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2deq3j | why can't we bring in sealed beverages through TSA checkpoints but we can buy those same beverages on the other side at 200% markup? | For the fear that you might have sealed the beverage yourself and it might actually contain gasoline or other dangerous substances instead of an actual can of coke. | bcba639e-edbc-4fb5-b970-1f456962a671 |
81xk32 | How do generations work? | A generation is an arbitrary grouping of births between certain dates, usually determined after the generation has peaked to describe their sociopolitical outlook or major events in world history.
The Lost Generation are those born at the end of the 19th Century, who would have fought in World War I.
The Greatest Generation (or the GI Generation) was people who were born around the turn of the 20th century, describing those who lived through the Great Depression, who would have also been young enough to serve in World War II.
The Silent Generation are those born during the Depression or War, but were not old enough to fight. This generation fought in Korea, and are largely forgotten because of the "importance" of the Baby Boom.
Baby Boomers were the generation born right after the end of World War II, which became a boom in population after the losses of war and depression.
Generation X were those born after the Boomers, who grew up with growing television media.
And Millennials were those born after the advent of strong personal computing.
Likely, the post-Millennials will be defined by the use of social media. | 556fc4d5-b383-413e-98a9-3e9ef85bdd4a |
6azgqp | How can we feel tense / bad atmospheres in certain places? | It's a purely psychological effect. The "atmosphere" isn't real, but lots of symptoms are -- these can include an odd smell, an unusual quiet, the presence of nervous-acting people, or objects arranged in a manner that's unusually messed up or unusually tidied up. | 6fcaf9d4-8256-4070-8bae-eea58e4d2c29 |
2rr3wr | If drawing Mohammed is disliked in the muslim community because one should not attempt to capture god's work in such a way, how come it is ok for so many to name their children mohammed? | Islam is very against idols. It is okay to name your child in hope that they will share similar attributes, but depiction leads to false idols. So Christianity with their statues of saints would be considered to be promoting gods other than god. | e2e74587-8e90-4b1f-9593-cb0e461f4fa4 |
65lani | Why does Islam prohibit the consumption of pork? | Pigs can pose a considerable health risk and are not always safe to eat. Officially they're unclean animals, but the more probable and sane reason behind banning the consumption would be to try to discourage people from eating things that'll make them sick. Undercooked pork can be very dangerous if the pig was carrying parasites like trichinosis, which can cause vomiting, nausea, diarrhea etc - things you don't want in arid climates. Moreover, pigs digest things VERY quickly and don't always properly get rid of toxins and other stuff we don't want in us.
As far as I know the European climate didn't make these health risks as prominent for the Europeans so eating pork isn't forbidden in Christianity unlike it's two other Abrahamic counterparts. | 1fe055b3-d7d6-4339-a035-4eef0fa6a51a |
6mi13i | safest position to take in an electrical storm | If there is no possibility of shelter, I believe the best advice is to crouch down, as low as possible, arms round knees so you're presenting a round profile. That prevents any narrow projections that concentrate charge. Remember that the leader goes upwards first. Feet together so there is only one small area of contact with the ground. If a strike hits nearby, there can be a charge gradient across the ground which would preferentially go through you if you had spaced out points of contact. | f7143a89-f6d9-4d54-b488-2c0b46bb82d4 |
2vfrcd | What is the difference between the credit card choices (MasterCard, Visa, American Express?) | One difference is:
Visa starts with 4xxx
MasterCard with 5xxx
and Amex with 3xxx, usually 37xx | dea98095-4da7-40fe-b5ad-8d4e63df062d |
8z73qd | If Anxiety is just the response to danger manifested by producing adrenaline (Epinephrine), why is it not possible to create drugs that stops production of Epinephrine? | MD here.
In general anxiety has lots of causes(genetic factors, substance abuse, injuty etc.) but all of them lead to neurotransmitters inbalance(norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine).
To treat this imbalance we use mainly antidepressants(they inhibit destroy of neurotransmitters therefore bringing back the balance).
We also use bensodiasepines for acute panic attacks to slow down our central nervous system by increasing GABA in CNS(that's a type of slowing neurotransmitter).
Cognitive behavioral therapy is the third(and effective) option of treatment.
For your question.
There are drugs that block epi receptors in tissues(blood vessels, heart, uterus, bronchi).
But these receptors are crucial for survival(speeding up the heart, constricting blood vessels, dilating bronchi) so blocking them in otherwise healthy human can cause them to even die. So that's not an option.
Sorry for my English(not native language). | 29ba5dec-bf3e-4782-9c8d-c4f3bac93714 |
2qu9ye | Stock prices | The stock market is very complex, so I'm going to address your questions individually.
Changes in price are driven by the market, it's purely "what it's worth". This is both in terms of a share of the company (and it's worth) or what others are willing to pay for a stock.
No one determines the price, the market does. You can sell stock at a non-market price (most commonly seen in "dumping" where a big holder wants to turn stocks into cash as soon as possible, even if it's not sold at 100% what it's worth). You can try selling higher, but who the heck would pay more for something they could buy cheaper anywhere else? Most of the time, shares trade at market price.
A stock doing well can fall if the company itself devalues, or even if the outlook for future performance is poor (EX: a company makes guns, and new gun laws were passed which would hurt business. Even though the company is doing as well as ever, the future threat makes it worth less today).
A company does set it's own value, at least at IPO time. They decide a worth, and a number of shares to issue. Worth divided by shares=price. After that, market forces come into play. Changes in the company's value (profits/losses) change the stock price. Demand can change the price as well, since it's only worth what someone is willing to pay for it. Say all shares are sold, and the company is doing well, so people want those shares. They will likely be sold at more than they are "worth" as a share of the company's value, because the future value of the stock is worth paying a bit extra for today, and the buyer would have no incentive to sell otherwise. | 9cc3e5c8-e078-4d19-901b-40ef6b11d7a4 |
8vep5s | Why can authorities seize the .se ccTLD for The Pirate Bay but not the .org gTLD? | Different TLDs follow different countries' rules. In both Sweden and the US, the government isn't allowed to arbitrarily seize domain names- they have to follow some procedure, probably involving the courts, to do so. Swedish law and legal procedure allowed the government to get an order to seize the .se domain. US laws did not allow them to seize the .org domain. | 865ab348-988c-4ea1-a07c-9a413fe6ae03 |
2bw3bz | Fundamental differences that set us apart from other animals? | Humans are the only species who can understand abstract information. For example I could point to a door and tell you what is on the other side of it. You would understand without having to open the door. You would know if it was safe to open the door. No other species has this ability, yet all human cultures have this ability.
The only other exclusively human trait I can think of, is the ability to control fire. | a7f8ab91-d996-4d3a-8a50-7b1558f43c6b |
4pm5o1 | Why do people become workaholics? | I have been working 60 hr weeks the last two months. Took a 4 day weekend and spent half the time on phone calls for work. I don't know why... | e9b2fe04-41ca-4cce-a2dd-9250d0897843 |
30ta4h | Why would male public toilets in America start being raised 6-10 inches? | In 1990 the Americans with Disabilities Act was put into place to make accommodations for people with mental and physical disabilities. Over the years, there have been a few amendments to this act. Businesses and other public places must stay updated with the rules of this act when they want to remodel or make other changes to their properties. | d46e466a-b739-4883-8ee2-285406d1e714 |
2hjkuy | Why aren't insects as scared of humans as squirrels, birds, and other wild animals? | Most insects never interact with humans. Why would they need to be instinctively afraid?
Also, many species do run away when confronted head on by your menacing fingertips. Try it with black ants. | dfbcce08-0689-42ad-8831-494415c8cdef |
2qk5sz | How does the laser/photon cannon work? (Apparently installed on the USS Ponce) | This is a late night post.
A laser focuses the light. It energizes the photons and then once they have enough energy, they get released in a certain direction.
The damaging part of these photons are:
1. The energy they carry transfers to heat when hitting a missile, or craft. Both need aerodynamics to work. Missile may have explosive ordinance on board...... As might the craft these days.
2. The intensity of the beam. The laser isn't your regular pointing laser. The lasers you see firing are using MASSIVE chemical batteries to energize the photons and "fire" them.
3. Advanced guidance systems keep the beam on one spot (relatively) enough to heat the material enough to cause structural deficiencies and air pressure/friction does the rest.
Did... Did that help? First ELI5 answer I ever answered.
Ninja edit: I am just a dude that likes technology. If I am wrong, feel more then free to correct me. | 024765db-2a60-44f8-9266-f3203b095b14 |
jfbo7 | Theorems, Postulates, and Laws...what's the difference? | A theorem is a mathematical statement (think "something or the other *equals* something else"; for example, the Pythagorean theorem, where a^2 + b^2 = c^2) that has been proven to be true using lots of methods. So for example, I could state a "theorem" that little Johnny has been stealing and eating cookies again, and I could prove it by pointing to the cookie crumbs all over his hands and fingers; or maybe by his fingerprints on the cookie jar; or perhaps how upset his tummy is since he spoiled his appetite; or maybe asking little Tommy, whom I know was watching the cookie jar the entire day, who stole the cookies.
A postulate, also known as an axiom, is another statement which you can just *assume* to be true, since it seems so obvious and intuitive. No proof is needed. So for example. Let's say that Johnny accuses of Tommy of stealing cookies too. If I know that Tommy ALWAYS just goes along with Johnny's mischief, I may just assume that in this instance Tommy stole cookies too, even though I haven't checked for any crumbs on his face and I didn't look for his fingerprints on the jar.
Finally, a law is a special type of statement. It's a general sort of idea that talks about a basic, defining principle of science, that just about everyone agrees on and has been proven true through reasoning. Normally there's some kind of "if this, then that" sort of phrasing to it; laws are very "cause and effect." So perhaps after months of asking Tommy to watch the cookie jar, and coming back to find it empty and both boys stuffed full of cookies, and me and all the neighbors have seen this happen time and time again in any situation where Tommy is guarding any cookie jar, *perhaps then* my neighbors and I can come up with a law saying, "If I allow Tommy to watch the cookie jar, then both Tommy and Johnny are going to steal and eat all the cookies inside." | 1e4b0e47-26af-4930-a69c-cbd62bf7a798 |
1wcc6v | Okay, what happened to spark the massive battle on Eve Online this time? | I believe someone forgot to pay the rent on a system and when another group came in to claim it, the original group that forgot to pay the rent started fighting them. And...yeah. It's become what it is now. | 4be7dfad-a951-427c-a918-466be2e77c6e |
6synji | How does the human body tell when it's thirsty? | Through a complicated systems that are connected to the kidneys (RAAS), the brain, and individual cells that are dehydrated.
Cells will send signals to the brain, which then signals the kidneys to reuptake fluids. But that's as simple as I can explain it. Maybe someone else can do better. | e9f30a2e-fb79-46a3-bef7-715d39352a5b |
1y9sro | How do services like Pandora and Spotify work | same way any business operates. sell it for more than you buy it.
if it costs $10,000 for Pandora to buy the rights for a song, and they play it on 1million users and get advertising $0.01 per play, then that's profit. | 6041a2b8-b91a-46ca-a9c8-89e2c206809f |
1mpxbh | Why can't we create a suit or apparatus that allows us to fly like birds? | Extremely unlikely. For starters, our bodies are just too heavy. Birds evolved for flight by reducing their mass and streamlining efficiency in their systems. The term 'hollow bones' is a bit of a misnomer (they're not really hollow) but it reflects how much lighter their bones are. Their musculature is also more resilient to fatigue compared to humans, and their lungs are significantly more efficient. As humans, we're just too heavy, and such a frame would require enormous wings that would likely tear itself apart due to the necessity of a light-weight construction. Mechanical flapping would require an energy source, which would only add more weight to the contraption.
Perhaps one day in the future with better construction materials, but I imagine it'd be easier to find alternative means to personal flight than a flying suit. | 3818212e-fbb1-4228-bb48-cc76631742a2 |
481h49 | How does the music industry still make the same amount of money when actual record sales are at an all time low? | They don't spend as much money on recordings. That's why the studio business is almost dead.
The labels also didn't used to get a cut of touring or shows at all... now it's the norm for a "360 deal" where the label doesn't just sell records, they take over the artist's brand and take a cut of everything.
Meanwhile licensing has become more lucrative. Every time you hear a song played on TV, in public, a stadium, etc, someone is getting paid. We go to more events, watch more videos and tv than ever... so that's good for the licensing business.
The music industry is still growing. They just don't do it on the back of record sales. | 53960fdd-a3fd-4d65-962c-ffb4e2e61907 |
2muvpq | What is it in peoples genetic makeup that makes things like weight problems hereditary? | For the vast, vast, vast majority: nothing.
Weight problems weren't "hereditary" until the last 50 years or so, and amazingly, they still aren't "hereditary" in the third world. Truly shocking.
Human metabolisms don't vary by more than a few percentage points (accounting for obvious things like sex/height/etc).
Everyone has that one friend who supposedly eats a ton but never gains weight, and they have that one friend who eats "omg so healthy" but looks like a blimp. These are not exceptions. People are just really, really bad at estimating how much they themselves eat, and even worse at estimating how much others eat.
Thyroid issues don't make people obese, either. They usually only account for a ~5% difference if untreated and a 0~1% difference if treated.
The only reason fat parents tend to have fat kids is because they instill bad eating habits and don't teach the concept of delayed gratification to their children. | 7d231fed-9cef-403f-8e77-cb7f3535877f |
pmvp8 | What does it mean to be transgender? | It's when a person has a mismatch between the gender of their personality (the gender that they identify themselves with) and their physical gender. It is not defined by their gender role (ie, a stay-at-home dad is not a transgender just by virtue of his daily activities), but by their emotional identity.
I'd be interested to find out if there's such a thing as a transgendered heterosexual (?). Like, is there such a thing as a transgender man that identifies himself as a woman but is still attracted to women? Like a lesbian trapped in a man's body? | e401c27d-99ce-4494-a609-f0cb18a7eb5f |
1y54lx | What is causing the distorted peripheral vision when looking at this gif? (gif in text) | **Your eyes like change.**
The effect in this illusion is based on the fact that your visual cortex, the vision center of your brain, is always trying to find new information. Information that is determined to not be new is essentially ignored. This **habituation**, as it's called, occurs even over very short durations. Your visual cortex determines that what it's seeing is "normal" and it expects that to stay the same. When that "normal" becomes something different, your brain **exaggerates the difference** between its perceived "normal" and what you're actually seeing.
You'll notice that there is a lot of variance in the shapes of the faces you see and the shape and size of the features. When your brain adapts to a person with a round, thin face, if the next person has a wide, square face then it looks even wider and squarer.
If a nose is slightly crooked in one image, it will look crooked the opposite direction in the next image, because your brain expects "crooked to the left" to be normal. Anything that is not "crooked to the left" must be crooked to the right.
It occurs when you're looking at the dot cross because **moving your eyes resets this effect** (which is why it doesn't happen in everyday life), and because **your peripheral vision is better at determining general shapes rather than details**. Your peripheral vision looks at the general shapes of these faces and warps your perception to match those general shapes to what it expects them to be. If those faces were right in front of you, it would be 1) harder to keep your eyes focused on one point because of all the dramatic change directly around that point, and 2) easier for your brain to look at the details and adapt to the differences.
- - -
It should be noted that this habituation effect also contributes to the reason why illusions such as [**inverted color illusions**](_URL_0_) work (notice that when you move your vision the color goes away). Your brain adjusts to the colors, and when they change suddenly your brain exaggerates the difference. | 7d53b29a-86a8-44d2-9f64-755400e2ad8b |
2x73g5 | Why do Catholics think fish are not made of meat | The main reason for why fish was eaten when Lent first happened was that meat from animals like cows was considered a privileged food as it cost more money than vegetables; however, fish was easily obtained and was a lesser price of a meal. | 38992c3f-093a-400e-932b-5bddd4cffcf2 |
6istjw | What is the observer effect? Does light really know when we are observing it and change behaviour depending on it? | In physics, an "observer" is anything that interacts with a quantum object. For instance, when a photon hits your desk, the desk "observes" the photon. So the observer effect just has to do with whether anything is interacting with the photon. | d95b22f5-2e73-4487-beeb-c72e5594328f |
90ucqp | Why do suburbs in general have less crime than cities? | Suburbs were developed with housing additions specifically targeted to bring middle class families from the cities. As a result, the suburbs often have fewer poor people than the cities. And crime rates are usually a function of poverty rates. | 8be08894-2930-4f46-ad89-1b5ded37cef3 |
366xim | Why do I find spiders in my sinks and shower tub more than any other location of my house? | I can't remember where, but I read somewhere that they go to places that make them easy to spot for a potential mate.
If they are confident enough that there are no threats, they will climb out of their hiding places and sit still in an open space with high contrast so that they can be easily spotted.
in short, they climb into the bathtub because they are horny. | 1e8c77cc-a788-45dc-ba73-a00741f90925 |
18dy1l | EL5 the difference between Alzheimers and dementia. | Dementia is the generic term for "losing your mind". It can result from many causes, including trauma, oxygen deprivation, strokes, etc, as well as various diseases. Patients with Alzheimer's disease commonly present with dementia as a symptom. | c5a66486-3c2c-4a3f-a949-780f38e28b13 |
2y5sje | Why are our bodies warm ? | The chemical reactions that allow our cells to function are exothermic (they produce heat). Our body essentially burns sugars to produce usable energy. And "burns" isn't a metaphor: it's the same chemical reaction as lighting something on fire (it's the reason that we need to breathe oxygen), just very tightly controlled. | f2edd4ae-2f54-41f7-a3e0-ff77254d7a75 |
l68l5 | why do I get "chills" all over my body when I see or hear something beautiful? Moreover, what are those chills and why aren't they just felt all the time? | Frisson is the sudden feeling of excitement. There is a subreddit for it _URL_0_
Quoted from their sidebar "Have you ever felt a sudden, passing sensation of excitement, a shudder of emotion from an epic moment of a song, or a climax of a movie? That is what is called "frisson". It has been linked to rises in dopamine levels. Feel free to discuss frisson, and post links that give you some really great vibes. :)" | 417848d5-5baf-4b21-bd9c-64934e857a2d |
3zjh0l | What is the process for how product endorsements are arranged to be on TV shows? | There are sales people on TV side and media planners on the buying side (companies, media agencies, depending on setup). Each account manager on the TV side has certain customers that he keeps in touch with and makes sure everything is going smoothly. There is usually also a 'new business development' department (or person, or part of one person's responsibilities; depending on size of the operation) who is in charge of bringing in new clients.
The project itself can come about in two ways. The TV side has so-called 'upfronts', where they present their programming plans for the future period to the buyers, media etc., so the media planner can know what sort of programming to expect. If there is a tech-heavy show in the pipeline, he will call the account handler and say something like 'I like the new IT-guy-saves-the-world show, I'd like for it to feature MyPhones'. Depending on the expected success of the show, network size, viewership etc. they will come to an agreement on details like pricing etc.
The other way around is that the media planner has a new product/marketing initiative coming up and calls his account handler and says 'Look, I've got this new product coming up called MyPhone, this is what it's about, I'd like to feature it in a sitcom, how about X?' or just 'anything suitable comes to mind?'. From there on, it's pretty much the same.
What you need to understand is that the big media agencies and the big TV networks manage a huge amount of projects and inventory. For some product launches that are very big, you go into a great deal of detail of which network at which time for which spot etc. For most things, it's agreed more on the level of 'I need 500 000 women between 19-28 in SoCal to see this ad in the next month, and I'm willing to pay $0.10 per person for it" and the AH comes back with "I can't go below $0.15, but I'll throw in a product placement in an episode of ThatShow that hits the same demo". | 6fe8d803-83d1-43f5-b0d8-2a8401ff88d3 |
1yj6sf | What is the white stuff on my tongue made up of and why is there such a strong correlation to how my breath smells? | I read that it is dead fungi or bacteria from food trapped in the small gaps on your tongue. I wouldnt worry about it unless you realise it getting substantially worse, it could then maybe be infection on your tongue.
If it starts to hurt or stay heavily coated for over 2 weeks you may need to see a GP.
Source/more info: _URL_0_ | a4a4772b-c4f5-4df6-bb9a-b46fb49041b3 |
3an0qh | Why don't national flags have the name of the country displayed on them? Instead, we're stuck guessing which of the 196 countries it is. | What language would you write the name in? If you can only read English, the flags of several Asian nations would look very similiar. Same for other similiar languages. | 155be01e-c336-43db-868e-17f1501f0e3c |
7jz7pr | What happens to information and media (texts,apps,videos etc...)on your phone when they are scrolled out of sight? | They are kept in the device's RAM as you use the app, so that when you scroll back up, they are instantly available.
Some apps may run out of RAM or otherwise optimize to save it, so the data will be erased from the RAM and lost, thus when you scroll back up, then it must re-load the data from the internet. | 8cd8329d-3dcb-48d5-831a-4dc60a6e2b22 |
mh3zx | what is the significance of the neutrino-faster-than-light discovery? | I'm no physics major but I'll try to ELY5.
There was a guy named Einstein a while back who did a lot of math and realized, with his math, that *nothing* can go faster than light. It just isn't possible, and it is a fundamental rule that shows us why a lot of things in the universe are the way they are. And I mean *FUNDAMENTAL*, as in, when you spill your milk, obviously the floor gets wet *after* you spill the milk. Fundamentally, the reason for this is because nothing can go faster than light. Sounds weird, I know.
If the neutrino thing is true, it shatters a lot of what we thought we knew about the speed of light, and we can't just make the new universal speed limit "the speed of the neutrino" because we thought we had a *really good idea* why the speed of light was the limit, but now we would have no idea what the limit really is, or why. We can't now just call the neutrino speed the fastest speed just because we haven't seen anything go faster than *that*.
Am I making sense? Anyone else wanna tell me if I'm totally off base?
EDIT: [Here](_URL_0_) is a video I really enjoyed, that describes in simple terms, why time slows down as you speed up, and stops at the speed of light. The video may blow your mind, and then try thinking about what it means if something *actually* can go faster than light. | fcc3f73e-0462-4c96-9560-6b4ebd5e5a2c |
7nb3gh | Why do many people see a white light during a near death experience? | They don't. It's purely anecdotal.
A handful of people will claim that they saw a "white light", or a "tunnel with shapes at the end" or "the face of grandpa Joe" etc. And then it becomes representative of the whole experience because of the next point.
[It becomes a narrative trope](_URL_0_) that writers in all forms can use as an easy way to describe their characters experiencing a near death experience, or played or laughs as that trope is subverted, etc. Which means it's then put in enough works as to enter the public conscious.
But it's ultimately bogus. Anecdotal evidence is not the same thing as evidence. | decbf45e-a3f0-44a4-a79e-54341801e189 |
2sgaq7 | Why does my graphics calculator or excel add numbers that should equal zero but gives the answer as -3.00133E-11? | Perhaps you're performing some kind of floating point arithmetic? Floating point (decimal) numbers don't map nicely to binary data structures, and are typically inaccurate as a result.
When you encode a float in binary, you make every successive bit represent half the value of its precedent. So when you encode 0.2, you end up with a binary number representing 0 + (0 x 0.5) + (0 x 0.25) + (1 x 0.125) + (1 x 0.0625) etc... Obviously, this never reaches 0.2 exactly, because a binary number can't represent those sorts of fractions, much in the same way that our decimal system struggles with fractions of 3 (e.g. we write 10 / 3 as 3.33333.... - which is never equal to a third exactly).
These inaccuracies can create the sorts of issues you talk about. | db0ef91a-df19-4bb2-9f7a-0ff0e81f8333 |
58nufw | How are current photography company models still viable? Why do people allow this industry to dictate terms - especially for weddings? | My photographer gave me a disk with the full resolution version of all the photos taken from 2 cameras (his and his wife) as well as a large set from a professional photo booth he brought with him to take family and group photos at the reception for anyone who wanted. He also signed the rights to the photos over to me so that I legally owned my own photos. All of this cost about $500 because he was a friend of my now wife's family. Arrangements can be made for any type of service but you do get what you pay for typically. I am very happy with my photos and glad I own them.
That being said. Photography is an underpaid and underappreciated profession in my opinion. People think that anyone can pick up a $500 camera and do nearly as good. That's just not true. The post processing, multiple visits, far away locations, using of expensive media to ensure you do not have equipment or storage failure, backups, helper staff, etc. and ability to handle the trust of people who are only giving you one chance to get it right. Add to that the absolute monsters some people can be with a person when they are paying for something or when they are "bridezillas" and you take on a lot of stress and responsibility. They make decent money for one part of the year, on weekends only, and most of them have to have full time jobs with photog on the side because it is not a big money maker. Add to hat all the requests from people to do stuff for free, for cheaper than your time is worth, etc. and it can add up to a really low value profession.
The case you site sounds extreme to me, but you should know what you are getting up front. This is the photography company someone chose, and that is their business practice. If it is not desirable to you, then I would hire someone else whose plan fits your idea of value but be sure to check their work and ask for references so you can get a first hand opinion of their work from clients. As for the sound issues, that calls for a partial refund for poor performance (granted they didn't sign a contract preventing them pursuing refunds for errors) | c0504c77-2efc-49eb-9045-2de32fa12532 |
7iqqi7 | Freshman here- why wouldn’t everybody apply to as many colleges as possible? | > Freshman here- why wouldn’t everybody apply to as many colleges as possible?
Time and effort. Also, application fees upwards of $100 of dollars for higher valued colleges. | 20341346-7f1d-473e-b938-8655a98bcc7f |
1q9q9c | Why don't companies buy back their stock from investors once they become self sufficient? | Why would you want the whole company back if having the majority lets you make all the decisions?.
If you want more money, just ask for a raise and pass it through the board that, since you own the majority, you can pass it. | b59f9306-3a0d-49ac-b704-3ee914c8cb7e |
5ti88p | How is my nose stuffy and runny at the same time? | Deep inside your nose there is actually erectile tissue, very similar to the penis. An erection is caused when blood vessels in the penis get bigger so more blood flows into it, and the exact same thing happens with this tissue in your nose.
So often when we are congested and stuffy, it isn't because snot is blocking air from coming through, it's that the inside of the nasal cavity is swollen up. But your nasal mucosa may still be producing a runny snot.
I wouldn't use a penis analogy with an actual 5 year old I'd like to point out, but I figured it'd be okay here! | 2efdd524-6867-4427-9dc7-5153c715ed88 |
41m1cx | How do people with insomnia get energy? | Often, copious amounts of caffeine and sugar.
Also often, they don't. They go through the day like barely functional zombies.
This question seems better suited for r/askreddit | f2bd64a5-0401-4f07-82fc-f9548918d0d9 |
r4tri | How do speakers produce multiple sounds and how does the ear perceive more than one tone? | It doesn't make more than one sound at a time.
It makes a single noise. Your brain, however, is able to recognize various characteristics of the noise and separate them into individual sounds. This is something your brain does with ALL noise, not just noise from speakers. | 229097a6-623d-4811-8880-db42e7320fc8 |
5a3ob6 | Why do giant pandas seem to have such terrible motor skills? | Bamboo isn't the most challenging of prey, and it isn't like anything eats pandas in the wild either. They don't have much need to be nimble. | b5d16df5-e971-4611-8564-c9c3ad0a2a54 |
3809y9 | Where does the phrase "take it on the chin" come from? | The phrase comes from boxing, and generally denotes a direct and significant hit (most literally from an uppercut, but that's irrelevant to the use of the phrase as a general idiom). | 8bec7741-c69f-4d33-9b1e-94fa32a9eabe |
t2i40 | if someone gets a hold of my social security number, what can they do to steal my identity from that point? | Off the top of my head, this is what I would do if I wanted to steal your identity using your social security number. First I would forge a copy of your social security card. Then I would write to your state courthouse and request a copy of your birth certificate. If questioned, I would say that I lost it and my ID in a house fire, but my social security card was in a safety deposit box. The next part requires someone who looks similar enough to you to pretend to be you. That person goes to the DMV with your social security card and birth certificate, and requests a replacement license, saying that yours was stolen/lost/whatever. Now you could go apply for credit cards, take out loans, or do pretty much anything as the person whose identity was stolen. There are easier ways, for instance a lot of banking things will use social security numbers as ways of verifying identity, but my way is the most fun. | 497eea57-1c53-465c-98bb-d622c025a63f |
1ujqme | When people measure "brain waves" (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, etc.) what are they actually measuring? | Your brain is made of neurons. Neurons are electrically charged cells that communicate with each other by exchanging ions - positively or negatively charged molecules. This exchange of ions creates a voltage. When enough of these neurons creates a voltage, they start to push and pull on each other. This makes a sort of "wave" of voltage that travels through the cells. When this wave approaches the scalp, you can actually detect the voltage with very sensitive electrodes.
A wave consists of a couple different "properties". When looking at an EEG (electroencephalogram), which is a tool to measure the voltages on the scalp, the technicians will characterize the different waves based on how intense the peaks and troughs are (amplitude) and how close the peaks and troughs are over time (frequency).
Using this information, they can classify activity in the brain. Alpha waves tend to be moderate amplitude and have a frequency of 8-13Hz. Delta waves have a high amplitude and have a fequency between 0-4 Hz. And so on.
_URL_0_ | c816dd4b-bd60-49b0-a4b0-6bf10a0d8e29 |
61yno3 | Why haven't FIFA or the IOC been shut down for corruption? | By this logic if someone on a team cheats we should disband the team. The organizations aren't fundamentally corrupt, certain people are. | 2e0cc7bd-4d1b-43a1-9d1c-2029fe50353e |
1603om | Common ground between anthropology of art and surrealism? | Hello, anthropologist here.
Very briefly put, there were several overlaps between the budding field of anthropology and the French surrealist art scene in Paris in the 1920ies. Both fields had an interest in exotic worlds, and both explored ways of representing aspects of reality through condensed forms. For the surrealists this often lead to juxtapositions of pictures and texts through the medium of collage, while for the anthropologist the output would in most cases take the shape of monographies or essays.
I hope this helps - and since this is the ELI5, I'll just PM you a bunch of references for further reading instead of posting them here. Good luck with your paper! | 2677b3d4-5ec9-43f3-97d2-f2b74f6bc463 |
59o507 | How is there competition and price variation within the bottled water industry? | All comes down to marketing - making a real or apparent difference in the mind of the consumer between your product and your competitors.
The most obvious examples are your premium ones - Perrier, Evian, Fiji, that stupid Voss crap in the glass bottle. They sell it at a premium because it's "exclusive" by way of being imported from such-and-such spring.
Aside from that, some brands market themselves for specific targets - e.g. sports / gym / cycling, where you've got bottled water like Pump with a squeezy-nozzle instead of a cap.
Finally, you've got distribution licensing. If you're a restaurant and you have a contract with Coca Cola as your supplier, you're only allowed to sell Coca Cola's brand(s) of bottled water (and they'll sue you if they catch you selling someone else's). | 615f5006-6e29-4810-87fa-6d82b5653a51 |
2pojga | What makes fresh food better quality than frozen food? | Freezing food causes water in the food to turn into ice crystals which are larger and can damage the food. When the food thaws, some of the ice turns to water and drains off leaving the food dehydrated. Long exposure to ice also leads to freezer burn which leaves an unpleasant taste and color to the food.
Meat which has been frozen, especially delicate meats like seafood, will take on a soft, mushy consistency when frozen. The only food that I know of which does well with being frozen are peas. When picked, peas immediately begin to degrade and the sugars in them starts to turn to starch. Flash freezing immediately after picking ensures a better quality product. | 460f4b8c-38bb-45d2-b04d-827e769ed6ef |
6jaiev | How true is the theory that the government (USA) is keeping cures (for diseases such as cancer) from us because it makes them more money to treat a disease than to cure it? | The government is not. There is no reason for them to do that because governments do not need to make money, that's what tax is for. It is reasonable to assume several promising treatments are not being pursued or offered by drug companies because they are not profitable. | 97474172-7121-499a-a68d-f8b310ee8549 |
10ok0q | Why would the U.S. Special Forces (supposedly) bury Bin Laden's body at sea almost immediately after his death? | > 1) How did Bin Laden manage to live comfortably in Pakistan for so long without getting caught?
The Pakistani government hasn't exactly been forthright in its relationship with the US, and bin Laden had become pretty good at hiding after 20+ years as a fugitive in some form.
> 2) Why did the U.S. dispose of his body such that it was irretrievable, especially when they provided no evidence whatsoever of his death? They claim they wanted to give him a proper Muslim burial and could not do so in any country within 24 hours, but it does not seem like something they would give two shits about.
The biggest reason is to avoid creating a shrine for his admirers, or a host of problems for whatever country accepts the body for burial.
> does not seem like something they would give two shits about.
They do. It costs nothing and avoids creating needless bad publicity.
> If the official story really is true, then what would be a proper explanation for the above questions (and why would the U.S. fail to offer any evidence whatsoever of his death)?
There was plenty of explanation offered basically immediately. | 48b1fa16-99be-455e-aae9-6dcb395cea73 |
8w02k2 | Why were most cities in the world founded over a century ago, except for a few planned exceptions? You don’t really see new cities appear anymore... | You have new cities appearing,but they aren’t famous now so you don’t know about them yet.
Like China for example makes a lot of planned cities | c002e671-6ed3-479a-97cb-d5c7d005aff0 |
4vgaeb | if I go down a wheel size do I automatically go up a tyre size? | Alright so for example. I have 32/11.5/15 tires. The 32 is how tall the tire is, 11.5 is the width, and 15 is the rim size. If you change rims, all you have to do is get the same tire but with the changed rim size. So if you get a 16 inch rim, you're gonna look for 32/11.5/ 16. The tire itself is gonna lose half an inch overall of sidewall | 9d768b4d-eb0e-46b8-96ac-91b6873c6d6b |
564id6 | Why do diplomats have immunity? | It's two-fold, I'd say. Firstly it's so that the diplomats cannot be threatened into submission. "Report back that there are no war preparations here or you'll be prosecuted and jailed for life for jaywalking!"
Secondly, diplomats and some of the other employees in embassies follow the laws and rules of their home countries as opposed to local laws. On the embassy grounds, obviously, but to a degree, outside it too. What's illegal in the host country might not be illegal in the diplomat's home country, but even more significantly, the law officers of the host country have no authority to enforce the laws of the diplomat's home country, or any other country for that matter.
Basically it's just to ensure that the diplomats have full access to everything they need to uphold relations.
While diplomats cannot be prosecuted, they can be deported. They'd be confined to the embassy until they're replaced. It'd be hugely embarrassing and can easily lead to issues between the two countries. So it's not like diplomats can intentionally break laws to no end.
All this is according to the United Nations Vienna Convention of 1961. | 3217ffa3-b264-4be1-a59c-a006f5c71850 |
3vmwa5 | How does my body know to wake me up at night if my arm falls asleep? | While asleep, your brain sends periodic "pings" to each of your limbs to check that they're still there and functioning. When you pinch a nerve while asleep, the ping doesn't come back, and your brain starts up enough of your processing capability to fix the problem. | 862b41ee-288d-4c3b-909b-b49e9b2747d1 |
2s1h6a | how realistic are the depictions of cell phone and computer tracking shown in spy movies? Do you really need to "keep someone talking" to have enough time to triangulate their position? Do hackers really "ping" their signal off multiple servers around the world to avoid detection? | > Do you really need to "keep someone talking" to have enough time to triangulate their position?
In general, no. Even if your number is blocked/unlisted, the phone company knows where you're calling from immediately and law enforcement agencies have ready access to this information. Keeping somebody talking might have really been a thing back when phone connections were manually switched by operators, but this is no longer the case in the digital age.
If you're calling from a cell phone, the phone company no longer knows *exactly* where you are, but they can get a very good idea based on which cell towers your phone is currently connected to.
> Do hackers really "ping" their signal off multiple servers around the world to avoid detection?
Yes! Specialized networks such as [The Tor Network](_URL_0_) bounce internet traffic to random people also using the network in order to anonymize traffic. | a47310d3-e484-4ff0-b0b0-2e1b47fd3f17 |
37qh7q | What Are the Advantages/Disadvantages to a High Displacement Four Cylinder Compared to a Low Displacement Six Cylinder? | You forgot a large detail in your comparison. The Audi B5 S4's engine is turbocharged. The V6 configuration saves some space which was used for a turbocharger to increase power output.
A 2.6L turbocharged engine can produce a larger power output than a 2.5L non turbocharged engine while keeping the consumption similar when you're not flooring the gas pedal. | 6e7175c0-ef81-40d1-893b-4d9312558042 |
4f72af | Why does nothing grow in the sand at the beach? | First of all, [they do]( _URL_0_).
The main reason beaches don't get a lot of plant growth is twofold: erosion and salinity.
The constant battering of the waves and the tides means the sand of beaches is typically moved around a *lot*, so any plants that tried to grow in that sandy soil would find themselves uprooted simply due to the water eroding the sand away.
Of course, some plants make thick root systems in order to hold together the sandy soils. So you can often find grasses growing in these wet, sandy areas.
But the main problem is the salinity. Ocean water is very salty, and most land plant life is adapted to environments that are not salty.
Again, some plants have ways to deal with the salinity, such as mangrove trees. | 17c180b2-2cef-461f-a626-ad736cd0239f |
2xbm2x | Why is there no humor-based talk show, or any formatted program, by the right wing conservatives? The left it seems spends a lot of time laughing at the right's proclivity to lie and distort truths, while the right are simply angry about every tiny details that makes up the left. | As the good reverend Stephen Colbert once said - "Reality has a well know liberal bias".
You can make fun of liberals and play up stereotypes, but if you try to make fun of the policies they advocate there is a lack of material unless you flat out make shit up. Generally reality is on the liberals side, they don't say stupid stuff that can easily be fact checked and found to be wrong. I'm not saying you can't make a jab at PETA or other far "left" groups, but the majority of liberal leaning people wouldn't associate with PETA et al.
TLDR: There aren't a lot of jokes to be had, because the facts are on their side. | 45043898-922f-4cd6-98c4-e5ab51f5e086 |
3ury8e | Why do people say the alarm goes "off" when really it comes "on"? | The alarm is always "on" looking for a certain stimulus. When it sees that stimulus, it turns "off". | 42010416-ddbe-44b3-b66c-0ae4a610dcdd |
6twk0a | When did time begin? | This is something that is unknowable. Our Universe's timeline started with the big bang. Outside of that we can only speculate.
The theory I like to believe is that our Big Bang was actually a white hole connected via a Schwarschild wormhole to it's opposite super massive blackhole existing in another Universe.
But like I said we don't really know what created our singularity.
Keep in mind that Time isn't a spatial dimension. So even theories like the 11 Dimensional M-Theory are actually 10+1 dimensional universes. Anything we perceive is obviously existing inside of a 3+1 dimensional universe. Which makes me also tend to believe Simulation theory. And we exist as a subset of something much bigger.
The thing is though is we always think as though there was an origin of time. Personally I believer we exist in something much large where time is irrelevant. Only OUR Universe has time. Outside of the Universe it would appear as though everything happened instantaneously. ( < -- Obviously speculation) | b0f33574-de8f-4e69-b01a-dd8c4a7c05b0 |
4eu48g | Why does depression sometimes make breathing very difficult? | It's difficult sometimes to figure this out but from personal experience, I suffer from anxiety and depression, my anxiety causes something called "over breathing" or "hyperventilation syndrome" Basically, you learn to breath incorrectly and this can cause feelings of shortness of breath or like your drowning, meanwhile your body is getting all the oxygen it needs ( so your doctor may think your crazy at first) but definitely doesn't feel like it. My anxiety was so bad, at one point I would go weeks feeling like I had to yawn to get a good breath like I was always hungry for deep breath. It also got bad enough to experience something called globus hystericus where it feels like something is always stuck in your throat and I had stopped eating solid foods for 8 months. I've only just got back to eating soft foods thanks to breathing exercises and Cipralex. My breathing problems have gotten so much better since accepting my anxiety problems and going on meds to help balance me out. It's scary, and hard to believe something like anxiety can make you feel like your suffocating or like your choking, anxiety and depression affect everyone in different ways and unfortunately, its very misunderstood. | 813d7f6c-e04d-4931-b466-beff361208f4 |
5xhs64 | Why do we consume Sodium Chloride and not any other salts? | We do consume a few other types of salt, just not as much as sodium chloride. If you look at the container of salt in your kitchen, it probably says that it's "iodized salt", meaning it contains a small amount of sodium iodide or potassium iodide in addition to the sodium chloride. A lot of packaged foods also have potassium chloride, although people don't usually keep that in the kitchen.
As for why? Sodium chloride tastes salty, is non-toxic, and is widely available. Many other salts lack in one or more of those three areas. | 20ef5a3c-0e4f-4789-ba13-7722d30e4fd9 |
7g9893 | How do parrots say sounds made by the letters B, F, M, or P without lips? | You can produce these sounds by pressing your tongue against your upper lip too, you don't *need* a set of lips to approximate it, just a way to modulate the airflow properly.
Parrots can come pretty close to most human speech with their tongue, beaks, and weird respiratory system setup, but sometimes they have to use a roundabout method of making specific sounds. | 29cf63c5-f6cf-4274-8aa6-7134822b91de |
1krxs0 | Since the Efficient Market Hypothesis is widely accepted, how is High Frequency Trading profitable/viable? | HFT *makes* EMH true, in a pretty real sense.
The role of stock traders is to act on any idiosyncratic information they have, and to do so until their information content cannot be exploited any more.
The essence of EMH is that in equilibrium, all information has already been acted on. Thus you only make money (relative to the market) if you have private info that you can act on. | c4b307f0-3578-4802-970e-f4b110a14913 |
1lrjdx | Why doesn't a single engine propeller plane need a second propeller to counteract the weight of the front one spinning? | Single prop planes do have a bit of torque that yaws the plane in one direction or the other. Usually, you'll make small adjustments to the rudder and ailerons (aka. trimming) to counteract it, or depending on the age of the plane, compensate for it manually. | 6abe3abf-7c0e-43d1-b0cd-a13ba3ff52b1 |
3gwx7d | Why does reddit hate rich people in general? | We don't hate rich people - but we hate knowing that there is such a disparity between the top and bottom - the gap is enormous. Seeing a kid with a 20K car would blow my mind. I rode a bike to school for 10+ years... still ride one to work every day. I can't imagine having had enough cash to buy a car that expensive...
And I think on some level there's jealousy. It's human to desire the nice things that other people have -whether those things are cars or opportunities. | f66b2931-7773-4526-80af-d9fba35fdee1 |
6p9rxc | How is it possible that the original Super Mario Bros for NES is only 40 kilobytes? | The lower power of computers back then requried some very clever usage of storage space. Limited color palattes, no moving backgrounds, and reusing sprites in multiple locations (IE The clouds and the bushes are the same sprite in different colors). | 67901c37-301f-4137-b748-3ef4260c802a |
6o5quf | What's the difference between sexual assault and sexual harassment? | Well harassment tends to be verbal/communicative while assault is any sort of physical act. If he/she didn't touch you, it's harassment. If he/she did, it's assault. | df9b1b94-b53a-45f6-a170-c11f7d3a3b50 |
6lvtfh | Why do we physiologically have individualized physical attractions to different types of physical traits instead of just simple homogenized attraction to traits that represent strength and survivability? | first of all, there are trends in what we find attractive. very few people find truly maladaptive traits attractive. most people who like men find strength attractive. most people who like women find some amount of curves attractive. most everyone finds healthy people more attractive.
secondly, there is no way for natural selection (or sexual selection, which is what your question is really about) to perfectly optimize for survivability, because there's no way to tell what the future holds. the environment might change. the available sexual partners might change. so having a variety of traits is actually a good bet for a species, and in social species like us, that means it's a good bet for our genes, too. | ce7f08d3-883f-4669-9cc4-92d431396bc5 |
5uvige | When you turn a cup/bowl of water in your hand, why does the liquid inside seem to remain still while to cup turns? | Think of the cup and water as two different objects. You are providing forces for the cup(object 1) to move, buy you are not directly involved in the moving of the water(object 2). The water is moved by a coefficient of friction from the cup. As cups are usually quick smooth, the effect of friction is very low resulting in very little movement of the water.
The basis for all of this is that "an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by another force", similarly an object at rest will stay at rest. Since the cup and water are two different objects, the water will stay at rest unless friction can provide enough force to move it. | cb709e9e-bc62-4480-8dd0-5dc5dec38fa9 |
5se05x | what is enthalphy | Assuming you know what the following are:
* Energy, heat
* Heat Capacity (Specific heat)
* Calorie (exact definition)
* Work (energy)
Q=m*cp*ΔΤ, W=p*ΔV, U=m*cv*ΔT
**Enthalpy** is a measure of how much **energy** a system or substance can *produce*. To help you understand the definition, it stems from the Greek words *En (Εν = in, inside, internal) + thalpy ( > θαλπωρή, ζέστη = heat, warmth). But don't confuse it with internal energy. Enthalpy can be translated into *heat* or *work*. Enthalpy is the sum of internal heat and work.
Going full ELI**5**, I will have to oversimplify some things.
**Enthalpy** is the amount of **energy** you will get if you burn a certain amount (**mass**) of a certain fuel (wood, gasoline, LPG, H2) under specific conditions (**cp** or **cv** or inbetween). Under constant pressure, you will have a great increase in temperature (ΔΤ) and you will also get some work done (pΔV). Under constant volume, you will get an even greater increase in temperature, but no useful (volume-changing) work.
*Negative* enthalpy means that a substance needs *this much* energy to absorb to break down to its simpler components. Eg. the enthalpy of formation of most molecules, like CO2 - > C + O2 is negative. The enthalpy of formation for monoatomic molecules (H2, N2, O2) is zero. | b065e274-df9c-41e8-8b1b-ecfd82729f96 |
6dbgyi | Why do we find B.O. unappealing if it's something that occurs naturally (and often while we're relatively clean)? | I used to be friendly with a homeless guy who hung around outside a bar I used to frequent, and despite being homeless and looking the part, and not even setting foot inside the bar, he managed to go home with women like ALL the time. It was nuts. Some girl would step outside to smoke, or linger before leaving, and he would manage to strike up a conversation with her, charm her, and they'd leave together. Sometimes this all took maybe 10 minutes, tops. I couldn't understand it.
Finally, one night I asked him about it. He told me his "secret" is that he would stick his hands down his pants, rub his groin area, and then rub that scent onto his neck, and it worked as an aphrodisiac. When I expressed my disbelief (and disgust), he reminded me that we're all animals, and no matter where he was, there was always going to be a steady supply of women who were at just the right point in their menstrual cycles as to make them extra available and legitimately receptive to the smell of his dickcheese. Crazy as it sounds, I saw him go home with a lot of women, so maybe there's something to it.
All that is to say, I think we've been conditioned by a cosmetics industry selling us fragrances to believe that our natural scents are unappealing. And I think that is rooted in wealth, or at least the illusion of it. If you don't have BO then I guess it isn't required of you to make much physical effort, which means you must be rich.
But if society were to crumble and we all became cavemen again, I think we'd find natural body odors more appealing again. Just ask Dickcheese the Homeless. | 2b474eea-bd7f-4de6-af92-3f36b8166603 |
1ra2c4 | why is it so important to keep trauma victims awake/alert on the way to the hospital, as in how does that aid in their chances of survival? | More often then not, its easier to monitor the condition of someone whose conscious. By simply talking with the first responder we know they have a viable airway and are breathing. A comatose patient is difficult to assess, as they cannot pinpoint the location of the injury, tell the medical staff how they feel, and communicate any changes in their condition. | 81d2cf13-7fd4-4c03-bcef-516dc27ffe80 |
6npqix | What causes sleep paralysis in our brain? | Not exactly this, but for a five-year old, this...
Imagine your brain shuts down some functions when you sleep. Your eyes are closed, you're not paying attention to the sounds your ears get, and your muscles get to go into total relax mode.
Normally, everything turns back in in the right order and just in time.
When you have sleep paralysis, those things are starting up out of order. Maybe your brain thinks all is well, but then gets weird messages from your not-yet-in muscles that make it seem like you can't move or are being held down. Maybe your eyes aren't open or not quite focusing right, but your brain expects they are, so it seems like you're blind or your eyes are covered. Maybe your ears aren't sending complete signals, but your brain tries to make sense anyway and maybe makes it seem like someone is there or you've been converted up.
This could be caused by an unexpected jump from a deep sleep it dream state into a conscious state, which can be confusing no matter how it happens.
After a little while things return to normal, but the ways our brains try to make sense of things make it seem like there was trouble.
Sleep paralysis manifests itself in many ways, so yours may vary. | 8f9e5083-7e26-4282-98a3-ced093939330 |
16f77a | My address bar, IP and DNS, Apache, PHP, MySQL, Servers. | Alright, here goes.
Let's visit _URL_0_ and search for "test". Type that in, and hit enter:
The first thing that happens, is **Web Browser** goes "*WTF is _URL_1_*". However, **Web Browser** knows a guy called **DNS Server** which has handled this thing from time to time.
So the **Web Browser** sends a request to **DNS Server**: "Hey buddy, do you know who this *_URL_1_* guy is?"
**DNS Server** responds, "Oh yeah, I remember him. He lives at **74.125.225.224**. Great guy." Having this new piece of information, **Web Browser** then visits **74.125.225.224** and knocks on the door.
**Apache** answers the door and just stares at **Web Browser** for a moment until **Web Browser** speaks up, "Hey, I need **/search.php?q=test** Can you hook me up?"
**Apache** continues to stare for a moment, and then turns around and starts to fumble for **search.php** in his filing cabinet. He finds it in the **/** drawer, but there's a small problem - it's in a foreign language, which **Apache** doesn't know how to read. He calls out loudly for his friend, "HEY, **PHP**! Come translate this for me!"
**PHP** walks over to **Apache** and looks at the **search.php**, reading over it. Now, **PHP** has a very limited memory, so he has another friend called **MySQL**, who is very, very good at remembering things. In fact, that's about all he's good at. That's why he lives in the basement. Working together, **PHP** and **MySQL** eventually figure out what **search.php** says when given **q = test** as an input, and proceed to inform **Apache** of this information.
**Apache** then tells **Web Browser** all about **/search.php?q=test**, pretty much just repeating what **PHP** said. **Web Browser** tries to make sense of the instructions it got from **Apache**, and tries to draw them on your screen.
---
The building that **Apache**, **PHP**, and **MySQL** live in is called a **Server**. I don't know why, I would've called it an office, but these guys are all a little strange.
---
Note, the DNS lookup is slightly simplified (there are actually several lookups involved to allow for multiple layers of redundancy in the DNS system), and I didn't fully explain how an IP is any better than a domain name for finding a computer.
A good analogy for that would be to think of the domain name as the person you're sending a letter to, the DNS server as an address book where you look up the person's address, and the IP as the person's address. The mailman knows how to get a piece of mail to a specific address, and won't accept it if it just has a name. Even the mailman doesn't know where every address physically is, but he knows where every address he's responsible for is, and he knows how to send mail to the next town over if it's address to somewhere in that town.
---
Credits!
**Apache** is a web server. There are many different web servers, such as IIS, Nginx, lighthttpd, and they all aim to serve one primary purpose in slightly different ways: Listen for a request from a webbrowser and serve back whatever files are requested. Strictly speaking, you don't *need* Apache, or a webserver as a fully separate process. Many larger web applications often contain a small, built-in webserver which allows them to be easily set up without having to integrate & configure them inside of Apache or another webserver. However, you *do* need something to serve as a webserver, listening for the requests from a webbrowser.
**PHP** is a scripting language. Usually, we want the webserver to serve up raw files. HTML is an example of this - when you request a .html file, the server just sends it to you, exactly the way it is. But sometimes, we want the files served back by the webserver to change. So instead of putting the file contents in the file (like HTML), we instead put program code. The webserver knows that *.php files are a program and not a raw file, and that it must use PHP to translate the file into the HTML that it needs to send to the webbrowser. Other common scripting languages include Perl, Ruby, Python and many others.
**MySQL** is a database. Scripting languages are very good at manipulating data, but they are terrible at actually storing it, or retrieving it. A database specializes in only storing data and making it very easy to retrieve. SQL servers (MySQL, PostgeSQL, Oracle, MSSQL, etc.) use a standardized code for scripting languages to make data requests, such as "Show me all the pages you have stored which contain the word 'test'". Ex:
SELECT * FROM pages WHERE pages.content LIKE '%test%'
There are other kinds of databases as well, which do not use SQL.
All of these are programs, or services (sometimes also referred to as 'daemons'), which run on a **Server**, which is just a computer that has services running on it. These days, even your home computer is a server, since it has a Firewall service, a print service, an audio service, and many other services run in the background and help make your computer run more efficiently. | ef7b7331-76b7-4e31-b765-6cf82cc40ef9 |
3b8z64 | How does revenue sharing work for a song like "Uptown Funk" where it is written by like four people, sung by someone else yet supposedly "belongs" to a DJ like Mark Ronson? | There are two copyrights which are related but distinct and both have revenue consequences.
The first is the copyright in the music itself - the "mechanical rights". Those rights come into existence as the shared property of everyone who wrote the song and the music. However, it is possible (likely) that the work was either done under contract, or the rights were assigned to a third party as a part of the deal to turn the music into a commercial product. The former is called a "work for hire", and the copyright is automatically held by the party that commissioned the work. The latter is called a "copyright assignment" and depending on where the deal was done and who was involved, those can be either very clean or very messy.
(Sidebar: Europe but not the United States recognizes rights that creators have in their works which are inalienable (you can't sign them away even if you want to) and those rights can conflict with the kinds of things that a person might want to do with a copyright. These "moral rights" are one of the big differences between US and European intellectual property law.)
The song also has a second copyright, the copyright on the performance itself. In other words, the actual recording made of the song when it was produced. That work may actually be a large body of copyrights all bundled together especially in the case of a work that uses samples or beats that are provided by many different parties.
This is a really, really muddled part of copyright law right now. The law provides for the concept of "fair use" which means that you can use someone else's copyright without permission under certain circumstances but those circumstances are very unclear and subject to a lot of litigation. The entire concept of "sampling" overlaps with the concept of fair use in ways the courts are still settling (and often settling in ways that make "sampling" effectively a copyright infringement). These days it's pretty common for a producer or record company to get a copyright license from whomever made whatever samples they want to use, if they can, to try and reduce the concern of litigation.
Ok, so how does the revenue work?
In the United States there are groups which have been granted the right to assess copyright royalties and collect those monies by most of the recording business. Similar arrangements exist in most other countries. Those groups are the conduit through which money flows back to the copyright holders. They work with radio stations, event venues, Muzak providers, etc. to assess the royalties.
When a song is played on the radio, for example, the radio station pays a royalty, which is split into two parts - one part for the "mechanical" right and one part for the "performance" right.
You can immediately see where this is going, can't you? If you hold the "mechanical" rights to a piece of music, you get paid *no matter what recording of it is played*. So when a band does a "cover version" of a song, some of the money that song generates goes back to whomever holds the mechanical copyright. The band only gets part of the royalty - the part that goes to the performance of the music.
These royalties are supposed to be collected whenever the music is performed (or in the case of sheet music, sold). That means when the local bar has an AC/DC cover band in, they're supposed to pay a royalty on the music performed and theoretically some of that money ends up in Angus' pocket.
In this particular case, there's probably a very lengthy contract that describes how the mechanical and performance royalties are to be split between all the people involved in making the song. Some of those people might get nothing. Some might get an ongoing slice of the royalty. Whatever the deal was when the song was created will exist effectively forever. The producer in this case likely gets a pretty hefty cut of that money. | 30e3a10c-30a4-4aee-b05d-a3959eef9740 |
3sz1ro | In the US, how are judicial gag orders constitutional? | The First Amendment is not an absolute right. It can be limited by law, but the government has to meet a certain level of judicial scrutiny to determine whether the law limiting the right is acceptable under the Constitution. Namely, things like this where the limitation on one's right to free speech is based on the content of that speech, the Courts apply a 'strict scrutiny' test, to see if the law is to be upheld. In order to be upheld under strict scrutiny, a law must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government purpose. The government must show that there is no less restrictive means to achieve the compelling objective.
In the case of a judicial gag order, the government's interest is quite clear: it wishes to protect the integrity of the judicial process, trade secrets, privacy, law enforcement or military operations, etc. The courts have determined that that is a sufficiently compelling government purpose, and that telling the jury they can't talk about it is the least restrictive way that the government can go about achieving that purpose. | c1890d25-d084-4bdb-904a-e5afafb77fda |
3snv5u | Why is everything so expensive in Australia and New Zealand? | Prices are higher on nearly all islands. When you cut out the possibility of trucking and rail shipment, costs go up. While Australia and New Zealand have some natural resources, they have to import more items by plane and boat than non-island nations.
Even on islands that have bridges to them, the route is typically longer because they the trucks/trains have to turn around and go back from where they came rather than continuing on to another destination.
There is also something referred to as the "[Australia Tax](_URL_0_)" in which companies charge more for products that don't cost anything to ship, but they charge more for them anyway because traditional goods do actually cost more to ship. This includes things like digital products (downloadable music, software, video games). | 164a6202-0997-4de9-be3d-38ba9b5c0582 |
65xkhw | How does combining Playstations (or any other computer) into a "cluster" create a supercomputer? | Software developer here,
Cluster computing is not the same as grid computing or cloud computing or super computing or mainframe computing.
A cluster is a homogeneous local network of nodes, a grid is heterogeneous, a cloud is heterogeneous, distributed, and may even be 3rd party. Distributed computing in common parlance is using 3rd parties to perform your computation - typically by running client software. You see this with SETI@home or Folding@home. Data is divided into batches which are shunted off to a node to be processed until completion, and then the results are combined into a single in-order sequence. Hadoop was a method popularized (and then later entirely abandoned for being too inefficient) by google that used a map/reduce technique for grid and cluster computing.
A mainframe is a computer that has substantial hardware resources dedicated to moving data and performs transactional operations on that data. The IBM z13 has thousands of processors inside the cabinet dedicated just to moving data, and nearly any component can be hot swapped by shuffling all data off the component and onto it's replacement. Even the operating system can be upgraded entirely without stopping computation. These systems are used in places where less than 100% uptime or more than 0% error is intolerable. Yes, such software exists and you use it every day. The banking system has been running *the same* mainframe software since the 50s, just imagine how many credit card transactions are in flight on Earth at any given instant in time. It's also why bank accounts take a day to post, because daily account transactions are accumulated and then ran in singly large batches overnight.
A super computer is a massive parallel computer. These days they're all cluster computers, but that wasn't always and doesn't have to be the case. Each processor is effectively performing the same operation on a data point in lockstep with each other processor. These machines are only capable of accelerating "embarrassingly parallel" computational problems, and that is a technical term. The most powerful super computer would be more than 99% idle and your Halo or whatever would actually probably play worse than it would on your gaming rig or game console.
A big technical challenge is keeping the CPU and the network (the "mesh") saturated with data. Efficiency is the whole point to building any of these massive systems in the first place, and you can only compute certain types of problems and the system is only as fast as the slowest component. | c3ff9460-f6f3-466e-b1b1-f29c38d070e8 |
3sn67o | How do scientists know that Dark Energy makes up ~70% of the Universe if they don't know what it is? | The universe is expanding. That is to say, all of the galaxies that we can see appear to be moving away from the point where they all started at the big bang. That makes sense. Big explosion, everything gets blasted away from the middle.
But, since gravity means that matter attracts other matter, the galaxies should be slowing down slightly, as they all pull on each other. Instead, for some reason the galaxies are going away from each other faster and faster.
Making galaxies go faster would take a LOT of energy, and we don't know where the hell this energy is coming from. That's dark energy. Exactly what that energy is is unclear. It might just be a law of physics we didn't understand, or a new fundamental force that's the opposite of gravity. But something is making everything accelerate, and whatever it is is the dark energy. | aba10d25-11ad-4df0-8589-e7b2ab1b1333 |
3kpue7 | Why do dogs react to human voices but not to speakers (phone, TV, music, radio, etc)? | I hate to admit it but we still have a landline. The phone and voicemail are inside the basement stairway. When someone level a message our dog goes to the door and waits for that person to come out of the basement door.
Our old dog would howl when she heard my wife leave messages on it. | 07257722-65ff-4eb8-805e-2146277bd3e4 |
7i4j0n | What is a stroke, and what causes it. | Your brain requires an immense amount of oxygen and energy to continue functioning. And it requires it nearly continually. A stroke is a blockage of the blood flow to the brain. This results in the parts of the brain that the blood is flowing to to become negatively affected. Usually this is on one side of the brain or the other, which is why you see unequal movement or strength in one side of the body. As blood flow continues to be restricted, brain damage can occur, which is why responding to a stroke quickly is so important.
Don't forget FAST!
FACE (Ask the potential victim to smile, if it is uneven, that's the first sign)
ARM (See if one arm is weaker than the other. The best way is to ask them to hold their arms in front of them and level. If they are unlevel, that's another sign.)
SPEECH (If their speech is slurred, that might be the first sign you notice. If you're not sure, ask them to talk a bit.)
TIME (If you think a stroke is possible, call emergency services right away. Better to be safe than sorry in a stroke.)
There are a few other quick checks: Have them stick out their tongue straight forward. IS it uneven? If so, it's another sign. Also, you can have them cover one eye. If they say their vision is suddenly worse with one eye, it is another sign.
Strokes don't just affect older people. I've lost two friends in the last year to cardiovascular disease, and both were under 40. | b21a8d49-d453-44e3-bf24-64aba0b58035 |
4fsjk9 | How do bugs always get trapped inside ceiling light covers? | I don't have proof for this but I read it in an article about mooths. Many insects tend to confound (mix up) an artificial light source with the moon-light which they use for orientation.
And once they get in the lamp-housing its hard to escape for them, just like a bee flying in your room through a tinted window and then not being able to escape it anymore. | bf8eb078-ad5f-45d2-aab7-1f17be20ccfd |
1kp22p | Why do pharmaceutical commercials always tell viewers to see their ad in a magazine? Do people seriously buy a magazine just to look at an advertisement? | It's because they can't always fit all of the legally required fine print into the commercial -- side effects, warnings, etc. Take a look at a pharmaceutical ad in a magazine sometime, and you'll find that it's probably two pages, back-to-back: Pretty drug ad on the front, and page o' text fine print on the back.
And this is called "covering your ass." The advertisers don't expect people to run out and find the magazine ad, but once they've told them too, they can say, "Well, we warned you..." | fb7a404f-e2d8-4a87-a962-db559b9e6911 |
5pila9 | What happens to the brain when you get knocked out? What are the long term consequences? | Generally speaking, a knockout (KO) is when your brain is rattled against the side of your skull. Hence why knockouts sometimes don't happen with the strongest punch, but with a moderate strength one placed right on the chin. The leverage is better at "whipping" your head around, causing the brain to slosh around in there and wack the inside of your skull.
Long term consequences, esp. for someone who gets KO'd a lot, but potentially even for much less, are [CTE](_URL_0_).
KOs are esp. bad if a concussion results (a bruise on the brain resulting from the brain smacking). But worth mentioning while in the same realm, they're separate things. Not all KOs result in concussions*. Not all concussions come from KOs.
\***edit:** After posting I want to revisit this point. According to some definitions, a concussion is any loss of brain function due to blunt trauma, regardless of lasting damage or symptoms. In such a case, any blow that causes impairment, even just wobbly legs/seeing stars, with no last effects would be considered a concussion, albeit a mild one. And a KO would definitely be one.
I'm definitely using more of a "sports" definition of concussion, which starts at one that results in some actual damage. There are KOs (like flash KOs) that don't result in any concussion like symptoms, whether immediately or well after the incident (since concussions may have latent effects).
Regardless of definition used though, any KO incident (via trauma, something like a choke is different) should be treated as if it were a significant concussion. | 37370007-7f2b-4c8b-b010-91d36b78f3f6 |
25vetl | Humans produce lots of body oils. Would they be good for anything if they could be harvested? | This really should be how baby oil is made.
From those especially oily babies. | 8563f0aa-93da-4f53-9b92-a59fa448592f |
2u8kyi | Why is it that human intelligence evolved so rapidly while other intelligent creatures like dolphins remained behind? | Human intelligence hasn't changed much (nutritional and medicinal advances may have helped some in the past century), but human knowledge has.
The reason we have as much knowledge of the world as we do is our linguistic ability. Most of the knowledge an animal gains over its lifetime is lost when that animal dies because most animals have no way of communicating what they know to other animals. However, humans can convey complex ideas to each other through language so they are able to pass knowledge on from generation to generation. This way we are able to build on what we already know rather than having to start over each generation.
The ability to record language (i.e., writing) also helped because then you could pass on knowledge to people you've never even met. | afd0eaa1-79f6-48fa-b702-522382fba3f4 |
2h1lkr | How is it that an event in a dream can make me feel real physical pain? | Because pain is in the brain. Pain receptors feed back to your brain, where it interprets them as pain.
If, in a dream, you get stabbed, then your brain thinks you got stabbed, so you feel the pain. | 137ba029-64d0-4ebf-a037-7f7866cd3edf |
6k97hb | When your body burns fat, where does it go? | Converting the entire fat you have into energy would make you something like 10000 (to grossly underestimate) nuclear bombs. You certainly are not using that much energy. So your conclusion is right, it isn't being converted into energy like that.
But chemical reactions evolve energy. Some bonds in your fat have higher energy (less stable), and chemical reactions in the body, convert them into more stable bonds . The (comparatively minuscle) difference in energy (stability) is what you get per molecule of fat (or per 2 or 3 molecules according to the reaction mechanism).
That small energy adds up over all atoms, generating the energy you have. (The Avogadro Number, google, is quite large) The more stable compound is waste, and is thrown away from your body.
Funny, how cruel nature is, taking profit from unstable species.
P.S : I do not claim that the entire fat cell is chemically reacted, but the resultant energy is always the product of such chemical reactions. | 04825f29-bd67-49c8-bb73-a82c45e31816 |
1m1bau | Why are the Beatles so popular? | I won't explain why they were popular in their day, as that it obvious. The reason they are still revered to this day is because of how innovative they were. Apart from being great songwriters, they were ceasless experimenters. Never making the same album twice. Remember that a pop band writing their own songs was just about unheard of in the early 1960s, let alone a pop band that wrote very good, and increasingly sophisticated music. In a few short years they went from writing songs like "I Want To Hold Your Hand" to "A Day In The Life".
The Beatles were doing stuff in the studio that simply hadn't been heard from a band before. Things such using guitar feedback in a song, reversing audio tracks, experimenting with effects units, instruments, sounds etc. Incorporating different styles and genres in to their work, treating the record as an art form in itself, something with a beginning, middle and end, not just a medium for the conveyance of songs. As a result they were very influential on how a rock band functioned. No longer were bands viewed as commodities but as artists in their own right. Bands like Pink Floyd and Led Zeppelin could not have existed without the Beatles blazing the trail. That is the reason they are treated with such reverence. That and the fact that they wrote some pretty good songs as well. | f4b58c9c-63c8-4363-bfc6-9beeec25d130 |
8nppbt | The intuition behind the fundamental theorem of algebra | I think you're a little mixed up, it's not that a nth degree polynomial crosses the x axis n times, it's that the polynomial has n roots, some of which may or may not be imaginary. But then certian polynomials had roots that didn't seem to exist. For instance if you have x^2 = -1 as a root you can't really solve this because if you multiply a number by itself it should always be positive. So mathematicians started saying that the solution to this root is an imaginary number. For about 200 years this imaginary number had no real use except to factor these polynomials, that is until later mathematicians such as Cauchy came along and showed that there are ways to visualize imaginary numbers as complex numbers in a complex plane. | 6590fd12-b744-42f2-a6d3-adfe8ee91169 |
2n4472 | What is new electronics smell? | There really isn't a single answer for this as it depends completely on the product. With that said, most likely what you are smelling is the chemicals used to clean the circuit boards and such to prepare them for use. As the item warms up you are probably also smelling any remaining flux or chemicals being cooked off. | b808d9b8-f997-4fa3-906e-9fd47148c444 |
7gl4fv | Why do we tune out smells? | I think it's a predatory thing, new smells means something new is arise and we should be alert. If nothing smells new, then we cool. | 9c3e766f-25c7-4d51-999b-4ae76b6e19b1 |
1x9wvr | How come there can be a thriving porn industry when there's an almost infinite amount of free porn? (Not that I would know) | A lot of that free porn is ripped from the paid porn sites. Logically, there are a lot of people out there who still pay for porn, either because they are suspicious of free porn or because they want to support the porn they like. | b25c4735-2556-4778-9d4c-605dde717551 |
1lgv6q | Why do some gay men "sound" gay, I.E have some sort of gay accent (serious). | We are not going to remove this question-- thanks for phrasing it sensitively and for indicating that your search didn't yield the results you were looking for.
To commenters: please keep it respectful here. | 7595e66c-1eb2-4c66-a8b1-ea310e1cb260 |
34o2zv | Can animals tell apart reality from their dreams? | I learned from Stephen LaBerge (doctor who studies sleep and dreams at Stanford) that, from an evolution standpoint, the reason we (and animals) have a hard time remembering our dreams is so that we don't get them confused with reality. | 25e537bf-bbbb-4995-af21-0af2d8bd5665 |
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