from the of superstition now resting on its bosom disturbing its sleep with ugly dreams yet at the same time forbidding it to awake so long as christianity is thought for so long will the letter of the old testament spirit of the new the bible will be appealed to for of slavery war and a thousand nations and so long likewise will the real spiritual beauty the hearty piety the manly which s so many a page of and prophet be lost to tlie the modem christian may say with the ancient greek give us light in the darkness only are we afraid ballad literature march art v the book of and romantic with y and notes by j s esq c london vo vi and vi and the origin of and ballad singers we shall for the present leave to the philosophical and for ourselves confess that we know not whether they claim their descent mm or neither will we undertake to observe the nice distinctions that have been made between and legends and the many other distinctions which have not yet been made but might easily be if any one would show a difference sufficient to afford a basis for such a distinction or even without that we take a ballad to be a of some human event real or pretended it may be a ballad of love or a ballad of war it may set forth the feelings of the author and so far be mainly in its character or only the feelings of the described in the poem and so be mainly in its character it may be long or short good or bad old or new to us in either case it may be a ballad we say all this lest it should be supposed from what follows that we are not aware of the distinctions above hinted at and which have been made by critics and who if not very wise were at least very nice on the contrary we are painfully aware of such distinctions and respectfully would notice such differences but at present we bid farewell to both and address us to the themselves understanding the word in the wide sense we have given to it however lot us narrow the a little so as not to include all the narrative y in the world and as a general rule the ballad is simple in the structure both of the plot and the language which has but a slight movement and in this particular as well as others it is distinguished from songs and yet other of poetry nobody doubts that the poem called chase is a ballad and we give the same name to those beautiful productions which mr has wrought out of the roman materials indeed he found the materials in almost in the form of though certainly rude in form and moving with foot we find in one form or another ia almost every ballad nation which hu any degree of social development they differ widely in form and not less widely in spirit taken as a whole they are valuable indications of the of the nations amongst whom they have been some have been made by regular artists and pieces of literary others have grown up amongst the people and are not so much the statues as they are children of the people the latter are of course the most ble of all as indications of national thought and feeling even though they have but inferior poetic merit they are the field flowers of poetry not so rare and exquisitely beautiful as the b ng of love of religion which spring up in a poetic people as the water lily and tiie fringed and by no means so nicely framed and off as e artistic of well bred poets tiie choice garden flowers and of the but yet like the the and the wild roses the monotony of the landscape and a certain to the common places of the world a collection of all the popular poems which are in the mouth of the people would pretty truly represent the of tiiat people at least at the time when they were collected the old greek spirit of the heroic age is reflected in the of the of poets as sharp and clear as the and their clouds in the lake of of a still summer day in the sombre of spain we find the the gloom and the fire of tiiat nation their love their patriotism and their jealous sense of personal honor obtain here perhaps the expression they have anywhere found in the national literature the of the race express not less fully the peculiar character of the the and the english had we space we would pause awhile over the popular poetry the of the continental portion of the race some specimens thereof from in the tenth century down to the song of the three kings of in the not the artistic of and the of the of the characteristic of the nation of their manly good sense their humanity not without a certain admiration of rough strength of coarse of gross eating and drinking there appears likewise that strong tendency to individual n which marks all the of the s people their delight in the man of nature as superior to the man of circumstances all distinction of is | 37 |
occasionally broken through sometimes in the most and impossible manner tliis characteristic appears in the blind beggar of green in king and the beggar m d which under the title of a song of a beggar and a king was old in s time for in the play says the world was very guilty of such a ballad three ages ago then there is a strong moral sense the english as indeed it appears in most songs of the people everywhere the popular loves to show how is baffled by simple wisdom and innocence proves too strong for crime thus the unnatural father in the well known ballad falls into trouble and is delivered by the son whom formerly he had poetical justice must be done on the unworthy guardian of the children in the wood and now the heavy wrath of god upon their uncle fell yea fearful did haunt his house his conscience felt an hell his were fired his goods consumed were barren made his cattle within the field and nothing with him stayed if a man is treated by the powerful and especially by the government the bard of the english people loves to tell how the innocent was rescued by force or the story of robin hood the three is of this character bold robin hood the forest all round the forest all round ranged he o then did he meet with a gay she came weeping along the highway why weep you why weep you bold robin he said she answers that she for her three sons for they are all condemned to die who it seems have not committed the most ordinary ballad m what have they done then said jolly come tell me most speedily o it is for killing the king s deer that they are all condemned to die get you home get you home said jolly robin you home most speedily and i will unto fair go for the sake of the all three then bold hood for goes for town goes he o there did he meet with a poor beggar man he came creeping along die highway what news what news thou old beggar man what news come tell unto me o there s weeping and wailing in town for the death of the all three this beggar man had a coat on his back twas neither green yellow nor red bold robin hood thought twas no disgrace to be in the beggar man s stead come pull off thy coat thou old beggar man and thou shalt put on mine and forty good shillings i ll give thee to boot besides brandy good beer ale and wine bold robin hood then unto came unto town came he o there did he meet with great master and likewise the all three one boon one boon says jolly robin one boon i beg on my knee that as for the death of these three their i may be soon granted soon granted says master soon granted unto thee and thou shalt have all their gay aye and all their white mon y oh i will have none of their gay nor none of their white money but have three on my horn that their to heaven may flee ballad literature march robin hood mounted the so high where he blew loud and shrill till an hundred and ten of robin hood s men came marching down the green bill whose men are these says master whose men are they tell unto o they are mine but none of thine and are come for the all three take them take says great master o them along with thee for there a never a man in fair do like of thee sometimes indeed this moral feeling which is sinks down into and is to the country of the bard sometimes it is bounded by men of his own humble rank in life but this seldom happens in such poetry except when war or oppression made wise men mad bringing out passions which are narrow and hateful notwithstanding the english so commonly scorn the authority of circumstances they yet the purely character of the english nation with the exception of these of the of life they contain scarce any thing which not its parallel in actual experience we look in vain for the signs of that more elevated so noticeable in poetry of some other nations the americans have produced but little poetry iu the simple form of little which among tie people and that little is destined to a speedy and burial as wo think hitherto circumstances have not favored the production of original literature with the perpetual exception of speeches and sermons which grow out of the daily wants of state and church they from their nature must ever be new england has always been the most literary part of america but the fathers of new england had a form of on or of perhaps the most that was ever developed on a scale so extensive was no poet he dwelt long on the lake of preaching within sight of and with the most beautiful scenery in the world spread out before him and yet so far as we remember there is not in sermon or letter a single to that won beauty wasted on his cold eye not a single ballad literature figure of speech ever is drawn from ihe scene before him the lake the or the sky his followers in had scarce more inclination to poetry than he men who are reflecting on the five points of election and the kindred or inwardly the assembly s would not be likely to write or to make they did well in allowing the nursery to be sung to children in not suffering unworthy to be wholly forgotten still further their outward circumstances were most un to the production | 37 |
of popular poetry songs and amongst the people they were struggling against poverty the wilderness the wild beasts and savage men not to mention the difficulties which came om the other side of the water thus stood the fathers of new england on the one side was starvation and destruction on the other and the indians laying in wait and ready to hasten the advance of both under such few men would incline to sing any thing very or besides to the common things had a certain of about and were thought scarce worthy of being sung would a man be merry he might indeed sing for there was a argument for his singing but it must be new is a proverb amongst nations we speak not of the so long drawn and so but of the substantial words which endure while the have long ago been hushed into express ve silence we give a verse from an old american version of the of david assuring our readers that it is no invention of ours but an original the race is not to them that do the run nor the to the that carries the longest gun of g there was no lack in new but that was not quite enough even for the the natural heart of man wanted something a uttle more some narrative of heroic events in a form slightly poetical with a of moral feeling and a minute of time place person and all particulars tim want was supplied so far as we can learn by the public prayers so abundantly made by the ey were as m ballad literature march the popular about as long it is said only the element was wanting and that was supplied we suppose by the of the orator or by the re of particular phrases as a sort of refrain or burden few men esteem the of new england more than we but we honor them for what they were not for what they were not not go much for their poetry as for their masculine character and faith in god we have seen many of the early american hut few of any merit new england ran to and practical life not to poetry even war which forced such music from the and the but from the stem men of america and that little poor of the which belong to the period there are few which are worth we a portion of one which seems to us the best its date is while i relate my story americans give ear of britain s fading glory you presently shall hear i give you ii true rt attend to what i say concerning the of north america the cruel lords of britain who glory in their shame the project they have lit on they joyfully proclaim tis what they re striving after our rights to take away and rob us of our in north america there are two mighty who in parliament who always have been seeking some to invent t w north and his father this horrid plan did lay a mighty tax to gather in north america lie search d the gloomy regions of the infernal pit to find among those one who d in wit to a k of him assistance or tell them how they may subdue without assistance this north america old satan the arch traitor resolved a voyage to take who rules upon the burning for the ocean he for away to he had no notion in north america he takes his seat in britain it wa his soul s intent great george s throne to sit on and rule the parliament his comrades were pursuing a way for to complete the ruin of north america n m he tried the art of magic to bring his schemes about at length the gloomy project he found out the plan was long in a way but lately was in north america these subtle arch address d the british court au three were of this there is a pleasant landscape that beyond the wide atlantic in north america there is a wealthy people who in that land their churches all with most delicately stand their houses like the are painted red and gay they flourish like the in north america their land with milk and honey continually doth flow the want of food or money they seldom ever know they heap up golden treasure they have no debts to pay they spend their time in pleasure in north america on fowls and fishes most frequently they dine with gold and silver dishes their tables always shine they crown their with butter they eat and rise to play in their ladies flutter in north america with gold and silver they do themselves adorn the deck their faces as the mom wine in their glasses they spend each happy day in merriment and dances in north america let not our suit you when we address your throne king this wealthy country and subjects are your own and you their sovereign they truly must obey you have a right to govern this america o king you ve heard the of what we now is it not just and equal to tax this wealthy the question being asked his majesty did say my subjects shall be in north america invested with a warrant my shall go the tenth of all their current they surely bestow if indulge rebellion or from my stray send my war to north rally all my forces by water and by land my light and horses shall go at my command bum town and city with smoke the day show no human pi for north america literature march go on my hearty soldiers you need not fear of there s on and functions will fulfil they tell such ample believe sure we may that | 37 |
one half of them are in north america mj gallant are ready to you o er the flood and in my cause be which is good go steal and plunder and you shall have the pr they quickly will knock under in north america the i have i never will although they are neglected my fury to provoke i will forbear to flatter i rule with mighty sway i take away the from north america o george you are distracted by sad experience find the you have are of the kind i ll make a and tell you by tlie way we fear not your oppression in north america our fathers were ed while in their land by were oppressed as i do understand i for freedom and religion they were resolved to stray and try the desert regions of north america heaven was their protector while on the roaring tide kind fortune their and providence their guide if i am not mistaken about the first of may this voyage was undertaken for north america to sail they were commanded about the hour of noon at shore they landed the of june the savages were with fear they fled away and they settled in north america we are their bold descendants for liberty we fight the claim to independence we challenge as our right t is what kind heaven gave us who can take away kind heaven too will save us in north america we never will knock under george we do not fear the rattling of your thunder nor lightning of your spear though you declare us we re strangers to dismay therefore you can t scare us in north america to what you have commanded we never will consent although your troops arc landed upon the continent we ll take our and and march in bright array and drive the british from north america literature we have a bold commander who fears not sword nor gun the second alexander his name is washington his men are all collected and ready for the to fight they are directed for north america the songs of are still fresh in the recollection of their authors no doubt and are pretty of what america has produced in the form of poetry for the people and besides valuable as specific signs of that period the work of mr named at the be of this article is intended to supply the want of a book containing all the good or at least all of the best in the language certainly the want has long been felt and remains still these volumes some pieces unworthy of a place in such a collection as it seems to us such as the story of john white s and the of the valuable are omitted to make way for them we miss and who would have thought it the grand old ballad of sir the of orders grey the relating to sweet william and ur margaret and even those about king arthur robin gray is likewise omitted the most valuable that he has inserted which are not in bands of lovers of ballad lore are the luck of robin conscience the king and a man the last which seems to be the original of a popular song a farmer there was in the west is supposed to have been written by one martin a celebrated author of we give some from it come to me all around and i will tell you a merry tale of a man that held some ground which was the king s land in a he was borne and bred thereupon and his father had dwelt there long before who kept a good house in that country and the from off his now this farm the good old man just twenty shillings did pay at length came death with his dart and this old farmer he did march who left him an wife then that troubled was with and with her she about for she was likewise and lame when that his were laid in the grave his eldest did the at the same rent as the father before he took great and thought no by him there dwelt a lawyer false that with his was not content but over the man still hang d his nose because he did gather the king s rent this by the lawyer s land which this had a mind unto the a good conscience had be in his that sought this man for to he told him he his lease had and that he must there no longer abide the king by such hath wrong done and for you the world is broad and wide the man pray d him for to cease and content if he would be willing and no in my lease and i will give ee forty shilling its neither forty shillings no forty pound warrant thee so can agree thee and me thou yield me thy so round and stand unto my the tenant sets off to carry the matter before the king he had a humble on his a i that was of gray with a good blue bonnet he thought it no to the king he is as fast as he may so he goes to london and thence to he the porter a penny and a nobleman a to introduce him to the king who is playing at yonder s the king said the nobleman behold fellow where he goes ballad literature s some the man that has lost his money and his how he hath a to his this i like not it hath him undone warrant that fellow in those gay he hath his and his won but when he came before the king the nobleman did his the man followed after him and gave a nod with his head and a with his knee if you be | 37 |
sir king then said the man as i can hardly you be here is a fellow that brought me hither is to be the king than ye i am the king his grace now fellow let me thy cause understand if you be sir a tenant of yours that was borne and within your there a lawyer hard by me and a fault in my lease he he hath found and all was for five ashes to build a house upon my ground hast thou a lease here said the king or thou to me the deed he put it into the king s hand said sir t is here if that you can read why what if i cannot said our king that which i cannot another may i have a boy of mine not seven old a will read you as swift as run i th highway lets see thy lease then said our king then from his he it oat he gave it into the king s hand with four or five knots ty d fast in a when the king had gotten these letters to read and found the truth was very so i warrant thee thou not thy lease if that thou five ashes o ballad literature march have an said oar king from troubling of thee be will cease either thee a good cause why or else let thee in peace have an attachment said our king charge all thou to take thy part till he pay thee an hundred pound be sure thou never let him start a me the man then you ken no whit what you now do say a won me a thousand times ere he such a of money will pay thou art hard a then said our king to please him with letters he was right willing i see you have taken great in writing with all my heart be give you a shilling he have none of thy shilling said our king man with thy money god give thee win he threw it into the king s the money lay cold next to his skin thy heart then said our king thou art a something too bold dost thou not see i am hot with the money next to my skin lies cold the king called up his and bad him fetch him twenty pound if ever thy here away be thy charges up and when the man saw the gold for to receive it he was willing if i had thought the had so gold my heart a kept my shilling the man got home next sunday the lawyer did him oh sir you have been a stranger long i from me you have kept you by it was for yon indeed said the man the matter to the king aa i have tell ballad i did as neighbours put it in my head and made a to the what a thou with the king said the lawyer could not neighbours and friends agree thee and me the a neighbour or friend that i had that would a bin a man as he he has gin me a letter but i know not what they t but if the king s words be true to me when you have read and it over i hope you will leave and let me be he has gin me another but i know not what t is but i charge yon all to hold him fast you that are learned this letter which presently made them all aghast then they did this letter the lawyer must pay him a hundred pound you see the king s letter the man did say and unto a post he straight way be bound then unto a post they tide him fast and all men did rate him in sort the lads and the and all the at him had great glee and sport he pay it he pay it the lawyer said the attachment i say it is good and you must something credit me till i home and fetch some credit nay it the king he if i got thee i should thee stay the lawyer him an hundred pound in ready money ere he went away would every lawyer were served thus from troubling men they would cease they d either show them a good cause why or else they d let them live in peace and i end my merry tale which the plain man s and the king s great m in writing his wrongs and the lawyer s fraud and mr has not inserted any songs in his volumes as most of have done we cannot forbear ballad march adding a little piece not so well known as it deserves to be called lore in m j bosom like a bee doth his sweet now with his wings he plays with me now with his feet within my eyes he makes his nest his bed within my tender breast my kisses are his daily feast but yet he me of my rest ah wanton will ye and when i sleep then he with pretty flight and makes his pillow on my knee the live long night i strike the harp he tunes the string he music plays if so i sing he gives me many a lovely thing but cruel he my heart doth sting wanton still ye here is a little piece by a german poet of the school not without merit we know not the name of the the last poet when will be poets weary and throw their away when will be sung and ended the old eternal lay when will your horn of plenty at last exhausted lie when every flower is gather d and every fountain dry as long as the sun s chariot rolls in the heavenly blue as long as human faces are with the view long as the | 37 |
cannot see it as a harmonious whole for so j er s appreciation of his own strength that he has in a single fallen below himself self command ia not the t in him the growth of the poem is as natural as its plan is original the gradual of the author in his subject till what was begun a song turns out a sermon the growing no ii short and march of the poet over the mere story a the higher relations of hie subject appeal to the faculty feels itself more and more are true to the intellect and the heart we know of no other man who could have mingled the purely poetical with the humorous in such entire sympathy aa nowhere to suggest even a u of but s humor ia peculiar to himself it is as refined as all the other parts of his mental constitution we were about to compare it with s it is as and simple but not so robust it has more of the polish of society it is like s and by the poetic it has none of hat which generally goes with it when it is the quality of the mind it is not a laugh but a quiet smile and a light in the it a delicate flower which we can perceive and enjoy but which escapes definition in short it is s if we take by itself any one of the little touches of humor scattered through the princess it will seem nothing extraordinary and we shall wonder whither its charm has flown so perfectly and dependent on each other are all parts of this delicious poem for art id like the invention of the arch each piece taken singly has no especial fitness the material is no than that of the doorway two upright blocks with a third laid across the top nor is the idea simple after we have once found it out we feel this book to be so true an expression of the its humor is so a part of him and leads up to or falls off from the and graver passages with so an that the whole poem would suffer by losing the least of it it out of the story as as it had entered at the moment when the interest becoming concentrated in the deeper to which the poem is naturally drawn it the progress of the poem is carried forward and its movement with the truest feeling and tact it is if some in a laughing had seated himself at the to for the entertainment of a few friends at first he is conscious of their pre h and hie run lightly over the keys bringing out of notes swayed hither and thither by the of the moment gradually he becomes absorbed in his own power and tliat of his the original theme le and less often till at last he quite away from it on the wings of his art one striking excellence of s poetry aa noticeable in the princess as elsewhere is its repose and there is nowhere the least exaggeration we are never distracted by the noise of the machinery no one beauty is so prominent as to divide the effect and to prevent our receiving the full arising from our of completeness the leading idea keeps all the rest in perfect he never gives us and too much with admirable instinct be always stops short where the reader s imagination may be sa trusted to suggest all the minor of a thought or a situation he gives all that is essential not all that he can he never bis invention with two images where one is enough and this self denial this entire of the author to his work has been in him from the first it marks the sincere artist and is worthy of all praise if some of his earlier poems were with of it was only the natural to a mind which felt itself to be peculiar and was too hasty in asserting its peculiarity before it had learned to clearly between the absolute and the accidental but he has long since worked himself dear of this defect and is now only a because he is a the profound and delicate conception of female character for which is distinguished and which from the nice structure of his we should expect to find in him is even more perfectly developed in the princess than hitherto it marks the wisdom of the man no less than the insight of the poet whatever any woman may think of the conclusions he arrives at she cannot help being grateful to the man who has drawn the lady and the design of the princess is novel the movement of tl poem is yet it is not of and milton but of the busy nineteenth century there are glimpses of contemporary manners and modes of thought and a question is argued though without upon the freedom of the story indeed it is the story itself wliich on the whole we consider this to be the and fullest expression of f which we have had the reader will find in it all the qualities for which he is admirable so blended and as to produce a greater breadth of effect than he has elsewhere achieved the familiarity of some passages while it is in strict keeping with the character he at the outset also the singer at last sure of his audience and on the readiness of their sympathies moral et education des et des en par paris de i les en c par e den und fur von dr gi during the and bloody of the french revolution when the human intellect was into a delirium short and notices march of and put forth its energies when gods struggled with many noble plans lor the of were proposed and partially tried but speedily failed in | 37 |
consequence of the death of their authors or were forgotten in the excitement of new and more brilliant schemes many of those however contained of vitality whit h can never perish and we them ing long years of neglect and in ess among these was the plan of the philosopher and physician tor teaching the e of this wild and strange creature in the human form who was caught in the woods furnished to the delighted of paris an opportunity of proving the truth of theory that man was originally savage and rose to civilization through long ages of painful in and they thought that an individual might all these transition stages and became at once a civilized being if he were properly instructed d undertook to train teach and this savage no one more capable of the task and his enthusiastic to the rapid of the drama of the revolution l tlie savage of yesterday would be a on the lo v ai of his fellow v citizens the next day ready to be a leader of some reform the next week and a tim to the the next month but failed because as it proved his subject was not a savage but only an idiot failed but never fails he got ii glimmer of it he saw that might be taught he communicated feeble light which dawned upon him to one of his who by following it up has been guided to the knowledge of a method of teaching all and vastly improving their moral mental condition the work named above contains not only the beautiful and satisfactory result of his treatment but the theory on which he base all his mental and physical it is not altogether sound and but we have no heart to find with a man s philosophy when his practice brings such a harvest of good fruit tht second work de i les en par rt shows a more intimate acquaintance with what we regard a the only philosophy which can guide us in and teaching and backward children namely the absolute and entire dependence of all mental on the structure and condition of the bo lily organization in all cases where the mind does not manifest itself at the usual period or in a normal manner the cause must be in some original defect of the physical organization or in some of its functions is also a practical and successful of hia short and notice ue as be says truly a la science et a r but it is wanting no besides the at for the training and teaching of there is another among the magnificent of and a third high up the more of the at the latter school perched on its lofty like a or other devoted to pious but there is this that while in them we find religion m theory in this we find it in practice it was established and is kept up by the labors of dr and is devoted to the instruction of we have no space for a detail of the interesting process of in pursued in these schools or of their beautiful results the good and gifted who manage them work greater miracles without spell or charm th in even did of old who transformed men into beasts our modern buck into the likeness of men again of the lowest grade who could not talk who could hardly stand who could only eat sleep and like whose greatest enjoyment was to lie in the noon day who seemed utterly without the pale of humanity are into these schools and taught to use their limbs to speak to keep themselves tidy to observe ihe of life in many cases to write to reckon and to do some simple work there is probably no task assigned to man requiring courage zeal patience and perseverance than of and teaching some idea of its difficulty be from the following account given by of his course in an idiot boy to use his eye in looking at his teacher the first exercise is of taking the boy into a dark room into which a single ray of light is introduced as by a hole in the the eye is naturally attracted to this and the boy to command the muscles to keep the ball fixed this luminous is moved about from right to and the idiot is gradually l to follow it with his eyes another exercise and the one most de ended is for the teacher to place tlie pupil before him to endeavour to catch bis wandering eye with his own earnest look and io him as it were these ind other methods are followed until the idiot to see that he sees these directions are easily given but aa himself says what exercise what labor what perseverance is before you can ever seize upon the favorable moment t you your pupil he hides his face your eye seeks liis which from you you follow it up but it escapes again you seem to meet when he suddenly the you wait watching the short and notice march of the that may them and if after all the child you the first time he fairly sees you or if in order to avoid the original of their child hie parents and all you have done you have got to begin again and wear away your life with another not for the love of the individual hut for the triumph of the doctrine which you and in which trust it i thus that i followed says he during four m the flying eye of an idiot the first time that bis eye fairly met mine he uttered a wild cry and sprang away hut the next day instead of his hand upon me as in order to ascertain my identity he looked me an instant as at something new and the next did so | 37 |
again looking longer and more each lime until he could satisfy himself without any surprise or curiosity finally he used sight like an ordinary person no school of t kind has yet been in this country hut we rejoice to learn that the way ba i been prepared for one appointed by the governor have been for some time at work examining into the condition of in this state we team that they find there are more a thousand unfortunate creatures of this s within the of m i s a thousand human beings here in our very midst sunk in the de of and not a helping held out to lift them up o the of a men and women in ma l u in whom exist the glimmer of reason and the elements of improvement and yet we leave to perish like the brutes without an effort to awaken them to a of heir while we send our to the parts of the to make doubtful of ignorant at a thousand dollars a head but it will not be long so we trust men are beginning to that religion consists in something besides building and them besides preaching praying and believing that it consists in work zealous and work for the good of our brethren of mankind we must work for their we must supply their pressing wants we must heal their bodily and their minds or the barren word we send them is but as a stone instead of bread there is something repulsive in the subject but we shall return to jt in our next and endeavour lo learn from condition and treatment of these of society some lessons which may be useful for there is no subject so ugly and that does not contain within itself precious jewels to reward the after truth short and general principles of the philosophy of nature an outline of some of its recent among the embracing the i of and and s system of by j b a m lately professor of natural philosophy and in st john s college n y boston wm and h p vo nothing but a regularly projected article can do justice to or introduce this book to the american public it is altogether the best thing upon the profound subjects to which it relates that has ever appeared on this side of the water it is the best because it the most intelligible and thorough analysis of the modem identity systems of the and because that part of the book which is original with mr most sharply and successfully the true theory of development from that bold popular which first appeared in the and thence but not through the of mr it is a counter revelation of reason and science with which luckily spirits from the second sphere of existence did not some pages of mr s book are written with rare warmth and vigor for instance nearly all the sections under the head of organization of society but we must be allowed to say that we do not think he has stated the theory of or rather that particular or of it which is held by the spirited and devoted a of this country we agree with mr as to the fact that the centre must always create its and that therefore the so long as it is an exterior scheme to be applied is but there is no in this country who will dispute his position that the person and family are an essential existence in society it is not true that their system the natural feeling the immediate reality of the relations of brother and sister in favor of an abstract brotherhood it should always be sufficient to state the central objections to without the question with these special issues which were first started by the newspapers mr has had some private on this and personal arguments which never convince any body have left their the discussion what is the identity system of the briefly said and without mentioning its necessary in thought and science it is this mind and matter are opposed to each other and nevertheless one they are different but corresponding revelations of the deity which is their source only short and notices march in so far aa it is their identity so that to use mr s apt illustration the symbol of the absolute is the one principle itself aa two poles and still resting in their midst as their identity divide the every will be a complete system in itself two poles and a point of indifference and just as every part of the is the entire in miniature so also every individual in nature is a miniature universe this figure the true theory of development and the true e function of god in the world it is the of that great of nature which is the present task of science to and fragments of which the whole harmonious system to which they must belong are already discovered an l all science is but a of the absolute science from this new term of he identity yet of god and the real mr is completely informed u on the present state of science and knows its latest he holds and clearly the great idea the active thought of this epoch in every domain of life is pledged to he is a german yet we are harassed by no lie a system yet it ia not a of nothing and it has not crowded out a single tender feeling or moral inspiration the destiny of the individual has been identified by him with the destiny of the race becomes completely manifested only when every individual has that absolute which is the perfect expression of liis n and which is in the text thou love the lord thy god with all thy heart and thy neighbour as that is as much as | 37 |
god mr in speaking of social questions finely says the assurance that the of this world are to be silent in a one is not accepted aa an and a are to become accord here to resolve themselves into harmony a sunday of cannot for the brutal toils of the preceding week the descent of heaven upon earth the c of t very of ab r aa a legitimate sunday is the great of our generation expressed whole philosophy of the day in the single line the new down to man we may as well pause in our notice here for a discussion of all the points which throng upon us suggested or re by this would carry us far beyond our we cordially greet this work and to recommend it lo our scholars as far as we are able to judge its analysis of the german systems from to is just clear and comprehensive we should and object somewhat to his estimate of were it not evident that he regards him simply m a point of view some of s fine and social are not unknown to the heart of mr our young men will not find this book so easy to read as the last mysteries or even the bloody pages of mr we hope they will put themselves under its suggestive influence by an occasional of sentences a sturdy or a stray obscurity of style for these exist and we think that a second edition might safely contain a few verbal alterations to the benefit of the general of the text it is a grand solid book of thought and saxon sense and just the thing for our notes on the government and people of china and on the chinese language by thomas meadows to her majesty s at london vol vo xvi and the work is and is evidently written by an intelligent man he thinks the chinese a sober minded rational people that their official documents are generally superior to those of the english he thinks the long duration of the chinese empire is explained by the fact that each successive has taught this as a cardinal principle that good government consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only to the rank and honor conveyed by official posts to prove that this principle has long been recognized there he numerous passages from ancient writers thus who began to reign years before christ says to the emperor his when a king knows how difficult it is to be a good king and when a subject knows how much it costs to fulfil ail his duties faithfully the government is perfect and the people make a progress in the ways of virtue that is certain replied the emperor and i love to be with in this manner truths so well ought never to be concealed let all wise men be distinguished then all the of the world will enjoy a profound peace but to rest entirely upon the sentiments of wise men to prefer them to his own to treat with kindness and never to reject the suit of the poor are only to be in a very wise king in the year b c the emperor wan te published a in which he says to the people ton know that i have neither virtue nor sufficient for the weight of govern short and march this me to publish f declaration to inform all who are in posts in my empire from the to the simple magistrate to inquire after persons of merit for my service such for instance lis know world perfectly well others who lave a thorough understanding of all affairs relating to the slate but above all such as have resolution and enough to inform me of t t amiss in my conduct the author that the certainty of rank and wealth m the state merely through personal the whole nation to exertions prosperity throughout it and its powers to a great extent the following quotation is from those who and for territory and fill the with dead bodies and who tight for cities so as to fill tlie cities with dead bodies may be said to lead men on lie earth to eat human flesh death is not a sufficient punishment for such crimes those then who in war deserve he highest the family of c king descendants of are and have just claims to be considered the oldest and most noble family in the world never pretended to any powers or intelligence with su beings was neither a nor an hut simply a moral philosopher and a and his doctrines obtained their present great authority merely because they are generally sound the author thinks is not much more in china than in england hut lying is a vice almost universal s ers boston religion und mil von wolf an st in und vol vo xxvi and is a translation of mr s discourse of matters to and is executed witb extraordinary diligence success and beauty in the preface the says there has never been a period of so much movement of thought in the religious world the as now lie whether the age of the itself was so rich as ours in religious but it is still the old between the one religion and the various the is certain but the question is how can it be achieved with the least cost the old forms of belief are no longer the was a great advance but not the end of progress li and broke the chains of tradition fell back on the bible and allowed entire freedom in the criticism and of that we have now to confess that the standard measure of religious truth is not to be found in the bible but in reason and conscience the were not advanced enough to accomplish that work if we are to go no | 37 |
further than went we may complain that the first step was taken for what it to declare the soul free and then insist on entire of belief that can be accomplished by the soul men may create silence and call it peace but the man who feels the calls it sullen death he gives a brief account of the rise of the in europe and thinks it was they who most clearly understood the principle of the have most faithfully represented it in the ages and have continually endeavoured to bring themselves and the world into a clearer consciousness thereof he cannot understand how could have said the are the only christian which have no seed of in them to an eye they are eminently the representatives of the idea he touches briefly the history of the and their followers and says that at there arc at present one hundred and four one hundred and twenty and about forty thousand souls then follows an account of in england and america taken mainly the writings of and he thinks that in america the have been somewhat to their first principles and have neglected their high he the distinguished men in america who have once been and have since that calling considering their action as an important sign of the times an american dictionary of the english language c by ll d c and enlarged by a vol to and we would have copied the whole title but had not space to more than a brief notice of the work itself and thought it better to omit part of the title than the whole of the notice this new edition contains all the matter of the former of s dictionary in to with additions by his law the editor it is a work of great and learning a work of great value no pains seem to have been spared to render the dictionary and complete the words relating and notices march to arts and professions have been examined hy eminent men to whose studies such words apply an attempt is made lo give all the words in common use and all that are found in such writers as bacon and american also have a place in tlie dictionary though they are few in number some alterations have been made in the of dr but perhaps not to satisfy the demands of a classic english with all the gratitude we feel to dr for his great services to all of english we must confess that he has tended somewhat to t ie tongue in of his changes ot the we could wi ih he had not been quite so obstinate in his lo an opinion once formed expressed the of the dictionary is abundant and valuable the are sometimes sometimes a little fur fetched we could wish to see a few more words relating to the of the roman and english churches which an american of en meets with both in ancient and modern writers but which none of the common help him to understand the tables of proper names hebrew classic and modern with their are exceedingly serviceable we cannot hope dr will be followed in all respects but we are sure he h x done a great service to all who speak the english tongue and are happy to see the proof of usefulness and increasing reputation which this new edition of his great affords services and civil life of general william prepared from his his mrs with the history of the campaign o and of uie port of his james new york vol vo xv and the first part of this work relating to the services of general is a valuable contribution to american history reflecting honor on the early life of the general but the second part is the more important inasmuch as it entirely general from the charges so long and so often brought him as it long seemed to us this history has only the impressions made on ua years ago by the of the of the general that he was entirely innocent of the charged on him that failure of his expedition and the fall of were not to be to him the work is written throughout with good temper with evident and notices freedom from all party spirit with clearness and simplicity and as it should be by a with mingled reverence and tion yet while general is it became his should be t ik ken of doubtless we hear from them and the whole matter probably be anew the old charges and the old battle fought over again a letter to people of the united states touching the matter of slavery by boston j co the following communication has been handed to us as a note on the j of the work relating to the of slavery ou industry the annual of the free and slave states stated in dollars give no idea whatever of the com ar which a free and a slave population pro and for this reason the which it costs to produce a and not its market price at a particular time is the measure of its value ai wealth judging generally the market price of a at a given time will depend mainly upon the greater or less quantity in the market at that time to the demand thus a i has cost hut one hour s labor may owing to the of the article at a time as much in tlie as another that has cost ten hours labor this shows why tlie productions of the south when estimated in money at present market price in value to those of the north the south a for some of its most productions and not producing enough to supply the demand a high price for what has really cost but little labor and its estimated in money make | 37 |
a somewhat tolerable on with those of the north yet it is probable that the population of the north with its superior diligence energy skill and perform ten twenty or times as labor and therefore produce ten twenty or thirty as h wealth judging wealth by its true general standard as that of the south man for man but the north by its produces such an abundance of peculiar and them subject to so severe a competition from abroad that their market value is reduced and their value by money makes no fair comparison with the value of the of the south which arc produced in but small quantities and sold with all the advantages of in their favor if the south performed aa much labor as the north man for short and notices march man iu productions would be much more and yet so much more abundant as to be reduced in price it would thereby add ten or twenty more than now to the wealth of the world the value in money might be or nothing greater than that of present productions a necessary consequence of the present state of is when the north and the south make an of productions of same the north gives the south ten or twenty as much wealth or the of ten or twenty times as much la m r a s the south in return when the north to the south a yard of cotton in exchange for a pound of tobacco she gives to the south an article of which its slave labor if educated only by the masters with no aid or from free would probably never have been able to produce a community consisting solely of and slave if cut off from the rest of the world would probably never bring the arts to that degree of perfection that would enable them to manufacture a yard of our cheap cotton these things in measure how little in comparison a slave population if placed in the same circumstances as a free one would contribute to the wealth of the world they show also that slave in reality give comparatively little in exchange for what they receive when they make with the free states we learn from the best authority that there are not in the state of ten bom in that state and unable to read and write of the persons reported in the as ignorant to that degree almost all are this fact makes the between and south still more enormous than before t p essays lectures and by thus deeply in the of things we be london william s a ca vol mo xii and this is a of nearly all the published prose of mr the volume contains a preface entitled and his writings the volume of his essays his essay called nature sketches or reports of three lectures on the times and four namely the addresses delivered before the divinity school before the library association before t ie society and the in college recent in continental europe ex c dr g f i vo dr f x die ru c j u lord r england d s c i f t und t dr y x der os d rang vo a d v h vol oc vol iv und d v r dr c l g v c l nd et a g g t c l el und fr h r m l mo viii u s i vo de sea ia liberty et la par a l paris du m v beaten der d d v t und wine von a m dr j v c l w de ex der im c i f x die der vo j it in c dr a coral den der dr j k und ia an dr b u des and vol von cardinal s von s c c her vo ro nod a list of new received the past the present and the by ii c of principles of political c philadelphia care v i don de la from the spanish of de list of new march by carefully and with by rd and s the and poems bv e s j c co new york mark h co u road way the children at tbe a familiar on by f translated by francis boston wm i co position and duties ot north regard to slavery by p from of july the ol war n sermon by p w fo ter d m fame and glory an address before the literary societies of college at their p bv charles wm d co vo poems james second cambridge george b b co a delivered before the female slavery society of by william w brown a fugitive slave boston a discourse delivered before the n y upon day bv ward new york the duty of obedience to the civil magistrate three sermons preached in the chapel of university by i of the university ton the new church and review devoted to e of the and in the writings of conducted by bush a m vol i no new york john street on self with general plans of a state and a constitution for a of c ac to which is added new constitution of the state of new york boston to on tbe progress of nations in productive industry civilization population and illustrated by by c seaman no new york an lecture delivered at the medical college by m d professor of and boston religion fine an die in yon mo a grammar of tlie with b the of the a b c f m mission western new york vo of the last hours of life for the hour of death c by paul l i mo us the of american biography conducted by sparks vol xxv second series xv boston little brown life of wm on by | 37 |
f m life of samuel by s k with a portrait of into tlie united by little brown vo np address and poem delivered l the boston library boston printed for the as the history of town by charles m boston and travels over the mountains in g by father p j de new york edward review no iii june art i has in the united states a legal basis we in a former article the pretensions of slavery as it existed in the british north american colonies prior to the revolution which converted those colonies into the united states of america to rest upon a legal basis we found in most of the colonies of the of an earlier or later date and in of them a practice assuming to the slavery of indians and the mixed race to make that slavery hereditary wherever the was a slave and in all claims of freedom to throw the burden of proof on the but we also found that this practice and all the attempting to it were in direct conflict t ith great and perfectly well settled principles of the law of england which was also the supreme law of the principles wliich tho and courts had no authority to set aside or to contradict and thence we concluded that american slavery prior to the revelation had no legal basis but existed as it had done in england for some two centuries or more prior to s case a mere on tho part of the masters and a mere wrong as respected those alleged to be slaves nor is this view of the matter by any means original with ua or at all of recent origin it was taken and acted on and made the basis of in w the british rule still prevailed in america the best account indeed almost tho only original account of the of slavery in is contained in a paper by dr printed in tho historical dr that about the time of the commencement of the m legal of american slavery june several of slavery took to against the of for our own liberty and at the same time other people of theirs and james swan merchants of boston as writers on the side of liberty those on other side generally concealed their names but their arguments were not suffered to rest long without an answer the began about the year c and was renewed at various times till when it was very warmly agitated and l the subject of at the public commencement in college this at least so far as concerned the further of and others as slaves was introduced into the court but neither nor would in any upon it the had better success in courts a containing the case of a o who had accompanied his master from the west indies to england and had there for and obtained his freedom was at boston and this encouraged several to their masters for their freedom mid for of their services after they had attained the age of twenty one years this was undoubtedly the case though dates the first of these cases in two years previous to that important decision the collected money among themselves to carry on the suit and it terminated other suits were between that time and the revolution and the in gave their verdict in favor of liberty the old law of the slavery indians and was no longer in force it had fallen with the first under tlie second no such had been but slavery had continued hy custom and had been recognized by the of the province apparently as a legal relation the on tho part of the masters were that the were iu open market and hills of sale were produced in that laws of the province recognized slavery as existing m it by declaring that no person should his slave without giving bond for his maintenance c on the part of the it was pleaded that the royal tor expressly declared all persons bom or m the province to be as free as tlie king s subjects in great britain tliat by the law of england no man could he deprived of his liberty i legal basis of american slavery but by the judgment of his that the laws of the province respecting an evil existing and attempting to or it did not it and on some occasions the was that though the slavery of the parents be admitted that no of that kind could descend to the children the gave their verdict in favor of liberty nor does it appear that these were in any respect inconsistent with the instructions of the judges as to matter of law the blow thus dealt at slavery in might perhaps have been repeated in other colonies but before there was time for any thing of the sort the revolution occurred and new stepped in to take the places of the old ones this brings us back to the question started at the close of our former article did the new established at the revolution do any thing to give any additional character of to the institution of slavery let us begin with the of virginia the of and representatives from tlie several and which assumed the responsibility of a new government for that state very properly their labors by setting forth a declaration of rights aa its basis and foundation this declaration of rights date june announced among other things that all men are by nature equally free independent and have certain inherent rights of which when they enter into a state of society they cannot by any compact deprive or their posterity namely the enjoyment of life and liberty with the means of acquiring and possessing property and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety upon the basis and foundation of this declaration of rights the proceeded to erect a constitution or form | 37 |
of government m which it was pro that the common law of england and all of parliament not local in their character ie in of the common law prior to the settlement of virginia together witli the several acts of the general assembly of this colony now in force so far as the same may consist with the several and resolutions of the general shall be considered as in full force until the same shall be altered by the power of this colony but this provision could give no to the for the establishment of slavery in the first place because those acts legal bam of american slavery jane speaking were not in force and never had been being void from the beginning in defiance of great of the english law by which the powers of tho were and in the second place because they did not and could not consist with that declaration of the above quoted laid down by the itself as the basis and foundation of the new government after the of this provision was made for the laws of virginia and a committee was appointed for that purpose but nothing was done till when several bills prepared by the committee of re were by the assembly and as laws it was provided in one of these acts that no persons shall be slaves in this except such as were so on the first day of this present of assembly and the descendants of the females of them tliis act embodied into the of still remains in force and through it all legal titles to slave property in virginia must be traced but in there were no persons held as slaves in virginia tho practice on this subject and the acts of the assembly which that practice were contradictory to the law of england always binding on the assembly and specially adopted by the government as the law of virginia and contradictory also to those general principles and that declaration of natural rights specially adopted as the basis and foundation of the now government the which framed tlie constitution of virginia was far from or claiming any power to confer on the assembly any authority to reduce any of the inhabitants of that state to a condition of slavery the assembly was far from claiming the possession of any such power or from attempting to add any thing to the legal basis upon which slavery rested prior to the revolution it remained then what it had been in times a mere without any legal basis a in direct defiance of the declaration of rights by mere force and terror and the overwhelming power and influence of the masters law and against law tlie of which upon tho breaking out of with the mother country had tho government following in the footsteps of vi adopted on the d of november a declaration of legal basis of rights the part of a new constitution in which they declared that au government of right from the people m founded in compact only and is constituted solely for the good of the whole and that the of are entitled to the common law of england to all english to their situation passed before the settlement of and introduced and practised in the colony and also to all acts of the old assembly in force on the first of june but the of assembly and slavery were not in force on the first of june nor at any other time they never had been in force they were contrary to the law of england to a with which the assembly was specially limited by yet it is on these void acts that the supposed of slavery in still continues to rest the constitution of north formed th contains not one single word respecting slavery that institution did not receive even the semblance of support derived in virginia and fi om the in force of the acts for no act of the assembly of north had ever attempted to define who were or might bo slaves nor was any such attempt made by the newly established assembly slavery remained in the state of what it had been in the colony a mere custom a sheer not sustained by even the semblance of law neither the first of south adopted in march nor the second constitution adopted march contains a single word attempting to slavery nor even any continuing in force the old acts but in february in the interval between the two an act of assembly revived and continued in force for five years certain of those acts among others the act of on the subject of slavery of which a was given in our former article and in this act was made but the act of was void from beginning by reason of numerous to the law of england which the assembly of south had no power to into law if then the acts of and are to have any they must be considered as original acts half the population of south to slavery had the assembly of south any authority to such acts has it any such authority at this mo legal of american slavery june ment could the south having a majority in the assembly pass a act for selling all the into perpetual slavery or all inhabitants of irish descent or all white men not and not possessed of visible property or all citizens of who might land on her hospitable coast we must always remember in considering questions of thia sort that not the government only but the state also arc of limited powers the sovereign power is in the people or that portion of it possessed of political rights the of offices created by the state possess no authority not specially conferred upon them by those admit for the sake of the argument that the sovereign of south are and can give the character | 37 |
of law to the most wrongs yet surely no state can exercise any such authority unless it be expressly but the of south no power and a power in a state to reduce at its pleasure to the condition of perpetual any of the inhabitants of a state and that not for public but for private uses is hardly to be presumed as one of the ordinary powers of at least in a state which in the solemn act of separation from the mother had united in declaring tliat all men are bom free and equal and that liberty and tlie pursuit of happiness are rights the first constitution of a formed in february contains no allusion to slavery the power of the assembly is to such laws and as may be to the good order and well being of the state by any new authority the system of slavery was left in as in the other states to on such legal basis as it might have had during times tlie of that basis was not perceived by the state or the state courts prejudices their to look into the matter at all kept them to it but their ignorance their mistakes could not alter the law or make that legal which in fact was not so the court of decided that the natural freedom and equality of all men acknowledged in the bill of rights to the constitution adopted in that state in was totally inconsistent with the existence of involuntary legal basis of american and that slavery under that bill of rights could not be legal a similar in the second constitution of new was held to personal freedom to all persons in that state the of that constitution in and island personal was secured by to all future natives of these states and to complete this scheme of in these three states as well as in new the further introduction of persons claimed as slaves or the of such persons from those states was in five of the eight remaining states new york new and virginia slavery was regarded by the most intelligent and enlightened of the citizens and by all those distinguished men who had taken a conspicuous part in tiie late revolution as an evil and a wrong inconsistent with the principles on which that revolution was founded its termination was anxiously looked for and confidently hoped all those five states had taken the first step in that direction by the further introduction of persons cl as slaves while virginia and by the old acts which forbade except l y the of the governor and council had opened a door for the action of individual sentiment in favor of liberty which came soon into active exercise such was the state of things in tho ten northern states the came together while that was still sitting the famous of was passed by the of tho by which involuntary except for crime was for ever in the territory of the the only territory to which at that time the had a joint title yet this rising sentiment in favor of impartial liberty encountered a formidable opposition the had been carried indeed in five of e states but in only one of those five had it been thorough sweeping and complete four had for the future but had not thought it expedient to with the present in five other states a commencement only had boon made tho mass of tho slave in five states clung with t to their prey and the of though their influence was apparent did not yet venture to propose any very decisive measures in the and the case was much worse the of north had indeed commenced the leg d of american slavery june of slaves but the of that state put a stop to that practice by forbidding except by allowance of the county since the peace the of slaves from the coast of africa into the three southern states had been and was vigorously carried on there was no in those states of a system from which gains were hoped let it bo remembered however and this consideration frequently overlooked or disregarded is absolutely essential to a correct understanding of the case that the did not to the laws or institutions of the states nor m determine or enforce the political or social rights to the inhabitants of the states as such that had been done already by the state the states existed as bodies they had their laws the rights of their citizens and inhabitants and their courts for those rights and with none of those arrangements either by way of or alteration was it any part of the business of the to interfere unless in cases where these arrangements had or might have an injurious bearing upon the citizens of other states or upon the foreign relations of the the business of the was so to the articles of as to carry into effect the objects at which that aimed namely the the states to act as one nation in their foreign affairs and securing the states and their individual inhabitants against injustice oppression or injury on the part of other states or their individual inhabitants it might indeed become necessary for the accomplishment of these objects to interfere to some extent some of the existing laws and institutions of the states or at least to reserve to the authorities to be created by the new constitution the power of doing so and imder the plan adopted of that constitution to be separately by each of the states any alterations so made or would rest on the same basis of popular consent with the state themselves but this interference with state or state laws any interference in any shape with the internal of tlie states was a power to be very exercised especially in its application to cases otherwise any constitution which the might form would be | 37 |
sure of being rejected by the states legal bam of american slavery it was from this view of the case that the omitted to to the constitution any general bill of an much complained of by those who opposed its it was not iu their character as individuals about to enter into a political organization but in their character as inhabitants of certain states already constituted and organized that tlie constitution had to do with the people of america their rights as inhabitants of each particular state it belonged to the state to settle the constitution had only to declare what should be their additional and as citizens and inhabitants of the under this view of the subject slavery in the states waa a matter with which the was not called upon directly to interfere and wliich indeed could not be directly interfered with without exposing the proposed constitution to certain it did however come before the incidentally and the question which we now have to consider is whether in dealing with it thus incidentally the constitution has acknowledged the legal existence of slavery in any of the states so as to bind the and to impart to institution in the states that legal character which the laws of the states themselves have failed to ve to it the article in the constitution relied upon by those who maintain the affirmative on this point is that which of ro in the of representatives that article is frequently spoken of as though it were the great compromise the concession upon which the constitution was based this was not bo the great difficulty that occurred at the outset was to reconcile tlie pretensions of the larger and the smaller states the smaller states insisted upon tliat which they already possessed under the articles of the larger states maintained that representation in the national ought to be based on wealth and numbers the larger states having carried a resolution to that effect as to both branches of the the smaller threatened to the and tliis result was only prevented by a concession recommended by a committee of from each state to whom the subject was referred which was finally adopted by tho yielding to the states an representation in one branch legal bam of american slavery of the national this was the great compromise the particular of representation to be adopted in the other branch was quite a subordinate matter yet though subordinate j it was interesting and important the subject of the distribution of representatives in the first after being referred to two reports were based on a estimate of wealth and numbers was finally arranged by the the of the future representation was a more difficult matter one headed hj wished to leave it entirely to the discretion of with the object of the existing states to retain a political over such new states as might bo admitted into the union but this was objected to as unjust and it became necessary to fix upon some precise rule of distribution that distribution was to bo regulated by wealth and numbers as to this there was a general agreement numbers might easily b ascertained by a but was wealth to be men this was a point upon which under the existing difficulties had already occurred in the articles of it had been proposed to the charges of the war and other common expenses among the states in proportion to their population on the ground that population on the whole was the best practicable test of wealth and ability to pay taxes the southern states had strongly objected to this arrangement on the ground that the labor of slaves was far less productive than the labor of the same number of northern and the value of buildings and cultivated lands to lie ascertained by an made by the authorities of each state was finally adopted as the basis of and pecuniary bu such an was found liable to great difficulties expenses and objections very few states had made it and since the peace had proposed to the articles of by for it the whole number of white and other free citizens and inhabitants of every age sex and condition including those bound to for a term of years and three of all other persons not comprehended in the foregoing description except indians not this proposed to which eleven states had already had only been agreed on in after a good deal of between the northern and southern members as to the relative legal of american slavery of free and slave labor that question now revived in the and the same suggested there which the continental had already proposed as the basis of having first agreed that representation and direct should go together it was finally arranged and so it now stands in the constitution that the number of representatives from each state shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons including those bound to service for a term of years and indians not of all other persons the question is whether the use of tho phrase three all other persons the of the slave laws of any particular state and affords a sufficient basis for those laws to stand upon notwithstanding their original defects already pointed out the first thing to be is that the of those laws was not of the least consequence in settling tho point under consideration to wit the of the industry of the several states whether the of virginia for instance were held in slavery by law or against law made in this point of view no difference at all suppose for example as we hold that they were deprived of their liberty the of their would not increase their industry or the wealth of the state as to her whole population to be counted in her representation what the constitution had to deal with in settling this distribution of representation was | 37 |
a question of external fact not a question of law or right tlie question of the individual rights of the inhabitants of the states was one over which this article the tion of no control their condition in fact not their condition in law was the real point according to which the distribution was to be regulated even in referring to the matter of fact great caution was used the question of slavery in the states said in reference to another point to bo presently considered ought not to be but we ought to be careful not to give it any sanction thought it wrong to admit into the constitution the idea that there could be property in men and tho whole of the instrument was carefully settled in accordance with this view it is fair enough to conclude that the other persons referred to in this article were those held as slaves hi the legal bam of american slavery june several states but the constitution takes care not to commit itself by calling them slaves or by using any term that would seem to pass a judgment on the legal character or particular legal incidents of their condition remains what it was this article does not affect it in any way and if the laws of the states fail as we to give any legal authority to those who claim to be masters surely they will look for it in vain in article of tlie constitution when the in the course of its labors arrived at the with the power to and foreign commerce a new occasion for compromise arose ten states out of the thirteen had already the of slaves from abroad and if the government were invested with unlimited control over the with foreign countries it was plain enough that one of its first acts would be the of the african slave trade for this and the were not prepared and the opinion was very warmly and confidently expressed by the of those states that such an unlimited power conferred upon would in those states the of the constitution to avoid this result a provision was inserted that the or of such persons aa any of tlie states now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be by prior to the year but a tax or duty may be imposed on such not exceeding ten dollars for each person wo observe in this the same cautious as in that which we have already discussed as to the legal character or condition of the per ns so to be admitted ing whatever is said there is not the slightest that the constitution assented in any way that any of the introduced into the states should bo held in a state of slavery if that was done it could only be on the responsibility of who did it and of the states that allowed it the constitution d not assent to it and by the power which it reserved to itself all the power which was possible under the circumstances it secured tlie right after the lapse of twenty years of preventing the possibility of such an occurrence but for this right reserved to tho government there is every reason to believe that in all the states south of virginia the foreign slave trade would be now legal basis of american slavery concession made to and the was temporary and limited the point carried was of a character there still remains one other of the constitution relied upon as slavery in the states no person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof escaping into another shall in consequence of any law or therein be discharged from such service or labor but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may bo it may be worth while to mention in this connection that in the original of the the phrase bound to was used following in this respect the proposed to the articles of from which the idea of the was derived but was struck out and service as us because seemed to be only appropriate to express the condition of slavery yet in the article now under tion the term service is employed no person held to service or labor but without dwelling on this distinction it is sufficient for our purpose to refer to the pointed between this and the in the express reference which this makes to law practice usage fact merely is not sufficient but law ia required no person held to or labor in one state under the laws thereof c the question then whether this for the return of fugitive slaves is entirely dependent on the previous question whether there is any lawful slavery in any of the states a question upon which this expresses no opinion and throws not the slightest light whatever if there is any such slavery it must exist by virtue of state laws laws complete and in themselves for whatever might have been the intention or whatever the legal effect of this it neither intended to give nor has it any effect to give a legal or character to claims of service not previously and legal the three of the constitution above are the only portions of that instrument have ever l een set up as giving any sanction to the slave system of the states so far from finding in these any such sanction we find on the contrary evidence of a fixed in the constitution not to yield it they contain legal basis of american slavery june no of the slave laws of states no even of slavery as a state institution entitled to the favorable regard of the government general of south in the course of the of the more than once insisted on some such f r slave property but so far from yielding to this demand | 37 |
that doctrine was first proclaimed as the basis of political organization tho enemy would strike vm in our vital parts and would honor and the blow under these circumstances will not due regard to the common defence justify in a course of policy such as may narrow limit and tend to the of a source of weakness which no provision of and can guard against the welfare of the united states their internal well be already it or to sheets an the ed legal of mi slavery ing apart from any dangers from without and more especially the welfare of the slave states themselves seems tu call louder for interference the perception of the evils of slavery has till recently been confined to an enlightened and reflecting few a class of persons more inclined to think than to act and by the s of their number from any effectual political action but sensibility to those evils especially to the obstacles which the existence of slavery to the further extension of the principles of equality and justice even in their application to the free thanks to the efforts and labors of those known as is now beginning to penetrate the mass to find and an expression in the of the free states and even in when a majority in come to be thoroughly with these ideas when they come to look upon slavery not merely as an evil a calamity a thing to be lamented and regretted but as a fatal obstacle to the progress of our free institutions a eating into the heart of our liberties and threatening the of those upon which our are founded perceiving that the welfare of the united states is seriously can they hesitate to come to rescue will they not feel themselves called upon not alone by humanity by patriotism but by the very letter of the constitution itself to come to the rescue it is not to be supposed that such a feeling can become in without penetrating also to a greater or less extent into the slave states themselves but the evil of slavery is so immense and in most of our slave states it has become so firmly rooted up as it were the and the church and in its support the wealth the talent the intelligence the education the ignorance tlie prejudices and the passions of the people that to wait for those states to take the in the movement would be absurd effects of such waiting have been long since manifest the of slavery in and virginia so confidently and so devoutly wished for by henry wa has not taken place the slave of those states have on the contrary added to the injustice of the cruelty and of slave breeding and slave and in this evil over the now regions of the they have new for continuing it among no iii legal of american slavery selves for the purpose of extending this slave market they do not hesitate to involve the union in disgraceful wars of conquest they have seized already is in their and the of is already suggested to which virginia might serve as a new africa the to that coast having been mainly cut off by the vigilance of the english this let alone policy tliis waiting for the parties most immediately interested to take the lead came near proving fatal even to itself the right of petition even freedom of debate seemed to be extinguished in that body the government put itself forward as the champion and of slavery the on this point of all what a change was evident even on the question of the african slave trade the government which once itself proposed a mutual right of search on the coast of africa exerted all its and not without success to defeat a treaty of that sort into which britain ha l induced the great powers of europe to enter the thank god into which was fast sinking has by the noble efforts of a few noble men at last been y shaken off the attention of the people has been ai to the question shall the government be a slave holding or an anti slave holding government experience seems to show that any middle ground practically is out of the question if the government is not the one it must be the other but supposing the government to have power to have a constitutional right to act in this matter how is it to act employ force shall a law he passed declaring the right of t ie southern to freedom and an army be marched into the southern states to enforce that law i rude and violent methods of political changes correspond neither to the j of our institutions nor to the enlightened of the present age it is not the office of the government to slavery by a act of its own authority imposed upon the slave holding states an act which might justly be as arbitrary and which tlie whole white population of the south would unite to resist great evils are not thus to be got rid of by a single blow to be effectually and peacefully slavery must be by the of the slave states themselves there exist in all tlie j legal of american ample materials for a party ready to undertake that and illustrious task some moving of the dry bones has been of late but for the most part the anti slavery party of the south strong morally and iu and by no contemptible in of lies at this moment prostrate completely by terror ami prevented by terror from any movement or organization held down in as pitiable state of fear and helplessness as can well he imagined the excitement of the alarm then raised among the slave by the symptoms of an anti slavery movement at the north | 37 |
caused the introduction into southern states of a system based apparently on the spanish but with the improvements of turning every slave into an and the miserable mob of the southern and into and officers the proceedings without any troublesome or tedious being regulated by the code of law the same acting in the four fold capacity of s witnesses judges and that same spirit which without law and law holds the slaves in does not hesitate a moment to set aside all the most sacred principles of law for the sake of speedy vengeance upon those inclined in any way to question its authority yet it is to this down trodden party this and silenced party this party existing indeed as yet only in without organization or these southern anti slavery men that we must look for the of slavery the spirit of must be encountered in the slave states themselves by a power enough to awe it down and keep it under and this power can only be a mass of citizens combined together acting in concert and having such weight of social and especially of political that it shall become necessary to respect their feelings their opinions and rights such a must be formed in all the slave states before the first steps can be taken we do not say towards the of slavery merely but even towards the of tlie rights of those free those great rights of free discussion and a free press which no or would bo willingly however or the friends of freedom in are not to wait till such a party rises up it is their j legal i of american slavery june to help ft up to reach out a hand to it on every possible occasion could tho immense patronage of the once be directed to that point judge of the result likely to follow by the effect which that same patron age has produced at tie north in a counter direction it is by calling upon the government on every j occasion that or can be made to occur to all responsibility for slavery and all countenance of it it is by finding and making perpetual occasions to point out the evils of slavery io particular instances its with tlie general welfare and the obstacles which it oppose to the common defence it is by tho example of steadfast old and repeating at every o in season and out of season i think also that slavery ought to be such are tlie means by which even a very few members of may effect great things not indeed by way of direct for direct after all but a small part of ti e influence which but by keeping this subject constantly before t e public mind and compelling the slave to sec what they have hitherto so shut their eyes to and what is of more importance yet giving the non of the south an opportunity to see what the slave hitherto have so kept out of their sight just in proportion as the anti slavery party in just in proportion as that body shall symptoms of a settled firm and steady opposition to slavery just in the same proportion w the southern anti slavery men be encouraged to confess themselves first to themselves then to one another and then to the world it is only through the medium of and the government that the anti slavery sentiment of the north can bo brought into any active with the anti slavery sentiment of the south and sorely northern representatives of non can stand up on the floor of and boldly speak their minds upon tlie subject and secure a hearing too it is quite too much to any such boldness or any such hearing in the of any state it needs as we believe only this free discussion to show t even tho behind which slavery claims to itself cannot be this point has m ag a hitherto to the slave hastily without examination and as we believe without reason the fact to bo that although the people of the states willing to allow slavery to continue among them as a matter of fact they left its to rest the and practice of the times without by any act of on their part to confer any new or additional upon it the of slavery rests then upon a usage a usage not only by the english law but in several most important points directly contradictory to it a usage totally incapable of any legal foundation for any claim of right a usage upon which neither the state nor the constitution undertake to confer a legal character art n as a we cannot hope iu the compass of tliis article to do justice to the various claims which the writings of prefer to the respect of the religious and philosophic mind we shall attempt nothing more than a statement of their leading import in entering upon a brief survey of s it will be a to consider for a moment his claim to a peculiar spiritual illumination in the first place this illumination very from the phenomena of animal in that it involved no to his senses in what is called the subject is obliged as a st to become insensible to the material world he is in fact to a condition very nearly approaching the death of the body before the consciousness is able to i itself with however tlie case was otherwise his illumination involved no denial of the life his maintained their action although he their sphere and became the familiar of scenes which they were all too gross to apprehend short his illumination was a rational illumination him the on of things he saw the of the s a a the june mental sphere because he had acknowledged as no man before him the only | 37 |
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