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41c44l | Why can't we distinguish the temperature of an object you're expecting could be hot or cold, straight away when we first touch it? | It's a delay in the body. An easy way to explain it is reaction time. If someone threw something at your face and you even knew it was happening, your time is delayed. Your brain would need to process about where the object is heading, how fast, how quickly you need to be to catch it, or how quick you need to be to dodge it.
When you touch the pan on the stove, your nerves are telling the brain if it is hot or cold. That information must spend time arriving to your brain, your brain processing it, and then waiting on you to find out what you want to do with the new information, given the object temperature isn't too extreme and the brain overrides you and forces you to remove your hand from the pan.
Now if you literally take seconds to process the temperature, what's likely going on is the temperature of the pan is too mild for a difference. A room temperature pan or one equivalent to your body temperature will take longer to process than one that's going to burn your hand or freeze you to it. There's no immediate need to remove your hand so the body doesn't hurry nearly as fast to tell your brain to move away. If your skin was being burnt the moment you touched it, your body rushes to say "hey! Skin cells are dying!" The brain goes "oh no! Move the hand!" Then the hand moves, typically like when you touch something hot that you didn't expect to be hot.
If you are focusing on determining the temperature, that seems to be the slowest you can be with the exception of deliberately trying to hold your hand on the pan while disregarding the effects. Your nerves will check the temperature and try to tell your brain what's going on. If the temperature is mild to your body temperature, it's harder for the body to detect. A pan thay just freshly cooked something will rapidly heat your hand where a slightly warm pan will slowly warm your hand. (Don't test it. I'm not responsible if you decide to calculate the delays in your body if you want to burn or freeze your body parts)
Tl;dr it depends how extreme the temperature of the pan is to you, along with the natural delay in your brain for processing information. | 3c06a231-455c-41d9-bf16-b61296911868 |
4rmbzm | Negative Imaginary Numbers | By radical, I assume you mean specifically the square root so I'll use the format sqrt(x)
In general sqrt(x) * sqrt(x) = x
So sqrt(-1) * sqrt(-1) = -1
Now we define the value "i" as sqrt(-1) = i
You'r right that (-1) * (-1) = 1, so if i*i = -1 then i can't be any normal number, it has to be something different. For a long time we just said that there is no value, but then we started realizing that there were useful calculations that could be done using these "imaginary" numbers.
Is there a "real explanation" for it? Is zero a real number? Is -5? Is 1.2? You can't have 1.2 objects, but it's still useful when talking about volumes. You can't have -5 of anything, but it's still useful when talking about debts or errors in measurement. You can't have "i" dollars, but it's still useful to calculate electrical resistance or the position of subatomic particles.
To some extent imaginary numbers are just made up following certain rules of math, but it turns out that they can also be used to calculate things in the real world. | 719cd0f4-dd20-4f8a-8529-c98d215e00e2 |
61oanf | What is the purpose of humans having emotions? | Emotions guide us in the Darwinian process of the survival of the fittest. So love makes us bond with partners and family to help us survive and propagate while hate guides us to strike down competitors etc. | 307f7948-201b-4bbd-99ae-0e5101040cb7 |
21du5y | How does sand become glass? | Quartz sand *doesn't* become glass. It becomes fused silica, but you'd need an oxygen jet in your campfire, since silica won't melt until around 3,000F degrees.
However, if you first mix sand with other chemicals, borax, lime, or baking soda for example, the quartz sand will dissolve in the melted borax etc. That way you only need glowing-red temperatures to get glass.
Typical cheap window-glass is not quartz, it's "soda lime glass." And Pyrex cookware, that's borax-silica glass. | 694150a7-7d4f-4fbe-9feb-1a9a2aed2ed8 |
2zi8eh | How can shows such as House Of Cards have differing writers and directors every few episodes, yet still remain consistent in tone and feel? | On the writing staff, there is someone who serves as what they call the Showrunner. This is the person with ultimate authority over the script. They're in charge of the writing room when coming up with story ideas, they're in charge of handing out writing assignments for each episode. And they often re-write the other writers' scripts once submitted. So it's that person's job to make sure the script fits the tone of the series, that each character's voice is maintained, etc.
In TV, the direction and cinematography and editing and production design is basically set by the first episode. Those people will determine the look and feel of the series. Everyone who comes later works to keep things consistent. They still have important work to do, but they have a limited set of choices to make, because they have to stay within the framework set by the first episode. | 3e08afcc-3f79-4d7b-8e48-5b531b33f26f |
45fiai | how do people graduate/finish school early | They don't complete 12 years of school, that's how.
They do some school, and everyone involved agrees it would be a waste of time to have them sit through the same stuff as everyone else, so they skip them past several grades.
16 isn't really that crazy, I graduated high school at 17, and I went through every grade. Someone who graduates then could have just skipped some elementary school grade, or started 1st grade when they were 4, instead of the more normal 5.
People who are younger just skipped more grades, or accomplished the requirements for graduating in less than 4 years, which cuts out a year. | 64538be9-85a1-4a96-aa3c-b2d68f192e2f |
1hlf9m | What's the difference between these two laptop network cards? | Wifi, or Wireless is what you use you connect (without wires) to your home network and the internet. It is the same for both of them
Ethernet is the way you do it with a wire. The plug looks a bit like a large phone plug. Not many people do this in their homes anymore with laptops but a lot of businesses still do. If you might need to plug in for the network (internet) then you need this one.
Bluetooth is for connecting to stuff like headsets and mice without wires. There are a lot of things you might want to use at a distance and many of them use Bluetooth. If you want to use those things then it's probably best to get Bluetooth.
We don't use Bluetooth for connecting to networks because it responds fast but can't actually move a lot of info very fast. It is also much shorter range than wifi | 5dde24c2-7765-4a89-98bf-79f3242bcb9e |
5uwamd | how does CPR help someone who has been drowning? | I'm not a doctor, just a paramedic, but this is my basic understanding of how it works. Not all drowning victim have water in their lungs due to involuntary laryngospasm. But either way, the lack of oxygen to the brain and other organs causes unresponsiveness and cardiac arrest. Once the person has been removed from the water, cpr is performed to reoxygenate the blood and circulate that oxygenated blood through the body and to reperfuse organs. If you're successful, the body will start to cough up and remove the water that's in the lungs. Also, the lungs can absorb small amounts of fluids on their own, getting rid of the last bit of water creating more lung surface area to exchange gases. | 7c9066ff-fe13-4bd8-b318-623fd00cdb9d |
1aww9b | why it takes less time to fly from west to east compared to flying from east to west | In really high altitudes there is moving air called "Jetstreams. In the northern hemisphere the jetstream generally moves from west to east. The planes can ride this jetstream giving the plane more thrust, vs if the plane travels east to west it has to overcome the drag created going against it.
Think of it like a river. It's hard to paddle upstream but not down it. | 875f5647-553d-45d2-9343-9add0692ead0 |
6fdw40 | Why do most live performers remove their in ear moniters when they perform? If it affects their performance, why do they wear it in the first place? | > As a professional musician for over a decade, the simple answer is this: In-ear monitors are excellent for keeping a fine tuned ear on what is being played, hearing click tracks, and getting cues. When someone takes out one (or sometimes both) of their in-ears, it's to either REALLY hear the ambient sounds around them, more accurately hear the crowd, or just as often, simply get a break from the (necessary) loudness directly in their ear.
Actively listening to what's piped into your in-ears is what keeps musicians on key/on tempo. Taking them out gives them a break from the audio assault, and lets them engage with their actual surroundings instead of being in an isolated audio environment.
From /u/jayrobhearthrob 's reply. It deserves to be a top level post but he says he doesn't know how to Reddit, so I'm helping. | 121d1e96-1bd9-4942-aad2-9edb4c6f827d |
78ldd8 | How can people not get source code for a game even though they have the exe and files | The .Exe just contains the compiled code, which is pretty hard to reverse engineer into source code. This compiled code is what the computer actually reads and for the most part is just long strings of numbers and next to impossible for a human to read fluently. The problem with reverse engineering compiled code is that a lot of information is lost during the compiling process. It just becomes setting, moving and copying data from other places in memory. What those numbers actually mean is lost pretty quickly. | 2fd56f13-f800-4cad-a2a1-340afc8e3063 |
80rhli | How do forensics assess whether someone was raped before or after being killed? | Rape tends to damage tissue a lot. If alive when damage is inflicted, the body immediately reacts to the damage in various ways, causing bruises. Plus when there are rips and tears, the man or woman who has been raped will bleed if alive. If dead, there won’t be any bleeding because the heart isn’t pumping, and microscopic changes that occur as the body reacts to injury won’t be present. | 3d70f9e3-b228-4e59-b25d-52cdf505f708 |
3od5rh | Why do some computer mice cost as much as $120? | Because money goes into design, research of technology, parts, marketing and ofg course lots of profits. When people spend a lot of time playing games, they want their connection the the computer, of which a mouse is one, to be the best. | c28040d8-f35a-4b2e-b693-e188f3ba5c81 |
7cmlj1 | How do the mico transactions work in the new Battlefront, and why is everyone freaking out about not being able to play as Darth Vader? Noob here. | Only a couple of heroes are unlocked by default, the rest have to be bought with in game money. You can earn in game money by playing the game or buying it with real money. many people feel the rate at which you earn in game money is reduced to such a level as to be frustrating to obtain and that this is done intentionally to force people to buy in game money with real money.
Darth Vader is the most expensive hero and as one of the most popular character players feel that EA is trying to capitalize on certain heros popularity as another lever to push people to spend more money on the game.
All of this is compounded by the fact that this game is a full price game. A number of people have said if this were free to play they may be able to accept this approach (even if they don't particularly like it) but since they're paying full price they expect all unlocks to be reasonably available without any further purchases. | a6796c76-1148-4afa-b563-6a964a954620 |
1l2fnq | How did the current state of Israel come into existence? | Israel was established mostly because of the pity many Western nations had towards the Jews by the end of WWII. Countries like the UK and the US thought the Jews needed their own nation in order to prevent a slaughtering like the slaughtering of the Jews by the Germans during WWII.
The choice for the region in which the current nation of Israel is established was quite an obvious one: almost all of the Jews agreed that they wanted to live near the region that was once the kingdom of Judea, conquered by Babylon around 600 B.C. This caused the Jews to be spread across the nearby lands (the 'Jewish Diaspora'). The Jews wanted to live near the city of Jerusalem again, because that city was sacred in their eyes.
But the establishing of Israel didn't go as the Western nations hoped: they hoped the Jews could live in peace with the Arabs who had lived in the area for centuries and called it Palestina. This hope was soon gone, because the Arabs considered the Jews as intruders.
This resulted in a series of wars between the Jews and the Palestines, eventually won by the Jews. Hundreds of thousands of Palestines found themselves living in an area ruled by Jews. This took place around 1950.
Ever since that moment the Israeli and the Palestines have been arguing (sometimes agressively) about who is to rule which area. This argue was never really solved, and behold: the current conflicts between the Israeli's and the Palestines.
Hope this helps! | d93cbe12-3d41-4b13-8623-bb316e5c754a |
4tq9vp | Knockouts and concussions, what and why does it happen, and what is the difference? | I am a high school level soccer coach in Colorado, which means I am required to take a concussion course every year that I am active, which for me is 3 years. I have some input on this.
A concussion is your brain twisting or impacting the inside of your skull much like what has already been said. This will result in dizziness, nausea, loss of memory or "foggy" memory, headache and/or confusion.
Most concussions are barely noticeable, which is why research has become so much more extensive over the past ten years or so. Many people have had concussions and don't realize it.
There really isn't a difference between a concussion and a knockout per se, because all knockouts will result in a concussion, but not all concussions will result in being knocked out.
As for why the brain shuts down, I don't have an answer for that. | 35da24a9-3da4-4ef0-8acf-fccf343e27a8 |
274kfy | What is the joke behind "Runway 37" | Runway numbers only go from 1-36. They are basically numbered for their magnetic heading (0-360 degrees) divided by 10.
_URL_0_ | 656d2535-ea97-4184-9f8f-89a71e9e3b4d |
3tbnpl | Why do scratched CD's skip while playing in my car but don't skip when playing on my laptop? | Some players are better than others at ignoring the scratches. It has to do with the quality of the laser and/or sensor reading the disc.
BTW, a light application of Mother's Mag Wheel polish does wonders for making scratched CDs easier for most players to read. | d6efa681-78c9-43d9-ba76-b2d409226be4 |
6m17zt | Why did Grenfell Tower not collapse after the fire? | The tower is a mix of cast in place and precast concrete structure. There are 10 exterior concrete columns supporting the floors and an interior concrete shaft for lateral stability (which also partially supports the floors). Interior walls are precast concrete.
Concrete structures are very resilient to catastrophic collapse from fire. A fire like that probably wasn't hot enough to really compromise the reinforcement in the concrete. Although the building will be inspected to determine if it needs structural repairs or needs to be demolished. | e4094448-e840-4aca-b114-affd3d3cd11e |
3na02d | How does a gun protect me in my home when I'm supposed to lock it in a safe? | You put the safe near your bed, if it's a wall safe above the reach of a toddler, and you have the muscle memory to enter the code and load your gun quickly.
If you're actually concerned with home safety, you probably have a security system. That will wake you up with plenty of time to access the safe, get your gun, and assess the situation.
Prior to the incident, you teach your children about gun safety. Ask anyone about the age of 50 where their parents kept their guns. The answer is likely in a drawer next to the bed and a shotgun near the door. Yet, it's only recently that the spike in accidental shootings has arisen. Meaning the variable factor is either gun knowledge, or media portrayal, not the fact a gun was in the house.
I grew up around and handled guns all my life. I never once came even vaguely close to accidentally shooting someone or being shot. Because I respected the guns, and was taught to handle them properly. | 179430bd-5af0-4c8d-8bfb-2480e5cd2026 |
19ldpk | How can Valve get away with cutting prices as much as 70% on Steam for mostly games they didn't even make? Are external game companies not getting really pissed off from missed profits? | Valve has to clear such sales with the publishers who are making the money from those sales.
If your wondering how these sales work:
Game X costs $10 but only sells 5 copies a week. I cut the price to $2 and now it sells 50 copies a week. I am going to make more money despite the price being lower.
Valve knows this works, publishers know this works, and so the Steam Sales are a win win | eb822255-1f94-4795-ae08-5b80f5c1c450 |
30p5kw | Why haven't we seen any 90s Nick Game Shows (Double Dare, Legends of the Hidden Temple, Nick Arcade) rereleased? Legality issues? | You don't normally see *any* game shows rereleased. A big part of their profitability is contributions from sponsors, which don't continue paying out in reruns and syndication. | e4d29c3e-ce10-42df-8ee8-4435c4c51b09 |
3ef5m8 | why does congress have the power to completely alter a bill, changing the contents and even title, on its way through the house or senate? Why was this power created? Why has its apparent abuse not caused removal of the power? | Congress, and only Congress, has the power to choose each and every word of a bill. This includes the power to edit the bill before voting, and the power to vote on the final bill. If Congress couldn't do this, who would draft, edit, and pass laws? | 045477b1-4952-4a0b-82e4-5b3d7441e3a9 |
2h6m9x | If you drain ground beef after you brown it for something like spaghetti, what is the difference between using a ground beef with more fat like 80/20 vs 90/10? | If you are draining off the grease the major difference is that you will have less meat. I do not think it is the full 10% of weight difference but it can be fairly close if you cook it long enough to render out most of the fat. | 9149f641-f376-4b28-a5c1-7b33c700a317 |
5vqep2 | How does the brain decide what little stupid things to remember, like what someone said or a song you heard once? | it's mostly based on the situation you're in. even if you just barely notice a balloon in the furthest corner of your view your brain could go like 'you member the time, you had that stupid little baby balloon? i member' | 069e80e5-3370-48c4-9bbc-99b9ad458116 |
7q96ts | why do auctioneers talk the way they do? | It's a traditional style that not all auctions use, but it helps to keep up the energy in the room and encourages potential buyers to make quick decisions. It also gets through lots quickly, which is important when you may be auctioning dozens or hundreds of lots in a day. | 6318b8b3-b1fe-4324-8290-962e8dee1adc |
40msu4 | Ir Syrian refugees are displaced by war, homeless and unable to gain access to the basics of modern life, how are they able to travel to the US? | The UN has many charters on the human rights of refugees, the Syrian refugees fall well into the categories protected by this charter. They are getting to the US in all kinds of ways but mostly on transportation sponsored by private citizens, the UN, and the US government. Its the same with other countries, Canada has a program in place to allow groups of private citizens who raise $30,000 to sponsor a refugee family, the government will pick up the rest of the tab. | e53396fb-a3da-4dd8-8684-909244cc4686 |
29bvsd | What causes schizophrenia? Can it be external stimuli or is it purely genetic? | It has been known to have the ability to be genetically passed, but one can go their entire lifespan without it ever surfacing. Triggers can cause the schizophrenia to surface and symptoms will become much more apparent. For example, smoking marijuana has been known to trigger schizophrenia in some, it doesn't *cause* it, they already had it.
It can also be developed with no prior symptoms in your family tree. It is a defect in the brain itself, so it is no external stimuli that brings it about. | 20a36935-8126-41e8-b448-ddd8b397b00f |
1bsxbo | Polarizing filters for cameras and sunglasses | Light can be thought of as a wave. Imagine each tiny bit of light as a little sine wave squiggling through the air. Each one will have a direction, perpendicular to the direction it is traveling, which the wave is wiggling in. For example, you can wave up and down, or left and right (or any mixture of these directions).
Polarization is filtering light according to the direction of this wiggle. A polarizing filter only lets light through that is waving in one direction, say up and down for this example. Without getting into the physics, think of the light wave as your hand, palm open, and the polarizer as jail bars. Your hand has to line up to slip through the slot.
Bits of light waving left and right will be totally stopped by this filter. Bits at a 45 degree angle are half up and down plus half left and right; only the up and down part will pass through. This effect has nothing to do with color of the light.
Each photon of typical light is waving in a completely random direction. If you do the math, this means that a single polarizing filter will let half of the total light through (a 50% neutral filter). The light leaving the filter is now 100% waving in the up and down direction. If you were to put a second polarizing filter, rotated 90 degrees, it would block *all* of the light; not simply another 50% like a grey filter would.
Light that is not totally random is called 'polarized'. When light bounces off things, it becomes slightly polarized. This depends on the angle of the bounce. Here's a bit of a related example: push your hand towards your desk at an angle, palm down. It will easily 'skip' off the surface. Repeat with your pinky down, it jams up a bit. Do this straight at the desk and the rotation of your hand dosent mater; the shallower the angle, the bigger the difference is.
In the real world, this is important for glare off water or background light from a blue sky. Both of these sources are very polarized because of this reflection effect; but the light from your subject is not. A polarizing filter will block the glare, but let everything else through. Where as just a grey lens will make everything darker evenly.
tl;dr polarizers can selectively filter glare | 5751dd48-d7f5-4e33-b876-b453e3ae56c9 |
3e06fb | What is inflation? | Money is not wealth. Money is a good whose value changes in response to supply and demand. As money gets less valuable, people will want more of it for the same good. Inflation, is generally the situation where the value of money decrease. How this affects you is that when a currency is inflating, prices of goods will increase, as the money is less valuable. The opposite of this is deflation where the money is getting more valuable, and prices decrease.
Inflation can happen for many reasons. As most currencies nowadays are 'fiat' currencies, the money is valuable only because people have faith that they will continue to be able to exchange it for goods and services. This faith is usually backed up by the government who prints the currency. However, if something happens to reduce people's confidence in the value of that currency, its value can fall leading to inflation. Another thing could be when new money is printed. The overall 'value' is still the same, but since the supply has increased, the value of each individual unit of conspiracy will fall. | b798cacb-238e-4da6-b7c2-0fed02a0feef |
1nl5ev | Why are so many rap/hiphop songs still about how good the rapper is? | Well, don't forget that rap has evolved to something of an art form. The same idea from the early days applies: rapping about dominance IS dominance IF you do it well. It's really just a platform on which you can do cool shit with the rhymes and good wordplay.
However, if the rapper can spit something really innovative and smart in an *I'msogood* song, then it gains extra value because **so many rappers have done it before**. If you can make such a song, which is easy to compare with other similar ones, actually sound rad and have really good rhymes, then you are indeed a quality rapper. | 34ddc42f-ee8d-4d11-b87e-8112f9959739 |
xcpl4 | Christians of ELI5: Why has our God stopped talking directly to people as He did in the Bible? | I grew up in the church and the way it's always been explained to me relies on an understanding of the Trinity; you have God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit. With the exception of some small windows of time, one of these three has been "present" on the Earth at all times. God the Father was present before He sent His son. Shortly after Jesus ascended into Heaven, the Holy Spirit was sent to occupy Earth. You'll notice, if I'm not mistaken, that all the instances of God audibly speaking to humans (with the exception of speaking to Jesus) are found in the Old Testament.
So, the short explanation is that God doesn't talk directly to His people because the Holy Spirit is here now to interact with us and the Holy Spirit rarely, if ever, audibly speaks to humans. | c269f096-e9c7-47b6-834b-f752610780b7 |
8y0hf7 | How do companies like Amazon pick their "random winners" when the submissions are made online? | Well it could vary from system to system but all randomness in computers is actually pseudo-random. The closest you could get to true random in computers would be using something like _URL_0_ which I believe uses weather data to generate random numbers. As for how amazon decided to choose it's winner, there's no way to know for sure but I'd guess they added each submission to a table in a database that uses integers for unique IDs, then choose a random number and query for what user corresponds to that unique ID. Almost like choosing numbers from a hat. | cf8ff37a-3c43-4553-8883-d61e136c725e |
2xuj3f | How do food franchises choose locations? And how do decide where to expand to? | most brands expand close to their initial location and then expand to newer markets as finances allow for it or never. this is due to the strength of the brand recognition and taste preferences in the home market.
when you expand to a new market with different tastes, you risk failing or having to change your menu, which will incur a lot of overhead as you would need to create new menu items, create different advertising, find different suppliers, etc. | 08757b1c-8279-40e0-a54a-e2ef6343daeb |
1kupkn | When a person gets sick with health insurance in the United States, why can the insurance companies back out of the coverage? | This is slowly changing in the United States because of the Affordable Health Care Act. Soon, all pre-existing conditions will be covered, and everyone will be able to get insured.
People ran into problems a few ways. First, if you want to buy private insurance, they have you fill out a long survey about all health problems you've experienced. Based on what you submit, they could reject you outright if you were too much of a risk or agree to cover you but not cover conditions related to certain health problems (again, this is changing). Some insurance policies have waiting periods. They will cover you, but they won't cover any pre-existing conditions for, say, 3 months.
Imagine if you are a person with a health condition. What do you do? If you get insurance through your employer, that insurance company can't deny your pre-existing condition. So, if you are sick, you might feel like you can never leave your job so you don't risk losing insurance coverage for your illness. If you are *really* sick and miss work and eventually get terminated, then you lose your policy through your employer and can't get a private policy to cover your condition because it is pre-existing. Again, the Affordable Health Care Act will hopefully fix that issue.
People with private policies also ran into really crazy insurance denials. For example, one woman's insurance company refused to cover her breast cancer treatment because she "lied" in her initial health survey and never mentioned that she had a history of acne. Again, the Affordable Health Care Act should fix that problem when people can no longer be denied for pre-existing conditions.
Other problems included annual and lifetime limits. Health care costs are very expensive in the US. If you need dialysis for a while, you might rack up millions in hospital bills. Insurance companies would basically do this: You, the patient, pay $300 a month to be covered. If you get sick, you have to pay the first $1,000 of bills each calendar year. After that, you pay 20% of the remaining bills. We, the insurance company, will pay 80% after the first $1,000, but only up to $1,000,000 in your lifetime. Of course, a million sounds like a lot, but if you get seriously ill with an expensive illness, it's not that outlandish to think about racking up $1,250,000 in medical bills over a few years. If you do, 80% of that is a million, and the insurance company won't cover anything else. In addition to you being responsible for the $250,000 (20%), you are now responsible for every penny after that point. Once again, the Affordable Health Care Act should fix that problem because it says insurance companies can no longer have annual or lifetime maximums.
Of course, most people don't rack up millions of dollars in bills, but even the insured can fall into heavy debt from getting sick. In the US, one hospital stay can cost tens of thousands of dollars. Even if the insurance company pays 80%, the patient often ends up with bills that are for *thousands.* These are patients who have insurance coverage and pay hundreds of dollars a month for that coverage! Unfortunately, unlike the rest, that problem won't change much with the Affordable Health Care Act. | 963abe82-bb2a-4453-860a-e1ca69c43c77 |
1oexil | Why does my jaw hurt when I am going to cry but am trying not to? | Yes, it is normal. You are tensing the muscles in your jaw, both the muscles that close your jaw and the muscles that open it. This tires out these muscles, producing an effect that your brain senses as pain. | b1ccd318-0d6f-456d-adaf-1835d4d00b54 |
60hf22 | why does moving an object, that's covered in a liquid, up make the liquid drip faster? | Think about momentum. Everything with mass, including the liquid, wants to remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force. By raising it the liquid wants to remain behind and so drips more. It would be equivalent to gravity getting stronger for a moment. | caff8816-3519-4180-970b-a18e7739ab59 |
2pdarc | Why don't Christians celebrate Jewish holidays? | It is worth noting that it was not until 1965 (20 years after the Holocaust) that the Catholic Church (as part of the Second Vatican Council) ceased to hold Jews collectively responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus. Christianity has a history of more than a millennium of anti-Semitism which it has only recently abandoned. Historically, Christianity has been intensely hostile to Judaism and has regarded it as a grave and unforgiveable moral failing for any person to refuse to convert to Christianity. That kind of history does not incline Christians to celebrate Jewish holidays or indeed, the holidays of any religion other than Christianity, which of course they believe to be the one and only true religion in the world, accept no substitutes. | fbc837ce-cbcf-4db9-9f55-2620d64bcbb0 |
nj2v5 | As a Canadian, I cannot understand why someone wouldn't vote for Ron Paul. Please explain the main reasons people disagree with him. I have made a list of pros and cons inside. Please add to it. | Ron Paul (and Libertarians) don't believe that regulatory agencies like the EPA or scientific organizations like NASA should be funded by the government at all (not even at the state level), and he's proposing cutting their budgets in half. They believe the free market is capable of regulating itself and private industries are better suited to scientific exploration (instead of NASA). With abolishing the EPA, the argument is that if a corporation is destroying the planet, the public won't buy their products, so essentially money will force them to stop polluting. In reality this is not often the case.
Ron Paul and Libertarians do not support the FDA or any sort of nationalized health care system (social security, medicare, etc.). Again, the logic is that private corporations can more efficiently and fairly provide those services.
Any sort of government mandate or government control of people's lives should be abolished in their view. This has benefits and costs. Good things like the war on drugs would end (very positive), but then trusting private companies to not excessively pollute the environment doesn't always work (negative). | 8d1b874a-9974-43a7-9283-af4ac07d9a23 |
6qfsrg | Why can't we use a game controller to pilot real helicopters? | There are 4 inputs for helicopter controls: Cyclic, collective, throttle, pedals. Each change to one of those requires a change in the others to balance all the forces on a helicopter. Technically, you "could" make a videogame controller control a helicopter if the systems are fly-by-wire (I'm not entirely sure how many helicopters have that feature). But that's not how they're built, and that's not how helicopter pilots have been trained to fly them. Flying a helicopter is a very specialized skill and when you start off flight training, most training aircraft are really dumpy with the oldest tech that still keeps them airworthy. Mechanically/hydralically driven R22's definitely wouldn't have the capability to be flown with a controller, and nobody is going to start their helo training in something badass that could. Also, most helicopters (all aircraft, for that matter) were designed and built before videogames were popular, and every generation of professional pilots up until very recently probably didn't play many videogames in their youths.
In addition, a big part of flying a helicopter is "feel." Helicopters are generally small and delicate flying machines that require constant small tweaks to all of the controls. It's not like flying an airplane where you can just set the trim and generally not touch the controls. You need the mechanical feedback of the forces acting on the helicopter, and a videogame controller wouldn't provide enough of that. Hovering is really hard. Vortex ring state is lethal. Takeoffs are dangerous, especially from a small landing pad like a hospital and when not facing directly into the wind. You need to be able to feel when the controls get mushy or if you're needing a lot of pedal inputs, or if the wind is pushing you from the side, or if you're feeling enough lift with the normal amount of collective, etc. Videogame controllers can't provide that to the extent the traditional setup can. | 8a8c32ad-3bf2-47e1-a61d-a0132310fa7b |
7b6jn4 | How do bee hierarchies work? | Each successful hive has a queen. This queen might live several years, but she is only a good egg producer for a few years. Several things can make a hive rear a new queen.
Scenario 1. Queen gets old. Eggs are not as steady as before. The workers harass the queen, chasing her around trying to get the egg she hasn't laid to fill the comb. Queen lays less, walks more, gets thinner. Workers notice this, start making queen cells, which are usually oriented 90 degrees from the regular comb. (Queen cell generally point down.) Old queen waits about a week or 2, then decides she's outta there. Takes 40% or more of the bees and leaves. Or, she may decide to hang out and live her last year or so with a new queen in the hive. This is rare, but not unheard of. Sometimes the old and new queen will fight to the death. I don't know what determines which course of action.
Scenario 2. Hive is full. No room for anymore eggs. Queen is at the top of the hive, and the honey is still coming in. Queen makes a note of it, slows down egg production. Workers notice, they harry the queen, she decides to go find a new rent with more room.
In both cases, the workers find an egg less than 3 days old, install it in a queen cell, then feed it what we call 'royal jelly'. This causes the less than 3 day old larva to turn into a queen.
When she hatches, the new queen will most likely walk around, chirping a 'queen call' that other, almost hatched queens answer. Too bad for them because the already hatched queen walks over and stings them to death.
Sometimes not all the new queens are killed. In this case, there are 'after swarms'. This is when you get several new queens who mate, return to the hive to pick up their posse, then leave to start a new home. This is bad because each swarm takes almost 1/2 of the bees in the hive. After a swarm or 2, there are few bees left to the very weakened hive. | 5b36f82b-77a0-4013-9186-5d9174f9ad40 |
sval5 | Three Mile Island accident | Nuclear Energy is a kind of energy that requires us to take a very powerful reaction, make a safe place for it to be started, start it, watch it, control it.
Three Mile Island (TMI) accident was a situation gone bad and an inadequate design for proper watching/controlling.
The accident was caused by a bad valve. This valve caused a situation in which the operator had a hard time understanding the problem.
When this accident occured the control system was designed to make a noise when probelm A,B,C, and D happened. when problems A-Z happened there were lights to turn on.
When this valve got stuck most of the lights turned on and all of the announcements did. This made everyone get very scared.
When people get scared sometimes they don't think as well as they usually do.
The accident eventually caused a partial meltdown. In nuclear reactors everyones big fears are meltdown (when the reactor melts into a big pile of unctrontrollable fission products) and environmental release.
This reactor had a partial meltdown, which means it did not reach critical mass, and it did have an environmental release, which means some of the gasses got into the air.
From this accident the USNRC required that all nuclear plants must share almost every mistake they make. It is quite often that someone falling off a loading dock, falling down stairs, marking a part wrong, will cause a notificatio to the entire industry.
Also from this accident it caused the nuclear industry to adopt strict requirements on displays and alarms. It categorizes the alarms in order of importance, they must also follow ITAACs and other requirements.
At the time the plant was very new so the accident is well known to be causesd by wolverine and some crazy mutant made with parts of other mutants having torn the bitch up with their mutant powers.
The enigma is how did the crazy mutants become mutants before the radioactive environmental release?
Edit: Terminology | 80545418-9b3c-4020-a9d8-8300eda78d71 |
22bsh4 | What exactly does a cinematographer do? | Cinematography is the art of using a camera to record images.
A cinematographer is a basically a film, lighting and camera expert. He/she understands how to use various lens, types of film, camera devices (dollies, cranes), lights, and other techniques to get a particular shot that looks a particular way.
A director might say, "I really want this shot to start as a close-up of a character's face, then move to pan around the entire room, showing us the way he lives, then end as a long shot of him exiting through the door." He might have some idea of how to accomplish this, but the cinematographer's job is to know EXACTLY what is required: what lens, how to set-up the camera, what sort of lighting to use, and what kind of filmstock to capture the best image possible. He/she then works with the crew to make it happen.
Sometimes a director will have a less specific idea, and the cinematographer makes it possible. When somebody is talking about the "look" of a film, they are usually praising the cinematographer because often they were the ones that actually "filmed" it.
**tl;dr:** director has a vision, cinematographer makes it happen. | 7d5f3916-f356-4f16-b4b4-718915b04fb6 |
1xyh11 | What would happen to the economy if the United States paid off their national debt? | You're in luck - the US government has an answer for you! They did a secret study on the question back in 2000, when they were running a budget surplus before the Bush-era tax cuts. It was secret, but NPR obtained the study by FOIA request several years ago and [summarized its conclusions,](_URL_1_) with a link to [the full study](_URL_0_):
When the US government borrows money, it does so by selling Treasury bonds. The national debt is the amount of Treasury bonds owned by people other than the government. So, paying off all the debt would mean the government buying up all Treasury bonds and "retiring" them from circulation.
But... US Treasury bonds have been considered so safe that trillions of dollars are invested in them; they're a cornerstone of the global economy. Even just in the US, the Federal Reserve buys and sells them to guide the economy, and Social Security funds are invested in them. Could the economy adjust if Treasury bonds were all retired? It probably could, the report concluded, but it'd be difficult enough that the US debt should not all be paid off.
Obviously, this report might be biased, and it's probably not the whole story. The concerns it brings up might diminish in the coming decade - especially given the US debt downgrade as a result of the debt ceiling crises, global financial reliance on Treasury bonds might dissipate. And, there are countervailing concerns about obligating future generations' tax revenue that at least pressure us to dramatically lower the debt. But, the report's concerns are quite real and should at least be considered. | 9aecf253-903e-42fa-be41-c909b2bf8577 |
6dnn1k | What is the "Burakumin problem" in Japan? | In the past, those Japanese whose work involved death (undertakers, knackers, etc.) were, for religious reasons, the "burakumin" a caste of "untouchables", despised and banned from many aspects of public life.
And this discrimination continues even today against their descendants. It is said that one of the major sources of income for private investigators in Japan is discreetly checking for burakumin ancestry in potential employees or romantic partners. | 34906bc0-f86b-4907-91db-91eae795d8ad |
38gr4e | why do dogs like sticking their heads out the window of a moving car? | Because no one told them it was unsafe. If you weren't driving and no one told you as a child not to stick you arms and head out, you'd be doing it too. Why? Because it's awesome. | b2e0d111-e75b-4e40-8bac-87cf6f0e1f02 |
6yna8i | How haven't sloths died out yet? | There are quite a lot of leaves for them to eat, plenty around to keep the population up, and they have sharp claws to ward off predators. Sloths can fuck you up if you aren't careful, as can most wild animals. They have slow metabolisms and usually move slow, hence the stereotypes, but they are doing just fine in the wild. | 4a925e90-02ff-41f9-ba40-72cfafe4345d |
4s7l9u | The Terminal Velocity of water | Falling water will break into droplets. You've seen water droplets falling at terminal velocity: it's called rain.
The weather influences the droplet size. As you may have experienced, very small droplets fall more slowly.
[Details here.](_URL_0_) | 97972293-2c4c-4254-bd69-772f57b78012 |
8hcz5d | Pleading "nolo contendere" in court in America. | "Nolo contendere" means "I do not wish to contest [the charge]" in Latin, and many states refer to it as a "no contest" plea. It means just that -- you are not formally saying that you are guilty, but you *are* saying that you're not going to challenge the government's allegation that you are guilty or ask for the government to bring you to trial. You are thus consenting to the judge finding you guilty and sentencing you. The main difference between this plea and pleading guilty (or being found guilty at trial) is in other proceedings related to the same event. For instance, under the Federal Rule of Evidence, a conviction can be used to prove the facts that led to the conviction if the person pled guilty or went to trial, but not if they pled no contest. | 085b854d-e9ec-47e4-bc40-fca79ae4db35 |
91xv61 | Why does flame make a noise when it is blown on? | Sound is just the movement of air molecules. When you blow on a flame the sudden change in air temperature creates a small pressure wave (as warmer air is less dense than cooler air) that you hear as audible sound. Its like mini-thunder | ca74d3e7-917c-4666-85c2-d5790a65f9ad |
6x5gd3 | Why is ADHD medicine a mixture of different amphetamine salts? Wouldn't only one do the the exact same thing? | The salts are right-handed and left-handed isomers of the drug.
Dextroamphetamine is the good stuff, it's right-handed if you will.
Levoamphetamine is the OK stuff, it's left-handed if you will.
And when these companies make the stuff, they get a 50-50 mixture... And then a principle comes into play that isn't thought of so much - there is only so much these pharmaceutical companies can efficiently chemically achieve. It's REALLY hard for them to separate the isomers of the drug... It's the most they do to get it to 75-25 (good-to-ok) and then they're satisfied selling it. | 5e27002e-4f90-4ae1-b3e3-7aadc2b0066a |
pax8c | The Bretton Woods System | Countries got together and decided they would create a system which made it easier for people to exchange products, services, and currency internationally. The system makes sense of everything by tying each country's currency to an exchange rate based on the US dollar. | be085ecb-7377-4cad-b2bc-86aae4028b8d |
5h31i6 | Is there a reason why the Lunar 'Seas' only appear on one side of the moon | This mystery is called the Lunar Farside Highlands Problem and dates back to 1959, when the Soviet spacecraft Luna 3 transmitted the first images of the dark side of the moon back to Earth. It was called the dark side because it was unknown, not because sunlight does not reach it. Researchers immediately noticed that fewer "seas" or maria existed on this portion of the moon that always faces away from Earth.
The solution arises from how the moon formed.
The general consensus on the moon's origin is that it probably formed shortly after the Earth and was the result of a Mars-sized object hitting Earth with a glancing, but devastating impact. This Giant Impact Hypothesis suggests that the outer layers of the Earth and the object were flung into space and eventually formed the moon.
The moon, being much smaller than Earth cooled more quickly. Because the Earth and the moon were tidally locked from the beginning, the still hot Earth -- more than 2500 degrees Celsius -- radiated towards the near side of the moon. The far side, away from the boiling Earth, slowly cooled, while the Earth-facing side was kept molten creating a temperature gradient between the two halves.
This gradient was important for crustal formation on the moon. The moon's crust has high concentrations of aluminum and calcium, elements that are very hard to vaporize.
When rock vapor starts to cool, the very first elements that snow out are aluminum and calcium. So aluminum and calcium would have preferentially condensed in the atmosphere of the cold side of the moon because the nearside was still too hot. Thousands to millions of years later, these elements combined with silicates in the moon's mantle to form plagioclase feldspars, which eventually moved to the surface and formed the moon's crust. The farside crust had more of these minerals and is thicker.
The moon has now completely cooled and is not molten below the surface. Earlier in its history, large meteoroids struck the nearside of the moon and punched through the crust, releasing the vast lakes of basaltic lava that formed the nearside maria that make up the man in the moon. When meteoroids struck the farside of the moon, in most cases the crust was too thick and no magmatic basalt welled up, creating the dark side of the moon with valleys, craters and highlands, but almost no maria. | fb9b5cee-0d04-4285-8ebb-3df7eb69753a |
nrc37 | Why is GIF still the standard for animated image files rather than APNG or MNG? | Do you remember when America tried to go metric? It's kinda like that. | 50def844-9d22-4e30-98f6-2d12cee6e1a5 |
5vr1z8 | Can fish see water? | Not an expert, but many fish have camouflage patters of light blue on their bellies, dark blue on their backs. This would seem to indicate that they can see the blue of the water at different depths. | 72584ecf-dcd2-4a4d-a6c2-099a5bd45301 |
4euw4m | Why are older Jurassic Park movies more realistic than the newer ones like Jurassic World, do they not have the budget to get animatronics? | One of the main reasons why the original Jurassic Park looked so good is because various camera tricks were used to account for the limited technology. Even then, the CGI sucked and the animatronics--while they were definitely beneficial to the film--weren't enough to carry the weight of the special effects throughout the entire movie.
So what was the solution? Using shadows, night scenes, and backgrounds that had similar colors to the CGI dinos being used. All of that contributed to making the blemishes of the dated technology far less noticeable than they would've been in brighter and/or more dynamic environments.
Today, CGI is undeniably better than it used to be but generally, directing techniques don't utilize it to its full potential like Spielberg did with JP (mainly because it's easier, cheaper, and less time consuming).
That said, current CGI may look cheesy, but if 90s movie directors used the same tactics that directors today use (and some certainly tried), it wouldn't just look bad, it would look offensively terrible. | cd02f8e8-8944-4844-a9f3-d4c8bfd826ac |
4o5kph | Why are the gender divisions in choruses? Wouldn't you get a fuller sound from integrated choruses? | Also, it's much more challenging for individuals to stay on pitch and in tune when surrounded by others singing different tunes. Keeping the voices together helps everyone song the right notes. | b56dd57a-66d1-46af-a044-3210714e2267 |
41jsxm | why do older generations tend to "double click" everything on computers? | Have you ever gone to open a file on your desktop? Open up a file in your hard drive? All of those require double clicks.
And now that I said that, I think you might be referring to then constantly clicking something after the first double click. My suggestion? They're just old and don't realize they already clicked it or they're impatient and tired of waiting. Which is kind of ironic. | ee06a5a3-1e78-46bd-bddf-6ab377555ac2 |
19mzzt | What is with all the gold-buying shops popping up all of the sudden? | The price of gold isn't at the highest ever, but it's pretty close. And people are still in a bad state so selling that gold is more necessary then it was in other times. | 3ebe187f-ef55-4521-853b-7d8480c73375 |
kexxi | How a country's mortality rate can be anything but 100% | Mortality rates are the number of people that die **each year** out of a sample of one thousand. Obviously they will all die eventually, but they won't all die in the same year. | 6a50b0b3-2b33-4ba5-9c1b-2bb52430d487 |
22eu1s | Why is it illegal for people to take photos of someone without their consent public but the paparazzi are allowed to take photos of celebrities and people in the spotlight | I don't think this is a true statement, I think (and it depends on the country you live in..) you can take photos of someone in a public place...
But there can be a restrictions on the publication of photography. | 588fd368-8ea4-446c-93f8-a4af9d7a0a9d |
6eiu6i | Why is deodorant only okay to put on your armpits? | If it's only a deodorant, other than maybe leaving visible stuff on your skin, it's not a big deal. Many deodorants are also anti-perspirants which is a drug that produces a reaction that prevents you from sweating in that area. It's not a good idea to do that all over because your body will have a more difficult time regulating temperature. | 4ddf1129-a4a7-426e-873d-d144ff92b9c9 |
6id8y9 | Why would I want my food to be antibiotic-free? | Farmers really want to try to make sure their herds/flocks grow big and strong as quickly as possible. They want their animals to stay healthy too. So, to do that, they have for years given small doses of antibiotics to their animals to keep them from getting sick. Food safety advocates and medical professionals are worried though that this could make humans sicker in the long run.
Antibiotics are great! They keep us from dying from stuff like tuberculosis or staph infections. But they don't always kill all the bad bacteria when we take them. They basically give our immune system a huge advantage in fighting infection. But some of the bad germs survive and become that much stronger. The big fear is that you giving farm animals antibiotics when they don't need them, it could make some human diseases harder to treat down the line. We already know that TB and staph have some really nasty drug resistant strains out in the wild, and we don't want more of them.
We're also not quite sure how these antibiotics given to animals that give us meat or milk might affect us. There are lots of rumors that the antibiotics given to animals might be doing things to humans. We're still not sure if these things are good or bad, or if they're wide spread. Scientists are still figuring it out but some think it might be affecting how quickly people are growing or that it might be killing the good bacteria in our bodies.
Environmental activists also worry that these medicines might be getting into ground water and affecting the ecosystem.
With all these concerns, and with people wondering more and more where their food comes from, grocers have started slapping "antibiotic free!" labels on their food packaging. It was a smart move: "organic" and "all natural" foods have become very popular and the labeling makes people feel better about what they're buying.
In the end, though, we don't really know if these farm practices are really as bad as we worry they are. The concerns we have are very real, and very valid, but scientists need to do a lot more research into how what the farmers do affect the rest of us. There is also very little oversight into the way food is marketed and labeled, so we don't always know if the foods labeled as "antibiotic free" are really as free of antibiotics as they claim. Mostly, it's good marketing. We buy the "antibiotic free" meat and milk because we feel better about ourselves when we do.
Michael Pollan's "The Omnivore's Dilemma" covers a lot of this (where our food comes from and how farm animals are raised) if you're interested. | 7bfeec0d-becc-43ec-a56b-42c31ed57123 |
5ltit4 | How did they produce and put Zyklon B into the cans without killing the workers making them, when it reacts being exposed to oxygen? | Zyklon B was produced in pellet form which only released a gas when exposed to water and heat. The pellets could be handled in relative safety otherwise.
Also, materials which cannot be exposed to oxygen could be mechanically canned in sealed conditions where air wasn't able to enter. Consider compressed CO2 canisters: Clearly workers aren't all in a room full of CO2 stuffing them full with their bare hands. Technology exists where materials in one tank can be transported into other containers, via what are typically called "pipes". | 414c150e-4ce0-4a19-a7f8-a371120efa7d |
79u1vx | Why does shampoo not lather up well when you shampoo for the first time in a while? | My sister told me a long time ago that dirt is the enemy of suds and that stuck with me. But it's basically true. Your hair has oils that are important to its structure. Those oils allow dirt to cling to it. Shampooing strips away those oils and thus the dirt. but remember dirt is the enemy of suds so you won't lather up the first time you do it. That's partially why shampoo instructions say to do it twice, to waste more product and to make sure your hair is actually clean. The second one will probably lather up considerably. Alternatively if you wash your hair too much it will always lather but you are doing considerable damage to your hair. | 88cfbe85-834a-4635-afd0-47871f5b07e2 |
84utya | Why is Toys R Us the company responsible for the debt required to buy itself out? | Because the old management team agrees to sell the company to the new management team. This is known as a 'friendly' deal. The new management team, who are technically 'employees' of the private equity team, arrange for the debt too be paid by the cash flows of the company.
ELI5: your dad owns a restaurant that produces $1000 of profit per month. Your dad sells it to a friend. That friend goes to a bank and says, "I'm buying a restaurant and I need a loan. I will pay you $750/mo and that cash will come out of the profits of the restaurant." The bank says, "OK, we have looked at the finances of the restaurant and we think this is a good deal. Here's the money. ***HOWEVER***, if you can't pay the loan, we are going to take the restaurant from you and sell it at a bankruptcy auction." | a252d898-78d7-46fe-8315-4169ac2252e3 |
52m3rc | why are most if not all of the zippers on my clothing made by the brand YKK? | About half the zippers manufactured are made by YKK, a Japanese company. Zippers are finicky and YKK makes reliable zippers. One reason it has managed to stay on top of the game is that it controls almost the entire manufacturing process, from smelting its own brass to making the final product, which guarantees it can keep making reliable zippers and has the added bonus of helping to hide its corporate secrets from competitors. There are some competitors which are cheaper, mainly in China, but the zippers break more easily and a lot of the developed world is wary of lax regulation in China and don't want lead in zippers. Additionally, starting a zipper manufacturing company would take a lot of capital and you would have to get a pretty big market share to make a sizeable revenue stream, so there are high barriers to entry. Here's an article that goes into more depth: _URL_0_
tl;dr: YKK makes good zippers, controls the whole process, and it's hard to get into the zipper game. | 3ad87895-00b6-4768-a751-4e1497d2fcd7 |
488c8h | How do games with 2-bit color have transparency? | One of the four "colors" is allocated as transparent. There's another bit that can say what transparent should be represented as, which in Pokemon's case is represented as white.
So for Pokemon, the color scheme is not white, light grey, dark grey and black. It's transparent, light grey, dark grey and black. Transparent is represented as white.
Backgrounds don't need transparency, so they can get the full white, light grey, dark grey, black color scheme. | 7e01259d-eec4-46e2-99a6-a687dad154e0 |
1ez46y | Multivitamins | There's a lot of stuff going on in this question, here's an ELI5 attempt:
1.) Absorption - this is complex unto itself but in short you have a few different factors at play. So even though you may be ingesting 1000% of the recommended intake of a vitamin or mineral you may not be absorbing anywhere near that.
1-a) Saturation - Some vitamins and minerals just get passed once the body is saturated. Magnesium is a great example, once your body has enough it just passes through.
1-b) Chelation - Another factor that influence absorption of minerals (pure elements like zinc, copper, iron, etc) are the chelations. Chelations basically make the mineral more digestible, going back to magnesium, magnesium comes in multiple chelations e.g. magnesium tartrate, magnesium threonate, and so on. Different chelations have different potentials to be absorbed. For example magnesium citrate may be less available for absorption than magnesium tartrate.
1-c) Open Pathways - Some minerals compete with each other for absorption, for example I believe calcium and zinc get absorbed by the same pathways (think of them like doors) and as a result a dose of both can result in less absorption of either or both.
1-d) Digestion - A multi-vitamin is really dense nutritionally and may not be fully unwound or digested. Think of this as trying to read an entire encyclopedia in one borrowing period from a library. You can help aid absorption by taking MVs with a meal to slow the emptying process.
1-e) Solubility - Water soluble vitamins break down in water, fat soluble vitamins break down in fat. IIRC the fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K (the remainder (B's and C) are water-soluble) if there is no fat present when you ingest the fat soluble vitamins they get passed through the digestive tract. It is VERY hard to over dose on water soluble vitamins, while over-dosing on fat soluble vitamins takes a while for the super saturation to accumulate.
2.) Overdose risk - There are few factors here as well. But in short, if the pills killed people they wouldn't be sold.
2-a) RDI vs RDA vs TUL
2-a-1) The RDI (recommended daily intake) is set for substances that are necessary for health and typically set at a rather low level. These also tend to be applied to things you have to seek out as opposed to things that are easy to acquire. This level prevents diseases of deficiency but does not necessarily guarantee the benefits of saturation or potential benefits of super saturation. Most minerals and vitamins have RDIs.
2-a-2) RDA (recommended daily allowance) is set for substances that are easier to acquire and need to be limited to prevent too much intake. Again these levels are typically set to avoid illness not necessarily optimize health. An example of something with an RDA is sodium, which easy to ingest in abundance and can be harmful if over consumed.
2-a-3) TUL (tolerable upper limit) is basically an RDA for things that are a bit harder to ingest but can still be toxic in large doses. This is typically set at the level where the benefits of saturation or super saturation start to give way to the harm of "toxicity".
For a hypothetical example, a mineral may have an RDI of 10mg which avoids a disease associated with deficiency, a vitamin may provide 50mg (500% of daily value), recall that you don't actually absorb all 500%, but the TUL could be as high as 150mg. Remember, if MVs killed, nobody would buy them. | c1fd4782-e3af-4f47-bcf1-d8146dfc0acb |
223p7d | Who/what is John Barleycorn? What exactly is this reference implying/trying to accomplish? | [Jack London wrote an autobiographical novel](_URL_1_ about dealing with his alcoholism. He used John Barleycorn in the title because its a reference to hard liquor like sourmash whiskey.
On a somewhat lighter note you reminded me of the band
[Traffic](_URL_0_) whos song John Barleycorn was popular at one time. | 7f34af5b-bb07-4dda-af65-522ec0ce0c27 |
8p556c | Why aren't laptop graphics cards removable like ram or hard disk? | Graphics cards produce a lot of heat, so upgrading one might lead to a situation where the GPU puts out more heat than the cooling system is designed for.
And to save on costs and space, most of the time graphics cards are soldered into the motherboard instead of creating multiple unique sockets, or the laptop just uses the integrated graphics card of the processor. | 9dedbf20-cb00-4bb9-912a-fbca661d6668 |
1ru45e | How is it that game designers can make better looking games over the lifespan of a console (Xbox, ps3) yet not change the hardware? | Because they learn more about how they can use the hardware over time. As they experiment and learn it's capabilities and limitations they can make it do more and more awesome things.
Just like how skateboarders learn how to do more complex and cooler tricks over time with the same boards. | 2318021b-6f6c-4eaf-b275-d2b89e775f57 |
1vn5oh | Why is it that bookies can survive by simply taking peoples bets. You would think that on a game like the superbowl a bookie would have a 50/50 chance of turning profit or losing a ton | Bookies make money because they don't pay even odds.
All the bets are placed in a pool, and then the bookie's fee (take) is removed. The rest of the pool is used to pay out the bettors for whichever team wins, proportionally to each bettor's wager. | 19bde246-912a-4517-ba50-885889b5db04 |
7fsyin | If you cant vote or comment on an archived post then why the number of votes are different each time i refresh the page? | Ever since Reddit removed the ability to see the exact number of upvotes and downvotes on any given post/comment, they have slightly "spoofed" the numbers to make it less "exact." I know they have reasons for this that included upvote/downvote botting, but I don't remember the specifics. | 5ad666af-44e8-4e99-a309-36dde327b8e7 |
2qcd1j | When an object gets stuck in your eye and doesn't come out, where does it go? | It comes out. Just because you didn't see it come out doesn't mean it didn't.
Or it is still in there. But it cannot go around behind your eye or anything so that is doubtful. | 13636b3b-bad3-43c6-ab00-46fc8cc9d31d |
2sw6o7 | Why is the nomenclature for "permanganate" so different than the usual nomenclature for polyatomic anions? | If I recall my chemistry correctly the per- prefix signifies that it is as oxidised as it can be. | ba08e7f2-9c5f-438e-a87c-404c23ed0302 |
7q4krd | Why did the first world war start and indirectly influence the start of the second world war? | After World War One ended in 1918, Germany had to give up land and was banned from having armed forces. They also had to make large financial payments to the victors of WW1
There was a lot of unease, unhappiness and Germany being in a position where they just couldn’t get going because of all these penalties. Everyone was upset and needed a spark. Along cake a leader who was charismatic, tapped into this anger and promised to deliver greatness and a return to their empire.
In 1933 the German people voted for a leader named Adolf Hitler, who led a political party in Germany called the National Socialists or Nazis. Hitler promised to make his country great again and quickly began to arm Germany again and to seize land from other countries.
Shortly before 5am on Friday 1st September, 1939, German forces stormed the Polish frontier. Tanks and motorised troops raced into the country over ground, supported by Stuka dive bombers overhead. A total of 1.25 million Germans soldiers swept into Poland
So had WW1 and it’s direct results lead to the rebubbling up of ww2 | 84d9ba23-681c-43b5-98af-860339627f81 |
14y695 | Why does Coca-cola still advertise? | I discovered some years ago that the point of most advertising at a certain marque level was not to acquire new customers, but to retain them or even stop "buyer's regret".
For example, BMW pretty much never expect somebody to see one of their adverts and think "Oh, that car looks good, I'll buy one of those!", because who the hell makes a purchasing decision of that size based on advertising? Most of their advertising is actually focused on people who *recently bought* one of their cars and is sat there thinking how much of a Ford or GM they could have got for 40% less. It prevents buyer's regret, and pushes them from just a buyer into a brand-loyal fan. It also enhances brand value in general, which is critical when establishing how much your brand is worth financially.
Brand value is where Coca-Cola come in. Frequently in the UK people will say "it feels like Christmas now", once the "Christmas is coming" Coke ad with santa on lorries going through town is aired. Think about how powerful that is: people associate the celebration of the Messiah's birth, or perhaps the most intense emotional experience of the year that you can point to on a calendar, with a can of *sugar water*.
When you hear "Coke", you immediately think of the colours of the can, the taste of the drink, and have an emotional response which is probably very happy, positive and affirming. That's what a lifetime of Coca-Cola telling you what they stand for has done to you.
Recipe-wise, it's almost identical to Pepsi, but think about how you feel when you think of Pepsi, and how you feel when you think of Coca-Cola. That difference? That's the advertising. And it kicks in when you're stood in front of a fridge about to make a purchasing decision.
Most of the Coca-Cola sold around the World is produced under license, it doesn't come from a magic well, and is relatively easy to synthesise. So how much would the company be worth if it weren't anything special? Their entire advertising strategy is to increase brand value which also helps them whenever a customer hesitates about buying their product.
**EDIT:** I strongly recommend if you're interested in how advertising really works, that you check out the counter-argument to all advertising, Ad Busters magazine. [Their website is good](_URL_0_), but not nearly as awesome or eye-opening as their magazine.
**EDIT 2:** Some people are saying the difference between Coke and Pepsi is "obviously" different. Science says different. You might want to read [this paper that says mental association with brand values is more important than taste](_URL_2_), so your brain is tricking you somewhat. [Here is a good little write-up on neuromarketing](_URL_3_) that asks some interesting questions.
**EDIT 3:** This is now my highest ranked comment on Reddit, and I just noticed I got Reddit Gold. Thanks! I really appreciate it, whoever you are.
**EDIT 4:** [Filbs](_URL_4_) mentioned in a reply to this post that it would be great to have somewhere where we could rip apart advertising campaigns and spots and work out advertiser motivation. As this discussion has shown, some ads are very straight to the point, some are quite complex and involve complex layering of emotions. Also, I felt it would be good to collect and discuss links to papers, articles and lectures on the science behind advertising. I'm quite well read on this area, but I'm not a professional, so I was reluctant, but I realised my fascination with this area is above and beyond the casual, so I present to you: /r/adbreakdown/ Please do consider joining in if this is an area that fascinates.
P.S. This morning [this appeared in my news feed](_URL_1_) and I thought some of you might appreciate its "honesty" ;-) | 6f2cd986-198b-49a0-8e90-15c6b8b111ac |
1viqgy | How can the Japanese still be allowed to hunt whales in the southern ocean. | They're doing it "for science", and selling the corpses afterwards.
The claim is that the age of a whale can only be reliably determined by the stones in their ears, and getting to that data requires killing the whale. | 73da1c26-3b04-405f-bdd2-f8fb45c52840 |
2nj1ci | when theres an oil spill why cant we just light it on fire and let the oil burn out? | Sometimes it is burned to control a spill, but burning crude oil releases a lot of toxins that aren't so good for humans like carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, etc. | 0edec87f-1e1e-44aa-abab-7752b918e531 |
4rblop | Why can you hear an initial "poof" the instant a firework explodes, even before the boom comes a second later? | It's not instantaneous, it just happened a couple seconds earlier. There's a small explosion- the *whoompf*- that's the mortar launching the firework (if you're paying attention, you can see the shell, which usually glows faint orange, rising), and then, when the shell reaches the right height, there's the much larger *boom* of the main charge, which ignites the glowing pieces and throws them out in that familiar flower pattern. | 47c0daea-75df-4bc8-b0e3-44319b39af1f |
l5p66 | LP's, EP's and whatever other P's are out there. | If you're talking about records, LP is Long Playing, or a full length album, EP means Extended Play, it contains more than 2 songs, but not as many as a full album. | b706030c-d141-44f0-888e-00d3cb047e52 |
8lhl0d | When a mountain climber dies on Everest, why do they just leave them there and not pick up the body with a helicopter? | Helicopters can't get enough lift to fly at the upper altitudes of Everest. Even if they could, there are very few locations they could safely land and hauling a body to one of those locations is difficult To the point of imperiling the lives of those who would attempt it. | 30f2b47d-20f5-4128-b9c1-6fc517141698 |
l8oqv | why acid doesn't burn the test tube but it will burn other things? | The pyrex glass used in test tubes is extremely non-reactive | 1c98ebca-ffae-43c7-a0c0-211b14398c0a |
nqfy9 | Why does looking near a bright light help me sneeze? | It's a reflex that resulted from some nerves getting crossed during development. | 10a6e964-918e-4aab-9ace-2a4da1814c08 |
542jv2 | Why does doing this with a pen make a lighter's flame 'float'? Video included | 1 The flame is not floating
2 There is a part of the flame that you can see because it radiates in the visible part of the spectrum and another which is radiating in the UV part of the spectrum.
3 Blue ballpen inks are composed by some 40% substituted triarylmethane dyes. These chemicals have insaturated bonds and oxygen-containing radicals, something that butane (lighter gas) has not. Therefore they burn easily and energetically.
4 What you see is the combustion of the dye in the lower part of the flame where you have more oxygen and less soot is present. In the upper part the temperature is reduced and there is more incandescent soot so that you can see a transition fron UV, to visible violet and to the rest of the visible spectrum
Source: google. | 21ce2494-4267-432c-bae9-a5d469e40b2b |
3hzv8x | What are the chemicals for synthetic drugs derived from? | Not a chemistry expert, but chemicals are derived from many sources. Lots are produced by bacteria and then purified or distilled, or they use other chemicals to separate it individually. Different molecules can break bonds or form bonds so they combine all of these on certain ways to form what they want. Valium is derived from a precursor 5-chloro-isatoic anhydride which is commercially available and has many other uses. | d738bd5f-ffa6-4c15-a28f-1e36cb471c37 |
1tf3ge | Why do "AIDS treatment breakthroughs" keep making it to the front page every week when all of them are nowhere near proven or relevant yet? | This isn't an HIV or Aids question, this is a why do people jump to conclusions so quickly question. | 7fb859ad-c6f7-403f-8ac1-172d9c4daa65 |
2rlfj9 | Why aren't lateral passes more common in the NFL? | They're risky. It is hard to gauge where another player is in the heat of the moment and if they are an inch ahead of you that is an illegal forward lateral. The ball is also loose. Unlike a normal pass if the ball hits the ground the ball is still in play. You can think if it like any fumble. | d5fb2e52-f6d8-45fd-b2cd-b93172aec58a |
2ibn4m | What is going on in North Korea right now? | Well, I really don't know the politics about North Korea but it's facist, authoritarian and totalitarianistic.
Not Democratic as far as I'm concerned.
Why?
People blindly follow Kim Jong-un or are forced to or they face persecution. Much of the people's lives are controlled and closely monitored. Foreign media is strictly prohibited. Though, some citzens manage to have their own DVD players, MP3s and modern technology, they risk it.
The hotel there still has the box-y color TVs from the 90s as for most people. The radio cannot be closed, often blares propaganda, it can only be dimmed. Defacing the Kims' pictures or even ripping their image in a newspaper will result in harsh consequence.
People are often persecuted without trial, consequences are often harsh and lead to extreme violate of human dignity and lead to the gulags some which are worse than Hitler's concentration camps.
As for the history, I don't know much either but I'll give you what I know, the Koreas seperated as a result of the Korean War around 60 years ago, aside from epigenetics, there's nothing genetically different between people who live in North or South Korea, even the Korean [languages](_URL_1_) pass the border, the only thing that seperates is their nation. Anyways, after the war, Kim-Il Sung was in place to run the DPRK and a ceasefire was made (still here up to this day) and resulted in the demiliterized zone or DMZ, it's a buffer zone and the most heavily guarded border between the North and the South.
Kim-Il Sung died in 1993, his body was embalmed and set up for everyone to see in some place, kind of like how Lenin is set up. (Kim Jong-il now resides next to him) So yeah Kim Jong-il cam into power and the 90s was a horrible time for North Koreans, the USSR was a big supplier of food but it's downfall lead to lack of imports which includes food which had a catatrophic effect on the North Koreans, it wasn't in a position to support it's population, North Korea is very mountinous, doesn't have much percipitation thus, most land is not arable (around 20% is) there is more land to graze than to farm.
As a result of Kim Il-Sung's death, the millenials were not as influenced as those who grew up worshipping him or remember to be under his spell, so they are more open minded in a sense.
A few extra things:
A major influence of why North Korean's escape to China is seeing foreign media and they see how much of a better world there is and it is the opposite of what has been hammered in their head for years.
Other major reasons include being destitute, economic reasons and search for freedom.
Defection is on the rise. Thousands have defected since the 90s, there's more and mroe every years, virtually all defections are to China, this is not their final destination but somewhere safer than NK, but once they're in China they're not done yet, they are not refugees according to the Chinese government and once caught, they are sent back and face concentration camps, forced abortion and death, so North Koreans often resort to go into hiding and being low profile or having to work for years so they can be smuggled to South Korea or some streak of luck that may bring them somewhere safe. Some resort to being wed to Chinese farmers, but they do not go far from there.
*North Korean Christians are the most prosecuted in the world. There are a few churches at Pyongyang for show but not for religious reasons.
* There were several incidents of foreigners held in camps.
* You can actually visit North Korea, they let in about 1000 tourists a year, but your visit is strictly chreographed, you may not wander freely.
* That big hotel in the middle of Pyongyang is just sitting there, they're working on it but not yet availible.
* The gulags are horrid, read Escape from Camp 14 or google "Unspeakable Horror of North Korea Gulags" (Too afraid too google atm, tho it yields no pictures of dying people, but it's a video full of non-realistic drawings, it's NSFW and it gave me nausea)
FMI recommendations:
* Go find some TED talks about NK
* "Escape from Camp 14" -some book really interesting
* _URL_0_
* Etherium Sky's documentary on North Korea (My favorite documentary, it really shows the sprit of people)
* Some Vice stuff. | 2b6f3b0b-e341-4cfe-bba6-b38b4ed4afdb |
183uhi | Why do perishable ingredients such as butter, milk, or eggs no longer have to be refrigerated after they've been baked into a cake or cookies? | The proteins and fats have been cooked and thoroughly denatured, and most of the water content has been driven off, these two steps do the most to prevent the cookie from reacting with oxygen and going 'off.' Consider when eggs are pan fried and the liquid part of the egg changes color and solidifies -- that's thermal denaturing; what we called being 'cooked.' This turns the protein strands from a wildly wavy, unconnected net into a tight, coherent structure that can be picked up with a spatula and slid onto a piece of toast.
Dairy products like milk and butter also suffer from oxygen exposure; that's how butter goes rancid and milk goes 'off.' Basically they consist of milk proteins and butterfat suspended in water; butter is just concentrated milk fat, with very little water.
The French use a [butter dish](_URL_0_) with an air lock to hold butter at room temperature for weeks at a time. The water in the lower part of the dish seals the butter compartment off from the air, and preserves the butter. And your butter is still spreadable! Awesome!
They're still susceptible to bacterial contamination, but it's really the water content that does the most damage in terms of any kind of contamination. Let's compare really crispy cookies with soft cookies, which ones mold first? The soft cookies get moldy first, because they're moist and still have some appreciable water content -- which mold loves. Water and sugar make mold happy! Decrease those ingredients and you'll get items that last a long time. Think of zwieback toast, Swedish flatbreads, hard chocolate chip cookies or even something like baked pita chips -- all those items are pretty perfectly dehydrated, thus they last pretty much forever!
**TL;DR:** Cooking good, water bad. Sealed containers good, oxygen bad. | ae18e29c-dc23-4ab8-aa8a-4c2195bbc251 |
5myor3 | Why does it seem like almost nobody in the world wears socks? | I have no idea what planet you are from, but here on Earth we men regularly wear socks. While I admit to working from anecdotal evidence I can't think of a signle friend who doesn't
Is it possible some of these men you're seeing are wearing below-ankle socks and therefore it's hidden by the shoe? | e2849cf2-4528-498e-b86a-975505e47909 |
53mq4c | If SpaceX founds a Moon colony,whose law applies? Can they simply declare Elon Musk Republic? | National sovereignty is defined by having the force to defend your borders & getting recognition from other countries. We have some laws about space but it's all very abstract since nobody's meaningfully had the capability of colonizing there.
A huge practical difficulty would be that terrestrial governments who disapproved of the colony would have control over terrestrial launches of resupply missions. If the base wasn't self-sustaining, it would be at the mercy of terrestrial governments to allow those launches.
If you were self-sustaining, you'd be pretty much independent until a planetary government thought it was worth the immense expenses involved in sending a bunch of space marines up to subjugate you. At that point, you'd have to fight something akin to the American Revolution - a war with a superior but vastly distant power. | bd587b90-3ec5-473b-8660-4b4c4732dec2 |
173m15 | How timezones work in Antarctica? | time only has meaning when you are using it. Timezones only have meaning if multiple people a distance apart were using it. So if you travel across the US in a train, you might have trouble getting places on time unless you accounted for time zones.
but there are no people living in the antartic except for a few scientific outposts and whalers (or some other group of people).
if you work for a base, you would use base time (Which, as the map shows, is synced up to home time). if you were dogsledding alone across the ice, then who cares what time it is (dogs can't read clocks). if you were travelling to another base, then you would have radioed ahead and worked out any problems ahead of time.
This works rather well considering the environment in antartica. you'll get very long days, and at some point the sun won't even set. What does a time zone matter if you aren't trying to coordinate with the sun? plus, its so cold you'll be staying in the base when you can anyway.
So basically, you'll use base time until you reach someone else's base. Base time is based on your home country's time. But you don't really follow it in the usual sense because base time might be far from the sun's time. so you won't car that you are leaving for a hike at 2 am (eastern russia time), just that you need to be back by 3:30 when the sun dips below the horizon and the wendigos come out. | 80184089-1220-4be5-9889-b4a3e23eb3a1 |
2lg4bb | Why are drugs bad for me but make me feel so good? | They release large amounts of endorphins in the brain (the same chemicals that we have when we are happy or excited) and when the drug wears off the brain goes into an almost relapse where it is so low on those endorphins from getting tricked by the drug you are in a lull and craving for more drugs. That is the laymans terms not very scientific | 04ec0d3c-fb8b-4a3f-b423-db333c71bc0a |
my1aa | What gives music an emotional feel? | Notes represent pitch, which is measured in absolute Hz values. But they can be re-arranged in infinitely many different ways. Overall, certain patterns emerge in song-writing in terms of **melody & ** **harmony** (both dealing with pitch and tempo) and **timbre**
which is the quality of the instrument, voice, or percussion.
Each system of music can roughly be identified by how they divide their notes between octaves. If you take the frequency in Hz (eg 500) of any pitch, its double (1000Hz) is an octave above and its half is an octave below (250 Hz). Perceptually, however, there are always the same number of distinct 'tones' in a scale.
In just one tradition - the western one - there are 12 possible equally spaced notes in a scale. Major and Minor scales are 2 of several possible 'modes' which contain 7 of the 12 possible notes arranged in an order. A lot of the 'emotion' comes from the relative arrangement of these notes. The same song transposed from A major to B major might 'sound' very different but in terms of physics there is no real change (relatively).
But other emotional elements come from outside the pitch: take any single line of melody and alter the timbre: use different instruments and quality of sound or try altering the tempo. Without any change in pitch, you can definitely alter the emotional content of a song. | 67b4c958-159d-4155-8ff2-dd7253d84d03 |
j5nln | How did Prohibition ever get enacted? | One aspect of the history that's not often talked about is that Americans drank a lot of alcohol prior to prohibition. I mean, like, a really lot. About a pint per day for every man, woman and child. That's because the government used to give out money to farmers if they would produce corn. Soon, American farmers were producing more corn than people in the country could eat, so we had to come up with ways to use corn without simply cooking it up an eating it. Later on, we'd start using it to make corn syrup to sweeten things, and a version of plastic that was less bad for the earth, but before all of that the simplest way to get rid of our extra corn was to make liquor out of it. We had so much cheap corn that people made a lot of liquor, and when you have a lot of something, you can't charge too much for it, because people can always buy it somewhere else for cheaper. So before prohibition, the price for liquor made out of booze was really low. It was, in fact, the cheapest drink available in most places, so people drank it all the time. It was common for people to have it on their lunch break at work. Religious people were, for the most part, in favor of Prohibition, but politicians were for it in part because Americans really were drinking too much.
[citation](_URL_0_) | 7bc22430-d4d2-4507-b89e-c308ab3076cf |
8x2urq | How do stretchable things stretch? | Your question pretty much has to do with material science. I’m no expert but I just took that class last semester in college. Rubber bands are a polymer, meaning that they’re chains of multiple repeat molecules. Like other kinds of polymers, they can be stretched without deformation (breaking or any kind of altering of its integrity) due those many chains. This is because the multiple chains coil and assort themselves in an asymmetric way, so that when they’re pulled they straighten and thus can be elongated. Now not all polymers behave this way due to different types of chains, and how many chains they have, etc, but we don’t need to get into that.
Now onto springs. Metal doesn’t “stretch” like polymers do, but metal is still elastic. Meaning, it can bend without deforming (depending on stress and type of metal). This is due to the inner metallic bonding. Metallic bonding is much weaker in comparison to other types of molecular bonding, so the atoms can moved more “freely”. So when a spring is compressed or stressed, you’re technically just bending it like you’re bending a straight piece of wire. The difference is just the shape of the metal.
I hope this answers your questions!
**edit:** grammar | 8ec7466b-df75-46b1-b490-cadf0522748a |
92igpu | Why does the IRS let people go years/decades without filing their taxes but then audit people that do file their taxes on time? Wouldn't their energy be better spent going after those that have W2s but haven't filed in years? | For the large part, a lot of individuals who don't file in a given year likely have paid more in taxes than they owe, or owe a relatively modest amount. Those people, even if they did something wrong in the eyes of the law (not filing when you overpaid by itself is not illegal), aren't worth going after. However, if the IRS has any red flags that you might have underpaid a lot of money, they will investigate if resources permit.
Afaik, child support is not handled by the IRS either, so it's out of their jurisdiction. | 2b1c9918-26c7-40e8-ba67-463942109fe9 |
4xxwz6 | what would happen if I was charged for a crime that became legal? | Disclaimer: I am not a lawyer.
If you are arrested for, but not yet tried and convicted of a crime before the activity was voted on and made legal, that may be your only chance of not going to prison. The odds of that happening are very slim, however, since even after a bill is passed, it may take months before it is put into effect; longer than you'd be waiting to be put on trial.
It may come down to which state you're in and what judge and jury you get. It also depends on your lawyer, too. A good lawyer who actually has time to work on your case may do his/her best to ensure the trial get delayed until such time as the passed bill goes into effect to at least give you a better chance of winning an appeal should you still be convicted.
Even if you are arrested for a crime that later becomes legal, the DA may still look to charge you with other crimes related to your arrest so you'd still have to face fines and/or sentencing.
The only way to guarantee you wouldn't be convicted after the crime becomes legal is if that is covered under part of the legalization bill. That is, unless sometime before then the state you're charged in had already passed a law that would protect you if you're awaiting trial and what you're arrested for/charged with becomes legal.
If you were arrested, convicted, and sentenced before the activity you took part in became legal, there is still no state that has signed any bill that would release you from prison due to its legalization. Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper attempted to pass a bill in 2014 that would release people charged with marijuana offenses since marijuana became legalized in that state, but I haven't found any information saying that the Bill had passed.
[Colorado Governor Set To Release Those Convicted On Marijuana Related Charges….](_URL_1_)
In 2015, it was ordered that 6,000 prisoners who were serving sentences for marijuana based offenses be released from prison before serving their full sentence due to new sentencing guidelines that have reduced charges for those crimes.
[6,000 People to be Released from Federal Prison….](_URL_0_) | d434c53d-a191-4485-9fa7-b132b35c240c |
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