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cf04kd | when drunk, if you eat you feel sober again (you probably aren't, but you feel like you are)? | Dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway activation signaling
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Or...
You drink, feel pleasure, and brain signals salivation and desire for food, sex, sleep (primary functions). Your brain stem is tied in to this vagus nerve that controls feeling full or hungry.
Im a lay person on this. | 7717cd54-1799-4de6-99c6-8f9fbff3805b |
cf0bke | How are hand sanitizer companies able to claim their product is better or more effective than their competitors when they all kill 99.9% of all germs? | No government oversight or enforcement of false product claims. Assume all copy on products is a lie. | ed99d3a6-88c4-4a4c-bd02-d95516c8d07b |
cf0dys | Do amputees with bionic appendages become less fatigued from physical activity? | usually the opposite. the rest of their body still has to bear the load of whatever they push or carry, and the lack of fine control usually means they have to work harder to accomplish the same task. | d92cc40a-aa93-4e5c-a496-02a33974e1f7 |
cf0gnq | What causes the variability in digestion/gut health? | It is complicated.
& #x200B;
Some reasons it is complicated.
1. Digestion has a lot to do with your gut biome, a lot of work breaking things down in your gut is done by bacteria that can be affected by tons of different things. The more parts a machine has the more opportunities for something to go wrong and your gutt biome is a shit load of extra parts. Ba dum tish
2. Your gut actually has to communicate with you constantly to do it's job. Your heart is gonna beat, your lungs are gonna breathe and your liver and kidneys are going to clean your janky body up. If your kidneys have a bad weekend and then get over it or you probably won't know. If your stomach has a bad weekend then it needs to communicate the problem to your consciousness immediately and incentivize you to eat/drink more/less and not shit the bed. Most people don't know much about how their body is doing until something gets really fucked up. Your digestive system shares every pothole on the road to the grave.
3. We have a huge variation in our diets these days. Your lungs deal with mostly the same mixture of gasses and airborne detritus. Your stomach deals with fucking everything else that gets into your body that isn't injected into you. Alcohol, capsaisin, lactose, glucose, fats, bacteria, parasites, really cold things, really hot things ITS A LOT.
4. It is rough on the cells designed for the job. The high acidity high toxicity environment of your digestive system means that there is a high turnover rate for your own cells. They die more often and need to be replaced often. Cells that constantly replicate naturally more prone to cancers as well as other issues
5. People like to put things in their mouth and ass that the body doesn't have rules for. I'm not here to judge but if the digestive system is gonna catch flak then I think it's fair to point out that no one ever puts a hello kitty doll in a condom and shoves it in their pancreas. | d6b9c097-21bb-4cea-a52a-70ae911411bb |
cf0gti | why does decibel level multiply way past the point of the source when there are multiple sources even though they all have the same decibel. | Throw a pebble in a pond, and it will make waves.
Throw two pebbles in that pond and when their waves meet, they'll make extra big waves and extra big troughs.
The bigger waves in this case and troughs are bigger pressure differences we hear as sound.
Same idea.
You can actually align the speakers to cancel each other out which is how noise cancelling works (trough meets wave and they sum to zero) | 6adaaa4a-0f83-4b6a-9235-8a174e2f0539 |
cf0ooo | Why is beef okay to eat if it's not fully cooked through, but not other meats like chicken or pork? | Undercooked chicken can carry salmonella. Undercooked pork used to have the propensity to carry trichinosis, although I believe that’s no longer an issue in the US pork supply. Ecoli can exist in undercooked beef. | a2a0da00-0d00-4082-a77f-387911313812 |
cf0vfu | What happens when you drink too much water and what should you do? | What happens: You will loose all the minerals in your blood as it becomes diluted with all the water you drank and pissed away. This could result in fainting or worst case in cardiac arrest.
& #x200B;
What you should do: Call an ambulance, stop drinking, eat salt, rest. | 3135bff1-da88-4e3c-bb3b-9348d2036a11 |
cf0w9o | Why does grass die when it gets urinated on? | As the other commenter said, yes nitrogen.
But to add to that, if the lawn has actually been recently fertilized sometimes all it takes is one pee and you have a totally burned out section of grass. | 63854690-94fa-4f89-aef6-4000f61a8e77 |
cf1cbb | Why haven’t we returned to the moon in recent history if we were able to decades ago? | Because it’s horrifically expensive and there is no material value on the Moon.
It’s a dead planetoid with no real resources to speak of.
Mars is of interest because since it’s core is mostly inactive it will be a mineral gold mine literally and figuratively. | 60d4c23e-58de-4257-a89d-77b1134537f2 |
cf1dgr | Why just landing on the moon is a big deal and how will it benefit us? | So imagine the earth is surrounded by a thick soup (our atmosphere) it takes literal tonnes of fuel just to be able to break through that soup and get into a zone that's soup free (space). The moon has no soup whatsoever. If we could set up a launch pad on the moon the amount of fuel it would take to launch and visit other planets through out the solar system would be exponentially less thus making it far more cost effective. | ad16723b-5073-41be-bb18-c0ccbf4793c6 |
cf1w1k | Is there a reason some days “feel” like they go faster or longer, when the same passage of time is passing? | It depends when you are contemplating the duration of the day.
Most of the time when people look back on a day and say “that was a long day,” the day in question was filled with memorable moments. Thus, **retrospectively** days with more going on will seem longer because of how many notable moments were when recounting the day.
If a day feels long while experiencing it, most of the time it’s due to a lull in notable moments. **Prospectively**, days will seem longer if there is nothing to fill the time with.
For example:
Say you spend a week on a vacation somewhere foreign. First day out your plane has a 5 hour delay, in the moment you’ll be thinking something like “this is taking FOREVER” and maybe even checking the clock every 30 seconds wondering _when will this wait be over_.
The second day however, you are in Rome seeing the colosseum, sampling locals delights and largely moving from one thing to another relatively quickly. In that moment it’ll seem like hours just fly by as your attention is grabbed by something other than just mundanity.
Later, when telling all your friends or reminiscing, you’ll recount all the things you did that second day and it will seem full and generally longer than the first day. In contrast, the first day will likely seem much shorter. In theory this is because you’ve made more notable moments in Rome (visiting landmarks) than waiting in the airport (going to the washroom) and those memories will help your brain determine how “long” each day felt. | 24280161-64aa-464a-9437-631297319fa1 |
cf1xxp | Do memories occupy a physical space in the brain? | Memories are pretty much connections between nerve cells, the more numerous
(edit: and stronger) the connections the better you can remember something.
Since this is a physical connection, theoretically there is a limit to how much we can remember. However we dont know how much of our brain is available to store memories so we really cant determine what that limit is. | ec3e14c6-20ae-4ce1-949a-df1567dbb16b |
cf2nzw | If bugs always fly towards things like porch-lamps and streetlights, why wouldn’t they just all fly toward the sun? | The sun is so far away that it appears stationary when they are flying, so they use it as a reference point.
If you do the same thing with a light that is close to you, you tend to spiral in towards it until you hit it.
As an example, If it's off to one side in front of you, then as you move past it, it starts to drift behind you. So you turn towards it to keep it on the same bearing, and you seem to be homing in on it.
The sun always stays on the same bearing (for times measured in seconds and minutes rather than hours), so if you use the same algorithm, you continue in a straight line. | bc6be411-7484-4c48-8b1b-24f5f99d938c |
cf2owl | How come sometimes we feel more awake after 5 or 6 hours of sleep than I do after a "full 8 hours"? | Your brain's sleep time works in cycles, it cycles between stages 1 and 3, with REM cycles.
& #x200B;
Stage 1 isn't exactly sleep, it's the process of your body falling asleep or waking up. Stage 2 is when your body is actively asleep, and stage 3 is "deep sleep", when the brain does most of the work it needs to during sleep. REM sleep happens between the stages of 2 and 3 usually, although it can happen during stage 1 as well. Most of these stages are differentiated by the number of delta waves produced, stage 3 producing a lot of delta waves, and brain activity is massively slowed down. The deeper into sleep the brain is, the more delta waves are produced. REM is different, as the brain enters a period of activity that produces dreams. The cycle between stage 2, REM, and stage 3 repeats a few times during the night.
& #x200B;
If you wake up during stage 3, the brain was in a deeper state of its cycle and was actually "slowed down", and thus will actually feel more tired than it should. If you wake up during stage 2(or ideally stage 1 as your body is naturally waking up) you will feel far less groggy.
& #x200B;
8 hours is an asinine myth, and is actually quite toxic to those that require more or less. Some people will need more, and some less. It all depends on what your brain needs to do during this period. | 6812d5ed-157f-429e-9e60-f4e20be46359 |
cf2twt | How does a buoyancy device (like a submerged airbag) work? | Because the surface area is the critical component of buoyancy. Buoyancy is the result of a pressure differential. When there's gravity, pressure isn't actually the same from all sides. The pressure underneath a submerged object is slightly higher than the pressure above it. This results in a net upwards force. If that force exceeds the object's weight, then the object will float upwards.
Pressure is measured in force *per area* \- e.g. pounds per square inch. So when you have a compressed air canister containing 100 lbs of air, if the surface area is only a few inches, it would take a huge pressure differential *per square inch* to make it buoyant. But if that 100 lbs is distributed in a giant airbag, even a small pressure differential *per square inch* will result in a large *total* force when you multiple it by the new, larger surface area. | e885d91b-58ac-46a2-97ad-994da39c779f |
cf3671 | Why can’t some animals be domesticated? | Your friends, Carl, Paul, and Doug in your kindergarten class are all different kinds of boys. Carl is a very aggressive angry boy who bites, Paul is a nervous wreck who gets very uneasy around people who aren’t in his immediate family, but Doug is super easy going and easy to keep happy with a few snacks every now and then.
Although nature is much much more complicated than this, the same can be said about what animals were and are domesticated now (Doug), when compared to the animals that are not and never will be (Carl and Paul). There are outlier situations that exist that are uncommon (take lions or zebras) but that is by far not the normal case. Deer or elk are very elegant creatures, but they too are a nervous wreck. In some cases these animals would rather risk a broken leg over a fence than stay around a loud machine. However, cows, seem to meet the simple criteria to breed and live stably for longer periods that meet various needs for many items to maintain when domesticating anything. Again, very many variables and facts to play around with here, but the first ELI5 paragraph I gave is the simple summation. | e9cf74fd-a5be-47dc-84d3-2130001abc22 |
cf3kcp | Why are our bodies so bad at fighting cancer? | Cancer cells are human cells that have mutated out of control. Human cells have tags on them that tells your immune system not to attack it. Cancer cells will have these tags so your body just ignores it. | 1c4c1227-85aa-4b79-8706-7a529b33022c |
cf3rud | Is rabies naturally occurring? Or if every organism that had rabies died at once, would it be wiped out? | Rabies is a natural virus has been around for a very long time. An animal (mostly bats, sometimes raccoons or other mammals, only occasionally dogs) that has the disease caries rabies virus particles in and on its body, and their saliva or claws transmits it when they bite or scratch someone. Those particles reproduce in the bitten creature's brain and basically drive it mad so it drools everywhere and attacks other creatures that it normally wouldn't, and this carries on the cycle.
Even if you cremate them all, if you kill every single animal that's carrying the rabies virus, you're still going to have some of it around. Those creatures would have left particles in their environment that have a chance of being picked up by other animals, at least for a while. But this isn't the normal way it's transmitted so it would be a small chance. | 5cb8dbcd-58aa-4fa6-aa3e-c503b534731b |
cf3ukl | What’s the difference between paranoia and reasonable suspicion? | Reasonable suspicion is based on, well... reason. It's something that your average person would understand as being suspicious.
Paranoia is irrational and based on somebody's twisted perception of reality.
Let's say you're walking around at night & some dude has been following you for the last 5-6 blocks. A reasonable person might think something was up and they might be getting stalked by a mugger. A paranoid person will see a bunch of white cars go by & be convinced that the cars are being driven by agents of some shadowy deep-state government agency that wants to track them for some unspecified reason. | 17210b21-f556-4d3e-9651-125552fd1389 |
cf3ur0 | How is a species determined to be extinct? How can we truly verify whether or not there are other members of a species still present in nature, especially small creatures such as insects? | I can answer the first one. If a species is not seen for a large amount of time (and was thought to be endangered already) especially in places that it once lived, it can be assumed that there may not be any of its kind remaiming. There are actually a couple instances of us assuming something is gone but finding it again decades later, so it isn't always foolproof. | 80a99776-fec9-4326-8704-0355948416d4 |
cf40i2 | how can someone die from a shockwave? | A shockwave is essentially a wall of compressed air (or some other medium, but the same principle applies to other fluids). Although you do not notice air normally as you breathe it, exist in it, etc., it can be quite like a solid when compressed adequately. An injurious or lethal shockwave is essentially the extreme of this: air is compressed hard enough that it effectively hits your body as though it was a solid object. Imagine being hit by a solid brick wall traveling at several miles per hour - that is effectively what a shockwave is like.
The impact, as you might imagine, can damage you as well as a solid object could. In extreme enough cases it can impart enough force to do blunt trauma to your internal organs, damaging them to the point that you cannot survive. | e05e5890-8130-445d-a697-4906e818018d |
cf45is | why are phone calls still low quality? | Better quality calls requires better phones and better carrier networks, both of which would cost money. Not enough people are demanding better quality to make it profitable enough for most phone companies to pursue. | aa5d3e3c-d75e-4b3d-b143-0d5750f60a7b |
cf4e7s | How did post pigeons worked? | “Homing” pigeons do just that, they always fly home. So you’d raise pigeons in each town and then once they established a home “nest” they always fly back to it.
Once pigeons reached adulthood they would be transported over land to various towns so each town would have a few pigeons from various others. If you wanted to send a message from town 1 to town 2, you’d use a pigeon that was brought to town 1 overland but who was raised in and nested in town 2, attach the message, and release it.
It would instinctively know to fly back to its original next in town 2 and thus the messy would be delivered in what was an impossibly fast time for the era. | b2d0c9f0-e2c5-4d2a-be68-488d27d110ee |
cf4il7 | A few nights ago late at night, I was alerted by a bright light on the side of my house which was possibly a person. My congested nose almost instantly became clear and I was able to breathe freely until I calmed down and it became congested again. Why did that happen? | Fight or Flight kicked in, and the spike of Adrenaline will have caused the constriction of your nasal membranes, opening up the passageway, and allowing air to travel more freely. | 5c78ad7e-9a8b-435b-9634-f9bf8c60f4e0 |
cf4jde | - Electromagnetic waves: if the electric part is inseparable from the magnetic part, do magnets have electric fields? | Yes. A charged particle (an electron) is what creates your electric field. When that charged particle is put in motion, it creates a magnetic field.
In the case of magnets, the field is created by the orbit of electrons around the nuclei. In most cases the nuclei are pointing in random directions, so the individual fields cancel eachother out. But in materials like iron, cobalt and nickel, the particles are mostly aligned. As a result, their fields stack on eachother until it's strong enough to push and pull other magnets.
In essence, your moving electric field is what makes your magnetic field | 3f208e7a-035d-49c9-8b99-84f48fe568bc |
cf4m5d | Why do skyboxes break when going out of bounds? | What should the video card display in those areas where there aren't any objects or textures? There is no information to be shown so that part of the display register just isn't updated, meaning it keeps whatever value was put in their last. That is what you are seeing with the "broken" areas of the image. | be84617f-b2d5-40d0-b64c-a4da0677ea93 |
cf4p41 | why doesn’t everyone have an eidetic memory? And what is the difference between a “photographic” and eidetic memory? (If there is one) | Photographic memory is Just the popular term for eidetic memory, the scientific term.
Everyone does have eidetic memory to some extent. It just means retaining a picture of something in your memory. You may've played a game in which a bunch of items were placed on a table, then covered after thirty seconds or so. Everyone then tries to write down as many objects as they can remember. Most people can picture at least one quarter of the table.
No one (so far) has a \*perfect\* eidetic memory, however. That's a fictional superhero power. But some people do have notably better eidetic memories than most. That would be the one annoying person who was able to write down all the objects. Even that person wouldn't be able to recreate the the table perfectly, including color shades and spacing and every single detail, because that's just not how memory works.
"And why not?" you may ask. Wouldn't that be useful? Not really. It would just be a whole lot of irrelevant information clogging up our brains. I mean, who wants to picture every single plate of food they've ever eaten? Or every scene from every movie they've ever watched? (Even the bad ones!)
[_URL_0_](_URL_0_) | 352ad50f-cbbf-49e1-9016-388d33115b58 |
cf53tu | How did humans manage and balance accounts before the concept of zero? | Before the concept of zero, most exchanges of goods and services weren’t backed by money. One person would bring some items, which they would discuss the value of with someone else, and decide on an exchange that both parties found mutually beneficial. | b793171d-c118-411b-9679-579c80a2eae9 |
cf548j | How is calculus used in machine learning? | Calculus is most prominently used when dealing with backpropagation: calculating how you should change the weights and biases of the network to move towards your goal.
This is a complicated subject, so the brief version is:
* you have a network, that is feed some input, and gives some output. this is essentially just a very complicated function.
* Given that this is a function that is dependent on all the weights and biases of that network, you can calculate the gradient (derivative) of that function, one layer at a time.
* This negative gradient can then be used to indicate how you should adjust the network to move it closer to the correct goal.
Calculating that gradient is pure calculus, so to speak.
if you want a more detailed explanation I'd recommend three brown, one blue's video series on machine learning. Chapter three and four go in to the calculus side more in depth. | 2f745e11-c628-42f8-b887-47bf892c84a1 |
cf55fv | Why do old movies and videos have this sorta staticky sound in the background and modern ones don’t? | A lot of reasons:
Old movies had the soundtrack imprinted on the film, it was analogue and intrinsically noisy - like cassettes, the same was true of video. Also copying the film to make a new print or change the format would introduce more noise. To deal with that Cinemas had quite sophisticated analogue noise reduction to minimize the background noise.
Old TVs were pretty quiet so we weren't as aware of the background sound. Older equipment tended to have less treble and more bass so hiss was muted.
Modern TV speakers are smaller have a lot less bass so we notice the treble hiss more.
Modern recordings have digital sound which pretty much has no background noise like tape hiss - and copies are identical to the original so the hiss level doesn't go up when copied for modern recordings. | 8f29f8fc-0bad-4307-8ef7-37b0d4b8e012 |
cf59rh | Why does brass squeak so loudly when it is machined on a lathe? | It shouldn't, but squeaking is a pretty common problem with lathes. Typically it is caused by starving the lathe (feedrate is too low), setting your lathe too slowly for the material, or setting your bit too high/using the wrong bit size in general. When correctly set up, a lathe won't squeak with brass.
If your lathe uses a belt system, it could just be a worn down belt or one of the spindles. This is usually metal-on-metal squeaking and will require greasing or new belts around the moving pieces. | 175b034c-5916-4ac3-be33-7500af96acdd |
cf5hpm | How did Area 51 get associated with aliens? | Because of the secrecy around the base which wasn't recognized as existing by the CIA until the 90s and because of the 1947 Roswell incident where the US claimed it was a weather baloon that crashed in New Mexico but conspiracy theories soon arose claiming it was an alien UFO taken to Area 51. | f8e872a1-ca9a-4f74-9d6b-9190bac8991a |
cf5p9t | Why doesn’t the severity of ptsd and anxiety attacks decrease after each episode?(Like facing a fear) | Because the brain is complicated. It’s mental trauma. Some people never recover from physical trauma, same with mental. | 502be1a2-8f83-453c-90af-99e40a61bbd7 |
cf5rl5 | when betting in sports like MMA what does it mean when someone is -135 vs +155? | It’s called a money line.... -135 means you wager $135 to win $100. +155 means you wager $100 to win $155 | e60bc20c-0db9-4f91-83ae-7558bd2bcdac |
cf5rzr | What pushes strong wind into existence? | You are on the right track. Air flows from high pressure to low pressure, and the atmosphere is constantly being disturbed by things like the sun heating up the ground, which heats the air, which then rises, which leaves a low-pressure spot for air to flow into. Heating and cooling happens unevenly, partly because the sun goes around, or more accurately, the Earth is spinning at 1000 mph, at least at the poles. The spin also keeps things stirred up: The Earth spins at 1000 mph at the equator, but only 500 mph in Canada (if I'm doing the math right, the distance around the Earth at 60 degrees north latitude is half the distance around the Earth at the equator...)
Strong winds happen when the pressure difference is really high, or more precisely, when the pressure gradient is steep. If you have ever looked at a map of elevation, geographers use "contour lines" to show the different heights. All the points on the 200 foot contour line are 200 feet above sea level. You can tell when a mountain is steep when you see the contour lines close together. Weathermen make maps of air pressure, and lines on those maps are points where the pressure is the same. They are called isobars (same pressure) Here's a map:
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Where the lines are close together, the pressure gradient is "steep" and the wind will be strong.
Hope this helps. | 69e4704e-f97e-4cc2-af20-1b9bb7868250 |
cf5s4l | Since depression damages the brain, is there any way to repair or gain back what was lost? Like, physical therapy for your mind? | Yes, absolutely, that's the idea behind cognitive therapies, which have been shown to be very effective (and getting better with further developments) in treating depression.
The brain isn't a static thing, it's always changing and adapting. New connections are formed, strengthened, and weakened in every moment. Look at brain changes like momentum, as in a snowball rolling down a hill; the more a mental pattern is repeated, the more cemented it becomes, or the more momentum it accumulates. The more reinforced and more emotionally charged our mental formations and patterns are, the more power they have, and the harder they are to stop, but they are always reversible with some work.
Depression is essentially the accumulation of a bunch of negative, self-damaging mental patterns. Undoing depression requires going in and reconditioning/rewiring these mental patterns, through habitual reinforcement.
It's actually great to view the brain like another muscle, in that it has the capacity for self-healing and growth. Whereas physical therapy stimulates and activates the right muscles in the right way to promote healing, cognitive therapy stimulates and activates the neurological parts of the brain in the right way to promote healing.
Interestingly, just like the body, the brain has self-healing capacities, that are often held back by trauma or faulty cognitive patterns. Many newer therapies are therefore centered around removing certain "blocks" in the mental system, kind of like how a massage therapist works out "knots" in the neck and shoulders so that the muscles can naturally heal.
There's lots of books on this. You can research neurogenesis and cognitive therapies, of which I highly recommend looking into DBT and MBCT. I currently recommend Mindsight by Dan Seigel for a good intro to all of this. | 3dce9520-296a-4508-bb12-21090ee8f8b5 |
cf5slm | How does diabetes appear in your body if you are healthy? | Being “healthy” reduces the chances of you getting a disease, it doesn’t eliminate it.
Diabetes has 2 forms, Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease, where your body wrongly identifies your insulin-producing cells as foreign and attacks them. The exact trigger is unknown, and it can happen to anybody.
The treatment for Type 1 is insulin injections. Overdose/underdose of insulin can be lethal, so strict insulin control is necessary.
Type 2 is due to a resistance to insulin. If your cells are constantly exposed to high levels of insulin (such as with sugary diet), they get “desensitized” and need more and more insulin before they reach the same level.
The treatment for Type 2 diabetes is diet/exercise, or medicines to improve insulin responsiveness. | 299618d4-b9a2-4695-a7ec-0ae458b35621 |
cf5ukp | What will happen if we pass electricity through a magnet? | You mean a permanent magnet? Then you induce a weak magnetic field following the Hall effect, it adds to the existing field but at the end it is irrelevant magnetically. So nothing more than passing electricity through a piece of metal. | 76480a5f-8d79-4306-ae47-930210ba9ab6 |
cf64vc | During the PS1 era, one of the upsides the N64 had that the PS1 didn't was that cartridges had no loading times as opposed to CD's which had more capacity but had to load all the data. Why do now the cartridges on the Switch, for example, have to make use of loading screens? | Back then, the ROM storage on the cart was about as fast as the RAM in the console. So there wasn't really a need to load data, because it was already readily accessible by the CPU.
Since then CPU and RAM speeds have increased significantly. The speed of permanent storage has also increased a lot, but not by as much. Modern flash based carts are much faster than an optical disc or mechanical hard drive, but they're still significantly slower than RAM. So Switch games need to load data from the cart to the RAM in order to use it.
I suspect for some games ported to the Switch from other consoles the loading times are really bad because they have been optimised for the other consoles. PS4/Xbox One in comparison to the Switch have much more CPU power, but slower storage devices.
So for them it makes sense to compress data because then there's less data to read from the hard disk, therefore faster loading times. The decompression won't increase the loading times because it can do that while it's reading the next bit of data. So as long as the CPU is fast enough that it can decompress at at least the same speed it can read it from the hard disk, load times will be improved.
If you port that game to Switch you might have a problem. Now the CPU isn't fast enough to decompress the data at the same rate its reading it, so that decompression might hold up reading the raw data from the cart. Maybe they try not compressing the data. That might improve load times, but those carts have a much, much smaller capacity than a PS4/XB1 game can use so it will be a struggle to get the game to fit. You face the choice of having to cut bits out of the game, reduce texture quality further, or have slower load times. | cb445085-87c6-41aa-9569-827752cec60c |
cf6iqk | How does mysophobia work? | Phobias are diseases. Mental illness is literally defined by rationality, cognition, and/or perception not working properly. | c5dec26a-402f-43df-8193-c5bd3c1ef777 |
cf6kn6 | Why do things go darker when they get wet? | Let’s think about this. Both surfaces you mention are very porous. And if you think about the ones that don’t get darker they are usually the ones that are very smooth like plastic or buffed steel. We know that the difference between dark and light things is the amount of light they reflect. So I’m thinking that in more porous materials, like terra cotta or unfinished wood, the holes fill in with water. This makes it so when the light hits that water, it penetrates the drops, bounces around inside the drop a bit (since we know water absorbs some light, which is why the ocean is blue), and releases only a partial amount of that light back into our eyes. Even a bit more light getting absorbed means the material will look darker. Thus darker material. | 822ed737-6ebc-489a-8610-c9e2f1de282a |
cf6tel | What exactly does a 360 Record Label deal entail and why do artists keep signing them if they’re bad for them | It's a kind of holdover from back in the day where there was no path to fame that didn't go through a record label.
If you were an artist, you would toil away in your local music scene, perhaps doing some small club tour, but your goal was always to "get noticed". That notice would involve someone from a record label seeing your music and deciding to sign you to a record deal.
From there the record label would help you record your music and have it professionally produced (remember, this was in the days before you were able to do this yourself with a laptop). They would help you refine your songs, hire studio musicians and help you create a whole album.
They would then create the copies of the album and get it into the inventory of actual record stores. They would also use their contacts to get your music played on the radio (these 2 things often involved bribes to DJs and record store owners).
Now, all of this is to help sell the album and that's the bones of the record contract. but there's also other revenue streams for musicians even back in the day, things like merch and concerts.
What the record label is doing when they promote an album could also be considered building your music career. The more popular you are on radio the more albums you sell but also the more concert tickets you sell.
So the idea became that the label would help with all aspects of your career and in return you would give them a cut of all of your revenues, not just the sale of albums. So the 360 contract (a full circle) was born.
The problem is that over the past 2 decades the requirement to have a record label to open all these doors has faded. Today anyone can get their music added to Spotify and iTunes, anyone can promote themselves via social media, a room and a laptop is all you need to record a high quality track and so on. Labels do accelerate this process but there's a handful of successful artists that have "made it" without the help of a label, something literally impossible 20 years ago.
As an artist got more and more successful, the record contracts would come up for renewal. After a person is famous, the record label is much less required because consumer demand already exists and the demand will pull supply for the record stores, radio stations and so on. So the artist would have the clout to negotiate a much more reasonable deal.
It's important to note that the labels were not simply taking advantage of artists here. There are lots of artists that never make it, where the label pays for a shitload of advertising, radio play and inventory in record stores but the public just does not like the songs so they just don't sell. Also the label will frequently give an advance payment to the artist. So the label is the one with lots of money at risk if the artist fails to catch on. So they should also expect a return if the artist does, risk = return after all. Why would a label take all that risk if there was no potential pay off for them on the other side?
The problem is, it's 2019 and musicians just don't NEED labels like they used to. The whole process is easier with the financial backing of a label, and if you're going to catch on you'll catch on much bigger with a label pushing you. So artists are frowning at the 360 contract.
On the label end, it's the same problem. The revenue from "the music" includes a lot more than just album sales and if they are going to take the financial risk to try and make someone famous they want a cut of all the revenues that the fame brings. Also album sales (and music sales in general) are a smaller and smaller portion of the revenues that an artist brings in.
The "proper" solution here is for the labels to take much less risk on their artists, but also get a much smaller reward. So they won't do as much promoting and helping for their artists but also they don't get the 360 contract levels of revenue when an artist hits it big. But it's hard to smash the wheel. | a37ce8b0-985a-4c44-8d58-06563ee46b1f |
cf6xqh | what is r/lounge? | A subreddit only accessible by premium users.
It doesn't have strict content rules. Mostly people just post random questions, pics, or what they are doing right now. | 8b656a4d-37b1-4c86-95ec-69b56ae4cc99 |
cf70gj | how do certain substances cause your skin to feel cold or hot without changing temperature? | Sports rubs have natural and chemical ingredients that cause a reaction from the skin and nerve endings. For the heat many products contain capsaicin. This is the active ingredient in peppers that cause your mouth to burn, but we know that it isn't actually burning. Our nerve endings are pretty simple, they cannot detect the difference between actually being burnt and the reaction to capsaicin (same ingredient in pepper spray) which causes a flushing of the skin, bringing red blood cells to the surface (thus promoting healing).
The cooling effect is often a product like menthol or eucalyptus. These on the skin give the opposite feeling it triggers the body into feeling the evaporation effect (your body sweats, the sweat evaporates pulling heat from the body). This can actually cause blood flow to move away from the area causing a drop in the skin temperature in that area. Similar to how in cold weather your body will pull bloodflow into the core of your body, Your body will sacrifice fingers and toes to keep heart, lungs and brain warm. | 6364d665-8e46-475b-a0a0-574ed05e713a |
cf76av | How do Generators in GAN work? | Imagine it like a competition between the classifier (CLASS) and the generator (GEN). GEN has the job of "Take a random input, and use that to make an image that fools CLASS". CLASS has the job of "Given an image, determine if that image is real, or created by GEN".
Initially GEN only produces random noise, and CLASS guesses at random. However, eventually CLASS starts to become aware that 'random noise' is probable GEN. GEN realizes he is loosing the battle, so he learns that making random noise isn't correct, he should start adding some structure to his images. That structure is going to be pretty bad for the most part, but it only needs to be ever so slightly better than what CLASS can tell is fake.
It's a race: Every time GEN becomes better, he forces CLASS to become better, which again forces GEN to become better. You're essentially training two neural networks at once to be better than the other one.
What GEN is essentially doing is learning to map random vectors (a list of numbers) to *real* data. That real data doesn't depend on the numbes, it just is informed by it. Imagine I gave you a random number 'n' and asked you to give me the 'n'th prime number. Even if the input is random, you still have a list of prime numbers you can read off.
GEN is slowly learning to associate features with numbers. In a simplified manner it learns that given the numbers a,b, c, d it can go "make a nose with length a. Make the hair of color b. The skin tone is c. the fullness of the eyes is d" and so on and so forth. While we don't know *what* structure it is assigning to the numbers, similarly random numbers will result in similarly looking generations. | a43a740b-f413-4296-b07d-6dd9aa41538d |
cf7bdb | Why does English have different suffixes for languages (-ese, -ish, -an)? | The "true" English demonym suffix is -ish, e.g. Spanish, Turkish, Welsh, Swedish.
However sometime in the last few centuries English speakers stopped applying that suffix, and instead started borrowing existing demonyms from other languages, mostly French. | 87b42d57-ec70-4c0e-9fe8-90140d99da53 |
cf7frc | How are trig functions able to model things like waves? | Watch this video
_URL_0_
Triangles, circles and waves are all related. it's misleading to call those math functions "functions that originated from the ratios of right triangles are able to be used to show waves" The reality is that those functions describe all 3 things, they did not come from one or another, you just learned the triangle aspects first. | a9334510-a440-46d5-8f25-792386295d39 |
cf7qz0 | What is gaslighting? | Gaslighting is a psychological manipulation technique. The core idea is that through denial, manipulation of events, and other methods you cause a person or group of persons to doubt their own memory, perception and sanity.
In other words - you make people not believe their own thoughts.
The end goal is to destabilize the victim and delegitimize their beliefs. | 4295aec4-b880-4f87-8c16-6af4febbc336 |
cf7x80 | Why do some trees have bad odor? A big tree near my house has a very bad odor, like a dirty towel kinda smell. Is it a defense mechanism or something? | A lot of trees rely on insects to pollinate them. What smells really bad to you probably smells delicious to some type of flying insect. | fb65a5fd-65c0-4792-88d6-e35737f73659 |
cf84zt | how do “dead spots” on tennis courts happen? | They develop over time. As it gets colder and warmer the court expands and contracts. These movements form cracks in the generally immobile structure of the court. You’ll quite often see these open cracks on older courts. There’s also subsurface cracks too. Those are the unseen dead spots. Just like how potholes form only that there’s less stress on an individual dead spot so they don’t form holes like they normally do | d6633c9a-ed46-49b7-b18d-9e5bbd92199a |
cf85kk | Why is metric time not used in science outside of computing? | It isn't clear what you mean. The usual unit of time used is the second which is part of the SI system. Nearly everyone uses decimals of time and use things like nano seconds and pico seconds etc which are exponents of 10.
What is your understanding of non "metric time"? | 1f64bb13-c1ba-4c0f-b9ef-1b5df1360cd9 |
cf870s | How much of our forgotten memory/memories can we access through hypnosis? | The most likely result from hypnosis would be the creation of fake memories you then believe to be real. | 71e3dfe3-ea96-421e-8924-9ff22b00d2b9 |
cf8bwc | The gun argument in the USA | These are not my personal feelings, just my observations of how some people in the US feel:
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* Some folks are worried that when we start to restrict guns, in any meaningful way, its the beginning of much stricter rules down the road.
* It's far easier to slowly increase gun restrictions once some forms of restriction are already in place.
* We do have restrictions in the US so some folks fight against *any* attempt to increase those restrictions.
* The people who feel this way tend to worry that eventually no one will have any guns other than the government and that we will lose control over our democracy. | 98a2ea58-6ba4-4a44-bb0f-5cc1f3a50aab |
cf8deh | What happens when you're suddenly not hungry anymore? | Read up on Intermittent Fasting or One Meal a Day diets. They discuss this quite a bit.
Basically we aren’t “hungry” by the definition most people with internet access know the word because we are out of energy. We are hungry because hormones (?) in our body tell us that it is time to eat. Those release on a schedule set by when we typically eat. But the body only releases them for a certain amount of time before giving up on getting food this cycle. | b5399e94-13fe-46ab-adfb-5a655116371b |
cf8iqt | Why does a yawn trigger teary eyes? | When you yawn, the facial muscles around your eyes can tighten, occasionally putting pressure on your lacrimal gland. This gland is what keeps your eyes moisturized throughout the day, so when excess pressure is applied to them, it can cause tears. | f38664fc-2620-4a31-907a-e82d31f2daf4 |
cf8tvq | Why does it happen that doctors think a limb has to be amputated but then the patient manages to keep it? | The stories you hear, you hear BECAUSE they are incredible and are the extreme exception to the rule.
Doctors are humans. Medicine isn't an exact science. If there's a 20% chance that if a limb isn't amputated it'll go necrotic and the patient has a 90% chance of dying, most doctors are going to strongly push for amputation. | f264e989-15a7-487e-9972-4f3280faa149 |
cf8u9j | where do snails and slugs go when it's not damp? | To their jobs, they have to make a living somehow. (But probably to find places that are damp) | 6d094afb-8518-42b1-85e7-869f91b8869d |
cf94kx | What is the difference between Bacteria and Archaea? | Well first, that use of "kingdoms" is very much out of favor.
Instead, we refer to domains of life. The three domains are eukaryotes, archaeans, and bacteria. Within each domain are the PCOFGS (phylum, class, order, family genus, species), although at least within the eukaryotes the major phyla are then grouped into kingdoms, more for historical reasons. I personally believe kingdom is not a useful classification and should be abandoned. If you do teach kingdoms, "animals, plants, fungus, and everything else" is OK, with the caveat that "everything else" includes a lot of complexity.
This domain-level classification is based largely on the structure of the ribosome.
The short summary is that eukaryotes and archaeans share a very similar ribosome, which is also similar, but less so, to bacteria.
A major hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic life is that eukaryotes arose from a common ancestor between eukaryotes and archaeans, well after the split of proto-archaeans from bacteria.
It's hard to pin down the differences, since there are exceptions in each domain. A major conserved difference is the composition of the cell wall (i.e., the specific monomer). Although it's important to note within bacteria the cell wall varies substantially (e.g., gram positive vs gram negative). The lipid membrane is also different, and archaeans more commonly specialize to extreme conditions / alternative metabolic options.
I suppose another major distinction is bacteria can be pathogenic, whereas archaeans so far have not been shown to cause disease in humans. | cfb71468-3be4-43aa-848f-41a4dcdb8fd7 |
cf9ejv | how do people know which mushrooms are fit for consumption and which are poisonous | Experimentation, seeing who died after eating what mushroom. Watching what mushrooms and plants animals ate. | 64d3b73b-5c62-48e3-8477-81506d53b15d |
cf9g79 | Why do insects fly towards the light? How badly do human-made artificial lights affect insect populations? | The difference is how close and small an artificial light is compared to the moon and sun some insects have evolved to rely on for navigation. If you navigate by, for example, keeping the moon to your left, no worries,you keep going in a straight lineand keep the moon to your left.
But if you mistakenly navigate by the light of a nearby porchlight instead, you are going to find that it's suddenly behind you rather than to your left, so you adjust by going more to the left, and the same thing keeps happening, and the path you think is fairly straight ends up being a spiral, until you are just making tight circles around that porchlight.
This is why insects keep circling lightsources. | 6ed29c1b-3d32-4d7d-a296-bfe3ea989f44 |
cf9k0p | Collagen Supplements | Due to aging or other reasons, sometimes the body doesn't manufacture enough of a certain thing (collagen in this question). Supplements can supply that thing and if the form of the supplement is available for the body to absorb and use, the thing will function as if the body had manufactured it. | 965842d9-7853-426d-93ed-d83c869c7109 |
cf9mk3 | Why do most animals have the same “fleshy” colors on the inside? | Most animals, including humans, use hemoglobin to transport oxygen around the body. Hemoglobin is a red chemical and your body is basically filled with it like a sponge, so you're mostly shades of red inside. When a new species evolves, it's unlikely to swap out a chemical that works for another. Some animals, usually sea critters, use hemo*cyanin* in their blood for the same purpose. Hemocyanin is blue, so those animals bleed blue and have blue flesh. As for the reason why bloodless flesh is a certain color, it's the same - the body evolved to be made from materials that *work*, and since animals share common ancestors, they are fairly likely to use the same materials for the same tasks, and so have the same color. | bfa97ade-5f02-488c-a765-702ed4e32be4 |
cf9oko | How does touchscreen responds when we touch it? Why does it accidentally responds when we touch it with other specific objects? | There are a few different technologies. I assume you are thinking of the touch screen on your phone screen. That works because the screen is electrified just a little bit, not enough for you to even notice. When you touch the screen it messes up the electrical field. The computer can measure how the field changes to determine where it is being touched.
Why doesn't everything work on the screen? Some things dont mess up the electrical field enough for the phone to respond. Im not sure about stuff like metal which is conductive. It may be that the response is measurably different and the computer registers it as an error. Someone else might know. | 5fb9a7ff-4b3a-460b-82b6-3e0df83fedae |
cfa3af | How do massive storms form on the ocean? | Storms are made when large amounts of moisture in the air condense and form into clouds. As these clouds grow and more moisture is added, the storm grows until the clouds can no longer hold the water and it starts to rain. Since the storms rely on water being added to the system to grow, being over large bodies of water helps them grow quickly. That’s why we get hurricanes/typhoons over water, specifically near the equator and none forming over land. Lots of water and lots of heat to cause it to evaporate.
That’s why large ocean tropical storms, hurricanes, typhoons, etc quickly dissipate when they hit land. They no longer have the water fuel source to maintain their strength. | a9a5af8a-6c16-40e4-8159-44fcc764a6ab |
cfaiiu | Why are abs split into a "6 pack"? | Not all abs are.
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Some people's aesthetics genetically have eight, six, and four packs.
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The anatomy of the body can be seen here
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[_URL_1_](_URL_0_)
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There are just eight muscles on the outer most layer of abdominals. Your diet will give you the results of having a 4 pack, 6 pack, and 8 pack. It just depends on how you carry fat and your level of bodyfat. | 0b0d1c5b-c8f0-4b19-acdb-2506dd3a1db7 |
cfainy | How is the data for big polls collected such as "70% of American's believe X"? | They take a sample size that should be as representative of the general population and then just calculate it. | e022c85f-4fae-425e-92c4-c20debc0f01e |
cfapss | - why is the typical USA work week 5 days on and two days of rest? | It used to be 6 days a week (Sundays were for Church). The advent of labor unions were able to change labor rules to be 40 hours per week as the standard, and adding Saturday to the weekend. Labor unions became a thing during the Industrial Revolution (which got big in the mid 19th century). | 617d2520-40b3-49db-adde-434e70d53e2a |
cfaxfs | How come there’s just 1 line of continuous bubbles coming from the bottom of the glass if you’re drinking something like champagne? | When you see a line of bubbles coming from a single point, that point is called a 'nucleation site'.
What is happening is that there is probably a small imperfection in the glass there where a tiny bubble of air can be trapped.
It is much easier for an existing bubble to get bigger than it is for a new bubble to form out of nothing. So, what happens its that this tiny trapped bubble grows until it gets too large for the imperfection and it then breaks off and rises to the top of the glass. When the bubble breaks off it leaves behind another tiny bubble trapped in that imperfection in the glass. The cycle then repeats.
You can reproduce the experiment by putting a large grain of sand in the bottom of the glass. This grain of sand is likely a lot rougher than the glass and will contain small trapped bubbles. After filling the glass with a carbonated drink, the rough grain of sand will likely be one of the locations from which lines of bubbles rise. | a97ebfa3-cdd5-4eea-830a-189da0fdb51d |
cfb0n6 | How do companies measure customer satisfaction? Is it purely based on those surveys they ask you to take on your receipts that no one really does? | Yes and no. Most use and base it on those, so if 10 people during that month do the surveys, it affects corporate and they "yell" at the DM's who in turn yell at the store managers.
Corporate just count the beans, not really take into account that no news is good news. The only people who really take the time to fill them out are disgruntled people, bored people, and people with legit concerns. You can tell which ones are which based on what they write.
Also, Corporate are stupid because someone could do a survey, and give all satisfactory answers, but accidentally click "unsatisfied" and the whole survey goes out the window and corporate is making calls and wasting everyone's time. Instead of taking 5 mins to digest the actual survey.
They just want the numbers, they don't care about anything else.
To add, if you have a legitimate complaint, file it. It will get looked at and passed down the line to the store. Enough complaints that turn out to be legit, actual changes happen. | 2f41f309-67d4-4ac1-a4e2-f8bb21cd7dcb |
cfb4q2 | Why are high frequency sounds more directional than lower frequencies | It's due to *diffraction*
Diffraction: the bending of waves around small* obstacles and the spreading out of waves beyond small* openings.
Low frequency sounds have longer wave lengths and can wrap around things/go through openings.
In general, sound will bend around something smaller than its wavelength.
When it comes to speakers, the low frequencies have wavelengths that are typically longer than the size of the speaker.
Eg: wavelength of 100 Hz sound is about 3.45 meters, much larger than the speaker, while that of the 2000 Hz sound is about 18 cm, about the size of the speaker.
[This page ](_URL_1_) has information about diffraction.
Big PA systems often arrange and process their subwoofers in a special way to direct/steer the sound. In particular to reduce the amount of bass going backwards, on to the stage. [Here's an article ](_URL_0_) about these "cardioid sub arrays" | 93d73d21-a86e-4cf2-911c-ded640c7582c |
cfb6bj | Why does our blood pressure stay lower for a good while after a hot bath? | Hot water causes vasodilatation which feed into two systems while in hot water - it helps to disappate heat but also, water warms up the blood in our body, raising core body temperature. After you get out of the hot water your body is not giving away all the heat you have accumulated at once, but body is disappating it at normal rate via physiological mechanisms, thus lower blood pressure after the bath for a bit of time. | ae087218-49e6-4d53-b279-b54c39a17cfe |
cfbb6r | What factor decides the number of neutrons in an atom? | An atom's nucleus is comprised of Protons (postive charge) and Neutrons (neutral charge), and this nucleus is orbited by electrons (negative charge). The number of protons and electrons is always the same, and this determines the element of the atom (i.e. Copper, Gold, Carbon, etc.)
The number of neutrons, however, determines that atom's isotope. Each atom has a specific number of neutrons it needs in the nucleus to have it's most stable isotope, as the number of neutrons determines how stable the atom is (the more stable the atom, the less likely it is to break apart).
The reason an atom needs neutrons to be stable is because the protons exert a certain amount of force on each other (think two positive ends of a magnet repelling each other). The closer the isotope is to the 'perfect' number of neutrons, the more stable the atom is. These neutrons essentially hold the atom together - too many or too few and you end up with a less-stable isotope.
When there are not enough neutrons, parts of the atom may break off (alpha particles or positive beta decay, most often). The same is true when there are too many neutrons (most often beta decay). This alpha/beta (and gamma) decay is what is usually being talked about whenever you hear about dangerous radiation.
In the case of Aluminum and Silicon, their most stable atom isotopes both require 14 neutrons. | 9f90aa73-158d-4e12-a9b3-c45fd344f00e |
cfbdcg | Why do water balloons pop if they are left out in the sun? | Ultraviolet light is really hard on latex. It rapidly breaks down the polymers. Under tension, it acts even faster. | a07711e7-b128-4ddd-be1c-9156521b9d61 |
cfbeze | Why do you get a burning sensation when drinking something cold after chewing mint gum? | Mint tricks your tongues receptors that detect temperature. It activates them and makes it think its actually cold when the temperature hasn't necessarily changed.
Add cold water, and even more of those receptors are activated, your mouth thinks its freezing as if there was ice sitting there | 8693c88a-855b-44f3-9ec4-ad14290de0bd |
cfbtre | What happens when food goes “down the wrong pipe”? | This is basically inhaling a piece of food. Albeit it has to be very small and it’s mostly simple to get it out. Just cough it up. | bd881abe-ca5d-41e1-8e09-d25d81badab3 |
cfbvli | how do eusocial insects work? | In ants, workers are more closely related to their siblings than they are to their offspring. Therefore, they pass on their genes at a higher rate by helping their mother produce offspring than they would by producing their own offspring.
This is because males are haploid (have only one copy of each gene), and females are diploid (have two copies of each gene). If you do the math on that, it means that they are related to their offspring by 50%, but to their siblings by 75%. For reference, mammals are related to their full siblings and offspring equally (50%). | 7095b1f4-a57b-4918-abfd-60ec0417355d |
cfbz4i | Was Nazi Germany really "socialist", or was that pure propoganda? If so, in what ways? | It depends on your definition of socialist.
If you use the classical definition which is a system where the workers own the means of production (as opposed to a person with a lot of money who owns the building and gets rich by essentially renting the means of production to the workers);
An offshoot of this that kind of meets the definition if you turn your head and squint a bit: democratic socialism is essentially deciding *some* programs enhance social welfare, and then the government essentially makes that industry government-owned, with the intention that they take for-profit middlemen out of the equation by having tax dollars pay for the workers who make essential needs possible, ex: farming subsidies, medicare for all, free college, etc; It's important to note that if you subscribe to this model being socialist, then America, despite not being a particularly socialist nation overall, still has socialist policies regarding roads, water, electricity, and many other things.
But many would say that democratic socialism isn't *true* socialism.
However, to the people who say that Nazi Germany was socialist, that doesn't matter. To them, socialist is "any government that overreaches what I think is reasonable" and so by that definition, Nazi Germany was socialist, and so is Soviet Russia.
But to a classical socialism is a system that tries to decentralize power, and so is antithetical to any sort of totalitarian regime. As such, neither Nazi Germany nor Soviet Russia was truly socialist (or communist) in that way.
However, people who currently have money, and therefore power, would lose a lot of both if socialism took hold.
Traditional socialism is taking the idea of democracy and applying it to the workplace. Instead of a hierarchy of bosses who can fire anyone on a whim, you have a cohort of workers who all get a share of the fruits of their labor. That isn't to say there can't still be managerial roles, as someone has to organize groups, but the idea is to give everyone the power to negotiate.
And traditionally this leads to communism in the classical Marxist sense, with the abolition of the State as an entity entirely along with the concept of property ownership, and the organization of society into self-governing (as much as possible) communes.
This is a long-term thing and even true socialism is probably not going to happen in our lifetime, but it certainly wasn't what was going on during WWII almost anywhere. | 8cb6795d-508c-4907-9848-b3813f1b0361 |
cfbzgc | Why aren't different human races considered different human species / sub species / variants? | This is a very important question that I'm glad you asked. The idea of race among humans is a cultural concept rather than a biological one. To give you an analogy, think of humans as cars. Just because two cars are red doesn't mean that they are the same type of car. The color tells you very little about the actual differences between the automobiles. A red honda civic and a silver honda civic are much more similar than a red honda civic and a red truck despite being the same color. This is true with humans as well. The darkest skinned humans live in tropical Africa and New Guinea, but the tropical Africans are more closely related to Europeans than they are to New Guineans. Geographical distance indicates genetic differences between populations much more than physical appearance. In other words, it would be useless to use basic physical traits to categorize humans. Also, the genetic differences between humans occur on a spectrum with no strong demarcations that separate populations from each other because humans have intermixed so frequently. Most importantly, the genetic differences between human populations are absolutely minuscule to the point of being virtually meaningless. | da2c50ef-8e72-4b22-9c5f-d4be420808f2 |
cfcf7x | why do you need to bring your temperature down? | Up to a point, having a fever is a good thing when you're fighting an infection as in the case of sepsis (infection in the blood). Many pathogens don't fare well in even a degree or two of average raised temperature, while your body is much more resilient. It's still a pretty serious condition on its own, and sepsis is frequently fatal regardless of the not only the body's attempts to fight it, but with medical intervention.
The problems in general however, start when the fever is too high, or just high for too long. Your body will release something called chaperone molecules that help your proteins fold correctly, but there will still be errors and it's more energetically expensive. This chaperone molecules also have limits, and past a certain point your body fails on a number of levels.
For one, a lot of what your cells do is interact with, transport, and produce proteins. The function of a protein is determined by its three dimensional structure, and it gets that through a process of folding. This is a process which can go wrong, and heat makes it far more likely to go wrong. Past a certain point critical proteins will start to unfold (denature) as in exposure to cooking methods. Needless to say, this does you no favors.
For another, most fevers are not in response to something like sepsis (outside of admissions in a hospital at least), they're the result of either the disease-causing organism (pathogen) releasing molecules which cause your body to develop a fever (pyrogens) or an immune response by your body. In the former case the magnitude of the infection can cause a release of these molecules so great that your temperature-regulating system is utterly overwhelmed. In the latter case your body's inflammatory signaling systems can go haywire, causing runaway inflammation and fever; this is called cytokine storm and it's a potentially fatal condition. Ebola is often thought to kill as a result of cytokine storm, in humans at least.
So you need to manage a fever, first and foremost by identifying its cause and treating it appropriately. This will inevitably take time, and the sicker the patient the more time it will take. During this time you could develop cardiac problems, your metabolism could be seriously disrupted leading to many bad side effects, and you could suffer lasting brain damage from seizures, even coma or death. As a result with a bad enough fever you treat the infection, modulate the immune system response if necessary/possible, and then just try to bring the temperature down. Alcohol, cold water baths, and even infusions of cold IV fluids can all be used.
tl;dr Unless you're septic, it isn't generally helpful for your immune system to suffer under a fever, and it can cause organ damage, damage to the blood, damage to the brain, and even death. | f5c39d87-ab31-45bf-ba86-a4757ee7d73d |
cfci0q | Why does sore muscles feel both good and painful in the same time? | I think it comes down to learned rewards. If in childhood you were rewarded through gifts from others or just to be able to get somewhere through exercise you feel good about it later in life. But as for me I wasn't encouraged to exercised and never did so sore muscles are the equivalent of banging my leg on the coffee table. | 282f7a2f-4625-4265-95c3-bfc34728154d |
cfcis1 | How documentary series like 'Dope' get cartel members to agree to filming | Some high level criminals are also narcissistic and love the attention.
They also probably "recreate" a lot of the crimes they commit rather than have the film crew follow them around as they commit crimes.
For example, in the episode with the guys smuggling drugs. Very doubtful they let a camera crew follow them while they actually smuggled along an established route. They probably filmed it in an unrelated desert with the smugglers "role playing" what they do. | a4b57046-679d-4753-8ca0-77f07a8edd73 |
cfcqb0 | What is a core and thread in a CPU, and what exactly do they do? | Imagine you are working in a restaurant, let's say a burger joint. A thread corresponds to a specific task, in our example we'll say there are the tasks: \`make patty\` \`assemble burger\` \`fry fries\` and \`serve customer\`. A thread is doing one of those tasks through to completion. Now, you can only have as many tasks going on at the same time as there are people working for you: the people are like cores and each is assigned a thread to work on. You could hire one person who has to constantly switch between making a patty, then assembling the burger, then making fries then serving it to the customer, but that probably would be too slow to stay in business. You could hire a faster employee, but you can only go so fast as a person. If you instead have 4 persons or "cores," you can have one do each task at the same time as each other. Now you can increase the total number of customers served considerably, and can go further by adding more people to duplicate some tasks, such as multiple burger friers" all while keeping within the limits of a single person and the tasks at hand.
& #x200B;
That is effectively how a CPU works. Programs give "tasks" to the operating system which switches them in and out between cores as needed to keep a responsive system. The biggest difference between a CPU and GPU is that a CPU is a few very fast cores and a GPU is a ton of relatively slow cores. | 9649f028-63f2-4ac9-91e9-bd30b0943dc4 |
cfcwql | Why when falling asleep or very tired certain people have a full body shudder and wake up? | It's actually you're brain testing to see if you're asleep yet and ready to dream. As an ELI5, I'll skip the terminology.
Your brain paralyzes itself when you dream to ensure you don't act out what you're dreaming. When you flinch like that, then your brain knows it isn't ready to switch into full REM yet. | 4af86bbd-c8fa-42cb-be0b-83fe2fe81f03 |
cfd4yc | What is an algorithm? What makes it difficult to define? | It's not really that difficult. It's a series of steps needed to do something. Long division could be called an algorithm. | e2774153-6527-4679-830b-d82659380b5f |
cfd6vq | How does rubbing our temples or forehead help alleviate a headache? | Depends on the headache, but many are tension related so massaging the scalp, temples and neck relaxes the muscles around the head the same way that massaging a stiff and aching leg would help alleviate some tension.
Some headaches are caused by pressure differences in the blood vessels around the skull too, so rubbing these areas could potentially flex, contract and relax these vessels alleviating pain.
I'm not a doctor though so don't upvote me, I just get a bloody ton of headaches. | 298b35ab-dbe7-47ad-bce1-45234a0b2047 |
cfd87f | How does air conditioning work? | Expanding gas cools its surrounding.
Condensing gas to a liquid heats up the surroundings.
A/C exploits this property by condensing gas outside your home (in a condenser) using a pump to carry heat from the inside.
Heat is collected inside your home in an evaporator. The evaporator is where the liquid turns into a gas, cooling the evaporator. The air in your home then transfers heat to the evaporator. The gas in the evaporator then carries the heat outside, back to the condenser.
So an A/C is basically a pump that continuously condenses a gas into a liquid. | b7835d44-2f82-41ac-82cd-7bd39e2a1df8 |
cfdhdd | Why does a low power TV remote work after I bang it on a hard surface? | Corrosion can build up between the battery and the battery terminal inside the remote. When you bang the remote against a hard surface, you cause the battery a shift slightly inside the terminal, scraping off a tiny bit on corrosion where the terminal contacts it. This allows for a better connection between the battery and the terminal.
If you get worried about the health of your remote, you can get a similar result by opening the battery panel and rotating the battery a few times. You could also take some sandpaper or steel wool to the battery terminals to clean them. | b4a379a4-0d2f-4447-bb03-9659d52db70a |
cfdu0w | - Do things hurt even when they don’t seem to? For example, if I hit myself but it doesn’t necessarily hurt, does my body still register it as painful? Do people with a high pain tolerance still register the pain but just don’t feel it? | Pain is just your body’s way of saying “stop! You’re damaging yourself.” If you don’t feel pain, it’s because those signals aren’t firing. So in that sense, no, the pain doesn’t exist
In terms of low pain tolerance, it depends. Some people are accustomed to pain so they can tolerate more of it, like tolerances to anything else. So they still feel it, it just doesn’t disturb them as much
Having the inability to feel pain, though (which is a real thing) is an incredibly dangerous condition. For example, imagine you set your hand on the stove without thinking and didn’t feel pain. You wouldn’t know until you’d damaged the heck out of your hand, probably permanently | 84e1d87c-2f97-468d-9ab1-e1d4fb098545 |
cfduy5 | How can you determine the height of a mountain | You'd be interested in a concept called [topographic prominence](_URL_0_). It's a measure of how much higher a peak is than the lowest contour line that *doesn't* contain a higher peak. (And these heights are calculated against a theoretical level surface of the earth, which you might as well think of as sea level.) | 8f91b626-f773-44e2-92db-aa3d898b9035 |
cfednm | Why is it easier to sing deeper tones and really high pitched tones with a kind of "dead zone" between the two? | Not sure about the deeper...but when you say high pitch with a “dead zone”, i think you may be referring to falsetto? The reason there’s a “dead zone” between your normal voice, like say on a scale of 1-10 if highness, your normal voice hits a 6, but you can falsesetto 9-10, sort of missing 7-8, is because your normal voice utilizes the entire vocal cord, so the highest you can sing without falsetto, you’re still using your entire cord. When you use falsetto, certain muscles basically pinch off the bottom of your cords and only the very edge of your cords vibrate, hence the feeling of kind of throat closing when you go falsetto. So your normal voice = entire cord, falsetto = very edge of cord. The “dead space” would lie if say, you somehow could use half your cord, or 1/3 or 2/3 or whatever...but unless very well trained, you can’t. For 99% of people, it’s either whole cord, or very little part of chord | 89d140d4-aa00-431e-a356-b0c64f0d2bbc |
cfeh3q | we raise our one eyebrow when we get suspicious, why? | cultural norms. It sticks out because it breaks facial symmetry. The ability to raise your eyebrows or arc one at a time is genetic but it's not necessarily attributable to a thought of suspicion | 3006707b-d79e-4630-9cc2-1e3d9efa90d7 |
cfeogh | The meaning of this Leo Tolstoy qoute. | Tolstoy is phenomenal. What she’s saying is “if you truly love me, leave me alone.” But it’s untrue. Her lips are saying one thing that she hopes will be true if she says it out loud. But her eyes are conveying something different.
“She strained every effort of her mind to say what ought to be said. But instead of that she let her eyes rest on him, full of love, and made no answer” | d923a5cf-5850-4f78-939d-66f92ab34b5a |
cfeq9b | What are the advantages of blinking in a nontraditional orientation? | TIL ducks aren't birds.
But from what I've read, most birds blink sideways because their range of motion includes much more vertical movement than ours.
We basically stay on the flat-ish plane of the surface of the earth, so while the eye is opening and closing, we can still see most of that plane except when the eye is completely shut.
Birds fly, so vertical sight is much more important for them. | 6de295ff-ae59-454d-812f-dc11f41bf7b0 |
cff64r | Where do commercial, patented seeds come from? | > I've heard that most commercial seeds are patented products genetically modified to only yield one crop, forcing the farmers to buy them again next season.
That's not really true. So-called "terminator genes" do exist that can be used to make seeds only good for one generation, but they aren't commonly used in agricultural seeds.
When farmers plant GMO seeds they generally aren't interested in gathering the seed for re-planting. It's a fair amount of extra work and expense to get the seeds, and the second generation won't have the same genetics as the first generation. And when you're buying GMO seed, it's all about the genetics. | f2cfb349-c627-4467-a19f-44d593a45f81 |
cff829 | . It’s 40C outside, it’s 4pm, the sun is shining. Why do most of the cars I see have their headlights on? | Most cars these days come equipped with "Daytime Running Lights" (DRL), which means at least one part of the headlight system is turned on at all times even if it's the middle of the day and there's no ta cloud in the sky. It's a safety feature that helps make your car more visible. It might not be as useful on a bright sunny day, but it can be nice when the clouds roll in and the sky turns dark, and *especially* it's useful in the rain when people forget to turn their headlights on manually. | a083987e-cd6a-4e7c-bf46-0f743b60613b |
cffedb | How the heck does 3D printing actually work? Can you print using different materials (metal, wood, etc)? | Little pieces of material are fused together. It only works for fusable materials like plastic or metal. Wood is cellular life, a completely different sort of thing. | 6358b920-5408-409e-93a0-9bf3cdd63e24 |
cffgav | Why do different knots have varying strengths? | It comes down to the friction it can cause. However there is no one knot that can prevent movement from all directions so we make more than one for different uses. | 2477baa5-2c9a-49a0-a3d4-75e6ab4f9fba |
cfft24 | If Earth is moving at 110000km/hr in space, how do astronauts return back to Earth without crashing? | Its because the Astronauts are moving with to the earth when they leave the atmosphere, its like how you can throw a tennis ball straight up and down in a moving car without it zooming off behind you at 100kph | eed38b39-2f86-4c3d-8774-5668563861fb |
cffvts | How do you use discord and all of it's different features? | It's pretty direct with its functions, but yeah it can be complex if you're making a server or taking a hard look at the settings | eee78b6f-e3e8-4b71-adc6-c7d8476661b8 |
cffy72 | Why do people look “scarier” when they are illuminated from below? | I think any time portions of the face are hard to see, your brain doesn’t know how to react, causing fear. There are all sorts of studies about looking at smiling faces vs frowning faces and what it does to your heartrate. Also, sometimes that lighting makes the eyes the only thing that shows. Lastly, it’s been used in so many different forms of “scary” media, from art to film, so there’s that connotation. | 344cde83-5d28-4877-bcf9-a5209fbbc4d4 |
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