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cjc8tv | How do our bodies fix the mistakes that proteins/enzymes make every now and then? | Most mistakes don't matter, but defective proteins have certain physical characteristics that cause them to be digested by other specialized enzymes.*
Mistakes in DNA replication are repaired using the complementary strand as a template (the older strand will have chemical modifications that distinguish it from the new one).
Some mistakes cannot be repaired, and are widespread, so you just die.
* Note added: As was pointed out, prion proteins are not degraded when mis-folded, and can induce the same characteristic configuration into other, correctly folded, prion proteins, even on other cells. They are exceptional in this regard, although not unique. | 0376bab3-5b68-41d9-8aba-585085cee9ee |
cjcbvq | If we are supposed to eat meat, how come we have to clean it and cook it, but all other animals eat it raw? | Humans do not have to cook meat. Sushi, Steak Tartar, Ceviche, are all food preparations that involve uncooked meat. What cooking meat, and other foods does is kill pathogens on the meat that can make us sick (a lot of animals get sick or die from food contamination). This is particularly important as we do not eat meat immediately after the kill like most predators do. Instead we keep it in refrigeration for days or even weeks (or longer) which increases the risk if eaten raw.
Cooking also partially breaks down the food making it easier to absorb the nutrient within the food. We spend less energy to get them. | 20684a2a-c12a-4f3f-acfa-f485f13a9e4d |
cjcl7g | Why is it that thinking about things to hard makes them harder to do without thinking? (Sleeping, swallowing) | Your brain stores muscle memory in a series of neural connections that fire in a squence and are reinforced every time you do it correctly.
Think of it like a path in the woods. Every time someone uses that path, it gets worn in better and it gets easier to go through the woods to get home.
When you think about it too hard, you're not letting your brain trigger that sequence. You're telling your brain to do distinct actions as part of what you want to do. Which you are terrible at.
So instead of just following the path you try and force your way through the woods. It's slow and awkward and you usually don't end up where you want to be.
Sleep on the other hand has more to do with being relaxed. A long long time ago if you were stressed it was for good reason. Predators, rivals, food. So you wouldn't sleep because maybe that thing you're stressed about would kill you.
When you lay in bed thinking "just go to sleep." And you don't go to sleep, well that stresses you out. So now you think "come on! If I don't sleep I'll be tired tomorrow!" That stresses you out more. Your brain doesn't know you're stressed about wanting to sleep. It just knows stress is going on and that's bad so better stay awake to deal with it. | 4319fc65-c9f0-4434-9471-1a51be7f11fe |
cjctax | On boats & ships, how do propeller shafts remain watertight despite the friction caused by the propeller movement? | The boats I'm familiar with, sailboats around 30 - 40 ft, it's not water tight. You should get about 1 drip every 30 seconds. You need a bit of water coming through to act as cooling. Then you have a bilge pump to pump the water back out.
The shaft goes through what is called a stuffing box. (_URL_0_). You have a fiber like flax, hemp or some type of rope and treat it with wax or oil and then pack it around the propellor shaft. You want it tight enough that water doesn't come through too fast, but loose enough th shaft can still spin and few drops of water keeps everything cool. | 90b18d9d-f122-41ed-97ff-4457175facd9 |
cjcyhk | Why do directors not film scenes in the order in which they appear in the movie? | In those two cases, if you film the climax of the movie first, you have time to do it right, and fix anything that may go wrong in the process.
Wait and do it last, you might have to delay the movie if any issues come up.
Also, cost and simplicity come into play. If you have a bunch of scenes in your movie that all occur in one spot, it makes sense to film them at the same time. Same thing if your actors are wearing the same clothes in different scenes. | d4013e32-fc7a-49f1-83f2-cd795b1d2115 |
cjczkg | How does a software input into a computer physically change a transistor | Engineer here, this isn't 100% the entire story, but it's ELI5.
Software input doesn't change the shape, state, or move or do anything physical to a transistor. A transistor is just another component whose shape and material will manipulate the flow of electricity in a specific and predictable way, just like any other component such as a resistor, inductor, or capacitor. What makes transistors so special is that they have three pins, where varying the power applied to one input can vary the amount of power that gets through from the other input.
These transistors can be arranged into units called logic gates, of which the most commonly used for commercial applications is the NAND gate. The way the NAND gate works is that it is always on (1) unless both inputs are on (1), in which case the gate turns off (0). By some clever methods, these NAND gates can be arranged to form any other logic gate.
These logic gates can then be arranged into something even larger, like an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Which takes inputs of high (1) and low (0) power on each individual wire and can do basic math like addition and subtraction and other things by assuming that the arrangement of these wires means a number.
When someone writes software, they're writing a series of mathematical and logical operations that get put into a queue of sorts where they get fed into this big lump of logic gates in order. | 658f3e16-3807-4869-a30e-8e9c6af7241a |
cjdbsm | Why are baseball bats and cricket bats shaped the ways that they are? | The cricket bat shape has evolved to be optimal for striking the ball when coming to you as it does from a bowler, and holding it as batsmen and women do. There is a "sweet spot" on a bat, more or less opposite the widest part (front to back) - hit a ball square on there and it will fly.... when you watch top batsmen, it's amazing how far and fast the ball travels when they barely seem to hit it with any force; just stroke at it and, catch it right, it will go....
I presume the same goes for baseball bats. | f0106b04-12a9-40b5-8949-842be44c0881 |
cjdhb8 | Intel Optane memory | Optane Memory is not RAM. Think of it as sorta booster for your Hard drive and ram interaction. But absolutely not RAM and you don't add them together. Optane memory is sorta more like a really fast SSD that works with your HDD to increase speed.
These lots of misleading ads on this claiming more memory and counting it as RAM (marketing!), but its all just nonsense. It is not a substitute for ram, its more of an addon to it.
4GB of RAM is actually pretty budget build for a pc right now, thats an odd spec to have 4GB Ram and an optane memory. I'm guessing this has a traditional HDD, so in that case, the optane memory is really meant to speed up the HDD turning it into a hybrid SSD/HDD drive and give sexy specs, but be on a budget price, as SSDs and more RAM are going to be significantly more expensive than the HDD/Optane combo.
In the past, budget builds, since SSDs were really expensive, often contained Hybrid HDDs (a HDD which contains a small SSD as well) or you would get a seperate small SSD for the OS, and a HDD for data. As SSDs have decreased in price immensely though, this is falling out of favor except in more budget builds. However even in good builds there is room for an optane memory, but thats not what its use is here in your build | a7e85235-4dfe-4530-93a2-7854f8121962 |
cje3c3 | why do you have to avoid grapefruit while on so many medications? | You have molecules (enzymes) in your body that break down medications and other molecules. There is one family of enzymes called the CYP3A family. Enzymes in this group are responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) more drugs than any other group of enzymes in your body. One of the components of grapefruit juice blocks these enzymes from working, which means the enzymes do not work to break down the medications and your body cannot get rid of the drug quickly enough. This can lead to medication build up in the body which can then lead to side effects or toxicity. | 05eeff17-eb98-48e1-a933-10b9768c057d |
cjegmx | Will it be possible in the near future to create laptops that are able to withstand severe heat? | The problem is one of "small."
In order to make the laptops as flat and light as possible, everything gets jammed together. Airflow suffers, and components run hotter.
Compound this with components getting faster, which causes then to run hotter, too.
Bigger, bulkier laptops, or laptops without the highest-end components don't have these problems because they don't generate the heat on a confined space.
Laptops exist with the highest-end components, and they don't overheat, but they're an inch thick and weigh a couple pounds.
A better solution is to adjust your expectations of what a laptop is for, use one with less power for when you're away from the desk, and use a high-end desktop for the heavy work. Or offload all of those computer things you need to do to the cloud, leaving just displays and input for you laptop's chores.
If you want a desktop in a tiny package, hear is the price you pay. Well, money, too.
*Heat is the price you pay... Also paying the price for not proofreading... | 561877ea-c342-49bd-9318-bf3111985892 |
cjehge | why does some gum lose its flavor so fast? | The flavors in gum have to be able to get released from the gum to have a taste. That means that they should bind better to spit than to the gum. Gum itself doesn't break down much from saliva. The flavor in gum lasts quite a bit longer than it used to. | 35e23703-fd04-49f5-ad47-b554b035b400 |
cjeizq | How are animals like felines able to jump and leap insane distances? What makes humans unable to do the same? | The design of the hind legs has a lot to do with it.
Animals like cats and deer walk on their rear toes. The "heel" is quite high off of the ground. So their rear legs have three major segments instead of two, giving them more power and range of motion. This leads to bigger jumps.
And you also have to be able to land safely. Humans have to land on the same legs that they jumped with. Four legged animals jump with their rear legs, and land with their front. The front legs and their joints have evolved to be great shock absorbers. For example, the shoulder joint of a deer has an incredible range of motion, because there's no direct connection from the leg bone to the bones of the torso. It's all just connected by soft tissue. | fd7b71ad-bea9-451a-a684-8ea6c0bc015f |
cjemih | When you stretch and hear little cracks in your back, what is actually taking place in the body? | That sound is called cavitation. It's the same as cracking your knuckles OR is could be the realignment of misaligned bones/joints, OR if it's more of a crackle/pulling sound, it's the muscle fibers. 👍
Source 15+yrs experience with a DC program and training over 1K DC interns. | fdb64b0b-969b-469e-98b7-35679e5731f5 |
cjfn4h | What actually is a “gut feeling?” | A gut feeling is that feeling that something is wrong without any obvious outside information, just your instincts.
What it actually is, is your blood pressure raising due to the uncomfortable and unknown situation at hand. Your subconscious mind has calculated that the scenario isn't going to go well based on your past experiences, but you have no actual memory of the precise situation. | 0bb5e321-66bb-4b12-b8ad-b3e6b4c9ce7b |
cjfv9e | If water is non-conductive how does is short electronics | *Pure* distilled water is non conductive. Most water however has impurities in it which are what conspire to make it conductive. | 40ceca75-3356-4e9c-bed0-36eb3ca7b5a5 |
cjgb2d | Why dont we raise space ships with balloons before using rocket engines to escape earths gravity? | The physics are complex, but simply put, look at a Goodyear blimp. The blimp (the actual envelope containing the helium) is huge relative to the tiny cabin attached underneath. Now, replace the tiny cabin with a spaceship made of materials capable of sustaining atmospheric re-entry, fuel for the round-way trip, plus whatever gear and human payload is inside. The helium envelope would have to be so phenomenally huge to even be able to lift said spaceship that it would be totally impractical as a solution. | 8af64cf8-f156-4037-a84c-e326882748ed |
cjgrar | How can a Minecraft world be infinite ? | They're not infinite, just unlimited. Only the parts of the world that you have seen are created, as you see them. | dc08cb8d-62fb-4684-b5fa-c5fdfd47398e |
cjgsky | why are most (all?) green parties against nuclear power? | This is a handy link-
_URL_0_
as to the potential negatives of nuclear power, I will summarise them for you though to save time.
1. Implementing enough nuclear power plants in time to cut emissions before 2050 seems financially unviable
2. Inherent error, human risk, design flaws even natural disasters
3. Deters investment into actual, real, renewable energy
I guess for the most part it's kind of just putting all your eggs into on basket again, the price and demand of uranium and radioactive substances would also surely go up, and I guess in the long term if trying to power the world off nuclear power, this would also involve giving untrusted countries access to isotopes.
Just my two cents though, I could be wrong about it all. | 6ebcace8-0c39-41e5-89a4-efe0501c865d |
cjhknj | What is your body doing when you have a “gut feeling?” | This was asked earlier today. Please search first. | 080c2615-612f-4341-9586-47db4e51efc5 |
cjhl64 | In the photos you see of nebulas, galaxies etc. What exactly does the coloured smoky areas represent? Is it just light or something cooler? | Those are clouds of gas. As a quick and dirty guide you can break then into three groups.
Red ones are thicker regions of hydrogen that are warmed by nearby starts to glow a red color.
Blue have dust in them and are reflecting light.
Dark ones can actually have larger dust grains, molecules of hydrocarbons etc. They are blocking most light from passing through. | fba5265d-4da6-4478-a100-354884eb05a6 |
cjhlla | Why don't shoes last nearly as long as vehicle tires? | First shoes impact the ground differently, tires roll, assuming properly aligned and balanced wheels. Shoes impact the ground and skid slightly that's why the heel or ball of the foot wears out faster.
Tires can be made of heavier rubber, heavy shoes like work boots or hiking boots are not always desirable. So they use lighter materials as a trade off. | c00c10de-67b8-40b8-9b1c-aa7d36ee952b |
cjho86 | What happens causes people to start making fast movements (tapping feet, fingers, pacing back and forth, etc..) when they're waiting, or just impatient, instead of just sitting or standing still? | Our brain and nervous system are composed of modules that aren't necessarily in sync. Your higher functions understand "we're at the airport so we need to wait" but your lizard and mammalian brain areas are concerned with food, reproduction, exercise, so they send nonverbal signals like itches to make you shift around and avoid injury, repetitive movements to exercise and maintain temperature, stomach rumbling to signal hunger, yawns to signal sleepiness or boredom.
Observe yourself when you do things, often you'll do something and then explain to yourself what you've done. An attractive person walks past, you look at them go and think "I am looking at a hot person" but what happened was your animal instincts made you look and your frontal lobes got the memo "Hey, we're taking over the eyes and neck for this important bit of research" afterwards. But your frontal lobes are where your personality lives and it likes to think it's in charge so it just rewrites history into "Oh I like looking at nice bodies so I decided to do that"
But if we actually wire you to a fmri machine we can track the impulse to do a thing and the moment when you "decide to do a thing" and there's usually a delay of up to a second (Actually up to 7 [now that I check](_URL_0_)
).
Your higher functions are more about suppressing things than actually deciding what to do, everyone gets intrusive thoughts like "I could grab that cop's gun and shoot him!", they're perfectly normal because your brain is constantly proposing actions and your frontal lobes are there to anticipate consequences "No we'd get arrested and sent to the electric chair what the fuck is wrong with you" so normally we just sit there, twitching a bit while various random impulses try to take the wheel. | c36ffdb8-e3f0-4fbc-b895-2935b7d1a2e0 |
cjhrp8 | Why do colors “clash?” | I’m no scientist but I bet it has something to do with why certain music notes don’t sound good together. The “wobble” you hear when two notes clash is caused by the wavelength of those particular notes. Seeing how light is also a wave, it wouldn’t be unreasonable to assume that the two waves are clashing causing a displeasing visual, just as the notes caused a displeasing sound. | b881e3fe-8cab-405f-b844-4f3f5839b3b9 |
cjhv1g | why did my body odor change moving from Florida to West Texas. | You are what you eat. Literally. And, you sweat out what you eat and drink.
Different location means different food, different minerals and such in the water, etc. You will notice these differences when you sweat them out, until they become your "new normal" | 9497a673-078b-4327-a6c4-8d54991d427d |
cjhztd | Why do laser beams have "brighter dots"? | The light is striking dust and other particulate matter in the air and therefore being scattered/reflected. Some gets reflected toward your eyes so you perceive those spots as brighter. | 64155cc8-5a34-44bb-9eb4-337db10fb4d2 |
cji447 | How does sunscreen work? | The part of light that burns you is called UV, or ultraviolet light. You can't see it, but it's part of the light we get from the sun. Sunscreen reflects and scatters the UV rays or absorbs it instead of your skin absorbing it, depending on what the sunscreen is made of. | 8a79f431-1e42-4679-9632-f7ad0633c621 |
cji5bq | why is it that a lizard can jump off insane heights but not take any damage and be fine but if we scaled us down to the size of a lizard we'd die from that high of a fall? | Lizards weigh less, so the impact when they land is a lot lower. If I fall, it's equivalent to a 100 pound person landing on me. If a 300 pound person falls, it's equivalent to a 300 pounds of person landing on them. The gecko just takes a few ounces of weight. | 28848d40-1b1a-4565-b6e2-2164bcee2718 |
cji5ic | Body temperature what makes it 98.5 and how does it regulate it? | Keeps warm by :
- Hairs standing up on body to trap heat
- shaking to generate heat
- (shut down parts of the body - in extreme cases)
Keeps cool by :
- sweating ( a layer of sweat helps take heat away from the body which then transfers to the air around us ). Thus cooling the body. | 88324654-ceb4-4ea5-b05f-8e59a886e554 |
cji5uk | How does Google maps estimate the quickest way to get somewhere even with traffic involved? | Well, for starters, Google has all the maps and knows all the speed limits on (almost) all the roads. They can easily figure out that taking a freeway 10 miles @ 70 mph is faster than back roads for 7 miles @ 30 mph.
Google then takes that data and augments it with three types of data:
- Road condition data. Most cities report construction, accidents, road closures, etc., so Google can factor those into its estimations.
- Real time traffic data. Every phone running Google maps is sending Google real time GPS location data (if they haven't opted out). Google can measure the distance traveled inbetween pings and estimate your speed, which gives it a good idea of traffic conditions (someone going 20 mph on a 70 mph road is clearly stuck in traffic).
- Historical data. Thanks to point 2, Google can make reasonable guesses as to what traffic will look like at significant times. If a freeway always has traffic at rush hour, odds are it will have traffic at rush hour today.
Add those three pieces of data to the map data, and you can create pretty good real time estimations of speed, which translates directly to figuring out the best (i.e. fastest) route. | 8cb7c7ab-7c04-412c-8c21-de770a9f802b |
cjibxt | What's the difference between having undetectable levels of HIV and being cured? | You have spotted the thing.
& #x200B;
From a functional perspective, if you are undetectable, you cannot pass on the virus to a HIV- person. The virus is no longer in your blood (but it can hide in other tissues which is why it comes back if you stop taking your ARV meds).
& #x200B;
While you are undetectable, there may possibly be strains of HIV you can catch that are medication resistant (these are talked about in stories about people who are on PrEP but still seroconverted), and of course being on those meds isn't a walk in the park. They can have some undesirable side effects. | e63c0dd6-1745-48a6-a4fa-d3fbdc4b29b5 |
cjivhh | How do celebrities, like OJ Simpson, who lose their fortunes still live seemingly lavish lifestyles? | Because his income can't be touched.
As a former NFL player, OJ has a very large pension, and pensions can't be attached in civil lawsuits. | 3b642c60-df2b-48a8-92bf-cfd30ceb2002 |
cjj1mu | Why does pressure build and/or maintain carbonation when you shake a sealed container of carbonated liquid? | The pressure doesn't change. The amount of CO2 gas is constant in the container, as is the container volume and temperature, so the pressure is constant as well. What does change with shaking is that some of the undissolved CO2 at the top is forced into the liquid and forms pressurized bubbles. If the container is rapidly depressurized, the bubbles trapped in the liquid explosively expand and force liquid out of the container.
If you let the container sit for a while after shaking the bubbles will eventually rise to the surface and you won't get the same effect. When depresurized, the expanding bubbles at the surface won't displace nearly as much liquid as they would if they were inside the liquid. | 69902235-7ca6-4fc4-a7fb-439420e7e0ae |
cjj1rx | Can anyone explain, in simple terms, Einstein's theory that time is not absolute? | Let's start with a ground rule:
The speed of light is always constant for everyone. That's been observed.
Now, what follows from that? It follows that if you're at rest, light will move away from you at the speed of light, from your perspective.
And that if you're moving at 99% of the speed of light, light will move away from you at the speed of light, from your perspective.
How is that possible? If light is always moving away from you at 100% of the speed of light, and you're already travelling at 99% of the speed of light, does that mean that to me (at rest), the light from your flashlight is moving at 199% of the speed of light?
No--because the speed of light is always constant.
So what's the solution? Time. In order for light to be moving away from you at the speed of light, but also for the speed of light to be what it is for me, there's only one solution: *time must be moving more slowly for you,* so that you experience the light moving away from you at normal speed.
It sounds counter-intuitive--but it's true, and we've verified it. There are two major ways we know that time is changing: first, we've actually put a clock up in orbit for a while, where it's moving really fast. And when the clock came back down, it read exactly as we would have expected if time was different--that is, it read *differently* than clocks that weren't in orbit.
Secondly, there are some types of particles that are formed in high-energy collisions in the upper atmosphere. These particles have *extremely* short lifespans, but are moving very fast. Their lifespans are so short, in fact, that we should never be able to detect them down on the ground; the particles should be decaying before they reach our detectors down here.
But we find them. They're moving so fast that, from their perspective, time has slowed down. This means that they age slower from our perspective, and thus live long enough to reach the ground. | c10d2eab-cbc3-4d5c-9242-b8064281ff63 |
cjj926 | why have severe allergies for example peanut allergies that can lead to someone's, death not been bred out by natural selection in humans? | Couple reasons. First is that allergies *appear* to be more common in the modern world. The going theory, as far as I've heard, is that our immune systems today are, for a lack of a better word, *bored*. Our environments are so much cleaner than they ever have been, and we have antibiotics and antivirals and antiseptics to do the bulk of the work getting rid of pathogens so our immune systems don't have much to do.
Without practice to recognize what is foreign and what is truly a threat, our immune systems are more prone to getting it wrong and overreact. None of this is conscious or anything, it's not like your white blood cells actually get bored. It's just that the complex mechanisms that create our immune system are pretty finely tuned for an environment that largely no longer exists so it goes a bit haywire.
Tuning is the other reason. The evolutionary pressure you're describing would push for people to have a less aggressive, less active immune system. That's fine and dandy for today, but modern humans are very young, evolutionarily speaking, even just among hominids - and that's modern humans, not modern hygiene and modern medicine! When you consider the ancient battles that have been going on between microbes and hosts trying to get rid of them (including other microbes) the fight has been going on for about as long as life has existed on Earth. For the vast, *vast* majority of that time, our ancestors had to fight off infections without any outside help. So for every person that died from intense allergies, many more died from an infection that their immune systems were not aggressive enough to fight off.
Until recently, natural selection was pushing us into an equilibrium of having an immune system that was *strong enough* to fight off infections without being so overly aggressive that it killed us, either from allergic reactions or auto-immune disorders. Well, technically it's still pushing us into an equilibrium, it's just that the equilibrium has shifted and evolution takes a very long time. And we're making it take longer because we keep rescuing people with epipens and CPR and other modern medical things. Darn that modern medicine, keeping people alive!^^^^^/s | c135b69e-ed3f-4bc6-a4a1-fc499536630d |
cjjlfl | Who and how do they pay for town,city and interstate lights? | Generally the utility company tells the city approximately how many streetlights there are and as u/Callico_m pointed out, the city then pays the bill.
This is why reporting streetlights that are out to the town/city/village/whereverthefuckyoulive is important as you're still paying for it even when it's not working. | 794dbcc0-a7f3-4b34-b84f-c04c7fd76611 |
cjjrvt | How is alcohol (mouthwash) removed from city water? | Most city water is not made by reprocessing waste water.
Waste water, containing mouthwash, goes to a sewage treatment plant. There are many processes that go on there, but at least one of them is bubbling air through the water with an open surface. Alcohol evaporates under these conditions, leaving only the water (a big ingredient in mouthwash) and dyes behind. | 63aa5c97-a542-47e9-9c8b-c2bc047c3dc5 |
cjjuot | Does the sugar content in fruits rise as they ripen at home? Why do they get sweeter over time? | Sugars can be broken into 3 main categories, mono-, di-, and poly- saccharides.
Monosaccharides are ring shaped molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Our body gets energy from processing monosaccharides
Disaccharides are two mono- attached together. Table sugar, called sucrose, is an example of this.
Polysaccharides are chains of many monosaccharides linked together. Starch is an example here.
Now, getting past all this terminology stuff
Unripe fruits are starchy, and our body doesn't process starch as sweet in general.
As a fruit ripens, the starchy chains break down into smaller units. Our body does interpret these shorter units as sweet, so fruits taste sweeter over time
Tl;dr: the amount of sugar is the same, it's just in a different form we don't taste as being sweet | 219ccced-510a-4190-8a5e-7a2940eb0ea9 |
cjk02o | If Earth is within the Milky Way Galaxy, why are we able to see the Milky Way Galaxy while standing on Earth? | You aren’t seeing the entire thing, just a cross-section of it. The Milky Way looks like a dense band of stars encircling the Earth because it’s all around us.
Think about it like this. We’re on a little boat, the S.S. Earth, in the middle of the ocean. If you look out the window, you can see the ocean, even if you’re on/in it. You can’t see the entire thing because you can’t get an external vantage point, but you can see part of it, and when you talk about it you’ll probably call it “the ocean” instead of “the local region of the ocean that we can see” because that’s simpler. | 071bd1b6-ac83-442e-8efd-20433edee3c3 |
cjkqms | How are we able to determine if something technical “makes sense” or “seems right” when we have no prior knowledge on the subject? | You draw on any experience you have with other things that might have something in common. Or it's just explained well enough to give you a basic understanding of how it works. | 353d3616-29f1-48be-b465-df5cbf6489b7 |
cjkw31 | Why are teeth a part of the nervous system? | Simple evolution. Look at human teeth as an evolved mammalian example.
Humans are omnivores and throughout human evolution meat and found plants foods such as roots have been a large part of the human diet. Biting too hard into a bone or a small rock and breaking a tooth would seriously hamper nutrition intake for any omnivorous mammal.
Teeth are by necessity part of the nervous system to protect them from damage. | 838907e2-3eb2-44d2-b4f3-eca9c8e6715e |
cjl0qr | How does scar cream work (does it even work)? | It doesn't. Scars are fibrous tissue where the wound closed up under the skin without the skin cells covering it. They usually fade over time because skin will regenerate over it over time but that takes a long time.
Creams say they make scars "softer, smoother and less noticeable" which basically mean they hydrate your skin and maybe have a small amount of make up.
You could get the same results with some lotion and some make up foundation. | 9fa6dbc1-065a-4e0f-8759-23fd3f9b404f |
cjl1um | Why do carbonated drinks exclusively use CO2 and not other gases? | The short answer is that CO2 is the ideal gas for carbonation.
First of all its cheap compared to more exotic things like Helium or Neon, and isn't flammable and toxic like Hydrogen or Petroleum gases.
Nitrogen for example is plentiful but it doesn't dissolve in water nearly as well as CO2 so it doesn't make bubbles.
Oxygen on the other hand does dissolve, but it would oxidize (ruin) the product. | 2f8ec603-7e44-433d-8b37-2636756d6492 |
cjl4fx | Why are some trials completed with a jury while others are not? | In the US you generally don't get a criminal jury trial if the maximum punishment for your crime is less than 6 months. If its more than 6 months, you have a *choice* to get a jury trial - you can opt out if you want and people typically do when there is a strong emotional component to the trial.
When there is a strong emotional component to a trial - ie, the defendant is accused of raping a child - its normal to opt out of a jury trial because there is a sense that juries are much more likely to convict a person in those circumstances as they're more concerned about letting a guilty predator go than putting an innocent person in jail.
In civil trials - ie you sue someone - you aren't entitled to a jury below a certain dollar value, which varies from state to state. Above that dollar value either side can request a jury, but both sides can agree to opt out of it.
With civil trials you're much more likely to see a jury trial when there is a strong emotional component because Plaintiffs believe that juries give less reasoned, larger verdicts under those circumstances.
Also, most civil "trials" that result from a contract don't get a court trial at all, but instead go to arbitration. Arbitration is a private court system in which the case is heard solely by an arbitrator, who is usually retired judge. However, both sides have to agree to arbitrate.
In most other countries there is no right to a jury, or if there is its substantially more limited than what exists in the US. | b900453d-2395-46b1-b41e-a6eb8414bdb8 |
cjleb1 | What does the term "passive agressive" actually mean? | Think of a situation where someone could react really aggressively, like if I responded, “this sub is a terrible place for you to ask for the definition of a single term! Why didn’t you just google the term, idiot?!” But instead of saying that outright, I convey the same level of aggression, in a toned down way, to make myself appear more civil, when I’m really being just as big of a dick. For example, “while I’d love to do your research for you, I’m sure you could find the definition of a simple term like that, even at your level of intelligence.” | 1f1fab6c-60c2-4e29-b274-4b4783ac7d41 |
cjlkhd | How does soap get foamy? | Soap is an example of a "surfactant": something that lowers the surface tension between two other materials. Normally, the surface of water (with air above it, so air is the second material) likes to keep a smooth surface (there are some fun ways to play with this, e.g. you can make a pin float on water).
You can make water foamy without soap, but you need a *lot* of energy (stirring very hard/fast with something that mixes water and air, like a milk frother). The more surfactant you add (e.g. soap), the easier it becomes, because the water will care less about returning to its smooth surface. The small surfaces of the bubbles also become more elastic, so that they pop much more slowly - in normal water they'll disappear almost immediately if you stop stirring, but the soap makes them more resilient. A somewhat extreme example is foam made from shaving soap and water (and air), where you mix everything with a special brush to create some very dense foam that can last for quite some time.
There are some other elements to foaming that I don't fully understand, but that's the basic idea. | 071a3831-27f9-4eef-8dd4-a6947cd35d8f |
cjllg1 | Why do "weeds" grow so much more quickly and without any nurturing compared to plants/crops? | We have carefully selected our crops to produce large yields. This is economically costly to the plant. Plants in nature don't produce yields like that because natural selection penalises that kind of economic investment. We ensure that it is beneficial for the plant through carefully removing competitors, inputs of fertilizer and water etc.
A weed, on the other hand, has survived for generations of being unnaturally selected against. All the resources that a cropped plant puts into seeds/fruits etc, the weed will put into being hardy, being resistant to herbicides or pests, being difficult to uproot (ever tried to uproot a dandelion?).
Weeds aren't just better at surviving because they haven't been weakened by human selection. They are tougher because *humans have unconsciously selected them for toughness* | 343be988-9ee5-4a77-ba26-0f5b01fda81f |
cjlrkh | The Vagus Nerve; what exactly is it? | The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that runs from your brain, down into your chest and into your abdomen. It is a purely parasympathetic nerve, which means it can slow things down, like your heart rate, breathing and or help things along that happen best when you are relaxed, like gastric movement. People sometimes have it stimulated quickly and out of context, which can cause them to open their bowels (uncontrollably), drop their heart rate, which in turns drops their blood pressure and can cause them to faint. This quickly passes (seconds to minutes), and lying them down helps a lot. In terms of a ‘wellness’ nerve, the nerve is parasympathetic which is known as the “rest and digest” system, which might be where that comes from. However, the nerve is just a thing that our body utilises to help regulate things and keep us moving and pooping. | 4b145677-e97e-4e70-a28b-db04d05a5401 |
cjlrt0 | Does using internet on a flight really affect the plane’s instruments? | The short answer is that it's possible, so don't.
The Mythbusters did an episode on this. What they found was older electronics had more of an effect than the newers ones.
Also that most modern airliners have shielding on the instrumentation to help protect them against this sort of thing. But on smaller and older planes there was a significant affect on the instrumentation.
Airliners are tightly regulated for your safety, so when they say turn your phone off do it! Better safe in the air than not. | a6bb5413-bbc3-40a8-b77a-8bdcf5208430 |
cjlyod | What is the difference between different educational degrees (MBA, GED, PhD, MD, doctorate, master’s, etc) | MBA is a masters in bussiness administration
GED shows that you have high school equivalent competence
PhD is a doctorate in a subject, MD is a doctorate specific to medicine
Types of degrees one can get after high school are: Associates, bachelors, masters, doctorate. Each succesive degree requires additional schooling. Associates is usually two years, then 2 more for bachelors, then 1-2 more for masters. After that MD is 4 years, PhDs are often 5-7 years. Although MD doesnt require masters and PhDs often include a masters in those 5-7 years. Most engineers stop at bachelors, most computer science and bussiness people stop at Masters. The only reason you would do more schooling is to get a better paying job because you know more. | 6595fce1-e6cd-4ced-8e22-2e4d809aa9c0 |
cjm5i1 | A tree can contain hundreds or thousand pounds of wood, Where all this come from ? Does it come from the ground ? | It comes from the air! Plants use CO2 from the air to make things (photosynthesis), wood is 90% carbon and oxygen. | 3301eb7e-68ab-454a-bd0a-674fc927513d |
cjm8vb | What do the authorities do with the money that is found from high end drug dealers? | What on earth makes you think that asset forfeiture only applies to "high end drug dealers"? There are cases where people have had [their homes seized after being caught selling $40 worth of drugs](_URL_4_), or because a visitor was caught with possession of small amounts of drugs.
In the USA, civil forfeiture laws allow the police to seize assets on suspicion of a crime, the victim doesn't need to be found guilty or even charged with any crime. This is literally legalised theft, since the police can, and do, simply say that they "suspected" the money or property was the result of drug crime, and the victim has to prove that it wasn't.
The authorities do whatever they want, since they write the laws. Some of them use it to fund the police, some of them use it as part of general revenue, some of them use it to buy [expensive and unnecessary military equipment](_URL_2_), buy sports cars, fund holidays in Hawaii, and even pay for slushy machines. I'm not kidding or exaggerating.
Some of them give the money to prosecutors and police as a personal bonus. So before you ask questions about "the authorities", you need to specify which ones.
In the US, civil forfeiture is a lucrative money-making scam worth [literally billions of dollars](_URL_0_), and more than 80% of people whose assets are legally stolen are never charged with a crime, and most of the rest are charged with only minor offenses. In some places, the same people who receive the seized property get to decide whether or not it was "drug related". Remember, the victim of this legalised theft doesn't need to be found guilty or even charged with any crime, and most of them aren't. The police just need to say they suspect that it might have been the proceeds of drug crime.
More here:
_URL_1_
_URL_3_ | d60aa479-9acf-4b69-9a39-b11367939211 |
cjms7m | Time and where it stops. | You understand time crossing times zones doesn't mean you are traveling through time right? Like, if you take a 6 hour flight eastward that crosses 6 times zones, you didn't travel 6 extra hours into the future, and if you take a 6 hour flight westward that crosses 6 time zones, you didn't go back in time 6 hours, it's just that the local time is different. You still spent 6 hours in the plane regardless of how many time zones you crossed or the difference in time between your place of origin and your destination. It's not future and past. It's always the present but just a different time at different places. That's how time zones work.
Anway, the line you're referring to is the [international date line](_URL_0_), which runs through the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The International Date Line runs down the middle of the Pacific Ocean. If you cross the date line moving east, you subtract a day, whereas if you are moving west you add a day. For example, if today is Friday and we crossed the International Date line from west to east then it would be Thursday. If we went east to west it would be Saturday. | 30d35991-102a-4da8-bba1-1960ba7b66e9 |
cjmsz0 | If the human body is constantly seeking homeostasis, and our ideal body temperature is near 98.6 Fahrenheit, why do most of us prefer external temperatures that are 20-30 degrees cooler? | Because the human body generates a lot of heat so in order to maintain homeostasis it needs to be able to shed excess heat, a high external temperature make it difficult to shed this extra heat. - _URL_0_ | fa749677-7feb-4120-8c48-98b50b1d657d |
cjn8ne | Can a body that currently needs 7-8 hrs of sleep get used to 6hrs of regular sleep? | Yes. All you need to have are fixed times for sleeping. Get up every day, even weekends and holidays, at the same time. If you are still tired the first week that shouldn't be surprising. If you still are overly tired after a month, improve your overall sleep quality. For example get better pillows or sleep in a room without electronics whatsoever. I'm currently in a 5 1/2 h sleep schedule. And I feel a lot more rested then back in the day when I was sleeping 8+ hours | bfe65df9-0ccb-4414-8bae-3ae87a9f422d |
cjn8sc | Why do towels absorb water? | Water likes to stick to some things more than others. The amount of water that sticks to something is determined mainly by three factors: How much it wants to stick to that thing, the amount of surface area of that thing, and the amount that water wants to stick to the other thing (in the case of a beach towel, the other thing is you). Water is rather attracted to most things, including towel fibers. Towels have a lot of surface area due to their shaggy and fibrous nature, leading to them being able to attract and hold a lot of water. | 58cfb5ca-ebe5-4408-922e-74d82ed2a0af |
cjncjt | Why can’t we have both hands/feet be predominant instead of just having one side? | It would be a waste of resources. When you are using fine motor skills one hand at a time is sufficient for most tasks. There is very little to gain from being able to use your hands equally well. So the ability to use both was never selected for as their were other uses for that brain power. | cf3e3c09-1864-4b3f-a64c-42ad491ce29e |
cjnj58 | How does a CPU/GPU VRM work and do all processors have one? | Trying to collect some memory...
CPUs can switch from powersaving to full usage in microseconds. The task of the VRM is to provide stable voltage to the CPU under extremely fast and huge changes of the CPU's power requirements, by storing electric energy in very large capacitors. VRMs are rarely components of their own any more, they moved back to the mainboard or are part of a CPU module.
Low-power CPUs may settle with the output of power supply or a battery. | 20cc426b-7b87-4357-a078-b3ef3fa20187 |
cjnkhb | Interprocess communication. What is exactly happening when two processes or threads on a computer send data to each other? | Warning: technical subject, so writing this in some very ELI5 form is quite hard. This is more like ELI beginner programmer. To tell if you need anything clarified.
On Linux:
* Shared memory. Two processes have access to the same block of of memory. Can be done with SysV shared memory with shmget, or mmap + fork
* Sockets. You can use UNIX sockets, or an actual TCP socket with one process listening on some random port on localhost and another connecting to it. This can be set up with socketpair() + fork()
* memfd. A memfd is a Linux specific mechanism where you can create a virtual file that can be written to, and the memory then transparently appears readable to another process in such a way that there's no copying going on, but the original sender can't mess with the message while the reader is reading it.
* Pipes. Pipes are directional, so if you want back and forth communication you want two: one for A to B, and another for B to A.
* Signals. They allow you to poke another process, basically. No actual data is transmitted only "Event happened". Mostly useful for things like "hey, reload your config file".
* Temporary files. You can just write some data somewhere, and have another program read it.
* Protocols built on the above. For instance, DBus works over UNIX sockets, and adds structure on top of that. | a2bb4a45-56d1-4525-a67b-fb94738c6d7d |
cjnn8j | How do Japanese internet users use so many different characters to make custom emoticons and why did no one else do the same? | It started on [2channel](_URL_0_). The culture and large audience of this text-only site led its denizens to go looking for characters to make pictures from, first [the Shift JIS character set](_URL_1_), but then later the whole Unicode character set.
Just like on Reddit, text that looks like a picture stands out and brings in praise, and the community want to one-up it or continue with pictures to make a story.
Western bulletin boards, message boards, USENET had already been doing the same since the 1980s with ASCII art and ANSI art.
4chan copied what they saw on 2ch and brought their ideas to English-speaking sites. However, their Japanese origin might make them seem niche or undesirable (e.g. for weebs only)
I suspect most people who repeat these little faces store them in a text file so they can copy-and-paste them on demand. | dc6337c3-9b77-48e8-80ce-e3bfcc98efec |
cjnun1 | With all the talk about putting satellites with sub machine guns into orbit, what would happen if a bullet were to be fired down towards earth? | Pls link to "all that talk". First bit: A bullet fired down would not actually go to Earth due to orbital mechanics - it would actually be best to fire the bullet backwards from the orbit. Now: bullets falling from orbit would just disintegrate unless they were very specially designed. They would likely have to be quite large - more like mortar shells than bullets. These bullets would also have to be fired at very high speeds, since they would have to deorbit themselves in order to reach Earth and orbit is really fast. Lastly, these bullets would have a lot of recoil and the satellite would have to use engines to counteract the recoil. It would ultimately be easier to use missiles instead of bullets and skip those steps. When and if these projectiles did strike Earth, their damage would scale with their size. Anything from a grenade-sized boom from a small bullet to a small nuclear-sized explosion from a telephone-pole-sized tungsten rod-from-god. | 81c9509b-1197-4ca6-a3a9-77091eadc60f |
cjoike | what is the incentive for GoodRX to get us cheaper prescription prices for free? | The pharmacies pay for inclusion in the app/site's listings. They also pay a portion of the discount to GoodRx. | 26b30dff-9ad9-4865-a70f-8bff8e32b5cb |
cjozvi | How are rappers able to talk about crimes they've commited in songs and get away with it? | The same way Bob Marley could sing that he shot the sheriff and "get away with it."
They're just lyrics, and not descriptions of real events. | 1a8aeaa3-39dc-4e5f-9517-4402f50ffe60 |
cjp70h | what is plastic made of? I know its not made of natural materials, but what is it made of then? And how is a material not natural? | plastics are generally made of synthetic polymers, which are molecules that are long chains of repeated units. They aren't natural materials in that the molecules that make them up don't occur in nature; they are created by chemical reactions, often a complex sequence of many different reactions, that usually start with crude oil. | 91c2d3a5-65cc-41d9-9895-c64d82cd5512 |
cjpdck | Why Do People Grow Wisdom Teeth Just To Have Them Removed? | Wisdom teeth are vestigial. Which means that basically they are a hold over from the days when we used to need them to eat plants. Some people don't get wisdom teeth at all.
The issue with Wisdom Teeth is not the teeth themselves, but the fact that the jaw doesn't have sufficient space to support them and the teeth push against other teeth leading to impaction which causes issues with your gum tissue becoming inflamed and or infected.
You don't actually have to have them removed, although this is the most common form of treatment, sometimes you can have corrective surgery to put the tooth in the right place which allows you to keep your wisdom teeth. | 9a0dfebb-6685-4f91-92ae-abfdaed211ac |
cjpqzv | how do/why do amputees get phantom pains? | The somatosensory cortex is an area of the brain that contains a map of all your body parts. It has neurons that process the sensory info from your fingers, arms, legs, etc. When a body part is amputated, the area of neurons in the somatosensory cortex that correspond to the sensory info of the amputated part still exists and the brain can mistake for the amputated limb to still be there sometimes. It was found by some studies and now known as the mirror cure which can remove the occurrence of phantom pain. | 7eaa6c66-5b4b-4413-ae6e-ed7992aa8f02 |
cjq536 | How can we tell what a meteorite is composed of? Without having previously explored it. | Imagine there is a mountain, and you go around collecting a thousand different Rock samples from different parts of the mountain. All of those rocks samples vary a little bit, but all of them are more than 90% granite. At that point, provided your sampling was done well, you can reasonably conclude that the surface of the mountain is mostly granite.
Likewise, meteorites fall to Earth all the time. Scientists have collected thousands upon thousands of them. And all of them fall within a fairly narrow range of composition, so we can reasonably can say that most meteors should fall within that range of composition. We cannot say with 100% certainty that there are not weird meteors composed of different things, but they are certainly in the minority.
And a little note on your terminology: a meteorite by definition has already fallen to Earth, so we can analyze it. You should probably be talkin about meteors instead. | 3b84ca53-8c7d-48b3-aa33-5784184d3664 |
cjqfx6 | How do glues work at a molecular level? | There are four answers to that and nobody is entirely correct saying any one of them. Depending on the materials you're gluing together and the glue itself it could be any combination of the four following theories.
The first theory is Adsorption. Basically that molecules in glue have a weak electrostatic attractive force that bonds glue to surface and glue to itself. The molecules in glue have weak magnetic force because some are positively charged and some are negatively charged. They seek out other molecules to bond with like a magnet and hold together.
The second theory is Chemisorption where the chemical structure of the glue and the thing it is on form a new type of chemical with strong chemical bonds. This commonly occurs when glue is applied to certain plastics.
The third theory is that the glue bonds Mechanically. The glue seeps into the cracks and holes of a porous or semi-porous surface of the two materials being bonded and dries as the glue in the middle does physically locking the surfaces in place.
The last theory is Molecular Diffusion. The molecules swap between the glue and the surfaces and equalize with each other causing molecules of glue and material to mix and form bonds. | d1551701-5179-4c1e-aafa-a99b4d4d7b55 |
cjqrdv | ; why are tattoos such taboo in some religions? | Some religions believe your body is the physical property of God. You are just borrowing it for your time on Earth and at the end when you die he gets it back. You're not allowed to damage it because it's not yours and a tattoo is damaging the skin. | 492d73c8-c422-42b8-90f3-a9bb982db359 |
cjqrey | Why is it reported that it's safe to use plastic water bottles the first time, but dangerous chemicals will leach into your water if you refill it for use later? | According to the FDA, the plastic used in water bottles is completely safe for repeated use. They do add that you should wash your plastic bottles because they could have bacteria in them that builds up after being refilled multiple times. Per the FDA, the original source of the rumor that plastic bottles being reused cause cancer was from an email hoax that went viral. That email hoax was based on a student's masters thesis and the thesis has not been peer reviewed. | 3ca3b6a6-c297-411c-9700-fda995a18b74 |
cjqz8t | How did the debt grow so much when the deficit decreased under Obama? | The deficit is the amount by which spending outpaced earnings.
So if the debt is 100k, and your deficit is 20k, now debt is 120k. As long as you have *any* deficit, the debt will go up. | b16731bd-32ac-40a1-a363-fb6734dec5af |
cjqzb2 | Why aren't the lids of plastic water bottles recyclable? | They are made of different plastics. Usually the soft plastic bottle is made of PET (indicated with number 1). The hard caps are made using PP (number 5).
It is currently not economically viable to recycle plastics PP, so most recycling plants don’t have the equipment to handle it. If a significant amount of PP were fed into the machines recycling PET, it could jam or destroy the machines. | 91b73ca7-43c0-4e23-af44-43dee68870ea |
cjr1r8 | Why is the download of a software update 100 MB, but does it need 1 GB of free space to complete the installation? | Imagine you buy a new TV. You bring it home, you're gonna replace your old TV. Maybe the new TV is the exact same size as the old TV, so it doesn't take up any more space. But obviously it takes space just to switch them out. You're gonna make a mess, there's gonna be boxes, you have to move the old TV out of the way, etc. So after you're done and you clean up, it doesn't take a lot of space. But you need a certain amount of space just to move stuff around, and your computer is asking for the same thing. | e62a0916-c633-49a2-9616-5f4ade5b13f5 |
cjrfsy | Why do some companies refer to thier employees as "associates" and get wierd about it when you call them "employees" | Because traditionally, "associates" are sort of partners in the company, but "employees" are assets. It's not official or anything, but people are soured on capitalism and this little pat on the back is meant to make workers feel better about it. | 552a2e86-b7d3-4564-b415-3591b3e8c7a3 |
cjsmt9 | Why do audio recordings get higher pitch when played faster than normal speed? | Pitch is how our brain translates wave frequency. Wave frequency is how many waves impact our ear in a given time.
The sound recorded is a series of wave formations to be recreated. Play it faster and it has to make those waves in more rapid succession. Thus it plays back at a higher frequency. Thus our mind hears a higher pitch. | ee8933c6-d123-4386-9409-1b46b489160b |
cjspx8 | Why is it when in a heavy rainstorm, sunglasses can actually help make your vision clearer. | > Wearing polarized sunglasses when driving in the rain during the day will help a driver see better. Polarized sunglasses work to block horizontal components of scattered or reflected light, which means they help counteract the scattering of light that atmospheric effects like fog or rain have on daylight.
_URL_0_
Everything gets all shiny when it's wet so even though there's less bright light on a rainy day there's still a bunch of light scatter, glare, and reflections. Wearing polarized lenses, not just any pair of sunglasses will do, helps reduce those effects | 1bee1886-4873-42ff-90a0-53ef42b81b56 |
cjstcj | Why does 100 km/h not feel so incredibly fast when seated in a train or car whereas it does feel really fast when seated in an attraction like a rollarcoaster? | * 100 km/h is a speed.
* Humans don't feel speed, we feel force and force comes from acceleration
* Acceleration is caused by two things:
* Change of speed
* Change of direction
* When seated in a train or car you aren't accelerating very much. Sure there are small changes in speed and direction.
* On a rollercoaster, the entire point is the make you *feel* it. So the entire ride is designed to change your speed and direction. | b6386578-1037-43c8-ba76-01215aaa1e31 |
cjsu9v | Trickle Down Economics | Answer: the idea is that by giving tax breaks to job creators/companies, theyll use the extra money to expand and hire more workers/produce more goods/etc. That will stimulate the economy and cause more people to have jobs and work. | be3fc731-6acb-46c7-b06b-1e76791fd168 |
cjtdlo | Where do head lice come from? Not how they spread. | Head lice come from eggs that are laid by other head lice. Head lice cannot spontaneously generate. An infestation starts by being spread from another infestation. | 58156561-bed5-4fac-89dc-212f03705df8 |
cjtzc4 | How do articles that a peer reviewed differ from non-reviewed articles? Who reviews these articles, how many people need to review an article before it qualifies as a reviewed article and what credentials do you need to be able to review an article | 1. Submission of Paper
The corresponding or submitting author submits the paper to the journal. This is usually via an online system such as Scholar-One Manuscripts. Occasionally, journals may accept submissions by email.
2. Editorial Office Assessment
The journal checks the paper’s composition and arrangement against the journal’s Author Guidelines to make sure it includes the required sections and stylizations. The quality of the paper is not assessed at this point.
3. Appraisal by the Editor-in-Chief (EIC)
The EIC checks that the paper is appropriate for the journal and is sufficiently original and interesting. If not, the paper may be rejected without being reviewed any further.
4. EIC Assigns an Associate Editor (AE)
Some journals have Associate Editors who handle the peer review. If they do, they would be assigned at this stage.
5. Invitation to Reviewers
The handling editor sends invitations to individuals he or she believes would be appropriate reviewers. As responses are received, further invitations are issued, if necessary, until the required number of acceptances is obtained – commonly this is 2, but there is some variation between journals.
6. Response to Invitations
Potential reviewers consider the invitation against their own expertise, conflicts of interest and availability. They then accept or decline. If possible, when declining, they might also suggest alternative reviewers.
7. Review is Conducted
The reviewer sets time aside to read the paper several times. The first read is used to form an initial impression of the work. If major problems are found at this stage, the reviewer may feel comfortable rejecting the paper without further work. Otherwise they will read the paper several more times, taking notes so as to build a detailed point-by-point review. The review is then submitted to the journal, with a recommendation to accept or reject it – or else with a request for revision (usually flagged as either major or minor) before it is reconsidered.
8. Journal Evaluates the Reviews
The handling editor considers all the returned reviews before making an overall decision. If the reviews differ widely, the editor may invite an additional reviewer so as to get an extra opinion before making a decision.
9. The Decision is Communicated
The editor sends a decision email to the author including any relevant reviewer comments. Whether the comments are anonymous or not will depend on the type of peer review that the journal operates.
[Source](
_URL_0_) | ba9e47fb-c715-40d3-be20-2c64e7f2009e |
cju6x6 | How does someone being intoxicated on things like pcp or spice make them resistant to tasers sending electricity through their body? | A taser will cause localized muscle contractions while actively shocking, but relies on pain and shock (the medical kind, not electrical) to 'drop' people. Someone who is riding on the right chemicals (even just adrenaline, potentially) can have a great ability to ignore or not feel pain. Thus, being tazed will stop them *while they're being shocked* but they won't suffer the 'aftereffects' that *keep* them stunned. | 13cbfc01-e1fe-4d07-a570-028ef7c5dd12 |
cju70j | Why is 'k' used as a symbol for 'thousand'? | The k is used to symbolize the prefix "kilo" which is derived from the greek word for 1,000. Other common uses include a kilometer (or a thousand meters) or a kilogram (a thousand grams).
C is similarly used to donate a hundred for a similar reason, derived from "cent" (greek for a hundred). Commonly used in a c-note (hundred dollar bill), percent , centimeter, and cents (like the coin). | 7c230924-e724-4f77-a935-cf81379e4518 |
cjuuos | How are bots used on social media for influencing in other areas than politics? | There are plenty of services where you can pay someone in order to have their bots give you fake followers or likes on social networks like instagram or facebook. Many people use these services to promote their posts in hopes of attracting more attention from real people. Bots can also repost, which is done for similar reasons. Lastly, they can be used to steal accounts and run scams. Bots don't make the most convincing scammers, but they can usually be used to scout for potential victims or even exploit people with particularly simple scams. | 1b2afb00-0f06-4fa3-9de9-19c0f07a1519 |
cjuzp9 | Why can't we talk to animals? | Simply because animals don’t have anything like the same cognition as human beings. The sounds they make are only a ‘language’ in a rudimentary sense and don’t have the nuance necessary to engage in any kind of constructive conversation; therefore they cannot be ‘translated’ into anything close to a language system. | 39e5be02-1a8b-4444-99c5-b44a974087f5 |
cjvb3n | How do foundations work? Example: Lebron James’ I Promise School has uniforms, food, and transportation cost covered for the kids. Where the does money come from? | Donations from folks that want to know if this school format works better than other solutions. King James isn't planning to take over all education for everyone, only examine a format and try to learn from it. | 687c520a-e77d-452b-8fbb-eca95887465b |
cjvenq | Why do foods like wasabi and horseradish burn your sinuses when you eat them? | Rather than the capsaicin found in chili peppers, horseradish is hot because of a chemical called *isothiocyanate*. Think of it like those liquid plumbing clog removers that come in separate bottles and are activated by mixing together. Basically, those two chemicals aren't hot by themselves, but the product is. | 1f961cef-8d33-49a6-b1ef-87689b32a0e9 |
cjvgj0 | How old are the hairs on my body? | I can't answer the whole question, but I can answer the one part about turning grey. No, they do not turn grey while hanging off your head. Hair has color because of cells called pigments which are like color deposits (you can see them in your hair under microscopes, pretty cool!). When hair grows out of your follicles, it will keep its pigments forever. When you get old, your hair follicles have trouble producing these pigments. So as your hair grows out, the new hair is simply grown without pigment, therefore grey.
Quick edit to try my hand at really ELI5:
You have little hair factories on your body that always are pushing out hair, bit by bit making your hair longer. The factory paints the hair as it goes out, but when you get old, they run out of paint! So the stuff that is already painted stays painted, but the new stuff is just unpainted grey. But eventually the painted hairs fall off, leaving only unpainted hair. | 7b37c46a-f4af-4201-92a1-57b4718b70f9 |
cjvnfl | is vaping bad for you? | Yes, but it takes time to figure out how much harm, what kind of harm, and how it compares to smoking various substances. There are good reasons to believe that vaping is safer than smoking the same substance, especially tobacco. Having said that, early evidence of immune system and lung damage from vaping (regardless of the presence of nicotine) should alarm anyone. If you're smoking tobacco, I wouldn't hesitate to switch to vaping, but I'd still have slowly stopping altogether as a long-term goal. If you're not smoking, then it would be pretty crazy to take up vaping regardless of the presence of nicotine in the "juice".
Issues include, but are not limited to:
Inhaling propylene glycol and glycerine is a pretty new thing, in terms of this amount and frequency. They're "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS) by the FDA, but that's in the context of limited exposure, usually through ingestion.
The heating elements range from very safe and efficient ceramic or titanium, to cheap shit with plastic batting. Burning plastic and metal, or burning "juice" is going to be a chemical cocktail you don't want any part of.
What's in the juice? This is some wild west, unregulated/poorly regulated stuff, and I wouldn't trust it personally. Sure, some people make their own, but I'd still be cautious. This goes especially for the flavoring agents, that are only GRAS as flavoring additives in food, not something you heat and inhale all day.
It's fucking obnoxious, and sooner or later (probably sooner) vapers are going to get the same treatment as smokers. "It's better than a cig" is only really compelling when you're a former smoker, for everyone else it's just a non-starter. | 9b16af92-3b49-418b-a6ae-2ed612ff976d |
cjwddx | Can the prosecution say that the defendant is not guilty? And if yes, what happens? | The prosecution can decide to drop the charges, immediately ending the trial. The defendant goes free. | cb69eb3e-b73b-4030-8a93-83f624439819 |
cjwrli | Why do some numbers call just to stay silent on the line/ during the message left? What’s the point? | * Some calls are made by mistake without the knowledge of the caller.
* If such a call makes it to the recorded message part of a voicemail prompt, it is likely to continue until the voicemail recording session times out.
* Sometimes toll numbers are called in a billing scam. The details are complex but the main idea is to keep the toll line on the call as long as possible to increase the fee the scammer phone company can collect. | a0856ca6-3d84-4881-a953-7fa15032ccd0 |
cjwv0n | How do insurances profit and avoid misusage? | > Always wondered how do car / house / personal liability insurances avoid "cheaters" or misusage?
If you make a lot of claims, your insurance rates go up. Also, the insurance companies know that a certain amount of fraud is inevitable and they build that into the premiums that they charge. | 21f8429e-62db-43de-b4b2-75f19a537ad2 |
cjx7bl | Why is it that we all need to get out of the water when there's lightning but fish seem to be just fine? | Fish near the surface where the lightning strikes die, but those swimming deep underwater and away from the lightning keep swimming. The charge dissipates in water.
As people tend to swim near the surface, on account of breathing air and all, which puts us right in range of the lightning.
In addition, land usually has tall objects around like trees and buildings, so the likely hood of you standing near the strike is low, but in water there aren't buildings or trees acting as lightning rods. | fbe6713b-203d-4a8c-8b38-638cbb2b177f |
cjy262 | Why do some animals have superlatives? | People aren't following any kind of rational process for deciding what names to give animals. Sometimes a superlative name sticks, and sometimes it doesn't. | 2e397f72-191a-4471-862a-7ba8e2268800 |
cjybh4 | how do touchscreens detect skin and rubber, but nothing else? | Capacitive touch screens do not detect rubber, it detects conductive things. Styluses are made from a special conductive rubber or plastic that conducts electricity like your fingers do. | cc66dbf0-9943-4aa2-ae53-8e76aa56425d |
cjybs7 | How do all cultures throughout time know to utilize salt with food? Especially the non coastal areas? Is it just common knowledge for humans to know to search salt out? Like throughout all cultures, you can have a bunch of religions but salt and food is always a constant. Why is that? | Sodium consumption is vital for virtually all animal life on this planet and all species have evolved a drive to find and consume it. Wild animals will find what are know as salt licks, which are literally patches of salt that have made it to the surface that the animals lick, plants that naturally have high levels of sodium, or other sources of salt.
Humans being intelligent and tool users simply got into the habit of mining these sources of salt, cleaning the salt to remove impurities, and grinding it up into a more easily consumed crystal size. | 3cb3e282-976e-4d04-b4e3-9388ce1857cd |
cjyk94 | What determines the order of flavors? Why sauce might be sweet then spicy instead of spicy then sweet? | You will smell before you taste. For example a fresh habanero will give a spicy aroma while cayenne powder will be an after heat. Remember that smell is an important component to tasting food | 107e4c54-6c09-477b-9e1d-f6cc6eb1e8cc |
cjylg5 | Why does puking helps to relieve headaches? | From personal experience it seems to be something to do with pressure in the head being somehow equalised by the rush of blood/pressure from vomiting | 243947e6-1f13-4f8c-8537-06f0f505a7b1 |
cjynv8 | What causes the thick spit that you can dribble out and then suck back up before it hits the floor? | The molecular makeup of mucus, long strands of molecules make liquids more viscous. Same as egg whites. | b6117449-ff8a-46ac-90f7-5058515d67cf |
cjywb6 | How are genetically modified crops created? | It's important to keep in mind genetically modified doesn't mean "modified in a lab".
Most of our farmed food is genetically modified. Every piece of corn you've ever eaten is genetically modified. So for most food, the way it's genetically modified is the same way dog breeds are created—selective breeding. Farmers grow their crops and select the biggest or tastiest and instead of selling them, they select those seeds to replant. Then the next generation is selected to be bigger and tastier.
Grapes used to be the size of peas. Corn used to be the size of carrots. And apples used to be good for only cider (they were all basically crab-apples). We've been modifying our food since we started farming.
As for lab-modified food, there are a few ways, but *recombinant DNA* is the most common:
Scientists identify a trait they want to add to a crop (like insect resistance). They find the gene responsible by turning the gene off in a plant that has the property they want in game of guess and check. Then they create a *plasmid*—a little circular bit of DNA. They can use new techniques to insert the gene directly in the plant (CRISPR), but most of the time, they put the plasmid in a bacteria that they can breed at high volume. Then they use a molecular cut and paste with enzymes called *restrictase* and DNA ligase to cut the gene out and paste it into the crop. | cd6cb8e5-ac33-4740-b200-8e44d8141c01 |
cjzfjw | Why do babies of a certain age laugh so much? What happens to make them lose their minds laughing at silly things. | Remember the first time you heard someone with the last name of Butt? It's initial funny is overwhelming. Well thats happening all the time for babies because everything is new. | 8b63c6de-f5ec-4b34-bc15-46ac4e5835a9 |
cjzw6r | What happens in our ears when we have a big yawn and all sound is muffled or completely silent? | During a big yawn along with your jaw and neck you also move your upper jaw muscles which constricts the ear canal making sounds feel muffled.
Sometimes those muscles vibrate , vibrating your inner ear and make you internally hear the sound you hear inside your ears during yawn | 40edbada-1fbe-4055-a219-65137d8b131f |
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