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6qi8j1 | how do one-way windows actually work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qi8j1/eli5_how_do_oneway_windows_actually_work/ | {
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"They are just heavily-tinted windows. What makes them one-way is that the room that's supposed to be visible is well-lit, and the room that's not supposed to be visible is dark (same way tinted windows on cars hide what's inside).\n\nThe window is actually just as visible in both directions. It's placement that makes it work."
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3gxh5a | how do they work out the death count for disasters? | Do they go by physical body count? People who are missing?
Roll call of people who are generally in the vicinity? Like schools rolls and timesheets?
Reports from family of friends of the deceased?
What if an entire family goes missing and their bodies are never found? Are they counted? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gxh5a/eli5_how_do_they_work_out_the_death_count_for/ | {
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"All of the above. In the UK for example during a major incident one of the responsibilities of the police is to set up temporary mortuaries for the dead and reception centres for everyone else. There are lots of operational plans in place to ensure everything is adequately recorded."
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12kvar | what are the "brain zaps" people experience during ssri withdrawal? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/12kvar/eli5_what_are_the_brain_zaps_people_experience/ | {
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"Probably related to the change in neurotransmitter availability. Whatever the SSRI drugs were controlling the amount of, the body got used to and so it stopped handling the production/regulation of said neurotransmitter. Now that there is less of the drug available, the body has to regulate itself, which may take some time to readjust, resulting in this \"brain zap\".",
"Shit feels crazy, son. Mine lasted almost a week and would go through periods where I'd get them every 20-30 seconds. \n\nIt wasn't really that bad to be honest, just strange. I'm glad I'm off SSRIs now, but they did help me through a rough time. ",
"SSRI discontinuation syndrome. [Here's an article](_URL_0_) on wikipedia with references.",
"I would love to know this. Weirdest feeling ever. Like accidentally touching a live wire with your eyes, and from out of nowhere.",
"I get these all the time (well, not all the time, maybe a couple times a year, but I remember getting them even as a kid). I've heard they're commonplace, no idea what causes them.",
"What do they feel like? I'm not on an SSRI but I'm curious. Never even heard of them.",
"I've tried to explain this symptom to other people, including medical professionals and they all looked at me like I was stupid.\n\nThey don't call it \"brain zaps\", or \"mild electric shocks\", like I called them. \"Oh, do you mean your teeth, tongue, fingers, toes and eyeballs feel *tingly*?\" Yes, asshole. Thanks for making me suffer while you dicked around over semantics.",
"Not an answer, but I found that it was related to eye movement. If you keep your head still then dart your eyes about, each movement causes a 'zap'. What's odd, if you focus on something and move your head so that your eyes are moving but you're looking at the same thing, it *doesn't* seem to zap. \n\nAlso, it's been a while since I had them but I seem to recall that if you close your eyelids and then dart your eyes about like before but with your lids closed, the zaps don't happen. Very odd indeed. ",
"Sometimes they frustrate me, even if I've taken my meds for some reason I'll get a few zaps. However they are also a good reminder for if I've forgotten my meds. If I get to around 2pm ill start getting zaps and that usually reminds me to take them!\n\nEdit: I thought this was on r/bipolar so it wasn't exactly an answer. But I'll keep the comment here anyway.",
"SSRI discontinuation* syndrome is no joke. I took myself off of a high-dose SSRI a decade ago, and had these shuddering flashes of disorientation for two weeks straight, multiple times a day.\n\nMy best shot at explaining it is like this. Neurons communicate electrically and chemically. When the chemicals get out of balance with each other, the communication gets distorted or interrupted, at least in a sense of deviation from normal.\n\nSerotonin is that neurotransmitter that sort of makes everything in your body talk with every other part, and with the world outside. An excess makes you sleepy, cuddly, alert, dreamy, or downright trippy. A deficiency means other chemicals, like dopamine, norepinephrine, & acetylcholine (all of which hype you up and are related to attention to stimuli) are out of balance.\n\nSo here's the thing: if the chemical that helps your cells make a cohesive unity of it all is (relatively) suddenly reduced, then you're getting a lot of exciting electro-chemical signals that your brain is having trouble filtering & making sense of.\n\ntl;dr static on the line, you're disoriented for the split second it takes for your brain to clean up the signal.\n\n Source: degree in research psych, personal experience.\n\nEDIT: Posted from my phone. Neodymium is right, I had a brain fart and posted serotonin syndrome at first.",
"A friend of mine and myself always knew it as the \"whoosh\" feeling. I'm just curious if anyone else has described it that way.",
"When my eyes are closed, I see actual small flashes of light when they zap. ",
"A little late to the conversation here but I thought I'd contribute my situation. I'm on celexa. I've been taking for six months and now that'll clean of it, it's been three and half weeks of the zaps. I've had them before coming off of something else in the past but they were more intense..blink your eyes...get the zap. This stuff is giving me more of a dull zap when I close my eyes (usually get 2 or 3 in a row) or if I'm out in public. I find the zaps get more frequent and often when I'm out around other people. I'm guessing it has something to do with the nervous system and just feeling like people can see what's happening. Does anybody else find they intensify when in public?"
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8ix7ko | how does melanin protect the skin by making it darker? doesn't a darker skin tone mean that the skin absorbs even more light? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ix7ko/eli5_how_does_melanin_protect_the_skin_by_making/ | {
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"Absorbing the light is how it helps. Light skin will allow UV rays to penetrate the skin and get absorbed by cells and their DNA which can lead to either the cell going through cell death or mutations such as thymine dimmers where two thymines bind to each other on the same side of the DNA. But in a dark skin, most of the light will be absorbed by the skin, causing as little of it to go through into the body. "
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1k2pyf | if the human body is around 70% water, how come we don't have pure h2o in our bodies? | It's a bit confusing to ask, but I'll try to make the question more sensible:
Excluding things like urine and sweat, I just can't visualize how 70% of our *entire* bodies are made of H2O! I mean, if we hurt ourselves I don't see water pouring out; I would mostly see blood. Is H2O just found in little places throughout the entire body or is there somewhere in the body where it's just plain "water"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1k2pyf/eli5_if_the_human_body_is_around_70_water_how/ | {
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"So 80% water doesn't mean that there are bags of water in us, it means that parts of us are made, in part, with water. \n\nThink of orange juice: its mostly water, but you don't see *any* water in it. Yet, you can \"concentrate\" (dehydrate) it a bit, and you get an orange juice goo. \n\nNow you can take this goo and add water, yet it appears to be identical (or very close to identical) to the original orange juice. Where did the water go? \n\nIt's still present, its just no longer isolate, pure water. ",
"Have you ever taken a bottle of water, and put just a drop or two food coloring in it? You know it's mostly water. You know it's nearly all water. But it doesn't look like water, because it's not all water.\n\nBlood is like that. Nearly our entire bodies are like that. If you ever see a dissection of some animal, you'll notice that most of their insides are very wet.\n\nThe water is everywhere, it just isn't pure, because why would need pure water inside our bodies? We use the water as a liquid medium for storage and transport of minerals, and nutrients. Why leave it pure?",
"Our cells (the vast majority of them anyway) are essentially little bags of water with various solutes dissolved in them. That's pretty much how we function: chemical reactions in solution in little bags of water contained by phospholipid membranes. There is a whole lot more to it than that of course, by for eli5 purposes it's a decent description.",
"It takes energy to separate miscible (mixable) things. It's a lot easier to make Kool-Aid with sugar and water and flavoring than it is to make those three things from Kool-Aid!\n\nBesides, the things dissolved in your bodily fluids tend to serve important purposes like keeping you from leaking too badly and keeping conditions for the various functioning enzymes and other proteins maintained and easy to maintain.\n\nPlants *can* store pretty pure water in their vacuoles (little cellular storage pouches), but they do this even more to keep a firm fluid 'skeleton' (and stay pointed up toward the sun and the air!) than they do for consumption."
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33se81 | why is it okay to call a british person a brit but it's not okay to call a japanese person a jap? also is it offensive to call a communist a commie? | I only ask because I want to see someone actually try and explain this as though they were talking to a five year old. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33se81/eli5why_is_it_okay_to_call_a_british_person_a/ | {
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"Well Jap was a derogatory term that rose up during WWII. Brit was never used in a derogatory form to describe people from Britain or the UK. \n\nAs for the commie part, that term is never used in Canada so I cannot comment with any validity. ",
"Most slurs are slurs because of their history. It's not that calling someone a \"Jap\" is offensive by itself. It's that a whole lot of people who meant very bad things by \"Jap\" used it for a long time. So today, if someone uses the word, it's like they're saying they agree with the bad things that were meant by it in the past.\n\nSince the same thing didn't happen with \"Brit\", it's not seen as offensive today.",
"Because \"Jap\" was used in racist war propaganda with explicit purpose of dehumanizing the enemy. This was the same time that we were rounding up Americans with Japanese ancestors and putting them in concentration camps.\n\nThere is no real history here of persecuting British people, apart from our war of independence. Even then, a huge part of the colonial population considered themselves British. It's been a very, very long time since people thought of the term \"Brit\" as derogatory. It doesn't conjure up images of persecution in British people's minds. There are still Americans alive today who remember when \"Jap\" was a term used against them as justification to treat them as second-class citizens. That's why it's inappropriate.",
"For what it's worth, Canadians don't mind being called Canucks. Snow Frogs on the other hand...",
"As others have said, \"Jap\" was used in a derogatory sense in contexts intended to dehumanise the Japanese, while \"Brit\" was never used in that context -- and indeed, the British themselves are perfectly happy to use the word \"Brit\". (I should know, I am one.)\n\nAs for \"commie\", that again is usually used in a derogatory sense (if you call somebody a \"commie\", you are almost certainly criticizing them), and is also usually used to describe people who aren't actually communists, just people whose politics you happen to disagree with.",
"I agree with everything said here but, as an Englishman, I can guarantee that calling someone here a 'Brit' will get you at the very least an odd look, if not a 'piss off' for some Scottish/Northern Irish individuals. A lot of people here do not like being generalized as British instead of their actual country. \nFrom what I've seen this seems to apply in double when Americans are involved (maybe just because you're the ones that do it the most)."
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4mia7r | when a calf got rejected by its mother after having been in touch with humans | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4mia7r/eli5_when_a_calf_got_rejected_by_its_mother_after/ | {
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"Herds are huge, calves can't survive that long without their mothers, and it would be almost impossible to find that calf's mother. \n\n\nIf you read the story about the recent bison calf, it was rejected *by the herd*, not by its mother. There was no way they could have found its mother specifically. The herd would have rejected it for smelling like a stranger, not because it smelled of humans. You can see on youtube that there are many times a baby is attacked by a predator but manages to return to the herd - this wouldn't happen if a herd or mama animal would reject a baby that smelled like a predator. [It is a myth that animals reject babies that smell of humans.](_URL_0_) \n\n\nBaby bison are introduced to a herd through its mother. So the major issue was the separation from the mother. \n\n\nEdited to add, because I was curious: another potential reason for the herd to reject a baby without a mother is this, written about cows who are herd animals like bison are: [\"It is not by accident that a cow rejects the approaches and nursing attempts from all calves except her own. If females let all the calves in the herd nurse, then only the oldest calves would survive. Natural selection insures that females will invest in their own offspring and no other.\"](_URL_1_)\n\n\nSo the bison herd would reject a strange calf because they will not nurture anything but their own babies. "
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"http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/articles/maternal.html"
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6kma8m | why you can put in the recycling bin same files with the same name but you cannot do that in any other folder ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6kma8m/eli5why_you_can_put_in_the_recycling_bin_same/ | {
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"The recycling bin is a \"virtual\" folder that shows a list of deleted files that can be undeleted. Deleted files aren't actually *moved* in to a different folder: they stay where they were, they're just *marked* as deleted. The recycling bin is a \"view\" that lets you see all the deleted files in one place.",
"On the Windows operating system, the files are all moved into the one Recycle Bin folder, but are first renamed with a unique incrementing number. The original name of the file is stored in a special hidden file called \"INFO2\". When you view the Recycle Bin, it does not show you the actual recycle-bin's folder structure, but uses a specialized control to display the INFO2 contents like a folder. See _URL_1_ for a bit about the Recycle Bin, and _URL_0_ which shows the contents of an INFO2 file."
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b9u4sq | how do they flavor “naturally flavored” and “essenced” sparkling waters without any listed additives? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b9u4sq/eli5_how_do_they_flavor_naturally_flavored_and/ | {
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"“Natural flavors” don't need to be named individually in the US at least. This is probably just as well when you consider that there's a natural raspberry flavoring that comes from the anal glands of beavers."
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3gy89a | why are some states classified as midwest when they are clearly on the east side of the u.s. | _URL_0_
Why does Michigan, Ohio, Indiana etc fall under "mid-west" categories when they are clearly in the eastern part of the U.S.
_URL_1_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gy89a/eli5_why_are_some_states_classified_as_midwest/ | {
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"For a long time, the United States was just New England and The South. Everything else was The West. The Midwest is west from all the older stuff, but it's not quite as west as The West. It's in the middle. ",
"Michigan, Ohio, Indiana are clearly in the middle. They are west of the Appalachian mountains and for a long time were the western US. "
]
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"http://i.imgur.com/j1TufCo.jpg",
"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"
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6lmyi1 | how do personality tests predict with accuracy your personality based on questions that are somewhat unrelated. | Examples like
hypnoid:
_URL_1_
Mbti:
_URL_0_
Etc. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6lmyi1/eli5_how_do_personality_tests_predict_with/ | {
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"First of all, personality testing in general is not that accurate. The problem is that often there are flaws in the questions such as questions that don't measure what they intend to measure, issues with culture or preexisting knowledge and problems with the wording of the questions.\n\nThe most obvious \"flaw\" in these kinds of tests can be seen if you take it more than once. In general personality is something that should remain consistent over time, changing very slowly if at all. But people will sometimes answer those questions differently depending on their mood or recent experiences and that can cause significant changes in the results. For example, last weekend I went out with friends and had the most amazing time, everything lined up just right where it was a REALLY fun party. So my brain will tend to rank \"going out\" as more fun and I'll appear more extroverted. Wheres if I had a really shitty experience last weekend, everything went wrong, people got arrested and someone broke my nose. I'm less likely to rank going out as fun and therefore will appear more introverted. \n\nBut in theory each question is placed there to measure a particular indicator. There are normally many questions that measure that indicator and after all are answered they can be used to measure consistency and dominance of that indicator. For example, you might ask 5 different questions that involve \"going out\" vs \"staying in\" to see what people prefer and that might give you an indicator if they are introverted or extroverted.\n\nIf the questions in the test were organized by indicator it would be obvious to the test taker what was being measured. One of the secrets to these tests is that they measure many indicators and mix up the questions. So the introverted questions might be number 1, 7, 16 and 30. So they seem unrelated but in reality they are not. "
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"http://www.hypnoid.com/psytest2.html"
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21mk84 | how do we know wireless internet is harmless? | When living in any big city or even small town, inevitably we are subjecting our bodies to the relentless streaming of wireless information passing through our bodies. How can we be certain this is not harmful over a lengthy exposure period ? Example: if a router was placed on one side of your brain and a wireless device on the other and gigabytes of data fed back and forth, would it have an effect on you, over say 10 years or 10 million terabytes ? To me it seems questionable that it would do NOTHING to your body. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21mk84/eli5_how_do_we_know_wireless_internet_is_harmless/ | {
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"Because we've had radio since 1896, and microwaves since the 1930s. This is the part of the EM spectrum that is used for WiFi. If there was a problem we would have noticed long before now. It is non-ionizing radiation, which means it does not affect cells.",
"Everything we know about electromagnetic radiation (which is what wi-fi and radio waves *are*) says that there is simply no mechanism via which waves of the frequencies in question can interact with the body in a way that would be damaging\\*. And we know electromagnetic radiation pretty damn well. It's always *possible* there's something we don't know, but that's not the way these decisions are made. If we used that as a rationale for not doing things, we'd never do anything, since there's always the possibility of something that we don't know. No study (or even a plausible hypothesis) has shown these waves to be harmful, whereas many studies have shown them to be harmless, so we operate under the assumption that they are safe.\n\n*They can cause heating, but limits are placed on the allowed power output in order to keep this at manageable levels.\n\n > To me it seems questionable that it would do NOTHING to your body.\n\nIndeed. Like I said, there will be a heating effect, but the device cannot produce enough waves to cause enough heat to be damaging.\n\n-----------------------\nJust an anecdote to go with the explanation: the power of radio waves drops off so quickly with distance that the cell phone in your pocket warms your body more than if you were standing 15 ft away from a fully-powered and active radio tower. Unless you use a transmitting antenna as your pillow, you are never going to suffer any ill effect from a radio tower. And even then, I doubt it."
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4hub8v | why can a battery never be recharged to its full capacity once it has been used once? | I have read that once a battery has been used, recharging it will never allow it to contain the same amount of energy that it had when it was made. Is this correct? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4hub8v/eli5_why_can_a_battery_never_be_recharged_to_its/ | {
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"text": [
"Actually, this is wrong. \nSome batteries (Lithium Polymer, for example) even have to get (dis-)charged several times, until they get their full capacity."
]
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2dtz3o | if we can get ear damage from a shooting a handgun in enclosed space, how can soldiers in wwii could protect their ears from firing huge coastal/naval guns in bunker? | Like this one : [Nazi 38cm coastal gun](_URL_0_) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dtz3o/eli5_if_we_can_get_ear_damage_from_a_shooting_a/ | {
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"text": [
"They didn't. and they were all deaf. They did cover their ears with their hands, but that doesn't do much.\n\nPreventing hearing loss wasn't much of a concern until the 80s. ",
"Modern audiology actually got its start from soldiers returning from WWII with hearing loss. "
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9v2b0z | are coalitions possible in the voting system of the united states? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9v2b0z/eli5_are_coalitions_possible_in_the_voting_system/ | {
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"So, while it is theoretically possible, the way that US elections are held make it effectively impossible for third parties to get elected to higher office. Unless we switch to ranked voting, and remove the \"first past the post\" rules, third parties will not be able to get serious support in the US. ",
"Not in the same sense as a coalition in a parliamentary system.\n\nA coalition in a parliamentary system means two or more parties agree to form a government together. In this context, \"government\" really means the executive. That typically happens because no single party has control of Parliament, and Parliament is responsible for choosing the executive. So the only way they can get the support they need to form a government is by agreeing to team up so together they have a majority.\n\nIn the US the executive is the president and the cabinet he appoints. A coalition isn't possible because it's all decided by an election for a single office (well, two offices I guess including the VP, but they come as a package). There's no way for two parties to partially win. In theory a president could agree to share power with another party by appointing heads of departments who are aligned with other parties, but he has no incentive to do that. Unlike in a parliamentary system, his role as president is not dependent on Congress supporting him.\n\nI suppose the closest thing to a coalition would be if a third party gained some seats in Congress, and made an agreement with another party over what bills to support so that together they have enough numbers to pass the bills they want. But that's not really the same as a coalition in a parliament."
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7tj58n | how does it work when you sync those buttons in your car to transponders (e.g. garage door openers)? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7tj58n/eli5_how_does_it_work_when_you_sync_those_buttons/ | {
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"text": [
"The garage door opener responds to a particular code. You can set the buttons in your car to produce that code. Push the button and the garage door opens."
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||
63qqd0 | why if you throw, for example, a spider from a tall height, chances are it will survive with no injuries, but if a human is thrown from the equivalent height, we'd be badly injured/die? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63qqd0/eli5_why_if_you_throw_for_example_a_spider_from_a/ | {
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"Spiders aren't heavy enough for them to be greatly damaged by a fall, plus their skeletons are outside, so it acts like armor. Humans are heavy, and our skeleton is inside, for support rather than protection (skull, spine, and ribs notwithstanding). ",
"Terminal Velocity.\n\nTerminal velocity is dictated by the mass of an object. The TV of a down feather, is not as high as it would be for a 15lb bowling ball.\n\nIf you toss a teeny bug off the empire state building, it's likely going to land unharmed (or, more likely, blown away and hit the ground far from the base of the building) Because it's mass is so low....A human's mass is much greater, there for...well....clean up on 5th avenue!"
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4q6a9i | why we need 70+ gender terms | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4q6a9i/eli5_why_we_need_70_gender_terms/ | {
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"Why does the number matter though? How is having 4 terms any different than having 2 in any way lol. "
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bg5pmt | how do you know what temperature to set to defog car windows? | I never seem to set the right temperature and it drives me nuts when the window fogs up. How do you know what temperature to set it to in order to defog it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bg5pmt/eli5_how_do_you_know_what_temperature_to_set_to/ | {
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"You set it to warm to evaporate the water on the windshield and set the AC on to dehumidify the air."
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58y5um | how does motion tracking working in programs such as after effects? | Over the years motion tracking has overcome editing each frame individually however how does the computer/program physically identify each object and where it moves throughout the video? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58y5um/eli5_how_does_motion_tracking_working_in_programs/ | {
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"You track the pixels, this is one big benefit of shooting in 4K or higher even if your movie is 2K, this is a reason why most CGI-blockbusters, like say Avengers, shoot in 4K+ but only release in 2K (because 4K CGI takes way too much time/money). \n \nYou also have to track neighboring pixels as well to make sure you are locked onto your target. In instances where motion capture doesn't work well, you have to manually adjust it. Besides for CGI, motion tracking is used for stabilization, [which Tom Scott has a great video on](_URL_0_). \n \nFor background replacement, that is why the entire room has dots/crosses, it's for the program to easily track."
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3m7nxm | fiber internet | Fiber internet is now in my area: How does it work, Is it better, and should I get it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3m7nxm/eli5_fiber_internet/ | {
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"Fiber optic internet works by shining a light down a long glass or plastic cylinder (fiber). The light reflects toward the center of the fiber because of the design and coating of the fiber. If you want a thorough explaination of the physics involved, r/askscience probably has some experts.\n\nIt is a very good form of fast internet in most cases.\n\nYou should look at it the same as any other Internet service though. \n\nHow fast is the service? \nWhat is the cost?\nWhat is their customer service like?\nHow reliable is the service?\n\nAll these issues are largely independent of the technology (fiber-optic vs copper wire), and will depend on the business practices of the company."
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5u4805 | why are animal foods so often cheaper than plant foods? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5u4805/eli5_why_are_animal_foods_so_often_cheaper_than/ | {
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"Because the vegetation that animals can eat is much easier to grow in bulk than the vegetation that humans will eat.\n\nAlso, if you're buying groceries, produce is often going to be a *ton* less expensive than meats.\n\nIt's just the restaurant business that vastly overcharges for salads, and that's so they can make up the cost of the meats that they're not making as much profit on since if their meat meals were too expensive people would just eat at home.",
"You're comparing the cost of *prepared* foods. A restaurant has to keep enough product in stock to supply the demand but if they have too much on hand & it goes bad, they're losing money on that product and need to charge more for to get their profit margins back up.\n\nHamburger can be frozen without much loss in quality. Lettuce must always be fresh & tends to go bad quickly. There also tends to be more labor in chopping up everything & making a salad than plopping a frozen burger puck onto a grill - everything on a burger can effectively be mass produced in a factory & simply assembled on site. These are what drive the cost of these items up, not the raw value of the ingredients ([the beef in a Big Mac is only like 40 cents](_URL_0_)).\n\nLike many things that come around ELI5, your fundamental mistake is thinking that a business exists just to supply *you* with a product and then then do the exact same thing a million times a day when they actually try to find very efficient ways to do the same thing a million times a day **first**. It's the same as watching package tracking information and thinking that it should come directly to you rather than through a central hub.",
"Subsidies. [The cost of meat if it weren't subsidized would be much more expensive.](_URL_0_)"
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6h8883 | how is man-made land created and what prevents it from collapsing or washing into the ocean? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6h8883/eli5_how_is_manmade_land_created_and_what/ | {
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"With cement walls. Or erosion barriers like giant concrete pilings. or low tech with piles of big rocks",
"You will typically have to start with something that the sea is unable to shift around. Large rocks is a good example. Someone, somewhere is blasting away a mountain to get room for a city, a factory or a tunnel. (though, the tunnel example is a bit flawed since they are usually drilled nowadays.) \n\nIf you take care of all that rock (sometimes, if you are lucky, you can have it for free if you are willing to stash it someplace for eternity) from another project and stash it in a neat pile on the sea floor that reaches all the way up to the surface, you'll literally create a new island. Once you are up above sea level, add more gravel-like materials instead that willingly stay up on top of the rocks, and you'll eventually literally end up with a huge gravel-covered parking lot. Out in the sea.\n\nYou'll also have to add some way for the gravel to be protected from the damage that can come from a stormy sea, but there are so many ways to do that, that it's better to leave that part of the question open for later. (or let someone else chime in with suggestions. I would probably run an iron border around the entire island myself if I was to choose.)\n"
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9y1rp7 | what exactly is "data science"/"data analytics" and what are the people who are in those positions doing on a day-to-day basis? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9y1rp7/eli5_what_exactly_is_data_sciencedata_analytics/ | {
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"It is often said that a data scientist is someone who's better at programming than a statistician and better at statistics than a programmer. Data scientists want to create models that use data to solve some kind of business/science problem.",
"Take some level of information and derive meaning from it.\n\nMy day to day is spending a ton of time organizing, cleaning and thinking through data problems, then visualing it to come up with insights. I get asked questions all day and do my best to answer them with the available information."
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59o68c | why do we have to wash fruits before eating them? what damaging things can go away with water only? (except dust,but you can rub the fruit to avoid it i guess). if a fruit is contaminated, how can water help in this case? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59o68c/eli5_why_do_we_have_to_wash_fruits_before_eating/ | {
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"Anything soluble in water can be washed away. That includes many chemicals like pesticides and contaminants like feces. Soap makes this washing away of things easier and more thorough, but water is much better than nothing. Water is sometimes referred to in chemistry as \"the universal solvent) because of the variety of things which can dissolve in water."
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1ikty2 | why can i eat a lot of hot pizza, but only a little cold pizza? | So I've noticed that when I get a pizza at night, I can eat around 5-6 slices, as it's fresh out tha kitchen. But if I eat that same pizza for dinner the next day, when it's been sitting in my refrigerator, I can only eat 2-3 slices before I'm full up. Is this something to do with liquid vs. solid cheese? Is it temperature? Am I crazy? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ikty2/eli5_why_can_i_eat_a_lot_of_hot_pizza_but_only_a/ | {
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"It's most likely nothing more than a psychological effect based on the fact that you likely find the fresh pizza more appealing. In the same way that you'll eat until you think you're full at a restaurant but somehow you still find room for dessert. By the time the food hits your stomach, it's most likely in a state where one is pretty much indistinguishable from the other, mashed up, very close to body temperature, same basic composition.",
"On a hot slice of pizza - the sauce is hot and liquid-like, the cheese is soft. On a cold slice of pizza - the sauce is cold and more solid-like, the cheese is hard.\n\nIt takes more time and energy to mechanically chew the pizza for digestion.\n\nMore time allows your brain to get signals from the stomach saying I'm full before you've eaten to much. Try a little experiment at home. Eat 2 slices of cold pizza and time yourself. Then the next meal eat 2 slices of hot pizza but take your time and try to match it up to the time that it took you to eat 2 slices of cold - you most likely will be full by then.",
"Because you are full from all of the hot pizza you ate two hours earlier.",
"Our taste buds like things that are healthy enough. This is for evolutionary reasons - people who had a taste for poisonous foods would end up racking up a habit of chewing hemlock, and his genetics would die with him. For reasons already mentioned in this thread, hot foods are healthier than raw foods. Bacteria and viruses have a hard time living when it's hotter, so it's healthier to eat. \n\nThis means that people that developed a taste for healthier, non-raw meals, would survive and live to reproduce a chain of humans that lead to you, who clearly shares these traits."
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25vmc2 | why do humans bare their teeth (smile) to show positive emotions when baring teeth is an almost universal signal of aggression or fear among other mammals? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25vmc2/eli5_why_do_humans_bare_their_teeth_smile_to_show/ | {
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"It's not though.\n\nBearing teeth can be good or bad for most animals. Let's look at dogs, my dog shows his teeth when he's entertained and happy, but also when angry.\n\nSimilar to a human, bearing teeth in itself isn't a sign of aggression or happiness, but it is one sign that when combined with others can tell.\n\nFor instance, I can bear my teeth in two ways; I can smile, or when I get annoyed, I can make a sort of grimace or scowl, where I show my teeth. One says \"I'm happy\" not just because of teeth, but because of my eyes, my posture, I might be laughing, etc. The other shows that I am annoyed or angry, again, not because of the teeth alone, but again because of my posture, my eyes, or I might be sighing or showing signs of frustration/irritation.\n\nSimilar to a dog, they can show their teeth while \"smiling\" (I don't know if dogs actually smile or if we just think they do) which is accompanied by a wagging tail, them bouncing, maybe panting a little from playing, etc. But they can also show teeth when angry or preparing to fight, this is often accompanied by an arched back, straight tail and growling.\n\nIf dogs aren't a good enough example, look at primates. They all smile as well as yell, both of which often show teeth, just like with humans.",
"In primates, showing teeth within a /closed/ mouth is a submissive gesture. It shows that there is no aggression going on. If a monkey bares fangs with their mouth open, then that is a dominant gesture.\n\nI did behavioural research with monkeys for several years.",
"Chimpanzees do smile actually, and we also do the 'fear face'. Look at pictures of people riding roller coasters, you'll usually see at least some one with their teeth grit and on full view. Primate facial expression is more complicated than for most animals because that's what we rely on most heavily, but if you look at an animal like a dog, their tail wagging can have multiple meanings. It's generally taken to mean happy, but dogs will also wag their tails when nervous or agitated. ",
"We bare our teeth for a wide variety of reasons, including out of exertion/desperation/aggression. It's not always used to express a positive emotion.\n\nCompared to other animals humans have insanely acute vision and very over-developed facial musculature. We're able to make a much wider range of expressions with our faces than other animals, and our stereoscopic, true-color vision allows us to perceive very subtle nuances in each other's expressions.\n\nFor most animals baring teeth expresses one emotion. For humans it can express upwards of 1,000.",
"It's not a universal sign of aggression, all types of animals bare their teeth for non aggressive reasons. ",
"Completely not true. Humans bare their teeth under aggression. It's a scary thing as it denoted immediate physical attack, usually. Nothing as scary.",
"You saying this just reminded me to start watching 3rd Rock from the Sun. They often question the actions of humans objectively as aliens.",
"People still can use smiles as a sign of agression. When I get really mad, I get this nut house smile like I'm going to do something people aren't going to like. It has never been mistaken as a happy smile..",
"Humans also show our teeth in aggression. It's called snarling.\n\nIt's also worth noting that, while it's certainly not the rule, some laughter is cruel—like laughing at pain and misfortune. \n\nIn general, I think the most obvious distinction to be noted is that laughter is an extremely different muscle motion than snarling.",
"Not entirely true. My dog smiles when i come home from work, it's hilarious. She also shakes her head no when i ask her if she has to go out and go potty.",
"Healthy teeth can be indicative of overall health. Showing your teeth may be a way of showing another tribe or a potential mate that you are disease free. ",
"It's not universal. Wolves bare their teeth with other wolves as a greeting. Whereas dogs smell butts, wolves smell each other's teeth. (dogs are so disgusting).",
"For me it just feels like a natural response. Overwhelming happiness just make me smile. It doesn't seem like something that society has taught human.",
"Many people believe that the reaction to fear in primates evolved to our smile. A show of fear, teeth in this case, in another being means it has no intent to harm, so we can proceed to come closer. The evolution theory to it suggests time turned it from \"fear\" to \"no harm intended.\" \n\nHumans smile to show that we are friendly and welcoming; ergo, no harm intended.\n\nEdit: Typo",
"Guess I'm an evolutionary throwback. I find smiling with lots of teeth as strange. All my life people have tried to get me to show teeth while smiling. Anyone else like that?",
"I have studied facial expressions. I believe that the reason that we show our teeth when we smile is that we have zygomatic muscles that make the display non threatening. And if you think about it, it's not just the mouth that is involved in a smile. In a genuine smile the corners of the eyes crease and there is no downward movement of the eyebrows indicating aggression. \n\nMost animals do not have the same physiology as humans to produce a equivalent smile. If you think about a scowl indicating aggression possibly with bared teeth the eyebrows are always lowered. The mouth is pulled up more vertically by the muscles that cover and surround the nose (i.e. not zygomatic). Also, if you think about instinct, we smile when we are tickled and when we laugh. It's really hard to laugh with a scowl on your face. Because laughing when tickled is a reflex, that is some evidence to suggest that it is something that is hard wired. ",
"There is definitely such a thing as an aggressive smile.",
"Corner of the mouth (back teeth exposed) is submission; front teeth only is aggression. This is for both humans and primates.\n\nSource: Desmond Morris, whom you should all take a moment to youtube.\n\n_URL_0_ (doesn't cover teeth)\n\nEDIT: TEETH, Y'ALL: _URL_1_",
"I answered this last time this question was posed, but my comment was buried. Here is an interesting take on it:\n It is covered relatively simply in [this](_URL_0_) document. In very simple terms, we smile because evolutionarily when our ancestors were happy or something maked them pleased, they would be wise to show something that is the opposite of aggression, which is to vocalize something that makes the other, pleasing party feel superior. Think of it like this. Make an \"oo\" sound and spread your lips into a smile. Notice how the sound is heightened and might by seen as less intimidating? This is essentially the claim to the acoustic origin of the smile.",
"The famous case of Genie the feral child showed when they rescued her, she could not smile. It wasn't until she saw others doing it she learned. Pretty solid evidence it is just a social thing and not wired in us.",
"I never understood smiling. Especially in photos. It might be because my mom was never happy with my smile. I either smiled too much or not enough.",
"Closed mouth exposure of teeth = submissive. Open mouth exposure of teeth = dominant. \n(Try it yourself, smile then open your mouth. It feels like you're getting ready to attack someone)",
"Showing your teeth is saying: \"Look at this dental job. Can you pay for it? No? Therefore: submit, submit, submit, lower being.\"",
"There are a lot of good posts here. This is a copy/paste from when I answered this question once before. I hope ol' Darwin's take on the whole smiling thing is still interesting:\n\n Worked in a Fear and Emotions lab in college: Darwin tackled this one in OOS, and modern research bears this out. The \"Fear Face\" is an evolutionary response that maximizes survival in response to a threat (gasp gets some extra O2 in the lungs, lips parted mean you can get more when you need it, eyes wide open to let in more information about the environment, possible escape routes etc.). This instinctive survival tactic has become an innate part of the mammalian fear response. In social animals, seeing a fear response from another member of the species will activate a fear response in the observer. This is also a survival tactic; if you are looking toward me and you are scared, then I will know there is something to be afraid of and get biologically prepared to try and survive the threat.\nNow think about the shape of a \"Fear Face\" (jaw parted, lips turned down, eyes wide open, brow raised). It is the opposite of a smile (teeth together, lips turned up, eyes squinting, brow relaxed). So the smile evolved as a nonverbal method for communicating the opposite of fear (perhaps more properly- the total lack of fear) to other group members. Similar patterns exist in other social mammals (rats, dogs, meerkats, apes), but smiling is the human one.\nFurther reading: _URL_1_\n_URL_0_\nAdolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433, 68-72\nMonk, C., McClure, E., Nelson, E., Zarahn, R., Bilder, R., & Liebenluft, E. (2003). Adolescent immaturity in attention-related brain engagement to emotional facial expressions. NeuroImage, 20(1), 420-8.\nAlso check out the \"predatory imminence curve\" - My Google is broken",
"lot of answers here that don't sound like they're coming from anthropologists and sound like they're coming from people with pets that have teeth that are visible, sometimes. ",
"You're wrong. Dogs show teeth the same way as humans. Instead Of just teeth, look at the face. If the face is pulled back and the eyes relaxed, that's a smile, with or without teeth. If the face is pulled forward and scrunched, that is a face of anger or aggression regardless of the teeth showing or not. ",
"The only human to smile and show aggression is Gary Busey.\n",
"We do it because it shows our weapons, same reason why we show our hands or shake them. We show our weapons as a sign of respect, as to show that we are not going to use them. We are saying, \"Hey, here's my guns and I'm putting them on the table\". ",
"Because the feeling of happiness, smiles and laughter, are derived of fear and aggression.",
"I see what you are asking, but the premise is misunderstood. Facial expressions are fairly universal throughout animals, including humans. It is thought they were all evolved to be used as a form of communication. \n\nWhen humans bare their teeth, it is an aggressive gesture. Just look at every drawng of the angry HUlk: _URL_0_\n\nWhen monkeys are happy, they smile: _URL_4_\n\nGenerally, a person can look at other animals and know what emotional state they are in. There can be tells such as the position of ears and tails, but a lot can be seen on the faces between species. \n\nFor instance, here are some facial expressions of dogs: _URL_3_\n\nAnd here are some expressions of chimpanzees\nSmiling: _URL_2_\nAngry:_URL_1_\n\n",
"I always thought smiling with your teeth is a very American thing. Here in Germany many people will not show their teeth when smiling, which makes it often very easy to spot people from the US in group pictures. I always wondered about that difference, though. ",
"if you actually watch a human face for example playing poker, in very slow motion/high def camera, you will notice there are MANY expressions that show on our face but are then quickly suppressed/changed by our conscious thought (or subconsciously, if its habit/social). \n\nSo many times you see teeth-baring, or grimacing, or frowning or curling of lips but its only there for literally a frame or two before being suppressed.\n\nThis suppression of body language/reactions is natural in our society where we often do not wish to 'show' that we are disgusted by something or scared of something. Due to a variety of social conventions, morality, blah.\n\nPersonally, i've made the disgusted face several times while writing this post. One of the keys on my keyboard is sticky.",
"I don't bare my teeth when I smile. In fact, I make very conscious effort of hiding my teeth when I smile.\nAm I not human?",
"I'd wag my tail... but got no tail to wag. :'(",
"I think it has roots in the way we communicate trust and social bonding. There are studies on the way that people sound when doing something like laughing and how similar that is across cultures. [See this study summary](_URL_1_)\nWhen you think about it reckless laughter (like when it hurts) it is very weird, you pant and grin wildly and generally lose control a bit. The theory that it is part of a social/trust ritual is plausible but nothing is proven as yet!\nThe origins of laughter are thought to be through tickling (see [here](_URL_0_)) and that is quite a trust exercise as you expose your delicate, tickly bits to another for them to tickle you. It's quite sweet really.",
"Wait until your next staff meeting when the boss tells a joke and then look around.",
"Not all other mammals! \nProsimians and simians (Primates) show their teeth to show submission - particularly the teeth held together. A threat is when the teeth are apart (and lips curled back) as it shows you are about to/ready to bite. \nIt seems logical to me that the human smile has developed from this.",
"Because when you smile with no teeth, you look like a prick.",
"Because \"hahahaha you're so funny I'll fucking kill you hahahahaha\". ",
"Because imagine our ancestors back in Africa.. They are having a BBQ chilling with their tribe having a good time and in this vulnerable state they are attacked by predators.. So they needed to figure out a way to still be able to have fun and chill out while still scaring off predators.. This is how the tooth bearing smile evolved. ",
"Reposting this on It's own since It was buried under many other comments and several people suggested this should be higher up!\n\nFor humans showing our teeth has a bit to do with language as well. When we smile, we are actually creating a shape with our vocal tract/mouth that increases/heightens the pitch of our voice. The kind of pitch that indicates that one is happy, or speaking to a child in a 'nice' tone, for example (give it a shot, say something, and then say the same thing while smiling). I think that originally, smiling and showing teeth began as a speech function (long before we ever took pictures showing how happy we are!) that served to indicate to those around us that we were in fact nice and passive and happy.\n\nSource: I'm currently 1 class away from graduating with a degree in linguistics. If anyone has more information/evidence to back this up, please do so, as I don't have any references available currently aside from memory.",
"Humans also put their mouths on each others' genitals. Don't read so much into it. :P",
"Aggression CAN be shown through smiling! Humans do it all the time. \n\nA man who was in jail once smiled at me and it sent shivers down my spine. His smile was worse than a death threat. "
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160ium | the clock on my microwave runs fast. how is that possible, being that it's digital? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/160ium/the_clock_on_my_microwave_runs_fast_how_is_that/ | {
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"Since 1930, electric clocks have kept time based on the rate of the electrical current that powers them. If the current slips off its usual rate, clocks run a little fast or slow. Power companies now take steps to correct it and keep the frequency of the current — and the time — as precise as possible.",
"The fact that it's digital does not necessarily make a clock more accurate. Something needs to tell the clock that 1 minute or 1 second has passed. This can be done either internally, using clever circuitry or crystals, or by taking information from the interwebs. Im assuming this is done internally in the case of a microwave. Either way, errors are always present in the determination of time (even in atomic clocks) and it would be just as likely that your microwave's clock would run slow. Electronically determining time has an effect on the accuracy of the clock itself with respect to mechanical methods but it does not eliminate the error. Mechanical time keepers have the same problem, but are effected by many external effects and thus have larger errors.",
"I'm sorry, but most comments here are pretty inaccurate. NO truly digital system (I know of) uses the 50/60Hz net frequency for something like timekeeping. It's unstable, can suffer from peak voltages/harmonics, and is filtered out anyway, when providing power to any digital circuit. (as digital circuits all operate on direct current, not alternating current)\n\nEverything that needs an accurate frequency (be it an antique clock, or your laptop), has an oscillator inside. In the antique clock this is a pendulum, in your laptop and almost all digital systems, a 'crystal'.\n\nIt works much like a tuning fork, which means that, when a voltage is applied, it will oscillate at a certain (very high) determined frequency, but always the same one (as long as the crystal doesn't get worn out/damaged.)\n\nThink of the crystal as a pendulum that oscillates not once but 1 million times a second. (called the frequency: 50MHz would mean 50 million times a second) Once you know this number of oscillations per second, you can easily make something that can count seconds. You just make a circuit that counts up to one million, and when that is reached, gives a signal that a second has passed and resets the counter.\n\nThere is also another (less accurate) way to generate a frequency, and it happens when you put a capacitor and an inductor (coil) - two electronic devices, the former acting to maintain voltage, the latter acting to maintain the same current - together in an 'resonant circuit'. It makes use of the fact that you put two energy storage devices together, and 'swap' energy constantly.\n\nImagine an iron ball hanging from a rubber band. As you pull the ball down, you store energy in the rubber band. You let loose, and the rubber band transfers it energy to the ball, which -once the rubber is fully flaccid- will have all this energy now stored as potential gravitational energy. Now gravity starts to pull the ball down again, storing that energy once again in the rubber band... Operating on a cycle. This cycle will have a certain frequency again, which you can determine by adjusting the stiffness/length of the elastic band and the weight of the ball. Once these variables are set, the frequency is set.\n\nHow can it get off sync? All electronic components degrade over time. This is called drift. Resistors, inductors, and capacitors suffer from it, but also crystals. Drift simply means that the actual value of the component will change, due to heat, corrosion, etc... Much like a rubber band won't stretch as well after 10 years of use.\n\nIf your microwave clock is fast, it probably means the oscillating digital circuit is faster than it was calculated to be, and it thinks a second is slightly shorter than it actually is. On a fun note, this technically means your microwave was 'overclocked' ;)"
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63u3s4 | how do bbq restaurants work? | A few years ago I bought a Traeger smoking grill and I love to make my own BBQ. I know from experience that pork shoulders and briskets take at least 12 hours to cook, while ribs take 3-6 hours depending on whether you're cooking baby backs or spare ribs. All of this depends on what temperature you cook at (I prefer 225 myself).
My question is how do they serve hot and fresh food? Most restaurants cook to order. Do they have someone cooking at least 12 hours in advance of the lunch hours? Then what about dinner service? Do they serve the same meat at dinner as they did at lunch? Is it possible that they would cook some meat until they're 90% done and finish it when an order is placed? Smoked chicken is great but leaves the skin unappetizing, unless you finish it with higher heat. How does a restaurant deal with that? When something like brisket is done, how do they keep it warm without drying it out? How do they plan for how much meat to cook? I realize that running out of something comes with the territory when your food is great. I have seen some shows that follow mom and pop shops around and that has answered some of my questions. I am more interested in larger restaurants or chains like Bandanas or Famous Dave's. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63u3s4/eli5_how_do_bbq_restaurants_work/ | {
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" > Is it possible that they would cook some meat until they're 90% done and finish it when an order is placed?\n\nYes. This is called par cooking.\n\nThey also cook stuff overnight. Big chains will have more pre-cooked stuff that is just finished on site.",
"Many BBQ joints now employ gas or electric smokers that can be set at the end of the night and then left running overnight. Some just start super early and that's why many are only open for lunch... they may get in at 3am to smoke the meat, serve from 11-1 and that's end of day (like Franklin BBQ in Austin). Restaurants often have to hold food that takes long time to cook for service, and there are all sorts of warming boxes, etc. And BBQ joints do often run out of particular items due to the long cook time... they may make 10 shoulders or 8 briskets and when it's gone, it's gone for the day.",
"Items like brisket and ribs can sit in warmers for long periods of time, where chicken can't. Often times the pit masters work awful hours putting their meat in the evening, and pulling it out in the early morning, then placing these hearty cuts of meat in warmers before moving onto other food that's harder to keep warm and delicious like chicken. As far as more local BBQ joints, once they're out, they're out. I can't speak for large chains, but I assume that they possibly keep already prepped food cold, and warm it up as needed.\nChicken - absolutely terrible, pain in the ass. I can't count the number of times we've tossed our entire whole chickens because the workers got tired of eating it, or no one bought it. You had to make several throughout the day because of picky eaters."
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5yrvmm | if heat rises, then are hotter object "technically" lighter than colder ones? | I've always had this thought but I have never asked about it to sound stupid. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yrvmm/eli5_if_heat_rises_then_are_hotter_object/ | {
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"No they are not technically lighter. An object that is lighter would weigh less, ie be less massive. Lift however has nothing to do with mass. It's all about relative density. An object with lower relative density compared to its surroundings will rise. But it won't change mass and is thus not lighter. ",
"It's not that heat rises, it's that *hot air* rises - or more specifically, it rises above cold air. \n\nThink of it this way: the hotter something is, the further apart its molecules are. So if you take equal volumes of hot air vs cold air, the cold air will contain more molecules - and will therefore be heavier. If you introduce a heavy gas though, it won't matter how hot that other gas is, it'll still be heavier. "
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24efeg | how do new zookeepers introduce themselves to hostile animals like lions and tigers without getting mauled to death? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24efeg/eli5_how_do_new_zookeepers_introduce_themselves/ | {
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"They probably are friendly with them from a young age. I remember seeing this one cool video about two guys who took care of a lion until he grew too large. They released him to the wild, then a while later visited him. The lion remembered them and was hugging and licking them. ",
"You first need to make sure that you know how they interpret your actions, and what their actions should mean for you. Eye contact is amazingly powerful, as are all nonverbal cues and body movements. Learn what scares them and how they react when they're afraid. Once you have a grasp on how your actions (and any vocalizations you make) affect them, you can act appropriately to get closer to them without getting your heart ripped out. At this point, bribe them with things they like to help them understand that you bring good things. \n\nSource: I work with animals that can rip me apart if they want to. I also am in a long-term (human) relationship, and the rules are surprisingly similar now that I write them out!\n\nEdit: As some other commenters have pointed out, I am always separated from the animals or have them on a pole. I'm not just cavorting with my animals.",
"Strictly answering your question, any reputable (AZA acredited) zoo will not allow anyone to go into an enclosure with a potentially dangerous animal. The safety of the people who work there is #1, so you will always be separated from them. \n\nThere certainly are people who will get up close and personal with their animals, they might have raised them from birth to be comfortable around people for example. These cases are rare though, and there is always a risk of an animal turning on you in a way that you couldn't have predicted would happen. The more you work around an animal, the more you get to know it's behaviour, but at the end of the day you can never be 100% sure what they will do.\n\nPeople like circus lion trainers are not professionals trained in animal welfare, and there have been a huge number of accusations leveled at them with regards to animal cruelty and poor practices. There's a slow trend of more and more countries banning wild animal performances.\n\nTL:DR - any large wild animal could potentially harm you. Good keepers place their safety first, and treat the animals with the respect they deserve. If you go into the enclosure with the lion and get mauled, then you deserve everything you get.",
"In the US, in accredited zoos, keepers would not normally have unprotected contact with large predatory animals. Training techniques and modern facilities mean people and animals are not in the same spaces \nAnimals are often wary of new people and have a good memory of who brings food and who brings needles. They are keenly aware of sounds like keys, locks, doors that are associated with good things. \n\n At many so called animal havens and rescues , people do often go in with dangerous animals. Food rewards, toys, and affection can lead to a degree of \"domestication\" and decrease in aggressions. However, People are maimed and killed at these places with some regularity. \nSource: 20 years of field biology and zoo keeping ",
"That's what interns are for."
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79uo5i | why do babies cry and make a drama before they go to sleep. | Title is self explanatory!!! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/79uo5i/eli5_why_do_babies_cry_and_make_a_drama_before/ | {
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"Explain the title better!\n\nSeriously though, babies are very base or primal in their behaviour and they'll cry about anything really.\n\nAnd since being tired isn't a nice feeling, they'll start crying because they want it to be made better. Eventually they'll tire themselves out enough to fall asleep.",
"This is somewhat of a loaded/false premise question... the thing is, babies **always** cry. That's their sole method of communication. They don't \"make drama\" as they have no *concept* of that nor the facilities to understand, well, much of anything.\n\nBabies cry. It's one of their primary functions until they become children. ",
"Emotional outbursts are physically draining (just think about the last time you cried until you couldn’t any more). This may be an unintended effect of reacting to uncomfortable stimulus (being tired). Babies haven’t been around long enough to just “deal” with unpleasant sensations, hence the reaction. Plus at that point an infant’s prefrontal cortex is too underdeveloped to even try to be reasonable. "
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cqt567 | what’s the science behind the difference in the nasal spiciness of horseradish/wasabi etc and the mouth spiciness of chillis? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cqt567/eli5_whats_the_science_behind_the_difference_in/ | {
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"Different chemicals.\n\nThe spiciness in chili and other peppers is caused by capsaicin, which stimulates the heat sensing receptors in your mouth. Meanwhile Wasabi and its friends have allyl isothiocyanate which triggers a different set of pain receptors.",
"For an excellent explanation of this which is also fun and easy to understand, see [this Wow in the World episode](_URL_0_)."
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2agnh0 | a black car that have been sitting in the sun is more warm than a car in a different color. is this also the case with human beings, does a black person absorb more heat than a white person? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2agnh0/eli5_a_black_car_that_have_been_sitting_in_the/ | {
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"Black person's skin does absorb more light and probably more heat. Black skin is good because it absorbs UV light, which could otherwise cause cancer",
"Black skin does absorb a bit more heat than white skin, but it isn't all that much (about half the heat from the sun is from infrared light which is not effected by skin color at all), and a fair trade off for black skin's increased ability to resist damage from UV rays. ",
"Sort of. Black people absorb more light and heat because the melanin in their skin helps protect them from the sun. It's partly natural selection - originally, black people had to spend all day in the harsh African sun, so they had higher melanin counts because melanin protected them. Having high amounts of melanin was actually the default human body, the original human being. White people came about after their (black) ancestors lived in Europe, which was cold and dark, and since there was no need to have melanin in their hair, skin, and eyes, it began to fade. Blue eyes came after a single genetic mutation. So there's that."
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fvery6 | why is it so difficult to produce tests for covid-19? | I’ve heard a lot of praise for South Korea’s reaction to the virus with people being able to get easily tested at drive-through stations.
People in America are angry that tests are being used for NBA players because they are so scarce.
Why is there such a big disparity between countries having the ability to test for the virus and how are these tests being made? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fvery6/eli5_why_is_it_so_difficult_to_produce_tests_for/ | {
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"The issue isn't necessarily that the test is difficult to make, it's that countries didn't have enough materials to built to conduct the tests, or they didn't have enough laboratories to perform the tests.\n\nSouth Korea had fairly recently dealt with MERS, so prepared by having a stockpile and plans in place in order to quickly develop and expand the number of guests.\n\nAdditional, South Korea was likely preparing much earlier once the virus was known to exist in China, so that should it end up in South Korea, they could respond very quickly because the premade a large number of tests and had enough materials in the stockpile to conduct those tests.\n\nThe US didn't take these same precautions and so took much longer to expand the number of tests it was able to perform. One bottleneck with there wasn't a good stockpile of materials needed for the tests. Another issue was that the US's first test had a flaw that took time to correct. Another was the US was slow to allow additional laboratories to create and conduct tests. Another was they didn't create a plan on what it would do once the first case of the virus was detected in the country.",
"I would think some countries are better prepared and have them available. While others don’t have this preparedness. There’s also different rules, protocols they follow and crap like that which makes a difference."
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a1k84v | how do tvs translate waves to a display. | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a1k84v/eli5_how_do_tvs_translate_waves_to_a_display/ | {
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"* First they filter out all the waves they don't want, and just pay attention to the ones that are in a very narrow range of frequencies.\n* Then they split that range of frequencies into two parts.\n* They sample the exact frequency they are receiving and figure out if its on one side of the range or the other.\n* Each side of the frequency range represents either a 0 or a 1 in binary code.\n* This sampling creates a stream of 0s and 1.\n* The TV decodes this stream of 0s and 1s into the video, audio, and other data it uses."
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6xfzqe | whenever you break skin on a joint area, how come the healed/new skin comes in complete with wrinkles? | I just had my knuckle heal after a gnarly bit of road rash. It took about a month, but it's finally good. Having said that, the new skin came in with the same wrinkles from age (35 years old) that I had before. Shouldn't the new skin come in without any signs of aging? Or, does the body reproduce the skin in the exact same way it was before the injury? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6xfzqe/eli5_whenever_you_break_skin_on_a_joint_area_how/ | {
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" > Having said that, the new skin came in with the same wrinkles from age (35 years old) that I had before.\n\nPresumably the skin under the rash was still present and folding as it did before, otherwise you would be having that wound stitched closed. Wrinkles therefore would be preserved as the upper layer heals."
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3gy2zh | how is it that baseball became so prominent in carribean islands like the dr cuba and pr? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gy2zh/eli5_how_is_it_that_baseball_became_so_prominent/ | {
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"as a dominican i can tell you that is really easy for poor people to play baseball as you dont have to buy a lot of gears and stuff, all you need is a broom stick, and a cap of a really big gallon of water, the game is call vitilla(which is really hard to play cus the broom stick is very thin and the cap is flat also, my theory of why dominicans players are good players is because of this game call vitilla, but thats besides the point),, so if you had money for a bat then all you need is a cheap bat and a rubber ball, and you can make glove out of juice carton.\n\nsorry for grammar",
"Expanding on what Albert said, the question really is: Why is baseball more popular than soccer?\n\nThe answer is proximity to America. In the interim between the Civil War and the Spanish-American War, there were many opportunities for sailors and Cuba college students returning from semesters abroad to bring the sport to the islands. Once it gained popularity there were chances for international competitions with American teams. Negro league players would even go to Cuba and play on the integrated teams, and eventually Cuba players made their way to America to play as well. \n\nBy the time Castro rose to power there was no chance of getting rid of the sport. Fidelito didn't try, though. He used it as a symbol of nationalism and only made it more popular.\n\nA very similar thing happened in Puerto Rico, although obviously its territorial connection to the US makes the cultural influence a lot more direct. Cubans were actually the ones who brought baseball to DR when they were fleeing the Tens Years War.\n\nMost of this predates basketball's invention by about 20 years. I'll also speculate that basketball is mostly an indoor sport, whereas Carribeaners prefer to spend their sporting time outside.\n",
"I have a climate theory about this. Baseball is an outdoor sport made to play in the heat. All the running is done in short burst. Sans the pitcher/catcher no one is giving effort on every defensive play. Then after three outs you get a break in the shade and can sip something cold. \n\nAs viewer, its a great sport to watch in the summer. Sit down lean back in the shade and watch the day roll by with something cold to drink."
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61ur5w | hard drive data recovery. | I know downloadable applications exist and MAYBE some have somewhat worked for me in the past but why are there companies charging $3000 to recover some files from a hard drive?
Is it just a scam or are they doing something beyond my knowledge? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61ur5w/eli5_hard_drive_data_recovery/ | {
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"Hard drives encode information using magnets to put little dots of information on your hard drive. And it stores two key pieces of information. The file itself, and an index of where to find the file.\n\nThis is important because the file might have to be broken up and saved across multiple locations.\n\nWhen you press delete, instead of trying to erase the entire file, which can be a long and complicated process, they simply erase the index file. This makes the file location available for overwriting. \n\nAn undelete program looks for the actual file data that doesn't have an associated index file. If you haven't had a chance to add new information to the drive, there is a chance of recovery. \n\nNSA standards for compete deletion of computer data call for deleting and overwriting the data on the hard drive 7 times to remove as much of the file as possible.",
" > but why are there companies charging $3000 to recover some files from a hard drive?\n\nSuppose you deleted some stuff off your drive and want it back. No problem, if all that was purged was the record of where the file was then software can probably retrieve it.\n\nBut there are other ways for a drive to fail. Suppose the motor for the spindle failed. Suppose there was a head crash and a head scraped along the disk, or bounced around the inside like shrapnel. What do you do then?\n\nSomeone needs to take the drive into a clean room and carefully clean the outside to be free of dust. Then they take a drive of the same type and open it and the damaged drive up. They carefully remove the platters from the failed drive and insert them into the new drive, button it back up, and try to read data from it with specialized software tools. Or, switch out a drive microcontroller, or a spindle motor, or whatever.\n\nMaintaining a clean room and specialists to do some fiddly, specialized work isn't cheap. But if you really need the data it can be worth the cost.",
"When you delete a file from a hard drive it doesnt actually remove it. Instead it removes it from the registry, and basically pretends that its empty space. Eventually when you save something in the future it will be overwritten, but until then it exist on your hard drive. Recovering it is just a matter of accessing the hard drive without the use of a registry and piecing it back together if it is fragmented. Its not exactly hard to do if you have the right equipment and training, but not everyone knows how to do and IT can charge whatever they want for it.",
"Data recovery software only works on data that is still (technically) on the physical disk.\n\nLet me explain:\n\nData on physical medium is stored as 1s and 0s, you may already know this. So there's different sectors filled with sequences of 1s and 0s. \n\nIn order to actually use storage medium, in computing we use file-systems to represent these sequences in different structures (files, folders, permissions etc.).\n\nFile-systems are plenty - from FAT, FAT32, NTFS, HFS+, FATX, ReFS, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, ZFS etc.\n\nWindows uses NTFS by default these days. Apple's macOS uses HFS+, iPhones also use HFS+ (and since today they were swapped to APFS), Android uses a mixture of filesystems, but mostly ext4 for the important parts.\n\nAnyway, these filesystems decide how to store and access the sequences of 1s and 0s and how they are presented, and they are usually pretty documented.\n\nThey do this by having an area of the disk (or more areas) that is used to store a table that describes the physical location of the file contents.\n\nLet's say you have a file called Picture.JPG that is 1MB in size. Newer HDDs these days use a \"sector size\" of 4 KB. So Picture.JPG in this case it will use up 256 physical sectors on the disk. The filesystem stores the address of all these sectors in the table I mentioned earlier. So it will say something like: Picture.JPG is stored in sectors 100 to 200, then the rest of it is in sectors 5000 to 5156 (a file won't always be allocated continuously on the disk, but that's another matter: fragmentin and defragmenting a filesystem).\n\nWhen you delete a file, or otherwise destroy the data on a physical storage medium (be it hard disk, usb drive etc.), the 1s and 0s sequences that make up a file don't get removed from the disk, mostly because that's an expensive operation in terms of performance.\n\nInstead, the information about the file's location is REMOVED from the table of the filesystem I mentioned earlier.\n\nThis is also why usually it's very fast to delete 1 x 1GB file instead of 1000 x 1MB files. \n\nNow, because most file types have to respect some standard \"format\" in order to be valid, the data recovery software usually scans the whole physical disk for patterns of specific file/file types. For example, it can guess that a sector of the disk that has the contents of ````\" < FF > < D8 > JFIF\"```` is most likely a JPG file and then it looks for specific markers of the file format. This is the case of a lot of file formats, for example most PDF files start with ````\"%PDF\"``` etc.\n\nThe data recovery software also knows how a specific filesystem stores the data of file names and locations etc., so it looks for those patterns too.\n\nThis is rather an easy operation to do, AS LONG AS THE HARD DISK IS STILL FUNCTIONING and the DATA HAS NOT BEEN REWRITTEN.\n\nNow if you deleted File1.JPG, and somehow you wrote to the disk File2.jpg and File3.jpg, and because the closest available free disk space was where File1.JPG used to reside, then the contents of File2.jpg and File3.jpg will overwrite the data-structures that used to belong to File1.JPG.\n\nThis is why data recovery software tells you to not recover the data back to the same disk, so you don't overwrite the very own structures you are trying to recover.\n\nAgain, this is a rather easy operation to do, as long as the disk is perfectly functional and only the data from it has been made inaccessible because of a filesystem error or deletion.\n\nSpecialized data-recovery companies usually have very expensive hardware that can read the contents of a disk even if the disk is not recognized by your PC anymore. They can also recover broken PCBs, they can transplant the physical platters (the spinning thingies where your data is stored) to other HDDs in order to retrieve the data. This takes an incredible amount of time and a very clean room to do so. Even a speck of dust on the platter will make the data recovery very hard!\n\nA simple issue, from my own experience, can take a lot of time to fix if you haven't got this specialized hardware."
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307j0k | how do snri medications work for anxiety? | I'm taking a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) called Effexor for my depression. Whenever I start a new medication I learn as much about it as I can. I read that SNRIs are also used to treat anxiety. But if norepinephrine is a stress hormone, how does that work? Shouldn't more norepinephrine in the brain cause more anxiety instead of reducing it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/307j0k/eli5_how_do_snri_medications_work_for_anxiety/ | {
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"Norepinephrine plays an important role in mood, as does dopamine and others as well, but it doesn't just do that. It's also a stress hormone.\n\nThese neurotransmitters are not on-off switches. Too much norepinephrine will cause anxiety, but too little will cause anxiety as well, for various reasons. \n\nYou have to keep in mind that different parts of the brain do different things. Norepinephrine activity in one area will do one thing, and in another something else. When you take a drug it gets deposited all over the brain, and many of these parts of the brain are not responsible for mood but for other biological functions. Interfering with these biological functions can cause adverse reactions that inhibit mood regulation.This is a fundamental limitation of the current drug delivery system, and it's not going to be fixed anytime soon. Nanorobots or something of that sort may fix it one day. \n\nWithout much of an understanding of how the brain works and without a way to manipulate the specific parts we would want to, we're left with drugs that cause many unintended side-effects. The severity of these side-effects will be based on the dosage of the drug, as well as many other complex factors. \n\nEDIT: There's also more complexity beyond different parts of the brain doing different things. Receptors themselves have multiple roles as well for example. The brain isn't a perfectly logically segmented machine. There is overlap. "
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aq2ng9 | how can someone get six life sentences if they only have one life? why isn’t there just one life sentence? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aq2ng9/eli5_how_can_someone_get_six_life_sentences_if/ | {
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"It's basically a round about legal way of saying, \"There is zero chance of parole, and also super super duper fuck you\"\n\nIf you have one life sentence there is often a chance of parole no matter how awful the crime.",
"The accused is tried and sentenced to each crime individually. This means if they do six crimes that deserve a life sentence they get six life sentences. It also means if they are later found to be innocent from one of the charges they don't need to be re-sentenced, they stay in prison.",
"It serves two purposes. Firstly this penalty is typically used to prevent the possibility of parole since one life sentence doesn't mean the entirety of the felons life rather the term in that state which reflects the time it takes to become a new person and hopefully rehabilitate and since life without parole is given to criminals who commit the most henious crimes multiple life sentences serve to eliminate the possibility of parole. \n\nSecondly multiple life sentences are given for multiple crimes , to ensure if one is overturned another will keep you behind bars . Murder trials , for instance , are tried separately for each victum if they are heinious enough to try to ensure multiple life sentences , or were committed in several jurisdictions, also they prevent the inmate from being released for compassionate reasons or medical reasons since each conviction must be heard separately which then takes alot of time.\n\nEdit : Grammar mistakes"
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sav4i | why muscle mass ≠ strength? | People with larger muscle mass lift less than people with smaller muscle mass at my gym, why? Steroids are not a factor. I know these people are clean.
Edit: In both cases perfect form is used. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/sav4i/eli5_why_muscle_mass_strength/ | {
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"Well, you can't really say that x person has more muscle than y person just by looking, unless you weigh them both and separate fat from muscle. In conclusion finding out their real muscle to fat ratio.\n\nIn physiology you will find that strength of a muscle is a function of the cross sectional area only, which translates to basically, you NEED bigger muscles to gain more strength. No muscle no strength.\n\nThere can be several reasons why x guy(small) can lift more than y guy(big):\n\n* Their diet overall\n* Pre-workout meal\n* Their training method\nLet's say I'm training always on the limit of my capabilities. My brain will learn how to utilize 100% of the muscle mass available while let's say I'm training at 70% of my ability most of the time. My brain never really learns how to utilize 100% of the muscle, thus my record bench won't be as high compared to when I'd train 100%.\n* Attitude - lack of enthusiasm is a deal breaker when it comes bodybuilding.\n* Lack of sleep - another big no no when you want to gain muscle and achieve in the gym.\n\nIn a nutshell muscle mass = strength. Biggest proof I personally consider is when you first start training. After a month or so there are no noticable changes in your physique, but there are very large differences in your overall strength aka. you're not bigger, but you can move much heavier weights. This is also varying, if you're not giving it your all there might not be large gains in any area.",
"If you're just watching people, you can't be sure what they're doing. Sometimes people work significantly below their maximum, for various reasons. De-loading, doing higher volume work, or another reason. Or the people you see doing higher weights could be using poor form and \"cheating\" somehow.\n",
"Nobody's got it yet. \n\nThere's two kinds of weight training:\n\n- Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy\n- Myofibrillar Hypertrophy\n\nSarcoplasmic involves a high number of sets and high number of reps and the intention is to increase muscle mass. This is usually done by increasing the size of existing muscle fibres via water deposits in the muscles, causing little increase in the actual number of muscle fibres (ie strength). So the person appears muscular, such as a bodybuilder, but is not necessarily as powerful as they could be for their mass. \n\nMyofibrillar involves low reps and a lower number of sets to increase the density of muscle fibres and trigger growth of new ones in a small space. There is little space 'wasted' due to water so in essence all muscular growth equals an increase in strength. This usually means those focusing on strength training do not gain mass as quickly as those focused on bodybuilding. However when you see a power lifter or Olympic lifter, you know that their size is due mainly to Myofibrillar Hypertrophy rather than Sarcoplasmic due to their impressive strength. \n\nThese two methods normally go hand in hand but you can focus your training on a particular aspect. For example, Bruce Lee heavily used Myofibrillar exercises, and was exceptionally strong but did not have a very large muscle mass. \n\nBasically if you put Ronnie Coleman in a wrestling match with an Olympic lifter of equal muscle mass, the Olympic lifter is gonna win.\n\nEdit: clarified",
"Like you're 5;\nYou have two balloons: One is filled to be bigger but is filled with air. One is smaller but filled with water instead. Which one is going to have more impact when thrown?\nSome people work out to make their muscles bigger, some work out to make them more dense. ",
"This is ELI5 people. I read 2 explanations and I have no clue what they mean. Maybe I'm just dumb but could someone please simplify it even more?\n\n[edit] thank you to Tankinator",
"ELI5 version: All muscles work by pulling. Think of your muscle as a tug-of-war, with the people on the rope contributing to the 'power' of the muscle. Now you can have a lot of people on a rope and they'll probably be pretty powerful--this is like having a large muscle mass. However, you could also just have a small number of really strong people pulling the rope which also results in a powerful team. In one instance you're generating strength by adding more people (more muscle mass) and in another instance you're generating strength by making what people you do have stronger.",
"Don't forget people, your form and CNS play a big factor in how much strength can be recruited from your muscles. Generating strength from your muscles isn't as simple as flipping a switch, and your muscles get to work. Muscles are made up of lots of muscle fibers, all of which need to fire in a certain sequence during the movement. As you lift, your brain is constantly learning the optimal pathways to recruit more and more strength from your muscles. Without the proper pathways, your muscles are just lumps of proteins.\n\nTL;DR: Muscle mass isn't everything.",
"Okay, there's a ton of \"bro-science\" in this thread, so I'll chime in.\n\nThere are two main types of muscle tissue: fast twitch and slow twitch.\n\nFast twitch muscle fibers are much bigger than slow twitch muscle fibers, and are capable of moving a lot more weight than slow twitch muscle fibers, and are capable of doing it a lot faster than slow twitch muscle fibers, but they get tired much, much sooner than slow twitch muscle fibers. This is because while fast twitch muscle fibers have a larger cross-sectional area (bigger), slow twitch muscle fibers have many more mitochondria (little factories inside every cell that produce energy) than fast twitch muscles.\n\nNow, the strength and power of a muscle group is *directly proportional to its size*. Period. This is why fast twitch fibers are stronger and faster than slow twitch. However, since slow twitch fibers contain many more mitochondria, they are able to continue working for much longer (although more slowly and not as much peak output at any given time).\n\nNow, add to this the fact that your brain controls your muscles, and without the proper \"wiring\" in your nervous system, you won't be activating as many muscle fibers at one time as you could be if you trained more.\n\nSo back to your question: first I would question whether the bigger guys actually have bigger muscles (they might have more body fat, making them bigger, but with less muscle than the smaller guys) and then second, if we assume that they do have larger muscles, then the only way for the smaller guys to be stronger is that they have more fully developed the nervous system control over their muscles (better wiring) which comes from training closer to your limits more often.\n\nIn conclusion, the smaller guys probably train closer to their limits more often, and this makes them stronger through better \"wiring\".\n\nEdit: Sorry if this wasn't explained in simple enough terms. Also, in an interesting side note, the difference in muscle fibers is why different people have a physique that is more adapted to different types of sports. For example, people whose genetics favor fast twitch muscle fibers are typically much more successful in sports where explosive strength/speed is needed, such as sprinting, power lifting, etc, and people whose genetics favor slow twitch muscle fibers generally excel more in endurance sports such as long distance running, cycling, etc."
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2gfwak | why are local ip addresses 192.168.x.x instead of 0.0.x.x or 255.255.x.x etc? | I've always wondered and know it's a standard, but why a seemingly arbitrary address instead of something more expected?
EDIT: I understand how it works with the numbers established. My question is why those numbers were chosen in the first place, which seems random. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gfwak/eli5_why_are_local_ip_addresses_192168xx_instead/ | {
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"Anything with 255 (all 1s in binary) is reserved for a \"broadcast\" address - that means that it's sent everywhere on the network & everyone listens to it.\n\nAnything with a 0 (all 0s in binary) is reserved for a \"network\" address that references the network as a whole.\n\nIt's slightly complicated by using CIDR network adressing (IE - you don't just cut it off in 8/16/24 bit segments, but can split a network at odd boundaries), but that's still the general idea.\n\nUnroutable networks didn't come into play until well after the TCP/IP system was in place. The idea of a \"private\" network was sort of alien to the people who originally built the internet protocols with the goal of connecting all the computers in the world on a single network. You need to remember that [this was the entire Internet](_URL_0_) in the early days.",
"Several network blocks are reserved for specific reasons:\n\n* 0.x.x.x refer to the \"local network\", whatever that may be\n* 10.x.x.x is a reserved local (non-routable) network. Some networks use this instead of the more well-known 192.168\n* 127.x.x.x is the local computer, which may respond to the different addresses in different ways\n* 172.(16 - 31).x.x is another local network\n* 192.168.x.x is, yet again, local network\n* 255.255.255.255 is a broadcast network\n\nSo 0 and 255 can't really be used, since they're reserved elsewhere. The first parts of the network blocks were the old network class prefixes, which aren't used as much these days but were very important when the internet was being built.",
"Even though they look like random decimal numbers they're actually pretty nice looking numbers in binary:\n\n192 = 1100 0000\n168 = 1010 1000\n\n127.0.0.1 is also a special kind of IP address, which points to the local host. 127 is also a nice looking binary number:\n\n127 = 0111 1111\n\nOn older networks (before the standard was actually established), the number of ones at the start of the address (before the first zero) determined what kind of network it was. The standard was designed to maintain some compatibility with this system. Form this point of view 192 *is* all zeroes (for a network starting with two 1s).\n\nThe specifics of why exactly 162 was chosen for private networks (as opposed to any other pretty binary number) isn't really known. Somebody picked it and that's what it's been.\n\nIn a practical sense, almost any number can be used and could've been chosen. To somebody, at one point or another, that seemed like the most sensible option.",
"Good question. I've taken several classes that included IP addressing and subnetting, and I don't recall hearing any explanation for why those specific numbers were chosen for the Class C private reserved subnet. \n\nConsider:\n\n192(base 10) = 11000000(base 2) = 300(base 8) = C0(base 16)\n\n168(base 10) = 10101000(base 2) = 250(base 8) = A8(base 16)\n\nAround the time ARPANET was created, many computers (e.g. PDP-8) used data and address pathways that were designed in multiples of 8, so the octal system (base 8) was a convenient way to represent numbers in those environments. Also, in IP addressing, the numbers between periods are sometimes referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th octets. Maybe someone thought that because 192.168 = 300.250 in base 8, there was some sort of appeal to those \"round numbers\" as seen in octal.\n\nThat doesn't work out as neatly for the 10.x.x.x or 172.(16-31).x.x private subnets, though, so this could all be a bunch of hooey.\n\nEDIT: Also, large blocks of addresses were assigned to various government, military, university and business entities, so the private addresses were carved out of the spaces in between. At the time the designers thought that we would never use up all the addresses in what we now call the IPv4 system.\n\nEDIT II: The 192.168.x.x private address range was defined in RFC1918 as the 16-bit block, consisting of 256 contiguous Class C networks. \n\nEDIT III: TIFU. Forget octet (above) having anything to do with octal. It just refers to there being 8 binary bits in the number."
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6ybty6 | why are some people more sympathetic/emotional than others? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ybty6/eli5_why_are_some_people_more/ | {
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"The only answer to this is no one knows.\n\nThere is a ton of research about it in psychology, but it's one of those things that is a trait of \"personality.\" In the newest personality inventory in psycology (they always have a new personality test every decade or so. It used to be the Myers-Briggs) is the \"Big 5.\" Of which \"conscientiousness\" is a trait. It's the trait most associated with what you are getting at.\n\nBut why certain people are high in that trait and others low, no one knows. Genetics, nature vs. nurture, who knows. "
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3woze4 | why do some people get personal offended if a woman says she doesn't want kids? | It's as if it's a personal affront to them when, in reality, it doesn't affect them whatsoever.
They're like, "Well, you're selfish"
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3woze4/eli5_why_do_some_people_get_personal_offended_if/ | {
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"I think it's a social thing stemming from when kids were needed to carry on the family income. Not really a case in the modern world.\n\nMen also get called selfish too if they don't want kids. My eldest brother is nearing 45 and doesn't want kids...in fact he went as far as to get a vasectomy at 25 to ensure he didn't father any. Cost him around £6000 to get it done, but he's happy. He found a lady who couldn't have kids and they're one of the happiest couples I know.",
"I think a lot of people feel that one of the responsibilities of a woman is to bear children, and that to not do so is to go against what it means to be a woman. I'm sure many also take the view that by choosing not to have kids, you are 'denying life', or something to that effect. In either case it's ridiculous that anyone should be offended by that.\n\nSociety seems to be getting better at recognising that women have different ambitions and that not all of them are going to have a maternal instinct, but as with many things it will likely take a while.",
"People who do have kids have personally decided to make a sacrifice in their quality of life to have children. When confronted with somebody who choses not to have kids, it makes them question whether they've made the right decisions in life. Rather than accept that they may have made the wrong choice, it's easier to vilify the other person & convince yourself that they are wrong.\n\nIt's the same as people who make a big stink about a friend claiming to be vegan. They automatically assume they're being judged & get defensive about their decision to not be vegan.\n\n...or how XBox owners constantly start internet fights with Playstation users.",
"Having someone else make the same life decisions that you made helps validate those decisions. This is particularly true for decisions with a high economic, social and emotional cost. ",
"As a woman who doesn't want kids (biological or adopted) and has been in a MULTITUDE of arguments WITH COMPLETE STRANGERS, the usual reasons they give me:\n\n1)Who will take care of you when you're old? (Me: maybe my nieces and nephews, but hopefully I'll have planned financially for long term care)\n\n2)Having a child is part of life, if you don't have a child you won't fully experience life (Me: in my socioeconomic status, having a child would prevent me from HAVING a life)\n\n3)If you don't you'll regret it for life (me: soooo...how does this affect you exactly?)\n\n",
"I think it's bc they want you to want their life. If you don't want their life, well.... /shakes head//// who are THEY!?!?!!?\n\nEdIT: I see the same with ppl who insult renters... you're not a 'real' adult if you don't have a mortgage. \n\nI think part of it really is to trap people into their lifestyle. They have to believe the sacrifices they've made ( & debts acquired) really matter.\n",
"As a guy who is asked if they want kids I say hell no, and there's always \"you will\". Never heard selfish, but apparently I'm just going to wake up one day and have some complete change. It's always by someone who has kids.\n\nNo I won't because I know my life, who I am, what I want, and I won't ever consider kids, my own or others, and not getting involved with anyone who has kids. This is an unquestionable fact to me.\n\nWe were asked in Sociology class in college to raise our hand whether or not we:\n\n1. Wanted Kids\n2. Wanted Marriage\n\nMost people said yes to #1, but not all. I was the only one to say no to #2 (I said no to both), but some people seemed reluctant and late raised their hand. I feel some people do this because it's expected of them, not necessarily because they want to. So they get a spouse they eventually can't stand just to not be unmarried by 30-40 (whenever), and their kids grow up as nothing more than an obligation. Sounds like a lose-lose scenario for everyone in those cases.\n\nIn this world, it's normal to be divorced by 35, often multiple times, but apparently never getting married makes you the serial killer suspect on some crime show. I've actually heard a cop on one of those who was a doubly divorced alcoholic with issues in his current relationship say \"oh that guy never married, mid-40s, he's our #1 suspect\".",
"I think sometimes it's a case of misery loves company.\n\nParents have to sacrifice a lot of things, like money, free time, peace and quiet, hobbies, social life. However, many people have kids just because they never really thought about it. For them, it is just something that people do, sort of dues you have to pay in life. So when they see someone who actively chooses not to pay those dues, it seems unfair to them and they feel attacked."
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2z2p92 | why can my city ban carry and concealed fire arms in public places when the states allows it? | They've banned them from places like parking garages and public parks. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2z2p92/eli5_why_can_my_city_ban_carry_and_concealed_fire/ | {
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"My guess is because it hasn't gone to court yet. Cities do lots of stupid things, and unless someone challenges it, they stay the law. ",
"It's called \"local preemption\". It means that local laws can be more strict than the state laws. In some states, local preemption of carry laws are permitted, and in others its not. ",
"Because your state law allows municipalities to place those restrictions.\n\nSome states word their code so that municipalities cannot restrict concealed carry in this manner."
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dzcauk | how is pansexuality any different from bisexual? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dzcauk/eli5_how_is_pansexuality_any_different_from/ | {
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"Pansexuality is attraction to someone regardless of their gender, this includes transgenders and people who identify as neither \nBisexuals are just attracted to both males and females, usually not including transsexuals",
"There's a lot of overlap in the terms, and that's okay.\n\nBroadly, many people consider bisexuality to be attraction to two or more genders, while pansexuality isn't \"limited\" by gender. So someone who is bisexual could be attracted to women and Non-binary people, but a pansexual person could theoretically be attracted to everyone, and gender doesn't really matter. Omnisexual people are similar.\n\nUltimately, it comes down to what someone prefers to use.",
"It’s not. People like to invent different sexualities and words to describe them to make themselves seem more interesting and unique.\n\nStuff like this is big in internet culture. In the real world, if someone says they’re pansexual, everyone else just rolls their eyes or yawns with boredom.\n\nEdit: Downvote me all you want. Gay or bi? That’s cool, whatever. Pansexual? That’s attention-seeking behavior and people think you’re weird.",
"Both are, essentially, the same. Bisexual means attraction to two or more genders whereas pansexual means all genders. There’s a big overlap in what that means to any one person. \nThe differentiation comes down to what someone prefers to use, as well as the classic assumption that bisexuals aren’t attracted to trans people “because they’re not real men or women”, which is incorrect.",
"The difference is negligible and really changes depending on who you ask. Do not that bisexuality does NOT exclude trans people. There are bisexual trans people, bisexual people can be attracted to trans people, etc.",
"Honestly they're very similar, but calling yourself bi can be easier to normies. Saying you're pan and then having to explain to people what that means is awful, I don't care to do that and saying I'm bi is just as valid.",
"Theres a lot of overlap between them. Bisexual is attraction to 2 or more, and pansexuality is attraction regardless of gender. Neither of them exclude transgender people.",
"I’m bisexual, and I’m attracted to trans people. \nI think the pansexual label is at best performative woke and at worst transphobic (as it implies trans people are not real male nor female).\nSure, non-binary trans people are real, but they still display one or more sexual characteristics denoted by the gender spectrum.",
"As David Rose says in Schitt's Creek: \"I like the wine, not the label \". I think that's the essence of being Pansexual. While I don't think bisexuals have ever excluded transfolx, there's a level of discerning that is suggested in bisexuality. It's like a Pansexual says \"i don't care what body you're in, I'm attracted to you\" but a bisexual is saying \"I care about your body and have preferences but they're very wide. You fall into the category of my preferences and therefore I like you.\"\n\nThere's nothing wrong with having preferences, but I believe it is suggested that bisexuals have them whereas Pansexuals do not.",
"Bisexual: I’m attracted to both or all genders \n\nPansexual: I do not care about gender when it comes to attraction",
"Ultimately it comes down to what term people use for their own identity. There are some folks who will imply that bisexuality is inherently anti-trans or anti-enby but that's not true. There's a lot of overlap and some people use both depending on their audience (for instance, sometimes it's easier to just explain to straight people that you're bi).",
"Man, this is gonna sound crazy, but I always interpreted bisexuality to mean that you were attracted to humans of all genders, and pansexual just meant you were attracted to whatever you found attractive, as in, if your pillow looked sexy in the morning light, you would fuck that thing.",
"I identify as pansexual. Like others have said there’s some overlap, but for me there’s just less range and openness in bisexual vs pansexual.\n\nTo me bisexual is someone who likes either men or women. \n\nAs a pansexual the gender of somebody is less important to me. I don’t care really about gender, I will date a person of any gender or no gender. I care about people as who they are and not what they are.\n\nI know that there’s overlap and some people may view it as being barley any different but that’s cool. As long as people respect me as a person and what I identify as then I don’t mind what you think."
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5vfcg2 | when picking someone up (literally), why do people who are tensed up feel "heavier" than relaxed people? | I understand the the whole mass vs weight thing but what is the actual cause? Center of mass? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5vfcg2/eli5_when_picking_someone_up_literally_why_do/ | {
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"Not sure what position the person is when you're picking them up.\n\nIf a person is limp when you're moving/picking them up you don't have to move it all at once. If they're stiff as a board you're having to move all the weight at once.\n\nSo unconscious patients can be easier to roll around than those who've had a stroke and are like a solid piece...if you do it properly.\n\nTalking about picking someone off the ground who's limp, you grab a \"part\" and secure it, grab another part, etc like picking up a bag of potatoes. Picking them up and they move as one solid object would be much more difficult as all the weight must be managed at once.",
"Grappler here. It's all about the other person's center of gravity. When you are under a person's center of gravity, even people who weigh quite a bit can feel light. When a person tenses, a lot of the time their muscles will expand or they will frame away from you. These actions push their center away from your's and they will feel relatively heavier.",
"Dead weight is much harder to move.\n\nIf you are trying to pick someone up and they keep changing their centre of gravity that can be hard too.\n\nFrom a rescuing perspective, a conscious person is usually a lot easier to pick up and move than an unconscious dead weight."
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44dlwz | what are some long term psychological effects of minors/children being exposed to child pornography at a young age? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44dlwz/eli5_what_are_some_long_term_psychological/ | {
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"I'm fairly sure you won't find a study on this - you certainly aren't going to intentionally create this sort of exposure (laws, morality) and a study that isolated children who had high levels of exposure to child pornography would be confounded by the variety of other things any kid with such exposure was experiencing (abuse, neglect, generally shitting parenting, etc.)."
]
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[]
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|
4i0m0m | how come inventions in tv shows that i watched as a kid have a number next to their name (2000, 3000, etc.) but real life inventions don't? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4i0m0m/eli5_how_come_inventions_in_tv_shows_that_i/ | {
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"Don't they?\n\nCommodore 64, 128\nAmiga 1000, 500, 2000, 1500, 3000, 4000\nAtari 400, 800, 2600\niPhone 3, 4\nSamsung Galaxy S, II, 3, 4, 5, 6\nnVidia GeForce GTX 960, 970, 980, 980Ti",
"This style of naming conventions was actually fairly popular back in the day especially in the late 90s and early 2000s. Lots of companies started adding large round numbers like 2000 and 3000 to their product models because it made it sound like the product was new, advanced, futuristic, etc.",
"If you lived in 1978 (I did), the year 2000 was the glorious future when we would have flying cars and robot maids and whatnot. So tons of high-tech products really had names like Dynotech 2000. So many that 2000 sounded common and plain, so it was upped to 3000 and so on.\n\nFortunately we actually reached the year 2000 and the nonsense stopped. Though I dunno, maybe in Portland, Oregon, hipsters are calling their vintage old-style drip coffee \"2000 blend\"."
]
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||
6x7o2p | where did the money come from to create such a sharp increase in housing prices? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6x7o2p/eli5_where_did_the_money_come_from_to_create_such/ | {
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"Supply and demand... for the most part, people already have the money, but just don't spend it if they don't need to. As housing costs increase relative to earnings, they cut back elsewhere. If your mortgage is $1500 instead of $1200, then maybe they buy a cheaper car, go out to eat less, take less expensive vacations.\n\nIn specific places -- say in Silicon Valley -- real incomes have increased along with stock prices of tech companies and bidding wars for top talent, which creates more money competing for the real estate.",
"The global money supply has indeed gone up substantially due to increases in productivity, high-speed electronic finance, and pro-growth banking policies by numerous governments.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
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"http://goldseek.com/news/GoldSeek/2007/7-24mh/3.gif"
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7it7bb | why do milk alternatives [soy almond etc] get called milk and not *name* water? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7it7bb/eli5_why_do_milk_alternatives_soy_almond_etc_get/ | {
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"Because they are white in color, and often used as a milk alternative. If they were clear they would be called waters or juices. ",
"[Almond milk](_URL_0_) is pretty ancient. I've linked to a 14th C source but I think there are recipes for almond milk going back to the Romans. \n\nMilk does not refer to something that comes from a cow or a goat, it also refers to a consistency - such as a \"milky\" glass - or color - such as the \"milky\" way. It can also refer to an action; ie, \"S/he's milking him/her for all s/he's worth!\" \n\nUsing the term milk for Almond milk - the oldest of the alternatives- could have come about for any of these three reasons. It could be because of the color, the consistency, or because to get almond milk, you need to put all the smashed up, ground up, blanched almonds in a mesh bag and slowly pour water through the bag, \"milking\" it. \n\nAlmond milk itself is a 1 to 1 alternative for regular cow's milk. It has the same fat content which makes it excellent for baking and cooking. "
]
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[],
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"http://medievalcookery.com/search/display.html?forme:86:ALMNT+MLK"
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||
dlbq94 | why is russia still meddling in the united states? what is their goal? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dlbq94/eli5_why_is_russia_still_meddling_in_the_united/ | {
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"Their goal is to weaken the US. Weaken their internal political unity, weaken their connections to allies, weaken their influence on the global stage, and ultimately weaken their ability to interfere with whatever Russia wants to do. Broadly speaking Russia sees the US as an obstacle to their growth in power and influence, so anything which can weaken the US is a good thing."
]
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||
fq28yi | can you "freeze off" calories? how does it work and is it effective at all? | Since we cant go out and I'm just a bit cold in here and I'm eating chocolate I was wondering
Can being cold help loosing weight, by burning more calories to keep your body warm? And maybe also quivering cause of the relative cold?
(I obviously dont mean literally 0°C freezing, just colder than "standard" room temperature) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fq28yi/eli5_can_you_freeze_off_calories_how_does_it_work/ | {
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"Yes, this works if you're cold enough that you're shivering. That's how the body burns extra calories to keep warm. If you're not that cold, all you're doing is sweating less than usual, and that doesn't burn any extra calories.",
"Yes, being in a cold environment does burn additional calories. This is the best figure how much I can find:\n\n\"To answer that question, Fear pointed to a study done by Dutch researchers back in 2002. They found that lowering a room's temperature from 71.6ºF to 60.8ºF increased the participants' 24-hour energy expenditure — the number of calories they burned in a day — by 4 to 6%. (Scientists who did similar studies in 2010 and 2013 got very similar results.)\"\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSimply put, yes, it will work. But we're talking about 100 kcal or so for the average adult.",
"There is a professor in California who developed a waistcoat which holds multiple freezer bottles against your body. He claims that it is not uncomfortable and is effective in weight loss.",
"Being cold does burns more calories because your body is expending more energy to keep you warm, but it's not an effective weight loss solution because you have to be cold enough to shiver, not just slightly cold, and being that cold for extended periods of time has other negative health consequences."
]
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[],
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"https://www.insider.com/does-being-cold-burn-calories-2017-8"
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q5yxc | how does a web developer create a website? | You're a web developer. What do you need initially when someone approaches you to make them a site and how do you do it?
I ask because I'm looking to have a relatively basic portfolio site made on my behalf but I don't know what to prepare beforehand and I'd like to be able to get my ideas across more effectively.
I have next to no understanding of HTML, hosting, or how these things intertwine out there in the tubes. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q5yxc/eli5_how_does_a_web_developer_create_a_website/ | {
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"Coming prepared with the answers to these two questions will get you most of the way:\n\n1. What should it look like?\n2. What should it do?\n\nYour answers to these questions will allow you to get into the details. For example, do you already have a design, or are you wanting the developer to come up with it? You probably have some images or other assets that you're putting into your portfolio? She'll need those in digital form. Are you selling anything from the site? Will you be adding content to the site yourself, or will you want the developer to do it? Do you have a domain registered, e.g. _URL_0_?\n",
"Ok... so the biggest thing you should be concerned about is this: there's a difference between a web developer and a web designer. \n\nThink of a website like a car. A car has an engine and an alternator; it does 0-60 in something-or-other and it can turn with some level of agility. Someone is responsible for all that stuff.\n\nBut a car also has a certain asthetic appeal. It looks a certain way, has lines that evoke speed and grace. It has a range of colors it comes in, amenities on the inside, a button and control layout. Someone **else** is responsible for all that stuff.\n\nIf your website is a car, the developer is the guy who makes it go, turn, and stop; the designer is responsible for how it looks and feels.\n\nSo first off, are you looking for a website designer or developer? Odds are pretty good that, unless you want your portfolio site to do something that no other portfolio site can do, you don't **really** want a web developer; you want a web designer. \n\nTake a look at some off the shelf portfolio software and see if it can do what you need it to do. Then find a designer who's comfortable putting together some sketches and plans and have them skin it up to look unique and interesting. \n\nThat's not going to be inexpensive, by the way. You're basically asking a professional illustrator to give you a couple days of their time.\n\nIf you need some custom functionality that no one else offers, then you need a web developer and now you're looking at a significant investment. \n\nIt's important that you walk into this knowing the difference (so you're talking to the right person) and knowing that you're talking about a fairly expensive professional service.",
"This isn't an attempt to answer your actual ELI5, but to address your explanation.\n\nTo prepare for something like that you may want to explore some of the simple and easy to use self creation tools available, like _URL_0_, Blogger, etc. You don't need any technical knowledge at all, nor do you need to pay anything. Browse through the many many free themes available, find one that sparks your creativity, and add some content like you might have on your final product. You can then offer that to a professional with notes on what you like and don't like and what you might want different.",
"At the base of everything, you have a server and a domain name. The domain name (_URL_0_) simply POINTS to a given server, the same way a street adress points to your home. This way, you can change servers by pointing it elsewhere. A URL (_URL_0_/hi.html) is just a file located at the root folder of that web server.\n\nA server is just a computer that serves files. You could even host your site yourself at home on your PC, albeit unreliably. It simply checks for the requested file, parses the code in it (if there is any), then returns plain HTML that your browser can read.\n\nWhen I say some files contain code, it's usually to receive parameters and behave accordingly. For example, _URL_0_/hi.php?product=23 might retrieve product #23 from a database, then use this data in the page. This is all done before you receive the page. WordPress and other content managers work like this: content is in a database, and when you call for a page, it retrieves it from a database, and puts it in a generic page.\n\nI'm typing on a phone right now, but feel free to ask for clarification."
]
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3nqubc | what exactly happens when you get that heart wrenching feeling in your chest, like when that semi truck almost ran me off the road today | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nqubc/eli5_what_exactly_happens_when_you_get_that_heart/ | {
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"[Adrenaline baby](_URL_0_)\n\n\n\n > Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands during high stress or exciting situations. This powerful hormone is part of the human body's acute stress response system, also called the \"fight or flight\" response. It works by stimulating the heart rate, contracting blood vessels, and dilating air passages, all of which work to increase blood flow to the muscles and oxygen to the lungs. Additionally, it is used as a medical treatment for some potentially life-threatening conditions including anaphylactic shock. In the US, the medical community largely refers to this hormone as epinephrine, although the two terms may be used interchangeably.\n\n\n > The adrenal glands are found directly above the kidneys in the human body, and are roughly 3 inches (7.62 cm) in length. Adrenaline is one of several hormones produced by these glands. Along with norepinephrine and dopamine, it is a catecholamine, which is a group of hormones released in response to stress. These three hormones react with various body tissues, preparing the body to react physically to the stress causing situation.\n"
]
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"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-adrenaline.htm#didyouknowout"
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||
5dqhil | why ketchup / mustard packets don't have to be refrigerated | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5dqhil/eli5_why_ketchup_mustard_packets_dont_have_to_be/ | {
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"text": [
"They are sealed. No bacteria can get inside them until you open it, and since they are one time use there is no worry. Ketchup and most other condiments aren't refrigerated at the store.\n",
"Most types of ketchup and mustard don't actually have to be refrigerated, because they're typically very high in vinegar and other ingredients that act as preservatives. "
]
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|
6d1wa9 | how do some music artists, like five finger death punch, become huge hits with their first album? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6d1wa9/eli5_how_do_some_music_artists_like_five_finger/ | {
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"First and foremost you have to understand how the music industry works. \n\nIf the label has a label-beneficial contract, which is common with a newly signed artist, and the musical style fits current trends, they will market the band as much as possible. \n\nMarketing includes grassroots, pushing rotations on radio, Spotify and Pandora as well as teaming a new artist with an established group for tours. Additionally, tv placements can be purchased. \n\nBuilding hype is easy with an unlimited budget, and most bands have a short popularity cycle so the record label will push hard to creat a buzz for them. ",
"There are several factors at play here. First off the members of a lesser known band are switching bands more often. For example the vocalist of 5FDP were the vocalist of Motograter who toured at Ozzfest 2003 and also released the album Ghost Machine before forming 5FDP. The other members have similar stories and were touring and making albums even before forming a band together. The members were not new to the scene and had already lots of fans. Secondly the an album needs financing to produce and market it and people will not pay to make an album unless there is some great music to make an album from. And if there are problems during the production the financing might pull out and the album never gets released. So only the good music is put on albums and the rest is only played at concerts. Thirdly there is survival bias. The bands that do not make a huge hit with their first album is much more likely to not reach the same level of fame or even split up."
]
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1xn6rd | what is the purpose of orgasms? (especially in males) why does it come with such high levels of dopamine? | Is it to sign that ejaculation is happening? And why is it especially signed with that good feeling? (not complaining) But could've that happened with say a sudden painful sensation or something else? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xn6rd/what_is_the_purpose_of_orgasms_especially_in/ | {
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"It is beneficial for reproduction if the act of reproduction is emmensely enjoyable. The fact that an orgasm is an extremely enjoyable end to sex makes people want to orgasm while having sex, and to insemenate their sexual partner, leading to successful reproduction.\n\nIf orgasm wasn't enjoyable, people wouldn't want to orgasm, and no one would reproduce for fear of pain.",
"How else are you going to get two humans to make such goofy damn faces and motions that lead to reproduction? The juice must be worth the squeeze.",
"For women (I'm not sure for men), the contractions brought on by orgasms that occur in the vaginal walls actually help the sperm along on their journey, so orgasm essentially makes the process of insemination easier."
]
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529jgd | how do ants coordinate their efforts to make little ant megastructures? | Do they have a little ant foreman and little ant hardhats?
I'm especially curious about the weaver ant species that lives in trees, and make a sort of hive thing out of leaves and ant goop. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/529jgd/eli5_how_do_ants_coordinate_their_efforts_to_make/ | {
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"Actually, yeah. There are ant-related species where a foreman can show up and roughen up a worker for slacking off.\n\nTo quote Wikipedia:\n\n > Ants communicate with each other using pheromones, sounds, and touch. ... Like other insects, ants perceive smells with their long, thin, and mobile antennae. The paired antennae provide information about the direction and intensity of scents. Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromone trails that may be followed by other ants. In species that forage in groups, a forager that finds food marks a trail on the way back to the colony; this trail is followed by other ants, these ants then reinforce the trail when they head back with food to the colony. When the food source is exhausted, no new trails are marked by returning ants and the scent slowly dissipates. This behaviour helps ants deal with changes in their environment. For instance, when an established path to a food source is blocked by an obstacle, the foragers leave the path to explore new routes. If an ant is successful, it leaves a new trail marking the shortest route on its return. Successful trails are followed by more ants, reinforcing better routes and gradually identifying the best path.\n > \n > Ants use pheromones for more than just making trails. A crushed ant emits an alarm pheromone that sends nearby ants into an attack frenzy and attracts more ants from farther away. Several ant species even use \"propaganda pheromones\" to confuse enemy ants and make them fight among themselves. Pheromones are produced by a wide range of structures including Dufour's glands, poison glands and glands on the hindgut, pygidium, rectum, sternum, and hind tibia. Pheromones also are exchanged, mixed with food, and passed by trophallaxis, transferring information within the colony. This allows other ants to detect what task group (e.g., foraging or nest maintenance) other colony members belong to. In ant species with queen castes, when the dominant queen stops producing a specific pheromone, workers begin to raise new queens in the colony.\n > \n > Some ants produce sounds by stridulation, using the gaster segments and their mandibles. Sounds may be used to communicate with colony members or with other species.\n\n\nDespite what sci-fi teaches us, there is no actual hive mind. The individual ants simply follow their instincts as to what the group is doing. Humans are not dissimilar that way."
]
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21i3wv | how do creditors resolve debts if a debtor with no next-of-kin dies? | Also, what if the debtor's owned properties fall short of resolving most of the debt? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21i3wv/eli5how_do_creditors_resolve_debts_if_a_debtor/ | {
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"Question 1: They have a claim against his estate and assets up to the amount they are owed. Next of kin doesn't factor in, they'll get their money.\n\nQuestion 2: They get screwed for the rest. Lending is a tough business and getting screwed is a real possibility.",
"If the debtor dies their next-of-kin are never responsible for the debt. The Creditors can liquidate any estate or assets of the dead, but if that does not equal what is owed then they take the loss."
]
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uekyh | what are the strengths and weaknesses of macs vs pcs? (objectively, please) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/uekyh/eli5_what_are_the_strengths_and_weaknesses_of/ | {
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"A weird thing that rarely gets mentioned in these writeups, but is very important, professionally speaking: Macs give you a Unix environment. Steve Jobs didn't invent that; he just co-opted an existing OS. In fact, it's kind of funny how he unceremoniously chucked out the old OS and threw in with the old/new, as if conceding it was better all along. But, having done that, Macs are now aligned w/the classic academic computing OS, w/the added peripheral and built-in provider support that comes w/having such a large market share. ",
"Macs tend to \"just work\", without a lot of hassles. But you have to do things the Mac way.\n\nPC are cheaper, have more software written for them and a greater variety of peripherals. They let you do anything you want, including shooting yourself in the foot.\n\nPut another way:\n\nMacs make easy things easy and hard things impossible.\n\nPC's make easy things hard, and hard things a little harder.",
"Macs are custom designed to work with a smaller set of hardware and software. So more attention is given to details that are hard to enforce in an open, generic platform. However, inevitably, Apple is stuck with a smaller number of vendors who can therefore exert price pressure and ultimately cause the machine cost to be highly marked up.\n\nWindows main selling point is the high degree of backwards compatibility and openness. There is a high onus on independent developers to provide all the quality of their solution by themselves. Since Microsoft does not have any real method of enforcement of any quality standards (other than minor incentives such as the \"Windows logo\" program) you get solutions with quite varied quality. On the other hand the more open market place tends to create fair and correct pricing for third party hardware and software.\n\nSo there is a common conception that Mac's tend to crash less and \"just work\" more and that Windows tends to be flakey, insecure and more difficult to use. Windows machines tend to be much cheaper than Macs.",
"I would just like to point out that all modern desktops would be called PCs. PC simply means personal computer, and has no regards to OS.\n\nThat said, I assume you mean the differences between OSX and Windows.\n\nOSX\n\nPros: Cool design, viruses are less common because of the smaller population size(they do exist though), and generally friendlier usability for simple tasks.\n\nCons: HOLY BALLS PRICE. Seriously. Give me the money you spend on a brand new Mac, and I'll buy you a top of the line Windows machine for half the price that can do everything the Mac could. Apple charges 2 or 3 times(sometimes more) what Newegg, TigerDirect, or other wholesaler type websites would. Oh and customer support usually isn't free. Software on Macs is harder to find. Because of the smaller population size again, most older software wasn't made cross-platform cause there was no reason to. Nowadays it's a little better, but you will still have difficulty finding the correct software for your needs. Games especially are notorious for being Windows only. Lack of ability to do some of the things Windows does without using third-party tools. If you like having lots of choice/tools, Macs are probably not for you. \n\nWindows\n\nPros: Price, easier to find what software you need, and some additional complexity/layers if you take the time to learn. Customer service is generally better than Apple's in my experience. (You're dealing directly with ASUS, AMD, Sapphire, or whatever other company's product you bought instead of the all-seeing all-knowing Apple) Loooooots of programs, applications, peripherals, and commands to do whatever you want. However, that comes with it's own dangers. Windows tends to give you all the tools, but doesn't really discriminate between good usage and bad usage of said tools.\n\nCons: Viruses are more common because of the market share of Windows.The complexity can dissuade people because they don't want to take the time to learn the arguably most important piece of technology in the world.\n\nIf you need a little more info, send a message or reply."
]
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1ul141 | why is it okay to have gender-discriminatory schools (all-boys/all-girls) when it is a huge deal in education to assure racially diverse schools? | It's still a completely normal practice to have private schools that discriminate against a "protected class" which both gender and race qualify as. If someone tried to open an all-white or all-black private school there would be an uproar. THANKS! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ul141/eli5_why_is_it_okay_to_have_genderdiscriminatory/ | {
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"text": [
"Gender is not in the same legal category as race. Race is explicitly protected from discrimination in the constitution (a so-called \"suspect class\"), gender is not.",
"Different genders need to learn different things. In some cases, it's good for development, as there's minimal distraction. There's no logic besides racism to separate races. In fact, it open people up to different cultures. \n\nI went to an all boys prep school before high school and it was sort of nice not being distracted by girls. I diverted my attention towards my own interests and hobbies. "
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2dp81j | why am i scared of heights in nearly any situation except when i am looking out the window of an airplane? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dp81j/eli5_why_am_i_scared_of_heights_in_nearly_any/ | {
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"Maybe because you are in a closed space, probably strapped in a seat, looking through a small window. There is no real feeling that you could fall down there.",
"When I first rode a plane for the first time I felt comfortable like I was at home I loved how they treated passengers. I had sat by the windows too also the same thing with roller coasters I have gotten use to riding them without my stomach hurting. But if I was to do a challenge like sky jump or something that's going completely out of my comfort zone ",
"Same for me actually. Its mostly because you don't really have the overwhelming sense that one wrong step will cause you to topple to your death.",
"My fear of heights becomes more severe the closer I am to being able to look straight down. Buildings, glass elevators, gondolas, all of them are pretty scary to me, and triggers a fear of falling.\n\nBut with an airplane, you almost never can look straight down, instead the view is limited to a gentle, outward angle, that is unable to trigger my fear.",
"You don't have a fear of heights.... You have a fear of falling\n"
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1xrrih | why did the hindenburg crash effectively stop the use of airships while the titanic crash didn't stop the use of ocean liners? | The Titanic crash cost far more lives (~1300 vs 36 according to Wikipedia), so how come airships weren't used as a form of transportation and ocean liners / cruisers didn't have the same problem? Also, why is it the same with the Concord? Is it inherently more unsafe? How could one event erase the previous service record of the entire mode of transport, yet not so for ships? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xrrih/eli5_why_did_the_hindenburg_crash_effectively/ | {
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"Sea travel had a far longer history than air travel, and at the time there was no alternative to travelling by boat (via the sea). Whereas with air travel, the airplane was an alternative. ",
"1) because WWII started 2 years after the Hindenburg blew up and civilian air travel stopped for the duration of the war.\n\n2) By the end of the war aircraft and jet engine technology has matured to the point where airplane travel is vastly better than anything Airships can offer. In contrast, when the Titanic went down, people still took ships because there was simply nothing else available for long distance travel.\n\nEDIT: Also, operating the Hindenburg is expensive, it can only carry 72 passengers, required a crew of 10 to operate and a trans-atlantic crossing took 4 days. A 1958 Boeing 707 can seat 150 passengers, required a crew of 4, and can fly from New York to London in 12 hours.",
"Mankind has been sailing on boats since time immemorial. No single boat accident is going to change our opinion of boating. The risks are well understood & accepted.\n\nAirships were still new at the time of the Hindenburg. The accident showed everyone just how dangerous they were & nobody wanted to continue taking those risks.\n\nLet's say you've got an old friend. A guy you grew up with & have known for 20+ years. He gets drunk at a party and breaks a lamp. You know he doesn't normally do this shit, so you let it slide. If somebody you just met last week broke a lamp, you wouldn't invite him back.",
"There wasn't anything at the time to replace ocean liners. Powered flight was new, expensive and dangerous. \n\nIn the end though both industries were basically killed by powered flight. After the Second World War airlines started to use a lot of powered flight to move passengers around, the prices dropped, safety increased and using airships or ocean liners just became too much of a hassle. ",
"Airships have *never* been a satisfactory mode of travel, even if they WEREN'T filled with highly-flammable hydrogen.\n\nThe Hindenburg fire didn't END the use of airships, they were still in service here and there up until about 1950. The Hindenburg *did* point up just how stupid it was to fill the damn thing with hydrogen instead of helium, but helium was scarce and expensive in those days.\n\nThe problem with airships in general (and the reason the frequently-announced \"return of airships\" will never happen) is that they're just too unstable and too subject to the elements. Modern airlines can fly right through weather that would turn an airship into a pile of debris on the ground.\n\nThe Concorde accident *also* did not end the program. The Concorde died because it was *horrendously* expensive to fly, held too few passengers, and could not fly at supersonic speeds over land due to the sonic boom issue. It cost too much for too little return.\n\n\n\n"
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38ytzf | how does the smartphone camera know how much to auto-zoom to focus? | does it emit some sort of electromagnetic wave to the target source to assess the distance? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38ytzf/eli5_how_does_the_smartphone_camera_know_how_much/ | {
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"Two main ways, contrast detection of phase-detection. \n \nContrast detection is the most common. Contrast is the difference between white and black. When focusing, your camera first determines what it should focus on, which is another discussion. Once the subject is chosen, it runs through its different amounts of focus until it finds the focus distance that produces the best contrast, which is when the subject is sharpest. \n \nFor phase detection, which is the best (mostly in pro cameras) the light coming through the lens is split up and compared, when they match up, that's when the subject is sharpest. \n \nLaser autofocus is also used, this is when you see that red light, like with cheaper consumer cameras. This works like sonar, the distance it takes for the light to reflect back is used to determine the distance of the subject."
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797hq2 | why does the cia choose to reveal sensitive information about major investigations after many years of the case being closed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/797hq2/eli5_why_does_the_cia_choose_to_reveal_sensitive/ | {
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"The CIA are not the ones releasing this. There was legislation passed in the 90’s requiring the Kennedy files to be released this year"
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||
2qj8e4 | what ever happened to puerto rico becoming a sate? the voted for it--now what do they need to do? | Outside of final congressional approval, what do they need to do first to actually become a state, since they voted a couple of years ago saying it is what they would like to do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qj8e4/eli5what_ever_happened_to_puerto_rico_becoming_a/ | {
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"Currently it's debatable where they actually voted *for* statehood. The only thing that's clear is that the majority voted *against* staying a territory.\n\nOf that majority, many did vote for statehood, but many of the minority (stay a territory) voters left the \"what should we change to\" question blank. Some argue that interpreting the results as pro-statehood isn't accurate because of this weird division of the question.\n\nThere have been talks of having another referendum that basically asks \"Do you want to be a state? yes/no\"",
"I think Congessional approval is the only hurdle left. Two bills have introduced, one in the senate and one in the house of representatives. We will probably have an idea by the end of 2015 what the outcome of their statehood will be.",
"The actuall issue is politics. PR would be a very heavy democrat stronghold. No way republicans will allow that unless you can find another territory, equally republican leaning, to balance it out. "
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7vwc63 | how do magnetic ipad covers lock/unlock the ipad when it’s closed/opened? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7vwc63/eli5_how_do_magnetic_ipad_covers_lockunlock_the/ | {
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"There's a sensor inside the iPad that the magnet triggers. The sensor puts the iPad to sleep or wakes it up.",
"Magnets in the Smart Cover trigger magnetic switches in the iPad that sleep/wake the device. ",
"It basically uses the 'Hall effect' phenomenon. Your iPads/phones have a sensor which when it comes in the field of a magnet turn the screen off and turn it back on when there is no magnetic field interference."
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2t2jbf | why do people say you can't get rid of something once it's on the internet and that our digital footprint will outlive us all, when a lot of times even just a 4 or 5 year old page can be impossible to track down? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t2jbf/eli5_why_do_people_say_you_cant_get_rid_of/ | {
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"Because the first person to see something can copy it, screenshot it, and rehost it, and oftentimes, things that you host and then \"delete\" are not immediately removed from the host, just hidden from other people. ",
"impossible to track down, buddy everything is archived I can view how reddit looked 2 years and 3 days ago in 10 seconds if i wanted to."
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3z252c | how were bank robbers in the old west (1850-1870) caught or chased? | If there was someone who went around robbing banks in the old west, would it be the police/marshals who chased him or would it be someone else? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3z252c/eli5_how_were_bank_robbers_in_the_old_west/ | {
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"If the robbers were local the local police would go after them. If they covered a lot of area the US Marshals and the Pinkerton detectives would look for them. Wanted posters would go out so local law enforcement in other areas would keep an eye out for the robbers. ",
"Well by the 1840s, a lot of the larger cities (Boston, etc)had implemented a police force. Out west wasn't very different. They had either U.S. Marshals, Sherrifs, Texas Rangers, Constables, and Deputes. These folks would be the ones to go after the bank robbers using various methods such as posting bounties, wanted posters, etc. However anyone with the balls could apprehend or take out the criminals and get their reward with little to no consequences. Maybe a handshake and a thanks. Nowadays it's of course considered vigilantism and the would be heros would be prosecuted instead. "
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34vb2t | what is really the difference in gas types? | What is the real difference in levels of gasoline? And also, what is the difference between gasoline and diesel?
Is it just quality? Or an excuse to charge you more?
EDIT: Wow, thanks a bunch. Makes sense, | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34vb2t/eli5what_is_really_the_difference_in_gas_types/ | {
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"Octane levels and compression rates. Regular gas combusts at lower compressions (your average car). Premium gas combusts at higher pressures (most sports cars). A higher pressure combustion creates more energy which is why it's used in sports cars. There's absolutely no benefit of putting premium gas in a car designed for regular and can actually be detrimental. Same goes for putting regular in a car designed for premium.",
"Gasoline contains a number of different carbon compounds. These usually range from Pentane (5 carbons) to Octane (8 carbons). High octane fuels have more octane in them; this means that they burn slower because larger carbon compounds tend to burn more slowly. This is actually beneficial to engines, because if the fuel burns too fast it can harm engines. Diesel contains larger carbon compounds, usually somewhere in the teens. ",
"Higher octane gas is more resistant to igniting. Or, to put it another way, it \"burns hotter,\" that is, the higher the octane, the higher the temperature it can attain before exploding. That's why it can withstand more compression. The \"ping\" from putting low octane in cars requiring mid grade or premium comes from the lower grade fuel igniting a split second before it's supposed to -- which makes it fight the piston, which is still traveling up on the compression cycle (ouch, poor engine). Modern engines have ways around this but you'll suffer a horsepower loss with too low an octane. Diesel engines have much much higher compression rates than normal gasoline (about 22:1 as opposed to 10:1). So diesel fuel is much more resistant to igniting on its own. Diesel engines do not have spark plugs to ignite the fuel. It explodes on its own when the high compression level is reached."
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2ng3db | if music is playing in my head when i go to sleep, the same song/track instantly resumes playing as i wake up. why? | This has always fascinated me. I'm wondering if like some parts of your brain just stores whatever info is circulating as I fall asleep in it and resumes as it wakes up? Or is the song just non stop playing in my head as I sleep? What goes on in my brain while that happens?
Or is this just unique to me? My family has always been heavy on music. Grand parents are conductors, almost all family members musicians on some instrument, or sing in choirs ect. so that may have something to do with it I could guess. Do similar thoughts resume for other people who are enthusiastic about other subjects possibly? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ng3db/eli5_if_music_is_playing_in_my_head_when_i_go_to/ | {
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"Probably mostly conformational bias - mixed with the fact that your memory of things before sleep is poorly coded.\n\nSo conformational bias means you only notice when the pattern is reinforced and place little value on when it doesn't.\nEg. You were listening thinking of a track before bed but you woke up and didn't have that song so you have no reason to think \"hey did I have a song stuck in my head last night???\" - instead you just ignore this case.\n\nThen after a few times in a row of waking up with a song in your head - you think you noticed a pattern. So you develop a habit of thinking in the morning: Hey do I have a song in my head - which causes a song to play in your head, likely the same on from last night. Thus reaffirming your bias.\n\nThis coupled with the fact that there is a 15min window in which you are not really awake nor asleep yet, and the things going through your mind may seem like a waking mind but they are not coded like proper memories. So you might have had a few songs in your head - but you're only going to remember the one that matches up with the song you have in the morning, because of the way those thoughts are coded.\n\nLastly - you brain does not just \"resume\" when you wake up. Sleep is terribly complicated and poorly understood but simply put, your brain does more asleep than it does awake."
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36q8s5 | why is there a market for commodities trading? | I'm trying to understand the very basics of the commodities market, especially agri commodities. I am not entirely sure I understand why the trading happens at all. Some of the questions I have are:
1. What are the origins of the commodities market?
2. Why do commodity exchanges exist?
3. Why do people trade on spot and futures (and why is this allowed) without taking actual delivery of the commodities?
4. Where do traders come into the picture? Why isn't it a simple chain from the producer to the end customer with middlemen (wholesalers, distributors, dealers) in between?
I've tried to understand this from Google searches and past Reddit posts. But all of them seem to deal with more in-depth topics. Could someone please explain like I am 5? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/36q8s5/eli5_why_is_there_a_market_for_commodities_trading/ | {
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"Let's take a very simplified example.\n\nYou're a hog farmer. The pigs you raise, take 1 year from birth to slaughter time. So on January 1 2015. You want to buy 5000 baby pigs. You buy the baby pigs from a breeder, and you spend a year giving the pigs medication, hormones and feed. \n\nOn December 31, when you take the pigs to the slaughter house, the slaughter house tells you the current price for the hogs. What the farmer assumed he'd get a different price, and spent more money on medication and food? Now he might lose money, instead of making it. Plus the farmer had to use his savings to pay for the hogs all year long. \n\nInstead what if the farmer promised to deliver 4500 hogs on Dec 31, of a certain age and weight to the slaughter house for a certain price. In exchange for that, the slaughter house gave the farmer some money now that he can use to buy baby pigs, and raise them.\n\nThat is what a futures contract, or a commodity contract is. Now what if the slaughter house decides, they will get too many hogs on December 31 and want to sell the contract to someone else. Maybe another slaughter house might buy it. Maybe a middle man (a trader) might buy it.\n\nWith out the middleman or trader, it might be very difficult to find a buyer of a futures contract.\n\nIn general, spot traders are the people who can take delivery. Spot contracts have delivery contracts of a few hours to few days. Where as futures contracts might have delivery several months from now."
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4fqn9n | what happens to the occipital lobes of a person who was born blind? | Since the occipital lobes are almost exclusively used for processing vision, what roles do they play in a person who has been blind all their life? Do they shift their abilities? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fqn9n/eli5what_happens_to_the_occipital_lobes_of_a/ | {
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"Yuppers.\nThey can become language centers instead. And something poetically beautiful- they are active when reading Braille in some...\n\nI'd post a link, to a neat journal article on it, but I feel like I've been yelled at before for links on ELI5\nEdit:\nFuck it, here's a link: \n_URL_0_\n"
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300eih | when and why did all cereal makers stop giving away toys in their boxes? | Growing up in the UK, this was a standard in almost any cereal box, Kelloggs, Nestle or otherwise. Where have they all gone? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/300eih/eli5_when_and_why_did_all_cereal_makers_stop/ | {
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"In 2007, new laws were introduced about how companies could advertise which products to children.\n\nIt meant that you could no longer, for example, try to persuade a kid to eat your unhealthy food.\n\nI suspect putting toys in cereal would fall foul of that, and that's why cereal adverts are now aimed at parents, telling them their kids will be well-behaved, high achievers if they eat Coco Pops.",
"Long story short, some kid somewhere ingested/choked on a toy, or other inedible prize in the box. Here's what I found:\n\n > In 1988, a Pennsylvania girl nearly choked to death on a “Cool Flutes” in-box toy from Kellogg’s Rice Krispies and Cocoa Krispies cereals, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.\n\n[Source](_URL_0_)\n\nThere was also a one year old that died (who lets their one year old get their own cereal?), and while these incidents didn't \"directly\" cause all cereal companies to stop putting toys in the boxes, I'm sure they'd rather be safe than sorry.",
"Probably after more and more people sued them because their children supposedly choked up putting those toys in their mouths (which I bet 99% of the cases were false)",
"Cereal manufacturers are still giving away toys in cereal boxes in the United States. Source: I have a six-year-old son.",
"They haven't stopped entirely. As of the last time I bought it, General Mills had cereal with Mega Bloks cars sponsored by Hello Kitty and Power Rangers. [linky](_URL_0_)\nI'm not convinced that the reduction in practice has anything to do laws or lawsuits. This just seems like a simple decision to save money. If their market research said it was more profitable to sell without toys, then so be it. In the case of Mega Bloks with Hello Kitty and Power Rangers, the external companies likely just paid enough to make it worthwhile.",
"It has to do with the costs and theoretical danger. Kellogg received a lot of backlash in 2004 when they had to recall a ton of boxes because a [Spiderman watch](_URL_2_) used a [mercury battery](_URL_1_).\n\nIn 2008 Kellogg did have a [Batman toy](_URL_0_) in their cereal but for the most part these days since things are going digital a lot of companies just do 'codes' and 'coupons' for their incentives just to be safe. \n\nIf they do include a toy it's going to be a hunk of plastic that doesn't have joints or whatnot to come apart easily. Look at companies like Kinder who have drastically changed their toys in the Kinder Egg. I remember as a kid having to built something out of 10 pieces but now it's a one piece or 2 piece toy.\n\n~~Kids are dumb.~~\n\n**Edit:** Okay bad parents are dumb",
"Well I just got a pack of \"skystone\" cards in my (U.S.) cheerios the other day, so they're not all gone. ",
"I just got an Avengers flying disc last week. It's rare, but it's still around.",
"My understanding, at least in the US, is that embedding inedible objects among food is now unlawful. Perhaps this is why?",
"most cereal brands still give out toys here in portugal, except they come, and always came in plastic bags inside the box, outside the plastic containing the bulk of the cereals",
"Because lazy moms let their kids eat the toy because they're stupid",
"I just got a Nemo spoon in a box of fruit loops my damn children stole it...",
"Because people would rather sue when their fuck trophy swallows a toy than actually raise their kid to not be a window licker.",
"From what I remember a few years ago, the major brands agreed to [voluntary guidelines/standards] (_URL_0_) in regards to nutrition content and advertising to kids. It was obviously their attempt to keep the government from proposing their own, harsher standards. ",
"Canadian here. Not sure if Ontario laws are the same but lately we've been seeing a temporary revival in cereals I used to have as a kid. Like Trix! Also...I have an old Nestle Quick red spoon from the late 90's. So they've been doing the spoon thing for some time now. \n\nAlso, doesn't America have laws against handing out food with toys? Aren't Kinder Eggs band there? Cereal boxes could count as the same as a Kinder Egg, no?",
"Because lawyers got involved and sucked the fun out of everything. ",
"Someone finally ran it by legal...\n\nMarketing: can we put a small but large enough item that if swallowed by a child could cause him to choke and die?\n\nLegal: (while throwing pen in air) COME ON!!!!\n\nMarketing: (looks on dumbfounded)\n\nLegal: (FACEPALM)\n\nMarketing: Well, we can tell the higher ups we ran it past legal....",
"I miss cereal box prizes. We didn't have a lot of money as kids, we usually got the malt-o-meal bagged stuff. Once in awhile though, we'd get \"good\" cereal and get a prize. When I was an adult, and started buying my own cereal, I looked for a box with a cool toy but they don't have them anymore. \n\nIt's one of those things I really looked forward to seeing my kids do. Those bastards, ruining it for everyone. Same with cracker jack toys. They're shitty stickers now. I'm from KC, I opened a box of cracker jacks the morning after the last World Series game. It was a fucking San Franciso Giants sticker. ",
"Last year Kellogs Coco Pops gave away hacky sack toys in each box, I know because I have several around my house including the golden one\n\nEdit: It was to celebrate The World Cup in Rio I believe",
"When they figured out that they could simply add more sugar.",
"Why can cereal manufacturers put toys in your food for the longest time but Kinder eggs are still banned!",
"When you can hook kids with online \"prizes\" for next to nothing. ",
"Is this why the prizes in Cracker Jacks are so shitty now? IE, just a sticker or trivia wax paper?",
"On a side note, how come beer companies don't seem to include hats and stuff in cases anymore?",
"Because they're expensive to produce and must not have created enough of a return on the investment. People buy cereal without that incentive.",
"I miss the mini lightsabers they put in the boxes.",
"There were some Skylanders cards in a box of Trix I recently opened.",
"Why don't toy makers start including cereal in there packets?\n\nI´m a glass half full guy. ",
"Chinese plastic=toxic.\n\nPlus choking hazards or some such thing.",
"Probably for the same reason that many of the cereal mascots have gone away, stricter advertising rules for targeting children.",
"Cost. Cracker Jack still has something, but they are just paper junk, nothing good anymore. ",
"Because parents only care about price when buying cheap cereal, and cereal manufacturers found it was better for the shareholders if they reduced the price by $0.10 and left out the $0.15 toy.",
"How do McDonald's get away with it in happy meals",
"because the toy's we got growing up in cereal boxes would not impress the iPhone generation of today. ",
"What do you mean? I got something from my Honey Nut Cheerios box, just this morning. Something for Skylanders.",
"I'm pretty sure that in Europe, adding toys to cereals got outlawed.\n\nI bought some cereal recently a couple of years ago that had a description on it saying that by EU law they can't have toys inside anymore, so there was a sticker on the outside instead. It used to have small wodden toys in it (no choking hazard or shit like that unless you're 100% dumb as a brick).\n\nEdit: This made me curious so I e-mailed my cereal company of trust, I'll update the post if they reply!\n\n**Edit2**: They answered my mail, so as promised, the reason:\n\nIn the EU, some law went in effect on 20th July 2011, which is the **§48 EG** which outlaws hiding toys **in** the food itself. Therefore, they cannot put toys into the bag anymore for legal reasons!\n\nIf you want to search for it, it's named the\n\n**Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EG**",
"Kids don't play with toys as much anymore, just iPads. They can't include those in boxes, so why bother.",
"Chocolate frosted sugar bombs still has the mail in for a propeller beanie.......",
"They have other promotional items now. I remember getting CDs with computer games around 5-8 years ago, and more recently, movie tickets.",
"Digital goods are cheaper to manufacture and pack in.",
"They haven't in the US. It is still very common to get toys in the boxes. ",
"while we're at it can someone chart the reduction of quality of Cracker Jack toys and see if this coincides with the Cereal box toy eliminations? ",
"This message might get flooded out but basically it is illegal in the US to sell a food product with anything non-edible that is sized to be able to be swallowed, this excludes drinks if it is not in the drink itself. It is also why the chocolate eggs with toys inside are illegal in the US but legal in Canada. \nThe reason why most cereal companies don't do^@ that is because the blunt of there sales^@ are in the US. \n^@ Spell checked",
"As someone who has worked in a Kelloggs cereal manufacturing plant, it has just become too expensive to include extra items like that. The cereal industry as a whole has begun to deline.",
"Apparently US children can't differentiate food to toys, that's also why they are not allowed kinder surprise....",
"I bought a box of Reese's Puffs a few months that came with a Mega Bloks car. Still have the box as well. lol\n\nPeter Griffin: You got Legos? Aw, sweet! Lois only buys me Mega Bloks.",
"I got a car in my box of golden grahms yesterday. It came with stickers. Instructions tell you to cut out the box and it will be a ramp you can make the car jump. Through a smaller hole on the other end. Pretty cool! Edit. Mine was also a mega bloks car! ",
"In the netherlands we had a collectable inside bags of chips (flippo's). An old lady choked on one and they got prohibited.\n\nIt might be something similar about toys in the cereal boxes",
"The worst thing about toys inside cereal boxes was when the coolest toy was inside the cereal you hated the most.\n\n'Do I get the hockey cards inside the rice krispies cereal or just get sugar crisp with nothing inside?' Fucking hardest decision a 8 year old has to make.",
"They only did it for you, when you grew up they quit. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://stupidquestionarchives.blogspot.com/2008/03/no-toys-in-cereal-boxes.html"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.asparkleofgenius.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/GeneralMills.jpg"
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"https://s1.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/HpZLR4Fl1_TWsWMStyllng--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7cT04NTtzbT0x/http://media.zenfs.com/en-US/blogs/games-us-unplugged/batman_300x196.jpg",
"http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/kellogg-s-to-drop-mercury-battery-toys-after-spider-man-promotion-1.490898",
"http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/NjY3WDkwMg==/z/LZoAAOSwqxdTrDX1/$_35.JPG"
],
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"http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/will-food-industrys-new-marketing-guidelines-satisfy-feds-133437"
],
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30rcmo | since atoms can't touch each other, what causes friction between two objects? also, how does this friction cause heat when the atoms don't actually touch? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30rcmo/eli5_since_atoms_cant_touch_each_other_what/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Repelling each other requires energy. Some of that is released as heat.",
"Friction is less to do with atoms and more to do with microscopic imperfections. When you observe a surface, it probably looks very flat to you, a macroscopic entity. However, on a microscopic level, the imperfect surface is more like a series of mountains and hills. Now, imagine two mountainous surfaces moving upon one another. The tips of these mountains grind across the tips of the other surface's mountains, and you arrive at what is macroscopically known as kinetic friction (static friction also exists while the surfaces are motionless).\n\nNofftastic is simplifying the concept. After all, when two motionless objects are in contact, there is no heat coming from the friction even though there is clearly a repulsive action occurring. In fact, repulsion of like charges is an intrinsic property of charged matter, and does not require energy to exist. It does require energy to move like charges closer, however.\n\nIn introductory quantum mechanics, there exists the notion of a minimum separation distance between two particles in a single system (a geometrical consequence, see Griffiths QM). This constraint generalizes to systems of many particles. While repulsion is nonnegligible, this quantum mechanical separation distance is largely responsible you not being able to walk through walls.\n\nThe heat is a result of KINETIC energy being converted to THERMAL energy. If we revisit the mountain picture, imagine the peaks breaking off as they move across on another. In other words, the surface is being otherwise compelled to move more than before. Since the average speed (v) of the molecules composing the surfaces increases as a result of the microscopic interactions mentioned above, the kinetic energy (0.5mv^2, notice the dependence on the speed v) increases as the objects slide across each other at higher speeds. This is converted to thermal energy, and arises observably as an increase in temperature."
]
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[],
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] |
||
ahhjxw | why do front wheel cars handle better on ice and snow than rear wheel? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ahhjxw/eli5_why_do_front_wheel_cars_handle_better_on_ice/ | {
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"text": [
"They only accelerate better because the weight of the engine on the drive wheels. They don't stop or turn any better than rwd.",
"When turning and accelerating one component of the acceleration is sideways which helps pull the car through the turn. Also there's usually more weight over the front wheels so they dig in a bit better.\n\nWhen the wheels do cut loose, front wheel drive is much less prone to fishtailing and spinning. If the driver hits the gas too hard so the drive wheels cut loose, a front wheel drive will \"understeer\" or stop turning while a rear wheel drive will \"oversteer\" or fishtail.",
"There are 2 main reasons.\n\nFirst, most cars have more weight over the front axle than the rear. FWD cars usually have ~60% of the weight over the front, while RWD cars usually have only ~40-50% of the weight over the rear wheels. \n\nSecond, if your drive tires start spinning, it's relatively easy to handle in a FWD car. You just let off the gas a bit, and maybe turn in more. In a RWD car, you need to ease off the throttle, but not too much, and turn in the opposite direction. It takes more skill. That said, modern cars with stability control can pretty much negate this issue.",
"Put a pen flat on a table.\n\nFirst, drag it along by its tip. Then, push it in the game direction from the back.\n\nWhich of the above resulted in a more stable path? Obviously the first.\n\nSame thing with a car. With FWD, the front wheels are dragging the rest of the vehicle behind it, resulting in a more stable trajectory. With RWD, the rear wheels are pushing the rest of the vehicle in front of it, which isn't stable in limited traction scenarios."
]
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5ep20a | what is the process to get a case up to the supreme court of the united states? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ep20a/eli5what_is_the_process_to_get_a_case_up_to_the/ | {
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"text": [
"You file a case in trial court. If it's a question of federal law, you can file it directly in federal trial court (called the District Court). You can also file federally if the parties are diverse (that is, they're from different states) and you meet a certain dollar amount in controversy (it was $75,000 when I was in law school, not sure if they've changed it again). Otherwise you have to file in the state court system of your state. (But if can still get to the Supreme Court if there's a federal issue involved.) \n\nThe other way cases are initiated that often involve federal questions is if you get arrested and the state initiates a criminal prosecution against you.\n\nAfter trial (either in state or federal district court), the losing party cas file an appeal. Most (all?) court systems in the U.S. have at least one appeal as of right, which means you are guaranteed an opportunity to make your case to the appellate court. N.B. that if the defendant in a criminal trial is found not guilty, the state cannot appeal.\n\nThe federal appeals court is called the Circuit Court. There are 13. States have similar mid-level appeals courts.\n\nAfter you lose at the Circuit Court you can file a writ of certiorari to the US Supreme Court. There's no guarantee they will hear your case. They pick cases based on whether they think there's a question of law that needs an answer, not in order to do justice in individual cases.\n\nIf you're in state court, the state will have a similar process to get to the state Supreme Court, although there might be more or fewer levels in some states. If you lose in your state Supreme Court, if you think the state system got a rule of federal law wrong, you can file a writ of cert. to the US Supreme Court from there too. But if it's a matter of state law (like, what exactly counts as that state's version of second-degree murder, or the proper width of sidewalks, or whatever), the US supCt has neither inclination nor authority to consider it.\n\nThere are some exceptions, but this is the basic way it works.",
"You go to trial in a city or country court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to the state appellate court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to the state supreme court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to the federal circuit court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to SCOTUS. They decide to take your case.\n\nNote there are a lot of variations to this. You can win, and your opponent can appeal. If the grounds for appeal is a matter of federal law, or a interstate dispute, you might go straight to the district court. But in general, every case starts at the local level, and moves through the state, then federal level before it winds up in the Supreme Court. "
]
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[],
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] |
||
1z2dht | what would happen if you ate laxatives but didn't have anything left to let out? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z2dht/eli5what_would_happen_if_you_ate_laxatives_but/ | {
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"cfpw02n",
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"text": [
"Lots of cramping and dehydration. ",
"Once when I had to go under colonoscopy I took laxatives for a period of time, up until it would still make me want to go, but nothing would come out. Didn't hurt or anything, it's just like normal pooping, but much cleaner :P"
]
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[],
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] |
||
3smfo2 | after brain damage, what would the requirements be for full regeneration without scar tissue? | I read that these are the requirements but I would like an explanation of these please so i can understand it better. How can liver cells repair even when a lobe of it is missing? is it the same process as what we would need in the brain?
Brain regeneration can be divided into five steps: (1) anterior blastema formation, (2) brain rudiment formation, (3) pattern formation, (4) neural network formation, and (5) functional recovery.
Is this true? Is there anything missing?
why can't we just inject stem cells into the brain and watch them grow the rest of the brain?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3smfo2/eli5_after_brain_damage_what_would_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwylo6j"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"I'm not an expert on neuron regeneration, but I can tell you that the liver contains stem cell which mitotically active (able to divide) which is why the liver can regenerate. Neurons are not mitotically active, and do not contain stem cells, so if the cell body is destroyed, they cannot regenerate. Axons, however, can regenerate, but this does not involve cell division, just cell growth. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
byt934 | why does there not seem to be any solitary source for nutritional/diet information that isn't a wide variety of conflicting advice or obvious pseudo-science? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/byt934/eli5_why_does_there_not_seem_to_be_any_solitary/ | {
"a_id": [
"eqlc8pv"
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"text": [
"It’s a combination of things. First, basic nutrition is pretty simple and everyone largely knows it. Eat more vegetables, eat less meat, eat less processed foods, drink less soda, that kind of thing. Those kinds of things aren’t very interesting to write about because you can describe them in like one sentence.\n\nBut more importantly, people want easy answers or tricks, not straightforward obvious advice that requires potentially restructuring their entire diet. Telling someone to eat more vegetables doesn’t get a lot of hits, it’s boring advice and they don’t want to eat vegetables. What people want to hear is how to have a good diet and still mostly eat all the same things they’re currently eating. There’s no real way to do that, so people come up with lots of fancy diets and pills and whatnot and justify it with pseudoscience, because that’s what people reading diet websites are looking for."
]
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[]
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||
16ckbv | zeno's infinite series paradox. | [Wiki page.
](_URL_0_)
I understand the basic idea of Zenos paradox, in that if you move your finger to touch a pencil, you can get infinitely closer to that pencil without touching it, basically rendering motion and actually touching an object useless.
Ex: (1/2inch, 1/4 inch,....., 1/40000000 inch,..., 1/100000000000inch....) Assume you are moving closer to an object.
What I don't understand, is how can I still touch, pick up and use the pencil? What proof is there that this is wrong?
This also reminds me of the paradox in which you can't actually pass an object that starts ahead of you, even though you are moving faster.
Thanks | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16ckbv/eli5_zenos_infinite_series_paradox/ | {
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"c7ursy9"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Well, the proof that it's wrong is that you *can* touch a pencil.\n\nIt turns out that, when you sum up all those fractions of inches, you don't get infinity. Instead you get 1."
]
} | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series#Zeno.27s_paradoxes"
] | [
[]
] |
|
5h8c3e | why some people suffer from clinical depression and others don't? is there difference between brains? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5h8c3e/eli5_why_some_people_suffer_from_clinical/ | {
"a_id": [
"day5shi"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"If you can fully solve this you'll likely be up for a noble peace price. No one 100% knows. Cognitive Psychologists believe it has to with the person's upbringing and their outlook on the world. Most of us grow up thinking that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. But once you realize that's not 100% true it can lead to depression, depending on how you cope. There's also other theories based in different psychological branches. As far as the neuroscience aspect, no one really knows and our knowledge of the human brain is minimal at best. We have some knowledge, like what is bad and good for brain. But when it comes down why something isn't right, we just don't do not know, since it varies from person to person. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
4prqwb | if someone poored the equivalent in mass as our sun, of water on to our sun, what would happen? | First off if this has already been asked can someone link me to the post? I have searched this sub but perhaps didn't use the correct key words in the search.
So yeah, just got asked this by my mate, he wants my honest opinion but I would rather know the facts instead of having an uneducated honest guess.
Thanks in advance. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4prqwb/eli5_if_someone_poored_the_equivalent_in_mass_as/ | {
"a_id": [
"d4ndqq9"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Well the sun wouldn't go out. It would actually burn brighter. Water molecules are two parts hydrogen and and one part oxygen. The sun uses hydrogen to burn (hydrogen makes up most of the sun's mass) so by adding water you'd be adding more fuel. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
3vrx6c | why do some peoples pinkie fingers automatically raise up when doing things? | Especially when holding a cup, typing, playing a piano, using a trackpad or occasionally even when writing or drawing things. I know it's some sign of "being fancy", but why does it happen by reflex? In my case, it's most common in my right hand. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vrx6c/eli5_why_do_some_peoples_pinkie_fingers/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxq5ryi",
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22,
3
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"text": [
"I do this too and have no idea why. I suspect it's a reflex due to not having a good place for my pinkie to be, I have larger hands and most cups and glasses I use aren't big enough to have space for my pinkie to sit comfortably. My water bottle is larger and my pinkie does not pop up when I drink from that. \nTL;DR auto-fancy taking over.",
"The fingers share a common muscle connection that goes up into the forearm. This makes them generally move together. The pinkie is connected to both the shared muscles as well as its own set of muscles. The pinkie's movements are a balance between the shared muscles and the dedicated muscles. The relative strength & flexibility between these muscle connections will determine where your pinkie naturally wants to go compared to the other fingers."
]
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[],
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] |
|
1pzstu | do objects really have an inherent color or is their color actually dependent on the light from the sun? | This is truly embarrassing that I don't know this, but I've always feel like I'd be chastised for asking it publicly.
So I know that the sun emits light which carries with it the visible light spectrum (ROYGBIV) and I'm told that this is what gives objects their color. So is an apple actually red (physically, within it's pigment) or is it just a gray item that appears red, like an illusion? If there was ever such thing as an objective lens or eye, would it see a true color or just some grayscale shape?
I'm aware that the cones and rods in our eyes (di, tri, poly-chromats) also determine which colors we "see".
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pzstu/eli5do_objects_really_have_an_inherent_color_or/ | {
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"text": [
"The color of an object is defined by which wavelengths of light they reflect. A blue ball for example absorb all wavelengths except for blue, which it reflects. \nThe sun comes in to play because it's what makes the light, but the surface of the object it shines on defines the color of the object. If the sun produces none of the wavelengths that an object would reflect, then the object would have no color (be black to us).",
"So let's start from the brain and work backwards.\n\n* Our brain interprets various patterns of signals from the optic nerve as different colors.\n\n\n* Stimulation of the cone cells in our retinas are what create the aforementioned patterns of signals in our optic nerve. We have three types of cone cells, each responding to a different wavelength of light, and triggering different ones at different intensities create different signals in the optic nerve.\n\n* The three types of cone cells respond to different wavelengths of light because they each contain a different type of pigment. Each type of pigment reacts to a specific range of wavelengths, and will change shape when hit by a photon within that range, which is what triggers the signal on the optic nerve.\n\n* If we're looking at an apple, the photon that we're seeing came from some source, was absorbed by molecules in the apple, and then re-emitted toward our eyes (i.e. reflected).\n\n* The apple's molecules are shaped in such a way that they will absorb some wavelengths and convert them into heat, but re-emit other wavelength.\n\n* When a bunch of photons of various wavelengths from the sun hit an apple, most of them are absorbed, but some of them are reflected (i.e. re-emitted).\n\nThus the apple looks red because some photons of the correct wavelength to trigger our red cone cells hit the apple, and the apple's molecules are shaped in such a way as to absorb and re-emit them, while simultaneously *not* re-emitting photons of the right wavelength to trigger the blue or green cones.\n\nFinally, to answer your question, the apple looks red because it reflects \"red\" photons, but not \"blue\" or \"green\" (or \"whatever\") photons. I use quotes, because you can't really say that a photon is a certain color, but only that it has a certain wavelength that triggers our cones to tell our brain that we saw a certain color. However, if no \"red\" photons were hitting it, we wouldn't be able to see that it was red, because there would be no \"red\" photons to bounce off to our eyes. For instance, if it were illuminated only by blue light, the apple would look black (or perhaps dark gray).\n\nSo I guess you would be correct in stating that objects both have an inherent color *and* that their (perceived) color is dependent on the light source."
]
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[],
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|
369ix5 | why do free wifi hotspots make you register? | Title pretty much says it | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/369ix5/eli5_why_do_free_wifi_hotspots_make_you_register/ | {
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"text": [
"In many cases, this is a legal requirement.\n\nIn quite a few countries, every internet connection needs to be traceable. Hence why you need to register, often even with your phone number or identity card.",
"Often, to get your email address so they can ~~spam you~~ offer you services from their partners that may be interest. Enough people fail to un/tick the appropriate box to make it worthwhile for them.",
"Two reasons.\n\nOne, legal requirement. They need to be able to track whoever downloaded kiddie porn while sitting in their local McD.\n\nTwo, generating and then selling user profiles with personal information such as email or phone number = profit.",
"They don't care about your email address, as some posters are saying. And, in the US anyway, there is no legal requirement to have a splash page, but they usually have a acceptable use policy they want you to agree to. \n\nWhat they are doing is tracking you for marketing purposes. They track when you visit, and how long you stay at a minimum. If it's a large area, like a mall, they can track where you are, where you were, what stores you went into, etc. They can actually do this even if you never sign in, because your device's MAC address is included in the beacon packets sent to discover Wi-Fi networks, and for location they simply use triangulation combined with a high density of access points, many of which are actually passive. Newer access points are including Bluetooth radios for finer location granularity.\n\nI realize this sounds a bit tinfoil hat, but this is commercially available stuff. They don't really want to do anything with the data but find better ways to sell you stuff. Do you visit every Tuesday but missed a couple weeks? Monday perhaps a coupon shows up. Did you visit the Gap but just walked through on the way to your parking spot? If enough people do that, they set up more interesting displays, tailored to your demographic. Stuff like that.\n\nEdit: here's an example of this type of technology. _URL_0_"
]
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[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/connected-mobile-experiences/index.html?vs_f=Products+Launch+RSS+Feeds&vs_p=Cisco+Connected+Mobile+Experiences+Boost+Revenues+with+Better+Service&vs_k=1"
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|
3ui7ni | what is a gun show and how does it work? why are people opposed to them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ui7ni/eli5what_is_a_gun_show_and_how_does_it_work_why/ | {
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"text": [
"A gun show is where vendors pay a event coordinator money for tables to sell their wares. It takes place at fairgrounds, meeting halls, and pretty much any space where there is room.\n\nPeople are opposed to gun shows because they believe you can buy anything there, illegal or legal with no paperwork. This is both true and false. In most states transfer of firearms between citizens in a private sale is completely legal, but 90% of the time vendors at a show are licensed sellers and perform a background check.\n\nMost of the private sellers, at least around here, sell over priced antiques or rifles that have been beat to hell no one wants any more.\n\nAlso, the ATF usually has a presence, either overt with a booth or covert with agents trying to sell illegal things to vendors or catching vendors turning over guns too fast after buying them from someone."
]
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[]
] |
||
1iyjkt | can a healthy woman with no income get obamacare? how does one get it? | I'm just visiting, but these questions were posed. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1iyjkt/eli5_can_a_healthy_woman_with_no_income_get/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Depends on the state.",
"Obamacare isn't a thing you can get, it's a nickname for a huge law.\n\nBut if you don't have any income you should already be eligible for medicaid, if not that you can probably get your health insurance paid for or partially paid for through the healthcare exchanges. The system is designed so that the poorest of people don't have to pay (or pay much) for healthcare."
]
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[],
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] |
|
4ljyrm | at what point did countries in the middle east become extremist muslim/militiary? | Pardon my ignorance (both culturally and historically) but I've come across some photos of Iran or Iraq in the 1970s of people (especially women) dressed in normal clothing/having fun/mixed genders fraternizing freely
I'm just wondering as to what happened/when did it start to happen? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ljyrm/eli5_at_what_point_did_countries_in_the_middle/ | {
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"text": [
"In the 50s the USA pulled down a democratical elected Man (Mosadegh) in Iran from his power because he were against the interests of the west (oil privatisation) and then they placed a western-friendly dictator, the shah of Iran, who were in fact not religous but authoritarian. One time people of Iran had enough of him and they began to protest. Some demonstrators were killed by the iranian military, which led to more and more demonstrators, that in Tehran a million people stood against the Regime and the iranian army refused to shoot at them anymore. That was the time the Ayatollah came, an extreme religious leader which coordinated the demonstrations against the regime from outside of Iran. because of that the ayatollah came to power and people's clothing and behaving in public changed. Saddam Hussein in Iraq was also a western supported dictator who at the end started a war against Iran (backed by The West), lost and attacked the southern neighbour Kuwait which angered the west, this was the time he was pulled down. People in those countries suffered most of the interventions of the west."
]
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] |
|
1pva9w | in movies when people are pointing guns at each why doesnt one just shoot? | EDIT: At each other* | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pva9w/eli5_in_movies_when_people_are_pointing_guns_at/ | {
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"I always guessed that it's dangerous to shoot a person holding a gun to me at point blank range because Rigor Mortis or muscle spasms can set in to the shooter immediately after his death shooting me too. \n\n(_URL_0_). \n\nThis is just my theory though.",
"* The time-honored western thing: who's the fastest draw/shooter...which gives us\n* \"You shoot me, I'll shoot you as I go down.\" Lots of people shouting that makes for good drama. :)\n* And tension.\n* Also, its a movie. Physics doesn't have to (necessarily) apply.\n* And besides, its good entertainment. Anything to draw out the moment, right?\n* Its a movie. The guns are probably filled with blanks.",
"Two major reasons I can think of.\n\n1) There is a good chance you will still get shot. When you are hit by a bullet you do not instantly die like in a video game or if you are a mook in a movie. If you are having the big stand off that is usually the hero and a major villian so even if one shoots the other can shoot back before they die. If you miss something vital you leave yourself open for a more well aimed shot.\n\n2) It is psychologically very difficult to kill someone. That is why in movies if you want to show how much of a sociopath someone is you show them cavalierly shooting someone."
]
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[
"http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm"
],
[],
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|
7enkpp | why do upcoming movies still say “not yet rated” when it’s pretty obvious what the rating is gonna be? | Or not be? & Why do movies take so long to be rated? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7enkpp/eli5_why_do_upcoming_movies_still_say_not_yet/ | {
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"text": [
"Because \"it's obvious\" is not the same as \"this is what it actually is\". You can't legally advertise a rating that you haven't been officially given yet, since that would be lying.",
"The movie producer doesn't have the authority to show a rating until the final cut of the movie has been reviewed. The trailer gets produced and edited before that, and even though they might know by the time the trailer is showing, there isn't time to edit another version and distribute it. Teaser trailers are shown in theaters before the final cut is done, so in that case it's just impossible to have a rating. While you might envision a formula that lets anyone determine the rating for a film, that's exactly the opposite of how the system works.",
"Check out the MPAA and the doc \"This film is not yet rated\"\n\nThe MPAA is a \"non-government\" trade organization which rates films so that the government does not get involved in the film-rating business. It's \"technically\" voluntary, but not going through their process is the quickest way to make sure your film is never seen (the NR rating).\n\nThe Rating System itself is \"somewhat\" arbitrary due to how certain \"weights\" are assigned. As an example, the movie \"Romy and Micheles High School Reunion\" was rated R because it had 3~ F-bombs, but no nudity and the general content as about PG~ (maybe PG13) level. The movie Annie (the one with Carol Burnett and Tim Curry) was PG due to one \"damn.\"\n\nThat said, it's fairly obvious what movies will get R ratings... but the MPAA may demand certain scenes be removed to stay below the NC-17 mark. Likewise the producers may be aiming for a PG13 rating (like the Marvel films).\n",
"They are not allowed to display any rating until it has be officially rated. They have to go through the entire process before they can put a rating on it, no matter how obvious it may be. "
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76c5sc | why are major and minor chords the same frequency? | I was tuning my guitar and I played A minor, and it showed up as A. so I played A major and it also showed up as A, same frequency. Why are they the same if they sound different? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/76c5sc/eli5_why_are_major_and_minor_chords_the_same/ | {
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"In music the simple relationship is that the frequency of a sound wave is its pitch.\n\nHowever, sound obeys a cool property called superposition: if you play two sounds simultaneously then you can just add up the two waveforms and that's the combined sound. This is how a single groove on a record can give the sound of an entire symphony of players playing different instruments and notes.\n\nThe idea of *just* looking at the frequency of a sound wave evokes the idea that a sound wave is just going to be a simple [sine wave](_URL_1_), but that's a really boring tone. An actual instrument will have a something that looks [much more interesting](_URL_0_).\n\nWhen analyzing such a sound it's common to look at it in terms of a sum of different sine waves. You can break the wave up and say \"that's an A at 440 Hz, plus a C at 522 Hz but only 40% as loud, plus ...\" When you pluck just a single string on a guitar you're getting a sound that contains some fundamental frequency, which is generally the lowest and strongest of the frequencies it produces, plus a bunch of overtones. That's what makes a guitar sound like a guitar and a pipe organ sound like a pipe organ, even while playing the same note.\n\nA tuner needs to be able to work with all sorts of different instruments, so it tries to pull out that fundamental frequency. When you play a chord it again tries to pull out the fundamental frequency, and it settles on the root of the chord--A, in this case--which is some combination of lowest and loudest in the chord. The fundamental frequencies for the strings playing C/C# and E are both present, as are all the overtones for all the strings, but the A is the one that the tuner is picking up. ",
"All the other answers are right, but here's the simple, simple version.\n\nYou played a chord, which is multiple notes at the same time. Your guitar tuner doesn't have a way to say \"A major\" or \"A minor\". It only listens for one note at a time.\n\nIf you play multiple notes, it's still just listening for one.\n\nIt's like if you're trying to sort apples into one box and oranges into another box, and then you find a fruit salad. Which box does it go into?\n"
]
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[
"http://www.audioundone.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1.21.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Simple_sine_wave.svg/1024px-Simple_sine_wave.svg.png"
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|
372htt | when the police offer money for information on a crime, where does that money come from? | Where does the money that Crime Stoppers and other police agencies give out to people who give information on crimes come from? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/372htt/eli5when_the_police_offer_money_for_information/ | {
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"text": [
"The department budget which is funded by tax dollars and money made back from anything like tickets, police auctions etc"
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[]
] |
|
33qrcr | . why do people appear to have one eye that squints more than the other? | Or to put it a different way when you look at people why is one eye usually more closed/smaller in appearance than the other. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33qrcr/eli5_why_do_people_appear_to_have_one_eye_that/ | {
"a_id": [
"cqnixud"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Our faces are actually slightly asymmetrical. If you took an image of your face, split it down the middle, and mirrored the left side over the right or the other way around, you would get a face that looks off.\n\nFor the eyes, the appearance of the size of the eye often depends on the eyelid (some types of makeup applied on the eyelids try to amplify this effect). People with double eyelids (a crease in the eyelid so that it looks like two folds) look like they have more open eyes than people without double eyelids. However, the crease may be slightly different in one eye vs. the other so that one eye may appear smaller or more closed."
]
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|
ak53ht | how are our water pipes pressurized? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ak53ht/eli5_how_are_our_water_pipes_pressurized/ | {
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"text": [
"Many cities have water towers that use the force of gravity to pressurize your water, so when you use it, it is essentially pushed by gravity to your faucet or wherever.",
"Gravity. Towns with hills will pump water up to a storage tank and let gravity do the rest. Towns with no hills... that’s where water towers come in.",
"There are a couple of different ways depending on your geography. The easiest way to keep the water pressurized is to have a water reservoir on a hill so that the water gets pressurized on the way down from the hill. The issue then is how do you get the water up the hill if there is no water on the hill. And for this there is pumps which can pump water from sources further down and up the hill to refill the reservoir. Depending on how much water is being used the water level in the reservoir might become lower but the pumps will be able to refill it over time when people are not using as much water. But the pumps can not turn on and off fast enough to match the load exactly. But there can be other issues, what if you do not have a hill to place your reservoir on. Then you just place a tank on top of a tall building or tower. This is why you often see big water tanks on top of building and as free standing water towers in towns. But then what if you can not build tall structures to mount your tanks on. It is possible to have a pressure tank in the system which is filled with air. Unlike water air will compress when pressurized. So as the pumps add water to the pipes the pressure increases causing the air in the tank to compress letting water into the pressure tank. When the demand for water is higher then the pumps can supply the compressed air will push the water out of the tank. This is a more expensive system but is an option where an elevated water tank is not desired.",
"There’s several ways. \n\n1) Water from a high reservoir is piped to a low place. Gravity does the work\n2) The water is pumped from a low place to a high place like a reservoir or water tower. Then gravity does the rest of the work\n3) Pumps without a reservoir or tower "
]
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[],
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||
5tau3v | why has humanity used barrels for liquids and crates for solid goods? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5tau3v/eli5_why_has_humanity_used_barrels_for_liquids/ | {
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"Solid Objects are (on the whole, on average) square or cuboid. Crates stack cuboids well. Liquids fill their container. Barrels provide good volume per surface area, but don't fit cuboids well. Barrels have a worse volume per surface area, but the liquid fits it perfectly every time."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
4oqkdm | what is borax and what does it have to do with smelting? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4oqkdm/eli5_what_is_borax_and_what_does_it_have_to_do/ | {
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"text": [
"Borax is sodium tetraborate decahydrate. It is a mineral salt of boric acid.\n\nIn some smelting processes it is used as a flux. A flux is something added to the smelt to help remove impurities in the metal. Borax and other fluxes help by bonding with the impurities and causing them to float to the top where they can be skimmed off as slag."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
9asfu0 | why a different bloodtype from every immediate member of a family can hapen if they are all blood related? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9asfu0/eli5_why_a_different_bloodtype_from_every/ | {
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"People carry dominant and recessive traits in their genes. When two people have a child, the dominant and recessive traits from both get passed to the child to some degree, with some of them dropping off, usually some of the recessive ones.\n\nWhat this means is that if you have two blond haired blue eyed parents, you're likely to have a blond haired blue eyed child. But if one of the parents has green eyes, you may end up with a red haired brown eyed child due to the interaction of the dominant and recessive traits.\n\nThe same is true for blood types. If someone O+ has a child with someone A-, that child could be A- (safest for A- mother) but could also be A+. AB- AB+ or O, based on the interplay of traits contributed from both parents.",
"This is due to each cell containing information from their father as well as their mother. Everybody has two so called \"genotypes\" and one (possibly 2) so called \"Phenotypes\"\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe Phenotype describes the \"strong\" inherited DNA whilst the genotype describes both parts that you recieved from your parents.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nFor example: Your father has blue, your mother brown eyes. There is a big chance that you carry both these genes whilst one is more dominant than the other, so you end up with blue eyes, even though your DNA contains the info for both. so your Phenotype is Blue, yet your genotype is blue and brown.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThese informations will be passed on to your children, so each of your children can recieve either your brown or blue eye DNA that you carry in yourself, depending on what part of the DNA your partner contributes determines your childrens eye color. Lets say your partners parents had brown and green eyes. That would yield the possibility of brown eyed, blue eyed and green eyed children. \n\nIts hard to explain (especially since english is not my 1st language)\n\n & #x200B;\n\nYou have 3 \"basic\" Blood types: A, B and 0\n\n & #x200B;\n\nLets say your father has A0 as his genotype (his phenotype is A since A is dominant, whilst 0 is so called recessive \\[weaker\\]), whilst your mother has B0 as her genotype. That could yield all 4 possible outcomes of the AB0-Bloodtype. Your parents children could be AB, A, B or 0 as their expressed Phenotype.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nIts basically 2 parts your cell carry that can be passed down from generations, of which only one can be expressed in you, but that doesnt mean that you can give these traits to your children.\n\nHere is a picture to hopefully make it clearer what Im trying to explain: [_URL_1_](_URL_0_)"
]
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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_system_codominance.svg/942px-ABO_system_codominance.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO\\_system\\_codominance.svg/942px-ABO\\_system\\_codominance.svg.png"
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Subsets and Splits