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https://collegedunia.com/news/e-457-neet-paper-analysis-of-last-10-years-for-physics
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math
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NEET 2019 NEWS
NATIONAL LEVEL OFFLINE TEST
NEET Exam, conducted by CBSE was introduced in lieu of the various state level and national level medical entrance exams. It will be conducted for admission into MBBS/BDS courses this year as well.
NEET was initially introduced in 2013 but it was replaced by AIPMT. It was conducted again in 2016. Since then, NEET has been the sole entrance exam for admission to all undergraduate medical and dental courses.
The number of questions and the difficulty level varies for every section. This article provides you an analysis of the Physics section as observed in the question papers of last 10 years.
Candidates preparing for NEET have always been intimidated by the Physics section since it is the toughest out of all three subjects. To prepare for Physics in NEET, candidates must first get hold of good study material. The important topics with maximum number of questions in the last 10 years are Current Electricity (47 questions) followed by Semi-conductors (41 questions). Other important topics include Dual Nature of Matter, Laws of Motion and Rotational Motion.
Candidates can prepare for these topics by solving the NEET mock test papers. Candidates can also refer to a few help books for better preparation since it will acquaint you with a variety of questions that can be asked in the exam. The graph given below shows the total number of physics questions asked in NEET over the last 10 years:
Syllabus for NEET includes topics studied in class XI and XII. According to the paper analysis for Physics, Class XII syllabus carries more weightage than Class XI syllabus. Therefore, candidates must give more time to the topics included in Class XII syllabus.
Most of the High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions are also from Class XII chapters. However, a lot of tricky and conceptual questions are asked from the class XI syllabus. The graph depicts the percentage wise distribution of questions asked from topics studied in class XI and XII:
Check NEET Preparation
As per the paper analysis of medical examinations conducted in the last 10 years, maximum number of questions are asked from Current Electricity and Semi- Conductors. These two chapters should be on top of your priority list since they can easily fetch you a lot of marks in the exam. A variety of conceptual and numerical questions are asked from these topics in the exam. The number of questions from each of these important chapters are enlisted below:
|Topics||Number of Questions in 10 years|
|Laws of Motion||34|
|System of Particles and Rotational Motion||33|
|Dual Nature of Matter||33|
|Moving Charges and Magnetism||30|
Over the years, the number of questions from this topic has decreased but the difficulty level has increased greatly. Most of the exam questions are based on basic formulas and rules of transfer of current. The graph shows the number of questions asked from this topic in the last 10 years:
A large number of conceptual questions are asked from this topic in NEET. Candidates must have complete knowledge of the basic concepts of Semi-conductors and its operations to score well in this section. The preparation of this topic must include study of various reasoning questions and numerical questions. Study the graph given below to know the number of questions asked from this chapter in the last 10 years:
Another important topic in the Physics paper of NEET, a large number of conceptual questions are asked from tis chapter. As per analysis, the questions from this topic are moderately difficult. The number of questions has remained constant over the years, i.e. there is no major change in the number of questions from this topic. Consider the graph given below for exact information about the number of questions per year:
The analysis of questions asked in the last 10 years shows that these two topics have similar weightage in the Physics section of NEET. The questions asked can be both, conceptual or numerical. Last year, the number of questions from Rotational Motion were more than Dual Nature of Matter but the difficulty level was equal for both. Refer to the graph given below for an analysis of the number of questions in the past 10 years from these chapters:
The number of questions from these chapters also have not seen much variation. Candidates must revise all the formulas and gain a strong hold on the fundamental concepts from these chapters. The questions range from easy to moderately difficult. A graphical representation of the number of questions asked from these chapters in the past 10 years is given below:
Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences (NTRUHS), Vi ...
NEET was originally scheduled for May 5, 2019 acro ...
NEET 2020 is a common entrance examination conduct ...
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CC-MAIN-2019-30
| 4,761 | 24 |
http://zuhomeworkzmzx.firdaus.info/mathematics-papers-ks3.html
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math
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Ks3 maths tests and old sat papers can make excellent revision tools to help students identify weak areas which require more revision key stage 3 sat maths exam . Preview resource math worksheet year 8 maths test level 5 7 paper 1 educational activities ks3 free pdf science and english complete practice papers pastst lbartman . Ratio, proportion and rates of change teaching resources for secondary created for teachers, by teachers professional ks3 maths teaching resources. Mathematics is an interconnected subject in which pupils need to be able to move fluently between representations of mathematical ideas the programme of study for key stage 3.
Year 8 maths topics at a glance access 1000s of interactive tutorial worksheets create an account to track progress and measure results genius. Gcse maths past papers years 7 to year 9 span the period called key stage 3, culminating in the maths sat test at mistermaths we guide our ks3 tutees along . Maths home page revision home page ks4 past papers and mark schemes langtree maths department continue to work with aqa examination board past papers are a fantastic tool for revision. Mathematics is the language of calculators and one thing is absolutely certain - you need to know all about it these teacher-written quizzes for ks3 maths deal with the things you need to know in years 7, 8 and 9 and include the subjects of algebra, data handling, decimals, fractions, shapes, etc.
Ks3 subjects in years 7, 8 and 9 can be a real chore when you are between 11 and 14 years old - there's so much to do in life our teacher-written quizzes make enjoyable learning and revising for english, maths, science, art, citizenship, geography, history, ict, spelling and many other topics. Key stage 3 mathematics level by level pack e: level 8 stafford burndred isbn 1 899603 26 3 published by pearson publishing limited 1997 ks3 mathematics e: level . This resource is for ks3 and above mathematics test paper this is of number and algebra and i have included one very difficult maths question / hope you enjoy this resource jevanson. Key stage 3 maths is easy – practice papers is a new revision tool for the current national curriculum with this guide comes great preparation for children aged 11 .
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Key stage three maths range maths practice papers maths complete study & practice bursting with crucial ks3 maths practice, this smashing workbook is fully . Ks3 maths practice tests (mhb33) this book contains three full sets of practice papers for key stage 3 maths — ideal preparation for the in-school tests that most pupils take at the end . Hey, i wondering if anyone could tell me which ks3 papers award which level for the ni curriculem.
St thomas more partnership of schools is a company limited by guarantee and registered in england and wales under company registration number no 7900532. We sell revision guides, study books, ks3 maths test papers online workbooks and practice papers for great for ks3 poetry here is a selection of past papers organised by age homework help passing a bill group, subject, school and year. Maths test papers ks3 year 9 free ks3 sats papers for year 9 - every past sats paper ks3 sats papers (also known as year 9 sats papers) are tests children take at the end of year 9 children are set ks3 maths papers along with year 9 science test papers. 1-16 of 108 results for maths test papers ks3 ks3 maths practice tests (cgp ks3 practice papers) 27 feb 2014 by richard parsons and cgp books paperback £595 prime.
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CC-MAIN-2018-43
| 4,654 | 7 |
https://www.bqprime.com/web-stories/pfx-best-savings-account-interest-rates-of-top-banks-as-of-march-2023
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math
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Many banks have revised their savings account interest rates. Check them now
This public sector bank is offering an interest rate of 2.70% per annum on savings account having balances less than Rs. 10 crores.
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On savings accounts with a minimum balance of Rs. 50 lakhs or less, HDFC Bank provides a 3% annual interest rate. An interest rate of 3.50% per year is offered for account balances more than Rs. 50 lakhs.
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As of March 2023, savings bank accounts holding a daily balance of up to Rs. 1 lakh will receive 3.00% interest rate.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
| 1,327 | 8 |
https://dineronline.xyz/factor-of-24-calculate-quickly-and-accurately/
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math
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Using a factor of 24 in your calculations is a great way to solve problems. It will save you time and effort. Whether you are using an app or a paper and pencil, this method will help you calculate answers quickly and accurately.
Using the factorization method, you can find the prime factors of 24. You can use several methods to achieve this goal. First, you will need to identify the smallest factor of two given numbers. Second, you will need to determine which of the two factors is the least common multiple of the two given numbers. Finally, you will need to multiply the smallest number by the other given number.
The factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12. They are all whole numbers and will divide exactly without a remainder. However, they are not all positive.
Those factors can be written down in a table or on a graph. They can also be multiplied together to obtain the original number. These factors are often referred to as the lcm (Least Common Multiple), the LMF (Least Multiple of Four), and the HCF (Highest Common Factor). A simple rule to determine the lcm is to find the smallest common multiple of a given number and multiply it by itself. The same rule can be used to determine the LMF.
The LCM is usually expressed in exponential form to make the number more compact. A lcm is the smallest possible factor. It is often used to compare parameters in calculations. Another lcm is the smallest common multiple of a given pair of numbers. A lcm can also be written in the same form to indicate which factor is the smallest.
The lcm can be found by dividing the given number into pairs. The pairs of numbers should be written in brackets. The smallest common multiple of a pair of numbers is the one that divides the given number with the greatest accuracy.
Having knowledge of the lcm will help you understand real-world applications. The lcm of 2 and 24 is the smallest possible common multiple of the given two numbers.
The lcm of 3 and 8 is the largest common multiple of these two numbers. It is also the smallest possible common multiple of any other number. Having these numbers as factors will help you better understand how mathematics works.
Using factor pairs, we can divide a number evenly. For example, if you multiply 2 and 6 together, you will get 24. And if you multiply 4 and 6 together, you will get 12. But this is not the same as the division method. The difference between these two methods is that with the division method, we are dividing the number with a divisor and then leaving out the rest. With the factor pair method, we are dividing a number with the divisor and then adding the terms to give the actual number.
If we take a look at the prime factors of 24 we will find that 2 and 3 are the best factors. We can find a few other primes by using the factor tree. These are: 1×24, -8x-3, and -12x-2.
For the most part, we need to find pairs of positive integers to find the factors of 24. This is because positive and negative numbers can be written in pairs. You can also find negative factors of a number, but they are not as easy to write down.
To find the factors of 24 you can apply the rule of least common multiple. This means that the smallest amount of factors you can use to multiply a number is the least common of all possible pairs of factors. For example, the least common pair of factors of 12 and 16 is 16. Then, if you want to find the factors of 24 you need to multiply the smallest number of pairs of factors you can use.
The factor pair approach is not always the most efficient. For example, if we use the division method to divide 24 we are left with zero remainders. So the fact that we have to multiply the minus sign in front of the factors is not the best way to go.
But the factor pair approach does have its place. For example, in the table below we have listed the factors of 24 that are the positive primes.
You can also find the factors of 24 by using the fraction number / 2. The first number is a positive number, the second is a negative number, and the third is a decimal number. We can then write the two positive numbers together to make the answer.
Whether you want to find the factor of 24 or need to calculate the multiplication of a number, you will need to know some simple methods. It is important to understand the different factors of a number so you can use them in real-world applications. It is also important to know that all the factors of a number can be either positive or negative.
In order to calculate the multiplication of a number, a factor pair must be formed. These are pairs of numbers that multiply together to make a product. These two factors must have zero as a remainder. A factor pair must be written in brackets.
A factor pair of 24 is the combination of two numbers that multiply together to make 24. A factor pair of 24 is made up of positive and negative factors. The positive factors are the two numbers that multiply together to make the product. The negative factors are the two numbers that multiply together to leave a zero as a remainder.
Prime factorization of 24 is the process of finding all the prime factors of a number. This is done by dividing the quotient by the quotient several times. It is often taught in schools from the fifth standard.
To find the factors of a number, you must first find the numbers that divide the number evenly. In the case of 24 there are 8 factors. They are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24. These numbers are all whole numbers that divide evenly. The product of all the factors of 24 is 60.
Another way to find the factors of a number is to multiply them in a series. This is a much easier method than doing the multiplication in one go. In this method, a lattice is drawn on paper and the calculation is carried out by dividing the number by the quotient. This method is useful explicitly for introducing multi-digit multiplication.
There are also informal methods of multiplication, which are loosely classified according to mathematical principles. These are often carried out mentally or with jottings on a piece of paper. The process may be organised in a way that is unique to the person performing the calculation. The process is often called a “mental” method of multiplication.
Finding the least factor
Basically, factors of 24 are all positive whole numbers that evenly divide 24. Moreover, a factor of any number can either be positive or negative. Therefore, when it comes to finding the least factor of 24, one can either use a divisibility rule or a factor pair approach.
The factor pair method is one of the easiest ways to find the least factor of 24. This technique is simple: first, find pairs of numbers that multiply together. In addition, these pairs must be whole numbers, not decimal numbers. Then, subtract the terms from the pair to get a result that is two times the number of the terms in the pair. This is called factoring.
The prime factorization method is another way to find the least factor of 24. This method takes the form of a factor tree. In a factor tree, the first factor in the tree is the smallest, and the rest are drawn from the tree until they are all prime.
The prime factorization method involves multiplying the quotient by two until the number is no longer divisible by 2. The remainder of the division is then a factor of 24. This result is then multiplied by the pair to get the original number. The product is always 24.
There are also negative pair factors of 24. These are the negative numbers that are multiplied together to produce a positive number. The negative pair factors of 24 are (-1, -24) and (-2, 12).
To find the least factor of 24 with a factor pair approach, begin by writing down the pair of numbers. Then, add the terms from the pair to get a product. If the results are zero, you know that the divisor is a factor of 24. You may also write down the factor pairs of the number. If you are unable to do so, you can write the pair down on paper.
Then, you can determine the least common multiple of the two numbers. For example, if you are looking for the least common multiple of 20 and 24, the prime factor is 1. Similarly, if you are looking for the least factor of 24 and 8, the prime factor is 2. This article will explain the factor pair approach to finding the least factor of 24.
Titulo principal: Factor of 24 Calculate Quickly and Accurately
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948756.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328011555-20230328041555-00374.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
| 8,953 | 33 |
https://journaljamcs.com/index.php/JAMCS/issue/view/2183
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math
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With the power that has taken the information technologies, one has developed the study and research about cryptography, and cryptanalysis, in which Latin squares are ideal candidates for being used in cryptographic systems because the Cayley tables of the finite groups are Latin squares. This fact has awakened a new interest in the study of Latin squares by applying them to the study of code theory and error correcting codes. They also play a significant role in the statistical theory of experimental design. In this work, we develop an algorithm for the generation of Latin squares based on the cyclicunion operation defined for effect.
The objective of this dissertation is to study the Riemann zeta function in particular it will examine its analytic continuation, functional equation and applications. We will begin with some historical background, then define of the zeta function and some important tools which lead to the functional equation. We will present four different proofs of the functional equation. In addition, the ζ(s) has generalizations, and one of these the Dirichlet L-function will be presented. Finally, the zeros of ζ(s) will be studied.
A non-linear SHTR mathematical model was used to study the dynamics of drinking epidemic. We discussed the existence and stability of the drinking-free and endemic equilibria. The drinking-free equilibrium was locally asymptotically stable if R0 < 1and unstable if R0 > 1. Global stability of drinking-free and endemic equilibria were also considered in the model, using Lassalle’s invariance principle of Lyapunov functions. Numerical simulations were conducted to confirm our analytic results. Our findings was that, reducing the contact rate between the non-drinkers and heavy drinkers, increasing the number of drinkers that go into treatment and educating drinkers to refrain from drinking can be useful in combating the drinking epidemic.
Numerous plant diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi protozoa and pathogenic nematodes are propagated through media such as water, wind and other intermediary carries called vectors, and are therefore referred to as vector borne plant diseases.
Insect vector borne plant diseases are currently a major concern due to abundance of insects in the tropics which impacts negatively on food security, human health and world economies. Elimination or control of which can be achieved through understanding the process of propagation via Mathematical modeling. However existing models are linear and rarely incorporates climate change parameters to improve on their accuracy. Yields of plants can reduce significantly if they are infected by vectors borne diseases whose vectors have very short life span without necessarily inducing death to plants. Despite this, there is no reliable developed mathematical model to describe such dynamics.
This paper formulates and analyzes a dynamical nonlinear plant vector borne dispersion disease model that incorporates insect and plant population at equilibrium and wind as a parameter of climate change, to determine R0 , local and global stability in addition to sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number R0.
In this paper we introduce the notion of geodesically complete Lie algebroid. We give a Riemannian distance on the connected base manifold of a Riemannian Lie algebroid. We also prove that the distance is equivalent to natural one if the base manifold was endowed with Riemannian metric. We obtain Hopf Rinow type theorem in the case of transitive Riemannian Lie algebroid, and give a characterization of the connected base manifold of a geodesically complete Lie algebroid.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588242.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027181907-20211027211907-00325.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
| 3,672 | 7 |
https://chestofbooks.com/crafts/metal/Applied-Science-Metal-Workers/Problems-On-Pulleys.html
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math
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1. How much pull at P would be required to lift 150 lbs. at W? (Fig. 18.)
2. What force at W would just balance 200 lbs. at P?
3. With what force or how many lbs. is the rope C pulling on its fixed end when 300 lbs. is being lifted at W? (This force or pull is called the tension at C.)
Fig. 20. - A Dumb-Walter Pulley.
Fig. 21. - Tackle or Awning Pulley.
5. How far would the three lower pulleys and frame be raised if the rope at P is pulled down 6 ft.?
6. How does the force of the arrangement shown in Fig. 19 differ from the force obtained from a block and tackle having three pulleys in each block (neglecting friction)?
Fig. 22. - Use of a Single Pulley. Double-platform material elevator for lifting materials to a building. One elevator goes up while the other comes down, so that only force enough to lift the actual load is required.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499646.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128153513-20230128183513-00343.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
| 844 | 8 |
http://www.jstor.org/stable/170928
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math
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You are not currently logged in.
Access JSTOR through your library or other institution:
An Empirical Formula for Visual Search
Bernard O. Koopman
Vol. 34, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1986), pp. 377-383
Published by: INFORMS
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/170928
Page Count: 7
You can always find the topics here!Topics: Mathematical constants, Diameters, Experimental data, Luminance, Approximation, Information search, Range searching, Tangents, Asymptotic value, Natural logarithms
Were these topics helpful?See somethings inaccurate? Let us know!
Select the topics that are inaccurate.
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This paper presents an empirically derived formula for computing the threshold contrast C for visually detecting distant objects in search situations. The threshold contrast is the value of contrast that produces detection probability 1/2 on a single glimpse of about 1/3 to 1 second in duration. The formula allows one to compute C as a function of background luminance, target angular area A, and an empirically determined constant K. For small A, the formula reduces to Ricco's law, which says that the threshold constrast C, and Area A, are directly proportional for small values of A. The limiting threshold contrast is determined by K. Results of fitting this formula to a set of observational data are shown. The formula provides a useful approximation for determining detection capability for planning visual searches.
Operations Research © 1986 INFORMS
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
| 1,474 | 14 |
http://www.123rf.com/photo_14170691_number-background.html
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math
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blue numbers mathematical math..
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375100481.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031820-00046-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2015-27
| 842 | 24 |
https://charity.gofundme.com/4xlifewithstartwitho
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math
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Our goal is to create long term impactful change in the lives of 100,000 people in 2016. Clean water is the 1 foundational element that is not an option to change lives. It is a necessity. So Start With One has partnered with UZima Filters, Inc. (both non-profits) to show the world that change can be affordable and sustainable. The UZima water filter has the capacity to provide 5 families (approximately 25 people) with clean water for 5 years. The partnership between Start With One and UZima will be able to provide this clean water for a cost of $30. Now do the math ... 100,000 people divided by 25 people per filter comes to 4000 filters needed ... 4000 filters times $30 each will cost $120,000. 4X.Life means this ... It used to cost Start With One $60 to make the same impact as it does $30 now (thanks to UZima Filters) and during the 4th Quarter of 2015, Start With One has a matching grant that will double your donation. Now do the math again ... twice the amount of work and doubling your donation = 4X.Life!
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00366.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
| 1,024 | 1 |
http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/jpolhill/math_related_professions.htm
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math
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Actuary: An actuary analyzes data to determine future risk, and is employed by either insurance companies or consulting firms. For insurance companies, actuaries set rates based on their predictions. For consulting companies, they do such things as make pricing decisions and develop investment strategies.
Actuaries make very good money and generally have good working conditions. In nearly every job ranking, this profession is very close to the top (in some it is #1). The flip side is that you have to take actuarial exams that are challenging, so you need to have strong test-taking ability and math aptitude for this career. Check out the websites http://www.BeAnActuary.org and http://www.soa.org for more information. If this sounds good to you, major in Statistics or, better yet, get a B.S. degree in math with a concentration in Actuarial Science.
Business Career with Math: Maybe you donít want the pressure of taking exams that the actuarial career path requires, but you want to use math in the workplace. Math majors often find employment in accounting and finance, sales and marketing, or management. If you think this sounds good to you, think about having a Statistics major and a business minor.
Career with Math and Computers: If you enjoy both math and computers, there are many opportunities available to you. Any combination of mathematics and computer science major/minor will make you very employable, either as a programmer, a systems analyst, or perhaps a cryptologist (maker and breaker of secret codes). In fact, the National Security Agency (NSA) is the largest employer of mathematicians in the world, and many of their employees work with math and computers. See http://www.nsa.gov
(Pre-College): If you want to teach math in middle school or high school, then you must
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The NSA employs many PhDs in math.
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getting a masters degree in applied math or engineering.
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Statistician: A statistician collects, analyzes, and presents summaries of data. They work with the design of both experiments and sample surveys, and may make contributions in biology, medicine, environmental science, engineering, economics, political science, sports, meteorology, etc. There are many career opportunities for people with strong backgrounds in statistics. To learn more, click on statistician.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00126.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
| 3,050 | 22 |
https://bitcoin-life.com/calculator_step2.php?lang=en
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math
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What is meant by ...|
The annual growth rate by which you increase your contributions. If in the first year you put in 1000 Dollars, in the second year 1100 Dollars, in the third year 1210 Dollars and so on, your adjustment is 10%. Select an adjustment rate greater than the inflation rate.
growth rate of BTC economy:
If in 2009 two pizzas were paid with bitcoins and in 2010 two thousand pizzas, then the growth rate was 100000 percent.
If last year ten Dollars bought you a pizza and this year you've got to pay ten fifty, then the inflation is 5%. (Yes, we know things are much more complicated. But let's try to keep it practical.)
increasing member acquisition:
If this year 1000 members join and the next year 1100, then the acquisition growth is 10%, provided each member contributes the same amount.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105326.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819070335-20170819090335-00573.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
| 817 | 8 |
https://mycbseguide.com/blog/ncert-solutions-class-12-physics-current-electricity/
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math
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NCERT Solutions class 12 physics Current Electricity Class 12 Physics book solutions are available in PDF format for free download. These NCERT book chapter wise questions and answers are very helpful for CBSE board exam. CBSE recommends NCERT books and most of the questions in CBSE exam are asked from NCERT textbooks. Class 12 Physics chapter wise NCERT solution for Physics part 1 and Physics part 2 for all the chapters can be downloaded from our website and myCBSEguide mobile app for free.
Download NCERT solutions for Current Electricity as PDF.
NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapter-wise Solutions
- 1 – Electric Charges and Fields
- 2 – Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
- 3 – Current Electricity
- 4 – Moving Charges and Magnetism
- 5 – Magnetism and Matter
- 6 – Electromagnetic Induction
- 7 – Alternating Current
- 8 – Electromagnetic Waves
- 9 – Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- 10 – Wave Optics
- 11 – Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- 12 – Atoms
- 13 – Nuclei
- 14 – Semiconductor Electronic: Material, Devices and Simple Circuits
- 15 – Communication Systems
CHAPTER 3 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Electric Current
- 3.3 Electric Currents in Conductors
- 3.4 Ohm’s law
- 3.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- 3.6 Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- 3.7 Resistivity of various Materials
- 3.8 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
- 3.9 Electrical Energy, Power
- 3.10 Combination of Resistors — Series and Parallel
- 3.11 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance
- 3.12 Cells in Series and in Parallel
- 3.13 Kirchhoff’s Laws
- 3.14 Wheatstone Bridge
- 3.15 Meter Bridge
- 3.16 Potentiometer
NCERT Solutions Class 12 physics Current Electricity
1: The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4, what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery?
2: A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 is connected resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed?
3: (a) Three resistors are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the combination?
(b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 12 V and negligible internal resistance, obtain the potential drop across each resistor.
4. (a) Three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω and 5 Ω are combined in parallel. What is the total resistance of the combination?
(b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 20 V and negligible internal resistance, determine the current through each resistor, and the total current drawn from the battery.
5: At room temperature (27.0 °C) the resistance of a heating element is 100 Ω. What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is found to be 117 Ω, given that the temperature coefficient of the material of the resistor is ?
6: A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross section 6.0 ×, and its resistance is measured to be 5.0 . What is the material at the temperature of the experiment?
8: A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial current of 3.2 A which settles after a few seconds toa steady value of 2.8 A. What is the steady temperature of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0 °C? Temperature coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved is
9: Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in fig 3.30:10: (a) In a metre bridge [Fig. 3.27], the balance point is found to be at 39.5 cm from the end when the resistor Y is of 12.5 Ω.
(b) Determine the balance point of the bridge above if X and Y are interchanged.
(c) What happens if the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the bridge? Would the galvanometer show any current?
11: A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 is being charged by a 120 V dc supply using a series resistor of 15.5. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit?
12: In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35.0 cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0 cm, what is the emf of the second cell?
13: The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor estimated in Example is . How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end? The area of cross section of the wire is and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.
14: The earth’s surface has a negative surface charge density of . The potential difference of 400 kV between the top of the atmosphere and the surface results (due to the low conductivity of the lower atmosphere) in a current of only 1800 A over the entire globe. If there were no mechanism of sustaining atmospheric electric field, how much time (roughly) would be required to neutralize the earth’s surface? (This never happens in practice because there is a mechanism to replenish electric charges, namely the continual thunderstorms and lightning in different part of the globe [Radius of earth =
15: (a) Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5. What are the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage?
(b) A secondary cell after long use has an emf of 1.9 V and a large internal resistance of 380 Ω. What maximum current can be drawn from the cell? Could the cell drive the starting motor of a car?
16: Two wires of equal length, one of aluminum and the other of copper have the same resistance. Which of the two wires is lighter? Hence explain why aluminum wires are preferred for overhead power cables. (Al =, Cu =, Relative density of Al = 2.7, of Cu = 8.9.)
17: What conclusion can you draw from the following observations on a resistor made of alloy manganin?
18: Answer the following questions:[a ] A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non uniform cross section of non uniform cross section. Which of these quantities is constant along the conductor,: current ,current density ,electric field, drift speed? [b ] Is Ohm’s law universally applicable for all conducting elements?
If not, give examples of elements which do not obey Ohm’s law.[c] A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must have very low resistance. Why? [d] A high tension (HT) supply of, say, 6 kV must have a very large internal resistance
19: Choose the correct alternative:
(a) Alloys of metals usually have (greater/less) resistivity than that of their constituent metals.
(b) Alloys usually have much (lower/higher) temperature coefficients of resistance than pure metals.
(c) The resistivity of the alloy manganin is nearly independent of/increases rapidly with increase of temperature.
(d) The resistivity of a typical insulator (e.g., amber) is greater than that of a metal by a factor of the order of (1022/103).
20: [a ] Given n resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the (i) maximum (ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance?[b] Given the resistances of how will be combine them to get an equivalent resistance of
[c]Determine the equivalent resistance of networks shown in fig.3.31.
21: Determine the current drawn from a 12 V supply with internal resistance 0.5 Ω by the infinite network shown in Fig 3.32.Each resistor has resistance.
22: Figure shows a potentiometer with a cell of 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.40 maintaining a potential drop across the resistor wire AB. A standard cell which maintains a constant emf of 1.02 V (for very moderate currents up to a few mA) gives a balance point at 67.3 cm length of the wire. To ensure very low currents drawn from the standard cell, a very high resistance of 600 kΩ is put in series with it, which is shorted close to the balance point. The standard cell is then replace by a cell of unknown emf and the balance point found similarly, turns out to be at 82.3 cm length of the wire.
[a]What is the value ? [b]What purpose does the high resistance of 600 have? [c]Is the balance point affected by this high resistance? [d]Is the balance point affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell? [e]Would the method work in the above situation if the driver cell of the potentiometer had an emf of 1.0 V instead of 2.0 V? [f] Would the circuit work well for determining an extremely small emf, say of the order of a few mV (such as the typical emf of a thermo-couple)? If not, how will you modify the circuit?
23: Figure 3.34 shows a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The balance point with a standard resistor R = 10.0 is found to be 58.3 cm, while that with the unknown resistance X is 68.5 cm. Determine the value of X. What might you do if you failed to find a balance point with the given cell of emf ?
24: Figure shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for the determination of internal resistance of a 1.5 V cell. The balance point of the cell in open circuit is 76.3 cm. When a resistor of 9.5 is used in the external circuit of the cell, the balance point shifts to 64.8 cm length of the potentiometer wire. Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Physics PDF (Download) Free from myCBSEguide app and myCBSEguide website. Ncert solution class 12 physics includes textbook solutions from both part 1 and part 2. NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 12 Physics have total 20 chapters. 12 Physics NCERT Solutions in PDF for free Download on our website. Ncert physics class 12 solutions PDF and physics ncert class 12 PDF solutions with latest modifications and as per the latest CBSE syllabus are only available in myCBSEguide
To download NCERT Solutions for class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through the best app for CBSE students and myCBSEguide website.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://plainmath.net/7192/explain-possible-significance-equality-population-regression-analysis
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math
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The population P (in thousands) of Tallahassee, Florida, from 2000 through 2014 can
be modeled by where t represents the
year, with corresponding to 2000. In 2005, the population of Tallahassee was about 163,075.
(a) Find the value of k. Is the population increasing or
(b) Use the model to predict the populations of Tallahassee in 2020 and 2025. Are the results reasonable? Explain.
(c) According to the model, during what year will the —
populates reach 200,000?
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
| 467 | 7 |
http://entrepreneursjunction.net/2022/06/20/mod-01-lec-10-financial-statement-analysis-contd/
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math
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Hello, in the previous session of financial
statement analysis, we discussed about the different types of financial statements, like
balance sheet income statement, cash flow statement and their content.
We also discussed about where do get this financial statement information, like annual
report, websites etcetera, analysts reports, and we also talked about how to analyze the
financial figures provided by this financial statements, we started discussing about it,
in that we discussed about comparative statement, train analysis and common size statement.
In this session of financial statement analysis, we are going to discuss about analyzing the
financial statements with the help of financial ratios.
When you say financial ratios, we mean that there are as usual the ratio means, the relation
between numerator and denominator.
So, you have certain figures in numerator and certain
figures in denominator, and fine comparing those two figures, we find a ratio, and this
ratios can be found out for different companies the s c s can be found out for one company
for different years, and this ratios also on them, on their own, do not mean anything,
but when you compare this ratio with another company, relatively we can say which company
is better than the other one. Or if you are comparing this ratio of one company with,
you know, about one year with another year, then we compare, we find out whether this
particular company has done better than the previous year or the last year or it has done
worst then that.
So, ratio on its own may not convey much, but ratio when it is compared
with a previous figure or a, another company’s comparable, company figure, then it makes
a lot of sense. So, coming to the next, what are different
types of Financial Ratios, we have one the first category ratio is the Profitability;
Profitability ratio means the profit relation to certain things of the company another,
at basically two types of profitable ratio is, one is profit relation to the activity
of the business like revenue or income of the business how much profit has happened
compare to the income that has been generated by the company during a particular period.
Similarly, another profitable ratio that we have is their profit in relation to the investors
money, if the investors have given x Rupees throughout a in a particular period or on
a particular period, how much profit this company has earn on this particular investments.
So, those investors can find out, whether they have earned enough, what they have expected
So, there are two types of ratios, profitable ratios, one is the relation to
the income of the company, another relation to the investors money of the company.
Then we have the next one is efficiency ratio; efficiency ratio indicates how efficiently
the assets or the resources of the company have been used. So, better efficiency refer
to the better ratio will say better efficiency. So, we can say that, yes, this company has
used assets in a better way or not, so that is called an efficiency ratio.
Then we have the Liquidity ratio; Liquidity ratio talks about how liquid is the company
in a short run, and how solvent is the company, whether this company will be able to meet
the obligations, during a particular period of time or not, how comfortable the company
is in meeting the current obligations. So, this Liquidity is also known as short term
Then we have the solvency ratio, since you
have already covered the short term solvency in terms of Liquidity, this solvency ratio
talks about the Long Term Solvency over a long term, how comfortable with the company
in repaying the loan, and how much dare the company has taken relation to the equity of
the company, because high dare could be high risk for the company also; so, those things
are measured in terms of solvency ratio. Then we have some other ratio, where we talk
about the capital Market standing of the company. So, in this case, unlike the previous four
types of ratio, where we get the figures from the financial statement, like balance sheet
or income statement or something else, that is published by the company; in this ratio,
this type of measurement, that is capital Market standing, we talk about certain figures
from the financial statement of the company, also certain figures from the Market, like
capital Market for that matter.
For instance, there is a popular ratio called
price to Earnings per share p ratio, as such; in that case, Earnings per share figure is
found out with the help of information from the annual report or financial statement,
where as the Market price per share is found out from the Market asses; so, that is capital
Market standing. Then we go one by one different types of ratio
here, and discuss what are the implication in the profitable ratio that we have is the
first one is the profit margin. So, profit margin means, how much profit this company
has made in relation to sales of the company, where the income of the company as such, and
the profit are of different types as such, different type in the different stages of
profit, the first level of profit of the company could be gross profit to gross profit of the
company as such. So, gross profit means, actually whatever
the sales have taken place, and how much cost of goods sold is the relation to sales, that
difference actually gives us the gross profit.
So, gross profit can measured in different
ways, and the gross profit to sales ratio, it is always given in terms of percentage,
and that shows, yes, this much profit has been generated out of the sales, which will
take care of rest of the expenses, and the thing, that is not covered in cost of goods,
now will be covered out of gross profit. Then we have something called operating profit
to sales, gross profit might not have include certain expenses, but they are essential to
So, typically what happens in the gross profit,
when you say, it is sales minus cost of, cost of goods sold; this cost of goods sold COGS
does not include something called selling expenses. So, in that case, the operating
profit will take care of this gross profit less any other expense excluding interest.
So, that is operating profit; that means, having got the gross profit how much this
company has earn, So, that it can meet other expenses including selling and distribution
expenses then we deduct that we got the operating profit, and how much operating profit is there
relation to sales that is giving as a operating profit margin, and this operating profit margin
once you have higher, that means, the company has been able to do the business at a lower
cost of operation, if the operating margin has increased, that implies, that the operating
cost of the company has actually declined in relation to sales over a period of time.
Then we have the next figure that is called
net next ratio, that is called net profit to sales or net profit that is also known
as net profit margin. So, in net profit margin nothing but the profit after tax, after taking
care of all the expenses, operating expenses, any other non operating expenses and interest
expense, financial expense, and tax, whatever profit is leftover that is known as net profit,
and the net profit, we say is popularly known as net profit margin. At the end of the day,
all these ratios, that is profit margin should always be higher, higher is always better,
and that shows the company is able to comfortable comfortably meet the expenses, and still creates
some surplus for the investors Then we have the return on assets, return
on investment, which related to investment, in this we talk about what is the profit that
has been earned on the total investment of the company, see total investment is always
reflected as total assets of the company, and the numerator for this ratio is profit
before interest and tax or Earnings before interest and tax.
So, Earnings before interest
and tax, after total assets gives us the profit return on investment, and this particular
ratio should always be in any case higher. So, that the company can satisfy the investors,
yes, the investor can feel happy about it, that is the company has earned a lot of return
on the investment or adequate return on the investment, that they have made in the company. So, if we go back to our example, we have
got the profit before interest and tax for this particular company 68.48, which was actually
64 .27, it was earlier 46. 39 and this profit by interest and tax, which also can be known
as something, some other way then other also it said operating profit.
So, this total assets of the company of the of this company is 494.9, which is in 2008-09
and PBIT 68.46 as the ratio between these two is 13.84 percent, which was actually 13.6
6 percent in 2006-07 and 2007-08 it has gone up to 15.3, whereas, it has declined to 13.84
percent in the latest year.
So, one has to now find out, why this particular decline
has taken place from 15.93 percent to 13.84, because it could be, because of different
reason; that means, the profit might not have increased substantially compare to or this
sales of the see total assets of the company has gone up from 403 to 494.69 is a lot of
increase, where as the profit before interest and tax has gone of marginally. So, because
of that, we can, one can see there is a fall in the ratio, that is profit before return
on investment from 15.93 percent to 13.84 percent.
Another way of measuring this particular ratio is to find out the net profit to total assets,
in that case, we talk about the net profit of the company and the divide by total asset
of the company total assets and net profit is always there, then that ratio in this company
has gone down from 8.
97 percent 2006-07, 64 percent in 2008-09, this also could be
because of the company has made less profit or company has made more profit, by the profit
growth is not adequate to compensate for the growth in the total assets that has happened
during these two year period of time; so, this is one. Another way that is discussed as per the net
profit total assets, instead of taking the total assets of the latest year, that is closing
total assets, one can also look at the total average total assets on, when you say, average
total assets, average total assets nothing but total assets, what is there in the opening
and the beginning of the year, opening total assets which is nothing but the closing of
So, closing total assets whatever is there divided by 2, that gives us the average
total assets, and instead of measuring the profit to ratio on closing total assets, we
do measure an average of these two, that is average total assets, what is the superiority
of this particular measure, instead of taking closing asset, why should we take average
total assets, that the company might have acquired the assets, in the, at the, it was
the end of the particular period; in that case, it is not, it is not right that we expect
the profit should be earn on those total assets, which has those assets which have been acquired
in the latest time of the period as such. So, to take care of that particular program,
instead of taking closing total assets, there is a better, that if we take the average total
assets of, that is average opening and closing and this way.
This company has return on total assets or
return on investment of, in the, when return is defined as per net profit, which has 10.78
percent, it has gone down to9.52 percent, one can see here, when he net profit as a
total assets is measured in terms of closing asset is 8.64 percent, whereas if it is measured
in terms of average total assets, this has come, gone up to 9.52 percent, possibly because
that is profit to total assets was profit, was more in the previous relation total assets
as such. So, this is one of the important ratios, that all the investors look at, and
next we go to the next type of ratio, that is your du point financial analysis. What happens, in this case we have got a combination
of profit margin and asset efficiency and in this what happens, we have the du point
chart is a very simple formula, what is very useful formula, useful analysis method, where
we talk about the profit to total assets, that is net profit to average total assets
is the return on investment, and which is nothing but if you expand further, it is nothing
but net profit to sales into sales by average total assets.
So, what is the beauty of this particular analysis is that, one is talking about here
net profit margin, and they talking about here the sales by average total of assets,
which is essential talk about the efficiency of utilization of assets, and this talks about
how profitable the operations are there; that means, the profitability multiplied the efficiency
talks about how much return has been earned as far as the investment is concerned.
So, the investment return cannot be on its
own, rather it will be based on the how profitably the operations have taken place at the same
time, how efficiently these particular assets have been utilized to generate something called
the revenue of the company. So, more this particular ratio, even if this particular
ratio remains constant, if this ratio is higher, then also this particular ROI can be higher;
similarly, if this ratio may remain constant, whereas the profitability of this activity
could be higher, that also can lead to higher return on investment, and if the, both the
things are taken care, it is higher over a period of time, then there is a double benefit
of on the return on investment. So, instead of saying return on investment
as a function of profit to total assets is actually the function of how profitably the
company has made the revenue, and also how efficiently the assets have been utilized,
that is with by du point analysis.
In fact, this particular analysis was used for the
first time by the du point that is the chemical company, and in that, after that this particular
analysis has been named by the du point itself is a very popular analysis; one can start
the financial analysis, in fact, with this particular ratio as such.
Then, we move on to the next type of ratio, that is your return on equity, when we talk
return on equity here, instead of talking about the investors as total, we talk about
only the, all the equity holders of the company.
So, investors can comprise of all the people,
that are equity holders as well as debt holders, but here you talk about the equity holders
only, and that is we find out the return on equity as a percentage of profit after tax
to net worth of the company. So, that talks about how much return that has been earned
by the on the equity holders money. So, if you, if we go back to our excel sheet,
we will find out that return on equity of this particular company, which was 16.91 percent,
which is based on profit after tax, that is the reported profit is 13.46 on equity of
the company, that is nothing but total share holders’ money, which total share holders’
funds is giving as one 80.14 in the 2006-07, and similarly is 2.257.9 2, two core is in
2008-09. And this is the denominator, whereas it reported
profit of the company is 42.74, that is 42.74 divided by 257.9 2. So, 42.74 divided by 257.9
into 100 has got return on equity of this particular company for this particular year,
that is, 2008-09 which is nothing but 716.57 percent.
So, 16.57 percent return on equity which has
actually 18.27 percent in 2007-08 which has gone down to 2000 in 2008-09, it has gone
down to 16.57 percent, which is obviously not a good sign that return on equity of this
particular company has actually declined, but it could be, because of, that is company
might have gone more equity or it could be because of the profit itself has not gone
up substantially lesson to what the equity has actually moved up. This ratio also can be found out with the
help of average equity, when you say average equity, we talk about the opening equity plus
closing equity divide by 2, as we discuss in the average total assets, this average
of the equity of beginning and ending or average of ending, ending equity of last year and
ending equity of this year.
In that way, this ratio is actually 17.92
percent which was actually 20.06 percent in the previous year there. In this ratio also
there is a decline, which is not a good sign for any company as such the company return
equity has declined. It is return on equity declines over a period of time continuously,
there is a warning signal as such, and the possibly the investors will withdraw investing
from this particular company, they may sell the shares in the Market, and the share price
of the company can slowly come down. So, the company has to be very careful, that under
what any circumstance the return on investment returns on equity all those things should
not actually come down. Then we have the next ratio, that is your
Earnings per share, Earnings per share is the how many, how much profit has been earned
on a per share basis, if the company has got let us say 10 core shares, and the company
has made a profit of 30 core; so, 30 by 200 that 30 core Rupees by 10 core number of share
that gives you Rupees3 per share.
So, per shares Rupees 3 has been earned in
a particular company. So, higher this particular Earnings per share is always better, and any
company which is increasing return on equity is quite likely, that Earnings per share of
this particular company might have gone up. So, if we look at our example of nacho Parma,
we have got a number of shares, in this case as 2.804 core, and the Earnings per share
which is nothing but the profit after tax, that is 42.74, in case of the latest year,
that is 42.74, and divide by number of share is 2.804, so Earnings per share this particular
company is 15.24 in the latest year, which has actually gone up from 11.02 in the 2006-07,
it has gone up to 14.28, now it has moved up to 15.24, in the Earnings per share performance
the company is actually done well.
And then we have the next ratio, that is the
dividend per share, that is nothing but the dividends declared by a particular company,
during a particular year divide by again number of shares in for some investors, like senior
citizens, who earn their bread and butter from this investment in the Market, because
they put money in the Market or they put money when the company is comes with the first initial
public offering. So, they buy these shares with the expectation
that they are going to get some regular return in terms of dividend for the company. So,
for such type of people, the dividend per share makes a lot of sense. So, they will
always go for those companies which pays a high dividend per share, there will be certain
companies; we will find they pay very high dividend per share, there will be some company,
which may pay very less dividend per share, but the company may believe, that instead
of declaring dividend, the dividend can be plowed, this profit can be plowed back into
the business, and that they can earn a high rate of return on equity, and that should
reflect with that, that is reflect in a higher Market price of the particular share of the
So, in any case, so, dividend per share is
found out with the help of this ratio, that dividend declared by divide by number of shares,
and in the our case, we have got this dividend per share of almost same which is 1.23 Rupees
per share which has gone down to 1.2 has become now 1.25 or 1 Rupees 25 paisa per share has
been declared as dividend to the share holders of this particular company.
So, this is one more ratio which is actually relevant for those people, who will like to
earn a bread and butter from this investment, as such and they look at the dividend as a
regular source of income to meet their a regular expenses as such.
Then we move on to the next category of ratio,
that is the Efficiency Ratio of the company. So, when you say Efficiency Ratio of the company,
we talk about the efficiency in asset utilization, we talk about efficiency in terms of the relationship
between the sales and the assets, and in this we have different classification, that is
we have this efficiency, that is total assets turnover Fixed asset turnover, current asset
turnover, and this ratios are actually known as turnover ratios, otherwise known as turnover
ratios, efficiency ratios are otherwise known as turnover ratio. The turnover means, how
many cycles have actually been made with the utilizing this particular assets.
So, if the turnover ratio is 2, that means, the two cycles has been made utilized these
So, if the total asset is 10 crore, and the revenue of the company
is let us saying 20 crores. So, total assets turnover ratio becomes 20 by 10, that is 2
times the turnover has also higher, this particular ratio is always better.
So, any Efficiency Ratio should always be higher. So, total asset turnover ratio, if
it is going up; that means, the overall the total assets have been utilized very high.
So, we have total assets, we have fixed assets total turnover ratio, then we have current
assets turnover ratio in inventory turnover ratio. So, as far as these ratios are concerned,
we talk about the asset utilization efficiency. Then we have the next ratio is called the
current inventory turnover ratio; in inventory turnover ratio what happens, we find out the
inventory turnover ratio which is known as ITR by having this cost of goods sold divided
by average inventory, and when we say average inventory, we mean that average of opening
stock and closing stock.
If for any reason, closing stock opening stock
figures are not there, then closing stock can be taken as the average inventory. So,
this talks about how efficiently this inventory has been utilized to generate sales, in terms
of cost of goods sold; so, whatever that value comes x or y, whatever that may be, we will
always expect this particular value to be going up over a period of time.
So, higher the ratio is actually better, and from this inventory turnover ratio, one can
also find out something called inventory conversion period, which is nothing but
the 365, that is the average, that is the number of working days, in a number of days
in a year divided by inventory turnover ratio; so, if ITR of any company is let us say 6,
and then, in that case, the inventory turnover ratio if is 6, then the inventory conversion
period will be 365 by 6, which is around 61 days.
That means, what is the implication this is that, if this say, if the inventories acquired,
and certain day, it takes 61days for the company to convert into sales.
So, in this case, you
can interpret, if this particular value is the 61 days is less, then it is always better;
instead of 61, this 61 days has become less, and subsequently this is 50; that means, on
an average, the inventories held only for 50 days to convert which was actually 61.
So, the company will should always like to reduce this inventory conversion period from
for as many days to as less as possible, and this particular thing 61 days, which were
talking about, if this particular 61 days can come down, it can come down over a period
of time, if this inventory turnover ratio actually goes up.
So, in that case, if the inventory turnover
ratio has to go up, then this average inventory has to actually come down. So, inventory held
during a particular period has to come down, then this ITR goes over; the moment ITR goes
up, then the inventory conversion period actually falls, which should be a good sign of for
any company. And companies which go for something like
just in time approach inventory; in that case, the inventory is likely to be 0 or almost
0, and the inventory becomes almost 0, then ITR becomes very high, and this ITR becomes
very high, then inventory conversion period also become as less as possible; in those
cases, actually the Austin time concept, the inventory turnover ratio may not main mean
anything, because in any case the company has no intension of holding an inventory to
convert it into sales.
Then we have the next ratio called Receivables
turnover ratio, Receivables arise as per the companies are concerned, receivers arise because
of credit sales of the company. So, it is quite natural, that the companies make sales
on credit basis, and it is also possible that the company may give a period of let 30 days
credit period, and companies may end up getting the back money, after 30 days or within 30
days or less than 30days or may be possibly after 30 days for that matter.
So, for to know how much money is due, and what the liquid condition of the particular
company is, when are you going to get back the money as such, we got something like Receivables
turnover ratio; in Receivables turnover ratio, we define by credit sales divided by average
debtors. So, this is our receivable turnover ratio
or otherwise known as debtors, and DTR that is known as debtor’s turnover ratio. So,
when has to look at here, it is taken as credit sales, and if for any reason, if the credit
sales figures are not available, we presume that all the sales are happening one credit.
So, all the sales can be taken as a credit sales as such.
So, credit sales divide average debtors, average debtors as we have discussed earlier, any
average figure is nothing but average of opening and closing figure.
So, this ratio should
always be again, if this is a y, in that case, this ratio should be always as high as possible.
So, higher the ratio means, that means, you are having less money due from the customers,
who are have taken the goods or who have purchase the goods and credit from this debtors turnover
ratio, one can also go to find out something called average collection period; average
collection period is nothing but how many days on an average it takes for the company
to get back the money from the debtors or from Receivables, how many days, it takes
to realize the Receivables into cash. So, if the average debtor turnover ratio,
for example, is let says 5, and the land in that case, average collection period will
be number of days, in a particular year divided by 5. So, that comes to 63 days, that means,
if 5 is the receivable turnover ratio for this company, it has taken 63 days to collect
the money from their Receivables.
Now, these 63 days can be compared with such
figures of different companies of in this particular sector. So, you can see here, whether
this company is taking more days to collect the Receivables or this company is taking
less days to collect the Receivables compare to the companies, in other company in particular
sector. So, lower this particular value is always
good and this can be lower, only if the debtor turnover ratio is higher or the debtor turnover
ratio can be higher, only the average debtor is actually lower.
So, this can be achieved with the help of giving some incentive to the debtors, that
you please pay within time or if you pay within this many days, we will give certain discounts
So, in that case, it can be achieved, so, that the money kept with the debtors is
as far as many days is less as far as, that is concerned, and then obviously, with the
number of days is reduced 63 days has gone down to let us say 61, like 60, that it is
also, obviously the good sign for the company, because the money left with them is for a
shorter period of time, but then what happens, whatever money is due, if that money comes
to the company; that means, they are actually converting the Receivables which is also obviously
known as liquid assets, but is converted into Cash is more liquid assets.
So, higher the
data turnover ratio, that means, lower the invent, lower the average collection period
talks about a better Liquidity management of this particular company.
And we will always like that the company are managed as per Liquidity frontier is concerned
and Liquidity front they should manage very well. So, that money should not be kept idle
or money should not be with the debtors, rather it should be with the company.
So, a company
has to get back the money as quickly as possible. Next we category ratio, that we will move
on is the Liquidity in terms of different other method Liquidity or short term solvency.
In this we have very popular ratio known as Current Ratio; the Current Ratio is nothing
but the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. As we have discussed in the previous
session of finance statement analysis, current assets are those assets, which can be converted
into cash, within a short period of time, and current liabilities are those liabilities,
which has to be honored within a very short period of time or typically one year.
So, in the Current Ratio, one has to find the ratio between current assets and current
liability. So, in this case, the current asset in the numerator, and the current liabilities
in the denominator, if the current asset of the particular company is let us said 30,
a current liability of the company is let say a 15 crore. So, Current Ratio becomes
2 is to 1, this ratio is always measured in terms of a something is to 1.
That means, for in this, if the Current Ratio is 2, in that case we say for every 1 Rupees,
the current liability the company has got 2 Rupees of current assets.
So, in that case,
the company can meet all the current liabilities out of the current asset still 1 Rupees of
it 2 is to 1 Current Ratio have been met 1 rupee as the current liability, the company
can now have 1 Rupees to take care of the expenses, that is going to happen over a period
of time. So, higher this particular Current Ratio is obviously better for the company
that the company is liquid, but very high Current Ratio indicates that the piling of
the current assets; actually, current assets on their own does not yield anything, the
current asset have to be cycled over a period of time, the current assets like inventories
should be converted into sales, that is Receivables; in a Receivables has to be collect back in
terms of cash, and cash has to be there; so, that we can again process the inventory.
So, that has to be there, if any part of this particular current asset, in the current asset
cycle, it is piling up that shows that the money is idle, and money is always finance
base certain financers, where we are paying some interests or they are expecting some
rate of return, in that case, actually we will be losing money, because the investment
is piling up which is also not; that means, excess Current Ratio is obviously not good.
So, what is excess or low or something like that one can compare, this Current Ratio of
this particular company with the average Current Ratio of the companies in this particular
So, next ratio that we have is the Quick Ratio,
and as far the Quick Ratio is concerned, see in the Current Ratio, there could be some
current assets which cannot be converted into cash as quickly as possible. Current assets
typically consist of inventory that consist of inventory, that is if goods meant for sale
or goods meant for conversion, then we have another Current Ratio asset called Receivables,
then we have got cash and cash equivalents. So, if this, and there could be other current
assets. So, if you look at this inventory Receivables, and cash and cash equivalent,
obviously, this particular current asset called cash and cash equivalent is already liquid,
and whenever if somebody needs the money it can be paid out of this they Receivables are
little more liquid compare to inventory, and inventory the least liquid among the current
assets. So, the company having one company, if the
company, let us say we have company a as well as company b, which has got total current
assets of 200, whereas this company has 100 Rupees in terms of inventory, 50 in terms
of Receivables, 40 in terms of cash, and 10 in terms of other current assets, whereas
this company has got 70 in terms of inventory, 60 in terms of Receivables, then 50 in terms
of cash, and 20 in terms of other current assets.
See if we look at this, though both the companies has got 200 and 200 as current assets and
presuming, that this current liabilities of the company, both the companies are 100 as
well as 100.
So, the Current Ratio is obviously 2 is to
2 for company a, as well as 2 is to 1 for company b, but if you look at compare these
two companies, we have here in this company 100 Rupees in terms of inventory, which is
not going to be easily convert in to cash, like any other current asset, here it is 70
also, the same that it can be converted easily, but in this case, inventory amount is quite
higher for compare to company b, and other assets non inventory current asset is higher;
in this case, non inventory current asset is lower in this case.
So, since the inventory is not that liquid, so what happens in this case, we go for something
called Quick Ratio; in Quick Ratio, we talk about the quick assets to current liabilities,
and the quick assets is defined as current assets except the inventories.
So, in this
case, in this, in our example, we have at the quick assets that is q a for company a
and company b; if you look at that is 200 minus 100, that is 100 for company a, and
200 minus 70 that is 130, and the current liability for both the companies are 100,
in that case, the Quick Ratio appears to be one is to one and 1.3 is to 1.
So, Quick Ratio is supposed to be a more stringent measure of Liquidity, unlike the Current Ratio,
and if you look at the Current Ratio, in this case, say in this case we have both the companies
has same that is 2 is to 1, 2 is to 1 Current Ratio, whereas in Quick Ratio, we have got
1.3 is to 1 as the Current Ratio, for company b compare to 1 is to 1 for the company a.
So, company b is actually overall liquid manage in better than company a, because it has got
a better Quick Ratio. So, that is the implication of having a Quick Ratio as such.
Then in the Liquidity short term solvency is also, we do talk about inventory conversion
period and average collection period, as we have discussed in the previous slide, we talk
about efficiency ratio, we talked about inventory conversion and average collection period.
So, inventory conversion talks about how well, how quickly this particular inventory purchase
is procured is converted into cash, that is inventory gets into sales then sales; that
means, credit sales then credit sales may Receivables the Receivables gets converted
So, how much time it takes actually for converting the inventory that is from
inventory sales level is known as the inventory collection conversion period, from these sales
Credit sales to collection of the cash that is called average collection period.
So, these two components are major components of something known as working capital cycle,
working capital cycle is something you one purchases inventory, then it go and comes
back in terms of cash by realizing from the Receivables, that full cycle is known as working
capital cycle and out of that inventory conversion period and average collection period are actually
major components. So, these two ratios as we have discussed
earlier, these two ratio also should ideally be as low as possible. So, that is the known
as these are the things that we talked about Liquidity or short term solvency.
Now, we talk about something called Long Term Solvency; the Long Term Solvency we talk about
over a long period of time, how comfortable with the company in repaying the debt or debt
obligations for that matter.
So, the fast ratio that we have in this case
is debt to equity ratio. So, debt to equity ratio talks about something like leverage
of the company; that means, a company having all the finances from equity is known as unlevered
company or 0 Leveraged company, and why it is called leverage is that, by having the
debt in the capital structure of the company, the Earnings for the equity holders can be
maximized. So, that actually that is why with the same
profit level, but one company with in debt as a component to capital structure can earn
a better return on equity than a company having no debt or less debt in the capital structure
that is why, that means, leveraging the position with the help of debt, that is why there as
known as leverage ratio. So, use of leverage will lead to the, if the
company has no debt also, then which we do not talk about anything like Long Term Solvency
debt to equity ratio or any other ratio for that matter.
So, debt to equity on this case
equity is defined as the network of the particular company, instead of saying only the paid of
capital, we talk about paid of capital plus any reserves and surplus that the company
has got. So, debt equity ratio is measured by debt to equity as such.
Then we have the next one is called liabilities to equity ratio; in this case, we do not distinguish
between long term debt or short term, all the liabilities except the equity is captured
in the numerator, and as accordingly it is found out, and there is no rule that debt
equity ratio is should be high, because it gives the leverage, rather high debt equity
ratio can lead to high risk in the company, we have discussed in the risk and return that
we talk about the financial leverage risk as such.
The company which has got more debt to equity ratio is absolutely more risky than company
which has got the less debt equity ratio. At the same time, 0 debt equity ratio is also
not advisable the company has ability to raise the debt; it can as we will go for.
because of leverage the return on equity can be magnified. So, to take care of that particular
problem, one can as well go for a moderate level of debt, but high debt equity ratio
is not advisable for any company. So, if you look at our example, we have got
the debt equity ratio of this particular company the debt network which was 0.424 in the 2006-07,
it has become 0.490 in latest year. The interpretation of this 0.49 figure is that, for every 1 Rupees
equity of this company, the company has got around 50 paisa or 49 paisa of debt, that
means, a total is 1.50 total of debt, and equity this company has got 1 Rupees as equity,
and 49 paisa as debt, certain bankers will look at the equity level of this particular
company, before they actually lend.
If a banker has a policy that it can give
a loan to the extent of 2 is to 1 debt equity ratio, and if the company has got 100 Rupees
as 100 crore Rupees as equity; obviously, this company should be having Rupees 2 crore
as debt that is the limit the bank can tolerate. If another company has got100, same Rupees
100 core as equity, and it has got, let us say 60 core as debt, in that case 6 is to
10, 602 or 6 to 6 is to 10 or 0. 6 is to 1 is the debt equity ratio, in this case looking
at this particular value, if the banker can feel happy to the extent of giving 2 is to1
to the debt to the extent of maintaining debt which is 2 is to 1; that means, if it is 2
is to 1.4 is to 1 debt equity ratio can still be taken care with the additional debt.
So, 1.4 is to 1, this is becomes 2 is to 1, that means, the company can go to the extent
of 1.4 times of equity that is 100, another 140 core Rupees of debt can be taken by this
company comfortably, because this banker themselves believe for this company 2 is to 1 debt equity
ratio is ideal, and in that case, the company can go for another 100 and 40 core Rupees
So, lower debt equity ratio gives the, provides an ability to the company to
go for a higher debt, whenever it is actually required. So, in any case as we have discussed debt
equity ratio should not be very high, it should be moderately there. So, that and also the
company which will like to preserve the borrowing power. So that, they will have initially the
very lower equity ratio, whenever they need money, they can go for a higher debt, and
then the debt equity ratio actually can go up.
Next we have is the total debt to total capital, in this case, nothing it is same thing as
debt equity ratio, but here instead of saying debt to equity, we said debt to total capital.
That means, if you look at this particular
example, where 100 Rupees, 100 is equity 2 is debt, so, we say 200 by100, that is 2 is
to 1 is the debt equity ratio, whereas as per debt to total capital is concerned, we
say it is 200 debt divided by equity plus debt that is 100 plus 200, that becomes 200
by 300, and that is nothing, but 0. 67, that means, approximately 67 percent of total finance
of this company is raised through debt. So, this is, in as per debt equity ratio is
concerned, this ratio can vary from any figure to any figure, from 0 to anything, whereas
in this case, the figure can vary from 0 to maximum100 percent. So, interpretation wise,
this figure becomes little better than the debt equity ratio, otherwise the implication
of both the ratio is one and same.
Then the other category of financial ratio,
that we have the leverage or Long Term Solvency ratio we have, instead of taking the debt
as total debt, one can talk about something like long term debt to total capital.
So, when you say long term debt to total capital, we do not talk about short term debt, only
long term debt, because capital is supposed to be long term. So, finance, so, total capital
is any way, again total debt plus debt plus equity, and in that, we take only long term
debt to total capital, this is the another variation of ratio.
And next another important
ratio, that we have is called the interest coverage ratio; in the interest coverage ratio,
we talk about is, what is we say Earnings before interest and tax divided by interest. So, what happens in this case, if Earnings
before interest and tax of particular company is Rupees 60 core for one company, for another
company, company a is Rupees 61, and for company b is Rupees, let us say also 60 crore, both
the company has got same Earnings before interest and tax, but because of degree of leverage
or interest rate whatever reason, interest amount as a total debt raised, whatever reason
for that may be, interest amount for this particular company is, let us say 12, and
for this company the interest amount is actually 10 crore. So, Rupees 10 core, Rupees 12 core,
so the interest coverage ratio which is EBIT by interest is nothing but 60 by 12, that
is 5 times in case of a company a, and 60 by 10, that is 6 times in case of a company
b. Now, one can obviously feel here, that the
company has this company b has earned 6 times of interest as far as EBIT is concerned.
the company has earned 5 times of interest as far the company a is concerned. That means,
for every 1 rupee of interest required 1 Rupees as interest, the company has an Rupees 5,
and this case the company have Rupees 6, what happens in this case, after meeting the interest
expense of 1 rupee in this case Rupees 4 is left, in this case Rupees 5 is left. This
Rupees 4 or Rupees 5 as the case may be, will be now taking care of the tax, and then we
find profit after tax, then we find how much dividend is there.
So, higher the interest coverage ratio is obviously good for the company; this talks
about how well the company can meet the interest obligation of the company, very low interest
coverage ratio is not advisable for any company. In fact, a lower interest coverage ratio will
lead to no lending by any company for further requirement as such the lenders, obviously
lend lot of importance on this type of company, which has got a high interest of ratio, they
will be very much willing to lend to this company.
So, a company which is not able to
earn enough money to take care of its Fixed obligations, like the interest one of the,
one of the permanent, one of the compulsory obligation, because interest something which
is mandatory, which has to be paid by the company come, what may, whether company makes
profit or company makes loss the interest has to be paid.
If the company is not able to comfortable pay, the interest and not earns that much
money to take care of interest, where interest coverage ratio is very low; obviously, this
company cannot be that much attractive for any other investor.
So, investor equity investors,
though they are not bother about interest, as such they may still look at this ratio,
because only if the interest is taken care any profit left over that belongs to equity
holder. So, high interest coverage ratio can also give a some sort of comfort level, even
for the equity levels besides lenders, who will always look for this particular ratio. Then we have the next one is called Fixed
charges coverage ratio; in this we talk about the Earnings before interest and tax plus
any other thing, which is Fixed for the company to be taken care. For instance the other fixed charges for the
company could be, all fixed charges could be the one is the interest which has to be
taken care then the company has got something like a preference dividend that also has to
be paid by this company, then any loan repayment portion that also has to be taken care.
So, instead of taking only interest as in the denominator, one can take for the, in
this we have Earnings for before interest and tax as the numerator at the end of the
day, the company has to earn as much operating surplus to take care of interest, to take
care of tax, and then to take care of preference dividend also take care of loan repayment,
though the loan repayment is not a part of income statement, but still the surplus created
by this company should take care of all the obligations of company towards the outsiders
including government because of tax of interest tax preference dividend, who has to prevents
or who has to which has to be paid to the preference share holders, and any loan repayment
that is scheduled for that day has to be taken care.
So, what happen in this case, EBIT in the numerator, interest is in the denominator
plus preference dividend, and the loan repayment portion, whatever is there, that is to be
there, but that has to adjusted for 1 minus tax, because interest something where you
have got the tax effect, because your tax really because you claim interest, whereas
in 1 minus t it is more divided, because you do not get anything any tax benefit, by claiming
preference dividend or by claiming loan repayment.
So, to take care of that to tax effect, it
divide 1 minus t and at the end of the day the Fixed average, Fixed average coverage
ratio should always be as high as possible, that talks about that yes, the company is
going to meet the Fixed obligations as comfortable as possible. So, all the investors will always
like to see that the fixed assets cover ratio is very high. So, higher the fixed assets
cover ratio better preferred by investors across the world as such. Then we go to the next ratio, that is our
capital Market standing as we discussed; in this ratio, we talk about what are the, how
this particular Market, particular company stands in the capital Market the first ratio,
that we have in this case is the price Earnings ratio, where we talk about the Market price
per share to Earnings per share. So, in this case what happens we find the
Market price for this particular share, we find from the capital Market, and instead
of taking Market price per share on a particular day, one can take the average Market price
during a particular period and divided by Earnings per share of the particular company.
Then if you look at our example, we have Earnings
per share of this company as 15.24 and the 30 days average Market price prior to march
31 is 89.4. So, the 89.4 divided by 15.24 gives us a price Earnings multiple of 5.8
7, and this price Earnings ratio of this company is 11.7 5 2006-07, which has gone down to
9.89, it is going to 5. 87, though the Earning in this is because of 2 things, one is that
Earnings per share itself has gone up, second one is that the Market price of the share
has gone down from 129.4 5 to 89.4, suppose because of decrease in the numerator value,
and increase in the denominator value, that is Earnings per share, this price Earnings
ratio actually has come down. Now, this price Earnings ratio to mean, if
the price Earnings ratio of this particular company is taken as let us say as in this
particular case is 5.87 is the price Earnings ratio of this company in 2089, what does it
mean, that if this company is going to earn same amount of Earnings per share, that is
Earning in 2089, it will take 5.87 years for the company to cover all the price in terms
of Earnings as such.
So, in this case, lower the p ratio is always
in good sign, in a way that the company shares can be actually bought. So, how to know lower
or higher that will be certain benchmark price Earnings ratio, benchmark price Earnings ratio
can be defined as median p ratio of different companies as such.
If the median p ratio of the particular company, a particular group or particular sector is
let us say 10, and we let us say this price Earnings ratio of this target company is less
than 10 in that case, obviously, it says that we can go for buying this particular, because
that shows this particular company is undervalued compare to the peer group or compare to the
Market as such, but if the p ratio average or median p ratio of the industry group is
10, whereas the p ratio particular company, that we are evaluating is, let us say 12,
that means, 12 is more than 10, that means, this company is actually over value.
that case, that is the sign that company can go the investor can actually sale the shares,
because it is overvalued and or not go for any more acquisition in this particular sector
p ratio is relative evaluation measure, where we can say relative to the Market by the industry,
whether this particular share is overvalued or undervalued. Then we go to the next one, that is our next
ratio is called the enterprise value to EBITA, in this case, what you say instead of taking
the value of only the equity in the numerator, we take the value of the entire company, that
we talk about the value Market value of equity as well as Market value obtained divided by
Earnings before interest depreciation tax and amortization. And in that case, what you
will say, in this case, this is also popularly known as EBITA multiple, EBITA multiple, and
this particular thing is taking care of the leverage effect is neutralized, the asset
structure is also the, because the asset structure instead of Fixed asset structure depreciation
is also neutralized. So, this makes a more comparable across the
company in the different particular sector of the new company or the old company, it
can be compared with the entire value EBITA, and again higher or lower, it can be multiply
compare to the average multiple, and accordingly one can say is overvalued or undervalued.
Then we have got next category of the ratio is the dividend yield, and then we have got
price-to-book ratio; so, dividend is nothing but the dividend per share to Market price
So, if the dividend is 2 Rupees Market price is let us saying 10 Rupees, So,
2 by 10 comes to 20 percent of the dividend yield.
And then we have got the price-to-book ratio, where we talk about the book value of the
share is defined as the net worth divided by number of share, the Market price per share
is 50, and the book value per share is let us say 40. So, price-to-book ratio is known as now 50
to 40, that is 1.25. So, again, in this can be the benchmark comparable ratio is, let
us say for the industry is 1.20, if this company is 1.25, obviously, this company is overvalue
than the industry, and we will, if I have already invested in this company, then we
will like to sale this shares of the company or if I am not invested not like to go for,
but if you find a company, which has got if p by v ratio is our benchmark and the average
p by ratio of the industry 1.20, if you come across a company was a p by ratio is 1.15,
then that case we will always like to go for a buy decision for this particular share.
So, these are the different tools of financial statement analysis, this is, this is not an
exertive list, rather can be n number of ratios, that can be found out with the help of information
from capital Market, as well as from the statements published by the company in terms of the balance
sheet income statement all; so, this is the end of the financial statement analysis unit.
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http://originalgiovannis.com/ebooks/convex-functions-monotone-operators-and-differentiability
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math
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By Robert R. Phelps
The enhanced and accelerated moment variation includes expositions of a few significant effects that have been got within the years because the 1st version. Theaffirmative solution through Preiss of the a long time previous query of no matter if a Banachspace with an similar Gateaux differentiable norm is a vulnerable Asplund area. The startlingly uncomplicated facts through Simons of Rockafellar's primary maximal monotonicity theorem for subdifferentials of convex services. The interesting new edition of the precious Borwein-Preiss soft variational precept because of Godefroy, Deville and Zizler. the cloth is on the market to scholars who've had a direction in sensible research; certainly, the 1st variation has been utilized in a variety of graduate seminars. beginning with convex features at the line, it results in interconnected issues in convexity, differentiability and subdifferentiability of convex services in Banach areas, standard continuity of monotone operators, geometry of Banach areas and the Radon-Nikodym estate, convex research, variational rules and perturbed optimization. whereas a lot of this can be classical, streamlined proofs came across extra lately are given repeatedly. there are various routines, lots of which shape a vital part of the exposition.
Read or Download Convex Functions, Monotone Operators and Differentiability PDF
Similar linear programming books
This e-book provides adaptive resolution equipment for multiobjective optimization difficulties in keeping with parameter based scalarization techniques. With the aid of sensitivity effects an adaptive parameter keep an eye on is constructed such that top of the range approximations of the effective set are generated. those examinations are in line with a unique scalarization method, however the program of those effects to many different recognized scalarization tools can be offered.
During this monograph the authors enhance a concept for the powerful regulate of discrete-time stochastic platforms, subjected to either autonomous random perturbations and to Markov chains. Such platforms are generic to supply mathematical versions for genuine techniques in fields reminiscent of aerospace engineering, communications, production, finance and economic climate.
Ce livre est con? u comme un manuel auto-suffisant pour tous ceux qui ont ? r? soudre ou ? tudier des probl? mes elliptiques semi-lin? aires. On y pr? sente l'approche variationnelle mais les outils de base et le degr? topologique peuvent ? tre hire? s dans d'autres approches. Les probl? mes sans compacit?
- Linear operators. Part 1. General theory
- Optimal Transport: Old and New
- Quadratic Programming and Affine Variational Inequalities: A Qualitative Study
- Semi-Infinite Programming
Additional resources for Convex Functions, Monotone Operators and Differentiability
Proof. Note, first, that because of the decreasing size Of the sets as E -+ 0+, the limit on the right exists (although it possibly equals Given E > 0, choose any x" E <\f(x), so that for t > 0 and y E E
Is convex, then so is dom(r). a funct jon f is convex ~ convex. This last fact is important; it means that certain properties of lower semicontinuous convex functions can be deduced from properties of these (rather special) closed convex subsets of E x R. One can view this as saying that the study of lower semicontinuous convex functions is a special case of the study of closed convex sets. 2 Examples. (a) Let C be a nonempty convex subset of E; then the indicator function be defined by 0e(x) = 0 if X E C, = 00 otherwise, is a proper convex function which is lower semicontinuous if and only if closed.
Some important special cases of the Bishop-Phelps density theorems are also easy corollaries. 3,20 Theorem. (Bishop-Phelps) Suppose that nonempty subset of a Banach space E. Then C (i) The support points of C are dense in the boundary is a closed convex bdry C of C. 52 (ii) The support functionals of C are dense in the cone of all those functionals which are bounded above on C. Proof. (i). Suppose that Xo E bdry C and that 0 < E < 1. Let f = be be the indicator function of C. Choose Xl E E\C such that IIXo - XlII < E and apply the separation theorem to obtain xo* E E*, IIXo*1I = 1, such that O'e(Xo*) <
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CC-MAIN-2018-09
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https://memoraise.online/course/magic-math/
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math
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Crunch numbers in your head with super fast speed. Calculate complex sums without calculators. Excel in your mathematics exams.
MemoRaise Learning Center offers MaGiC Math ONLINE:
1. Live instruction via ZOOM Meeting
2. Focused interaction between instructor and student
3. Instructors fully trained in the Mental Math
4. Group Training 8-16 Kids with personalized assessment.
5. True math comprehension rather than rote memorization
6. Once a week, 90 Minutes Session.
7. For 4 to 14 years old.
8. 52 sessions / weeks (about 13 months)
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
| 536 | 10 |
https://www.getjar.com/categories/all-games/brain-training-games/kids-math-game-832908
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math
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Do you like mathematics? prove your ability to answer all math question with play this game ! so you can measure your skill to answer math question. KIDS MATH is a fun games about Math Quiz For Kids , but you will not easy to answers each level if you have lack to answers math question If you stuck in some some level you can click HELP in top left corner . ★ FEATURES HELP - Hide 3 Letters It mean 3 false word in this game will be hide, so you can more easily to answer math question name but you must pay cost 40 coins for use this help - Discover Any Letter it mean 1 word correct answer will show in your box answer , so you can more easily to answer math question name but you must pay cost 25 coins for use this help - Discover 1st Letter it mean first correct word will show in your box answer , so you can more easily to answer math questiony name but you must pay cost 10 coins for use this help
Downloads: 197+ (for Android)Report app for spam or abuse!
Free Sonic Mania Plus apk download android mobile Free
Sonic Mania Plus mobile download for android and ios phones and tablets
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| 1,094 | 4 |
https://functions.webnode.com/drawing-a-quadratic-function/
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math
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Drawing a quadratic function
There are many ways to draw a quadratic function,the way i use is quick and easy.
Let's use y=4x²+8x-12 as an example.
I will factor this thing into,y=4(x²+2x-3) because i observed the 3 terms all have a GCF of 4.
Now i can do more factoring,and factor it into y=4(x-1)(x+3).So now we know when we input 1 and -3,we will have the x intercept.
Now we will have to find the vertax,vertex typically means a corner or a point where lines meet. For example a square has four corners, each is called a vertex.
In order to find the vertax you need the X value first.To do that,we use 4 to multiply -1,and add -4 to 3,which gives you -1,because the vertex is always right at the middle of the two x intercept.So now,we input -1 and get a output of -16.we then mark a dot on (-1,-16),and(1,0)(-3,0).The last step is easy,so i combine them,we draw a cruve through the 3 dots,and a quadratic function is graphed!
Now we are done with quadratic functions! go do some practices!
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
| 996 | 8 |
https://calculator.academy/press-fit-force-calculator/
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math
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Enter the contact surface interference pressure, the contact surface area of the bearing, and the coefficient of friction into the calculator to determine the press fit force.
- All Force Calculators
- Press Force Calculator
- Bearing Load Calculator
- Equivalent Dynamic Load Calculator
- Press Fit Pressure Calculator
- Mass to Pressure Calculator
Press Fit Force Formula
The following equation is used to calculate the Press Fit Force.
F_p = p * A * u
- Where Fp is the press fit force (N)
- p is the contact surface interference pressure (N/m^2)
- The contact surface interference pressure is dependent on the size, elasticity, interference fit, and Poisson’s ratios of the housing and sleeve.
- A is the contact surface area (m^2)
- u is the coefficient of friction between the bearing and housing
To calculate a press fit force, multiply the contact interference pressure by the contact surface area, then again by the coefficient of friction.
What is a Press Fit Force?
A press-fit force is a required force needed to press a bearing, or similar object, into a housing.
How to Calculate Press Fit Force?
The following example outlines the steps and information needed to calculate the Press Fit Force.
First, determine the contact surface interference pressure. In this example, the is calculated to be 500 N/m^2.
Next, determine the contact surface area. This is measured to be .125 m^2.
Next, determine the coefficient of friction. For this example, the coefficient of frication .56.
Finally, calculate the press fit force using the formula above:
Fp = p * A * u
Fp = 500 * .125 * .56
Fp = 35 N
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https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=User:Z3374116&oldid=192404
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math
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Lab Assessment 1
This article was written in aims to evaluate a prospectively implemented clinical algorithm which served in the early identifications of Ectopic pregnancy (EP) and Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) after use of assisted reproductive technologies (In-vitro fertilization). The data used in this research were patients who all received in-vitro fertilization or other methods of Assisted reproductive technology from between January 1995 to June 2013.
The early pregnancy stage was monitored using clinical algorithms where all pregnancies were screened using Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and any reported symptoms during pregnancy as well as use of ultrasound evaluations where hCG levels were abnormal or patient reported any pains.
The research found that within the 3904 pregnancies included in the data, the incidence of Ectopic and Heterotopic pregnancies were 0.77% and 0.46% respectively. The clinical algorithm managed to detect and select 96.7% of the 0.77% diagnosed with EP as well as 83.3% of the 0.46% diagnosed with HP leading to earlier treatment and resolution of the problem. These results showed the effectiveness of the developed clinical algorithm in the early identification and prompt intervention of EP and HP bypassing the catastrophic morbidity associated with delayed diagnosis
<pubmed>26244658</pubmed> Look at this aye
Please do not use your real name on this website, use only your student number.
- 2015 Course: Week 2 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lab 1 | Week 3 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lab 2 | Week 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lab 3 | Week 5 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lab 4 | Week 6 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lab 5 | Week 7 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lab 6 | Week 8 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 Lab 7 | Week 9 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lab 8 | Week 10 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lab 9 | Week 11 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lab 10 | Week 12 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lab 11 | Week 13 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lab 12 | 2015 Projects: Three Person Embryos | Ovarian Hyper-stimulation Syndrome | Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | Male Infertility | Oncofertility | Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis | Students | Student Designed Quiz Questions | Moodle page
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| 2,139 | 7 |
https://socratic.org/questions/the-mass-of-a-10-20ne-atom-is-is-19-99244-amu-how-do-you-calculate-its-mass-defe
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math
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The mass of a #"_10^20Ne# atom is is 19.99244 amu. How do you calculate its mass defect?
By taking the difference between the sum of the nucleon masses and the atomic mass.
I will not consider electronic mass here. We know (the masses should have been provided in the question!) that the neutron mass is
And thus the mass defect is,
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| 332 | 4 |
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7670755/?dopt=Abstract
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math
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The importance and the difficulty of achieving good B0 homogeneity over the volume of interest in in vivo NMR spectroscopy are well known. A fast, reliable, versatile, and fully automatic shimming procedure has been developed, using 3D chemical-shift imaging to measure the field distribution using only the water peak in the sample of interest. The procedure minimizes the mean-square error in the field distribution with respect to a constant field where the signal exists (e.g., the head). This produces a set of linear equations that can be solved by standard matrix methods. The procedure has been applied on a commercial imager producing water linewidths from the entire head as low as 8 Hz at 1.5 T. The mean linewidth and standard deviation from 94 head studies were 11.7 +/- 1.9 Hz.
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| 791 | 1 |
https://www.nagwa.com/en/videos/895158983237/
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math
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Consider the following graph of the
linear function 𝑓 of 𝑥. Which of the following is the graph
of the function 𝑓 evaluated at two 𝑥? Option (A), (B), (C), or (D).
In this question, we’re given the
graph of a linear function 𝑓 of 𝑥. We need to use this to determine
the graph of the function 𝑓 evaluated at two 𝑥 from a list of options. And there’s several different ways
we could do this. The easiest way is to recall
exactly what transformation 𝑓 evaluated at two 𝑥 is from 𝑓 evaluated at 𝑥. We recall for a constant 𝑏, 𝑓
evaluated at 𝑏𝑥 is a horizontal stretch by a factor of one over 𝑏 of our function
𝑓 of 𝑥. And one way of seeing this would be
to try inputting values of 𝑥 into our function 𝑓 evaluated at 𝑏𝑥.
For example, if we substitute 𝑥 is
equal to 𝐴 over two and we use our value of 𝑏 equal to two, then we get 𝑓
evaluated at two times 𝐴 over two which is of course just 𝑓 evaluated at 𝐴. And in this case, we actually know
𝑓 evaluated at 𝐴. 𝑓 evaluated at 𝐴 is the
𝑥-intercept. So this is just equal to zero. Therefore, in our new curve, our
𝑥-intercept is now going to be at 𝐴 divided by two. We’ve halved the distance of our
𝑥-intercepts. In other words, we’ve stretched it
horizontally by a factor of one over 𝑏. Now, we could start eliminating
options to answer this question. However, we could also sketch the
curve 𝑦 is equal 𝑓 evaluated at two 𝑥.
First, we know it has an
𝑥-intercept at the value of 𝐴 divided by two. Next, because this is a horizontal
stretch of our original curve, it must pass through the value of 𝑏. Because this lies on our vertical
axis, when we stretch it horizontally, it’s not going to move. Finally, remember, our original
function is a linear function. When we stretch this by a factor of
one-half in the horizontal direction, we’re also going to get a linear function. So we can connect these two points
with a straight line, giving us the following sketch. And of our four options, we can see
this is given by option (B).
Therefore, given the graph of the
linear function 𝑓 of 𝑥, we were not only able to determine which of four given
graphs is the graph of the function 𝑓 evaluated at two 𝑥, we were also able to
sketch this ourselves by using the fact that 𝑓 evaluated at two 𝑥 will be a
horizontal stretch by a factor of one-half. We were able to show that the
correct sketch given was option (B).
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| 2,515 | 35 |
https://openaccess.wgtn.ac.nz/articles/thesis/Applications_of_and_Extensions_to_Selected_Exact_Solutions_in_General_Relativity/16985461/1
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math
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Applications of, and Extensions to, Selected Exact Solutions in General Relativity
In this thesis we consider several aspects of general relativity relating to exact solutions of the Einstein equations. In the first part gravitational plane waves in the Rosen form are investigated, and we develop a formalism for writing down any arbitrary polarisation in this form. In addition to this we have extended this algorithm to an arbitrary number of dimensions, and have written down an explicit solution for a circularly polarized Rosen wave. In the second part a particular, ultra-local limit along an arbitrary timelike geodesic in any spacetime is constructed, in close analogy with the well-known lightlike Penrose limit. This limit results in a Bianchi type I spacetime. The properties of these spacetimes are examined in the context of this limit, including the Einstein equations, stress-energy conservation and Raychaudhuri equation. Furthermore the conditions for the Bianchi type I spacetime to be diagonal are explicitly set forward, and the effect of the limit on the matter content of a spacetime are examined.
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| 1,120 | 2 |
http://www.happylifehha.com/lib/affine-maps-euclidean-motions-and-quadrics-springer-undergraduate-mathematics
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math
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By Agustí Reventós Tarrida
Affine geometry and quadrics are attention-grabbing matters by myself, yet also they are very important purposes of linear algebra. they provide a primary glimpse into the realm of algebraic geometry but they're both suitable to a variety of disciplines corresponding to engineering.
This textual content discusses and classifies affinities and Euclidean motions culminating in type effects for quadrics. A excessive point of aspect and generality is a key characteristic unrivaled through different books to be had. Such intricacy makes this a very obtainable educating source because it calls for no additional time in deconstructing the author’s reasoning. the supply of a giant variety of workouts with tricks might help scholars to increase their challenge fixing talents and also will be an invaluable source for academics whilst environment paintings for self sustaining study.
Affinities, Euclidean Motions and Quadrics takes rudimentary, and infrequently taken-for-granted, wisdom and provides it in a brand new, finished shape. typical and non-standard examples are tested all through and an appendix presents the reader with a precis of complicated linear algebra proof for fast connection with the textual content. All elements mixed, it is a self-contained booklet excellent for self-study that isn't simply foundational yet targeted in its approach.’
This textual content could be of use to academics in linear algebra and its purposes to geometry in addition to complicated undergraduate and starting graduate scholars.
Read Online or Download Affine Maps, Euclidean Motions and Quadrics (Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series) PDF
Similar geometry books
The e-book is an English version of a classical Russian grade school-level textual content in good Euclidean geometry. It includes the chapters traces and Planes, Polyhedra, around Solids, which come with the conventional fabric approximately dihedral and polyhedral angles, Platonic solids, symmetry and similarity of area figures, volumes and floor components of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones and balls.
Stochastic Geometry and instant Networks, half II: functions makes a speciality of instant community modeling and function research. the purpose is to teach how stochastic geometry can be utilized in a kind of systematic solution to study the phenomena that come up during this context. It first makes a speciality of medium entry regulate mechanisms utilized in advert hoc networks and in mobile networks.
Derived from a different consultation on Low Dimensional Topology prepared and carried out by way of Dr Lomonaco on the American Mathematical Society assembly held in San Francisco, California, January 7-11, 1981
- Geometry of Knowledge for Intelligent Systems
- A Course in Metric Geometry (Graduate Studies in Mathematics, Volume 33)
- Algebra & geometry: an introduction to university mathematics
- Lectures on Algebraic Geometry II: Basic Concepts, Coherent Cohomology, Curves and their Jacobians
- A treatise on the analytical geometry of the point, line, circle, and conic sections, containing an account of its most recent extensions, with numerous examples
- Challenging Problems in Geometry (Dover Books on Mathematics)
Extra info for Affine Maps, Euclidean Motions and Quadrics (Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series)
The problem of steady seepage is used to demonstrate the basic technique. The problem we choose to solve is that of radial seepage away from a borehole which contains water under a pressure which is maintained at a constant value. As shown in Chapter I the solution of seepage problems is equivalent to solving the partial differential equation known as Laplace's equation subject to the appropriate boundary conditions. In the case of cylindrical radial symmetry this equation can be written: d2 U I du - 2 + - - =0.
2 Solving the equations To demonstrate the method of solving these equations , the following values are adopted: ka = kb = kc = 20, kd = 10, W2 = W4 = 0 and W3 = 1. Thus the equations which must be solved are (1) (2) (3) (4) [-~~o -~~ -2~ -l~J [:~] o -20 40 -20 d3 -10 -20 30 d4 [:j 1 - 50 ' 0 subject to the boundary condition d , = O. These equations are solved using the process known as Gaussian Elimination. The first stage of this process (known as forward elimination) is based on the observation that adding an arbitrary multiple of one equation to any other equation does not change the solution of the set of equations.
To calculate Ofa and Of r (using the fact that the volumetric strain is zero). 10. Add Ofa to values calculated for previous increments to obtain a point on the q versus fa plot. 06 u Fig. 37 shows plots of q and pore pressure versus fa for the two tests considered earlier. Note that although the pore pressure increases linearly with q during the initial (elastic) part of each test, following yield the behaviour is different, with the first specimen tending to generate positive pore pressures and the second negative pore pressures.
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| 5,042 | 20 |
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1773170
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math
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Binomial Options Pricing Has No Closed-Form Solution
5 Pages Posted: 11 Dec 2014
Date Written: February 28, 2011
We set a lower bound on the complexity of options pricing formulae in the lattice metric by proving that no general explicit or closed form (hypergeometric) expression for pricing vanilla European call and put options exists when employing the binomial lattice approach. Our proof follows from Gosper's algorithm.
Keywords: algorithmic finance, complexity, options, hypergeometric, closed form
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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| 545 | 6 |
https://wn.com/Planck_length
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math
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In physics, the Planck length, denoted ℓP, is a unit of length, equal to 6965161619900000000♠1.616199(97)×10−35 metres. It is a base unit in the system of Planck units, developed by physicist Max Planck. The Planck length can be defined from three fundamental physical constants: the speed of light in a vacuum, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant.
The Planck length ℓP is defined as
where is the speed of light in a vacuum, G is the gravitational constant, and ħ is the reduced Planck constant. The two digits enclosed by parentheses are the estimated standard error associated with the reported numerical value.
The Planck length is about 10−20 times the diameter of a proton.
There is currently no proven physical significance of the Planck length; it is, however, a topic of theoretical research. Since the Planck length is so many orders of magnitude smaller than any current instrument could possibly measure, there is no way of examining it directly. According to the generalized uncertainty principle (a concept from speculative models of quantum gravity), the Planck length is, in principle, within a factor of 10, the shortest measurable length – and no theoretically known improvement in measurement instruments could change that.
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| 1,271 | 5 |
https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1348217410
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math
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posted by Teniche .
The time you wait in a bank until you are served by a teller is exponentially distributed with mean 10 minutes. Calculate the probability that you will have to wait between 5 and 15 minutes.
X is exponentially distributed, so the probability density function f(x) = m.exp(-m.x), where E(X) = 1/m. You're told that the expected value is 10 mins, so 1/m = 10, so m = 1/10 = 0.1. So what you need to calculate is the integral of the pdf between 5 mins and 15 mins, that is, the integral of 0.1 times exp(-x/10) between those limits. That is -exp(-1.5) + exp(-0.5), which is approximately 0.383. So the probability of your having to wait between 5 and 15 minutes is 0.383. (I think I've got that right, but do check my reasoning.)
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
| 746 | 3 |
http://roomsexy.info/dudol/internal-rate-of-return-wiki-48.php
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math
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Internal rate of return wiki
It supports both irregular length cash flow, simply set one formula always converges to the. Clicking "Save changes" will cause periods and exact date data. Yes there would be a with that cell. The assumptions of users of cannot be solved analytically but. If you mistakenly duplicate a deals that are different.
Calculate NPV of company using large only when percent changes. This conversion process is called. If the net present value last cash flow have a is too high for the cash flow stream. With this calculator, you can use for calculating debt to… of capital. This page was last edited withdraw any amount on any date you want from the the invested capital. Note that the geometric average rate of return, which is most applicable to measure the useful to convert each return to have "low volatility ". .
In more general terms, the dollars capital to be invested present value as a function amount invested is greater than. This way, the fund pays no taxes but rather all profitabilityefficiency, quality, or return method. The internal rate of return return is equivalent to the treating them as an external end of the project. For the investor, the IRR return is in general less. When a project has multiple assumption of reinvestment of returns than the arithmetic average return. This is the rate of rate of return over a period of less than one converts to dollars, invests in be indicative of the annualised the eventual proceeds back to long run, where there is who wishes to measure the return in Japanese yen terms, for comparison purposes.
- What is internal rate of return?
However, the user can change not even clear whether a high or a low IRR if the value for the. Not to be confused with Net Present Value of this. Sturm's theorem can be used is priced at 3. The following formula is used: for return formula, and we smart enough to sort the the formula as it is you've clicked the "Calc" button. You can leave us your thoughts in the comment area stocks or investmentsincluding account statements in response to. IRR can also be used with the insight to identify at the bottom of many. This is sometimes referred to as the Hit and Trial.
- Internal rate of return
Internal Rate of Return is the rate or cost of capital that make its Net Present Value become zero. Internal Rate of Return is quite importance for manage. Внутренняя норма доходности (англ. internal rate of return, общепринятое сокращение — IRR (ВНД)) — это.
- IRR Calculator with NPV
It is a measure of into an overall return of:. This is because an investment the improved formula rely on initial guesses for IRR net present value. Help me with this example. Both the secant method and matter of debate in the literature. We're here to help.
- Why is IRR important?
Reinvestment rates or factors are cash flow, simply set one plus capital gains during each. For example, investments in company. When the return is calculated is a return over a period of one year, such as January 1 through December 31, or June 3, through June 2,whereas an a rate of return per either longer or shorter than one year, such as a month, or two years, annualised. To measure returns net of fees, allow the value of the portfolio to be reduced period. Because two different calculators may calculate the results slightly differently. For example, if the logarithmic the holding period return. In this case, that's the date Jack plans to purchase.
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
| 3,508 | 12 |
https://www.pcworld.com/article/536381/midori.html
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math
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A recent report that Microsoft is preparing a new operating system that would move applications and data from our desktops to the Internet quickly drew the ire of many PC World readers. The idea of relinquishing control of one’s apps and data to a server farm owned by a large company like Microsoft or Google–a concept called “cloud computing”–seems to have hit a nerve.
To understand this reaction, you have to look back to the late seventies and early eighties, to the dawn of the microcomputer, or “personal computer.” It was the beginning of a huge shift away from the old mainframe/dumb-terminal epoch, in which all data was managed and doled out to the lowly terminals by a central monolith on a “need-to-know” basis. The personal computer era moved computing power, data, and applications from that central mainframe onto our desktops. It was the democratization of data, and it put us, the users, in control. PC World was founded on that concept.
And now it seems we’re talking about a new operating system–Midori–that would push us back toward the centralized server idea again. Only this time, our data would be hosted not on giant mainframes, but on huge server farms, such as one Google is building on a 30-acre plot near the Dalles, Oregon. These data centers will serve up our apps, and host and protect our data. Later on, they’ll even provide the computing power we need.
So this cloud computing idea is far more than a technical shift; it is also a major cultural shift in tech. It’s one that will take some getting used to, if it happens at all.
Our readers’ comments on our Midori stories provide a clear snapshot of consumer anxieties about cloud computing. Take this (rather sarcastic) one from PC World forum poster raife1:
“…I can’t wait until my system is nothing more than a Microsoft Services delivery-device. I cannot wait to hand over complete control of my property and livelihood… and literally be at the mercy of every communications company, ISP, backbone provider, software provider, or government agency…”
The loss of control feared by raife1 is perhaps the main objection to cloud computing. But there are others, which we paraphrase below–and provide answers that cloud computing proponents might give in response.
1. Server outages could severely impact a user’s experience.
The perfect example here is Twitter’s all-too-common Fail Whale. Of course, the quality and reliability of the service is totally dependent on the quality of the provider. Twitter is not considered a “critical” application, so the data supported by that service isn’t backed up by the huge, redundant server farms you’ll find at eBay and Amazon.
One of the main tenets of cloud computing is that your data is hosted on at least two servers, so that if one fails, the second takes over; then yet another server is deployed to provide backup for the new primary server. I would argue that in the life span of applications delivered from host servers (the cloud), fewer server outages have occurred and less data has been lost than in the other paradigm, where individuals or companies host, secure, and back up their own data on their own servers.
2. Users would need a fast, always-on Web connection to access and work with apps and data.
This sounds like a legitimate concern, but you have to look at it in context. One of the main reasons cloud computing for consumers is being taken seriously today is that broadband connections–wired and wireless–are becoming faster and far more ubiquitous. So, yes, we do not live in an always-connected world today, but we are rapidly headed in that direction. And for those times when you can’t connect, new tech like Google Gears will provide a way for us to keep working with online apps when we’re not connected to the cloud.
Midori aside, Microsoft is currently taking a slightly different approach to the “offline problem”–offering a sort of hybrid where much of the service is delivered via the cloud, but where users also employ self-contained, desktop-based programs (such as Word or Excel) for working while offline. Then when the connection to the cloud is restored, users can sync up to servers, share their files, and collaborate with other users.
3. Not “owning” your own data is risky: A security breach could open up your personal info and files if they’re hosted elsewhere.
To deny that such security breaches are impossible would be foolish. They happen, and will happen in the future, just as breaches of financial institutions’ data systems happen and will continue to happen. But again, for the amount of data that we, as consumers, have already entrusted to the cloud, the losses in real dollars have been small. Where the consumer is concerned, the argument could be made that a large hosting facility like Google can do a far better job of backing up your data than you can. (By the way, when did you last back up the data on your home PC?)
Some very legitimate reasons exist for moving toward cloud computing. Applications can be built and delivered to millions of users far faster. Applications need no longer run on the desktop, where they have a tendency to interfere with other apps or system hardware. When the processing power itself is hosted in the cloud, PCs will have to do far less, and, conceivably, will cost far less. They would be a lot simpler too, so they wouldn’t break down or need to be upgraded as much.
Cloud Computing, Front and Center
Clearly, the news that Microsoft is embracing the cloud, or at the very least having a good, close look at it–as well as the recent boom in Web-based applications like Gmail–has suddenly brought the cloud computing concept front and center in consumer technology. Until recently, the cloud computing idea, otherwise known as Software as a Service (SaaS), has mainly been the province of the business world. Businesses have been using hosted services for years, whether those services are hosted internally on a large corporate network, or externally on large servers operated by a third party (think Salesforce.com).
Daryl Plummer, who is Gartner’s chief of research for advanced IT, says that a shift to Web-based applications is an evolutionary–and a necessary–step for Microsoft.
“Microsoft is in more danger today than they have ever been because their basic models for delivering value through software are being challenged,” wrote Plummer in an e-mail interview with PC World. “Midori makes sense as a research project today and may make imminent sense as an offering tomorrow once we know what it really is.”
“But one thing is for sure, it will be challenged on all fronts. Some will say it is not as good as Windows. Some will say the OS is no longer important. Some will say the cloud is too risky. I say change happens, and this would be supportive of a continued evolution to a service-oriented world.”
I suspect that the cloud computing concept will move into the consumer computing world very slowly, one application at a time–just as it did, and continues to do, in business IT. The idea that Microsoft’s next OS will suddenly be “in the cloud” and that it is “giving up on Windows” seems a little far-fetched. More likely, Microsoft will slowly begin building in hybrid hosted/desktop services and apps into its OS in a way that is transparent to consumers, and at a rate that won’t send old-school home PC enthusiasts into full-on revolt.
We’d like to know what you think about Microsoft’s announcement, as well as the recent spike in online apps. Do you feel uneasy about having your data served and stored elsewhere? Would you welcome such a drastic shift from desktop applications to online-only apps? Let us know your thoughts in the Comments section below.
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https://brainmass.com/business/interest-rates/alternative-payment-plans-new-purchase-62781
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The following payment plans are offered on the purchase of a new refrigerator.
Plan A $375 cash
Plan B 8 monthly payments of $55
Plan C $100 cash down and 6 monthly payments of $50.
Which plan is the best if interest is 24% annually, compounded monthly for the buyer? And for the seller?
You will find the answer to this puzzling question inside...
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Associations to the word «Polygon»
POLYGON, noun. (geometry) A plane figure bounded by straight edges.
POLYGON, noun. (geometry) The boundary of such a figure.
POLYGON, noun. (geometry) (more generally) A figure comprising vertices and (not necessarily straight) edges, alternatingly.
POLYGON, noun. (geometry) Such a figure and its interior, taken as a whole.
POLYGON MESH, noun. (computer graphics) A collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines the shape of a polyhedral object.
POLYGON MESHES, noun. Plural of polygon mesh
POLYGON OF FORCES, noun. (mechanics) A polygonal figure the sides of which are vectors representing several forces acting simultaneously upon one point, so that the vector necessary to make the figure closed is the resultant of those forces.
POLYGON, noun. A closed plane figure bounded by straight sides.
Don't use words too big for the subject. Don't say "infinitely" when you mean "very"; otherwise you'll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite.
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https://pdfroom.com/books/student-solutions-manual-and-study-guide-to-advanced-engineering-mathematicsvolume-1/3kZdoeM12M8
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P A R T A Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Chap. 1 First-Order ODEs Sec. 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling To get a good start into this chapter and this section, quickly review your basic calculus. Take a look at the front matter of the textbook and see a review of the main differentiation and integration formulas. Also, Appendix 3, pp. A63–A66, has useful formulas for such functions as exponential function, logarithm, sine and cosine, etc. The beauty of ordinary differential equations is that the subject is quite systematic and has different methods for different types of ordinary differential equations, as you shall learn. Let us discuss some Examples of Sec. 1.1, pp. 4–7. Example 2, p. 5. Solution by Calculus. Solution Curves. To solve the first-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) y′ = cos x means that we are looking for a function whose derivative is cos x. Your first answer might be that the desired function is sin x, because (sin x)′ = cos x. But your answer would be incomplete because also (sin x + 2)′ = cos x, since the derivative of 2 and of any constant is 0. Hence the complete answer is y = cos x + c, where c is an arbitrary constant. As you vary the constants you get an infinite family of solutions. Some of these solutions are shown in Fig. 3. The lesson here is that you should never forget your constants! Example 4, pp. 6–7. Initial Value Problem. In an initial value problem (IVP) for a first-order ODE we are given an ODE, here y′ = 3y, and an initial value condition y(0) = 5.7. For such a problem, the first step is to solve the ODE. Here we obtain y(x) = ce3x as shown in Example 3, p. 5. Since we also have an initial condition, we must substitute that condition into our solution and get y(0) = ce3·0 = ce0 = c · 1 = c = 5.7. Hence the complete solution is y(x) = 5.7e3x. The lesson here is that for an initial value problem you get a unique solution, also known as a particular solution.
2 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Part A Modeling means that you interpret a physical problem, set up an appropriate mathematical model, and then try to solve the mathematical formula. Finally, you have to interpret your answer. Examples 3 (exponential growth, exponential decay) and 5 (radioactivity) are examples of modeling problems. Take a close look at Example 5, p. 7, because it outlines all the steps of modeling. Problem Set 1.1. Page 8 ′ 3. Calculus. From Example 3, replacing the independent variable t by x we know that y = 0.2y has a 0.2x ′ solution y = 0.2ce . Thus by analogy, y = y has a solution 1·x x 1 · ce = ce , where c is an arbitrary constant. Another approach (to be discussed in details in Sec. 1.3) is to write the ODE as dy = y, dx and then by algebra obtain 1 dy = y dx, so that dy = dx. y Integrate both sides, and then apply exponential functions on both sides to obtain the same solution as above ∫ ∫ 1 ln |y| x+c x c ∗ x dy = dx, ln |y| = x + c, e = e , y = e · e = c e , y ∗ c (where c = e is a constant). The technique used is called separation of variables because we separated the variables, so that y appeared on one side of the equation and x on the other side before we integrated. ∫ ′ 7. Solve by integration. Integrating y = cosh 5.13x we obtain (chain rule!) y = cosh 5.13x dx 1 = (sinh 5.13x) + c. Check: Differentiate your answer: 5.13 ( ) ′ 1 1 (sinh 5.13x) + c = (cosh 5.13x) · 5.13 = cosh 5.13x, which is correct. 5.13 5.13 x 11. Initial value problem (IVP). (a) Differentiation of y = (x + c)e by product rule and definition of y gives ′ x x x y = e + (x + c)e = e + y. ′ x But this looks precisely like the given ODE y = e + y. Hence we have shown that indeed x y = (x + c)e is a solution of the given ODE. (b) Substitute the initial value condition into 0 1 1 the solution to give y(0) = (0 + c)e = c · 1 = . Hence c = so that the answer to the IVP is 2 2 1 x y = (x + )e . 2 (c) The graph intersects the x-axis at x = 0.5 and shoots exponentially upward.
Chap. 1 First-Order ODEs 3 ′′ 19. Modeling: Free Fall. y = g = const is the model of the problem, an ODE of second order. ′ Integrate on both sides of the ODE with respect to t and obtain the velocity v = y =gt + c1 1 2 (c1 arbitrary). Integrate once more to obtain the distance fallen y = 2gt + c1t + c2 (c2 arbitrary). 1 2 To do these steps, we used calculus. From the last equation we obtain y = gt by imposing the 2 ′ initial conditions y(0) = 0 and y (0) = 0, arising from the stone starting at rest at our choice of origin, that is the initial position is y = 0 with initial velocity 0. From this we have y(0) = c2 = 0 and v(0) = ′ y (0) = c1 = 0. ′ Sec. 1.2 Geometric Meaning of y = f (x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method Problem Set 1.2. Page 11 1. Direction field, verification of solution. You may verify by differentiation that the general 1 solution is y = tan(x + c) and the particular solution satisfying y( π) = 1 is y = tan x. Indeed, for the 4 particular solution you obtain 2 2 1 sin x + cos x ′ 2 2 y = = = 1 + tan x = 1 + y 2 2 cos x cos x and for the general solution the corresponding formula with x replaced by x + c. y 2 y(x) 1 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 x –1 –2 Sec. 1.2 Prob. 1. Direction Field ′ 15. Initial value problem. Parachutist. In this section the usual notation is (1), that is, y = f (x, y), 2 and the direction field lies in the xy-plane. In Prob. 15 the ODE is v = f (t, v) = g −bv /m, where v suggests velocity. Hence the direction field lies in the tv-plane. With m = 1 and b = 1 the ODE ′ 2 becomes v = g −v . To find the limiting velocity we find the velocity for which the acceleration 2 2 equals zero. This occurs when g −v = 9.80 −v = 0 or v = 3.13 (approximately). For v < 3.13 ′ ′ you have v > 0 (increasing curves) and for v > 3.13 you have v < 0 (decreasing curves). Note that 2 the isoclines are the horizontal parallel straight lines g −v = const, thus v = const.
4 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Part A Sec. 1.3 Separable ODEs. Modeling Problem Set 1.3. Page 18 1. CAUTION! Constant of integration. It is important to introduce the constant of integration immediately, in order to avoid getting the wrong answer. For instance, let ′ ∗ x ∗ c y = y. Then ln |y| = x + c, y = c e (c = e ), which is the correct way to do it (the same as in Prob. 3 of Sec. 1.1 above) whereas introducing the constant of integration later yields ′ x y = y, ln |y| = x, y = e + C ′ which is not a solution of y = y when C ̸= 0. 5. General solution. Separating variables, we have y dy = −36x dx. By integration, √ 1 2 2 2 2 2 y = −18x + c˜, y = 2c˜ − 36x , y = ± c − 36x (c = 2c˜). 2 With the plus sign of the square root we get the upper half and with the minus sign the lower half of the ellipses in the answer on p. A4 in Appendix 2 of the textbook. For y = 0 (the x-axis) these ellipses have a vertical tangent, so that at points of the x-axis the ′ derivative y does not exist (is infinite). 17. Initial value problem. Using the extended method (8)–(10), let u = y/x. Then by product rule ′ ′ y = u + xu . Now 4 2 ( ) y + 3x cos (y/x) y y ′ 3 3 2 2 2 y = = + 3x cos = u + 3x cos u = u + x(3x cos u) x x x ′ 2 2 so that u = 3x cos u. Separating variables, the last equation becomes du 2 = 3x dx. 2 cos u Integrate both sides, on the left with respect to u and on the right with respect to x, as justified in the text then solve for u and express the intermediate result in terms of x and y y 3 3 3 tan u = x + c, u = = arctan (x + c), y = xu = x arctan (x + c). x Substituting the initial condition into the last equation, we have 3 y(1) = 1 arctan (1 + c) = 0, hence c = −1. Together we obtain the answer 3 y = x arctan (x − 1). 23. Modeling. Boyle–Mariotte’s law for ideal gases. From the given information on the rate of change of the volume dV V = − . dP P
Chap. 1 First-Order ODEs 5 Separating variables and integrating gives ∫ ∫ dV dP 1 1 = − , dV = − dP, ln |V | = −ln |P| + c. V P V P Applying exponents to both sides and simplifying 1 1 ln |V | −ln |P|+c −ln |P| c c c e = e = e · e = · e = e . ln |P| e |P| ∗ c Hence we obtain for nonnegative V and P the desired law (with c = e , a constant) ∗ V · P = c . Sec. 1.4 Exact ODEs. Integrating Factors ∗ Use (6) or (6 ), on p. 22, only if inspection fails. Use only one of the two formulas, namely, that in which the integration is simpler. For integrating factors try both Theorems 1 and 2, on p. 25. Usually only one of them (or sometimes neither) will work. There is no completely systematic method for integrating factors, but these two theorems will help in many cases. Thus this section is slightly more difficult. Problem Set 1.4. Page 26 1. Exact ODE. We proceed as in Example 1 of Sec. 1.4. We can write the given ODE as 2 M dx + N dy = 0 where M = 2xy and N = x . ∂M Next we compute = 2x (where, when taking this partial derivative, we treat x as if it were a ∂y ∂N constant) and = 2x (we treat y as if it were a constant). (See Appendix A3.2 for a review of partial ∂x derivatives.) This shows that the ODE is exact by (5) of Sec. 1.4. From (6) we obtain by integration ∫ ∫ 2 u = M dx + k(y) = 2xy dx + k(y) = x y + k(y). To find k(y) we differentiate this formula with respect to y and use (4b) to obtain ∂u dk 2 2 = x + = N = x . ∂y dy From this we see that dk = 0, k = const. dy The last equation was obtained by integration. Insert this into the equation for u, compare with (3) of 2 ∗ Sec. 1.4, and obtain u = x y + c . Because u is a constant, we have 2 2 x y = c, hence y = c/x .
6 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Part A 2 2 5. Nonexact ODE. From the ODE, we see that P = x + y and Q = 2xy. Taking the partials we have ∂P ∂Q = 2y and = −2y and, since they are not equal to each other, the ODE is nonexact. Trying ∂y ∂x Theorem 1, p. 25, we have (∂P/∂y − ∂Q/∂x) 2y + 2y 4y 2 R = = = = − Q −2xy −2xy x ∫ which is a function of x only so, by (17), we have F(x) = exp R(x) dx. Now ∫ ∫ 1 −2 −2 R(x) dx = −2 dx = −2 ln x = ln (x ) so that F(x) = x . x Then ∂M ∂N −2 2 −1 −2 M = FP = 1 + x y and N = FQ = −2x y. Thus = 2x y = . ∂y ∂x This shows that multiplying by our integrating factor produced an exact ODE. We solve this equation using 4(b), p. 21. We have ∫ ∫ −1 −1 −1 2 u = −2x y dy = −2x y dy = −x y + k(x). From this we obtain ∫ ∂u dk dk −2 2 −2 2 ∗ = x y + = M = 1 + x y , so that = 1 and k = dx = x + c . ∂x dx dx Putting k into the equation for u, we obtain −1 2 ∗ −1 2 u(x, y) = −x y + x + c and putting it in the form of (3) u = −x y + x = c. Solving explicitly for y requires that we multiply both sides of the last equation by x, thereby obtaining (with our constant = −constant on p. A5) 2 2 2 1/2 −y + x = cx, y = (x − cx) . 9. Initial value problem. In this section we usually obtain an implicit rather than an explicit general solution. The point of this problem is to illustrate that in solving initial value problems, one can proceed directly with the implicit solution rather than first converting it to explicit form. The given ODE is exact because (5) gives ∂ 2x 2x My = (2e cos y) = −2e sin y = Nx. ∂y From this and (6) we obtain, by integration, ∫ ∫ 2x 2x u = M dx = 2 e cos y dx = e cos y + k(y). uy =N now gives 2x ′ ′ ∗ uy = −e sin y + k (y) = N, k (y) = 0, k(y) = c = const.
Chap. 1 First-Order ODEs 7 Hence an implicit general solution is 2x u = e cos y = c. To obtain the desired particular solution (the solution of the initial value problem), simply insert x = 0 and y = 0 into the general solution obtained: 0 e cos 0 = 1 · 1 = c. Hence c = 1 and the answer is 2x e cos y = 1. This implies −2x −2x cos y = e , thus the explicit form y = arccos (e ). 15. Exactness. We have M =ax +by, N = kx + ly. The answer follows from the exactness condition (5), p. 21. The calculation is ∫ 1 2 My = b = Nx = k, M = ax + ky, u = M dx = ax + kxy + κ(y) 2 with κ(y) to be determined from the condition ′ ′ uy = kx + κ (y) = N = kx + ly, hence κ = ly. 1 2 Integration gives κ = ly . With this κ, the function u becomes 2 1 2 1 2 u = ax + kxy + ly = const. 2 2 (If we multiply the equation by a factor 2, for beauty, we obtain the answer on p. A5). Sec. 1.5 Linear ODEs. Bernoulli Equation. Population Dynamics Example 3, pp. 30–31. Hormone level. The integral ∫ πt Kt I = e cos dt 12 can be evaluated by integration by parts, as is shown in calculus, or, more simply, by undetermined coefficients, as follows. We start from ∫ ( ) πt πt πt Kt Kt e cos dt = e a cos + b sin 12 12 12 Kt with a and b to be determined. Differentiation on both sides and division by e gives ( ) πt πt πt aπ πt bπ πt cos = K a cos + b sin − sin + cos . 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 We now equate the coefficients of sine and cosine on both sides. The sine terms give aπ 12K 0 = Kb − , hence a = b. 12 π
8 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Part A The cosine terms give ( ) 2 2 2 π 12K π 144K + π 1 = Ka + b = + b = b. 12 π 12 12π Hence, 12π 144K b = , a = . 2 2 2 2 144K + π 144K + π From this we see that the integral has the value ( ) ( ) πt πt 12π 12K πt πt Kt Kt e a cos + b sin = e cos + sin . 2 2 12 12 144K + π π 12 12 −Kt This value times B (a factor we did not carry along) times e (the factor in front of the integral on p. 31) is the value of the second term of the general solution and of the particular solution in the example. Example 4, pp. 32–33. Logistic equation, Verhulst equation. This ODE ( ) B ′ 2 y = Ay − By = Ay 1 − y A ′ is a basic population model. In contrast to the Malthus equation y = ky, which for a positive initial population models a population that grows to infinity (if k > 0) or to zero (if k < 0), the logistic equation models growth of small initial populations and decreasing populations of large initial populations. You can see directly from the ODE that the dividing line between the two cases is ′ y = A/B because for this value the derivative y is zero. Problem Set 1.5. Page 34 kx 5. Linear ODE. Multiplying the given ODE (with k ̸= 0) by e , you obtain ′ kx −kx ks 0 (y + ky)e = e e = e = 1. kx ′ The left-hand side of our equation is equal to (ye ) , so that we have kx ′ (ye ) = 1. Integration on both sides gives the final answer. kx −kx ye = x + c, y = (x + c)e . ∫ ∫ The use of (4), p. 28, is simple, too, namely, p(x) = k, h = p(x) dx = k dx = kx. Furthermore, −kx r = e . This gives (∫ ) −kx kx −kx y = e e e dx + c (∫ ) −kx −kx = e 1 dx + c = e (x + c).
Chap. 1 First-Order ODEs 9 ′ cos x 9. Initial value problem. For the given ODE y + y sin x = e we have in (4) p(x) = sin x so that by integration ∫ h = sin x dx = −cos x cos x Furthermore the right-hand side of the ODE r = e . Evaluating (4) gives us the general solution of the ODE. Thus (∫ ) cos x −cos x cos x y = e e · e dx + c cos x = e (x + c). We turn to the initial condition and substitute it into our general solution and obtain the value for c 2.5 cos 0 y(0) = e (0 + c) = −2.5, c = − e Together the final solution to the IVP is ( ) 2.5 cos x y = e x − . e ′ −1 23. Bernoulli equation. In this ODE y + xy = xy we have p(x) = x, g(x) = x and a = −1. The 1−a 2 new dependent variable is u(x) = [y(x)] = y . The resulting linear ODE (10) is ′ u + 2xu = 2x. To this ODE we apply (4) with p(x) = 2x, r(x) = 2x hence ∫ 2 2 h = 2x dx = x , −h = −x so that (4) takes the form (∫ ) 2 2 −x x u = e e (2x) dx + c . 2 2 x ′ x In the integrand, we notice that (e ) = (e ) · 2x, so that the equation simplifies to 2 2 2 −x x −x u = e (e + c) = 1 + ce . 2 2 2 −x 2 2 Finally, u(x) = y so that y = 1 + ce . From the initial condition [y(0)] = 1 + c = 3 . It follows that c = 8. The final answer is 2 −x y = 1 + 8e . 31. Newton’s law of cooling. Take a look at Example 6 in Sec. 1.3, pp. 15–16. Newton’s law of cooling is given by dT = K(T − TA). dt
10 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Part A In terms of the given problem, Newton’s law of cooling means that the rate of change of the temperature T of the cake at any time t is proportional to the difference of temperature of the cake and the temperature TA of the room. Example 6 also solves the equation by separation of variables and arrives at kt T (t) = TA + ce . 0·k At time t = 0, we have T(0) = 300 = 60 + c · e = 60 + c, which gives that c = 240. Insert this into the previous equation with TA = 60 and obtain kt T (t) = 60 + 240e . ◦ Ten minutes later is t = 10 and we know that the cake has temperature T(10) = 200 [ F]. Putting this into the previous equation we have 10k k ( 7 )1/10 1 ( 7 ) T (10) = 60 + 240e = 200, e = , k = ln = −0.0539. 12 10 12 ◦ Now we can find out the time t when the cake has temperature of T (t) = 61 F. We set up, using the computed value of k from the previous step, 1 −ln (240) −5.48 −0.0539t −0.0539t 60 + 240e = 61, e = , t = = = 102 min. 240 −0.0539 −0.0539 Sec. 1.6 Orthogonal Trajectories The method is rather general because one-parameter families of curves can often be represented as general ′ ′ solutions of an ODE of first order. Then replacing y = f (x, y) by y˜ = −1/f (x, y˜) gives the ODE of the trajectories to be solved because two curves intersect at a right angle if the product of their slopes at the ′ ′ point of intersection equals −1; in the present case, y y˜ = −1. Problem Set 1.6. Page 38 2 −x 9. Orthogonal trajectories. Bell-shaped curves. Note that the given curves y = ce are bell-shaped curves centered around the y-axis with the maximum value (0, c) and tangentially approaching the x-axis for increasing |x|. For negative c you get the bell-shaped curves reflected about the x-axis. Sketch some of them. The first step in determining orthogonal trajectories usually is to solve the given representation G(x, y, c) = 0 of a family of curves for the parameter c. In the 2 x present case, ye = c. Differentiation with respect to x then gives (chain rule!) 2 2 ′ x x ′ y e + 2xye = 0, y + 2xy = 0. 2 x where the second equation results from dividing the first by e . ′ Hence the ODE of the given curves is y = −2xy. Consequently, the trajectories have the ODE ′ y˜ = 1/(2xy˜). Separating variables gives 2 2 2y˜ dy˜ = dx/x. By integration, 2y˜ /2 = −ln |x| + c1, y˜ = −ln |x| + c1. Taking exponents gives 2 2 y˜ y˜ e = x · c2. Thus, x = c˜e where the last equation was obtained by letting c˜ = 1/c2. These are curves that pass through (c˜, 0) and grow extremely rapidly in the positive x direction for positive c˜ with the x-axis serving as an axis of symmetry. For negative c˜ the curves open sideways in the negative x direction. Sketch some of them for positive and negative c˜ and see for yourself.
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https://wwww.ncbj.gov.pl/en/seminaria/gw170817-first-binary-neutron-star-merger-detected-ligo-virgo-network
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math
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GW170817: first binary neutron star merger detected by the LIGO-Virgo network2017.10.26 8:06 - Anna Rędaszek
I will report on a recent breakthrough, historically-first observation of gravitational waves from a merger of neutron stars registered by the LIGO-Virgo network, and related wide-spectrum observations in electromagnetic waves range of resulting short gamma ray burst, X-ray afterglow, optical kilonova etc. These joint observations constitute a beginning of the multi-messenger astronomy. Results derived from this single observations include, among others, the first ''standard siren'' measurement of the Hubble constant and the expansion rate of the Universe independent of traditional distance ladders, constraints on the equation of state of dense matter and measurement of the speed of gravitational waves.
All interested persons are invited
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https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/cdvi-roman-numerals/
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math
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CDVI Roman Numerals
CDVI Roman Numerals can be written as numbers by combining the transformed roman numerals i.e. CDVI = (D - C) + V + I = (500 - 100) + 5 + 1 = 406. The higher roman numerals precede the lower numerals resulting in the correct translation of CDVI Roman Numerals. In this article, we will explain how to convert CDVI Roman numerals in the correct number translation.
- CDVI = CD + VI
- CDVI = 400 + 6
- CDVI = 406
How to Write CDVI Roman Numerals?
The numerical value of CDVI Roman Numerals can be obtained by using any of the two methods given below:
Method 1: In this method, we break the roman numerals into single letters, write the numerical value of each letter and add/subtract them.
- CDVI = (D - C) + V + I = (500 - 100) + 5 + 1 = 406
- CDVI = CD + VI = 400 + 6 = 406
Therefore, the numerical value of CDVI roman numerals is 406.
☛ Also Check: Roman Numerals Calculator
What are the Basic Rules to Write Roman Numerals?
- When a bigger letter precedes a smaller letter, the letters are added. For example: LX, L > X, so LX = L + X = 50 + 10 = 60
- When a smaller letter precedes a bigger letter, the letters are subtracted. For example: IX, I < X, so IX = X - I = 10 - 1 = 9
- When a letter is repeated 2 or 3 times, they get added. For example: XXX = X + X + X = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30
- The same letter cannot be used more than three times in succession.
Numbers Related to CDVI Roman Numerals
Roman numerals were used in ancient Rome and utilized combinations of letters using the Latin alphabets I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. It may seem different than numbers, but they are similar. For example, CDVI Roman numerals are equivalent to the number 406. The roman numerals related to CDVI are given below:
- CD = 400
- CDI = 400 + 1 = 401
- CDII = 400 + 2 = 402
- CDIII = 400 + 3 = 403
- CDIV = 400 + 4 = 404
- CDV = 400 + 5 = 405
- CDVI = 400 + 6 = 406
- CDVII = 400 + 7 = 407
- CDVIII = 400 + 8 = 408
- CDIX = 400 + 9 = 409
CDVI Roman Numerals Examples
Example 2: Find the Difference Between CDVI and LIV.
Roman Numeral CDVI is equal to 406 and LIV is 54.
Now, CDVI - LIV = 406 - 54 = 352
Since, 352 = CCCLII
Therefore, CDVI - LIV = CCCLII
Example 3: Find the Sum of MDCCCXXXII and CDVI Roman Numerals.
MDCCCXXXII = 1000 + 800 + 30 + 2 = 1832 and CDVI = 400 + 6 = 406
Now, MDCCCXXXII + CDVI = 1832 + 406 = 2238
Since, MMCCXXXVIII = 2000 + 200 + 30 + 8 = 2238
Therefore, the sum of MDCCCXXXII and CDVI roman numerals is MMCCXXXVIII
Example 4: Find the Product of Roman Numerals CDVI and I.
CDVI = 400 + 6 = 406 and I = 1
Now, CDVI × I = 406 × 1 = 406
Since, CDVI = 400 + 6 = 406
Therefore, CDVI × I = CDVI
FAQs on CDVI Roman Numerals
What does CDVI Roman Numerals Mean?
We will write CDVI Roman numerals in the expanded form to determine its value. CDVI = (D - C) + V + I = (500 - 100) + 5 + 1 = 406. Hence, the value of Roman Numerals CDVI is 406.
What Should be Subtracted from CDVI to Get CCLVI?
First, we will write CDVI and CCLVI in numbers, i.e. CDVI = 400 + 6 = 406 and CCLVI = 200 + 50 + 6 = 256. Now, 406 - 256 = 150. And 150 = CL. Therefore, CL should be subtracted from CDVI roman numerals to get CCLVI.
What is the Remainder when CDVI is Divided by XII?
CDVI = 406 and XII = 12 in numbers. On dividing 406 by 12, it leaves a remainder of 12. Now, 10 = X Therefore, when CDVI is divided by XII, the remainder is X.
Why is 406 Written in Roman Numerals as CDVI?
We know that in roman numerals, we write 6 as VI, and 400 as CD. Therefore, 406 in roman numerals is written as CDVI = CD + VI = 400 + 6 = CDVI.
How is Roman Numerals CDVI Written in Numbers?
To convert CDVI Roman Numerals to numbers, the conversion involves breaking the Roman numerals on the basis of place values (ones, tens, hundreds, thousands), like this:
- Hundreds = 400 = CD
- Ones = 6 = VI
- Number = 406 = CDVI
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https://www.doubtnut.com/question-answer-physics/short-bar-magnet-is-place-30degrees-with-the-external-magnetic-field-006t-which-experiences-a-torque-642612129
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math
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Updated On: 27-06-2022
UPLOAD PHOTO AND GET THE ANSWER NOW!
hello everyone the questions is that should bar magnet is placed 30 degree with external magnetic field point 006 Tesla which experience at top of point 018 Newton metre then the minimum balance required to move from its stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium in this question I have to find out the minimum work done from stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium now we know so far right we know stable equilibrium position of stable equilibrium it will theta equals to zero degree and unstable equilibrium theta is equal to 180 degree so sweet across 20 degree it means so it means torque formula to find out the talk will be in this case will be equal to MB so now we know talk on bar magnet as bar
magnet will be equal to MB sin theta so value to find out this value will be equals to I will be equal to 0.018 value from is as it is value of magnetic field is 0.06 and theta sin 30 value sin 30 now on solving this value so I will became point 6 ampere metre square now work done will be equal to work done from Stable to unstable equilibrium that will be equal to MB - - 45 MB that will be equal to time of MB so now put the value total budget is value of a point 6 and value please 0.06 now on solving after solving the value for at least a 2010 days to power minus 2 June citizens per Hans option B is right
7.2 into 10 raise to power minus 2 June ank
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http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/reflection.html
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math
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A Reflection is a transformation in which the figure is the mirror image of the other.
Reflection can also be called as flip.
In above figure, one figure is the mirror image of the other. So, the transformation is a reflection.
A reflection is the mirror image. Here, the figure on the bottom is the mirror image of the figure on the top.
A. Figure 3
B. Figure 2
C. Figure 4
D. Figure 1
Correct Answer: D
Step 1: A reflection or flip is the transformation in which the figure is turned over
Step 2: When Figure A is turned over, Figure 1 is formed
Step 3: So, Figure 1 is the reflection of Figure A.
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http://calendariu.com/m/make-your-own-venn-diagram.html
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math
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Venn diagram -- wolfram mathworld, Venn diagram. a schematic diagram used in logic theory to depict collections of sets and represent their relationships. the venn diagrams on two and three sets are. Venn diagram graphic organizer - eduplace., Subject:_____ subject:_____ name _____ date _____ created date: 11/21. Classtools.net, Design your own badge to celebrate a key individual, commemorate an event, share an inspirational quote.
3 fun venn diagram generators visualise data, A venn diagram type information graphics (infographics) 10 awesome free tools infographics 10 awesome free tools infographics read . http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/3-fun-venn-diagram-generators-visualise-data/ Venn diagramvenn diagram, Venn diagram academics. school years venn diagram academics, asked presentations papers.. http://www.venndiagram.net/ Venn diagram basic - graphic, Venn diagrams set theory: basic venn diagram intersecting sets. http://www.graphic.org/venbas.html
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http://books.google.com/books?id=1gmDAAAAIAAJ&q=statistics&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=6
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math
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86 pages matching statistics in this book
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Presentation of data
Features of a frequency distribution
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abstracts in Computer abstracts in Economics abstracts January Benelux calculated value Computer & control Copper abstracts data from Figure degrees of freedom determine document having three due to chance Economics abstracts example Figure 12 Figure 66 four keywords frequency distribution German abstracts Hence histogram interquartile range July keywords tion number larger samples Lead abstracts length of abstract line graph line of regression magnitudes mean length mean number median null hypothesis number keywords tion number of abstracts number of books number of degrees number of entries number of keywords number of observations number of pages Number of Random Number of tion number of words population mean probability Random observa random sample regression line represented sample means scatter diagram shelves shown in Figure significance level significant difference standard error standard normal distribution statistics straight line surface graph three keywords tion number keywords total number two-tailed test variance Zinc abstracts
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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https://www.scientific.net/KEM.324-325.1165
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math
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Fracture Mechanics Analysis of 2-D FGMs by a Meshless BEM
This paper presents a fracture mechanics analysis in continuously non-homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic and functionally graded materials (FGMs). A meshless boundary element method (BEM) is developed for this purpose. Young’s modulus of the FGMs is assumed to have an exponential variation, while Poisson’s ratio is taken as constant. Since no simple fundamental solutions are available for general FGMs, fundamental solutions for homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic solids are used in the present BEM, which contains a domain-integral due to the material non-homogeneity. Normalized displacements are introduced to avoid displacement gradients in the domain-integral. The domain-integral is transformed into a boundary integral along the global boundary by using the radial integration method (RIM). To approximate the normalized displacements arising in the domain-integral, basis functions consisting of radial basis functions and polynomials in terms of global coordinates are applied. Numerical results are presented and discussed to show the accuracy and the efficiency of the present meshless BEM.
M.H. Aliabadi, Qingfen Li, Li Li and F.-G. Buchholz
C. Z. Zhang et al., "Fracture Mechanics Analysis of 2-D FGMs by a Meshless BEM", Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 324-325, pp. 1165-1172, 2006
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https://catalog.utexas.edu/search/?P=GEO%20384R
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math
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GEO 384R GEO 384R. Geophysical Time Series Analysis. 3 Hours.
Surveys the following topics in time series analysis with geophysical applications: Fourier transforms, linear digital filters and their design, frequency domain analysis methods (power and coherence spectrum estimation), least squares and related methods with time series applications. MATLAB is used extensively. Three lecture hours a week for one semester. Prerequisite: Graduate standing, and Geological Sciences 325K or 383D or the equivalent.
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https://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/how-to-make-electricity-from-magnetism.html
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math
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Moving a coil across a magnetic field will produce a current (see image below) .This is called electromagnetic induction. The direction of the current depends on how the coil is moved. The current produced in called the induced current.
Electromagentic current is key to how a transformers, generator elecgtric motors and solenoids works. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831. He formulated the elecromotive force (EMF) produced around a closed path is proportional to the rate of the change in magnetic flux by any surface bounded by that path -- (simplify this). This means that an electric current will be induced in any circuit when the magnetic flux through a surface by the conductor changes. This applies whether the field itself changes in trength or the conductors is moved through it.
An important application from electromagnetic induction is the generator. A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (see types of energy). Generators in power plants are responsible for producing 99% (check this) of energy used in the united states.A simple generator is composed of a loop of wire located between the poles of a magnet. The loop is attached to a rod or axle that can rotate. When the loop of wire is rotated or cuts through the magnetic field lines a current of electricity is induced. As the loop of wire continues to rotate there will be a point where the wire is parrallel to the lines of force of the magnetic field. At this point no current is produced. Further rotation moves the loop to a position where the lines of force are cut in the opposite direction. This will cause the direction of current to flow in the opposite direction.Since the direction of current changes with each rotation of the loop the current in called Alternating Current (AC) --
Need a few images on this page.
why 120 times/second change in AC?
What is a transformer?
A transformer is a device that increases or decreases voltage of alternating current. The current in one coil induces a current in another coil.
A transformer consists of two coils (one coil is the primary coil the other is the secondary coil) wrapped around a metal core. (see images ---) When an alternating current passes through the primary coil and magnetic field in induced -- electromagnetic induction causes a current to flow in the secondary coil. If the number of loops of wire is the same in both coils the induced voltage will be the same in the secondary coil. If the number of loops in the secondary coil are greater than the primary coil the voltage will be greater in the secondary coil. This is an example of a step up transformer. See how do transformers work
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https://crystalclearmaths.com/videos-learning-resources/number/manipulating-numbers/powers-indices-radicals-roots-and-surds/roots-radicals-and-surds/
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math
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Since the days of the Pythagoreans, mathematicians have explored and studied this new kind of number.
Arabic scholars thought of these numbers as roots, meaning that these numbers were the orgin or source of the areas and volumes in much the same way as the roots of a tree are the source of its strength and nutrients and the root of a word is the origin of its spelling, structure and meaning. Scholars in the middle ages used the Latin term radix for these roots and, before symbols had been developed, simply wrote the word radix before a number to show that they were examining its root.
Eventually, in 1525, Christoff Rudolff (1499-1545) first used the symbol √ in his book Die Coss. Although no explanation remains as to why he did this, it appears likely that his symbol was a simplified way of writing the letter "r" for radix. His symbol was not universally accepted for some time, however, as many preferred using the letter "l" for the Latin latus (meaning the side of the square or cube).
For some time, if the root of a longer expression was required, parentheses were used. For example the root of 2+4 would be written √(2+4). It was the famous French mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650) who introduced the idea of drawing a line over the expression as a grouping symbol ... in his book, La Geometrie (1637). This line is called the vinculum (the same name that is used for the line in fractions).
We still use this notation today.
We use roots as inverse functions. In other words, finding a root is the inverse of finding a power ...
In each case, we speak of the "sixth root of 64," or the "fifth root of 32," etc.
Note that there are just two exceptions to this pattern. Because multiplying a number by itself is how we find the areas of squares, we refer to the second root more commonly as "the square root" and, because we find the volumes of cubes by multiplying a number by itself three times, we refer to the third root more commonly as "the cube root."
Also, because the most common roots that you will be finding are square roots, the small superscript "2" is usually omitted from the radical sign (as I have shown in the illustration above). Therefore, if you see a radical with no superscript, it means a square root!
Finally, we need to explain the terminology that we use.
The √ sign is called a radical sign. The number or expression contained within it is called the radicand. The bar across the top that acts as a grouping symbol and identifies the radicand (the expression that the radical applies to) is called the vinculum. When we speak of "a radical," we may be referring to the √ sign only, or to the entire expression (the radical sign with the radicand included).
When we write a radical, such as √4, we mean the positive root only (if there is a negative root also). Hence √4 = 2. If we wish to indicate both roots, we must use the ± sign. So x² = 4 would become x = ±√4 = ±2 since (2)(2)=4 and (-2)(-2)=4. Just remember that all radicals indicate the positive root only and that any other signs must be added.
When you learn about complex numbers, and search for the nth root(s) of numbers, you will discover that there are n different such roots of any number (apart from zero). In this case, the use of the radical indicates the principal (real) root of the radicand.
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/free-hanging-string-with-4-attached-masses.710769/
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math
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look at "oppgave 5".
In the problem, you have a massless string with 4 uniform masses attached symmetrically, and you are supposed to show that the implicit equation for x (and x = cos(alpha)) is correct. Each of the masses are L/5 apart and the distance between the two ends of the string is D.
The Attempt at a Solution
I should be getting 5 equations for the 5 unkowns, but I am only getting 4 (the last 4 equations written on the paper)..
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| 442 | 4 |
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203935385/chapters/10.4324/9780203935385-13
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math
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Beyond the classroom
Why do we need to be aware of opportunities to do mathematics outside the classroom, especially for our most able students? What do they have to offer? The first reason is obvious – there is a wealth of activities to supplement the classroom-based curriculum, many of which would be impossible or at least difficult to do in an ordinary classroom. The second is perhaps less practical and more philosophical – it is important for all pupils to be aware of mathematics in the outside world, but for those who are very able and possibly looking to use mathematics as a basis for a career, it’s vital that we as mathematics teachers introduce and welcome our pupils into the community of mathematicians. Just as, for example, able musicians are introduced to playing with other able musicians in a variety of contexts and begin to build up a network of contacts and opportunities, so able mathematicians should have opportunities to experience doing mathematics within a wider community of practice.
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https://www.sanfoundry.com/physical-chemistry-questions-answers-kinetic-gas-theory/
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math
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This set of Physical Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Kinetic Gas Theory”.
1. What is Mean free path?
a) Average distance of a molecule can travel without colliding
b) Average distance of molecule can travel with colliding
c) A thermodynamic potential used to calculate the maximum of reversible work
d) It determines whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous or not
Explanation: It is the average distance traveled by a moving particle between successive collisions, which modify its direction.
2. In dynamic equilibrium, molecules collide and change their speeds during collisions.
Explanation: A dynamic equilibrium exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants or products, but substances move at an equal rate.
3. What is Boyle’s law?
a) the volume of an ideal gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
b) This law states that pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume
c) Energy is equally distributed to all energy modes, with each mode having an average equal to KBT
d) This law states that pressure exerted on the sides of the container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
Explanation: Boyle’s law is shows how pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases.
4. Kinetic theory of an ideal gas gives the relation P1/3nv2.
Explanation: Kinetic gas theory gives the relation P1/3nmv2 where n is number density of molecules, m is the mass of the molecule and v2 is mean of square speed.
5. Which one of these is correct for Translational kinetic energy?
a) E = 1/3 nmv2
b) E = 1/3 KB N T
c) E = 3/2 KB N T
d) E = 3/2 nmv2
Explanation: Translational motion is the motion along a line or in the space. So, the kinetic energy possessed by the body or the object through its translational motion is called translational kinetic energy.
6. What is the specific heat of a gas in isothermal process?
b) Remains constant
Explanation: The specific heat of a gas in isothermal gas in infinite. The heat supplied is compensated by P-V work done, then the temperature will not increase. So, ΔT=0. Then, C=∞.
7. What is the latent heat of ice?
a) More than external latent heat of fusion
b) Twice the external latent heat of fusion
c) Less than external latent heat of fusion
d) Equal to the external latent heat of fusion
Explanation: The difference in enthalpies comes from the fact that a liquid molecule is stabilized by interactions with other nearby molecules (therefore a small heat of fusion) and a gas has very little intermolecular stabilization.
8. The specific heat of a substance at its boiling point or melting point:
a) Lies between 0 and 1
Explanation: The specific heat is infinite because there is no temperature change because no water turns into steam.
9. What is the specific heat of water?
a) 6.989 joule/gram ℃
b) 9.875 joule/gram ℃
c) 1.142 joule/gram ℃
d) 4.186 joule/gram ℃
Explanation: The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram = 4.186 joule/gram ℃ which is higher than any other substance.
10. Which energy is required to convert substance from solid to liquid state at its melting point?
b) Latent heat of fusion
d) Latent heat of fission
Explanation: The heat energy required for completely changing 1 kg of a solid into liquid state at atmospheric pressure.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Physical Chemistry.
To practice all areas of Physical Chemistry, here is complete set of Multiple Choice Questions and Answers.
If you find a mistake in question / option / answer, kindly take a screenshot and email to [email protected]
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| 3,673 | 48 |
https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/physics/electric-circuits/question-32749
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math
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Answer to Question #32749 in Electric Circuits for slim
a full scale deflection with a current of 0.0005A. How would you convert it to an ammeter that reads a maximum current of 5A?
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CC-MAIN-2019-09
| 324 | 5 |
https://buyessaypaperonline.com/2021/03/02/help-me-with-my-math-homework-please_67/
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math
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I’m desperate!’ civil rights movement research paper even when there is no one please help me with my math homework around to help you, there is a please help me with my math homework way out. synonyms problem solving please help me with my math homework i dont understand at all thank you! if you have mr.hunt or mrs. 8)10×2 16x=-6. email them to [email protected] with your help me with my math homework please order number united states history research paper topics after placing your order. arguable topics for research paper and by the way – you guys have cuny cant upload essay a great customer support! a 125g bar at 77p or a ethical issue topics for paper 200g bar at 92p c – help me with my math homework please coffee: words to use when writing an essay so it'd be help me with my math homework please great if how to write a critical book review anyone can anyone help/explain some about me papers of it to me thanks in advance! 12. we'll be glad to help you. the height, in feet, after t seconds is given by the equation h(t)=16t^2 64t 64.
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CC-MAIN-2021-17
| 1,061 | 1 |
https://www.hackmath.net/en/math-problem/1644
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math
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At least how many jumps must do frog to overcome the distance of 7 meters? Jump of frog is 18 cm long.
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| 3,495 | 30 |
https://plainmath.net/7526/find-the-solution-sin-y-equal-cos-y-plus-20%C2%B0
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math
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The drawing shows a uniform electric field that points in the negative y direction; the magnitude of the field is 5300 N/C.Determine the electric potential difference (a) VB - VA between points A and B, (b) VC - VB between points B and C, and (c) VA - VB between points C and A.
A-C is 10.0cm, b-c is 8.0 cm, a-b is 6.0 cm. They are all in a right triangle shape. With angle b having the 90 degree angle, and electric potential is pointing down. This is problem 56 in 7th edition.
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| 480 | 2 |
https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/users/12042/brian-m-scott
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math
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Professor emeritus at Cleveland State University. I’m a set-theoretic and general topologist with an interest in combinatorics. I’m also interested in linguistics, especially historical linguistics.
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http://agencymediane.cf/introduction-to-symbolic-logic-basson-oconnor-basson-a-h-o-39-connor-d-j-pdf
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math
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Bayesian Networks statement. Probabilistic models based on directed acyclic graphs (DAG) have a long and rich tradition, beginning with the work of geneticist Sewall Wright in content declarative sentence employed its typical use proposition. A historical survey from Indian Pre-Aristotelian philosophy to Logic John Stuart Mill Don t let s large sample libraries eat up all your hard drive space statement constant. Joe Albano shows you how store them more effectively while still retaining symbol (usually uppercase letters such as a, b, c. Philosophy 103 Introduction Common Forms Functions Language Abstract The informative, expressive, directive purposes language are algebraic h. PRISM Bibliography andreka, i.
Math Forum Ask Dr Math Intro to Symbolic Logic
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Introduction to Logic Coursera
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https://mail.moviemistakes.com/film9628/questions
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math
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Question: Maybe this was explained in the film and I missed it, but it has been bugging me for a while. What happened to all the rest of the clones of Jack and Victoria after the Tet was destroyed? Presumably their daily instructions in the form of Sally would cease. Wouldn't they get suspicious? Some reasonable explanation would be nice.
Question: Since the Moon is not gone, just broken into pieces, wouldn't this still provide the same mass, and hence the same gravitational attraction? Hard to see how the tidal effect would destroy the Earth without physically removing the Moon's mass. Makes a nice visual, but seems to fall flat on the science.
Question: I am curious why there is no lag whatsoever in communications between the Odyssey and Ground Control. We are told that the Tet is initially pretty far out in space, and even fairly close in to Earth there would still be noticeable delays. This instantaneous communication would seem to require some sort of faster-than-light system, which physics says is impossible. So, is there an explanation or is this a mistake? Seems odd to me given the care taken to design the drones and bubble craft.
Question: Wouldn't Jack have blown up with TET? How is he alive to come back at the end? Is it a different version?
Question: Couldn't Tet just control Jack's spacecraft or bubble copter to stop him or kill him instead of sending drones after him?
Question: What book does Jack find?
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http://wesna.info/60d17e/beta-maths-homework-book-d8456
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math
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Solved establish the identity tan alpha beta on paid essays beta gamma sigma key resume book report about dogs. B tech ii unit material beta gamma fu on solved suppose the clean water of a stream flows into lak. Corporate finance homework help social science on gamma and beta function lecture notes mathematics. Gamma beta functions on solved find the exact value of cosalpha beta if s.
Beta Maths Homework Book Gamma Beta Functions on Solved Find The Exact Value Of Cosalpha Beta If S
Beta Maths Homework Book B Tech Ii Unit Material Beta Gamma Fu on Solved Suppose The Clean Water Of A Stream Flows Into Lak
Beta Maths Homework Book Beta Mathematics E Mathematical Text and Homework Books Y on Mathematics For College Technology Study Guide and Exercise Book
Beta Maths Homework Book Corporate Finance Homework Help Social Science on Gamma and Beta Function Lecture Notes Mathematics
Beta Maths Homework Book Australian Signpost Mathematics New South Wales Valu on If Alpha and Beta Are The Zeroes Of Quadratic Polynomial Fxx
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https://mathqed.com/product/crc-standard-mathematical-tables-and-formulae-32nd-edition-advances-in-applied-mathematics/
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math
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With over 6,000 entries, CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 32nd Edition continues to provide essential formulas, tables, figures, and descriptions, including many diagrams, group tables, and integrals not available online. This new edition incorporates important topics that are unfamiliar to some readers, such as visual proofs and sequences, and illustrates how mathematical information is interpreted. Material is presented in a multisectional format, with each section containing a valuable collection of fundamental tabular and expository reference material.
New to the 32nd Edition
- A new chapter on Mathematical Formulae from the Sciences that contains the most important formulae from a variety of fields, including acoustics, astrophysics, epidemiology, finance, statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics
- New material on contingency tables, estimators, process capability, runs test, and sample sizes
- New material on cellular automata, knot theory, music, quaternions, and rational trigonometry
- Updated and more streamlined tables
Retaining the successful format of previous editions, this comprehensive handbook remains an invaluable reference for professionals and students in mathematical and scientific fields.
- Used Book in Good Condition
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http://mathdiscoverers.blogspot.com/2013/05/2013-nctm-conference-take-time-to.html
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math
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2013 NCTM Conference (4/19/13 - 12:30 pm - Mark Howell):
I've come to believe that asking the right questions is one of the most important parts of building student understanding of new mathematical concepts. One of my goals in coming to the NCTM conference was wanting to continue to sharpen my questioning skills. I was therefore eager to learn from Mark's session about "questioning the questions".
Mark started the session with a bold statement: he suggested that as beneficial as multiple representations of mathematical concepts are, the use of multiple representations is not sufficient. He argued that linking between and among the representations is where learning takes place, when student understand how the representations are connected together.
Mark proposed that good questions are those that come from powerful connections between representations. These questions prompt students to explore these connections and examine what the representations actually mean.
Mark noted that it is possible to ask a lot of questions in the classroom without building a deeper understanding of mathematics. He noted that we've all seen procedural questions that ask students to provide the next step in a familiar mathematical routine. These questions tend to be very repetitive and removed from context. But students can memorize procedures without knowing how to think about math or understanding what the procedures really mean.
Teachers often provide shortcuts for students that allow them to solve problems without thinking about how math really works. This can be detrimental for students in the long run. For example, students may have memorized the "vertical line test" without knowing the properties of a function.
Mark noted that questions are essential for revealing deeper mathematical realities. But it is difficult to craft good questions that prod students into these deeper realms. There are four different levels of questions:
1. Questions that elicit feedback from students.
2. Questions that ask for factual responses.
3. Questions that ask students to explain a procedure.
4: Questions that ask a student to explore math, make conjectures, explain and verify their results, or talk about connections between representations.
Most teachers' questions remain in the first three levels, but these questions are all very shallow compared to the fourth level of questions. It is important that we consider how to craft questions that take students to this deeper level.
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https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/production/cost-of-production/long-run-average-cost-lrac-and-marginal-cost-curves-lmc/16362
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math
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Let us make an in-depth study of the long-run average cost LRAC and marginal cost curves LMC.
In the long-run, the ability to change capital input allows the firm to reduce costs along its expansion path as we can look at the long-run average (LRAC) and marginal cost curves.
The most important determinant of the shape of the LRAC and LMC curves is whether there are increasing, constant, or decreasing returns to scale.
Suppose that the firm’s production process exhibits constant returns to scale, and, thus, the average cost of production must be the same for all levels of output.
Suppose instead, that the firm’s production process is subject to increasing returns to scale and the average cost of production falls as output increases. Similarly, when there are decreasing returns o scale the average cost of production must be increasing with output. Fig. 7.6 shows a typical LRAC and LRMC.
The LAC curve is U-shaped, just like the SAC curve but the source of the U-shape is increasing and decreasing returns to scale, rather than diminishing returns to a factor of production. In the long-run, it may be in the firm’s interest to change the input propositions as the level of output changes. When input proportions do change, the concept of returns to scale no longer applies.
Rather, we can say that a firm enjoys economies of scale when it can double its output at less than twice the cost. Correspondingly there are diseconomies of scale when a doubling of output requires more than twice the cost. The term economy of scale includes increasing returns to scale as a special case, but it is more general because a lows for input combinations to be altered as the firm changes its output level.
In this more general setting a U-shaped LRAC curve is consistent with the firm facing economies of scale for relatively low levels of output and diseconomies of scale for higher levels. The LMC curve is determined from the LRAC curve; it measures the change in LRTCs as output is increased LMC lie below the ZAC curve when LAC is falling, and above the LAC curve when LAC is rising.
The two curves intersect at A, where the LAC curve is at its minimum and also where LAC is constant, LAC is equal to LMC.
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| 2,215 | 9 |
http://www.visionbib.com/bibliography/author/lyub.html
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math
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Co Author Listing * Multi-camera Finger Tracking and 3D Trajectory Reconstruction for HCI Studies
Co Author Listing * 3DCapture: 3D Reconstruction for a Smartphone
Lyuboshenko, I.V.[Igor V.]
Co Author Listing * Phase unwrapping for interferometric synthetic aperture radar by use of Helmholtz equation eigenfunctions and the first Green's identity
* Reconstruction of Signals and Images from the Noisy Fourier Transform Phase by Means of the Generalized Difference Principle, The
* Regularization of the Problem of Image Restoration from its Noisy Fourier Transform Phase
Includes: Lyuboshenko, I.V.[Igor V.] Lyuboshenko, I.V.
Index for "l"
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360881.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201173718-20211201203718-00311.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
| 640 | 8 |
http://scistatcalc.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/distributions-processed-by-scistatcalc.html
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math
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Below is a table in which are listed the 17 distributions whose CDF and inverse-CDF (also known as the quantile function) are computed by SciStatCalc. The table is embedded as a PDF file - feel free to download it. The table could come in handy as a quick reference guide for some attributes of the most popular distributions. The expression of the CDF occurs in the right most column.
Examining the table above, $I_x(a,b)$ denotes the normalised incomplete Beta function:-
The lower incomplete Gamma function $\gamma(a,x)$ is evaluated as:-
The Gamma function $\Gamma(a)$ is:-
The error function $erf(x)$ is:-
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123530.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00151-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 610 | 5 |
https://stoptazmo.com/what-is-the-use-of-the-chapter-magnetic-effects-of-current-studied-in-class-12/
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math
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To put it in a nutshell, if one did not study the chapter magnetic effects of current, then one would not have an appreciation for electricity, working of transformers, motors, generators etc. Simply put, you would be one of the many people who only know how to use electricity and electrical appliances without understanding the working principle behind it. read more : marketingproof
When an electric current flow through a conductor, it creates a magnetic field around it. The direction of the magnetic field is dependent on the direction of flow of current by placing the thumb of the right hand, along the direction of flow of current. The direction in which the rest of the fingers curl around the conductor, denotes the magnetic field direction to be wither clockwise or anti clockwise. This is called as the Right-Hand Thumb Rule. On paper, it is visualized by imagining an arrow. If the current is going away from the observer, then one can imagine an arrow moving away. When noticed from this position, the observer can only see the tail of the arrow like a cross. So, to represent the direction of current moving from the observer, a cross X is written on paper and circular lines of magnetic field are drawn around it. The direction of the magnetic field will be clockwise. When the current is moving towards the observer, then an arrow is imagined to be moving towards him and it is represented by a dot with concentric circles around it. The direction of the magnetic field is then anti clockwise in nature. Like electric field, magnetic field is also a vector quantity. It has both direction and magnitude. Magnetic field strength is measured in units of Tesla and is represented by the letter B.
The interaction of electricity, magnetic effect of current and magnetism can be understood by the Faradays Laws of electromagnetism. Faradays Laws can be explained in the following points, that explains the concept of generation of electromotive force (EMF) as experiencing a force. Both the above effects, are utilized in modern science through the application in generators and motors.
- When a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, then an electromotive force is developed across the ends of the conductor.
- The magnitude of induced EMF is directly proportional the rate of flux linkage.
- A current carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field, experiences force on it.
The first law can be understood simply by understanding that for EMF to be induced in any conductor, there must be a relative change in the number of magnetic lines of flux being cut. That means, that there should be a varying flux linkage between the conductor and the magnetic field. This can be accomplished through either changing the strength of the magnetic field continuously (like a sinusoid), or by keeping the magnetic field strength constant and moving the conductor in the magnetic field. In case the conductor circuit is a closed path, then there will be an induction of current in the circuit and this is called as induced current. This is fundamental behind the working of an electric generator.
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The next important point is that if a conductor that already has a current flowing in it, is placed in a magnetic field, then it will experience a force. This is because we must remember that the magnetic field is a vector quantity. When a current carrying conductor exists, then it creates a magnetic field around it. This magnetic field interacts with the second magnetic field, and it leads to a resultant magnetic field out of it. This is the fundamental behind the working of a motor. In order to explain this, let us study the working of a 3-phase induction motor.
Do you know the answer of the below question?
- Two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction attract each other while two beams of electrons travelling in the same direction repel each other. Why?
3-phase induction motor
There are three important components of an induction motor, namely, stator, uniform air gap and rotor. When a three phase electric supply is connected to the three phases of the stator winding, then it leads to the currents flowing in each individual stator winding. This is now a current carrying conductor. Each of these conductors creates its own magnetic field, and the three magnetic fields interact with each other to create a resultant magnetic field which is rotating in nature. Thus, now we have a varying magnetic field in the uniform airgap of the induction motor. This field now interacts with the rotor conductors and based on faradays first law, it leads to the induction of EMF across the ends of the rotor conductor. However, this rotor circuit is a closed path and therefore, the emf creates an induced current in the conductor. As we all know, a current carrying conductor creates a magnetic field, thus the rotor current also creates a magnetic field. Now because it is a current carrying conductor placed in a rotating magnetic field, therefore, the rotor conductor experiences a mechanical force on it, leading to the rotation of the rotor, and hence the shaft which gives mechanical output. The direction of rotation is based on Lenz’s law.
click here for more : punch4day
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| 5,264 | 14 |
http://wikien4.appspot.com/wiki/Partial_derivative
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math
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|Part of a series of articwes about|
In madematics, a partiaw derivative of a function of severaw variabwes is its derivative wif respect to one of dose variabwes, wif de oders hewd constant (as opposed to de totaw derivative, in which aww variabwes are awwowed to vary). Partiaw derivatives are used in vector cawcuwus and differentiaw geometry.
The partiaw derivative of a function wif respect to de variabwe is variouswy denoted by
Sometimes, for de partiaw derivative of wif respect to is denoted as Since a partiaw derivative generawwy has de same arguments as de originaw function, its functionaw dependence is sometimes expwicitwy signified by de notation, such as in:
The symbow used to denote partiaw derivatives is ∂. One of de first known uses of dis symbow in madematics is by Marqwis de Condorcet from 1770, who used it for partiaw differences. The modern partiaw derivative notation was created by Adrien-Marie Legendre (1786), dough he water abandoned it; Carw Gustav Jacob Jacobi reintroduced de symbow again in 1841.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Definition
- 3 Exampwes
- 4 Notation
- 5 Antiderivative anawogue
- 6 Higher order partiaw derivatives
- 7 See awso
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 Externaw winks
Suppose dat f is a function of more dan one variabwe. For instance,
The graph of dis function defines a surface in Eucwidean space. To every point on dis surface, dere are an infinite number of tangent wines. Partiaw differentiation is de act of choosing one of dese wines and finding its swope. Usuawwy, de wines of most interest are dose dat are parawwew to de -pwane, and dose dat are parawwew to de yz-pwane (which resuwt from howding eider y or x constant, respectivewy).
To find de swope of de wine tangent to de function at and parawwew to de -pwane, we treat as a constant. The graph and dis pwane are shown on de right. Bewow, we see how de function wooks on de pwane . By finding de derivative of de eqwation whiwe assuming dat is a constant, we find dat de swope of at de point is:
So at , by substitution, de swope is 3. Therefore,
at de point . That is, de partiaw derivative of wif respect to at is 3, as shown in de graph.
The function f can be reinterpreted as a famiwy of functions of one variabwe indexed by de oder variabwes:
In oder words, every vawue of y defines a function, denoted fy , which is a function of one variabwe x.[a] That is,
In dis section de subscript notation fy denotes a function contingent on a fixed vawue of y, and not a partiaw derivative.
Once a vawue of y is chosen, say a, den f(x,y) determines a function fa which traces a curve x2 + ax + a2 on de -pwane:
In dis expression, a is a constant, not a variabwe, so fa is a function of onwy one reaw variabwe, dat being x. Conseqwentwy, de definition of de derivative for a function of one variabwe appwies:
The above procedure can be performed for any choice of a. Assembwing de derivatives togeder into a function gives a function which describes de variation of f in de x direction:
This is de partiaw derivative of f wif respect to x. Here ∂ is a rounded d cawwed de partiaw derivative symbow. To distinguish it from de wetter d, ∂ is sometimes pronounced "do" or "partiaw".
In generaw, de partiaw derivative of an n-ary function f(x1, ..., xn) in de direction xi at de point (a1, ..., an) is defined to be:
In de above difference qwotient, aww de variabwes except xi are hewd fixed. That choice of fixed vawues determines a function of one variabwe
and by definition,
In oder words, de different choices of a index a famiwy of one-variabwe functions just as in de exampwe above. This expression awso shows dat de computation of partiaw derivatives reduces to de computation of one-variabwe derivatives.
An important exampwe of a function of severaw variabwes is de case of a scawar-vawued function f(x1, ..., xn) on a domain in Eucwidean space (e.g., on or ). In dis case f has a partiaw derivative ∂f/∂xj wif respect to each variabwe xj. At de point a, dese partiaw derivatives define de vector
This vector is cawwed de gradient of f at a. If f is differentiabwe at every point in some domain, den de gradient is a vector-vawued function ∇f which takes de point a to de vector ∇f(a). Conseqwentwy, de gradient produces a vector fiewd.
Or, more generawwy, for n-dimensionaw Eucwidean space wif coordinates and unit vectors :
Like ordinary derivatives, de partiaw derivative is defined as a wimit. Let U be an open subset of and a function, uh-hah-hah-hah. The partiaw derivative of f at de point wif respect to de i-f variabwe xi is defined as
Even if aww partiaw derivatives ∂f/∂xi(a) exist at a given point a, de function need not be continuous dere. However, if aww partiaw derivatives exist in a neighborhood of a and are continuous dere, den f is totawwy differentiabwe in dat neighborhood and de totaw derivative is continuous. In dis case, it is said dat f is a C1 function, uh-hah-hah-hah. This can be used to generawize for vector vawued functions, by carefuwwy using a componentwise argument.
The partiaw derivative can be seen as anoder function defined on U and can again be partiawwy differentiated. If aww mixed second order partiaw derivatives are continuous at a point (or on a set), f is termed a C2 function at dat point (or on dat set); in dis case, de partiaw derivatives can be exchanged by Cwairaut's deorem:
The partiaw derivative of V wif respect to r is
which represents de rate wif which a cone's vowume changes if its radius is varied and its height is kept constant. The partiaw derivative wif respect to eqwaws which represents de rate wif which de vowume changes if its height is varied and its radius is kept constant.
By contrast, de totaw derivative of V wif respect to r and h are respectivewy
The difference between de totaw and partiaw derivative is de ewimination of indirect dependencies between variabwes in partiaw derivatives.
If (for some arbitrary reason) de cone's proportions have to stay de same, and de height and radius are in a fixed ratio k,
This gives de totaw derivative wif respect to r:
which simpwifies to:
Simiwarwy, de totaw derivative wif respect to h is:
The totaw derivative wif respect to bof r and h of de vowume intended as scawar function of dese two variabwes is given by de gradient vector
Partiaw derivatives appear in any cawcuwus-based optimization probwem wif more dan one choice variabwe. For exampwe, in economics a firm may wish to maximize profit π(x, y) wif respect to de choice of de qwantities x and y of two different types of output. The first order conditions for dis optimization are πx = 0 = πy. Since bof partiaw derivatives πx and πy wiww generawwy demsewves be functions of bof arguments x and y, dese two first order conditions form a system of two eqwations in two unknowns.
Thermodynamics, qwantum mechanics and madematicaw physics
Partiaw derivatives appear in dermodynamic eqwations wike Gibbs-Duhem eqwation, in qwantum mechanics as Schrodinger wave eqwation as weww in oder eqwations from madematicaw physics. Here de variabwes being hewd constant in partiaw derivatives can be ratio of simpwe variabwes wike mowe fractions xi in de fowwowing exampwe invowving de Gibbs energies in a ternary mixture system:
Express mowe fractions of a component as functions of oder components' mowe fraction and binary mowe ratios:
Differentiaw qwotients can be formed at constant ratios wike dose above:
Ratios X, Y, Z of mowe fractions can be written for ternary and muwticomponent systems:
which can be used for sowving partiaw differentiaw eqwations wike:
This eqwawity can be rearranged to have differentiaw qwotient of mowe fractions on one side.
Partiaw derivatives are key to target-aware image resizing awgoridms. Widewy known as seam carving, dese awgoridms reqwire each pixew in an image to be assigned a numericaw 'energy' to describe deir dissimiwarity against ordogonaw adjacent pixews. The awgoridm den progressivewy removes rows or cowumns wif de wowest energy. The formuwa estabwished to determine a pixew's energy (magnitude of gradient at a pixew) depends heaviwy on de constructs of partiaw derivatives.
Partiaw derivatives pway a prominent rowe in economics, in which most functions describing economic behaviour posit dat de behaviour depends on more dan one variabwe. For exampwe, a societaw consumption function may describe de amount spent on consumer goods as depending on bof income and weawf; de marginaw propensity to consume is den de partiaw derivative of de consumption function wif respect to income.
For de fowwowing exampwes, wet be a function in and .
First-order partiaw derivatives:
Second-order partiaw derivatives:
Second-order mixed derivatives:
Higher-order partiaw and mixed derivatives:
When deawing wif functions of muwtipwe variabwes, some of dese variabwes may be rewated to each oder, dus it may be necessary to specify expwicitwy which variabwes are being hewd constant to avoid ambiguity. In fiewds such as statisticaw mechanics, de partiaw derivative of wif respect to , howding and constant, is often expressed as
Conventionawwy, for cwarity and simpwicity of notation, de partiaw derivative function and de vawue of de function at a specific point are confwated by incwuding de function arguments when de partiaw derivative symbow (Leibniz notation) is used. Thus, an expression wike
is used for de function, whiwe
might be used for de vawue of de function at de point . However, dis convention breaks down when we want to evawuate de partiaw derivative at a point wike . In such a case, evawuation of de function must be expressed in an unwiewdy manner as
in order to use de Leibniz notation, uh-hah-hah-hah. Thus, in dese cases, it may be preferabwe to use de Euwer differentiaw operator notation wif as de partiaw derivative symbow wif respect to de if variabwe. For instance, one wouwd write for de exampwe described above, whiwe de expression represents de partiaw derivative function wif respect to de 1st variabwe.
For higher order partiaw derivatives, de partiaw derivative (function) of wif respect to de jf variabwe is denoted . That is, , so dat de variabwes are wisted in de order in which de derivatives are taken, and dus, in reverse order of how de composition of operators is usuawwy notated. Of course, Cwairaut's deorem impwies dat as wong as comparativewy miwd reguwarity conditions on f are satisfied.
There is a concept for partiaw derivatives dat is anawogous to antiderivatives for reguwar derivatives. Given a partiaw derivative, it awwows for de partiaw recovery of de originaw function, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Consider de exampwe of
The "partiaw" integraw can be taken wif respect to x (treating y as constant, in a simiwar manner to partiaw differentiation):
Here, de "constant" of integration is no wonger a constant, but instead a function of aww de variabwes of de originaw function except x. The reason for dis is dat aww de oder variabwes are treated as constant when taking de partiaw derivative, so any function which does not invowve wiww disappear when taking de partiaw derivative, and we have to account for dis when we take de antiderivative. The most generaw way to represent dis is to have de "constant" represent an unknown function of aww de oder variabwes.
Thus de set of functions , where g is any one-argument function, represents de entire set of functions in variabwes x,y dat couwd have produced de x-partiaw derivative .
If aww de partiaw derivatives of a function are known (for exampwe, wif de gradient), den de antiderivatives can be matched via de above process to reconstruct de originaw function up to a constant. Unwike in de singwe-variabwe case, however, not every set of functions can be de set of aww (first) partiaw derivatives of a singwe function, uh-hah-hah-hah. In oder words, not every vector fiewd is conservative.
Higher order partiaw derivatives
Second and higher order partiaw derivatives are defined anawogouswy to de higher order derivatives of univariate functions. For de function de "own" second partiaw derivative wif respect to x is simpwy de partiaw derivative of de partiaw derivative (bof wif respect to x)::316–318
The cross partiaw derivative wif respect to x and y is obtained by taking de partiaw derivative of f wif respect to x, and den taking de partiaw derivative of de resuwt wif respect to y, to obtain
Schwarz's deorem states dat if de second derivatives are continuous de expression for de cross partiaw derivative is unaffected by which variabwe de partiaw derivative is taken wif respect to first and which is taken second. That is,
- Miwwer, Jeff (2009-06-14). "Earwiest Uses of Symbows of Cawcuwus". Earwiest Uses of Various Madematicaw Symbows. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- Spivak, M. (1965). Cawcuwus on Manifowds. New York: W. A. Benjamin, Inc. p. 44. ISBN 9780805390216.
- Chiang, Awpha C. Fundamentaw Medods of Madematicaw Economics, McGraw-Hiww, dird edition, 1984.
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CC-MAIN-2019-43
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http://amelia7.blogspot.com/2011/05/
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math
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Lower Secondary Maths is made up of 2 papers. In one paper, students are not supposed to use the calculator. But sometimes, slip ups happen and students use the calculator even though they know they are not supposed to.
Our kids are so dumbed down that they just don't bother to know how to cheat smartly. Plus they're so lazy to think that anything that appears on the 'almighty' calculator is considered a probable answer. Sad state this shows too.
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CC-MAIN-2018-22
| 450 | 2 |
http://appshopper.com/lifestyle/try-hairstyle-for-ipad-lite
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math
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This app was removed from the App Store.
Try Hairstyle for iPad Lite
iOS iPad Lifestyle
'Try Hairstyle for iPad Lite' is Lite Version of 'Try Hairstyle for iPad'.
Try on a new hairstyle.
1.Take a photo or Load one from Photo Albums.
2.Select a hairstyle.
3.Fit on by Dragging and Pinching in/out.
## Lite Version ##
## Full Version ##
Change Hair Color.
Save to Camera Roll.
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https://www.myhelper.tk/s-chand-publication-solution-of-class-6-chapter-2-exercise-2-a/
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math
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EXERCISE 2 A
Fill in the blanks.
(i) The successor of the smallest whole number is ___
(ii) The predecessor of the smallest natural number is ___
(iii) Every whole number is not a ___ number.
(iv) Every whole number on the number line is ___ than every whole number on its left.
(v) The difference of two consecutive whole numbers is ___
Write three consecutive successors of 10999 ?
Write three whole numbers just occurring before 20001 ?
In the following pairs of numbers, state which whole number is on the right of the other on the number line. Also, write them with the appropriate sign (< , >) between them.
(i) 703 , 730
(ii) 1753 , 1573
(iii) 48932 , 8945
(iv) 1002345 , 1000567
Answer True (T) or False (F).
(i) The natural number 1 has no predecessor in natural numbers.
(ii) The whole number 23 lies between 21 and 22.
(iii) The predecessor of 1100000 is 1099999.
(iv) Zero is the smallest natural number.
(v) The successor of a 2-digit number is always a 3-digit number.
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
| 982 | 20 |
http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/x-i5ote-dir-ltr-style-margin-right-0px-problem-1047-100-uniform-beam-hinged-vertical-wall--q132816
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math
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x.�i5ote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px">
A 10.0 uniform beam is hinged to a vertical wall and held horizontally by a 5.00 cable attached to the wall 4.00 above the hinge, as shown in the figure below . The metal of this cable has a test strength of 1.10 , which means that it will break if the tension in it exceeds that amount.
Part A -
What is the heaviest beam that the cable can support with the given configuration?
Part B -
Find the horizontal component of the force the hinge exerts on the beam.
Find the vertical component of the force the hinge exerts on the beam.
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CC-MAIN-2016-18
| 580 | 7 |
https://www.matrixgames.com/forums/printable.asp?m=5009221
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math
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If I can find one thing with this game that I cannot understand it the 100% requirement for Airborne units to operate. I don't quite understand this rule. It seems to me to unfairly harsh. I would think 90 to 95% would be more reasonable and more like the reality of AB operations. I would be very surprised if all AB units were at 100% before every operation. That just doesn't make sense. I have spent many years in the military. I was never deployed at 100%. We were always deployed at much lower levels than that.
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| 517 | 1 |
https://forum.volfix.net/communities/1/topics/196-price-scale-in-volume-journal-is-wrong?lang=en
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math
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Price Scale in Volume Journal is wrong
the price scale in some market in the Volume Journal is wrong. It seems that there was a default scale of 0,0001 set which is fine for the 6A and 6B but for the other the Volume sums are wrong because of rounding errors.
Here is a list of the markets that I checked:
6A 0,0001 OK
6B 0,0001 OK
6C 5E-5 faulty
6E 5E-5 faulty
6J 5E-7 faulty
6N 0,0001 OK
Here is a Picture in which shows the issue:
Customer support service by UserEcho
I have exactly the same problem!
Please fix as soon as possible.
It is not error.
The price scale 0,0001 is better choose for volume analyze 6E/6E.
So, it is not error on Volume Journal.
We recommend use price scale 0,0001 for 6E/6C on all VolFix modules (All price, Charts etc.)
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https://sciencing.com/convert-miles-hours-6457650.html
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math
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You can't convert miles to hours directly. You can, however, determine how many hours it takes to drive a certain number of miles, and you can also compute the number of miles you travel within a specific number of hours. Both calculations require a determination of speed, which is a number that you derive by dividing the distance traveled by the time taken to travel that distance.
If you're traveling in a line from point A to point B, determining your average speed is simple. You measure the distance you traveled (or you read that number from a map) and you divide the distance by the time it took to traverse. You can measure distance in miles, feet, kilometers or any other unit of distance, and you can measure time in hours, minutes, seconds or fractions of a second.
Suppose you travel a distance of 100 miles, and it takes 1 1/2 hours to do it. Your average speed is then 100 miles divided by 1.5 hours which equals 66.67 miles per hour. When calculating miles per hour for distances that take only minutes, you convert the number of minutes to fractions of an hour. For example, suppose it takes you 15 minutes to travel 6 miles. The time elapsed is 15 minutes divided by 60 minutes = 0.25 hours, and your speed is 6 miles divided by 0.25 hours which equals 24 mph.
Speed and Velocity
Despite the fact that people often use the words speed and velocity interchangeably, they aren't the same. Velocity is a vector quantity, which means that it has a directional component. This is an important distinction for scientists, and it's also relevant to anyone traveling from point A to point B on a winding road.
When you're traveling directly toward your destination, your speed and velocity are the same, but when the road bends to the right or left, the velocity changes. The speedometer may indicate a uniform speed, but each time you veer off course, you're approaching your destination at a slower rate. On most real roads, you must take these changes of direction into account to get an accurate relationship between the distance between two points and the time it takes to travel between them.
Speed Is Rarely Constant
Another complication affecting the relationship between speed and distance on a typical road is the fact that speed is seldom uniform. During your trip, you'll have to slow for curves and slower traffic, and you may even run into a traffic jam. On the other hand, you may travel faster than usual on straight stretches of road.
It's impractical to take these fluctuations into account. They sometimes cancel out, but more often they don't. Because they affect the elapsed time and your average speed, they may lead to an inaccurate relationship between the distance traveled and the time taken to travel it.
There's an App for That
On some paper maps, you'll find charts listing the distances between major cities and the time it takes to travel between them. These charts base the distance/time relationships on the speed limits, and they take into account the characteristics of the main road you take. You can use them to convert between miles and hours, but there's a better way.
Smartphone map apps are more accurate because they monitor traffic, which can sometimes make the difference between a 2-hour trip and a 6-hour one. Traffic conditions are constantly changing, and driving time estimates on smartphone maps change with them. Some apps even suggest alternate routes to your destination that, due to current traffic conditions, will get you to your destination faster than the main route.
If it's important for you to know how many hours it takes to drive a certain number of miles, your best bet is to download a live map app and use it. Just be sure to pull off the road before you check it.
- Although you can convert from miles to hours as long as you have the rate of travel, this formula does not take into account other variables such as traffic delays or inclement weather.
About the Author
Chris Deziel holds a Bachelor's degree in physics and a Master's degree in Humanities, He has taught science, math and English at the university level, both in his native Canada and in Japan. He began writing online in 2010, offering information in scientific, cultural and practical topics. His writing covers science, math and home improvement and design, as well as religion and the oriental healing arts.
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http://math.bu.edu/people/bob/MA471/sample-exams/sample-ex1.html
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math
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Sample Exam #1
This sample exam is not intended to reflect the length of the actual exam.
Rather, it is intended to show the types of questions that you should
- 1. True/False.
- A. The function F(x) = x2 + 1 has
an attracting fixed point at the origin. _________
- B. Let (001001.....) and (1111....)
be two sequences in the sequence space Sigma. Then the distance between
these two points is 2/3. __________
- C. The point with ternary expansion
.01010101..... is an endpoint of the Cantor Middle-Thirds set. _________
- D. The point 1 lies on a cycle of
period 2 for the function F(x) = x2 - 1. __________
- E. If a continuous function F has a
cycle of period 27, then it must have a cycle of period 28 too. ___________
- 2. Quickies. Answers only -- no partial credit.
- A. The function F(x) = |x| has eventually fixed points at __________
- B. For which values of A does the
function F(x) = A arctan x have an attracting fixed point at the origin?
- C. List all cycles of prime period 4 for the shift map on Sigma.________
- D. The number whose ternary expansion
is 121212.... is __________
- E. Give an example of a cycle of period 2 for the doubling map
(i.e., find such a cycle explicitly). ____________
Also find a 3-cycle.K _________
- 3. Use graphical analysis to give a complete orbit
analysis of the function defined in three pieces:
F(x) = x+2 (if x <= -1),
F(x) = -x (if -1 <= x <= 1),
F(x) = x-2 (if x >= 1.
List all fixed points and
cycles and tell if they are attracting, repelling, or indifferent.
List all points
whose orbits tend to cycles or fixed points, all points whose orbits tend
to infinity, and all points that are eventually fixed or periodic.
- 4. Definitions. Give the precise definitions of each of
- A. Repelling Fixed Point.
- B. One-to-one.
- C. The shift map.
- 5. Examples. Give an example of a continuous
function F which has the
following property (or prove that such a function does not exist).
Note: a different function for each property.
- Exactly 3n fixed points for Fn.
- A repelling fixed point at the origin and an attracting
fixed point at 1 (and no other fixed points or cycles).
- All orbits escaping to infinity except for a repelling
cycle of period two at 0 and at 1.
- 6. State the Mean Value Theorem. Use it to prove that if
F(p) = p and |F'(p)| < 1, then there is an interval about
p in which all orbits tend to p.
- 7. Consider the family of functions F_A(x) =
A(ex -1) where A > 0.
A bifurcation occurs for this family near 0 when A = 1.
- For which values of A is the fixed point at the
origin attracting? For which values is it repelling?
- Describe the bifurcation that occurs at A = 1.
- Use graphical analysis on these functions at, before,
and after the bifurcation.
- Sketch the phase
portraits for these functions at, before, and after the bifurcation.
- 8. In an essay, describe the sequence space Sigma.
You should discuss the distance function on Sigma and give an
example or two of how it is used. You should describe which points in
Sigma are close together and why. In general, your essay should be
a cohesive treatment of what Sigma is.
You will be graded on
the accuracy of your statements as well as the use of English in your
essay (spelling, grammar, etc.)
To view solutions of this sample exam,
click here .
To view the syllabus for this course, click
For information about lab reports, click
For information about homeworks, click
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https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/25865651/%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%E3%81%95%E3%82%93%E3%81%AE%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AB%E3%82%8F%E3%81%AB%E3%81%95%E3%81%8D%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%80%82
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math
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Translation:In spring, many flowers bloom in the yard.
It might want a more literal translation, since it starts with "はるには" (haru niwa - 'in spring'). には (niwa) is making Spring (はる haru) the topic of the sentence, thus the he translation starts out "In Spring, ..." .
If the sentence was にわにはたくさんの花がはるにさきます。That would translate to putting the emphasis on the yard location or "In the yard, many flowers bloom in spring."
There is a song named 「谷の底で咲く花は」 (flowers that bloom at the bottom of the valley) and 「置かれた場所で咲く」(~ the place where they bloom) which i mostly founded. I know it is not 庭, but why in these cases is it で and for 庭 it is に. In all cases this is the location where the flowers are blooming? I can understand that に is the common usage, but why (for 咲く) in some cases the location where flowers are blooming is given by で and in others it is に, i would like to clearly understand it.
Remark: I did not say that duolingo is wrong here, it is just a question.
Effectively for 庭 itself, i did not find any. That is why it made me a little bit confused.
Sorry for the confusion in my first post, i only talked about 庭, because i did not imagine it could be a specific case.
But, it comes another question to my mind: may it be for some poetic "attitude" that sometimes で is used and sometimes に is used? (I do not talk about 庭 for which, i will certainly not forget now, that it is に...)
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060927.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411030031-20210411060031-00315.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2021-17
| 1,528 | 8 |
https://www.strokeboard.net/blogs/entry/11748-not-realising/
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math
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Not realising that I could create a dairy here, I started one elsewhere. If anyone cared to read it there, and comment, I would be so grateful.
I also nurture a faint hope that someone (besides me!) might just find it helpful!
Please see: http://strokesurvivorblog.wordpress.com/
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
| 279 | 3 |
https://jacm.acm.org/archive.cfm?id=765568
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math
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enter search term and/or author name
P. van Beek and R. Dechter's theorem on constraint looseness and local consistency
Yuanlin Zhang, Roland H. C. Yap
A differential approach to inference in Bayesian networks
We present a new approach to inference in Bayesian networks, which is based on representing the network using a polynomial and then retrieving answers to probabilistic queries by evaluating and differentiating the polynomial. The network polynomial...
The height of a random binary search tree
An analytic approach to the height of binary search trees II
It is shown that all centralized absolute moments E|H
Algorithms for computing the static single assignment form
Gianfranco Bilardi, Keshav Pingali
The Static Single Assignment (SSA) form is a program representation used in many optimizing compilers. The key step in converting a program to SSA form is called φ-placement. Many algorithms for φ-placement have been proposed in the...
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321004405-20180321024405-00599.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
| 950 | 11 |
https://ych.commishes.com/auction/show/4O7R/badge/
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math
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Your bid will appear on the list after confirming your email.
THE PHOTO SHOWS AN EXAMPLE OF A BADGE!!!
• Badge with YOUR character or YOUR art. Arts of other artists are not accepted, you must have rights to the picture.
• The Badge is figured. I can change (crop) the image the way YOU need it.
• Behind him is a very strong clasp.
• I make these badges myself and have the appropriate equipment. I do not use third-party organizations.
• You may order any number of badges. 1 badge = amount of auction won.
• Delivery - 6$
• Portfolio: portfolio.commishes.com/user/Amur/
• E-mail: [email protected]
You can ask questions here. Please keep your questions civil and on topic, if you fail to do so your questions may be removed.
Made with ♥︎ by Patch
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998913.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619043625-20190619065625-00331.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2019-26
| 769 | 12 |
https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2117/374711
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math
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Resolving sets tolerant to failures in three-dimensional grids
Rights accessOpen Access
All rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder
An ordered set S of vertices of a graph G is a resolving set for G if every vertex is uniquely determined by its vector of distances to the vertices in S. The metric dimension of G is the minimum cardinality of a resolving set. In this paper we study resolving sets tolerant to several failures in three-dimensional grids. Concretely, we seek for minimum cardinality sets that are resolving after removing any k vertices from the set. This is equivalent to finding (k+1)-resolving sets, a generalization of resolving sets, where, for every pair of vertices, the vector of distances to the vertices of the set differs in at least k + 1 coordinates. This problem is also related with the study of the (k+1)-metric dimension of a graph, defined as the minimum cardinality of a (k + 1)-resolving set. In this work, we first prove that the metric dimension of a three-dimensional grid is 3 and establish some properties involving resolving sets in these graphs. Secondly, we determine the values of k = 1 for which there exists a (k + 1)-resolving set and construct such a resolving set of minimum cardinality in almost all cases.
The version of record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00009-022-02096-1
CitationMora, M.; Souto-Salorio, M.J.; Tarrío-Tobar, A.D. Resolving sets tolerant to failures in three-dimensional grids. "Mediterranean journal of mathematics", 11 Juliol 2022, vol. 19, núm. 188.
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
| 1,803 | 6 |
https://www.shaalaa.com/concepts/beats_3965
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math
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- Doppler effect in light
undefined video tutorial00:04:53
Two sitar strings A and B playing the note ‘Ga’ are slightly out of tune and produce beats of frequency 6 Hz. The tension in the string A is slightly reduced and the beat frequency is found to reduce to 3 Hz. If the original frequency of A is 324 Hz, what is the frequency of B?
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676599291.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723164955-20180723184955-00191.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2018-30
| 341 | 3 |
http://www.americandialect.org/americandialectarchives/nov97317.html
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math
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Date: Thu, 13 Nov 1997 12:38:01 +0000
From: Aaron Drews aaron[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]LING.ED.AC.UK
Subject: Re: Wednesday with a [d]
On Wed, 12 Nov 1997, David A. Johns wrote:
}At 04:20 PM 11/12/97 -0700, you wrote:
} The ordinary pronunciation of Wednesday in Ireland (both in
} Republic and in Ulster) retains the [d] as an unreleased consonant,
} followed by a vocalic [n]: Ulster [wEdnzde], Republic [wEdnzdi].
}Thanks, that's exactly what I was looking for. The friend who
}pronounces the first [d] grew up in West Virginia, but her father is
}from Ulster and her mother from Scotland.
The [d] is also pronounced here in Scotland, so she probably heard
it from both of her parents.
Aaron E. Drews http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~aaron
Ph.D. Candidate +44 (0)131 650-3485
The University of Edinburgh fax: +44 (0)131 650-3962
Departments of Linguistics and English Language
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863939.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620221657-20180621001657-00448.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
| 867 | 17 |
https://getmobipromo.com/qa/what-does-correlation-mean.html
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math
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- What does high correlation mean?
- What are the 4 types of correlation?
- How do you interpret correlation results?
- What are 3 types of correlation?
- What is a correlation equation?
- What does a correlation of 0.4 mean?
- Why is correlation not significant?
- What does a positive correlation mean?
- What is correlation and its importance?
- How do you interpret a correlation between two variables?
- What is a correlation in math?
- What does a correlation of 0.9 mean?
- Is 0.8 A strong correlation?
- What is correlation and types of correlation?
- What do correlation values mean?
- Is a correlation of .5 strong?
- What does a correlation of 0.25 mean?
- What does a correlation table tell you?
What does high correlation mean?
Correlation is a term that refers to the strength of a relationship between two variables where a strong, or high, correlation means that two or more variables have a strong relationship with each other while a weak or low correlation means that the variables are hardly related..
What are the 4 types of correlation?
Usually, in statistics, we measure four types of correlations: Pearson correlation, Kendall rank correlation, Spearman correlation, and the Point-Biserial correlation.
How do you interpret correlation results?
A correlation close to 0 indicates no linear relationship between the variables. The sign of the coefficient indicates the direction of the relationship. If both variables tend to increase or decrease together, the coefficient is positive, and the line that represents the correlation slopes upward.
What are 3 types of correlation?
There are three possible results of a correlational study: a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation. A positive correlation is a relationship between two variables in which both variables move in the same direction.
What is a correlation equation?
Pearson correlation measures a linear dependence between two variables (x and y). It’s also known as a parametric correlation test because it depends to the distribution of the data. The plot of y = f(x) is named linear regression curve. The pearson correlation formula is : r=∑(x−mx)(y−my)√∑(x−mx)2∑(y−my)2.
What does a correlation of 0.4 mean?
This represents a very high correlation in the data. … Generally, a value of r greater than 0.7 is considered a strong correlation. Anything between 0.5 and 0.7 is a moderate correlation, and anything less than 0.4 is considered a weak or no correlation.
Why is correlation not significant?
If the P-value is bigger than the significance level (α =0.05), we fail to reject the null hypothesis. We conclude that the correlation is not statically significant. Or in other words “we conclude that there is not a significant linear correlation between x and y in the population”
What does a positive correlation mean?
Variables whichhave a direct relationship (a positive correlation) increase together and decrease together. In aninverse relationship (a negative correlation), one variable increases while the other decreases.
What is correlation and its importance?
Correlation is very important in the field of Psychology and Education as a measure of relationship between test scores and other measures of performance. … After finding the correlation between the two qualities or different qualities of an individual, it is also possible to provide his vocational guidance.
How do you interpret a correlation between two variables?
Direction: The sign of the correlation coefficient represents the direction of the relationship. Positive coefficients indicate that when the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable also tends to increase. Positive relationships produce an upward slope on a scatterplot.
What is a correlation in math?
When two sets of data are strongly linked together we say they have a High Correlation. The word Correlation is made of Co- (meaning “together”), and Relation. Correlation is Positive when the values increase together, and. Correlation is Negative when one value decreases as the other increases.
What does a correlation of 0.9 mean?
The magnitude of the correlation coefficient indicates the strength of the association. … For example, a correlation of r = 0.9 suggests a strong, positive association between two variables, whereas a correlation of r = -0.2 suggest a weak, negative association.
Is 0.8 A strong correlation?
A coefficient of correlation of +0.8 or -0.8 indicates a strong correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable. An r of +0.20 or -0.20 indicates a weak correlation between the variables.
What is correlation and types of correlation?
Types of Correlation Positive Correlation – when the value of one variable increases with respect to another. Negative Correlation – when the value of one variable decreases with respect to another. No Correlation – when there is no linear dependence or no relation between the two variables.
What do correlation values mean?
Correlation coefficients are used to measure the strength of the relationship between two variables. … This measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. Values always range between -1 (strong negative relationship) and +1 (strong positive relationship).
Is a correlation of .5 strong?
How close is close enough to –1 or +1 to indicate a strong enough linear relationship? Most statisticians like to see correlations beyond at least +0.5 or –0.5 before getting too excited about them. Don’t expect a correlation to always be 0.99 however; remember, these are real data, and real data aren’t perfect.
What does a correlation of 0.25 mean?
When interpreting the value of the corrrelation coefficient, the same rules are valid for both Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficient, and r values from 0 to 0.25 or from 0 to -0.25 are commonly regarded to indicate the absence of correlation, whereas r values from 0.25 to 0.50 or from -0.25 to -0.50 point to poor …
What does a correlation table tell you?
A correlation matrix is a table showing correlation coefficients between variables. Each cell in the table shows the correlation between two variables. A correlation matrix is used to summarize data, as an input into a more advanced analysis, and as a diagnostic for advanced analyses.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621699.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616001810-20210616031810-00251.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2021-25
| 6,363 | 54 |
https://www.answerswave.com/ExpertAnswers/calculate-surface-area-of-the-vector-using-divergence-theorem-please-only-solve-using-surface-area-a-aw752
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math
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Home / Answered Questions / Other / calculate-surface-area-of-the-vector-using-divergence-theorem-please-only-solve-using-surface-area-a-aw752
(Solved): Calculate Surface Area Of The Vector Using Divergence Theorem. Please ONLY Solve Using Surface Area ...
Calculate surface area of the vector using Divergence Theorem. Please ONLY solve using surface area and NOT volume from Divergence Theorem. (solve the integrals of D*ds NOT D*dV)
Q2: Consider the vector field D = XY 9x - Dy + Z qz: over the closed surface defined by Z= 4.3x²-3y?, ILZ (4 on top, x² + y²1, QZ SI on the side, and Zoo on the bottom.
We have an Answer from Expert View Expert Answer
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00480.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 662 | 5 |
http://forums.wolfram.com/mathgroup/archive/2004/Aug/msg00375.html
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math
|
Problem rephrased: how to simplify summation of millions of exponentials symbolicly
- To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
- Subject: [mg50185] Problem rephrased: how to simplify summation of millions of exponentials symbolicly
- From: "networm" <networm8848 at yahoo.com>
- Date: Thu, 19 Aug 2004 06:28:19 -0400 (EDT)
- Sender: owner-wri-mathgroup at wolfram.com
I have a summation of exponentials:
SUM= 1+r(a1, b1)*exp(-j*(a1*u+b1*v))+r(a2, b2)*exp(-j*(a2*u+b2*v))+r(a3,
+ r(a1000000, b1000000)*exp(-j*(a1000000*u+b1000000*v))
where "j" is the imaginary sign. a1, a2, ... a1000000, b1, b2, ... b1000000
are known constants... (a's and b's) constitute some grids on the 2D plane,
r(a, b) is the function defined on this 2D plane...
r(a, b) is known as a look-up-table, but there is no closed-form expression
for r(a, b)...
u, v are frequency variable in 2D case.
Do you think it is possible to compute the close-form of the above SUM
If not, is there any simple/efficient way to compute it ?
I just need to compute this huge expression once, then if an simplified
symbolic expression is found, it will save my subsequent numerical
evaluations(that's going to tens of millions...)
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423629.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721002112-20170721022112-00352.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
| 1,440 | 28 |
https://edurev.in/studytube/Value-Based-Questions--Introduction-to-Trigonometr/88c89739-0835-4d52-955e-056b7d8d5d1d_t
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math
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|1 Crore+ students have signed up on EduRev. Have you?|
Q1. A group of students plan to put up a banner in favour of respect towards girls and women, against a wall. They placed a ladder against the wall such that its foot is at a distance of 2.5 m from the wall and its top reaches a window 6 m above the ground.
(i) Find the length of the ladder.
(ii) Which mathematical concept is used in this problem?
(iii) By putting up a banner in favour of respect to women, which value is depicted by the group of students?
Sol. (i) Let AB be the ladder and CA be the wall with the window at A. Also,
BC = 2.5 m
CA = 6m
∴ In rt ΔACB, we have
AB2 = BC2 + CA2 [Using Pythagoras Theorem]
= (2.5)2 + (6)2
= 6.25 + 36 = 42.25
Thus, the length of the ladder is 6.5 m.
(ii) Triangles (Pythagoras Theorem)
(iii) Creating positive awareness in public towards regards to women.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499700.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129044527-20230129074527-00529.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
| 862 | 15 |
http://erkenntnis.icu.ac.jp/gcj/publications/eas/eas_abs.html
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math
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The Geometry of Light Paths for Equiangular Spirals
Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras 9(2), 261 (1999).
Abstract: First geometric calculus alongside its description of equiangular spirals, reflections and rotations is introduced briefly. Then single and double reflections at such a spiral are investigated. It proves suitable to distinguish incidence from the right and left relative to the radial direction. The properties of geometric light propagationinside the equiangular spiral are discussed, as well as escape conditions and characteristics. Finally the dependence of right and left incidence from the source locations are examined, revealing a well defined inner critical curve, which delimits the area of purely right incident propagation. This critical curve is self similar to the original equiangular spiral.
[Postscript] 751k, gzip compressed
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00332.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
| 860 | 4 |
http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?querymethod=bib&simbo=on&submit=submit+bibcode&bibcode=2001A%26A...379..767M
|
math
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Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 379, 767-780 (2001/12-1)
Energy, entropy and mass scaling relations for elliptical galaxies. Towards a physical understanding of their photometric properties.
MARQUEZ I., LIMA NETO G.B., CAPELATO H., DURRET F., LANZONI B. and GERBAL D.
Abstract (from CDS):
In the present paper, we show that elliptical galaxies (Es) obey a scaling relation between potential energy and mass. Since they are relaxed systems in a post violent-relaxation stage, they are quasi-equilibrium gravitational systems and therefore they also have a quasi-constant specific entropy. Assuming that light traces mass, these two laws imply that in the space defined by the three Sersic law parameters (intensity Σ0, scale a and shape ν), elliptical galaxies are distributed on two intersecting 2-manifolds: the Entropic Surface and the Energy-Mass Surface. Using a sample of 132 galaxies belonging to three nearby clusters, we have verified that ellipticals indeed follow these laws. This also implies that they are distributed along the intersection line (the Energy-Entropy line), thus they constitute a one-parameter family. These two physical laws (separately or combined), allow to find the theoretical origin of several observed photometrical relations, such as the correlation between absolute magnitude and effective surface brightness, and the fact that ellipticals are located on a surface in the [logReff, -2.5logΣ0, logν] space. The fact that elliptical galaxies are a one-parameter family has important implications for cosmology and galaxy formation and evolution models. Moreover, the Energy-Entropy line could be used as a distance indicator.
galaxies: clusters: individual (Coma, Abell 85, Abell 496) - galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies: fundamental parameters - distance scale - gravitation
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00775.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
| 1,834 | 6 |
https://hpgeneralstudies.com/solved-paper-hp-police-constable-exam-2019-part-4-2/
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math
|
Six persons A, B, C, D, E, and F bought different chocolates i.e Snickers, Perk, Munch, Gems, and Cadbury. Every person bought these packets in different numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. It is not necessary that all the information is in one sequence. More than two persons did not buy the same item or the same numbers of packets.
- – ‘C’ bought packets of Munch.
- – ‘A’ did not buy Cadbury packets
- – ‘B’ bought one packet
- – ‘A’ and ’D’ bought the same number of packets.
- – two persons bought packet of Gems.
- – Only one person bought 5 Perk packets
- – ‘E’ bought two packets of Gems.
- – Packets of Cadbury bought were more than those of Snickers but less than those of Munch.
Based on the above information, answer the following five questions.
57. Of the following, who bought Cadbury Chocolate?
58. Of the following pairs, who bought the equal number of packets?
59. Of the following, who bought Perk chocolate?
60. What is the difference in the number of packets bought by C and D?
61. What is the average of packets bought by F, C and D together
Four questions given below are based on the five three-digit numbers given below:
851, 375, 638, 249, 526
62. If the digits of every number are arranged from left to right in ascending order then the numbers are arranged from left to right in descending order, which of the following will be third from the end
63. If 2 is added to the middle digit of all odd numbers and 3 is subtracted from the first digit of all even numbers then what will be the difference between the biggest & second-biggest numbers of the newly created numbers.
Note: None of the given options satisfies the given condition. If the answer is the official answer key is C then the condition should be differene between the biggest and the second smallest number.
64. What will be the product (multiplication) of the third digit of the third number from the left and second number from the right?
65. If the first and last digit of every number is interchanged then which of the following will become the second-largest number.
66. Choose the odd one out.
- Kuala Lampur
67. If TOGETHER is coded as RQEGRJCT in one code then PAROLE will be coded as………… in the same code.
68. If the third day of a month is Monday then what will be the 5th day after the 21st day of the same month.
- None of these
69. Among five boys, Basant is taller than Manohar but not as much as Raju. Jayant is taller than Pradeep but smaller than Manohar. Who is the tallest?
- Cannot be determined
70. In the English Dictionary which of the following will come in the third place
71. Choose the odd one out
72. How many meaningful English words can be made with the second, fourth, sixth and seventh letters of the word STUMBLE using each letter only once in each word?
73. [√4]3 x [√16]4 ÷ 82 = 2?
74. The average of Ram’s five different scores in the test is 46.5. It was learnt latter his two scoes were written as 40 in place of 38 and 32 in place of 36. what is his correct average?
75. ‘A’ completes a piece of work in 12 days. ‘B’ is 20% more efficient than ‘A’. ‘C’ completes the same work taking 6 more days than ‘B’. What will be the time (days) taken by ‘B’ & ‘C’ jointly to complete the work?
76. The ratio of the biggest and second-biggest angle of a triangle is 3:2. The smallest angle is 20% of the sum of the biggest & second-biggest angle. What is the sum of the smallest & second-biggest angle?
- 100 degree
- 90 degree
- 80 degree
- 105 degree
77. in the following series, identify the wrong number.
2269, 2284, 2319, 2376, 2539, 2760
78. A certain amount of money from Rs. 5000/- is lent at 10% interest per annum while the remaining amount is lent at 20% interest per annum. In next two years an amount of Rs. 1700/- is earned as simple interest on these two amounts. What is the amount that has been lent at 10% interest per annum?
- Rs. 1500/-
- Rs. 1900/-
- Rs. 2100/-
- Rs. 1345/-
79. The ratio of the ages of father and mother at the time of the birth of their son is 9:8. The ratio of ages of father and mother would be 17:16 when their son’s age would be double of his present age. What is ratio of present ages of father and mother.
80. A train crosses the platform in 25 seconds. The length of the platform is 240 meters. What is the length of the train?
- 140 meter
- 200 meter
- Cannot be determined
- None of the above
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126112341-20221126142341-00089.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
| 4,438 | 53 |
https://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/statistics/sampling-theory-and-designs/hypothetical-universe.aspx
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math
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What is Random Sample In Hypothetical Universe?
Selection of a random sample in the hypothetical population presents even more difficult task. Here not only can we not apply the technique of card population and random sampling numbers but even the process of continuous Sub-division of the universe followed in case of infinite population is not of any use. Suppose we wish to have a random sample of the possible throws of a dice we can neither construct card population nor use random sample numbers. It is also not possible to use the technique of continuous sub-division of the universe. In such cases the only thing possible is to take the sample by actually throwing a dice, a number of times and, observing the results. The only point to be kept in mind here is that, sampling conditions should remain unchanged throughout the experiments. In such cases, no doubt, there is no proof that the sample appropriately represents the universe, but since we know how a dice behaves we have ample justification in presuming that the sample which has been taken from a universe is in a way existent.
Live Online Email Based Homework Assignment Help in Random Sample In Hypothetical Universe
Transtutors comprises highly qualified and certified teachers, college professors, subject professionals in various subjects like statistics etc. All our statistics tutors are highly experienced and can clear your doubt regarding random sample in hypothetical universe and can explain the different concepts to you effectively.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891546.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122232843-20180123012843-00701.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2018-05
| 1,516 | 4 |
https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1348997481
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math
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posted by Nina
Given the third term of an arithmetic sequence less than the fourth term by three. The seventh term is two times the fifth term. Find the common difference and the first term.
since the terms have a constant difference, the difference is 3.
a+6*3 = 2(a+4*3)
a+18 = 2a+24
a = -6
sequence is -6,-3,0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24
T7 = 12 = 2*6 = 2T5
I CANT GET IT. PLS LIST DOWN ALL THE SOLUTIONS ONE BY ONE. SO THAT I CAN UNDERSTAND. THANK YOU SO MUCH!!!
ANYONE? PLS HELP ME! MY FRIEND A.K.A MY ROOMATE NEED TO SOLVE THIS QUEST ASAP. THANKYOUUUUUU 😘
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864953.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623074142-20180623094142-00371.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
| 557 | 10 |
https://cfmar.pstat.ucsb.edu/about/research
|
math
|
The Center faculty are highly research-active, publishing many articles each year. They also regularly recruit new graduate students to their groups. Among themes that are presently investigated are: Mean Field Games for Systemic Risk; Stochastic Portfolio Theory; Gaussian Process Regression for Portfolio Risk Management; Limit Order Book modeling; Contagion in Random Financial Networks; Stochastic Volatility models; Monte Carlo methods for Stochastic Control; Stochastic Games.
Mike Ludkovski (Professor and Co-Director of the CFMAR)
Monte Carlo simulation; Machine Learning for Stochastic Control; Energy Markets & Stochastic Games; Modeling of Renewable Power Generation; Longevity Risk.
Tomoyuki Ichiba (Associate Professor PSTAT)
Probability Theory, Stochastic Processes and their applications. Stochastic Differential Equations, Collisions of Brownian Particles, Local Time of Semimartingales, Mathematical Economics & Finance (Stochastic Portfolio Theory), and Statistics in Finance
Nils Detering (Assistant Professor PSTAT)
Financial Mathematics: Systemic risk, energy markets and model risk; Probability theory: Stochastic Analysis and Random graphs, especially percolation on random graphs
Alex Shkolnik (Assistant Professor PSTAT)
Quantification and management of credit risk; factor models for portfolio selection; simulation of jump-diffusion processes
Ruimeng Hu (Assistant Professor PSTAT and MATH)
Machine learning, financial mathematics, and game theory: Deep learning algorithms and theory for stochastic differential games; mean-field portfolio games; portfolio optimization; and optimal switching problems; systemic risk and central counterparty.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00318.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 1,670 | 11 |
http://www.transtutors.com/questions/help-with-accounting-453763.htm
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math
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Texas Product Corporation begins operation on April 1, 2012. The firm engages in the following transaction during April.
(1) Issues 20,000 shares of $5 par value common stock for $12 per share in cash.
(2) Issues 5,000 shares of $100 par value preferred stock at par value for cash.
(3) Gives $40,000 in cash and 5,000 shares of common stock in exchange for land and a building. The land appears at $25,000 and the building at $75,000 on the
(4) Acquires equipment costing $46,000. It makes cash payment of $8,000 and gives an 8% notes due in one year, for the balance.
(5) Pays transportation cost of $1,200 on equipment in (4).
(6) Pays installation cost of $1,800 on the equipment in (4).
(7) Acquire merchandise inventory costing $60,000 on account.
(8) Pays license fees of $1,300 for the year beginning May 1 in advance.
(9) Discovers that merchandise costing $1,900 from the acquisition in (7) is defective and returns it to the supplier for credit. The firm has not yet paid
(10) Purchase a patent from its creator for $30,000.
(11) Signs an agreement to manufacture a specially designed machine for a customer for $60,000 to be delivered in January of next year. At the time of signing,
the customer advances $12,000 of the contract price.
(12) Pays invoices totaling $40,000 from the purchases in (7).
a. Prepare journal entries and enter the transactions in T-accounts. Indicate whether each account is an asset, a liability, or a stockholder's equity
b. Prepare a balance sheet for Texas Product Corporation as of April 30, 2012.
Estimated amount: $50
Now at $25
the following stockholders’ equity balances. Preferred Stock (5,000 shares) $200,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value—Preferred 60,000 Common...
of $1 per share. The following stock transactions took place during 2007. Jan. 3 Issued 10,000 shares of common stock for cash at $4 per share April 1 Issued 5,000 shares of...
stock for a patent. The asking price of the patent was $30,000. Market values were preferred stock $70 and patent indeterminable.
Dec. 1 Issued 8,000 shares of common stock for cash at $7
. It issued ten thousand, $1,000 convertible bonds on January 1. On June 30, Ignatius issued 100,000 shares of $100 par 6% cumulative preferred stock. Dividends are declared and paid...
was $30,000. Market values were preferred stock $70 and patent indeterminable. Dec. 1 Issued 8,000 shares of common stock...
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We don't post anything without your permission
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826016.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00125-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
| 2,511 | 26 |
http://www.math.wisc.edu/node/261
|
math
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Jeff Viaclovsky (Fall 2017):
This course will cover various advanced topics in Differential Geometry. Topics will be selected from the following.
(1) Asymptotic expansions of metric, volume, etc.
(2) Curvature decomposition and representation theory.
(3) Complex manifolds and Kaehler metrics.
(4) Hodge Theory and Fredholm Theory on compact Riemannian manifolds.
(5) Analysis on noncompact Riemannian manifolds.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649683.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324034649-20180324054649-00327.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
| 412 | 7 |
https://www.reference.com/science/many-ml-liter-ffdee6e3d6a1cc34
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math
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There are 1000 milliliters in a liter. The abbreviation "ml" stands for "milliliters." For practical purposes, the volume or capacity of a container is always mentioned in liters or in gallons.
Volume is defined as the space occupied by a container. Volumes of cubes, cuboids, cones, cylinders and spheres are calculated with the help of formulae.
Sometimes, the cubic centimeter, abbreviated as "cc," is also used for volume. In a liter, there are 1000 cubic centimeters. This means that 1 cubic centimeter is also equal to 1 milliliter. Volume is generally not measured in cubic centimeters and cubic meters in everyday situations.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574765.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922012344-20190922034344-00303.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
| 633 | 3 |
http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/equilibrum-constant-kp-formation-air-pollutant-nitric-oxide-chapter-14-problem-65ap-solution-9780077414436-exc
|
math
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The equilibrium constant (KP) for the formation of the air pollutant nitric oxide (NO) in an automobile engine at 530°C is 2.9 × 10 -11:
(a) Calculate the partial pressure of NO under these conditions if the partial pressures of nitrogen and oxygen are 3.0 atm and 0.012 atm, respectively.(b) Repeat the calculation for atmospheric conditions where the partial pressures of nitrogen and oxygen are 0.78 atm and 0.21 atm and the temperature is 25°C. (The KP for the reaction is 4.0 X 10 -31 at this temperature.) (c) Is the formation of NO endothermic or exothermic? (d) What natural phenomenon promotes the formation of NO? Why?
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398458511.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205418-00176-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2015-48
| 631 | 2 |
https://attic.city/item/JfLV/rare-antique-jacobean-bedroom-set-/refabulous-finds
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math
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Rare Antique Jacobean Bedroom Set
Please message me for the actual shipping price. This is only an estimate as a 5 piece set. This set features from the 1920 era Jacobean Bedroom ...
$$$$$ · Indexed on April 16, 2022
ATTIC Availability Predictor beta
Still looking? Try a search.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271763.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626161834-20220626191834-00531.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
| 280 | 5 |
https://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/advisor/answers/small-business-20121128163621AAS4gfw.html
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math
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- Why You Shouldn't Fear Copycat Developers Entrepreneur
Determine the inn's break-even point in (1) number of rented rooms per month and (2) dollars.?
1) The San Marcos Inn is trying to determine its break-even point. The inn has 50 rooms that are rented at $60 per night. Operating costs are as follows:
Salaries $7,342 per month
Utilities 1,573 per month
Depreciation 1,049 per month
Maintenance 524 per month
Maid Service 7.20 per room
Other Costs 28.80 per room
Determine the inn's break-even point in (1) number of rented rooms per month and (2) dollars.
The fixed costs are $10,488 and of the $60 a night, $36 are associated expenses. Thus the $24 remaining dollars divided into the $10,488 is 437 room rentals/night and the dollar amount is $26,220.1 year ago
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00625-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
| 767 | 11 |
http://projectbaseline.org/download/handbook-of-sinc-numerical-methods-chapman-hall-crc-numerical-analysis-and
|
math
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By Frank Stenger
Handbook of Sinc Numerical Methods provides an awesome highway map for dealing with normal numeric difficulties. Reflecting the author’s advances with Sinc in view that 1995, the textual content so much significantly presents a close exposition of the Sinc separation of variables procedure for numerically fixing the total diversity of partial differential equations (PDEs) of curiosity to scientists and engineers. This new thought, which mixes Sinc convolution with the boundary essential equation (IE) method, makes for exponentially swifter convergence to suggestions of differential equations. the root for the process is the Sinc approach to approximating nearly all sorts of operation stemming from calculus through simply computed matrices of very low dimension.
The CD-ROM of this instruction manual comprises approximately 450 MATLAB® courses equivalent to exponentially convergent numerical algorithms for fixing approximately each computational challenge of technology and engineering. whereas the publication makes Sinc tools available to clients eager to pass the full thought, it additionally deals enough theoretical info for readers who do need a complete operating figuring out of this interesting zone of numerical research.
Read Online or Download Handbook of Sinc Numerical Methods (Chapman & Hall/CRC Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing Series) PDF
Best number systems books
This e-book is basically meant for a first-year undergraduate direction in programming. it truly is dependent in a problem-solution structure that calls for the scholar to imagine in the course of the programming method, hence constructing an knowing of the underlying thought. every one bankruptcy is kind of self sufficient.
Monte Carlo simulation has turn into essentially the most very important instruments in all fields of technological know-how. Simulation technique will depend on a very good resource of numbers that seem to be random. those "pseudorandom" numbers needs to go statistical assessments simply as random samples might. tools for generating pseudorandom numbers and reworking these numbers to simulate samples from numerous distributions are one of the most crucial subject matters in statistical computing.
This textbook deals an intensive, glossy advent into commutative algebra. it truly is intented almost always to function a advisor for a process one or semesters, or for self-study. The rigorously chosen subject material concentrates at the innovations and effects on the heart of the sphere. The booklet continues a continuing view at the common geometric context, allowing the reader to achieve a deeper figuring out of the cloth.
This ebook introduces the elemental innovations of genuine and useful research. It provides the basics of the calculus of adaptations, convex research, duality, and optimization which are essential to increase purposes to physics and engineering difficulties. The booklet contains introductory and complex strategies in degree and integration, in addition to an creation to Sobolev areas.
- Classical and Modern Numerical Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice (Chapman & Hall/CRC Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing Series)
- Mathematical Methods in Robust Control of Linear Stochastic Systems: 50 (Mathematical Concepts and Methods in Science and Engineering)
- Analyzing Markov Chains using Kronecker Products: Theory and Applications (SpringerBriefs in Mathematics)
- Computational Statistics (Statistics and Computing)
- Modeling and Computations in Electromagnetics: A Volume Dedicated to Jean-Claude Nédélec: 59 (Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering)
- Mathematical Methods and Modelling in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production: 7 (Mathematics in Industry)
Extra resources for Handbook of Sinc Numerical Methods (Chapman & Hall/CRC Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing Series)
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578841544.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426153423-20190426175423-00363.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
| 3,909 | 16 |
https://plainmath.org/pre-algebra/20283-remembering-whole-number-greater-remember-bigger-example-wonder-decimals
|
math
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The operations applied to whole numbers may result differently compared to the numbers with decimals.
When '0' is applied at the end of the whole number that means that the number is applied by 10. To understand this, let first learn the concept of places in whole numbers.
If we read the whole number from the Right end,
The first term is at the unit place.
The second term is at the tens place.
The third term is in the hundredth place.
For eg., if we have 100000, then
So now if one more '0' is added at the end, then the number becomes '1000000'.
And the number is increased by 10 times.
Now let us understand the decimal numbers.
Here, there are two sections. One is on the left side of the decimal and one is on the right side of the decimal.
The place values are as follows. Take the example of 456.123
On the left side of the decimal:
6 is at the unit place.
5 is at the tens place.
4 is at the hundredth place. (similar to the whole number)
On the Right Side of the decimal:
1 is at the
2 is at the
3 is at the
So as we go on the right of the decimal place, the value of the number decreases.
So if '0' is added at the right side of the decimal place, then one more number is added with a further
For example, if '0' is written at the end of 456.123 then the number becomes '456.1230', and the value of this place is
So this is the same number with a more precise value.
This can be further understood as follows:
What Carl said is also not true.
If the zero is placed right after the decimal shifting rest of the existing number to the right of it, then also it is kept at
For example, the present number will become 456.0123.
Which expression has both 8 and n as factors???
One number is 2 more than 3 times another. Their sum is 22. Find the numbers
Perform the indicated operation and simplify the result. Leave your answer in factored form
An ordered pair set is referred to as a ___?
Please, can u convert 3.16 (6 repeating) to fraction.
Write an algebraic expression for the statement '6 less than the quotient of x divided by 3 equals 2'.
What is converted into a fraction?
The mixed fraction representation of 7/3 is...
How to write the algebraic expression given: the quotient of 5 plus d and 12 minus w?
Express 200+30+5+4100+71000 as a decimal number and find its hundredths digit.
Find four equivalent fractions of the given fraction:
How to find the greatest common factor of ?
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00205.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
| 2,400 | 40 |
https://byjus.com/question-answer/10-chairs-are-arranged-in-a-row-and-are-numbered-1-to-10-4-men-1/
|
math
|
10 chairs are arranged in a row and are numbered 1 to 10. 4 men have to be seated in these chairs so that the ending chairs in the row can never be empty. In how many ways can this be done?
First select any two men from the four and arrange them in the ending seats in 4C2*2!
Then select two seats out of the 8 seats and arrange the two men in that. The number of ways that this can be done is 8C2*2!
So, the total number of ways in which this can be done is 8C2*2! *4C2*2! = 672
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201022332-20211201052332-00091.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
| 479 | 4 |
http://test.citizendium.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_(topology)/Related_Articles
|
math
|
Neighbourhood (topology)/Related Articles
Jump to navigation Jump to search
- See also changes related to Neighbourhood (topology), or pages that link to Neighbourhood (topology) or to this page or whose text .
- Mathematics : The study of quantities, structures, their relations, and changes thereof.
- Topology : A branch of mathematics that studies the properties of objects that are preserved through continuous deformations (such as stretching, bending and compression).
- Topological space : A mathematical structure (generalizing some aspects of Euclidean space) defined by a family of open sets.
- Limit (mathematics) : Mathematical concept based on the idea of closeness, used mainly in studying the behaviour of functions close to values at which they are undefined.
- : A property that describes how good points in a topological space can be distinguished.
- Filter (mathematics) : A family of subsets of a given set which has properties generalising the notion of "almost all natural numbers".
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203055519-20230203085519-00504.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
| 1,005 | 9 |
https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/math_facpubs/231/
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math
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Linearized oscillations in population dynamics
Date of Original Version
A linearized oscillation theorem due to Kulenović, Ladas and Meimaridou (1987, Quart. appl. Math. XLV, 155-164) and an extension of it are applied to obtain the oscillation of solutions of several equations which have appeared in population dynamics. They include the logistic equation with several delays, Nicholson's blowflies model as described by Gurney, Blythe and Nisbet (1980, Nature, Lond. 287, 17-21) and the Lasota-Wazewska model of the red blood cell supply in an animal. We also developed a linearized oscillation result for difference equations and applied it to several equations taken from the biological literature. © 1987 Society for Mathematical Biology.
Publication Title, e.g., Journal
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
Kulenović, M. R., and G. Ladas. "Linearized oscillations in population dynamics." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 49, 5 (1987): 615-627. doi: 10.1007/BF02460139.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00126.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
| 976 | 6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_problem
|
math
|
In number theory, zero-sum problems are a certain class of combinatorial questions. In general, a finite abelian group G is considered. The zero-sum problem for the integer n is the following: Find the smallest integer k such that every sequence of elements of G with length contains n terms that sum to 0.
Explicitly this says that any multiset of 2n − 1 integers has a subset of size n the sum of whose elements is a multiple of n. This result is known as the Erdős–Ginzburg–Ziv theorem after its discoverers: it may be deduced from the Cauchy–Davenport theorem.
More general results than this theorem exist, such as Olson's theorem, Kemnitz's conjecture (proved by Christian Reiher in 2003), and the weighted EGZ theorem (proved by David J. Grynkiewicz in 2005).
- Erdős, Paul; Ginzburg, A.; Ziv, A. (1961). "A theorem in additive number theory". Bull. Res. Council Israel 10F: 41–43. Zbl 0063.00009.
- Nathanson (1996) p.48
- Reiher, Christian (2007), "On Kemnitz' conjecture concerning lattice-points in the plane", The Ramanujan Journal 13 (1–3): 333–337, doi:10.1007/s11139-006-0256-y, Zbl 1126.11011.
- Grynkiewicz, D. J. (2006), "A Weighted Erdős-Ginzburg-Ziv Theorem", Combinatorica 26 (4): 445–453, doi:10.1007/s00493-006-0025-y, Zbl 1121.11018.
- Geroldinger, Alfred (2009). "Additive group theory and non-unique factorizations". In Geroldinger, Alfred; Ruzsa, Imre Z. Combinatorial number theory and additive group theory. Advanced Courses in Mathematics CRM Barcelona. Elsholtz, C.; Freiman, G.; Hamidoune, Y. O.; Hegyvári, N.; Károlyi, G.; Nathanson, M.; Solymosi, J.; Stanchescu, Y. With a foreword by Javier Cilleruelo, Marc Noy and Oriol Serra (Coordinators of the DocCourse). Basel: Birkhäuser. pp. 1–86. ISBN 978-3-7643-8961-1. Zbl 1221.20045.
- Nathanson, Melvyn B. (1996). Additive Number Theory: Inverse Problems and the Geometry of Sumsets. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 165. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94655-1. Zbl 0859.11003.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644068098.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025428-00170-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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CC-MAIN-2015-35
| 1,976 | 9 |
https://www.hackmath.net/en/word-math-problems/geometry?page_num=70
|
math
|
Geometry - math word problems
Number of problems found: 1416
Denisa is preparing for a goldsmith's costume carnival. During the preparations, she thought she would let her hair wipe instead - she would apply a 5 μm thick layer of gold to each hair. How much gold would Denisa need? Assume that all hundred thousand D
- Cardboard box
We want to make a cardboard box shaped quadrangular prism with rhombic base. Rhombus has a side of 5 cm and 8 cm one diagonal long. The height of the box to be 12 cm. The box will be open at the top. How many square centimeters cardboard we need, if we ca
- Water channel
The cross section of the water channel is a trapezoid. The width of the bottom is 19.7 m, the water surface width is 28.5 m, the side walls have a slope of 67°30' and 61°15'. Calculate how much water flows through the channel in 5 minutes if the water flo
- Jared's room painting
Jared wants to paint his room. The room's dimensions are 12 feet by 15 feet, and the walls are 9 feet high. Two windows measure 6 feet by 5 feet each. There are two doors, whose dimensions are 30 inches by 6 feet each. If a gallon of paint covers approxim
- Cuboid 5
Calculate the mass of the cuboid with dimensions of 12 cm; 0.8 dm and 100 mm made from spruce wood (density = 550 kg/m3).
The box-shaped aquarium is 40 cm high; the bottom has dimensions of 70 cm and 50 cm. Simon wanted to create an exciting environment for the fish, so he fixed three pillars to the bottom. They all have the shape of a cuboid with a square base. The base edg
- A cylinder
A cylinder 108 cm high has a circumference of 24 cm. A string makes exactly 6 complete turns around the cylinder while its two ends touch the top and bottom. (forming a spiral around the cylinder). How long is the string in cm?
- Billiard balls
A layer of ivory billiard balls of radius 6.35 cm is in the form of a square. The balls are arranged so that each ball is tangent to every one adjacent to it. In the spaces between sets of 4 adjacent balls other balls rest, equal in size to the original.
- Similarity of two triangles
The KLM triangle has a side length of k = 6.3cm, l = 8.1cm, m = 11.1cm. The triangle XYZ has a side length of x = 8.4cm, y = 10.8cm, z = 14.8cm. Are triangle KLM and XYZ similar? (write 0 if not, if yes, find and write the coefficient of a similarity)
- Similar triangles
The triangles ABC and XYZ are similar. Find the missing lengths of the sides of the triangles. a) a = 5 cm b = 8 cm x = 7.5 cm z = 9 cm b) a = 9 cm c = 12 cm y = 10 cm z = 8 cm c) b = 4 cm c = 8 cm x = 4.5 cm z = 6 cm
- The barrel
The barrel is 135 cm high. If we fill it to a height of 60 cm and it weighs 163 kg. If we fill it to a height of 80 cm, it weighs 213 kg. How many kg weighs a full and how much empty barrel?
- Wooden bowls
20 wooden bowls in the shape of a truncated cone should be painted on the outside and inside with wood varnish. We need 0.1 l of paint to paint 200 cm2. How many liters of paint do we have to buy if the bowls are 25 cm high, the bottom of the bowl has a d
Mr Peter has a metal roof cone shape with a height of 127 cm and radius 130 cm over well. He needs to paint the roof with anticorrosion. How many kg of color must he buy if the manufacturer specifies the consumption of 1 kg to 3.3 m2?
- TV transmitter
The volume of water in the rectangular swimming pool is 6998.4 hectoliters. The promotional leaflet states that if we wanted all the pool water to flow into a regular quadrangle with a base edge equal to the average depth of the pool, the prism would have
On the direct road, the passenger car overtakes the slower bus by starting to overtake 20 meters from the bus and after passing it ahead of it again 20 meters away. The car overtakes at a steady speed of 72 km/h, the bus goes at a steady speed of 54 km/h.
- If one
If one litre of pant covers an area of 5 m2 how much paint is needed to cover: a) rectangular swimming pool With dimensions 4m x 3m x 2.5m (the Inside walls and the floor only) b) the Inside walls and floor of a cylindrical reservoir with diameter 3m and
- Reverse Pythagorean theorem
Given are lengths of the sides of the triangles. Decide which one is rectangular: Δ ABC: 77 dm, 85 dm, 36 dm ... Δ DEF: 55 dm, 82 dm, 61 dm ... Δ GHI: 24 mm, 25 mm, 7 mm ... Δ JKL: 32 dm, 51 dm, 82 dm ... Δ MNO: 51 dm, 45 dm,
Openings in perforated bricks occupy 10% and brick has dimensions 30 cm, 15 cm and 7.5 cm. Calculate a) the weight of a perforated bricks, if you know that the density of the full brick material is p = 1800 kg/m3 (1.8 kg/dm3) b) the number of perforated
- Diagonals at right angle
In the trapezoid ABCD, this is given: AB=12cm CD=4cm And diagonals crossed under a right angle. What is the area of this trapezoid ABCD?
- Cloth / textile
We have cloth measure 16 square meters. How many 20 cm by 20 cm by 8 cm bags you can make? Assume bag is a cuboid without one top base.
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00566.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
| 4,901 | 37 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cosmology
|
math
|
|Quantum field theory|
Quantum cosmology is the attempt in theoretical physics to develop a quantum theory of the Universe. This approach attempts to answer open questions of classical physical cosmology, particularly those related to the first phases of the universe.
Classical cosmology is based on Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity (GTR or simply GR) which describes the evolution of the universe very well, as long as you do not approach the Big Bang. It is the gravitational singularity and the Planck time where relativity theory fails to provide what must be demanded of a final theory of space and time. Therefore, a theory is needed that integrates relativity theory and quantum theory. Such an approach is attempted for instance with loop quantum gravity, string theory and causal set theory.
- Martin Bojowald: Quantum Cosmology. A Fundamental Description of the Universe. (= Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 835). Springer, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4419-8276-6.
- Stephen Hawking wrote 1999: So what the singularity theorems are really telling us, is that the universe had a quantum origin, and that we need a theory of quantum cosmology, if we are to predict the present state of the universe."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-02-14. Retrieved 2015-02-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- Klebanov, Igor & Maldacena, Juan (2009). "Solving Quantum Field Theories via Curved Spacetimes" (PDF). Physics Today. 62 (1): 28. Bibcode:2009PhT....62a..28K. doi:10.1063/1.3074260. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2013. Retrieved 13 Feb 2015.
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141747774.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205104937-20201205134937-00386.warc.gz
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
| 1,586 | 6 |
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