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npoc9 | What happens to adrenaline once its in your system? | Adrenaline is released by the adrenal gland in your body. Almost everything is your body can use adrenaline (called adrenaline receptors).
The effects you feel under stress are caused by the release of adrenaline, so once you feel it, your body's already used it. (Under normal conditions) Once your body decides there is no need to be stressed, adrenaline no longer gets released.
I say "under normal conditions" because people who suffer from anxiety (panic attacks) have a release adrenaline, which then causes even more anxiety, releasing more adrenaline. | eee457ba-60c0-4c0b-82a5-c0fe7380abc0 |
6h7zoo | is it possible to 'change' our voice permanently, like if I put on a voice 24/7 would that eventually become my 'real voice? | its impossible to permanantly change your voice,
The only thing you could do is damage your vocal chords. | 5654b0f9-e0f6-494c-9be5-44952b89b470 |
26z3pr | Are first world countries only wealthy because third world countries are poor? | Theoretically, no. Wealth is not a zero sum game, because wealth is not strictly measured in the amount of actual, physical dollars which exist. Right now, third world countries aren't generating enough value with their resources, and a huge part of that is exploitative rather than endemic.
So I don't need to take a dollar from someone to have a dollar's worth of wealth, I just need to have something that I can theoretically obtain a dollar for. That includes my time and labor. The question, of course, is whether I could afford to purchase products if they were made by people who earn a living wage, and based on what I can tell, I think the answer is probably yes. If every adult on Earth earned enough money to live on, prices for products probably would go up to compensate, but it doesn't have to be a one-to-one correlation with the increase in wages unless–and this matters–companies insist on making the profits they're making now.
Most companies could make up in volume what they lose in labor costs, because paying people more money opens up new markets. As it stands, the reason this isn't being done is because there isn't any incentive. People are buying Nikes and iPads without regard to whether the labor which produced them is reasonable. Most companies operating in a capitalist market aren't going to bother jumping through hoops to make their product human rights friendly. | 2dd4f3f1-0372-4947-a370-9a5a189713d7 |
1odps9 | How does the 3D on the Nintendo 3DS work? | What you are actually looking at is two separate screens in one unit.... well, technically three as there is the non-3D screen too, but lets ignore that...
The 3D screen of the 3DS is actaully two screens in one. One screene points towards your left eye, the other towards your right eye. It will play even frames on the left screen, odd frames on the right screen. This tricks your brain into percieving depth, as it happens so quickly that you cannot see it flicking from one to the other, your brain therefore sees the two images in stero and boom 3D.
However, its also that switching which makes you feel ill. The frame-rate is not high enough to totally fool your brain, it kinda works, but if you use it for a long time your brain is still processing left, right, left, right, left, right, left, right over and over and this makes you feel a bit odd. It effects some people more than others. When you are looking at a real object in 3D, you are not doing this quick left, right, left, right switch over as what you are looking at really is three dimensional. | ad783b8c-263d-4d9e-842b-f0b1f77fdda8 |
1d7swp | Why there are different types of blood & the difference in them ? | As to why? That is hard to say. Part of it is evolutionary differences. For example certain races such as people from India have blood types that no white person could have.
The difference? Let's just talk about A, B, AB, and O. There are molecules attached to the surface of our red blood cells. Based upon their configuration, we gave them the categories A, B, and O. You express each one based upon what Mom and Dad gave you.
So you mom gave you A and dad gave you A, you are A.
If Mom gave you A and Dad gave you B, you're AB.
If Mom gave you B and Dad gave you B, you're B.
And to be O, both of them had to give you O because A and B are dominant over O.
Now on to the Rh factor. You've heard how you can be positive or negative? Such as O+ or A- ? This is Rh factor is completely separate from the A B O.
The + or the - basically means: do you have the Rh factor or not? If either parent gives you a copy of it, you have it. If neither do, then you're negative.
As far as donation and recipients think of it like this. The body attacks what it hasn't seen before. I'll make a little drawing to help you. This is completely fictional for the sake of understanding.
Let's assume each blood type "looks" like this.
O = %%%%
A = %%%%A
B = %%%%B
AB= %%%%A and %%%B
So this is why O can give to anyone. Everyone already has the O backbone on the blood cells. But, let's say you give A to B person. They B person would see the A part and their immune system would kill it.
An AB person then is the universal recipient. Because their body is used to the presence of A and B, it can receive A, B, AB, or O.
In terms of the Rh factor, remember you either have it or don't. So people who are + for it can receive - blood because the - blood is simply lacking the factor. However if a - blood receives some + blood, the body will say, "I've never seen this before! Attack!"
Sorry if this is complicated. Hope it makes sense. | 58f7fbe9-2bba-4e68-b0b7-9e4022720e56 |
3mqkv9 | why is Volkswagens false emissions test hurting the company's reputation more than other more serious recalls that have killed people? | It is not that emissions are more important than a human life. It is the fact that in this case, it was a very purposeful lie. And it makes people wonder if they are lying about this, what other things might they be lying about that might directly affect their safety.
To some degree, people accept that production errors can happen, but it is the way the company responds to them that makes the difference. If they cover it up, it'll have more of an effect on their reputation (again, because if they are lying about that, what else might they be lying about) than if they immediately set in order a recall once they have spotted there is a systematic failure. | f5691451-8892-4c59-a526-9bcafe085c93 |
3ht9pc | What does North Korea's attack on South Korea mean for me? | What it means right now: North Korea and South Korea are having another dispute with North Korea puffing itself up like it usually does.
What it could mean in the future: A war between both sides that could potentially ruin both Koreas, and possibly American intervention. If America does intervene in the possible war, it probably won't directly affect you, but would affect you the same way the war in Afghanistan does. | 09ad1439-0842-4cba-a6df-6c71a888ab8f |
yyyct | What "Real Hacking" Is | Exploiting a computer system requires you to first identify a vulnerability. To be able to find a vulnerability in a program that you don't have the source for (you don't get part written for humans, just the part written for the computer) requires a person to know about all different kinds of vulnerabilities and be able to spot them by testing or by examining the program using special tools like debuggers and decompilers.
Once you have found a vulnerability, you have to figure out what you can do with it. Maybe there's a way to make the program crash. Maybe you can get access to parts of the computer that are supposed to be protected. It takes a great deal of patience, knowledge, and skill to do this.
Sometimes a vulnerability becomes very well known and information (or, sometimes even whole software applications!) on how to exploit it becomes public. Using that public information, a person with much less knowledge and skill could exploit the vulnerable software just like if they'd figured it all out for themselves. | e140473d-025c-4abd-ac91-d8d1471e77b2 |
2vunm8 | Has CERN found the Higgs particle or not? I know last year there were very strong indicators that they did and they would get back to all of us when they tested further. But I cant find anything but 8 month old speculative documents at this point. | The LHC shut down for upgrades in early 2013 and is due to restart soon, so there are likely to be more announcements once it's been running for a while and they've analysed the new data.
The current position seems to be that they're confident they've found "*a* Higgs boson", but won't yet call it "*the* Higgs boson". In all the experiments so far it behaves as a Higgs boson is predicted to behave, but there are more predictions to test. They also haven't ruled out the possibility that this is one of several types of Higgs boson that exist. | ce0e03db-cd86-4d1b-9a4a-deff60044058 |
73v7he | In cases of mass shootings with one perpetrator, why do witnesses often report seeing multiple attackers? | Gunshots are very loud. That means that they echo in situations where other sounds wouldn't have audible echos. They hear shots from several directions, and tell that to the police, who decide to play it safe and act as though there are multiple attackers. | 5f88a82b-d8fa-4053-a596-037e764428dc |
2o2vmr | How are "knots" formed in trees? | Woodworker here.
/u/cnash is right about knots caused by branches: the branch wood is flowing at more or less right-angles to the rest of the trunk; the grain in the main trunk has to flow around the intrusion that is the branch, creating the characteristic "eye" pattern of a knot. Woodworkers tend to dislike knots because the knot wood is both unstable (it tends to shrink and eventually fall out of a board) and more difficult to work (because it's end-grain, rather than long-grain, due to its orientation).
/u/cdb03b is right about burls: they are areas of "disorganized grain" (basically tree-tumors) caused by a variety of factors. Infection and infestation are two, but there are probably others as well. As far as I know, the actual etiology of burls is not fully--or even all that well--understood. Woodworkers tend to love burls because the disorganized grain induces a lot of "chatoyancy" in the wood, in which light appears to dance and play within the wood, and looks super-cool when the wood is properly smoothed and finished. | 6111a681-7077-445e-933e-66258b702302 |
2kbu1z | Why is censoring a vehicle's license plate important for privacy? It's not like we can't see everyone's license plate already. | The chances of a person jotting a license plate down while in traffic is a lot lower than if you have a static image you could reference. | a02c6f4b-eb4b-4ad3-8294-640fad4d2f7a |
1xnacq | Why and how do Lumbricus terrestris (rain worms) simply appear during rain? | They sense the vibrations, and they crawl up to the surface. Worms need to be wet in order to breathe, so they can't survive on dry land. If it's wet, they come up because they "know" they can move around freely on the surface without dying.
A lot of birds exploit this fact by hopping around on the ground and tricking worms into thinking that it's raining. | ce48cf0d-dff0-4028-9abc-61193602d707 |
1st0pp | When we drink the juice of a fruit, what are we drinking? What does the juice do for the plant? | Fruits are usually bait. The plant puts sugar and water in it to tempt some animal to come along and eat the fruit. In exchange for this food, the animal then distributes the seeds from that fruit elsewhere allowing the plant to spread. | d9b3f554-0c01-4d2a-9e56-40ef48a8c42f |
8b1hzc | Would using a local anesthetic like lidocaine help with the burning from hot peppers like habaneros? | Interesting idea. I'm not sure if it would or wouldn't help.
I will note that milk doesn't (directly) counteract the pain or heat, at least that's not its primary function. The hot substance in peppers is an oil which doesn't mix (easily) with water. Milk contains fats that will mix with it and wash it away.
Normal soap is also somewhat helpful, but milk is one of the only things you'd want to put in your *mouth* if the burning issue was caused by *eating* a hot pepper. Lidocaine might help on skin, but might not be safe to use in your mouth (read the instructions carefully before using any product like that). | 51cb27b6-e133-4b59-8985-42152864425d |
2eyxmo | Why do online newspaper use a paragraph for each sentence? | This is what they teach in journalism schools. A paragraph should only contain one idea as readers would get bored with a wall of ink. | ceeb5800-0f5c-4e1e-8d2f-c19324fa362b |
5jf2uc | Can someone explain how drug control rooms help drug addicts? | How do they help addicts?
They provide a safe environment, usually with clean needles, in which to use. There's medical attention nearby in case of OD. Most importantly, it's an environment where users can be exposed to *help,* where they can ask for help, where they won't be arrested or judged. | 14113687-9b45-49a7-9215-a91d0b002d1f |
5jl237 | what does it mean when payments shall be made by the company in arrears at the end of each month of services? | > Does this mean I will be pay on Jan 5
Yes. "In arrears" means they pay after the work is done, not before. They have 30 days after you submit the invoice, which comes after the work is done.
> What do I do if they pass overdue and when will should I start inform them that they're overdue, in advance or later?
You inform them they're overdue once they're actually overdue. If you invoice them on December 6, you shouldn't say anything until January 7. | df25e6ca-64fe-41cd-9a07-49ec4f6e32d0 |
1qy7lx | How time signatures work and why 4/4 (whatever that is) seems to be frowned upon etc. | 4/4 is the most common time signature... I've never heard about it being "frowned upon" | ab57ef78-152f-468b-81c0-e3abec9b9ff7 |
4hjmui | Is there any difference between eating 10 cookies today and eating 1 cookie every day for the next 10 days? | Yes. Eating a large number of cookies will add many calories into your diet. Your body will be busy processing those calories and using them for energy as they come from fast-energy sources like simple carbs. Other food you eat with fat and protein after eating 10 cookies will be set aside until the cookie carbs are burnt, and will lead to weight gain.
Eating 1 cookie a day is probably not a huge enough influx of carbs or calories and will be fairly inconsequential and not promote weight gain nearly as much. | a1af33d1-a455-4d56-8499-80aef3fc4820 |
4wjx0t | How come artificial sweetener can be used in diet soda to reduce caloric intake but cannot be used in chocolate? | You could use artificial sweetener to reduce the calories in chocolate but a large number of calories from chocolate comes from all the fat that's necessary to give it a proper texture. This is a problem you have with most solid foods - there's few things you can use to give them volume & body that can pass through your body without problems.
Drinks are easy because they're pretty much just water + flavoring. | a0edc8cb-e4fa-4344-a35e-4c2a0537cc14 |
31y05z | Why do MLB games start at random times like 7:05, 7:10, 7:40 etc., instead of just starting at 7,8,9,etc.? | Because of television broadcasts. It let's the station start their broadcast at a normal time, say 7, and have five or ten minutes to do an intro to the game before first pitch. | a2d58546-69ef-46a9-b7f0-3e2860b64b75 |
5pr6o0 | New device batteries and charging them | Using up the entire battery until it's dead will just lower the battery life over time You should charge when the battery is low and not dead Also using a device while charging won't affect it | e37d52e1-b76d-4ff2-a36d-ff132d28458a |
14ackp | Airlines rules against using electronics before 10,000 feet and having your seatback in the upright position for takeoff and landing | 1. Takeoffs and landings are the most potentially dangerous parts of the flight. Electronics reduce focus during safety briefings and awareness during the takeoff/landing. Reclined seatbacks and ajar tray tables reduce passenger mobility in the event of an emergency, when the ability to evacuate the plane are of utmost importance.
2. Flight attendants are so adamant about enforcing the rules (even to the point of moving you from a malfunctioning seat) because they can personally be held liable if a passenger does not follow these rules. | 625f51fd-aca1-4f87-b8f9-e523b797ff55 |
12ytpa | Why do Snowflakes have a 6-based symmetry, and why is each one unique? | Caltech has an excellent primer [here](_URL_0_) but basically, the molecular structure of water itself leads to the 6-fold symmetry, and the fact that no two are exactly a like is a result of tiny imperfections in the crystals as they grow, combined with the staggeringly [huge](_URL_1_) number or possible shapes. | a555f1af-0932-4587-acb9-4f33ead46b5a |
47muj8 | When/How did peanut allergies become so prevalent? | Pediatricians in America advised against nuts since they represent a choking hazard. An indirect effect was that children's immune systems were not exposed to nuts during its development. Once developed, their immune systems reacted, violently (anaphylaxis) at times. The American Academy of Pediatrics just recently realized that in other countries, nut allergies are very low, so they reversed their position on nuts and recommended introducing nuts in an easily digestable form as early as 6 months. | 1d1a199b-ccc3-4e04-bffd-99c7638a9e53 |
4rslak | Audio feedback. | The amplifier is amplifying its own output in a closed loop so the volume keeps increasing. | 7d16a665-807c-4e46-a24c-9f7da567d3a4 |
tovkj | How does prizes like "Win Pespi 4 LIFE!" work? | It all varies on the prize. Sometimes they give you a huge upfront amount that they call a lifetime supply, sometimes they dole it out every so often in instalments, sometimes they get you to ring up and ask for more when you run out. It's not going to be an unlimited supply though.
It's rarely bad to win a life time supply of something, regardless of how they're getting it to you or how much a life time supply turns out to be. | 740e91fd-3d97-4b73-ae35-0c974f53e478 |
6kard5 | Why does it hurt our eyes to look at something that is bright? | Human eyesight evolved in a specific environment to serve a specific purpose, so eyes are attuned to the needs of that environment.
Eyesight is merely a light collection device, so any light spectrum greater than the normal range can damage these sensitive tissues. A pain reaction serves to avoid damage and is therefore a necessary biological function to protect eyesight.
This is also why filters are needed to photograph bright light such as the sun. A normal camera lens functions within specific ranges attuned to human eyesight since being viewed by humans is the purpose of a camera. | 05f0c1c1-d8a2-4bf7-bf6c-a63dd17491e4 |
4v6wib | Why did we come up with Magenta, Cyan and Yellow for printers instead of Red, Green and Blue? | It's the difference between additive coloring (RGB) and subtractive coloring (CMYK).
The paper is white so by using Magenta, Cyan, or Yellow you are using the ink to "hide" portions of the white coloring (which contains every color) thus allowing the unhidden portions through. If you used all 3 the result would be black, but black ink is simply used for this instead. Using magenta and yellow for example obscures everything but the red light so the result appears red when you put Magenta+Yellow ink on a spot.
In RBG coloring (electronics - tvs, monitors, etc.) there is no white paper so you are simply adding red, blue, and green together in mixtures to get any color you want. If you use them all you get white, if you use none you get black. | 0824b417-5349-4e55-9244-8d2c51d48b3b |
5vth64 | Why would estrogen and progestogen in birth controll pills decrease fertility for women instead of increase fertility? | The important thing to know is that the menstrual cycle is just that, a cycle. A series of things happen in the right order, repeatedly, and that allows for ovulation and fertility. Hormones are particularly weird in that different levels, or a pulse vs. a constant amount, can have very different effects. Disrupting the cycle with constantly elevated progesterone and estrogen can prevent ovulation.
At low constant levels, estrogen and progesterone provide negative feedback that decreases production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, which are required to stimulate development and release of an egg. (Progesterone also thickens cervical mucus, so sperm get bogged down and can't make it to the egg.) The best way to show the influence of hormones on the menstrual cycle is, pun intended, a flow chart:
_URL_0_
You'll notice that this chart has estrogen stimulating LH. Oddly, while a small amount inhibits, a large amount triggers the surge in LH that triggers ovulation. Hormones are weird. | 7f144b53-5d99-4c3b-978d-f4d70109d9ee |
1jge2c | With what money does a government make payments with in a deficit? And who do they owe that money to? | Governments will issue what are called bonds, which lets anyone purchase the bond with the agreement that the government will pay the money back in time plus interest.
The government pays down these debts using revenue collected through various means (the greatest of which is taxes on the citizen population). The debt is owed to many different people, countries, and businesses. | 0105592c-f6b4-4374-ba68-765398231ccc |
499wk1 | why are paper prescriptions required for Schedule II scripts? how is that in any way more secure than electronic scripts? | My doc just upgraded her system to allow her to write schedule 2 and submit digitally. More stringent. Requires her to use a hardware RSA key for two factor authentication and all. It's coming. Don't worry. | a6b8d91e-4cdc-454a-abf1-b5043261b8b4 |
33t5yl | Why isn't mouthwash a good enough substitute for toothpaste? | Toothpaste is a mild abrasive.This means that it is better at scraping, specifically scraping plaque from the teeth. Mouthwash does not have this property, and may not remove all plaque and food scraps from the teeth. | 7f0f55bc-2b31-4300-b5c4-04364381cc56 |
7285za | Movie Volume - Action scenes VS dialogue | It's more of a side effect when converting from surround sound to stereo. Because surround has 7 speakers around you, each one requires less volume to make a large total sound. When you compress these 7 speakers into 2 for stereo, the action sequences that use all 7 speakers normally, get compressed into two speakers and are made very loud. While the dialogue scenes with only 2 speakers being used initially, are not compressed so they are at their initial volume which is very quiet compared to the action scenes. | 20963ea8-56ce-4e00-904b-16324be858d3 |
65j7j4 | Why do optometrists and opticians refuse to tell me my pupil distance? | If they give you the PD value, then you can go on-line and buy glasses for a tiny fraction of the price which they would like to sell them for. Without the PD value you may have the right prescription on the lens, but the lens will not be in their ideal position on your face which causes distortion. You might be able to get a close number by using a friend with steady hands and mm ruler. I saved about 90% on my second set of glasses by going on-line ($50 instead of $500). | dc2c0f95-b5e1-4c91-9231-525f3198e459 |
28ruzp | Artificial Neural Nets | Neural networks is one of many techniques in computer science which draws its inspiration from nature where something intelligent or organised seems to happen where you would initially not expect by looking at the individual components. In this case we're trying to model neural cells, or neurons, in the brain. Each neuron in itself is fairly simple, yet when combined in huge numbers, you get the human intelligence.
I will use some pictures from [this](_URL_4_) excellent article. It's a very good explanation of neural networks, I'll just try to go a little simpler but even the website itself is quite understandable to a layperson.
So the neural network is a network of neurons, as you might guess. Each neuron in itself is quite simple. It has some inputs and one output. We can model each input and output being a value between 0 and 1, or in the simplest case, just either 0 or 1. The neuron also has some multipliers for the inputs. These can be any real numbers, positive and negative. There's one multiplier associated with each input of each neuron. The neuron simply multiplies the input with its corresponding multiplier, then adds them all up and gets some number. Then there is some threshold value, if the sum of the multiplied inputs is more than the threshold, the output of the neuron is 1, otherwise it's 0. There are many variations to neural networks, what I've described here is the most basic model.
Then other neurons connect with their inputs to the earlier neuron and get its output as their input. They all then use their own multipliers and thresholds to keep this going. The many connections form a kind of a network, thus the name. The whole process needs to start somewhere, so there are some neurons which get their inputs from the outside world instead of other neurons, think of sensory cells in the biological equivalent. And some cells somehow affect the outside world, or produce the final result of the calculation. So the whole picture looks something like [this](_URL_0_).
It's fairly easy to prove what such a network can do. It's nothing but a simple linear classifier. What that means is that it separates input values into different classes linearly, linearly meaning with straight lines and planes. Take a look at [this](_URL_2_) picture. You can imagine one sensory input value being on the horizontal axis and another on the vertical. A single neuron then somehow divides the possible input values in two areas using a straight line. When you combine several of these, you get something like [this](_URL_3_), where you can form arbitrary polygons with straight lines. They don't have to be connected, you can also do something like [this](_URL_1_). So the network can recognise if the input points fall inside some polygons. When you have more inputs than just two, you get the same thing but in more dimensions, possibly much more than the three we're used to. The volumes are still separated by straight planes though. With some variations of the basic model, the separating lines or planes can also be curved, but you still only have a fairly simple classifier. It gets some inputs and then tells you in what region of a many-dimensional space the input point falls into.
So why are these worthwhile at all then? With enough inputs and neurons, despite the classifier being conceptually simple, it can still in practice be quite complicated. Think of something like giving the neural network a small picture of a human face as input. Each pixel of the picture is an input value, possibly several if you use colour pictures. The pictures then form a very high-dimensional space, each picture representing one point in it. The classifier can then somehow classify the faces (or at least try to), for example by gender. Or in a computer game, you could somehow transform the knowledge of an enemy into input values. Then it classifies the input space into actions, should it move left, right, up, down or fire, or something.
You may have noticed that I didn't yet address the issue of where the values for the different multipliers in the neurons come from. There are many different methods to do this, I'll just describe one simple one. You can at first assign some random values to them. Then out of the many random networks, some may do whatever it is what you want the network to do the tiniest bit better than others. You can then take those and mutate the values a bit, again randomly, and then pick the best performing networks and keep going. Hopefully, after many generations, you get something that does what you want. This whole process is called training the network, and like I said, there are many techniques of doing this. The difference to programming something is that in programming we carefully think what we want to do and how we can logically arrive to that from inputs. With training we can arrive at something useful despite knowing exactly is going on inside the network. We don't really know what a single multiplier represents, in fact, it probably doesn't represent anything at all that we might conceptualise.
So the value of neural networks is that you can modify the behaviour by simply altering a whole bunch of numbers. This opens up the possibility to do the training automatically, or at least semi-automatically. They aren't computationally any more powerful than any other method. If you just knew beforehand what the best way to classify the very high dimensional input space is, it'd be quite trivial to perform with more traditional methods the exact same thing that a neural network is going to do. | 2b8f30ad-ac84-467e-bdaa-2f591438e314 |
8f817k | Do firefighters use fresh water to extinguish the flames? If so, why not use salt water? Also, why is the pressure of the water from the fire hydrant so high? I would like to know it’s practical use and what causes it to be so high, like maybe PV=nRT? | Salt water is unavailable most places, unless it's created. Also, salt water is far more corrosive than fresh.
PV=nRT is the ideal gas law, and doesn't apply to liquids. Pressure is high because they have fat pipes with high pressure water feeding the hydrants. | f9bae878-944e-4e34-a581-e8d3d2fcb5bb |
5v3jyd | Goods and Services Tax (GST) | We're all familiar with taxes that tax your income. But there's another class of tax that taxes your expenditure - it's called a consumption tax. A goods and services tax is a type of consumption tax.
A very simple type of consumption tax is the sales tax that is added on to the price at the checkout. But, what if, instead of just taxing the last sale, you taxed every transaction as the product trickles down the supply chain? When you do that you have a goods and services tax (sometimes called a value added tax, because every transaction in the supply chain adds value, and it is the value that is being taxed).
Consumption taxes are seen to be reasonably fair because, unlike income taxes, they're quite difficult to avoid. However, they're not perfect because it favours richer people who don't spend their entire paycheque (ie they don't consume all their money), whereas poor people pay the tax immediately on payday. That said, rich people will always get a tax advantage over poorer people, it's just that with a consumption tax the advantage is a lot less than the advantage they get from avoiding income taxes. | 603a2a0f-e214-4bc8-af49-bb15bea86262 |
6viyt7 | What is SMTP? | STMP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is the common language (protocol) used by both email clients and servers to understand each other and be able to send emails. Imagine that you were building a new Outlook application. You would need to "speak" SMTP if you were to communicate with the email exchange server. Otherwise, it would not understand you. Pretty much like when you go to a foreign country where no one speaks English and you have to learn their language.
Please note that SMTP is only used for sending emails. There are other protocols for receiving emails, such as POP. | c0b9b994-918a-4c2b-aa26-7a7532716a3a |
3d6plp | How can a video have more likes than views? | Videos are stuck at 301 because YouTube starts to change the way they count views and they check the video starting after 300, so videos will often get stuck at 301 because it's the first number after 300, then youtube had to process it on their end before they start to count those views | 788fc891-6db1-4a4b-92eb-81c91e3bb47d |
61shfs | Why do schools still insist on standardized tests even though all the teachers and students find them to be dumb? | Pretty simple. Because they are easy to grade and organize students based on a score.
There are much better ways to gauge learning, but they require a lot more time and effort than filling in bubbles and running them through a machine. | 489667af-4124-4748-b583-3ccc6ac9aa18 |
61kvdm | How does rolling something between your hands produce an almost perfect sphere? | Imagine starting with a cube-shaped chunk of play-doh and rolling it in your hands. The corners get smushed, because they stick out. There are still some edges that stick out though. If you roll carefully, you'll eventually smush down all the corners and edges without making new ones. A shape that doesn't have ANY corners or edges is a sphere! | 83f195d3-1da6-4e2d-aefc-2289aa6ae3f6 |
8kw8lv | How can people die from skin cancer? Why can't the cancerous part simply be cut away? | Cancer is cancer because it spreads.
If its a benign tumor or you catch it early enough then you can easily cut away the affected area and everything is fine
If the tumor metastasizes(spreads) then your melanoma(skin cancer) can go from tumors on your skin to tumors in your liver or kidneys or lymphnodes. These tumors will also grow and spread throughout your body. Now you've gone from cancer on your skin to cancer throughout your body which can't just easily be cut out, this is where Chemotherapy and full body radiation come in as they attempt to kill all the pesky cancers that have spawned around your body. | 16aaf0ba-2853-4fe2-87ae-80c5e54b28de |
3xcg8q | What is the reason for car alarms going off due to vibration? | 10+ years selling/installing alarms here.
It's not a vibration sensor, it's a "shock" sensor. 504D is a common part number.
It alerts the owner to an impact. For instance, your ex taking a Louisville Slugger to both headlights, or a thief smashing a window. Things that wouldn't trigger the alarm if it just went off for an opened door/hood/trunk. It's also a deterrent, thieves know to tap a car and see if it chirps. No one wants to stand there while an alarm goes off.
The fact that it goes off for a severe vibration (thunder, motorcycles, etc) is a side-effect of a poorly adjusted sensor. They do have a sensitivity dial, and most pro's set it at a point where you need a *real* impact to set it off. Out of the box, it's often way too sensitive. | 37952e78-a6aa-4d12-a245-8d73a34c8a12 |
371s42 | How exactly did ISIS form and why does Reddit say their formation is because of the United States? | ISIS formed due to the power vacuum caused by the Syrian Civil War. They were one of the more competent groups, and as such, more and more people joined their ranks. The more people they gained, the bigger their ambitions got. Eventually, their ambitions outgrew the organization they were originally part of; Al Qaeda.
Reddit says ISIS was formed as a result of the power vacuum caused by the US' invasion and occupation of Iraq. While a large number of ISIS' fighters **are** former members of Saddam's military, the reason they were able to gain so much territory so fast, was because Iraq's former PM, Maliki. The US saw the risks posed to Iraq from ISIS long before the US left, which is why the US asked to stay longer, but Maliki refused. He stated his military was strong enough to handle any threat, and that the US was fabricating threats in order to continue to occupy Iraq. Once we left, Maliki began to considate power, and began persecution of the Iraqi Sunni population (driving many of them to join ISIS). He even blamed the Iraqi VP, Tariq al-Hashemi (highest ranking Sunni politican), of organizing a suicide attack, further dividing the Sunni-Shiite population.
Once ISIS invaded Iraq, Maliki's government failed to act appropriately, because they were more concerned with possibility of the Kurds expanding their territory/declaring independence, than they were ISIS... which only allowed ISIS to expand to the gates of Baghdad itself.
If it wasn't for Maliki's incompetence, greed, and corruption... ISIS wouldn't have ranks flooded with Iraqi Sunnis, it wouldn't be at the gates of Baghdad, and it would simply be another small player in the Syrian Civil War.
So while the US invention eventually led to the environment that allowed ISIS to grow, the US also attempted to take the appropriate steps needed in order to prevent ISIS from expanding, but Iraqi politicans continuously took steps that only added fuel to the fire. | bc302fb9-ff8c-4ec4-b598-ca5ed72b79ac |
2z1eq0 | fluoride ingestion vs fluoride topically on teeth | > Will fluoride ingested orally react with HCl in the stomach?
No. Fluoride is F- (a negatively charged ion) and it will remain F- when it's in your stomach. It doesn't react with anything there, especially at the very very low concentrations you'd find it in water and other drinks.
> Every time someone say fluoride is safe, I wonder how it travels in the body until it gets to teeth. Please eli5 :)
It actually goes straight from your mouth (the water in your mouth) to your teeth. This is why Fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash work even though you don't swallow them. For the purposes of tooth health, there's no reason to swallow it. However, there's not really any risk to swallowing it as long as you don't swallow A LOT of Fluoride every day for a long time. | 004bb5c6-adb7-42ed-95e8-e39db6ddc637 |
4bgw1o | Why is Europe so much focussing on going as "green" as possible, even while the most polluting areas are Asia, South America and Africa? | Europe is setting an example which other nations can learn from. It would be hypocritical of Europe to denounce the waste and pollution in other areas of the world and make no effort to improve its own efficiency. | 7789ac16-c0b2-40ce-bb1e-c1bec79849fc |
3b1mfn | What would it look like if we could see radio waves? | Phones and wireless access points would all glow, and their light would stream through walls like light through a lampshade. Radio towers would do the same, like distant lighthouses through a fog. All phones would be the exact same color, but the wireless access points would all be slightly different shades of the same color. The radio towers would each have it's own color.
Radio also bends around objects well, so corners would light up just a little bit, like the corners of a glass fish tank with a light inside. | dc678919-c6f5-4584-a045-6e10ffdde151 |
2dqv3v | How come I can drink milk just fine during the day, but if I do it at night I wake up with horrible stomach pains? | Maybe you're somewhat lactose intolerant. Since digestion slows down at night, it could be that your body doesn't produce enough lactase to digest the lactose sugar in milk. Perhaps your body has JUST enough lactase when your digestive system is most active during the day. | 06fd0ee5-af27-471c-a9aa-902ffef717ce |
54rdio | If user "data" is so valuable, how exactly do we define it's "ownership"? | He who creates it and defends it, owns it.
Company data is created by the company, not by a user. data sets are created and collected by the company. Users don't create the dataset, they make the data by actions, but by agreement with the TOS, they hand over that data to the company. | c9d1fc7e-ac3a-41ee-93e0-dda410c3bd66 |
6ftztc | Why do so many stores require a minimum amount of purchase for you to use your credit/debit card? (Usually a $10 minimum or so). | The fees to operate the machine can usually seem exorbitant. Especially in smaller towns, you'll see some credit card reader companies charge a base fee per swipe and then a percent of total cost.
Basically, if you spend less than $5, some places could technically lose money when all costs are accounted for. | 600112e6-8a6d-4160-b2e4-f79c40afa9bc |
3t5gzc | Does the human brain have a "refresh rate"? | We haven't seen any significant evidence thus far to conclude that it does.
Part of the issue is the brain just isn't organized enough for any kind of cohesive, system-wide refresh rate. That said, individual nerves have a resting period in between signals in which they are unable to fire (or at least it's more difficult for them to fire), so there could be an argument for such a phenomena when looking at small nerve systems. | 2b4e0a32-453a-44ba-b1b1-12e449c82b2a |
1jb59h | How Priceline can have a name your own price option while other hotel sites dont | They set up an agreement with properties to offer different levels of pricing for the same room types. They can list the same room inventory as costing $50, $75, or $100 and when you name your price they pull from the closest inventory and pay the difference. There are only a limited number at each price level however.
Often, Priceline is lower than competitors because they have dramatically reduced their commission rates. Other sites may have the exact same price available but have higher overhead costs and require a greater commission. Certain properties do have exclusivity agreements with OTAs (online travel agents), but OTAs can also include parity in the contracts which prevents the property from giving a lower rate to a competitor. | 3e56f398-b2f4-4a89-9b8f-cb9cc21cff5f |
6yzeky | If the economy is getting better, why is it so difficult to get a job? | To my knowledge we only solved the unemployment issue by creating low paying jobs, like technical and blue collar. But we didn't help the middle class which is the heart and soul of a countries economy.
[Edit] to add-on this was what the last administration did. We have yet to see how the new administration will and what to do. | b3023b3c-a2cd-4e40-b903-5ae975f2c1af |
5j8euy | How come Doctors don't get sick more often? | First, I think it depends on the sort of medicine that you practice. If you're a specialist, like a cardiologist, you probably don't see so many cold and flu cases. If you're an ER or family medicine doc, that may be a different story (more on that in a bit).
There are protocols that medical staff like doctors and nurses have to follow to protect you and themselves from illness. For instance, they're supposed to wash/sanitize their hands when they come into the room to take a look at you. That's as much to protect themselves as to limit spreading patients' germs.
Medical professionals are also required to get vaccines like the flu shot and Hep B - no exceptions.
Having a disproportionate number of physicians and nurses in my family, I have to say medical professionals **do** get sick more often than us regulars. Just a recent example: My brother (MD) got some sort of weird-ass viral infection he's been fighting for about 4 months now. He's not contagious, but it's something he picked-up from a patient. It's affecting the nerves in his ear, so he's having a terrible time with vertigo and his balance. He told me it affects about 100 people a year. Forget what it's called. Not life threatening. Just very uncommon. The local virologist figured it out. | 23b0f652-5970-4949-bda3-dcc9dc0bac30 |
1k30o2 | How the Affordable Care Act will actually increase my insurance premiums by 56%? | The specifics of any particular premium change are going to be complicated, but the biggest factor that the ACA would have to increase your premiums is by requiring a different standard of coverage. The ACA sets minimum standards for a plan to qualify and your plan may not have met those standards previously. Your plan may have excluded many types of care which must now be provided, it may have had very high deductables which you would have had to pay in case of illness which now have to be lower, or the plan may have had relatively low caps on yearly or lifetime coverage which must be lifted.
These changes can be particularly expensive if your insurance pool is particularly small and/or risky. If some of your coworkers have expensive chronic conditions which now must be covered, your premium--combined with your other coworkers--is paying for their health care, but somebody in a pool with less cost and risk is not.
One of the goals of the ACA is to normalize the payment of health care and reduce the risk of financial disaster for people who utilize services. Many people in need of health care, but who lack insurance, end up utilizing services in very inefficient ways, such as going to emergency rooms for simple or manageable ailments. Costs associated with medical conditions are a leading cause of credit default and bankruptcy. The thinking is that no insurance, or inadequate insurance is a major problem in controlling medical costs because it leads to situations where nobody has an incentive to reduce risk or cost. | 0cb9f1ff-6ce7-4861-b4c9-7102dc7494af |
3ehz63 | What is the difference between "feels like" temperature and actual temperature? | Not a professional but factor of humidity and windchill. The temperature may be 80 but if it's humid, it's going to feel much hotter.
It's it's 30 degrees and there's a strong wind. It will feel colder. | bce5d2aa-7678-4cf0-8c36-fcbdf417f0a2 |
5isq0p | The difference between global warming and climate change if there's one? | The terminology changed to be more broad. Global warming was what we figured out first, then someone went "oh wait, because the planet is getting *overall* hotter, that makes the weather do weird things. It's now rainier over here than usual, drier over there than usual... and a couple spots are even snowier than usual, even though overall it's too hot! We need to change the word." | 99e75046-da00-49ea-b98b-73084a17ab8b |
4nc99d | How does a software company offering a "free student subscription" know you're a real student? | The answers here are correct, but I want to add: Autodesk doesn't actually care a whole lot whether you're a student or not.
Autodesk makes all its money selling software to businesses. These businesses can get in serious trouble for violating the EULA of their software (such as using a student version for business purposes). It's also very hard to get away with; all software made in student software is flagged as such, so it'll quickly become apparent to those you do business with that you're effectively stealing.
If you're not actually a student but just some random shmuck who wants to learn CAD, Autodesk is actually happy to help; if you manage to get a job with it, that will just encourage the employer to then buy the software that you're familiar with. | d10fc0ac-d246-4a01-a41a-785e767ccf2d |
26ksqf | Why do we still use propeller planes in the Air Force? | Turboprop engines are far more fuel efficient than jet engines, and more reliable in unimproved areas with lots of dust, sand, grass, and rocks. So they are the engine of choice in applications where speed is not valued, but reliability and cost per mile is highly valued. | 0bd38eab-c40b-4008-82de-b5f6a09d69d1 |
3kbkxy | Why can't the UN intervine in whats happening between Palestine and Israel? | The UN doesn't have the kind of military force necessary to invade Israel - even if they managed to pass such a vote (exceedingly unlikely).
Moreover, what would that accomplish? The Palestinians do not have a functional economy or government. They're almost entirely dependent on Israel for all of their infrastructure. I suspect Israel's desire to continue providing that support would be diminished by an invasion.
You also have to consider the fact that what you're suggesting is that foreign powers expel the people living on those lands - who have been living on those lands for generations - in favor of what is essentially an invading force. It would be akin to the UN invading the U.S. to hand California over to Mexico. | caaff4c7-7f59-4d08-8e55-04e64f37978c |
370ir7 | Why is a broken leg a death sentence for a horse? | Horses must be able to have even pressure on all 4 legs. They have very poor circulation in their legs and need their feet to be on the ground to keep the blood flowing properly. When you have poor circulation or none at all, tissue starts to die off. This is why horses must be able to stand on all 4 legs. If they put more weight on another leg to compensate for a hurt leg that can cause laminitis which is extremely painful/deadly | d8f1b2e9-b165-4596-b925-b31cb477a844 |
16rpsp | Why/How can gas stations place a $125 hold on my account when I buy significantly less than that amount of gas? | Credit card pre-authoritization-- it is how credit cards work. Gas is a metered sale.
Most times when you shop at a merchant, you pay with your credit card and it is approved/declined on the spot. "Pay first."
Gas stations, by habit allow you to fill up first then you pay-- the problem with this is if you do not have enough money to cover the transaction then the gas station loses money, the product could be contaminated or not resell-able and they will not be able to "force" you to pay.
So, they pre-authorize your credit card for a preset amount-- $125 was set by that individual gas station location, so if you were to continue to get gas until the price was $125, the pump would shut off before it became $125.01 forcing you to reswipe your card for safety measure.
So now theres pre-authorization, the merchant set on your account $125.00, but you only bought $50 worth of gasoline-- there is usually 24-72 hour limit until the business does "settlement" (usually faster for certain industries, e.g. hospitality and gasoline/pos) which tells the credit card processor that you only bought $50. The transaction gets revised from $125 to $50 and your bank will then release the funds instantly back to your account.
This is also how deposits work at hotels too.
Picture of how this works:
_URL_0_ | 90701937-c77b-445d-9a4b-15f1e7a33d75 |
49jgk5 | If blueberries are blue and blackberrys are black, why are strawberries not called redberries | There are more berries (lingonberries, cranberries, etc.) that aren't named after colors than that are. So...maybe your question is "why did we give a couple of berries names that are as bland as their color?"
Strawberries are frequently covered with straw during their overwinter process to keep them warm enough to not die, protected from the elements. | e802e6c1-4d93-463a-941a-fb35ce16bb10 |
4a7r2s | Why hackers can access database from big companies but can't access Google's search algorithm? | Are you so certain that people have not hacked or have access to these materials? I'm not so certain.
Hackers don't announce their hacks 999/1000 times. They don't make it public. Why would they? That just means people will know they got hacked, fix the problem, and try to find the hacker. Or the hacker could just shut up and continue doing whatever they are doing. | e43db756-2b33-41fe-b2bb-264ea8917c3c |
433lsd | Charging time? | This is a tricky question to answer, because the physics involved with modern Li-ion batteries is complex, but I'll try to make a simple analogy.
When you charge a battery, you are applying a voltage across the anode-cathode gap that's causing the Li ions in the medium to migrate back to their starting position. See [here](_URL_0_). This ion migration happens at a fixed rate.
A larger-capacity battery can store more charge because it has more of these layers sandwiched together. But since the distance between the internal electrodes is roughly the same in all modern Li-ion batteries, regardless of capacity, the charge rate (i.e., ion return rate) remains constant.
Imagine your cellphone battery is a line of 1,000 people standing shoulder to shoulder. Your smartwatch battery is a line of 5 people standing shoulder to shoulder. In both cases, the people represent the Li ions. When you recharge, you're forcing these people to run a 100m sprint in a straight line. Assuming all the people (ions) are equivalent, the phone and watch people (ions) will get to the finish at the same time on average. | fd8e45ed-7ebf-4ef2-b570-cb6f313741ed |
5casec | Why does each piece of a broken mirror have its own reflection | When you break a mirror, you multiple smaller mirrors. Unless those mirrors are oriented in exactly the same way, the light will bounce off of them at a different angle and give you a different mirrored image. If they *are* oriented the the same way, they will still reflect the same angle back at you. | ed8ae212-d1fb-4f99-8d9f-b5d1d0efecd5 |
2m5w6l | Why is it that after drinking several bottles of water throughout the day, that I wake up from a warm bed feeling severely dehydrated? | Sounds like you are just sweating excessively in your sleep. Try sleeping in those cold beds? | 6d3aa81d-aac8-4bb3-88df-7ed7d42cac7c |
1v0rbj | With today's modern audio technology, such as ISDN, why is the sound quality still so poor in phone conversations? | New phone tech has to be backwards compatible with old phone tech, which means the quality is on par with old phone tech. | e58d6132-b5e3-47f2-bffb-10a47de37b78 |
3ybefm | why do people get so passionate about their sport's team when they are technically not affiliated with them? | from what I've seen, a lot of people think of their sports team as direct representation of the region they live in/are from, and are trained to see it that way since childhood (if their family are also big into the team). you see this a lot with teams based in smaller cities, like the Green Bay packers, because as a smaller community it really brings them together as a community and also kind of puts them in a national spotlight where they wouldn't be without the team. it's just like a pride thing I think, kind of like people who really identify with their country of origin. | 0e61335d-3d81-477b-81ae-02ed99abce78 |
3msgxt | Why can't we attach a 100X microscope to the eye piece of a 100X telescope and get a 10000X zoom? | It's really hard to answer this in an ELI5 manner, there's a lot of complex optical physics in play.
What is important in optical systems, particularly when you are talking about 'zoom' is resolution. By resolution, I don't mean how many pixels are on your screen, or how many megapixels the camera has. It is, the smallest details which can be resolved. The classic example used to illustrate resolution is car headlights. When the car is moving towards you from a great distance, at what point do you stop seeing a single point of light, and start seeing two distinct points of light?
Without getting into the complexities, the resolution of an optical system is determined based on the size of your objective. This is why telescopes used to look at deep space objects are so large.
In your example, while you may very well be able to obtain 10000x zoom, you will have extremely poor resolution so will not actually be able to see anything at all. | f036522c-988a-4f08-9093-3729dcf6f5ae |
2gizle | Why is it when i'm in a completely silent room somehow I can hear some buzzing? | What's going on here is tied up in the function of your brain. The human brain is an immense pattern-matcher, taking in external sensation and giving it meaning, matching it to other things it knows. It's not used to getting *nothing* from its environment. The human brain gets so starved for sensory input that it will make up its own, similar to how you can start to see color if you close your eyes for a long period of time. | e1c38203-874d-4489-85fa-c246a298e22b |
88qf2b | Why do all the planets in our Solar System orbit the sun in a latitudinal path/on the same plane? | A nebula ie a cloud of gas starts to collapse. The conservation of angular momentum result in that is spins. If you have a spinning cloud with particles that travel in random direction they start to collide. A spinning direction will be dominant and a disc start to form
Particles that have a another orbit then the disc will pass trough it and collide with it. so the only way to orbit and not collide is to be in the disc. Planets are formed in the disk so they will all be in the same plane. | 0af7aa1e-bde0-4283-b3b0-de237eb7740e |
6thc99 | Why can't a brute force attack break cryptography key? | For simplicity sake, lets say your password can be any letter, uppercase or lowercase, both are different, and the numbers 0 through 9.
That gives us a total of 62 different possible numbers we can choose from, in reality, it is a bit more with added symbols, but this is just for simplicity sake and proof of concept, the more characters to choose from, the longer it will take.
Let's say our password is 20 characters long. We can choose one of 62 characters for the first character, one of 62 for the second, and so on. That gives us a total of 62^20 possible passwords that we have to brute force.
This number is exactly 704423425546998022968330264616370176.
The FBI would have to potentially try all of these but on average though they should get the password at the 50% mark, so on average they have to try half these passwords, so we divide this number by 2.
352211712773499011484165132308185088
Now say that the FBI can try 5 quadrillion guesses per second with their computers. This is already very high, no computer system that I am aware of can do this much and encryption algorithms are generally designed to be slow to brute force like this, but let's see how long it will take us.
352211712773499011484165132308185088/5000000000000000 seconds is about 2232000000000 years of guessing. | 70cc9b2c-e151-4bbe-8392-4ff44a619a59 |
1g71lj | Terminal Cancer | Stage IV means that the cancer has metastasized to other organs in the body (the lung in this case). By this point, it's too wide-spread to effectively deal with. You can't cut out the tumours cause they tend to be numerous, and the cancer cells are using your body's lymphatic system as a highway to transport itself anywhere it needs to go. | d62c458d-5538-4f39-b94d-52c33c6d7078 |
1t87sb | Why do I always have lint in my belly button and on my balls? And why is it always blue? | The winner of the Ig Nobel Prize in 2002 did a survey on Belly Button lint. _URL_0_
The results show why people get lint and how different body types, skin colors, and shirts change the lint!
Also, I read somewhere that blue is a common color for lint because the dark threads in blue clothing overpowers lighter thread colors! | cc72397d-302d-43eb-9389-daedd59b6729 |
433qe1 | How did we program computers with a concept of time? | Computers have a [crystal oscillator](_URL_0_), an electronic component that resonates at a fixed rate. The same type of component is used in ordinary quartz clocks. | 4bf44ee7-67f2-4d0f-b536-6e2ce1f1bd33 |
33s7ei | Amazon Web Services | Reddit is an AWS customer.
It is basically cloud computing, see here: _URL_1_
or here: _URL_0_
The Basics
Whether you are running applications that share photos to millions of mobile users or you’re supporting the critical operations of your business, the “cloud” provides rapid access to flexible and low cost IT resources. With cloud computing, you don’t need to make large upfront investments in hardware and spend a lot of time on the heavy lifting of managing that hardware. Instead, you can provision exactly the right type and size of computing resources you need to power your newest bright idea or operate your IT department. You can access as many resources as you need, almost instantly, and only pay for what you use.
How Does it Work?
Cloud Computing provides a simple way to access servers, storage, databases and a broad set of application services over the Internet. Cloud Computing providers such as Amazon Web Services own and maintain the network-connected hardware required for these application services, while you provision and use what you need via a web application. | 8a2b574e-d8f6-4175-a18b-6e670c5e89f5 |
1h78bz | How do those bladeless fans work? | The pedestal of the fan contains a brushless electric motor that takes in air and feeds it into the circular tube. Air flows along the inside of the device until it reaches a slit inside the tube. This provides the basic airflow that creates the breeze you'd feel if you stood in front of the fan. Dyson claims that the Air Multiplier generates a breeze with 15 times more air than what the device actually takes in.
There **are** blades in the fan -- you just can't see them. The pedestal hides the blades. A motor rotates nine asymmetrically aligned blades to pull air into the device. According to Dyson, these blades can pull in up to 5.28 gallons (about 20 liters) of air per second. | 6c605d98-7815-45cb-82f9-cc9dafef5d63 |
1hfle3 | Why is it that my PC can run high-end games easily, but is unable to emulate Nintendo DS games smoothly? | You can think of the emulator as a live translator. The DS game tells the emulator what to do, and because it's supposed to run on Nintendo hardware, the language it speaks is Nintendo specific. The emulator then has to put the instruction into terms that the PC can understand.
This works fine if two languages are reasonably similar, but if you're trying to translate 'Schadenfreude' from German to English for example, there's no direct equivalent, so what you have to use instead is a rather long-winded desciption of what the word means. That way, one German word may turn into 50 English words.
The same thing happens with emulators for dissimilar hardware. If there's no direct equivalent for a certain instruction, you have to use a workaround that yields the same basic result, but that workaround may take 50 or 500 different instructions. That's why emulation tends to be slow. The computer running the emulator may very well be 20 times faster than the original machine, but that doesn't mean much if it has to perform 200 steps to do the same thing that the original hardware can do in one step. | 63027117-c927-4996-afaf-464b1e369457 |
1lz8kj | Why does Saudi Arabia oppose Assad's regime in Syria? | Isn't this a shia vs sunni thing? Iran-Assad-Hizbullah are shia, KSA and the others are sunni. | 9a80b0ce-b6bb-4f55-bbac-ee2827703665 |
5jrxf1 | Why does fusion release energy? | Ummm, the energy released during fission is not, like, stored inside the nucleus of the atom, but it's actually (some part of) the nuclear mass, which gets transformed into energy.
This is called as "mass defect", and the same is the cause of release of energy during fusion .i. e. When two nuclei fuse under pressure some of the mass gets transformed into energy. | 4c3038a1-2b61-4a1c-bc13-136a787b2a68 |
2refh0 | What will happen if cat will have sex with dog and get pregnant? | You obviously haven't seen the show catdog.. huh?
Edit: spelling | 003f0548-a267-4369-a685-664c081643b2 |
42d385 | Why did the automotive industry choose 12v systems over other voltages? | A very long time ago automotive electrical systems were in fact 6 Volts. Someone figured out that if the voltage was doubled the current would be halved and thus allowing smaller Gage wire to be used and a significant cost savings to be realized. Wait for it...it won't be too much longer and we will be seeing 24 Volt systems to become the next standard. | 8ee5adc8-ce55-4524-8d5e-5291c128b374 |
1yydj8 | How does shifting gears on a bicycle work? | On modern bikes there's two major manufacturers - Shimano and SRAM. There's also Campagnolo, but their market share is diminishing in all but some European companies. I mention this because in recent years these two have gone with different (and opposite) ways of implementing their drivetrain systems. Up until recent years, it was much simpler.
Quite simply, what you have is a cable attached to the shifter housing, which you operate either with your fingers, or in the case of systems like GripShift, by twisting. Much earlier bikes had these as levers - earlier on the downtube, only more recently (90s) mounted to the handlebars (or integrated in to the brake levers on road bikes).
Those levers literally pull the cable taught or loosen it as it runs back to the front and rear dérailleur.
In the front dérailleur it's rather simple - tension on the cable pulls it towards an outwards position. The front dérailleur, where the chain goes through, therefore guides the chain ever so slightly that it jumps off the teeth on the chainring, and up on to the next chainring in to position where it sits. Loosening it does the opposite - it drags the chain back inwards.
Earlier I mentioned the two manufacturers. Previously, the chainrings had what are called 'shifting ramps' on the chainrings. These are small bumps that when the chain glides past them, it helps the chain shift off the teeth - so the dérailleur gives it a bit of a nudge, and the shift ramps do the rest. More recently, Shimano have put shifting ramps on the actual chain itself - so the chain is specially shaped so that every link is now a ramp. This means that rather than every 1/4 revolution it hits a ramp, it can shift for every one of the 114 or so chain links.
The rear dérailleur works similarly, but there's two main designs: Top normal or Low normal. This basically just defines where the dérailleur sits in a 'natural' position - ie, if there's no tension in the cable. The difference is that one sits in the lowest gear (more teeth, closer to the freehub), the other sits in a taller gear (less teeth on the cassette, further from the freehub).
The concept is again similar here - when you shift up, cable pulls on the dérailleur, that allows the guide wheel (the top jockey wheel) to drag the chain across closer to the position it needs to sit in. The shift ramps do the rest. The bottom jockey wheel is called the 'pulley' wheel - its only real function is to allow the chain to have tension, because as you change gears it has to be able to reach around more or less cassette teeth or chainring teeth while still having tension - otherwise it will drop and flop around.
I mentioned 114 links before - you shorten the chain so that in the combination of the biggest chainring and and biggest cog it can reach. Generally you add two links more than this - just enough for it to wrap through the guide/pulley on the rear dérailleur.
Is this sufficient information that explains what you were essentially asking? I can go in to the details of indexing and limit adjustment if need be. | bb2c943e-612b-43fd-a120-a81567cc494a |
3bxwrp | Why are a bunch of boards closed to the public like /r gaming? | Reddit fired Victoria, the wonderful lady who coordinated a lot of the celebrity AMAs in /r/iama. iama and a few other subs are going down because this actually really fucks the way they operate. The others are going down in a show of solidarity. | e0caae63-a78c-4957-bd07-1533086cddac |
2ol6ol | How do we know that all snowflakes are different? | We really don't know. We base it on simple math and probability. It's so unlikely that we can say with high probability that every one of them is different. | 40b62404-244b-4a2c-addd-08e0b91ec7b6 |
2nusig | Why do grocery stores let you do self-checkout when that makes it so easy to steal? | Grocery stores keep track of the estimated cost of theft. They have almost certainly determined that the cost savings associated with self-checkout are greater than any incremental increase in the cost of theft. | 06d89d5a-9a5a-4fc5-ad86-f2df38fbfb7b |
1ck8l7 | I understand why someone wouldn't want the government to ban gun sales, but what reasons do they have to be against stronger background checks prior to a purchase of a gun? | If the government tracks gun sales, they would by extension track gun ownership (or at least new gun ownership). People are uncomfortable with the government knowing what guns they own. | 815b815d-079d-4ad1-8040-d13df2e4740a |
5jzr06 | Why are we not harnessing solar energy from unpopulated areas? | Cost. Plus the further away the power generation is, the more is lost in transferring that power over long distances (and also the larger the cost to set up the power lines). Plus, solar panels can't run 100% of the time, so require a ton of batteries, and both the solar panels and the batteries require a lot of maintenance.
There are actually many areas of the world where investments in solar energy are being done, but it isn't really a solution everywhere. Many places are cloudy often enough to make solar power only a mediocre long-term solution over other sources of power, with a larger upfront cost. | 60d66dc1-dba8-4721-9c3f-6cef07d4c641 |
nql2z | Polyphasic sleep. | Lol somehow I read this as "polyphasic sheep"...
Carry on | d1cc3177-07b0-4d80-a92e-b2c275e8afd6 |
16q0hc | What exactly was FDR's New Deal, and what did it do for the US? | The New Deal was a response to the problems created by the Great Depression. To put it simply, a lot of government agencies and programs were created. Some of the more controversial programs allowed for labor unions, regulations on child labor, maximum hour laws, and minimum wage laws. At the time, these were controversial - there was a very different conception then of the relation between employer and employee and the role of the federal government and the state governments.
The Supreme Court struck a lot of these laws down until they eventually started upholding them (this is known as the "switch in time that saved nine," as there was a threat from FDR to "pack" the Court with more judges, although it is debated whether this was actually what caused them to switch).
Many credit the huge growth of Federal Government to FDR and his New Deal, to some this is good, and to some this is bad. It is often praised for an example of the government passing legislation to help the country. Many think that the Great Depression would have been way worse without the New Deal. | 01679cc1-1210-4ad4-834c-8f3d00cca4a3 |
3vdbzh | Why is the Wilhelm scream still used? | It's an inside joke among the audio mixing people in the business.
They put it in every movie, tv show, cartoon, and commercial where it's even remotely appropriate just for laughs. | ac65d4b8-0214-4d6e-aaef-6c7ed04a91f2 |
4f9kc3 | Why is it a problem that Cuba is communist? | The issue is not that they were communist, it is that they were allies with the USSR and are allies with Russia.
Russia is still our biggest enemy and we are still having proxy wars against them. The Cold War officially ended when the USSR collapsed, but in most practical purposes it is still going. | eda7ad7c-0c33-4c6e-bcac-ee326f90e8b2 |
lwzc5 | The Color Wheel | the colour wheel is not for scientific purposes. Artists and designers use colour wheels to create and find shades and hues of colour using blends of the primary colours, which are red, blue and yellow (those cannot be made by mixing other colours together) when mixed these three colours essentially can make any colour you want using black and white for light and shading.
the colour wheel works as a guild for creating colours. such as yellow and blue make green, red and blue make purple, red and yellow make orange. these can then be varied by adding more or less of one colour like a bluish green or a light orange with more yellow.
the colour wheel you are thinking of is the light spectrum one, on that red and blue are not close together. there are different primary colours on the light spectrum which are actually red, blue and green. im not as familiar with this colour wheel than the artists colour wheel. but i hope this helped? | f0afc492-7dfa-4b3c-b28c-64d2cca8c388 |
2ldv82 | Why do people hold their hands "palm up" when it is raining? | The palm of your hand is more sensative than the back. | 69d6ad61-c224-4aa6-82cb-6ce275451722 |
qfqi5 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | You have money. And you want to invest them in stocks. You do, and stocks do well, so you sell them to get your money back plus some more.
Rise and repeat.
Now what happens when you take a bank loan. And use that money to invest in stocks. Because you think that you can invest money you don't really have, do well, make a profit and pay the bank back while keeping the extra for yourself.
What happens when hundreds of thousands of people do that?
The market gets flooded with money that doesn't exist. There was no actual backing to it. And what happens when stocks don't do well. People couldn't pay the banks back.
How do banks do loans? Well they borrow other people's money to give to one person. When that person pays back the bank, that money goes back to the original owners. Because at one time, people just have their money sit in the bank. And so the bank makes a profit by lending out other people's money because they know they'll get it back. (Either by having people pay back the loan or foreclosing on their houses and selling the house...and stuff like that) And it becomes a cycle of borrowing.
So, now the bank has given out too many loans to people who invested their non-existent money to make a profit that didn't happen.
And you think "why doesn't the bank foreclose on houses and repossess those people's things."
They could but it would have been pointless.
Houses and cars had to be repossessed by the companies that had sold them on credit. Except the companies did not want them because there warehouses were already full with brand new appliances and cars ready to be sold. The loan agencies did not want the houses because they had no one to sell them to.
People tried to take their money out of the bank when the stock market crashed but found that there was barely any money in there. It was all loaned out. And those loans were sucked up by bad investments.
So everyone ended up poor. And poor people can't buy new or used things. So the cycle continued as factories and stores shut down because nobody was buying their products. Nobody was investing in them. | 97b756dd-a274-4531-a578-923dff0e5dec |
57rts5 | can the body repair a rupture of a spinal disk? | So I ruptured the disk in my neck. The doctor explained it like this:
The disk is like a krispy Kreme doughnut. When it ruptures the jam inside spills out. It could split on the inside or on the outside. On the outside is not such a problem. However on the inside it can directly apply pressure to the nerves it surrounds. After a while this jam can 'dry' out and can retract back inside. This is painful for obvious reasons.
Now the non ELI5 bit. See a doctor if you can. If you loose feeling or get pins and needles in a limb see one immediately. This is, according to my doctor 'really bad'. Now I just had extreme pain, we are talking screaming and being taken away in an ambulance high on ketamine bad. The 'jam' was only 2.6mm according to the scans. It has healed but is weaker and occasionally happens again to a less serious degree each time. | eaab0924-493f-4f2c-a8f6-dacdc7823838 |
3v2lmw | How does your computer removes files when you empty your *local trash* ? | Computer files aren't really ever "Removed" or "deleted", they are just marked to be overwritten on your hdd. When you first delete something it is moved into the recycle or trash bin. Its kinda like purgatory for files; they're not marked to be overwritten, yet also cant be used unless restored. Once you empty your trash bin your computer officially marks the space the file is occupying as usable; the next time you install or download something it will be written on top of the deleted files, effectively destroying them. Its worth noting that just because you deleted a file doent mean its gone, if it hasn't been overwritten its still there and can be restored using the right program. | e1117561-6205-4511-9a46-be70650bdb2e |
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