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3ha8xa | Why were there so many big supporters of eugenics in the early 1900s (e.g., Tesla, Churchill), and what changed from then to now to shift views on the subject? | The main reason eugenics fell out of favor is that the people carrying it out were worse than the people they claimed were sub-human. The things the Nazis did ended up convincing just about everybody that eugenics was something only a crazy person would believe in.
Eugenics doesnt purify anything, it only kills everybody else and leaves those who believe in it.
When somebody does something that awful, its hard for people to accept anything related to it any more. | c9c3e24e-9df7-4fdc-a582-dde5ea7571da |
28gwol | Why do ultra conservative Christians care so much about gay marriage but don't care about eating shrimp (forbidden in Leviticus 11:10)? | Because Jesus fairly clearly said it was okay, according to the English standard version of the Bible. (Mark 7)
> And he called the people to him again and said to them, “Hear me, all of you, and understand: There is nothing outside a person that by going into him can defile him, but the things that come out of a person are what defile him.”And when he had entered the house and left the people, his disciples asked him about the parable. And he said to them, “Then are you also without understanding? **Do you not see that whatever goes into a person from outside cannot defile him, since it enters not his heart but his stomach, and is expelled?” (Thus he declared all foods clean.)** And he said, “What comes out of a person is what defiles him. For from within, out of the heart of man, come evil thoughts, sexual immorality, theft, murder, adultery, coveting, wickedness, deceit, sensuality, envy, slander, pride, foolishness, All these evil things come from within, and they defile a person.” | 877abd25-1516-4720-a364-2013ce02a63e |
6516e7 | What does the fourth dimension represent? The fifth? The Nth? | They're the coordinates you need to locate an object in a given space.
If your "space" is a line, you only need one coordinate to locate an object in it. Think of a ruler. You can give one number, to locate any point on the ruler. The line is one dimensional.
One a piece of paper, essentially two dimensional, you need two coordinates to locate a drawing, how far down the page, and how far from either side.
In a three dimensional image, like your living room, you need 3 coordinates to locate a table-top. Width, depth, height.
We often call time the fourth dimension of a combined object, space time. That is to say, to locate an event, you need the three spatial coordinates, and this fourth dimension, time, to pinpoint that event.
If you want to meet your girlfriend at the movies, it's not enough to tell her where they are, she also has to know when you are going to be there.
The universe as we know it appears to consist of 3 spatial dimensions, and one time. While there are some theories that postulate other dimensions, they either do not exist, or we do not observe them. There is not, as of this time, compelling evidence for them existing. | 92cbca10-499f-4ee3-84cb-895e74da4d20 |
3ezbro | How did Pakistan end up with nuclear weapons? | Pakistan got its ass handed to it in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. They ended up having to sign a humiliating surrender, much like Germany post WWI. Pakistan was livid over it, and wanted to put itself in a position where it never had to surrender again, so they invested **a lot** of money and manpower into making nuclear weapons. Also, Saudi Arabia donated a lot of money to the program as well, with the belief that they would be able to simply *buy* a Pakistani nuclear weapon if they ever needed it. | 2455fba8-9676-4e92-9814-1c8d09b5a2cf |
26xpdl | how do you cook them . step by step . ?? thank you i need the help . | I was wondering the same thing just the other day. Hopefully we can find an expert on . | 2dc6b362-8b9c-48b0-92e0-0b6552a01b87 |
226m6l | What limits mobile data speed and why? | Alright, this won't be ELI5, but maybe ELI20 or so, but you seem to understand the basics of how we move information through the air, so let's press on. The way that data is moved through the air is through waves, sin waves to be exact. Computers speak binary, so an "up" in the wave is a 1, and a "down" is a 0. So, one bit of info is a one or zero, eight of those is called a byte, and that is tranlated into a whole host of useful things including letters or simple commands.
So, how does this relate to cell phones? Well, the only thing we can use to move that data is a wave, and it moves at a certain frequency. Let's say 800 Mhz. So that means that in one second 1 million waves pass by. Awesome. So we can move 2 bits per wave, so one byte per four waves. So in one million waves we can move 250,000 bytes. A typical voice connection consists of a 2,000 bytes per second connection, so with a 800Mhz tower we can service 125 simultaneous voice connections. To increase the number of users we can build more towers, we can play with the way we send out the waves doubling, or quadrupaling, even increasing it up to 16 times the data capacity, or we can expand the frequencies we transmit on to allow more users. However, these things cost more money to do.
And that is just voice. Let's say we want to add even dial up speed, that is 56kbps, or 7000 bytes per second. Ouch. So the cell companies expanded into other frequencies and used very sophisticated modulation (changing the "shape" of the waves) to push out the data required. However, to pump out that kind of data you need a lot of power, and the range isn't very good, so you need many more towers, each one adding a multiple of cost to the overhead of the company.
So basically, the more data you want to send, the more power you need to pump into the waves to get them far enough that your phone can still understand the data, this costs money, and that range is still very short, so you need many towers. Further, most phones use four frequencies for their data, so now each tower needs to support four different frequencies, so the equipment roughly quadruples in each tower.
And that is in it in a rough nutshell. Cell companies are limited in the fact that you can't just throw a fiber line to each cell phone, you need to rely on analog waves, and to push out broadband speeds over the air you need a lot of equipment and a lot of power, so your cell phone bill is expensive.
Costs go down because the technology gets cheaper, a 56kbps modem when they were first invented might have cost thousands, now you can probably find some free ones in the dump. Second, eventually the initial infrastructure cost is paid off and these savings are given to you (See, Home Phone lines for a few dollars a month). | 473483c0-e128-4dc0-9162-198f7e3a15bf |
15m16q | Will any wine get better with age? | No most wines you buy are meant to e drank less than 3 years after bought. | 2740696e-763c-4f45-8e0c-8819ea16b2b5 |
3zjr8o | Why does eating the same food everyday make it taste bad after a while? | Humans are omnivores. That doesn't just mean we *can* eat a wide variety of foods, it means we *must* eat a variety. Every evolutionary advance, it seems, is a compromise: in return for being able to eat many foods, our bodies don't produce everything we need - the missing ingredients are vitamins and amino acids. To make sure we eat enough of the right types of food, we've evolved also the need for variety in our diets. This may also be why we like so many spices. | f1811d15-927a-41ff-86ca-a26e3676d9d8 |
1ffyu9 | Why does everyone have to die? | There's a timer in the cells that make up your body called [the Hayflick Limit](_URL_0_). They can only repair and replicate themselves a set number of times. After that they begin to break down, and the larger body parts and organs that your cells make up begin to break down, too: your joints wear away, your skin loses elasticity. Eventually something vital stops working and you die. Some people's timers are longer than others'. | 6db31b2b-0788-41ba-aef7-c5728bf84924 |
3zm7ba | Why Are The Winners of Running Competitions Like Marathons Almost Always From Africa? | The "Kenyans" train very hard. They also train at a very high altitude. When they come down to sea level and run with us puny Americans they have an easier time because of how much oxygen they need to accomplish the same thing. Kind of like how sherpas can jog all over Mt Everest. | 5f92a1f3-43bd-49fd-872b-9ff9edfce984 |
26ulrq | what is the difference between fire and flame? | Fire is generally the state of being, or is the name giving to the entity at large. The tree is on fire. That fire is huge.
Flame refers to the actual "tendrils" (for lack of a better word) that combine to create what we see as the fire. Those flames are licking the bottom of the pot. | 16d4271b-82ef-42e5-a174-7d399e59d2a4 |
2nazv1 | why are latitude lines parallel, but longitudinal lines converge at the polls? | Because it makes the most sense. If you walk east/west, you're only changing longitude, if you walk north/south, you're only changing latitude. If longitude were defined like latitude, only orthogonal, then you'd get really weird results that would be confusing. For example, there'd be some arbitrary line (wherever the longitudinal equivalent of the equator would be) where things would work as they do now, but anywhere else, moving east/west would cause your longitude to change at different rates depending on your latitude, and also there'd be some latitudes at which certain longitudes aren't possible. And if you went north/south, you'd be changing both your latitude and longitude. | a8e8935f-f840-4dd8-b11e-a7bd83c0c048 |
7e7z0b | Why do men have an Adam's apple but women don't? | Women do in fact have them, it's just that they become much more pronounced in men after puberty. | 8deea810-2351-44e3-bfc7-3e58a706e405 |
2bi4nw | What is the explanation behind the phrase 'peace is not profitable'? | Countries participating in a war have to free up a tremendous amount of capital to fund the war effort. They divert savings or borrow to build factories, create stockpiles of food and armament for soldiers, mass-produce vehicles, and so on. And funding a war takes a LOT of money, with all of it actually being spent and entering the economy.
All this purchasing means the economies of all the merchants, suppliers and company owners who provide all that are given a massive boost, as are the economies of the merchants who supply them (e.g. the cafeteria owner at the munitions plant), and the merchants who supply them (the local bakeries that supply the pies sold at the cafeteria), and so on.
For many businesses it creates demand that essentially removes the ceiling that peacetime businesses often hits once the market is saturated by itself and its competitors.
Also also: In cultures such as the vikings, war came with pillaging, where you invaded another country and you sent the riches of their cities home to your own country. War could be highly profitable, but a soldier during peace-time either wasn't paid or was paid a pittance. | 5d6c0b2e-cd12-44e0-9871-accddc684043 |
5rq6pa | Why are some people "mouth breathers" and other people "nose breathers"? | It's more natural for people to breathe through their noses when they are at rest. In about 85% of cases, mouth breathing is caused by blockage in the nasal cavities that prevents people from getting enough air through their noses. | 95d65568-2cbb-491a-a0de-776c4eaebfaf |
22ennk | How is betting allowed on WrestleMania, when the outcome is predetermined? | The outcome might be predetermined but it is not publicly announced before it happens.
The people that are betting for and against a certain wrestler are not people that know what the outcome will be, only a few people (the production crew and the wrestlers in this case) will actually know what the outcome will be, and they are most likely not allowed to bet on the outcome themselves. | 04671912-5723-49ae-bd36-582d285aafcd |
jx05b | What is a TV show's rating an how accurate is it?? ELI5 please | It's an estimate of how many people watched it. In the US they're done by a company called Nielsen which either gets people to keep diaries of what they watched or installs a device that connects to your TV and automatically reports back.
It's about as accurate as you expect considering they survey 0.02% of families and then extrapolate it for the whole country. | bef1cdee-4f76-431f-973e-300338ca00cc |
1abpml | Those "fundraisers" that have grade school kids running around selling a company's products door to door. Are they technically legal? If so, why? | Of course they're legal, though I believe (if I remember from the days of being a kid) your parents had to sign a consent form; I might be wrong. These fundraisers are often part of a sale of things like Girl Scout cookies, magazines, candy bars and other little stuff. The products are over priced intentionally because the customer knows a portion of the sale is going towards the fundraiser, which is usually used to bring money in to the club or team the child is a part of. That money can go towards things like field trips (camp outs perhaps) as well as incentives/rewards/points the kid can earn by selling certain quotas. Want a new pocket knife Johnny, go sell 40 subscriptions of Mens Health. It's a win for the kid, win for the club they're in, and a win for the customer (if they're honestly interested in supporting their community by purchasing something they want for a little more than retail). | 3303862a-a243-4b14-8b41-38c78b499965 |
11tdi2 | What was so good about the 'good' old days? | People tend to be nostalgic and look back on the past with rose tinted glasses; forgetting bad events or remembering them more fondly than at the time they took place. When something is in the past and not going to happen again or cause you any problems in the future it is much easier to look back on it with a happy thought.
Plenty of young people do it too. Go over to /r/gaming and you will find that 10-15 years ago was the high point in media when everything was wonderful. | 46614be2-9830-43fd-9610-71fc2f658180 |
4u0sto | What 'tracking' does on a VCR? | Such a retro question!
VCRs use reel to reel technology. So tape goes from one wheel, through a reader head, and into another wheel.
That reader head has to very carefully line up with the VCR tape in a particular way. In a VCR, the head actually reads diagonally. This diagonal innovation is what got VCR to exist. Otherwise, there just wasn't enough room on the tape.
When you are adjust tracking, you are making tiny adjustments to the reader head to get it to line up more correctly. | 9fb12fcd-82dd-4b9f-909d-ec30c38839b3 |
4kg0vl | How did the whole microchip credit card thing start? | For under $100, you can buy a device that will write a credit card number to the magstrip on a card. There is virtually *zero* security involved there. It was also becoming increasingly common for criminals to place "skimmers" - devices that would capture the number of cards run through it - on ATMs & gas pumps.
Those chips, OTOH, are nearly impossible to copy with a single use. | 669740cf-e432-4d36-a4a3-6ef11665cbe1 |
4z8zbe | Why does air cool when it's pressure decreases? (Conversely, why does air heat up when it's pressure increases?) | Temperature is caused by atoms and molecules whizzing around and hitting off each other. The more collisions, the higher the temperature. If you hold a finite volume of air in a container (say 1 mole, a unit of measurement for atoms and molecules) and change the size of the container, that effects whether the molecules bounce off each other and the sides of the container more or less. If it expands (decrease in pressure) there's more space for the molecules to move around and they bounce off each other less. If it gets smaller (more pressure) they bounce off each other more. | 73f2b2d5-fae8-43c2-be42-402a446b0d1d |
7x1ssz | Why do we all perceive time going in the same direction? | There is a concept in physics called the [Arrow of Time](_URL_0_). This is basically the fact that time seems to only flow in one direction, despite the fact that on the smallest scales physics should be independent of the direction in which time flows. However, the reason why this is the case is an outstanding unsolved problem. | 674dcdec-2963-4070-84ad-89cce5a1f0e7 |
71vuoz | What do people mean when they say a singular sperm contains 35MB of data and how did somebody figure this out? | Because a sperm cell contains data in the form of DNA. All cells (except some weird ones like red blood cells) contain DNA. DNA is a code of four base units in groups of 3 in various combinations. A section of a string of DNA might say GGGAAACCC which is GGG, AAA, and CCC, which would correspond to three different amino acids.
So, all cells with a nucleus contain data.
Sperm cells are a little special because they are small, and contain very little cellular organnelles except a nucleus, mitochondria, and a tail & motor. So proportionally, they contain more data per gram than say, a muscle cell. | 51edd8e7-7aa9-4127-a022-2e1fd2b24fd5 |
5qw0yw | What's the difference in meaning of the word "liberal" as in 1) Liberal Democracy and 2) Liberal political candidate? | 'Liberalism' is basically broken down into two broad schools of thought. "Social liberalism" is basically what most people think of as "left-wing", whereas "classical liberalism" is something closer to libertarianism.
This explains the difference. Some conservatives embrace aspects of classical liberalism, free market economics, etc. In Australia, the main conservative party is actually called the "Liberal Party", based on this broader definition of liberalism. But these people would not identify as social liberals or "left wing".
The confusion in the US comes because this broader definition of liberalism seems to have been lost, and "liberal" seems to mean exclusively "social liberalism".
(Also note that like many other political terms, "liberal" is sometimes just thrown out there as a generic grab-bag political insult, and may not be meant in any literal or meaningful sense). | f7929c12-4f7b-44ac-b519-3ce927622251 |
2qdf4i | Why is music emotionally moving? | Many things in life can make you feel strong emotions. Your brain has been meticulously forged by evolution to emote to different events in order to keep you alive.
Also, you have been exposed to music throughout your life, and like a dog who learned to salivate when a bell is ringed before the serving of a delicious beef, you learned to emote to different musical patterns differently, which is why this beautiful classical piece makes you feel moved.
The building blocks of those emotional responses to different sounds are, however, embedded in all humans from birth. For instance, very low-pitched strong bass sounds make everyone feel edgy, curious and contemplative (in general), which makes it appropriate to space exploration movies (which also elicit those feelings), [see this for an example.](_URL_0_)
The causes for this are related with evolution. Strong low-pitched bass sounds in the wild are generally associated with big predators, and feeling edgy and uneasy when exposed to those sounds probably helped early humans to survive and pass those genes on to you. High pitched, melodic and soft sounds are related to feminine maternal voices, which are associated with feelings of pleasure and safety. Screaming and horror sounds make you feel anxious and worried because those sounds in the wild, again, meant trouble.
Source: [Musician.](_URL_1_) | 287be286-e8b1-439d-a94d-b2b866a31fe9 |
3t1qyz | If USPS postman doesn't ask for my sign and drops off package, what's stopping someone from ordering expensive stuff from amazon and claiming it never arrived ? | The shipper decides if a signature is needed. I have delivered $5 items requiring a signature and also left $2000 items on a porch when the shipper did not require proof of delivery.
Source: Ex FedEx driver | a824ee4f-6e73-4586-b3d9-e9d0835215f8 |
293pwh | Why do muscle injuries hurt a little on the day of the injury, but are unbearable the next day? Isn't sleep supposed to heal? (Graph Provided for Visual Aid) | I will attempt to give a loose description of what, I think, is most likely the case.
When your body experiences trauma, whether blunt, sharp, increased or strenuous exercise not previously conditioned into by the body or any form of inflammation, whether caused by a bacteria, virus, parasite or fungi, the body will go through an inflammatory response that has an affect on many different systems within the body. These are a mechanism to protect the body to ensure homeostasis, or simply put, as close to "normal" function as possible.
One of those cascades is associated with inflammatory cytokines. Or simply put, substances(think of them as smoke signals) that get released from damaged tissue(cells), nervous tissue, the blood etc to communicate with the rest of the body. In this instance, cells are telling the brain that there is damage that gets relayed to the brain, making you conscious of the problem. This is called nociception(pain). Some of these communicative substances are Potassium, as its the predominate ion within cells, so naturally when a cell bursts from swelling, trauma etc it is released into the surrounding space, certain prostaglandins and Substance P.
As the body is going through this inflammatory response and begins to heal, your body wants to keep your mind aware of the trauma. Substance P lowers your pain threshold. Or lessens the amount of stimulus that is needed to make you aware of it. This allows for less of a stimulus, repeated trauma, whatever it may be, to be noticed more easily by the brain. In doing so, this allows your body to protect that of which is going through the healing process.
In the case of Substance P, in relation to trauma, is a protective mechanism for the body to heal itself.
I hope this makes sense. Again, this is overly simplified and it is much more complicated. There are many intra/extra-relationships that drive all processes in the body and hard to simplify. | 292dcc36-4c03-4db2-8dc6-0a10054c3d21 |
27zmh0 | What's the big deal with electric vehicles? Doesn't coal still have to burn somewhere to provide the electricity to charge the car, which means that they're still releasing CO2 into the air? | The coal plant is more efficient and more cost effective than a car engine at producing power and scrubbing pollutants. | 6db41688-5266-491e-866f-734a6b5a63f4 |
38vsud | How do planets 'float' in space? | They don't. There is no up or down in space, so if you put something there it will just stay there, it doesn't need to float.
However anything with mass is pulling everything else with mass towards it. This is the force of gravity, which is why we are pulled towards the center of the Earth. And also the Earth is pulled to the sun, but the Earth is also moving sideways. We are falling towards the sun, but we are moving so fast sideways that we are constantly missing it. This is what an orbit it, same reason why the moon, all our satellites and the space station don't crash in to the Earth. | 7071a9be-640b-41c4-8dd5-011a81685ed0 |
3eltvf | What would happen realistically if North Korea invaded South Korea? | they would lose, after completely destroying the country. The first wave of rocket fire would be devastating. It would last as long as it takes for NATO to get in position. | 68e50f14-2111-40e8-81b3-3b1d5117eb32 |
16gq83 | Fake torrents with thousands of seeds and leeches | People can purchase seeds for their torrents, which leads to many leechers thinking it's real. | 4b45ba1b-8151-4c2e-a69d-aef96353c60d |
16gfyp | [meta] Can we put a note about the trillion-dollar coin in the sidebar? | Not specifically the trillion dollar coin, but a common question section would be good. There also needs to be much, much more moderation. If someone asks a repeat question that has been asked this often or if someone asks a question that isn't coherent enough to answer it should be deleted. | 1e5ce915-fc3b-4021-8766-3c6852cfc08d |
6u7qh2 | How and why did "I have to" come into existence in English as a substitute for "I need to?" | The earliest meaning of "to have" was "to grasp", way back, before English even existed. From there it took on many more functions. First, it started meaning "to own", which was not too far from it's original meaning. Then, it became an auxiliary (helping) verb: "I have seen him". This happened in Old English, during the Middle Ages. It then became a modal auxiliary, "to have to", also in Old English. *Why* this happened is unclear, as always in language. There have been similar developments in other languages with verbs like "to have", such as Latin and German. | a643506f-126e-415c-a76a-a39da2d234b2 |
1z8sdg | Would our perception of time change if we were many times larger (100x, 150x) than we are today? | Yes, probably. Larger animals in general perceive time more slowly, as it takes longer for any impulse to cross their larger nervous systems. That's why it's so hard to catch or swat flies; to them, you're moving in slow-motion.
_URL_0_ | 517c84de-9c53-4928-8085-b45e9ba3c3de |
3tn898 | Microeconomics. | Say you have 20 people who like ice cream by a varying amount. Person #1 is willing to pay $1 for a cone, person #2 is willing to pay $2 a cone because he likes it a bit more, person #3 is willing to pay $3 a cone because he likes it even more, all the way up to person #10 is willing to pay $10 a cone because he loves ice cream.
This is your demand curve. If ice cream is $10, only one person will buy it. If ice cream is $9, two people will buy it. If ice cream is $8, 3 people will buy it, etc.
Now we need suppliers. Supplier #1 can make ice cream really cheap and will sell it for $1. Supplier #2 can only sell ice cream for $2 and stay in business. Etc. all the way up to supplier #10 who won't sell ice cream for less than $10. This is our supply curve. If ice cream is selling for $1, then only one person is willing to make it. If it's selling for $2, then only 2 people. If it's selling for $10, then all 10 will sell it. This is our supply curve.
Now we have to see where supply meets demand (which is $5). If the price is $6, then 6 people will be willing to make it, but only 4 will be willing to pay for it. If the price is $4, then 4 people will be willing to make it, but 6 people will be wiling to buy it. So the magic price is $5 where 5 people are willing to make it and 5 people are willing to buy it. | cbada327-2ea8-49ae-b40f-1b894e45f143 |
2h5vm9 | Why does getting hit/shot/stabbed/any other type of injury, in the arm hurt less or seems to hurt less than anywhere else on the body? | TV is not reality. It hurts like a motherfucker. | ceaf1b8a-50f8-453a-aeea-7f681db82b7c |
vvbd1 | Why do people create computer viruses? | Short answer: they (usually) want to make money. Some of them have bigger fish to fry. Depends. Warning: The ELI5 explanation may not make sense at some points.
Quick terminology guide:
**malware** = all-encompassing term for viruses, adware, scareware, rootkits, anything that wants to inconvenience you. I use 'malware' and 'infection' interchangeably below.
**virus** = any code that will replicate itself, whether by sending out infected emails, reaching out to networked computers to infect them, or transmission through any other vector. Thanks to the media, 'virus' and 'malware' are more or less interchangeable in society's eyes. They shouldn't be - not all malware is a virus, but all viruses are malware.
The rest is explained below.
**ELI5**:
You've got four main types of malware. Scam infections, spyware, trojan horses, and rootkits.
Say you're counting your money. You're doing so openly because you know the police (antivirus companies) will protect you if anyone tries to take your money.
Most malware attempts to take your money. Some, like the scam infection, may dress up like a police officer and tell you that you're in a lot of danger, so you should give them your money. But they are not actually a police officer, they're just disguised as one!
Others are sneakier. Spyware will follow you to the bank without you seeing it and watch you give your money to the teller. Then it will disguise itself as you and ask the teller for your money.
Some malware (trojans) doesn't even want your money. They want to use you for their own means. They'll put a saddle on you and make you butt heads with the bigger kids - and all the other little kids you know have saddles on them as well, and the viruses hope to use these numbers to cause damage to the big kids. *(edit: this is referring to botnets - I can't think of any real way to illustrate this to a five-year-old, sorry if it sounds stupid)*
And then some malware, you can't even see! They're invisible. But this malware (rootkits) is usually backed by very powerful and evil men, and you won't even know they're there until they've slipped into your pants and given you a wedgie.
For anyone looking for something more comprehensive:
**Scareware, adware and keyloggers/spyware**
Contrary to what the media/Hollywood would like you to believe, most of the malware that everyday computer users face is not the overnight work of some bespectacled nerd with a taste for chaos sitting in a dark room lit by dozens of CRT monitors. Rather, most malware nowadays is small-time, cheap exploit code that is aimed at doing one thing: making money. It does this by either:
- getting you to outright pay them yourself. There are many infections that will act as fake antivirus programs (known as '[scareware](_URL_2_)') in order to get your credit card information; they establish themselves on a computer, start wreaking havoc, then bring up a window saying that the fake antivirus has caught some nonexistent issues. However, the scareware is always a free trial, and you have to buy the 'real' version for it to 'clean' your computer. Other infections will just lock you out completely until you enter credit card information.
[Here is what your typical scareware looks like.](_URL_8_) Generally, these will have lots of spelling mistakes, horrible grammar, and one giant button that tells you you're in trouble and to buy the 'full version'. Also, note that it's finding viruses (these are fake entries) in all the places, accompanied with bogus or mismatched virus types. Most people can see through this, but the seniors or technologically-stupid of the world may not.
- sitting behind the scenes and sending your information to others. This malware - generally referred to as 'spyware' - is often based around 'keyloggers', which will record your keyboard's keystrokes and upload them to a human controller; then, when the controller has information they deem useful (e.g. your online banking password), they can take your money.
*Why?*
As mentioned above, these are almost purely profit-motivated infections. These types of malware rarely attempt to spread themselves to other users' computers. They want to raise as little suspicion as possible - you may not be as inclined to give out your credit card number to a message on your computer if your friends start calling you and telling you you're sending them spam emails. So, really, they are not viruses, but just infections - they are almost always contracted as a result of downloading something infected, be it an email attachment, bad file, or something from a shady torrent/peer-to-peer site.
These infections can range from severe, like the two examples above, to mild, like most '[adware](_URL_6_)', which just spams your computer or changes certain links to lead to shady websites which try to sell you stuff. Adware, scareware and keyloggers are usually the easiest to get rid of, and comprise the brunt of infections that plague the world today.
**Trojans/botnets**
That isn't to say worse things don't exist. Heavier infections, such as [trojan horses](_URL_4_), serve to compromise a user's control over a computer for various reasons, usually by making security holes (back doors) for malicious code to run through. Some trojan horses are deployed for the purposes of creating a [botnet](_URL_9_) - if many computers are infected with the same trojan, they become [zombie](_URL_0_) machines with which many things can be done. If you've ever read about 4chan's infamous DDOS attacks, for example, a botnet works in much the same way - large amounts of computers generate junk signals to overwhelm a target and bring it down through sheer brute force.
*Why?*
These types of infections are generally tooled towards causing chaos, and may be used to attack large websites or organizations by using the controlled computers to flood web servers en-masse in a [distributed denial of service attack](_URL_3_). They may also be used to farm bank information through a combination of trojan doorways and keyloggers. Botnets are rare, as they are nowhere near as easy to deploy as simple scareware, and operating a botnet is a high-profile digital offense, whether it's for DDOS purposes or harvesting information (see [here](_URL_1_) for an example of counter-botnet efforts).
*Generally*, infections that exist to make their operators money are not run by skilled users. Those infections are mass-produced templates that are sold on the market to whoever wants to run them; they're shabbily-coded, often very easy to see through if you have the slightest clue about computers, and have a short lifespan (as antivirus programs will just update to defeat them after they're released). On the other hand, trojans, especially those used for botnets, take heavy-duty coding, coordination, and are usually run by more notorious groups. (relevant note: botnet controllers are generally known as herders or botherders)
**Rootkits**
The ultimate viruses - and this is where we start approaching Hollywood territory - are [rootkits](_URL_7_). These viruses are very hard to combat for one reason - they are able to actively hide their presence from the rest of the computer. Without going into excessive detail about the layers of an operating system, think of it like this: your computer is composed of two major parts, the hardware (physical, tangible box containing all the circuitry and whiz-bang that makes a computer run) and the software. These two parts act as a sandwich for a multitude of smaller layers that gradually fill the gap between reality and the digital world of an operating system, all for the purpose of taking a user's actions and translating them down to machine level so that the computer can do something with them. Rootkits can run beneath the top, or application, layer of the operating system, effectively cloaking themselves or making themselves impossible to remove without advanced techniques.
*Why?*
Rootkits are some of the most malicious code out there, and are developed by the best hackers in the industry. They are extremely rare, and most users will not run into one unless they're really unlucky. Due to the skill involved in making a rootkit successfully, few hackers know how to do so, and, if they manage to make a competent rootkit, antivirus companies will immediately start releasing protective updates to prevent them from taking hold on machines.
Recently, we saw rootkits being used on an international scale for electronic warfare - see [Stuxnet](_URL_5_). Rootkits can be very, *very* complicated - Stuxnet was actually able to physically manipulate machinery.
And then, lastly, some people just write viruses for fun, but this is a very small percentage.
**Addendum**
It should be noted that malware types are not mutually exclusive. Scareware can incorporate a trojan, a rootkit can incorporate scareware, etc. - generally, they stay exclusive because it's easier to do things that way (you want a rootkit to be as inconspicuous as possible, for example), but there's no hard and fast guide or 'Viruses 101' that says only one type of infection can be deployed at once, or that certain types can't contain elements of other malware.
*EDIT #1*: added a bunch of Wikipedia links for further reading, expanded a bit on some sections, separated sections into virus definition and 'why'? for clarity, added introductory definitions. | 97eee5d5-3c82-454c-bcf4-be55cc12ef31 |
6ilmgu | Why do we (usually) sleep better in hotels or other people's beds? | This is probably anecdotal and it varies from person to person. Personally I sleep much worse in any other bed than my own. You might want to check if your mattress/bed is of poor quality and look into investing into quality ones, sleeping well is important. Also it might be psychological, maybe you have some issues at home and when you're away you can relax and be carefree. | d93850f7-f4c8-4c80-8718-251c2dd7f42c |
2xsgiy | Why do they tell you to take birth control for a week to be protected, when at the end of the month you take plaecbos. Why don't you have to wait a week into the next month to be protected also? | Found online:
When you menstruate, it's because the egg released by the ovary either wasn't fertilized, or was fertilized but did not implant in the uterus, so your endometrium which has built up from all of those directives, to prepare for a fertilized egg implanting, then sloughs itself off. That's what your flow is during menses (which is also why sometimes it has little globs in it, rather than just fluid).
When you take the pill, the synthetic hormones send a different set of signals to your reproductive system entirely, so that you do not ovulate -- release that egg -- so that your vaginal secretions become and remain thicker (to make it tougher for sperm to get to an egg in the case something went amiss there), and so that that endometrial lining doesn't build up as much (in the case that the other two modes go awry, that would make it really tough for a fertilized egg to implant). That's three different ways to protect you from pregnancy, and even just one of those ways is often enough.
The reason why you don't have any extra risks during that placebo week is because of all of the things the pill has done in the three weeks prior, and which it will do once you start taking it again. During that week, you don't need pills because they've already prevented ovulation and fertilization, so you couldn't become pregnant during that period of time, as without all those preceding signals to be fertile, you can't suddenly become fertile in that week.
Sometimes this is more simply explained by saying that the pill tricks your body into thinking it already ovulated in a given cycle -- thinking that through every day of every cycle you're using the pill. In a normal fertility cycle, once ovulation has come and gone, a person is highly unlikely to become pregnant. Same goes for people using the pill. | 0650bfe5-9bca-4536-863a-7d22833a918e |
3xghvh | Why is it that over time reposted images become smaller and blurrier? | Many websites don't initially display the full image, but a downscaled version of it that you need to view in full resolution by clicking it or opening it in a new window. They do this to reduce unnecessary traffic, for example when people look at it on mobile devices that wouldn't be able to display the full picture anyways.
If people don't know know that, they save the smaller version, and when they repost that one, the same thing can happen. | 549fbb5a-f654-409e-a492-ce25f004f0c5 |
13xhhi | What is the Internet of Things? | It's where everything you own would be connected to the internet. For instance your fridge or your fruit bowl. Each device would behave differently and post data to the internet. For instance your fridge would relay its temperature and allow you to adjust it. Maybe your fruit bowl would send you a text when there's been nothing in it for a few days.
That way you could theoretically control everything you own from anywhere in the world. | dd69d067-efc3-4e6f-8590-5fec2f1c0db7 |
292wnm | Is gravity's effects instantaneous, or does its influence take time to reach an object, like light does? | Gravitons move at the speed of light. Gravity is not instant. | 35306960-0625-45ea-8213-7d2f26c61287 |
lmgzh | Why can't I do my taxes like I am a business? | The standard deduction, personal exemptions, and progressive tax brackets should accomplish the same goal, without the book keeping effort. That is, you don't pay federal income taxes until you are making above sustenance level of income, and taxes increase as you are more able to pay those taxes. | 44c884e5-eaf1-4b30-9b7c-107dff70ec71 |
5xlxmt | If there are so much garbage orbiting the earth such that they collide with each other, how come view of sky is not changed since 20 years? | There are a huge amount of space junk orbiting the earth.
According to ESA 2013
> 29,000 - for sizes larger than 10 cm
> 670,000 - for sizes larger than 1 cm
> More than 170 million - for sizes larger than 1 mm.
But the volume they are in are enormous. If you look at a graph at _URL_1_ there are less then on per 1000 km^2 where is is most concentrated. That includes all object > 1mm
Satellites and large space junk like rocket tanks are visible but you have likely not looked close enough at the sky at night to see them
Lock at _URL_0_ for your location and you will find which satellites are visible
You will notice how faint the reflected light from a satellite or a rocket stage is. There is not chance that you can see a small object in orbit with your eyes.
But the can also be quite bright. ISS is the third brights object in the sky if it passes over you. The only brighter things are the sun and the moon.
Flares are even brighter but they only cover a small area of the earth. Look at Iridium Flares at _URL_0_ and go out an look at one. You have to use the exact location where you are going to spot them because they are only 10 km wide on the ground and the brightness varies inside them. They can even be seen during the day. | 328ab033-bc42-43f1-bea6-1c2f40a351d0 |
1xc4op | Why isn't beer sold in plastic bottles, like soda? | _URL_0_
Also, plenty of sporting events and concerts sell beer in plastic bottles so drunk people don't throw glass bottles at each other. | ae30a212-2299-4652-a037-d9bcd12df60f |
6fdqnh | Are the arguments for racial differences in intelligence, such as proposed by the 1994 book 'The Bell Curve', strong or weak? | Current theory is less about racial differences and more about socio-economic differences. Poorer groups with less focus on education tend to perform worse on IQ tests than wealthier groups with more focus on education (over the past few generations).
Of course, the current theory is largely biased away from connecting intelligence to race, as that is a very socially dangerous topic. It's the same reason we can't say that "blacks are better at sports in general", or "the Jews are better in school in general", even if it might be true. | c432141c-5994-402d-8d5b-21d8f81b8e68 |
4fg1gi | How do planetary gears work? | [This is a good concise animation of the whole thing](_URL_1_). The orange on in the middle is the sun gear. the three greenish ones in the middle are the planet gears and the outer ring is the ring gear. The sun and ring gears are the inputs and outputs, it does not matter which one but only those two can be connected to anything.
[There is a bit more though](_URL_0_) There is also this thing called a planetary carrier, which is what allows them all to spin the way they do. In many cases the carrier or things attached to it are capable of locking which makes the output shaft spin at the same rate and direction as the input shaft (ie 1:1). This creates a simple two speed gear set.
Automatic transmissions typically use planetary gears (as opposed to manual transmissions). A 4 speed automatic has 2 sets of planetary gears where each set has the two speeds mentioned earlier. The ratios of the gears are different and this way there are a total of 4 unique ratios of input/output (one of which is always 1 to 1). If both gear sets are the same size you would only get 3 speeds (since two combinations are the same). Automatic transmissions with more speeds like 6, 8, and even 10 can be achieved by concatenating multiple sets of planetary gears. reverse is usually achieved by having a separate ring set with [two sets of planets](_URL_2_) so that the direction of the output becomes reversed. | 1114814d-8460-4392-be41-2f8e9b51808d |
1q6evh | Why do so many types of pills result in dry-mouth? | A lot of medications have anticholinergic effects, that is, they block the receptors for acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that induces salivation. Anything that stimulates adrenalin receptors might cause the same effect too | 11c295ca-2ec1-4a42-9791-a9f7a64116df |
2fmw8j | When can you carry something heavy why do you always only 'just make it'? | For the same reason you always have to pee more the closer you get to a bathroom when you really have to go. Your mind sets limits and your body reacts to those limits. | 5de7560b-4334-4a6b-819b-c51b3b1078aa |
325t9u | Why are movies rated PG-13, but TV shows rated TV-14 in the US? Why do they increase the age by 1 for TV shows? | The film ratings system is administered by the Motion Picture Association of America, while television content ratings are governed by the Federal Communications Committee. Other than that there really isn't a reason. | fe9776a7-9175-47c2-909d-55be070b1ead |
2gq80a | How does electricity get converted to movement in machines? | Magnets.
If you coil wire around a piece of metal and apply electricity, you make an electromagnet. If you also have a regular magnet nearby, you can get them to pull together.
If you also set this up in a cycle, you can keep applying electricity and pulling to the next magnet, and create a motor. | 2d85ebf5-4741-41b6-8b51-4c28817d5d12 |
r5imj | How do musicians sample older songs? | There are many ways to do this, but procuring original individual tracks is not one of them. I'm not going to type a novel here, but EQ, filters, and other effects are commonly used. | cb187d9f-216b-4d4d-8f35-faae107671d6 |
3e8xz8 | Why do companies price things at $4.99 instead of $5.00? | Psychologically 4 is less than 5. Since we read left to right, we see the 4 first and automatically associate it as being less than 5. | 4dc7db02-bc85-404b-812d-b444ed5187ff |
3k6n0h | How come Americans have large portion sizes and relatively cheap prices for their food? | When you go to a restaurant, you pay for the service first, then for the actual food. As a rule of thumb, the ingredients usually make up only 1/4 to 1/3 of the costs. Additionally, the work of preparing a dish twice as large usually isn't twice as much for the chef.
So it comes down to the customer's expectations. Americans expect large meals, so the restaurants deliver - without hurting their profits much. | 1a8fa107-504c-4df9-8f5c-5ca3c8d5cfa1 |
2uq884 | Why would the Eurozone collapsing be a bad thing. Can't they all just go back to their own currencies? | Depends on your timeframe.
If you are talking about the long term consequences, like hundreds of years, then yes, of course, the countries can go back to their old currencies and they will adjust to whatver pros and cons that arrangement has.
However if you are talking about time scales important to people alive, remember that many people don't like making adjustments. Furthermore many people will have arranged their lives in a way that will mean a change in currency will make them either rich or bankrupt, the former will lead parades in the streets in favour. The latter will lead riots in the streets against the former. Civil war is not an impossibility.
So for example, if a country leaves the face many challenges:
- if even a whisper of the plan leaks, their banking system will risk collapse as people try to withdraw cash to convert into something perceived as safer
- once completed, many countries will want to instantly devalue their currnecy by printing tons of it. Their former EU partners to whom they owe billions, will end up getting less after a devaluation. Hence they are unlikely to make this easy.
- after a devaluation, people who had kept their money out of the country will be rich, people who kept their money in the country will be poor. This will create strong tensions and resentment
All these effects are well known and easily anticipated by everyone, so everyone will tend to make financial moves today based on their perceptions of the likelihood of a currency change happening, rather than sitting calmly until it's announced.
In the end, in currency, careers, and dating, confidence is all that matters. | a0700438-e05e-4f9a-b05f-b437048002c9 |
7hngdo | Rearranging formulas/equations while following BEDMAS | A common issue is when multiplying or dividing, people tend to forget to apply to *all* terms in the equation.
An Algebra 1 example would be like this:
> **3x + 5 = 24**
You might think to do this:
> x + 5 = 8
thinking that you "divided both sides by 3." But in that case, you forgot the 5.
So you should have done this:
> x + 5/3 = 8
OR, you could have done the subtraction first instead:
> 3x = 19
The second approach is what's referred to as "reverse order of operations," meaning that when solving equations, it's usually easier to deal with addition/subtraction first, then multiplication/division, and so on.
=====
Does this help, or is it way too basic for what you are talking about? An example problem might be a good idea. | 4c68c350-485b-4909-850e-07a977428764 |
2dmum3 | Does drinking water actually have a flavor? | If they were all pure H2O, they would taste the same. However, water from different sources have different chemicals and minerals in them - it's not "just" water by a long shot. Different bottlers, different municipalities and other water sources all have different kinds and amounts of impurities that affect the taste of water. | f8d9d086-ea56-4036-a5a0-9b7162565055 |
1v6nh0 | When repaving a road, why do they skip the overpass? | I don't think they can pave continuously because of the expansion joints. | e7715806-7803-480f-95d3-dad12c80dca6 |
65jnyp | What is Matroid Theory? | It is like matrix on steroids. Matrices are studied in linear algebra and they are easy because they have a well understood structure with straightforward consequences. Matrices are are hard because such said rules are still much more abstract that what you see in high school or basic calculus. Matroids are like matrices except that they are even more general and will thus remain unaccessible until you master linear algebra. Matroids are useful in graph theory, combinatorics, and coding theory. | e3b9c716-6dc6-4b65-b5dc-09e8cf97d8fc |
7xnts8 | why can't blood from organ transplant patients be accepted for donation? | According to [this](_URL_0_) you just have to wait a year to donate blood. I'm guessing it is because of anti-rejection medication. Also says no brain transplant stuff because of prions. | b1697c48-b990-4149-9edb-7ca161e170eb |
1ipi1d | How do induction cooktops stay cool to the touch but still effectively heat pans? | I can try to make it simpler. When you have a piece of metal moving through a magnetic field (or a moving magnetic field with a stationary piece of metal. it doesn't really matter honestly, something in the system just has to be moving), because the metal is moving through the magnetic field, and electrons have electromagnetic properties, the electrons will begin to be "pushed" through the metal, creating a current. This is how induction works. Because the oven only creates a magnetic field, it is not hot to the touch. BUT, the pan will be made out of some resistive material (really, everything is resistive to a point). A resistive material basically means that the molecules in the material are condensed enough that the electrons will keep bouncing off all of the atoms while they try to move through. These electrons have kinetic energy while they are being pushed by the magnetic field. Once they bounce off an atom in the metal, this kinetic energy is converted into heat energy (due to conservation of energy, energy can't just disappear). Because there are billions/trillions/some really large number of electrons all bouncing off atoms an releasing heat energy in this metal, the piece of metal will heat up.
Was that simple enough? I know I used a lot of science and jargon and stuff. | 1552d728-65d0-447c-97ec-b42421138f5c |
6s3bh9 | Cantor's continuum Hypothesis | This answer is pretty lengthy and slightly technical, but it does not assume much prior understanding of mathematics. There's an abundance of wrong or misleading answers to mathematics questions on /r/explainlikeimfive, and I want to instead provide one that does the question justice. Maybe this answer is worse than other ones because it's difficult or boring, but at least it should be correct and pretty comprehensive.
#Sets
Mathematics is all about *sets*. A set is just a collection of things (called *elements* or *members*) that you consider as its own separate object. For instance, there's the set of counting numbers (*natural numbers*), that mathematicians usually write ℕ or **N**:
**N** = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
This is how sets are usually written down; you list the elements inside curly braces.
Other well-known named sets of numbers are the integers:
**Z** = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …};
the rational numbers (i.e. fraction):
**Q** = {0, 1/2, 1/3, 2/3 1/4, 3/4, 1/5, …, 1, 3/2, 4/3, 5/3, …, -1/2, -1/3, …};
and the real numbers (i.e. decimal numbers):
**R** = {0, 5, 1/7, 0.176253…, π, -√2, ³√17, …}.
(Don't try to make out some structure to the **R** example. There's no systematical way of listing all real numbers. We'll get to that in a bit.)
#Cardinality
Now, let's get to what the continuum hypothesis is all about: *cardinality*. Basically, there are two different uses for the natural numbers: position and size, or in mathematical nomenclature: *ordinality* and *cardinality*. You can use the natural numbers to count position in a list:
1. First position
2. Second position
3. Third position
⋮
You can also use them to count the number of items in a set (i.e. its size):
\#{1, 2, 3} = 3
\#{π, 15, -1/2, 2017} = 4
\#{} = 0
The set {1, 2, 3} has size 3 (because it has 3 elements), the set {π, 15, -1/2, 2017} has size 4, and the empty set {} has 0 elements.
It might seem like nitpicking to have two separate concepts for position in a list and for size of a collection, at least for sets of finite size. However, these two concepts turn out to work differently for infinite sets. I won't go into infinite ordinality, because it's pretty involved, and not important to the continuum hypothesis. You will have to slightly understand cardinality in a way that transfers to sets of infinite size, though.
Here's how to do it: When measuring the size of a set, don't count the number of elements. That would be using ordinality ("this is the first element", "this is the second element", …) which I've already promised doesn't work the same as cardinality for infinite sets. Instead, just pair elements up. I don't need to enumerate the elements in {1, 7, π, 15} and in {√2, -3, 3/5, 69} to know that the sets are of the same size; I can just pair the elements up:
1↔√2
7↔-3
π↔3/5
15↔69
No counting of elements needed! This concept transfers to sets of infinite size. We say that two sets have the same cardinality (size) if their elements can be paired up. The "can be" is important. The sets {0, 1, 2, 3, …} and {1, 2, 3, …} have the same size even though it might intuitively seem that one should be bigger. Sure, you can try the pairing
0↔???
1↔1
2↔2
⋮
and conclude that the former set must be bigger since 0 went unpaired, but you can also easily find a pairing which works:
0↔1
1↔2
2↔3
⋮
So the two sets are of the same cardinality. This is an important concept. A failed attempt to pair things up doesn't really prove anything, but once you've found one single pairing, you know that two sets have the same size. (As an aside, this "can be paired" oddity is related to why ordinality and cardinality can't be treated on equal footing for infinite sets.)
Of the sets I listed above, all but one actually have the same size. The cardinality of the natural numbers is the same as the cardinality of all the integers, which is the same as the cardinality of the rational numbers.
\#**N** = \#**Z** = \#**Q**.
The cardinality of the real numbers is, however, larger than that of these other sets:
\#**R** > \#**N**
This might seem surprising, and I won't go into why (I have [in the past](_URL_0_) however), but it's true.
#Sets of sets
Now, it's time for the final piece of the puzzle: sets of sets. This is really the reason for why sets are so important in mathematics. You can treat a set as its own object, which in particular means you can use sets as elements in other sets. This might seem strange, but it's really no different to a box containing another box. So for instance {1, 2} is not the same set as {{1, 2}}, and neither of those are the same set as {1, {2}}. This is completely analogous to how a box containing a hat and a banana isn't the same as a box containing a box containing a hat and a banana, neither of which is the same as a box containing a hat and a box containing a banana.
If you have the set {1, 2, 3}, all the sets you can form from elements in this set are
{}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}.
These sets are called *subsets* of the original set. The set of all subsets of a set is called the *power set* of that set. For example, the power set of {1, 2, 3} is {{}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}. You might notice that if a set has size *n*, then its power set must have size 2^*n*. This is because if you add an element to a set, you double the number of subsets (you can either include the new element in a subset or you can not). So a set always has smaller cardinality than its power set, and this fact also holds for infinite sets. There's no way to pair up all the natural numbers with all the possible sets of natural numbers.
#The continuum hypothesis
At this point, you actually know everything to understand the continuum hypothesis properly. Its statement is:
**The continuum hypothesis:** There is no set with a cardinality bigger than that of the integers and simultaneously smaller than that of the power set of the integers.
It's possible to prove that the power set of the integers has the same cardinality as the set of all real numbers, so an equivalent statement is:
**The continuum hypothesis (version 2):** There is no set with a cardinality bigger than that of the integers and simultaneously smaller than that of the real numbers.
Just like there are names for the finite cardinalities (0, 1, 2, 3, …), there are actually names for the infinite ones. For instance ℵ₀ – pronounced aleph-naught after the Hebrew letter ℵ – is the smallest cardinal number. The second smallest cardinal number is ℵ₁ (aleph-one). With this notation, the continuum hypothesis can be stated:
**The continuum hypothesis (version 3):** 2^(ℵ₀) = ℵ₁.
That's it! | d14191fd-9ed1-46cc-a26c-5ff7610f0492 |
pokz2 | Why is gold worth so much? | For most of history, gold was the densest substance known. So when it came to making money, gold was the natural choice. Anything you might try to adulterate a gold coin with would make it lighter, so you could instantly know it was a fake just by weighing it. Gold provided a degree of security that no other metal could match. | 8c8d67f6-3a6f-42b1-a9ff-73b64c7f5eed |
491cqk | Why do we lose balance when we're standing on something compared to just standing on the floor | Your balance can be affected by many senses. You do use your eyesight in part when trying to balance. Just seeing that you are on an object will have you subconsciously determine that you need to focus on balancing which can throw you off. | 2a834db8-70b8-4a93-91ba-06b197290fcd |
2zjzxr | Why are Swiss bank accounts always mentioned when pursuing (in movies and in real life) supposedly corrupt individuals? Why are they usually tied in with large amounts of money that has been illegally obtained? Why are they the rich, corrupt individuals bank of choice? | Laws in Switzerland mean banks do not have to give personal information to police or government upon request. So a lot of criminals put their illegally made money into a Swiss bank account knowing the Police will never be able to find out who owns the account or how much money is in it or where the money came from. It's a way of cutting off the paper trail without storing it all in cash | 41a42215-68ff-4157-9bc7-713a70e2c12e |
nn5za | I'm sufffering, first world drama style, from the common cold. Please ELI5 the epic battle between the virus and my immune system. | First, the virus enters the cells in your body. Then it uses all the machinery in the cell to make more viruses. Then it pops the cell to release all the new viruses. This is not healthy. ~~Rinse and~~ repeat.
At some point your body realizes this is happening. Its usual response is to raise your temperature, giving you a fever. This has two uses:
* Makes your body a terrible place for viruses. They hate the heat (seriously).
* Increases your body's production of the things that fight the virus, due to... an explanation that goes beyond ELI5.
Anyway, other signs of infection like muscle pain, vomiting, headaches, diarrhea etc. etc. are all caused by either the the virus destroying your cells or are a side result of your body destroying the virus. | 16018d05-4e61-4b40-ac62-09f3059524df |
2b17km | I have $20 to spend this month of food, can I get the proper nutrition? | This has been deleted because it is not asking for a concept to be explained. I'd recommend /r/frugal for this question, but r/answers or /r/askreddit may be able to help too. Thanks. | 31156d40-ba5c-45ef-b4b6-66b6ae9fa9b7 |
81yh4l | Why does nearly everyone hate the sound of their own voice when they hear it? | Sorry mate but:
_URL_0_
Don't want be a jerk but I kinda posted it earlier. And by the looks of it you reposted it. No offense though. | db5703f4-2314-4404-80fb-738938a22e42 |
8e3kjl | How to ophthalmic emulsifiers work? | If you leave a bowl of water on your kitchen counter for a few days it will dry up (water evaporation). Similarly, your eyes will dry up faster if you only had water on them. To prevent that, your eyes has a thin layer of lipids (like oil) that reduces water evaporation. Certain eyedrops (refresh endura, systane balance, etc.) have emulsifiers that helps stabilise the fatty layer to reduce evaporation/dryness. | 2f1e5e2b-f280-4721-a566-04753adc2195 |
3nz55o | Why does the U.S. support a dictatorial government in Yemen (a country under sharia law), denouncing the rebels, but has the exact opposite stance in Syria? | Because every geopolitical move America makes is based on either money, or power. Ideals dont even factor. If your totalitarian dictator supports American hegemony, he will get weapons and support, if your democratically elected secular government challenges us or sides with a rival, all of a sudden rebel separatist forces will get mysterious influx of money and guns and will destabilize your region/overthrow your leaders, and everything in between. | 3ef87909-7dd1-4821-b265-6a0ff733e849 |
6bt4i1 | Moore's Law - Does computing power really double every 18 months? Will this ever plateau out? | "Moore's Law" is actually just an observation of a historical trend - the *density of transistors* tends to grow exponentially, doubling every 18 months. This tends to translate to more transistors and, when coupled with improvements in clock speeds, lead to exponential increases in CPU power throughout the 80s, 90s & 2000s.
Clock speeds, however, have largely plateaued. Intel was shipping 3.8GHz Pentium 4 CPUs back in 2005 - their fastest chip today is only clocked at 4.2GHz. This means that the last few generations of CPUs have not made significant improvements in processing power from one release to the next. When Intel released their most recent "Kaby Lake" processors, many people were *really* disappointed that it showed a minimal performance improvement over the previous "Sky Lake" release.
For things like rendering CG for movies, the performance of CPUs isn't really such a limiting factor. With larger & larger budgets for CG and special effects, we just keep building larger render farms & throwing GPUs at the problem. | d0502d77-7a9e-48e6-96fd-5641cf34c49c |
2q06v6 | If a person was shrunk down to fit in the palm of one's hand, would their voice become high-pitched like in it does in movies? | I would imagine so. Itty bitty vocal folds and all that.
To quote from [Wikipedia](_URL_0_):
The perceived pitch of a person's voice is determined by a number of different factors, most importantly the fundamental frequency of the sound generated by the larynx. The fundamental frequency is influenced by the ***length, size, and tension of the vocal folds.*** This frequency averages about 125 Hz in an adult male, 210 Hz in adult females, and over 300 Hz in children. | beb49008-5744-48b1-a6af-c51f71a7a471 |
6q616l | What's the difference between a battery pack in series and a battery pack in parallel?( Please forgive my stupidity) | A cell has 2 properties, voltage and current.
Having multiple cells in series increases the voltage provided by the battery but doesn't effect the current.
Having multiple cells in parallel increases the current provided by the battery but doesn't change the voltage. | dafc0eb1-a6dd-4720-b2f2-db3eef9b065f |
3zdmck | Why are personal aircraft so expensive? Is it parts/construction or is it because it's a luxury item? | A few reasons, the main one being FAA certification and relatively low volume. Similar to like how all cars must be crash tested on the road and how safety items on your car must have NHTSA certification all the expensive parts of an airplane who's failure could lead to a crash require FAA certification. This is one of the aviation industry's biggest complaints; FAA certification holds back technological advances. Most general aviation aircraft (what most people think of when you say Cessna) are flying with 50 year old engine designs and manual control. We can't get modern fuel injection or ignition systems because no one wants to spend time to develop a new system and pay hundreds of thousands for FAA certification.
The other part is maintenance, it's like owning a Ferrari. There's lots of scheduled maintenance that needs to be done | 6822f033-24c1-441a-b126-8985abc4ff94 |
43a9pe | How is PewDiePie so widely popular, despite many people claiming to hate him? | He appeals mostly to a younger demographic than you probably associate with. There are a fuckton of 13 year olds on Earth so Pewdiepie can have huge viewership while still being hated by everyone over 21 (which isn't even the case). | 3fece40e-7f5e-4f96-b463-209e05b5bdc3 |
1rgik6 | Kidney stones and how to avoid them. | Kidney stones can be caused from a variety of factors including genetic disorders, infections, electrolyte imbalance, medications, pregnancy etc.
But the most common kidney stone is created from calcium oxalate. This occurs when a high amount of calcium and oxalate are secreted by the kidneys into the urinary system, causing it to fall out of solution and crystallize causing...ouch.
The best method to avoid kidney stones in the average patient is adequate hydration. The more water that goes through the urinary system, the less likely calcium oxalate is to fall out of solution and crystallize.
Other methods are to avoid calcium/oxalate supplements, be wary of medications that cause increased excretion of calcium (e.g. lasix) and treat urinary tract infections. | 6112392d-cbb3-4f43-85c6-c620a710df23 |
4j5scq | Why do a lot of the elderly wear pastel/beige colours ? | The elderly generally aren't clothes-horses like us when we are younger because they don't have to go to work or social events every day. So they generally have less selection in their clothes.
Pastels and beiges are a somewhat bright and cheery and clean-looking but not over-the-top way of comfortably dressing day after day for just about every informal occasion. When you don't have, need or want a thousand outfits, those colours are good choices for most occasions, particularly in places that they like to retire to where there's warmer and sunnier weather and where dark colours would be a lot hotter. | 033239b1-a1ef-486d-9113-e62d6a632879 |
1vp8gt | Why do we grab our heads when something goes wrong? | It's body language. It's the same reason you may cross your arms when angry or scratch your chin when in deep thought. Humans move their bodies when communicating because it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult", but I don't have a source for that.
In fact, there are even some that say a majority of our communication is non-verbal. That is we put more weight on subtle facial expressions or hand gestures than we do language.
Note: Sorry I'm on my phone and can't really find you a good source, but just Google body language, non-verbal communication or Kinesics. | 079ac05d-ea00-4511-a853-fdaffae67cc6 |
2inem5 | How can Disney celebrate 100 years of magic if the company started in 1923? | Fun answer: Because magic.
Real answer: [Because they started celebrating in 2001.](_URL_0_)
Ain't no party like a Disney party, because a Disney party is contractually obligated to never end. | e7ef27e5-bccc-49e9-bce7-128b1d50c9e8 |
25uta7 | Why are humans completely dependent on their guardians for so long? | If evolution could, it would have. However, nothing is free and when our ancestors evolved to have larger brains, sacrifices had to be made as life does not have unlimited resources to work with.
Humans are born relatively under developed as our brains required more room, but our way of life meant that we walked upright so the womans pelvis isn't suited for giving birth to large offspring.
We're not alone in this either. You pick a choice few animals in your examples, but there are plenty others such as rodents, birds, cats and dogs are born helpless too.
The difference here is that these animals tend to have a home, be it a nest or a den where the parents live. Herd animals need to stay with the pack because they don't stay in one place for too long. Hence evolution required things like sheep, horses and cows to have young that would keep up.
When the parents live in one place for extended periods of time, the pressure for the young then is not as severe which allows for other compromises.
In short, there is no evolutionary pressure to humans to have early developing children as we're more than capable of rearing them for the 20 odd years it takes us to grow fully. As pack animals, there would have always been assigned roles for hunting and gathering supplies which would mean that young children would not have to do these things themselves. This in turn allows for longer playing and learning, increasing the intelligence of the individual as their early days can be focused on these things, instead on pure survival instincts.
It is both unnecessary and a disadvantage for humans to have fast developing young. | 44e64f08-9a21-47fe-be01-7bd0e1f6127f |
1avfgj | Why do dogs use their back foot to scratch their ear instead of their front foot? | Several reasons:
Torque. Back legs on quadrupedal animals like dogs are very strong, as they're used to push off during a sprint. The back leg can scratch harder than front legs.
Angle. Most dogs can barely get their front paws over their snout, making putting them places like behind their head out of the question. The back legs, on the other hand, can scratch far more areas, at least on the front half of the body. For the bottom half, dogs bite.
Quadrapeds! Unlike humans, dogs aren't particularly dexterous with their front paws. They don't have fingers or thumbs like we do, so there tends to be less of a preference for using their front paws unless they really need them. You're thinking of this from the perspective of a 5 year old human who uses his or her hands for everything and generally only uses feet for walking. Dogs walk and are mostly equally dexterous with all four paws. | 49f5f21c-3a96-4fca-ba96-8a68799f6327 |
1kdgir | what's the deal with the Holy trinity? Why is it still monotheistic? | The Trinity distinguishes between persons and beings, or in layman terms one what and three who's.
God is one what (being) with three who's (persons). Each person is 100% God, co-equal (of equal power) and co-eternal (having existed forever). One person is not 1/3 of God because God is infinite and it is impossible to divide infinity into 3.
The three persons are the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The Father is unseen in heaven, the Son is the image of the Father, and the Holy Spirit works among believers.
There is no appropriate analogy because God is unique and thus there is nothing in creation which can accurately describe him. | 68fb39c9-a540-4010-988a-24e53ebc9d73 |
2q5pj0 | Why is it that in the 1900s and up into the early 2000s there were a lot of bands that were "number one" for years at a time but now there are seemingly more one hit wonders. | I love this question. It's common and is a great example of people asking the WRONG question. Bare with me while we "tumble down the rabbit hole"
What if I told you most of the iconic singers and bands of the previous century never actually topped any charts.
Let's use the beatles, as you brought them up. One of my favourite songs would definitely be "don't let me down" - which came out in 1973. So lets go have a look at the music charts from [1973] (_URL_0_) and see how high they got.
Huh. It's not there. In fact of all of these songs I only barely know the jim croce one. Why is that? Ok what about "yellow submarine". That's a classic from [1966] (_URL_1_). Oop, and look at that, it's at 93. Now granted there's a few beatles songs on this one, but none are number 1.
Go ahead, try it yourself. Look up some off the iconic songs - It's not just the beatles.
**SO** the wrong question to ask is "why is music now less good". The *right* question to ask is, why don't we remember all these other bands on the 1966 charts?
because they were bad. because they were one hit wonders. because in the moment they were catchy, but they had no substance.
So eventually you forget about them, and you only remember the greats. The beatles, the pink floyds, the hendrix's, the marleys.
And that's what will happen again. Right now, in the thick of it, you are overwhelmed with trash - but in a couple decades people will forget about all the one hit wonders, and they will remember the gold.
And they will sit there and say "why was music in the 2010's so good", and you will remind them it wasn't. | 2ce0f8ad-adee-415b-87da-9de8257a0f15 |
45a8y3 | Why is black and white considered as "no color"? | Cameras were not filming in the black and white colors, they where basically filming the absence or presence of light.
No color could be said as no definable color, as in it shows all or none of the colors, but not a distinctive color from the light spectrum. | 486debda-d5b6-48f0-8d71-06f5cbc9d7c9 |
6jkfq5 | Why does Universal Studios theme parks have "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter" when Harry Potter is produced by Warner Brothers? What kind of deals had to happen here to deal with trademarks etc? | WB owns the film rights. The IP belongs to JK Rowling. Rowling originally went to Disney to add the Harry Potter park to Disney's parks. But Disney didn't want to give Rowling as much say in the park creation as she wanted. Universal did, so they got the park. | 5d06a791-4ae8-4977-b688-9c63f59533c2 |
2vlkio | Why is it so easy to fall asleep in upright position in a brightly lit lecture hall? | Going because you have to as opposed to wanting to / Hungover / Sleep deprived / Droning voice going on and on and on / Uninteresting subject
pick and choose out of any of those. It's possible to sleep in an upright position in almost any circumstance. Just don't fall asleep resting on your raised arm/hand. Bad stuff can happen if you do that. | 4b53c9d1-f0d6-452d-a4ad-1839b4a2db03 |
39nuyk | How is MERS spread, why should we be worried about it, and how can we prevent ourselves from contacting it? | I'm coming bback to Korea in August and i've been hearing about the MERS thing. Made me a wee bit nervous | ee0e4485-a5fe-4879-ae8e-c24d741d7ad0 |
69rozs | What does it really mean when a famous person/public figure gets an "honorary doctorate?" Is it actually worth anything, or just a kind gesture? | It's only meant to be a gesture. Universities generally note that the recipient can add the letters after their name, but should not use the title Dr. except in interactions with the school that granted the degree. Most honorary degrees are specially titled along the lines of LL.D (Doctor of Laws) or Sc.D. (Doctor of Science) so as to avoid confusion with an earned degree (Ph.D, J.D., M.D., and so on.)
So:
* John Smith, who studied music composition at a university and got a high-level degree, becomes Dr. Smith or John Smith, D.M.A (Doctor of Musical Arts.)
* Jane Doe, who studied music theory at the same university, becomes Dr. Doe or Jane Doe, Ph.D
* Edward Kennedy Ellington, who did not study music formally but made enormous contributions to the field, was awarded several honorary doctorates, and became Edward Kennedy Ellington, D. Mus, but not Dr. Ellington. His title of "Duke" is arguably honorary, but I would consider it more meaningful than any title of nobility. | 99c605d3-14f3-4d69-a184-5681fc8d222a |
3xotsg | Hypothetically speaking, what would happen if nobody voted this election? | Then democracy would lose. If the public was able to send a message that strong to the government then I think they'd focus on reforming our political system.
Or Donald Trump would just buy his way into office. | b2f19207-d900-493d-ae81-c36ee25fa071 |
1015qg | Why don't downloaded games, burnt to DVDs work on the Xbox 360 etc? | Xbox games have a special key and protection mechanism burnt onto the discs that only the xbox disc drive can unlock.
A random burnt dvd will not pass this test.
**ELI5**: Xbox does a handshake with the disc before it will load a game. | ce8a1f4d-1dd6-4e56-a74b-4317a8789f80 |
44hmdt | How do you Depressurize a compartment, say you're in space and you want to go outside without losing all your precious air. | You suit up enter the air lock seal it, then you pump the air that's in the airlock into a tank so you're in vacuum, then you open the outer doors. Once you are back from spacewalk, seal outer door. Slowly empty holding tank to repressurize the air lock, the open inner door. | b5da4abe-cbc4-4d5c-be54-3b0147062bf3 |
3di5dl | in regards to Pluto, what is an "active surface"? | If you think about the moon, it has no geological activity. There aren't volcanoes that reshape the surface and there's no real atmosphere that is capable of depositing/moving materials around the surface. The moon doesn't really change or go through any sort of cycles like seasons. The moon is not dynamic. It doesn't have an active surface.
The 8 planets, by contrast, have all sorts of things like weather and (for many) tectonic activity driven by internal heat. These bodies have changing surfaces that are frequently reshaped by processes on the planet. They are dynamic. They have active surfaces.
It's been known for a long time that Pluto is dynamic. It's actually been changing color since the 80's, indicating that some sort of process is going on that is changing what is on the surface. For a small body like pluto, this wasn't a sure thing and was kind of surprising. Given the distance, we didn't know exactly what was going on on Pluto. New Horizons gives us a chance to observe more closely.
It seems that Charon, Pluto's largest moon, is also dynamic (though less so than Pluto). | ffde62b6-73c8-4969-bf91-be12cdbb79d3 |
1p2l9c | Why is Ireland not united? And do most Irish want it to be? | There has been about 100 years of fighting over this very question.
Very simplified history here:
Northern Ireland was created in 1921 after an uprising of Irish Republicans lead to a peace treaty between Ireland and the UK which partitioned the country between the Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) which was mostly Catholic and Northern Ireland, which is made up of 6 or the 9 counties of Ulster, and has a majority Protestant population loyal to Britain.
In Northern Ireland there is also a large Catholic population that has been historically oppressed and identify themselves as Irish and not British (as the protestants do). This sectarian divide is typically described as Nationalist/Republican for the Catholic and Loyalist/Unionist for the protestants.
Through much of the 70's and into the 90's there were wide ranging conflicts between these two groups which are known as the troubles. This is where the traditional image of the IRA, amongst other paramilitary groups comes from, though the IRA has been around in multiple different forms since the uprising that lead to the creation of the Free State.
In 1994, the Provisional IRA issued a cease fire, and in 1998, the Good Friday Agreement was signed, that ostensibly ended the troubles (for the most part). However, there have been instances were splinter groups have disregarded the cease fires (the Omagh bombing for one), but for the most part the major conflicts of the Troubles are in the past. Though there is still some sectarian uprisings traditionally coinciding with the Protestant Marching Season and a recent uproar over the flying of the Irish flag over official buildings (the Union Jack is also still flown).
For you other questions, traditionally the majority of the people of Northern Ireland have wished to remain as part of the UK, though again much of this support comes from the protestant majority, though in recent polls, even a large number of Catholics wish to remain, which could be a result of the recent economic troubles in the Republic. The UK certainly doesn't keep NI for tax purposes as it typically costs the UK far more than it generates in tax income, as unemployment is pretty high. | a5e2e2ef-622e-40ab-b70e-c1f003a049b9 |
40jtk2 | Why does the game show Jeopardy require the answer in the form of a question when the game show is clearly concerned about the factual knowledge? | It dates back to the quiz show scandals that had rocked the game show world previously (the shows had been picking charismatic winners by feeding favorable candidates the answers). This was a big enough scandal that TV executives were subject to Congressional hearings and very embarrassing. Jeopardy was the first attempt to do a trivia game show after those scandals. To help separate Jeopardy from those scandals, the producers used the format to pitch the show as giving everyone the answers, but the contestants must give us the questions. | b85638cd-6e51-43f8-b1fe-71711aadc1d7 |
873603 | how does pumping your legs on a swing help build momentum? | The reason why you pump your legs delves very deep into several areas of physics, which makes it all the more amazing that little kids use this trick seemingly intuitive.
To preface, it's not _only_ the leg pumping that gets you higher on the swing. You pump your legs forward _and_ move your upper body backwards. This achives two things which will become important later on.
So, your ride on the swing is governed by two rules, gravity and your potential energy
E=mgh, h is the height above ground
it wants to pull you down. The second rule is inertia and kinetic energy
E=mv²/2, v is your velocity
it wants you to travel in a straight line.
During the ride, both types of energy are constantly changing into one another. For example, at the highest point your total energy is all potential energy (because h is big and v is zero, as you're not moving). At the lowest point all your potential energy gets converted to kinetic energy. That's why you're going fastest at the lowest point. I'm sure you get the idea.
What's important to note is that while both types of energy will vary over time, your total energy stays exactly _the same_. This is what energy conservation is all about.
It also tells you that in theory, if you start swinging from a given height you will never be able to surpass that height, which results in a very boring swing ride if you start from the ground.
This is where the trick from earlier comes into play.
We've established that the only way you can go higher on the swing is by getting more energy to work with, so how exactly do you gain energy by merely pushing your upper body backwards?
By laying flat, you are pulling on the chain of the swing, so that your body is a little higher off the ground ([like this](_URL_0_)). That way, you have more potential energy than normal in the lowest position (because h is bigger) and have thus gained a little bit of energy, allowing you to go higher.
Essentially, you're allowing your body to fall down for longer and are getting faster in return.
Now, you might wonder if all we care about is getting our body as high off the ground as possible, then why do we tilt our upper body _downwards_?
This is where another important principle in physics comes into play, conservation of angular momentum.
For the sake of simplicity I'm not going to go into heavy detail about what exactly that is, but the gist of it is that if something is spinning (or not spinning) it will want to stay spinning (or not spinning).
If you look at the swing from the side again, you will see that pulling your upper body backwards and pumping your legs upwards essentially means you're rotating your body clockwise.
Now, the whole system (you and the swing) started out _not_ spinning. That means something other than you has to spin _anti-clockwise_ to account for your clockwise spinning.
And you guessed it, the swing is getting a little kick in the anti-clockwise direction. Causing you to go even faster and having the time of your life.
EDIT: Fixed an explanation | bb0009d0-ac54-4414-8df5-a26eab6f54ed |
1vafhu | Why people are so upset that Ford is switching the body material of the F-150 to aluminum from steel | Ford is using high strength aluminum alloys and not just aluminum for their trucks. Competitors will muddy the waters by leaving it at "aluminum" to claim strength superiority over Ford in the consumers eyes. These alloys can be stronger and more durable than their steel counterparts in the automotive industry as well as having greater corrosion resistance compared to steel, all in a lighter material. In fact, there are many companies currently using aluminum in their body construction, Ford is just the first to use it so widely on a pickup truck.
Ford is also using more high strength boron steel for their frames and pillars than before. This also equates to a lighter, but stronger truck. All of this is at a great cost and initial investment by Ford. I believe I read somewhere that it is the second largest aluminum contract in America. While the competition will try and use the "weak" perception of aluminum against Ford, in the coming years, they will also start to adopt the very same strategy as they try to conform to CAFE regulations and standards. | fba4ac3b-9344-4d02-b1f6-59a1a887c33a |
2h3s34 | How can YouTube channels that post music, make money by posting someone else's song on their channel? | Maybe :
- they asked for permission.
- they take down the video if the author ask.
- they are sharing the money with the author.
- the author doesn't care. Free advertisement.
Could be any of those. | 8c5515bf-1e61-4297-9e2c-1e5df3d23621 |
7glsb3 | Why is Random Number Generation so important for IT security? | I'm thinking of an ATM PIN. What number am I thinking of?
If you can guess it, you can access my checking account. It's like guessing a password. If I use a system to generate my ATM PIN that seems random, but can actually be reproduced (like taking my birthday and scrambling the order of the digits), someone could figure out the system I use to generate PINs and guess only a few times before discovering it.
Randomly generated passwords are related to randomly generated numbers. Computers generate pseudorandom numbers with a lazy function called Rand() or something like it that use the time that the function is called to generate a number. This is like creating an ATM PIN with your birthday. It can be guessed if you know enough of the other pseudorandom numbers the system generated.
Even perfect security - like one time pads - rely on truly randomly generated passcodes. If the code isn't randomly generated, nothing is secure. | 574fc496-aabc-485f-983b-dea1fb3c0464 |
1ozu2f | Leverage (in regards to finance) | Leverage is borrowing money. Borrowed money in finance is normally used to put it to more productive uses (profit, in part, comes from the difference in returns between what you used the borrowed money to produce and the cost of borrowing it).
More leverage means more profits (but also more risk that a change in the value of your assets will make your firm worth less than it owes).
A simple example is perhaps there exists a city with no hot dog stands. Each hot dog stand license costs $500,000 and earns $1,000 per week. If an investor has $500,000 he could of course get one license and make $1,000 or he could borrow $2 million (at 6%) and get 5 licenses (his earnings would be $2700 per week after paying the interest). If the city later reduces the license fee to $400,000 in the first case, he's lost $100,000, but in the second case, he's lost all of his investment (his five licenses are worth exactly what he's borrowed). | 33d87e2a-7b07-4f37-a071-e24650a78378 |
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