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7tl78n
|
how do neurotransmitters express our emotions?
|
As in how do neurotransmitters work when we express different emotions (including chemical responses such as when people take anti-depressants or go through mood lifting treatments).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7tl78n/eli5_how_do_neurotransmitters_express_our_emotions/
|
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"Neurotransmitters don’t express anything. They only inhibit or stimulate certain part of the brain that are responsible for a specific emotion.\nFor example, the amygdala is a part of your brain that controls fear. When put in a scary situation, some of your neurotransmitters will stimulate the neurons in your amygdala, thus creating the feeling of fear.",
"Neurotransmitters are chemical signals received by the brain, they affect lots of cerebral regions, acting as supresors or stimulants. Some of them are coupled with hormones to make very complex signals that are still being understood. Neurophysiology is one of the most vibrant branches in biology and cognitive science right now. [Maybe one of these videos will help you understand more](_URL_0_). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=how+neurotransmitters+work"
]
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|
4e1t8g
|
intel turbo boost, why not just keep it at the frequency that it is turbo boost at instead of a lower frequency? i.e 2.4ghz normal 3.2ghz turbo?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4e1t8g/eli5_intel_turbo_boost_why_not_just_keep_it_at/
|
{
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"At the higher speeds, more heat is generated. This can be dealt with for some period of time, but can't be supported full time. Thus, when the processor is less stressed, it runs at a lower speed to avoid cooking itself.",
"There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, most processors don't run at max unless stressed. I will use my own 4790k as a example. This has a max speed of 4GHz and a turbo speed of 4.4GHz.\n\nLet's imagine it like a car engine. \n\nOn normal running, the car engine runs at low speed. The engine does not use much fuel and therefore does not run very hot. This is like a processor which will not normally run at max speed. Instead it runs at a lower speed so that it saves power and therefore produces less heat while still completing all tasks you require. \n\nNow consider a engine in 'normal mode' and you flooring the peddle. The engine runs quickly using more fuel but also creates more heat. A processor does this by running the cores at the max speed. However it uses more power and more heat.\n\nFinally consider a engine in 'sports mode' and you floor the throttle. The engine runs in a boosted mode but it has restricted performance such as limiting power when it over heats. A processor is similar in the sense that the turbo speed is a speed higher then the max speed but is dependent on conditions. For example on my 4.4GHz turbo processor, not all cores can run at 4.4GHz at the same time. It could be you have four cores running at a faster then max speed or two cores then run at a really fast speed. \n\nTL;DR: Processors change clock speed constantly based on the load. This saves power and heat generation. Turbo mode clock speed is different to max. Max clock speed is the speed all cores can run. Turbo is the speed a subset of those cores can run depending on situations. \n\n\n\nI'm sure someone will expand further. I'm not the most processor minded person here. \n\n\nEdit: I've took a screenshot of my PC running at max speed encoding video. Notice the clock speed is at 4.16GHz, not the 4.4GHz Turbo. Still higher then the max 4.0GHz limit. \n\n[Imgur](_URL_1_)\n\nEdit2: From the spec sheet, note how it says \"up to 4.4GHz\".\n\n_URL_0_\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
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"http://ark.intel.com/products/80807/Intel-Core-i7-4790K-Processor-8M-Cache-up-to-4_40-GHz",
"http://i.imgur.com/4RVCWur.png"
]
] |
||
6rnkpa
|
how does the audience react to what's happening in multi-camera sitcoms when the cast is definitely not in a studio? are they using a laugh track, because it sounds like genuine laughter?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6rnkpa/eli5_how_does_the_audience_react_to_whats/
|
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"They will show the previously shot footage on the monitors during the studio taping, and record the audience. ",
"They have monitors to show pre-recorded scenes. They want to show the audience these scenes in order, so the non-studio scene will be shown between two studio scenes depending on where it appears in the plot. One other thing that's worth noting is that they will occasionally film scenes in the studio ahead of time if there's some costume change or other detail that would make it harder to shoot live. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
1em6qh
|
what's wrong with url shorteners on reddit linkposts?
|
Say there's an upper-limit for the amount of characters that can be in a link for a Reddit linkpost (I haven't found out whether there is!) The link is too long, so the user tries to find a URL shortener.
Once he pastes the shortened version, some message indicates that he's not allowed to.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH THEM THEN?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1em6qh/eli5_whats_wrong_with_url_shorteners_on_reddit/
|
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"text": [
"My Guess is tat it can't tell the difference between, say, imgur and goatse.\n",
"The problem with them is that you can't see where they lead before clicking them.",
" > Say there's an upper-limit for the amount of characters that can be in a link for a Reddit linkpost (I haven't found out whether there is!)\n\nYour entire question is based on a false premise - I don't think there's any limit on link length.\n\nLink shorteners break a lot of things. For starters, links might actually expire or the shortener can go away. People can't tell where the link is actually taking them by looking at the domain. The system can't tell where the link is going & detect reposts and related discussions.",
"Because a tinyurl link doesn't adequately tell you exactly *what* it's linked to. I could link you to a relevant article, or I could rickroll you... or worse."
]
}
|
[] |
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[],
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9y1x1a
|
how does medicaid and medicare work? is it a national or state program? can you lose coverage if you move?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9y1x1a/eli5_how_does_medicaid_and_medicare_work_is_it_a/
|
{
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"text": [
"Generally medicare is for those over 65 or disabled.\n\nMedicaid is for those with low income.\n\nSometimes people on medicare can also have medicaid"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
4ictoe
|
why are there lone railroad cars on the railway?
|
I always see these lone railroad cars on the railway and I always wonder why they're there. Wouldn't it be dangerous to just have them laying about?
Oh and sometimes there's the really long train of carts just sitting there too. What's that about and what's the reason?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ictoe/eli5_why_are_there_lone_railroad_cars_on_the/
|
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"They're not \"lost\" by any means...\n\nA single car is likely \"about to be\" transferred to a nearby company that ordered it with a felxible delivery date. The RR got it there when it could, which happens to be two months in advance of when they really need it -- but that's better than being two months late.\n\nShipping volumes are WAY down this year; [here](_URL_1_) is an article from /r/trains describing miles of idled locomotives, for example, and [here](_URL_0_) is the commentary, which adds depth.\n\nShipping is a cyclical industry.\n",
"Mostly the \"headless\" cars are sitting idle because of logistical and or track safety reasons. Leaving traincars along a side track is no more or less dangerous than leaving a motorcar on the side of the road. The difference is that most main train tracks have to have dedicated side tracks called \"spurs\" instead of medians like a motorway. \n \nRemember the logical puzzle of the man with a chicken, a fox, and a bag of grain? This is the real world application. "
]
}
|
[] |
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[
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/trains/comments/4hzh6q/freight_rail_traffic_plunges_haunting_pictures_of/",
"http://wolfstreet.com/2016/05/04/freight-rail-traffic-plunges-aar-april-report-photos-idled-engines-transportation-recession/"
],
[]
] |
|
80p9my
|
how does a bios update 'brick' hardware?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/80p9my/eli5_how_does_a_bios_update_brick_hardware/
|
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"The bios contains the basic functions of the motherboard. If it’s not properly loaded then the motherboard won’t be able to boot. If the mobo has dual bios then you can boot the other bios and flash the bad one. Otherwise you need to replace the memory chip on the motherboard that contains the bios with another one that has a good bios loaded, this is generally not user doable. Otherwise buy a new mobo or send it in for repair. ",
"Imagine I have a piece of hardware with a power button that goes into a chip that has some pins, let's say it's an 8 pin chip that looks vaguely like this:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nLet's say the chip is programmed so that the hardware only turns on if it gets power to pins 1 and 2, with pin 1 power being from the outlet (always on) and pin 2 power being the lead from the power button, so the chip 'sees' that pins 1 and 2 have power when you push the power button (off most of the time, on when you push power).\n\nI put in a firmware update that tells the chip to instead look at pin 3. Now when you push the power button, the physical connection is still setting pin 2 to 'on', but nothing happens since the chip is looking at pin 3. The hardware will never turn on again unless the chip is replaced.\n\nFailed BIOS updates do something similar - it corrupts the firmware at the chip level to do things that are unexpected, and that can cause all sorts of failures at every level.",
"It's not always bricked. Sometime its possible to reset to factory defaults, sometimes one has to flash the bios, sometime taking the battery out resets it. _URL_0_\nIs the first definition I came in Google.",
"The BIOS (using the term a bit generically) is the first piece of code loaded when a system starts, and contains enough information to start the system and pass control to a piece of code on a storage device or other source. \n\nIf for some reason, that code is messed up in some way, like an interrupted flashing, the system may be unable to boot as the instructions for booting may be missing/corrupted. \n\nSome enthusiast and server motherboards might have a redundant setup, or a backup method of loading a bios file, but for the majority of boards, a corrupted bios means a motherboard that is effectively dead to the consumer.",
"The BIOS is the very first thing that is \"looked at\" when the hardware boots up. \n\n\nThink of it as if you woke up everyday and to do something relatively complex so that you can get on with your day, and there were instructions (BIOS) by your bed every time you did so; whenever you fall asleep (the hardware turns off) you forget what you're supposed to do and how you do it. \n\n\nNow suddenly, you wake up and there's *nothing* by your bed. No directions to do anything. So you're just sitting there, with nothing to do because there are no instructions to do anything. You are bricked in your home. \n\n\nGenerally, no one else can enter to help you as everything is locked down because you haven't even been able to open anything. Sometimes, there's a backdoor someone else (you IRL, attempting to fix the BIOS), or the manufacturer the can open it (you sending or carrying it in).\n\n\nIf you're having troubles, [this article might be able to help you further](_URL_0_). It is somewhat dated, but most all of the steps are good for troubleshooting.",
"BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System. Before the operating system is loaded, it has settings that allow a computer do things like accepting keyboard or mouse input to change settings, display output on the monitor and read and write to the disk where the operating system lives.\n\nIf the disk is disabled or the information is incorrect, the OS won't load. If the keyboard and mouse are disabled or the information incorrect, you can no longer change any of the settings, and your computer becomes non-functional.\n\nSome devices are designs to intentionally brick themselves if you violate their security. Other times it just happens by accident, through poor design, or my user error.\n\n"
]
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"https://www.techspot.com/community/topics/troubleshooting-bios-failures.51242/"
],
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||
7slxe7
|
what is "comedic timing"? how can subtle differences in punchline delivery cause a joke to become more humorous?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7slxe7/eli5what_is_comedic_timing_how_can_subtle/
|
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"Ask someone \"Do you know the key to comedy?\" and just before they are about to reply, blurt out \"Timing\". I married 100% of the woman I tried this on.",
"\"Comic timing\" is an almost mystical thing. Truly, either you've got it or you don't. It is an ability to feel the rhythm and musicality of language. It's similar to the way a musical phrase leads your ear to expect the next movement. Sometimes the humor comes because you don't say the next line when the audience expects it. Sometimes it is saying nothing when the audience is expecting words. \n\nI find it almost impossible to explain.\n\nThe great 19th century English actor Edmund Kean was considered the finest actor of his time. The story is, as he lay dying of a lingering illness a dear friend asked him, \"Are you having a hard time, Edmund?\" Kean said, \"No. Dying is easy. COMEDY is hard.\"",
"Most jokes are funny because they make your mind jump in a direction you didnt expect. So you have to wait long enough that the persons mind starts going down the wrong path but not so long that they figure out the right answer or so long that they stop caring.\n\nThat's the big problem with using the sarcasm /s tag. It tells you the joke too early. You havent even started to think down the wrong path yet, so instead of being a funny twist, you are just reading a flat statement.",
"You can divide speech into two broad categories: segmental and suprasegmental. \n\n\nThe segmental features of speech have to do with the actual words you say - specifically, the sounds comprise those words, the word form (i.e. grammatical information such as plurals or tense markers), the actual meaning of the words, and the order that you put them in. Each of these features give you different types of information to help you decipher what someone is saying to you.\n\n\n\nThe other category, suprasegmental, is everything else, all of the non-word information that accompanies the words you say and hear. This includes your pitch, the rhythm of your speech, the stress you place on different words for emphasis, and your timing. Again, each of these features gives you specific information about the message you're hearing, and how it should be interpreted. When someone is speaking and then insert a pause, the listener will instinctively start to pay more attention, because the signal has changed. This leads to increased emphasis on the content (or punchline) that follows the pause. \n\n\n\nYou'll notice that there is no standard for comedic timing. Because every speaker is unique, the ideal pause length will be different from person to person, and even from joke to joke. Skilled comedians will be able to tailor their delivery to allow for maximum emphasis without pausing so long that it becomes distracting.",
"There are a LOT of completely different things which can explain how things are funny.\n\nIt can be the unexpected, the expected, the subtlety, the gross exaggeration, the naivete or the wits, it can be because you really like a character being made fun of or because you really love it. Might be simply because it makes you remember something, and for some reason memory surprises us, and that \"oh!\" reaction elevates our spirit.\n\nLaughter is a single reflex of the body, caused by many different triggers in the mind.\n\nSo, jokes are not only about timing. But as far as timing is concerned, its a lot about communication. Like in a straightman & comedian duo. The straightman prepares the joke to be riped. If a comedian is alone, like in stand-ups or when telling a joke at home, the audience is the straightman. You gotta be connected to the audience's inner dialogue. You say something, they're thinking about it. You drop the second part of what you're saying at the right part of their inner dialogue. Luckily, not too late, not before they reached th conclusion themselves, or they already started thinking about something else; and not too soon, not before they can understand enough what is happening to be surprised.\n\nThe thing is, \"timing\" is not only about time. A person with \"timing\" looks to have a control over time because she's uplifting and/or incisive and/or always ready and prepared. And humor is also about convincing other people something is funny by *believing it is funny and displaying that belief*. It's also about being joyful and contaminating people with joy. Or about setting up a context with your tone, not only your words and timing, a context where the things you're doing are funnier than in other contexts. If you do all this, you seem to have \"timing\", but you're doing other, more important things too."
]
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3j2u1f
|
the purpose and role of each position in an american football team.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j2u1f/eli5_the_purpose_and_role_of_each_position_in_an/
|
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"Ok so there's actually a ton of different formations that have different positions in them. Some positions aren't in some formations and are in others. I'll go over the most common and generic positions.\n\nOn offense -\n\nThe \"linemen\" (guards, tackles, and the center) are the 5 guys who line up right in a line at where the ball is. They form a wall so the other team can't get past them to they guys holding the football. The center has the special responsibility of giving the ball to the quarterback to start the play.\n\nThe quarterback is the guy who gets the ball first each play. His job is to get the ball to a player who will take it downfield, be he almost never takes it downfield himself. He can hand it to a runner or throw it to a receiver.\n\nFulllbacks, halfbacks, and running backs are terms for tough and quick players who start the play back where the quarterback is. On passing plays they'll try and block anyone who gets past the linemen to give the quarterback more time to throw, and on running plays the quarterback will give one the ball and the others will block for him as he runs.\n\nReceivers, wide receivers, and etc are terms for really fast guys who start farther to the sides of the field. They run down the field so the quarterback can throw the ball to them.\n\nTight ends are halfway between receivers and linemen. Some plays they'll block like linemen, and others they'll run a short distance for short passes.\n\nOn defense you have linemen ( nose guard, tackles, defensive ends) whose job is to get past the offensive lineman to tackle the guy with the ball.\n\nLinebackers stand behind them a few steps and react to the play. They'll often drop back to defend passes, or step forward to try and tackle runs. They can also be sent on a blitz, which means they ignore whatever else is happening and just rush at the ballcarrier from a certain place, to put extra pressure on and the cost of a looser defense if you guessed the wrong area to send him.\n\nThe defensive backs (cornerbacks/safeties) are basically anti receivers, where they just try and make it impossible for a receiver to catch a ball without them getting in the way.\n\nFor extra points and other special plays there is a kicker who's only job is to kick the ball, either really far or between two posts depending on the situation. Since its so specialized that's pretty much all he does.",
"On offense you've got your Quarterback who is like the leader of the offense. He gets the ball at the start of each play. \n\nThere's the running back who gets the ball from the QB and does running plays. \n\nThere's a fleet of wide receivers who run and the QB can throw it to them if they are open. \n\nThere's a tight end who is kind of a hybrid, can run the ball or catch the ball. \n\nThen there's the offensive line who defends offense from getting pummeled by the defence, mostly defending the QB while he's getting ready to throw. \n\n\nOn defense, you've got the defensive line who tries to take down the QB and stop runners, cornerbacks and safeties who mostly cover wide receivers. \n\nIn American football, each team has eleven players on the field at one time. The specific role that a player takes on the field is called his position. Under the modern rules of American football, teams are allowed unlimited substitutions; that is,\n\n _URL_0_\n\nHere's some more specifics. ",
"Offense\n\nQuarterback - Main guy that distributes the ball to the other guys on offense. \n\nRunning back/~~fullback~~ Half Back - Primary guy that runs the ball on running plays, occasionally catches short passes and helps defend the QB on passing plays\n\nFullback ~~Halfback~~ - On running plays runs in front of the running back to block for him. Rarely seen on passing plays but if he's there he usually protects the QB.\n\nWide Receiver - Primary guy that catches the ball on passing plays, stands at the ends of the field. Usually used for bigger plays where you try to get a lot of yards in one throw.\n\nSlot Receiver - Secondary guy that catches the ball on passing plays stands between the linemen and the wide receiver. Usually catches short quick passes or helps block for the wide receiver.\n\nTight End - Jack of all trades player, sometimes helps the linemen block the defense, sometimes catches short passes, sometimes runs the ball this is rarer as he has to run backwards to the QB to get the ball.\n\nCenter - Starts with the ball, hands it to the QB at the beginning of the play. Protects the QB on passing plays, makes a hole for the running back on running plays.\n\nGuards and tackles - the other linemen protect the QB on passing plays make holes for the running back on running plays.\n\nDefense\n\nLinemen (tackles and ends) - try to get to the QB on passing plays to tackle him or disrupt his throw, try to stop a running back on a running play.\n\nLine backer - on a running play acts as a second line of defense after the linemen, tries to tackle a running back that gets passed the linemen. On a passing play covers the area from the line of scrimmage to about 10 yards watches for quick passes to the slot receivers, running backs and tight ends.\n\nCornerback - Stands at the far edges of the field and usually covers the wide receiver. On plays that don't involve the wide receiver tries to keep the ball in the middle of the field where more guys have a chance to tackle, ie protects the edge.\n\nSafety - Last line of defense, guards against deep passes will cover the Wide receivers or slot receivers if they go deep. Tries to ensure the ball never goes passed them so they don't have to chase guys from behind.\n\nSpecial Teams\n\nPlace Kicker - Kicks the ball for kickoffs, field goals and extra points. Specializes in kicking the ball from the ground\n\nPunter - Kicks the ball for punts. Specializes in kicking the ball out of his hands\n\nLong Snapper - Snaps the ball for the kickers. Specializes in snapping it farther then the centre normally would\n\nHolder - Catches the ball from the long snapper and places it on the ground for the place kicker. Often a backup QB for trick plays or if things go unexpectently and you can't kick.\n\nReturn Man - Specializes in catching punts and kickoffs and running them back. Usually a very fast player but not elusive enough to be a receiver.",
"Great answers so far. A couple notes:\n\nOn defense, the \"secondary\" is the group of defensive backs further down field from the line of scrimmage, namely the cornerbacks and safeties. They're called this because they're the second line of defense on big-gain plays.\n\nIf the coach thinks the offense is going to pass on the next down, he can enlarge the secondary by replacing some of his defensive linebackers (those defensive players just beyond the line) with smaller, faster defensive backs whose skills and responsibilities are closer to that of cornerbacks than to the linebackers they replace. \n\nThese replacement backs are called the nickel and dime backs, because the first replacement back -- the nickel -- is the fifth d-back (after two corners and two safeties). When the coach replaces two linebackers with the faster defensive backs, then he has two nickels, which equals a dime. \n\nNote the etymology here, which can help you. The defensive players who form up right at the line of scrimmage are linemen. The subsidiary big men who set up right behind the defensive line and back it up are linebackers. The smaller, quicker defensive players (the cornerbacks, safeties, and when used nickel and dime backs) are defensive backs because they range further down field, back from the line. ",
"Football is complicated. In as few words as possible, although I'm 100% sure you'll get a ton of long responses to this question!\n\nOffense:\n\nCenter is the big dude who snaps the ball, flanked by offensive tackles and/or guards. They form the offensive line, which protects the quarterback and/or creates pathways for a runningback to carry the ball through. \n\nThe offensive backfield consists of the quarterback (who delivers the ball to a runner, passes it to a receiver, or takes it up the field himself), runningback(s) (that take handoffs or short passes and run the ball) and sometimes a fullback (who can take handoffs but typically blocks, smashing through ahead of the runningback to clear a path). \n\nThen there's receivers, usually 1 in the \"slot\" position (close to the offensive line) and 1 wide-out on each side. They run routes and catch passes. Teams line up with anywhere from 0-5 recievers in the formation. \n\nThe Tight End lines up on the offensive line, on one side, and has a hybrid role that involves both blocking and pass-catching. They are bigger - google Gronk and you'll see what I mean. \n\nDefense:\n\nDefensive line consist of tackles and defensive ends, and sometimes a nose tackle that lines up directly across from the ball. Their job is to get the quarterback, to bat down passes, and to shut down runningbacks that are looking to come through. Behind them are linebackers, which have the same role with the added responsibility of covering receivers that are on shallow routes, blitzing (rushing at the quarterback) and/or dropping back into zone coverage. \n\nThen you have cornerbacks (defending wide receivers), and safeties (similar job, more of a read-and-react as the last line of defense), which comprise the defensive backfield. These players sometimes blitz, but usally play man or zone coverage and defend against the pass.\n\nThen there's special teams - kickoff/return, punt/return, extra point kicks, field goal kicks, and a few other rarely seen formations like kneeling plays, two-point conversions, onside kicks, and all of the trick formations (like a punt formation that actually results in a pass). \n\nFOOTBALL IS THE GREATEST SPORT IN EXISTENCE\n\n"
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] |
||
5wo3io
|
if the earth travels, why do sounds on the earth not naturally experience the doppler effect?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5wo3io/eli5_if_the_earth_travels_why_do_sounds_on_the/
|
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"text": [
"Because the atmosphere is *also* moving at the same rate.\n\nSound is vibrations in a medium relative to the medium.\n\nIt's the same reason you don't fly off at 8000 kilometers per hour whenever you jump.",
"To experience Doppler shifting, you have to have relative motion to the wave. If you are at rest with respect to the source of the wave, there will be no Doppler shifting. Since everything on the Earth moves together, we don't experience Doppler shifting of any wave sources (sound included) due to the motion of the Earth in space.\n\nAn spaceship moving with respect to the Earth would experience Doppler shifting of waves coming from Earth because of their relative motion. Though this wouldn't included any sound because there's no air in space for it to travel through. ",
"Sound is the propagation of pressure waves through a medium, usually air. The air on the earth moves with the earth as it rotates and as it orbits the sun. The consequence of this is that from two stationary (relative to the earth) points the air between is also stationary, so sound from one of these points doesn't get compressed by motion as observed from the other point and so no Doppler effect. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4314t6
|
if silent movies had screens of dialogue inserted between scenes why couldn't silent movie makes insert this text dialogue underneath scenes in a fashion not entirely distinct from modern subtitles?
|
ELI5: If silent movies had screens of dialogue inserted between scenes why couldn't silent movie makes insert this text dialogue underneath scenes in a fashion not entirely distinct from modern subtitles?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4314t6/eli5_if_silent_movies_had_screens_of_dialogue/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because no one thought to do that. Then one day, someone did think to do it. And we've been doing it ever since.",
"Subtitles are overlaid on the film of the shot scenes, and it's with a transparent background, and the text is small enough to fit on the actual film, so it had to have been somehow reduced after being initially typeset or hand-written. I don't know the details, but it sounds complicated.\n\nCompare this to old dialogue screens. You just print/write the text on a board, and literally film that board for a few a seconds, and splice it in."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4zmz27
|
in nutrition, what is the difference between sodium and salt?
|
In terms of chemistry, salt is just one molecule of salt plus one molecule of chlorine, i.e. Na+Cl−, right? It's a simple one-to-one ratio of the molecules to create simple table salt.
Well, we often talk about how salty foods are high in sodium. If there's a lot of sodium, then the food turns out to be salty. Okay, but sodium only represents half of what salt is.
So what happened to the chlorine? Is it still in our food? Where did it go? It's the same chlorine used in swimming pools, right?
I'm just wondering how, in the context of nutrition, sodium and salt seem to be interchangeable. Chlorine seems to have disappeared because sodium essentially is salt when you're talking about food.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zmz27/eli5_in_nutrition_what_is_the_difference_between/
|
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"Sodium chloride is *a* salt. It is not the only salt. If you check your container of table salt, there's a good chance it's labeled as \"iodized salt\", which means it contains a small amount of other salts like sodium iodide in it as well. \n\nAs for what happens to the chlorine, it's still in there. But the nutrition facts label only lists important facts. It doesn't list the full chemical composition of your dinner. Chlorine wasn't considered important enough to list on the label.",
"So, in chemistry we talk about salts as ionic compounds that come from acid-base reactions, so there's a lot more salts than just sodium chloride.\n\nWhen we talk about food, we only really care about sodium chloride, and further more, we only really care about the sodium. We care about the sodium because animal cells spend a ton of energy keeping the sodium concentration low in the cell, and potassium concentration high. \n\nAs for the chloride half of sodium chloride, it typically ends up excreted. After all, stomach acid is hydrogen chloride, it's not like we don't already utilize plenty. \n\nChlorine-sanitized water typically uses hypochloric acid, which more importantly makes use of the chlorate ion, which is very chemically different from the chloride ion.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1ehnwn
|
disadvantages of steroid usage
|
it's always seemed a bit complex to me, could use a more simple explanation!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ehnwn/eli5_disadvantages_of_steroid_usage/
|
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"text": [
"The side effects of steroid use can be terrible. Mood swings, back acne, testicles shrinking, and hair loss among others. \n\nShouldn't be a much simpler explanation of the disadvantage of steroid usage than ball shrinking!",
"I'm assuming you're referring to anabolic steroids commonly used for people trying to bulk up on muscle mass. \n\nWell, simply put, these drugs mimic the properties of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. They mimic them so well that the body thinks they these steroids are those two compounds, and the feedback systems that the body uses to regulate testosterone levels starts to go to work. Thinking there's too much testosterone, the body begins to cut back on production. Prolonged steroid use can cause atrophy of your testosterone-producing tissues...which you should know are your testicles. That's why people joke about steroid users having small ballsacks...because its a side-effect of prolonged steroid use.\n\nThere's a slew of other side-effects as well, all relating to the fact that you're throwing one of your primary hormones out of balance. Things like impotency, acne, male-pattern baldness, erectile dysfunction, liver impairment, etc.\n\nIn short, a bit of extra muscle mass if just not worth the slew of problems that come with steroid abuse.\n",
"PROPER USAGE HAS NEXT TO NO SIDE EFFECTS.\n\nABUSE HAS LOADS, DETAILED ALREADY",
"Steroids (with proper use) is safer than tobacco, and alcohol. Two legal substances.",
"You'll get a lot of sloots stopping and asking for your number and this can be annoying when you're just trying to do some shopping. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1mak3a
|
what happens to a fart in space?
|
Seems like a silly question but I really do want to know.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mak3a/what_happens_to_a_fart_in_space/
|
{
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"cc7crew"
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"text": [
"It would typically stay inside a space suit and stink up their world. But if they were not in a suit and not dead, the gas would just expand outward and each particle would zip on its own way unimpeded for a long time until it hits something."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5jt2y7
|
why does it take so long after your flight has pulled into the gate to open the doors?
|
Everything I have flown, it takes a solid 5-10 minutes for the doors to open on an arriving flight and I was curious why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jt2y7/eli5_why_does_it_take_so_long_after_your_flight/
|
{
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"text": [
"The pilot needs to shut down engine and ground crew need to chock the plane. The cabin crew then need to unbuckle once they're told the plane is in position and make their way to the exit door. The doors are armed against unintentional opening and disarming them takes some time.\n\nThe largest part of the delay, however, is moving the stairs or airbridge into position. They must be moved slowly and deliberately. Once when they are in position does a ramp agent knock on the plane door, which notifies the attendant to open it, at which point it must be secured.\n\nIt may feel like 5-10 minutes, but it's almost always just 2 or 3 at most. _URL_0_",
"It doesn't, it happens remarkably fast. What is astonishing is how long it take passengers to get off/on the plane, if we as customers could do this efficiently airfare would be considerably cheaper. Every airline struggles with how to do this in the most timely fashion, there have been numerous studies with little to no conclusion on the best method. Just like traffic, we are the problem, not the airlines."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/columnist/cox/2016/02/07/plane-exit-door/79875252/"
],
[]
] |
|
cvjwvq
|
- the lonely singular trees in massive farmers fields. are they for shade for animals or to soak up extra moisture to stop the ground from getting swampy? or have i missed the mark completely?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cvjwvq/eli5_the_lonely_singular_trees_in_massive_farmers/
|
{
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"text": [
"The ones in ours are because they're in a bed of rocks, not worth cutting down. These rock spots also became the center point dumping ground for old parts or machinery way back when, if you got close you'd probably notice pieces of metal sticking up here and there. Not worth the work involved to make that small area farmable.",
"I believe the deal is that trees were anchors to clear fields for farming. To clear a field they cut down trees and used other trees as anchors for winches to pull stumps and logs from trees that were cut down. With time, there was one standing tree left."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2fr2up
|
how can scientist find a cure/vaccine to ebola in a so small time when instead we still haven't found a cure/vaccine to hiv?
|
I read somewhere that in the 2015 we'll have a cure/vaccine for ebola, is it right? Is it because ebola is easier to ''kill''?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fr2up/eli5how_can_scientist_find_a_curevaccine_to_ebola/
|
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"The problem with HIV is that it mutates extremely quickly, even for a virus. It's the same reason we can't make a vaccine for the flu; there are many different strains and new ones appear all the time.",
"I don't know much about ebola but HIV has some features that make it ridiculous difficult to handle. It can mutate (change and adapt) really, really quickly, so it can react to most obstacles you put in its way. It also hides in, then attacks, immune cells. Without effective immune cells, it's harder to fight any attacker. Additionally, HIV is a virus and viruses are hard to treat in general (although ebola is viral as well). \n\nThat being said, scientists have made some great progress against HIV/AIDS. Life expectancy has improved dramatically for people with HIV. ",
"Ebola cures and vaccines have been in development for YEARS. \n\nThey are NOT ready for mass consumption yet and only the giant crisis occurring right now is causing them to ramp it up even faster"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
5pi7dy
|
how did the newscaster cadence come to be?
|
You all know what I'm talking about. The specific way a news reporter has voice inflections, pauses and such that specifically denotes that this is a news story.
Why is this is a thing and where did it come from?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pi7dy/eli5how_did_the_newscaster_cadence_come_to_be/
|
{
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"text": [
"Lifelong newscaster here and I'm just making up the answer. \n\nEarly radio broadcasting wasn't especially clear. It helped to enunciate and speak clearly. \n\nMost of the early radio people came from stage work. They ported their diction. \n\nAnd no one wants to hear someone mumble when giving the news. It's serious. \n\nAs for the \"modern\" news delivery style, I don't much care for it. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
43hf6m
|
i speak modern english. would i be able to effectively communicate with speakers of earlier versions of english?
|
Let's say I invent and build a time machine, and transport myself to locations and periods in time where people spoke Old, Middle and Early Modern English.
As a speaker of Modern English, would I be able to effectively communicate with these people? Or would it be like speaking a completely different language?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43hf6m/eli5_i_speak_modern_english_would_i_be_able_to/
|
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" The pat answer is no, the languages are very different. Realistically though unless you went very far back it depends on how much time you spend there. If you have a couple of days unless you go all the way back to when English was still basially an offshoot of German you would be able to acclimatize pretty quickly, like someone who speaks Spanish learning to get by with Italian or Portuguese.\n\n Even going back to the more Germanic forms of English they would be incomprehensible at first but there are enough similar words that once you got used to the rhythm of the accent you'd start to pick it up and learn it much more quickly than say, modern Japanese or Indian.",
"I'm going to answer your question this way:\n\nMiddle English was from the Norman Conquest (1066) to the mid-15th Century. We have little in the way of surviving Middle English texts, but one we do have is *The Canterbury Tales* from 1388. [Here is a sample in the original language](_URL_1_). If you're a native English speaker you can probably figure out a good portion of the text with some studying based on similarly spelled words and context.\n\nOld English is from the mid-7th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066. The most well known Old English text is probably going to be *Beowulf* from sometime between the 8th and early 11th century. [Here is a section of the text](_URL_0_). In the first verse the only words I recognize are \"we\" and \"oft\", assuming they mean the same thing in modern English.\n\nSo, in short, you probably wouldn't. Middle English you could probably pick up with some ease if you were immersed in it, but Old English would probably require you to be a German or Dutch speaker to understand to any degree. That should make some sense, too: the Norman Conquest was a major change for English since it introduced a large amount of French into a language that was otherwise German. I've once heard a linguist describe English as what happens you try to make German more like Latin by adding a bunch of French to it.",
"It depends on how far back you go.\n\nMiddle and Early Modern, you could probably get by. They are, technically, the same language as Modern English, just really weird forms of it. You would have to be clever, and they would have to be clever, but mostly it would be a question of just vocabulary, especially considering that odds are slightly in favor of you being American, and American English has a *lot* of vocabulary that's different from even other contemporary English-speaking nations. Which is a long-winded way of saying that you'll have about as much luck talking to Shakespeare - who wrote in Early Modern English - as any other English speaker [from another country](_URL_1_) (or [some other country](_URL_4_) if you're not American after all).\n\nOld English, though, is not English. It's a distinctly different language and while you're likely to pick a few words up, it's more like listening to someone speaking German and recognizing a few words that sound similar in English. Middle English is, of course, somewhere in between...you probably won't understand it, but you might could work through it depending on where you were.\n\nIf you're curious\n\n* [This is what Shakespeare sounded like](_URL_3_)\n\n* [This is what Middle English sounded like](_URL_0_)\n\n* [This is what Old English sounded like](_URL_2_).\n\nShakespeare is easy. Chaucer is...not easy, but you can get the gist. Beowulf? Yeah, dunno about you but I'm not getting much of that."
]
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[] |
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[
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYsD4DPg4ls",
"https://youtu.be/gPlpphT7n9s?t=6m25s",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRXcpBIteEM"
]
] |
|
4kzplr
|
why are anti-depressants advertised on television, but other psychiatric medications aren't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4kzplr/eli5_why_are_antidepressants_advertised_on/
|
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"When paying for ads using mass media, you try and pick a venue that'll reach your target audience but not waste money on reaching those parts of the audience that are not your target. So if you're advertising a drug for a rare disease, you won't put it on TV. Instead, you'll publish it in a medical journal or a magazine devoted to coping with that disorder in the family.\n\nDepression is very common and, honestly, not well understood by most people. So it makes it worthwhile to release blanket TV ads about treatments for it because the target audience is a big percentage of the overall audience. Same with Viagra and Cialis.\n\nSchizophrenia is not that common, though, and people suffering from it are generally not going to approach their doctors and say \"I'm schizophrenic and need medication for it\". Instead, the companies that make schizophrenia-treating medicines target the doctors themselves that help evaluate those people through either criminal or social service functions. That way they get more bang for their advertising buck.\n",
"the goal of advertising it to get people into their doctor's office and ask about the drug. the US is quite different from much of the world because we allow drug ads on TV. \n\nthe prime candidates from the other drugs you mention aren't in the same position to make an appointment with their doctor to discuss medications. they are either not of sound mind, don't understand their condition, or the drug itself isn't prescribed widely enough to make advertising worth it.\n\nyou never see pain meds or anti-bacterial medications either because those are really only used when needed. What you see on TV tends to be \"lifestyle drugs\" that can improve your day-to-day functioning.",
"It's a numbers game.\n\nThere are about 40 million adults in the US with depression/anxiety disorders, and 2.4 million who have schizophrenia. Television advertising time is expensive, which is why you see advertisements for drugs that treat conditions that affect a large number of people.\n\nIf you are a drug company, and you buy a 30 second ad in prime time, it's going to cost you the same whether you're marketing the product with the large or small market -- so you're gonna spend the money on the one with the large market. ",
"I don't think that there is a great anti-psychotic drug movement out there. For one, it is a tapped market. Way easier to explain people's emotions as byproducts of brains that need drugs to change and get them to buy in to these meds. You can't convince someone they are hallucinating. Plus, I remember when Wellbutrin was extensively marketed as an anti smoking drug. \n\nAs far as I know there aren't drugs for Autism or personality disorders. There are anti-anxiety meds which used to get a little more play but those target symptoms. I also feel I have seen a lot of commercials for heart condition medications. ",
"Funny you should mention it now, I was just watching TV last night and a new medication for treating bipolar disorder was being advertised in the usual drug company way. I thought it was odd, but after looking up the statistics, bipolar disorder affects 5.7m people in the US, or 2.6% of the population. Did not know that it was that prevalent.",
"some of the antidepressants being advertised today are actually used to for different disorders, and used to only be labeled for bipolar or schizophrenia. For example, I see Abilify commercials all the time; Abilify is actually under a class of drugs called a-typical antipsychotics. In larger doses, they are used for psychotic disorders, but have been found to have antidepressant effects in much smaller doses. ",
"Are you a male who's breasts aren't large enough? Take risperidone! ",
"The real question you should be asking is why are any proscribed drugs advertised on television. The doctors know what drugs are available it's their job. Your not going to walk into his office and blow him away with your Web MD diagnosis and recommend some drug he's never heard of to fix it. The real answer to these questions are god damn the pusha man. They are literally drug dealers.",
"Is the United States the only country in the world allowed to advertise prescription drugs on TV? ",
"Depression is both a clinical disorder and a vague catch-all term for any subjective feeling of life dissatisfaction. Pharmaceutical companies prey on people who occupy any worldview below perpetual euphoria, pathologizing it as an illness. That there is a system set up for this - depression being a highly developed DSM diagnosis; family doctors that can prescribe anti-depressants; schizophrenia being less common - is really beside the point, which is that people are told they have a duty to be happy - and you commit the ultimate sin against humanity to accept a fate less than full satisfaction. \n\nPsychosis is certainly stigmatized, but it is not seen as the moral failure that living a dreary life is. Why do you see more advertisements for anti-depressants? Because there is not as strong an injunction not to be crazy as there is not to be sad, bored, lonely, alienated, or any of the other ills western culture says is our fault. \n",
"As a pharmacist in Scotland, I was surprised to discover a few years ago that it's legal in the US to advertise prescription medications to the public. They're one of only two countries in the world who allow this - the other is New Zealand.\n\nI always imagine that doctors' consultations in the States must be like: \n\nPatient: \"Is Advair right for me?\" \nDoctor: \"No, you're not asthmatic\" \nPatient: \"How about Bonviva?\" \nDoctor: \"You don't have osteoporosis either\" \nPatient: \"Okay. Avodart?\" \nDoctor: \"It's usually only prescribed for men over 40. You're a 25 year old woman. You don't even have a prostate to become inflamed.\" \nPatient: \"Levemir?\" \nDoctor: \"Not diabetic.\" \nPatient: \"Keppra?\" \nDoctor: \"Not epileptic.\" \nPatient: \"Cialis?\" \nDoctor: \"No.\" \nPatient: \"Okay, Oxycontin?\" \nDoctor: \"No problem! Here's a prescription for 400, see you next week.\"",
"Holy shit, you get drug adverts on TV? What country is this?",
"If you are in need of an antipsychotic because you are (among other symptoms) paranoid or suffering delusions of persecution, a commercial telling you to try this drug will probably not go over well with you. After all, how did they know to you would be watching TV right then, in order to show you that commercial? They must be tracking your TV habits. Shit shit shiiiiiiit. Well, you'll show them; if they'll go to such extremes to try and get you to take those meds, better believe that'll be the *last* thing you do.",
"A better question would be 'why are any prescription medicines advertised on television?' \nAs a Brit having spent a bit of time in the states i was astounded by this practise when i first saw it. Here, the doctor matches the medication to the condition, prescribes it. Do people watch these advertisements and then go to their doctor and request them? Or can you just buy medication without prescription? Are people deciding what illnesses they have based on the medication they see on tv? ",
"Antipsychotics are often advertised on television but usually for their other indications that aren't schizophrenia.\n\n\nA couple of recent examples: \n\n\nLurasidone (Latuda) is a drug that is advertised quite frequently on television for bipolar depression. It's an atypical antipsychotic.\n\n\nAripiprazole (Abilify) is also an atypical antipsychotic that was advertised quite regularly when it first came out but primarily advertised to use as an additional medication for depression.\n\n\nWhy does this happen? Multiple reasons but probably mostly related due to the stigma behind schizophrenia and the fact that the new antipsychotics coming up have multiple indications approved by the FDA so they don't have to rely solely on the schizophrenia marketing. \n\n\nDepression has become widely accepted in the public and most people have some good idea about what it is, but if you ask the average layperson what schizophrenia is you're more likely to get an answer describing something like dissassociative identity disorder (aka: Multiple personality disorder) rather than true schizophrenia. Even something like Bipolar disorder which is a bit more recognized by the average person on the street is still commonly believed to be \"just mood swings\" - which doesn't at all describe how bipolar disorder really presents as. So yeah for advertising it's easier to bring up these indications for medications involving depression as the primary focus than the antipsychotic properties.\n\n\nAlso there are far more people with depression than psychosis, so again trying to get the message to the greatest number of people who might buy your product.\n",
"This is not necessarily true. Sleep medications are also often advertised. And usually only new medications are advertised while the drug company still has a patent. Once generics are being produced, the brand name is already well known and people (insurance) will normally pick the generic regardless. For example, just about everyone recognizes names like Prozac or Ambien, but they are never advertised. Once upon a time they were though. I remember advertisements for Ambien and Wellbutrin when I was younger.\n\nNew antidepressants are invented more often than other types of psychiatric medications. Antidepressants have many uses other than treatment of depression, and depression is a common psychiatric complaint, both reasons contributing to the continued development of better antidepressants and thus the constant advertising of new antidepressants. Although many drugs advertised as adjunctive therapy to antidepressants aren't actually antidepressants, but they are advertised for the treatment of depression. For example Abilify is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia, but it is also usefull in the treatment of depression along with an antidepressant.\n\nOther examples of psychiatric medications that aren't antidepressants that are often advertised are things like Nuvigil and Provigil. These are wakefulness promoters, useful in the treatment of daytime sleepiness or for use by shift workers. It's not an antidepressant, but daytime sleepiness is a common complaint and therefore advertising it is cost effective. Smoking cessation drugs like Chantix are also often advertised as there is a large market for them. These are technically psychiatric drugs as their primary function is to affect behavior by acting on the central nervous system. I have also seen (though relatively rarely) advertisements for ADHD drugs typically targeting Adult ADHD. Drugs like Lyrica are often advertised as a treatment for neuropathic pain, though they are also useful in the treatment of psychiatric conditions such as anxiety. OTC Sleep medications like Unisom are advertised frequently, and recently I have been seeing commercials for a new type of prescription sleep medication that is used to treat a sleep disorder known as Non-24 in blind people.\n\nIf you pay attention you will realize that there are many classes of drugs and many ailments that are advertised on TV and the radio. It just happens that drugs for the treatment of depression, though not necessarily antidepressants (abilify), are the most commonly advertised psychiatric medication.",
"I've seen ads for ADHD, OCD, schizophrenia, restless leg syndrome, all kinds of stuff. You just gotta watch things of the right demographic.\n\nI watched a lot of Price is Right in college. You get a ton of old people ads there.",
"There should also be public service ads about other kinds of treatment like therapy. I'm not saying specific therapists but in general- different types of therapy and their effectiveness in treating different disorders. Of course never going to happen with big pharma out there but it would make a WORLD of a difference I'm sure.",
"Advertising prescription drugs... That's your problem right there. Yours sincerely, the UK. ",
"I don't think I've ever seen an anti depressant advert in the UK. They actually have them in the US? ",
"ELI5: Why are *any* medicications advertised on American TV? If you need a doctor to perscribe it you, then your doctor should be the one telling you to get it. ",
"There probably *are* ads for ADHD meds. We just miss them because they're three seconds long.",
"I've seen adds for Ability and Latuda and those are used to treat schizophrenia. None of the adds mention schizophrenia though. They talk about other uses. \n\nSo they advertise the drugs but don't mention schizophrenia. ",
"Abilify is an anti-psychotic and is advertised on TV, they push it for use in depression and even autism. Funny, they don't use the word \"anti-psychotic\" in the ads. It is powerful stuff with serious side effects and may be widely over prescribed.",
"Because people who genuinely need antipsychotics are going to get them, regardless of advertising. If a new onset psychosis patient tells me they need Zyprexa rather than Seroquel because they saw an ad on TV, the amount that statement influences my clinical decision making is zero. The only thing that influences me is what the patient has taken before, and sometimes I can't trust what they say - a big part of my job is tracking down medical records and doing doc-to-docs so I can see what has been tried before.\n\nWhen I have a patient with moderate depression who absolutely insists they need a certain SSRI, if there aren't any contraindications, I give them that drug. With the exception of a few situations, it doesn't really matter which one you are taking. It isn't worth the fight if there is only some minor benefit to another med. The TV can be way more influential than I am.\n\nPsych patients are remarkably loyal to their brands, I will say.",
"I have seen latuda, an atypical antipsychotic, advertised. I think it was during the eric andre show sometime in the wee hours",
"Ability is often advertised and it's an antipsychotic, although often used as a supplement to antidepressants also.",
"Not an expert opinion but based on some evidence and probably very very controversial (especially here). I believe this to be the case simply because almost everyone can identify with \"depression\". Lots of people wear it like a badge or use it as an excuse. So supply and demand, target audience and mass market.\n\n(*I am NOT belittling depression as it is real and affects real people*)\n\nSo the \"need\" for the drugs are much higher than the more obscure and it's a much easier \"sell.",
"ELI5: why are any prescription medications allowed to be advertised on TV in the US? I've always found that exceedingly odd when I've travelled there",
"The only reason to advertise a drug is the profit motive. Anti-depressants are advertised because:\n\n* They've probably been developed recently, and are still patented\n* Depression is a common ailment, that many people want resolved\n* People see the ad, want the product, and demand it from their Dr.\n* The patient can only buy it from one supplier, the advertiser.",
"The real question should be, \"why are drugs advertised on mass media when people do not have the knowledge, skill, or authority to be prescribing themselves drugs?\"",
"Imagine the testimonials.\n\"I was murdering SEVEN cats a day before I was on anti-psychotics.\"",
"TV ads for medications are unethical and are illegal in most if not all countries of the world except USA. Thanks to the efforts of the lobbyists and Ronald Reagan!!!",
"The short is It's a bigger market as in the pharmaceutical companies get better returns for for the Anti-Depressant ads on TV. Many of these ads run on cable or satellite which means said people can afford that medication. If you can afford $100 for TV you can probably afford the medication. They also like to run midday or during the night when people who are say injured or sick or unemployed will be watching. They also really like the news channels because, every time the the muslims blow up a plane or drown some people in acid or some earthquake kills a whole city people become depressed. Bad news = good sales for anti-depressants which is a pretty good business model. \n\nThe other reason is that depression is something that people can live with without medication the other medications are essential for living and functioning in society. You don't have to advertise water, insulin, food, electricity, or gasoline. Sure people do it but, you don't have to people need those things to live. Schizophrenia is a condition where you get the medications you need and the help you need or you're homeless and a threat to society. There is no in between it isn't optional to not receive help and continue living a normal life. Depression sucks but, people can live through it sure there is a higher suicide rate and complications. But, people can and do live through it well enough. ",
"I've wondered about this before. Why aren't there commercials for Adderall or Vyvanse?",
"schizophrenia in my case at least was not self diagnosed, it was a label that was placed upon me by the doctors. and i do not think they would necessarily care if I suggested a medication to them, they might depending on what one.",
"No better way to approach those with paranoia and schizophrenia than by targeting a televised ad directly at them, eh? I like your thinking!",
"Because people mistake the fact that our society is actually really bad for a personal problem."
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460bcr
|
why do we hallucinate our own name? why not other names?
|
I was just wondering if it's just the repetition of hearing it in your life or some actual neurological reason. It's just that you never imagine a voice calling out any other word you hear repeated a lot. Is there something special about our own name?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/460bcr/eli5_why_do_we_hallucinate_our_own_name_why_not/
|
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"Our brains actually put a priority on our name when it comes to listening. Even in a room full of white noise, our brains tend to be pretty good at picking out when our name is being said. So, yes, you could say there's something \"special\" about our individual names.\n\nAs for why we sometimes hallucinate hearing it, it could be a number of reasons depending on circumstances. Could just be that your brain is so hinged on making sure you recognize when you're being spoken to or about that it accidentally mishears something else as your name or hallucinates it entirely. It could also be a byproduct of stress and/or exhaustion.",
"Some people do hallucinate other words, we usually say they're suffering from psychosis or schizophrenia. And in America those people sometimes hallucinate threatening voices, while overseas in other countries they can actually be friendly voices. I think it probably has to do with how the senses in the brain are connected along with how our experiences tend to shape our reality."
]
}
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[] |
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[
[],
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|
3t98jb
|
what are the differences between linux distros and how do you choose which one is for you?
|
Really wanting to make the change to Linux and have a Win7 partition for Final Fantasy XIV and some Steam games. I now have enough hard disk space to do it and hopefully someone out there can give this a newb a hand in choosing a distro.
* How do you chose?
* Which distro is an easy transition for a Win7 user?
* Are there different (preferred) distros for programmers/IT professionals?
* Which distro has best options for mainstream games?
* Which distro is the god amongst distros?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t98jb/eli5_what_are_the_differences_between_linux/
|
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"Imagine the different versions of Windows. Windows XP was known to be stable and powerful, enough so that banks/atms/cashiers/other important shit is still using it. Windows 7 was known to be the best desktop OS. Windows 8 was known to be good on tablets. \n\nLinux is vaguely the same deal. Saying Linux is like saying Windows: it's a name for a larger category. There are many, many flavours of linux: some for servers, some for desktop users, some for security or hacking or iPhones or routers or whatever you need. \n\nThe best way to chose the right Linux distro is to do some research. Want a good example? Good, me too: I had an Android tablet, running an older version. I don't like Android much, and running on an old tablet was only ok at best. If I was going to have shitty performance I at least want a terminal and file browser built in. \n \nSo I tried to install Ubuntu, the top Windows competitor for being a smooth, clean, reliable OS. Doesn't support my tablet. I *did some* research about the specific type of computer I was using (ie. google \"tablet linux\") and found out that some awesome soul had made a Fedora 20 (type of Linux) bootable image specifically for my tablet. \n\nBazinga! Minimal research and I now have a fine-tuned Linux distro. All of the versions of Linux more or less do the same thing, by that I mean they all install packages, keep themselves clean, handle hardware, etc. \n\nYou would need to look *very* hard to find a version of Linux that doesn't work on anything, and then you probably found a distro specifically designed for a certain platform ie. routers",
" > How do you chose?\n\nAt this point that really isn't something you should be concerned about. The best thing that you can do is just pick a fairly popular distro that has a lot of documentation out there.\n\n > Which distro is an easy transition for a Win7 user?\n\nI wouldn't go into this with the mindset that it is going to be an easy transition. Depending on what you want/need to do you may run into some problems. With that said I would personally suggest Ubuntu if you wanted to dip your toes in and once you get comfortable with that maybe try a minimal Debian install and set up your own workstation from scratch (well, with available packages at least).\n\n > Which distro is an easy transition for a Win7 user?\n\nReally whatever they prefer. You can use most distros for most things just fine, some may just do somethings better. In the end it will most likely be personal preference/what they are most familiar with.\n\n > Which distro has best options for mainstream games?\n\nI don't game on Linux but I would Imagine Ubuntu would probably be your best option for that. You would likely have the most support at least. This is in no way a fact though, just an assumption on my part.\n\n > Which distro is the god amongst distros?\n\nGentoo^^^^^/s\n\n\nYou may also want to checkout /r/linux4noobs if you end up installing something. Please do try to research your issues on your own first though. I've found I've always better remembered things when I came upon that *Ah ha!* moment on my own (and maybe with some guidance for what I should look for).",
"Hello!\n\n > How do you choose?\n\nWell you start with the end in mind. What are you trying to accomplish? In your case, it sounds like you are a gamer, and a Windows Laptop/Desktop user. Specifically you mention playing steam games on Linux. Think of the different distros as a spectrum: on one end you have simplified desktop user interfaces, on the other end of the spectrum you have the hardcore, grey-beard linux distros. See this [link](_URL_1_).\n\n > Which distro is an easy transition for a Win7 user?\n\nGiven your particular use case, I recommend starting with Ubuntu Desktop. If you go to their [download site](_URL_0_) you'll see several version options. You'll need to know your processor type (most new computers have a CPU that is 64 bit compatible). The version options are LTS and normal. The LTS stands for Long Term Support, meaning Canonical supports/updates/patches that particular version for a longer period of time, typically 18 months. Don't fret too much, I still have a 12.04 LTS ubuntu server on a laptop and it runs fine to this day. Ubuntu comes with no bloat-ware (yay!), and typically includes Firefox web browser, Open-Office suite of office productivity (drop in replacements for general MS Office tools), and the standard gamut of useful widgets and accessories: calculators, terminals, system usage stats, display adjustments, etc.\n\n > Are there different (preferred) distros for programmers/IT professionals?\n\nYes. I am a web developer and I have a particular setup that I enjoy for programming. Programmers who use Linux in both their professional and personal lives tend to have wide variations about what they use, and often have very strong opinions about particular distros. One group of gamers/programmers I know uses at least 5 different Linux distros amongst them for different purposes: from file serving to desktop operations to system admin. I started with Ubuntu and graduated to Arch Linux. Others prefer Linux Mint, and others prefer Debian, some like Fedora, and others use RHEL/CentOS (they recently merged into a single project). Almost all the distros can perform a general set of tasks with relative simularity, like run databases, launch GIMP (Graphics Imaging & Manipulation Program -- open source version of photoshop), host a web server, connect over ssh, etc. But some distros are better at certain tasks because they have been pre-configured for a specific job, e.g. security testers tend towards Kali Linux (an offshoot of Debian Linux), while Munich Germany's municipal government adopted LiMux (an offshoot of Ubuntu), enterprise companies tend to use the highly stable CentOS, and many personal desktop PC's are running Ubuntu. \n\n > Which distro has best options for mainstream games?\n\nUbuntu. I have successfully played quite a few of Steam's Linux compatible games on Ubuntu, including Borderlands 2, FTL, Team Fortress 2, L4D2 and a few others. The \"gotcha\" here with the games is the video card support and the game studio support for Linux -- the game has to be compiled to run on Linux. You will need to know what kind of video card (if any) is installed on your system. Nvidia cards have more support for Linux graphics cards, but there is support for AMD as well. Afaik, the only distros that are receiving active support from video card makers are Ubuntu and Debian (but my knowledge of Fedora, Linux Mint, et al. is limited). Steam has a native install client for Ubuntu and Debian and will install, download and run your games as seamlessly as you'd expect (obviously you must take the Linux approach to installing the software package, but the Steam client performs just as expected). I have seen proof of diehard fans and modders getting some steam games running on non-supported Linux distros, but this is not for beginners/light-hearted users, just stick with Ubuntu for now. Wine is a windows emulator that some gamers are able to use effectively, I've never been able to get Wine to work right, so I'm not a huge fan of it. There are also quite a few options for emulators to the older game systems. Unfortunately for the really exclusive windows triple A titles, you're out of luck for the moment unless the studio releases a Linux version. \n\n > Which distro is the god amongst distros?\n\nYour favorite distro ;) -- this is what one of my college professors would refer to as a \"religious argument\" in the tech field. Although I hear Gentoo is considered the white bearded kung-fu master of the distros. \n\nOn a closing note, it is possible to \"dual boot\" your computer, this means that while you transition away from Windows (or put another way, while game and video card manufacturers work towards supporting Linux), you can pick which OS to boot into during power up. The Ubuntu install disc makes this pretty easy if you already have Windows installed -- just pop in the disc and follow the wizard, it should detect your already installed OS and prompt you if you want to install \"side by side\" or some-such-similar. Disregard this note if you plan to only have Linux on that particular machine.\n\nedits: fixed my English, typos, added a few missing words, etc.",
"Lots of new users of Linux seem to like Linux Mint cinnamon, but I'd recommend Linux Mint xfce. It's straightforward and stable, and it looks great. That's probably going to the easiest transition. Ubuntu is very popular, but the desktop environment Unity, though very innovative and cool, is kind of hard to learn if you're not used to anything besides windows. Chances are the first distro you try won't be the one you stick with. Most distros you can burn to a USB drive and boot it up to try it out before you install it to your hard drive, so go ahead and download a few that look nice. Start with popular distros , that way if you have questions there's a bigger community of users to help. I can't answer any questions about gaming. I've always felt that Arch is the \"god\" distro just because I think only the biggest linux nerds would use it. I'm using Fedora right now.",
"Lots of people have written a lot so I'm going to write something short. \n\nMost people start with something popular then try other distros. They then either stick with what they started with or find something they prefer. \n\n[Ubuntu](_URL_0_) is the distro known for user friendly-ness and is usually where people start. \n\n[Linux Mint](_URL_3_) is built on top of Ubuntu but is preferred by some that don't like Ubuntu's Desktop Environment (have a read about that! It'll become important). \n\n[Debian](_URL_1_) is Ubuntu's parent, the distro it is built on top of. People praise this for its stability. \n\n[Fedora](_URL_2_) uses a different package management system (have a read about that too, also important!) but it has great support and is generally well respected distro. \n\nThat is a miniature cross section of the distro but will hopefully get you started. \n\nedit: Updated with links",
"You don't chose, it chooses you :) You just experiment until you like something.\n\nIf you're used to using windows and want an easier transition to Linux then I suggest the ZorinOS distribution. It is based on Ubuntu so it's the same thing wrapped in a nice package of graphics and preinstalled programs that make it look and function like the Windows theme you choose. Do not try steamOS just yet. \n\nThere are distributions made for Certified Ethical Hacking (yeah right) like Kali Linux. There are distributions with many old console emulation programs and windows emulation and compatibility fixes and so on for gamers. There are distributions made for fixing windows installs or defragmenting hard disks or just cracking a password to login windows for example (ophcrack and other liveCD utilites).\n\nLinux Mint xfce IMO is the best for beginners since many things work out of the box for new and older hardware.",
"The question is, what do you want to do?\n\nFor a beginner I would recommend one of the big mainstream distros because they get better bug reports and have better support for users. Whether any of them is an easy transition is difficult to forecast. Note that all of them offer all of the big desktop environments so you can choose the desktop environment (the interface you interact with) after choosing the distro. You can also install all desktop environments and switch between them.\n\nAt the moment I would choose Ubuntu for general purpose because it has the best support from (single user desktop) hardware and software makers and has a very good support forum. I am running it with LXDE desktop (Lubuntu) which looks somewhat similar to Windows and runs on old computers. For mainstream games you probably need to install WINE on any of them and it is a matter of luck whether they run well. It is probably better to boot Windows for gaming.",
"I am afraid nobody is giving you a simple answer :-)\n\nJust go with [Opensuse](_URL_0_) The two main things for noobs are;\n\n * KDE is the best GUI for somebody with a Windows background.\n \n * YAST is the best \"control panel\" equivalent for Linux.\n\nAnd everything else :-)\n",
"I like Mint KDE, but I use a lot of windows-only programs so I honestly haven't touched it in years. Experiment a little, with linux it's like living in a whorehouse: They're all enjoyable, but you might like some more than others, and it's rare to stay with one for more than a little while.",
"When I started off using Linux, the community that was most helpful to a newb like me was where I started. At that time, I felt that was Ubuntu. Now, I prefer Suse or Red Hat because of training and certification and I hate the Unity UI in Ubuntu and don't really like their take on KDE as much as Suse or Red Hat. Any of the major distributions is a good choice for someone new to Linux. Don't go with anything too fancy or complicated for now (i.e., niche versions of linux suited to specific contexts).",
"Really, the main differences between distros are the packaged software and the release schedule. There are a few distros that are set apart because of other reasons but you're probably not going to be interested in those just yet.\n\nThere are 2 main types as far as release schedule goes. There are rolling release, where the distro is constantly being updated, and scheduled release, which is most distros, where there is an update can install every set period of time.\n\nArch Linux is an example of rolling release, and Ubuntu is a prominent example of a periodic update schedule.\n\nThe second and more important is packaging. Essentially all a Linux distro is is a Linux kernel and a suite of software packages. This can be anything; Debian based distros (the ones you will be using ;)) package a package manager (software installer basically) called apt-get, and red hat distros (the ones you would use at work if your work used Linux) package one called yum in with the distro.\n\nAll basic desktop distros (ones designed to be used with a desktop environment) come with a package called xorg, a window manager and a package manager at a minimum.\n\nSome prominent distros are:\n\nSlackware: the original Linux distro.\n\nArch: if you want to put an OS together exactly how you want it, its amazing but a little advanced, this is the distro of the pros,\n\nRed hat/fedora: popular enterprise distro, fedora is free and red hat is paid, you'll check them out eventually,\n\nOpenSUSE: another enterprise distro,\n\nDebian: basis for most of the commonly used distros for example Ubuntu, mint, peppermint. Those distros are usually packaged to run out of the box on almost any Intel computer, whereas Debian is designed for you to set up any unique peripheral hardware and comes ready to run on Intel architecture but may give you trouble setting up like wireless cards and such.\n\nUbuntu comes with a user environment called unity, mint comes in various forms as far as desktop environment, mate being the best imo, peppermint and lubuntu both come with a desktop environment called lxde which I love, and all of them come with the apt-get package manager which means software available for any of them is almost always readily available for the other.\n\nAnd then theres gentoo. Gentoo is for insane people. Thats all I have to say about that.\n\nIf you're looking for something to start, it depends on your computer. I would recommend \"Linux Mint Mate Edition\" on your computer if it is semi new (you mentioned windows 7 so mint would run extremely well) or peppermint for something light or older like a netbook or 10 year old computer. They're both Debian based so they have a huge range of software easily available, but they both come packaged with enough that you probably won't have to manually set up say a USB mouse or Bluetooth chip. They are pretty much designed to be easy for windows users and offer a graphical interface for almost everything, but i do recommend learning the command line for simple stuff like installing software because (believe it or not) its a million times easier. There is a steam client available for all of them, so gaming will be fine although some games don't work (yet).\n\nYou'll learn what the differences are and what all I said as you mess with it and get used to it. It's not as daunting as it feels or difficult at all. Just go for it and enjoy messing around and learning. It's easier than windows in all honesty.\n\nEdit: I do not recommend Ubuntu to start with. Ubuntu has gone from being *the* user friendly distro to being a bit of a mutant fanboy distro. It's easy to use yes, but not like a traditional windows type desktop anymore.",
"This question always has the potential to be a 'Opening a Can of Worms', as some get very attached to their distros. \n/u/HidesBehindUsername has a fantastic answer. \n I don't use linux day-to-day as I use my PC mainly for Gaming and a lot of games are Windows only, but as a Linux newbie, my go-to distros are either Ubuntu or Fedora.",
"Let me try to add some info that is not on the other answers yet.\n\nFirst of all, asking \"Hey, I decided to use Linux, which distro should I use?\" is kinda like asking \"Hey, I decided to worship dieties, which religion should I follow?\". You'll get tons of different answers, a lot of them biased, and most likely people are going to recommend you the popular things (which is not a bad thing). There's also some hate and wars among people who make different choices.\n\nOne point which you should really consider is the desktop environment (DE) you're going to use, because it affects your productivity more than the distro choice. Most of the DEs are packaged by most of the distros, but usually the \"default\" DE of a distro gets more attention, so it usually has less bugs and faster fixes. For example, I really think some of the big distros do a very shitty job in packaging/fixing KDE. So maybe a distro that puts KDE as the default should be your choice if you're into KDE. My current favorite DE is Cinnamon.\n\nI really suggest you to download Virtualbox on your Windows machine, then download some distro's installer, install it on Virtualbox, then install all the popular DEs, then try to use/configure them. Gnome, KDE, Xfce, Cinnamon, Mate and Unity are the most popular choices. Maybe try to install another distro on the same VM disk so you can learn how to resize partitions, because you'll need this.\n\nMost distros are equal in the sense that they consist in a bunch of people who package software and release new versions to the public. They all have bug reporting infrastructure, user support channels, documentation, etc. The difference is between the tradeoffs and choices made by each of them. Also in popularity and man-hours of development. Some opt for a longer release cadence, which means you'll be stuck on the same versions of programs for a longer time, but also means the software you use is more likely to be stable due to more time to test and squish bugs. Some distros are even in the \"rolling release\" model, which means you're constantly getting new software. These models are usually a little less stable since it's much harder to test all the update possibilities every time.\n\nAnother factor which I usually consider is the amount of users and developers behind the distro. Usually, more people behind it means more testing, so less bugs. Some people really like tiny distros, but I prefer the huge ones. Some distros have companies making money out of them, some companies do not. Having a company backing a distro is IMHO good, since it means there are people whose full-time job is to fix the bugs you report.\n\n\nNow some brief comparison among some of the most popular ones:\n\nDebian:\n\n* One of the oldest. It's not going away anytime soon.\n* Tons of developers and users.\n* No one big company behind it, but many big companies depend on it, so they support it.\n* It seems they tend to value stability more than anything in most of their choices. So new technologies usually take some time to reach Debian. One example is \"Systemd as the default init system\". I also expect \"Wayland as the default window system\" to land years after most other distros.\n* The stable version is not recommended for desktop since it likely lacks the most recent drivers for graphics, audio, etc. It's super stable, probably better for something such as a web server.\n* The Testing and Unstable versions are usually the only choices for desktop machines. Although Unstable is labeled as unstable, it's IMHO much more stable than some stable distros such as Fedora.\n\nUbuntu:\n\n* Based on Debian, so inherits a lot of its good stuff.\n* Backed by a big company. Unfortunately that company does not make profits. And its current focus is on mobile, so Linux Desktop seems to be rotting a little bit.\n* Tons and tons of users. Possibly more than any other distro?\n* One release every 6 months.\n* The default DE is Unity, which is not present in other distros. I actually like it, so if you prefer it, Ubuntu is your choice.\n* One of my concerns behind Ubuntu is their choice of Mir over Wayland. I don't want to be left out of the Wayland train when it departs.\n* Ubuntu is not very upstream-friendly, so there's some hate towards it.\n* It's a really high quality distro for desktops IMHO, but I've seen it degrate slightly in the last years.\n* Version upgrades usually work fine. I only had a big problem once, and could solve it using some really dark magic inside a Live-CD.\n\nFedora:\n\n* Backed by Red Hat, the biggest and most profitable Linux Company.\n* It has some really really really brilliant engineers behind it.\n* A lot of its packagers are also the upstream developers of their packages.\n* The default DE is Gnome.\n* Fedora is famous for being an early adopter of every single new technology. IMHO one of the biggest consequences is that there's always something broken in the distro due to this. Their choice always value \"ship the shiny stuff!\" as opposed to, for example, Debian's choice of stability. A lot of people think this is a good thing.\n* Version upgrades almost always break for me. They work for all my friends tough...\n* They don't have a lot of media/video/mp3/other stuff on their default repo due to patent issues. There is a default external repo for this, but using it is not as good as having everything on the same repo (stuff may get out of sync and you'll get unmet dependency issues).\n\nArch:\n\n* Follows a rolling release model.\n* If you really want to get to know how Linux works, this (along with Gentoo and LFS) may be a good choice.\n* Great documentation, and, apparently, great community too.\n* Can't say much more since I never used it.\n\nMint:\n\n* The recent new distro behind Cinnamon and Mate.\n* Stole many of Ubuntu's users.\n* Based on Ubuntu.\n* I'm not really sure how many developers they have, or if they have someone making money out of it. This is one of the reasons why I never tried it.\n\nSuse:\n\n* Another distro maintained by a company with some brilliant engineers.\n* It seems they favor KDE, so maybe it could be your choice.\n* I don't know much more about it, only know it's good.\n\nThat said, I have used mainly Debian, Fedora and Ubuntu in the last 10 years. My current work machine is Debian Testing running Cinnamon. My personal laptop is Ubuntu running Unity. I used to run Fedora at some work machines, but after being constantly affected by bugs and broken upgrades, I killed Fedora from my list. I know most of my coworkers don't complain about Fedora's instability as much as me, so you should give it a try. I really want my machines to \"just work\" and I don't want to have to waste time fixing broken distros or reporting bug, so I tend to value stability over shinyness.\n\nAnd before you read the next answer, remember: try distros and DEs on a Virtual Machine before choosing a distro!\n\nEdit: formatting.",
"Some distros are designed to resource-light; these would be ideal for older laptops/pcs which could barely run Windows XP in their prime, for example. I'm not very knowledgeable on the topic, but I can recommend [LinuxLive USB Creator](_URL_0_) which I used to try out some distros without installing them before settling on something that ran well on my system.",
"Linux skills will generally pay off if you plan to enter a professional computing field of some type (Programmers / IT professionals as you have mentioned). In professional computing there are 2 major flavors that have broad distribution - Debian clones and Redhat clones. On the Debian side there's Ubuntu. On the Redhat side there's CentOS, Fedora, Oracle, etc.\n\nEach uses a different package management system (Apt for Debian clones, RPM for Redhat clones). For professionals, I recommend getting to know both. For professionals, it's highly beneficial to learn to navigate and administer a Linux system from the command line only as the majority of server installations will not have a GUI. While there is a steep learning curve for command line administration of a Linux system, the dividends are well worth it; from Linux system administrators on the low end ($50-60k) to engineers on the high end ($100-300k) ",
"Whichever distro you use, you're going to need to fix a bunch of him shit as you go along. That's the Linux experience. There are definitely a lot of similarities across distros (ie some online guides for fixing things will work across several) but there are lots of differences too. Different distros, primarily, have different levels of documentation associated with them. \n\nFor this reason, I'd pick ubuntu. If you ask how to do something on Linux, the first answer will be how to do it on Ubuntu. For this reason, I would highly recommend it as the default distro for any level of newcomer to the system, or even anyone fairly well versed in *nix. ",
"I don't really have much experience on Linux distros outside Debian derivatives, and even there I've mostly used just Ubuntu. But for what it's worth, Ubuntu I've found is extremely good.\n\nLinux distros have Desktop behavior in a sorta separate package than the rest of system functionality. This Desktop environment is the biggest piece of user interface that you'll deal with, and choosing it well will impact how much your experience resembles Windows or anything else you might desire. Ubuntu comes by default with Unity, and it is dividing people pretty hard, some hate it, some love it, some think it's okay.\n\nFrom the little I've tested OS X, the overall design of Unity seems quite similar to Apple products, but recently Windows 8 and 10 have started to move towards similar use pattern.\n\nIn ye Olde Days KDE was desktop environment to go for if you wanted Windows aesthetic on Linux. I don't know if that's still true. There are plenty of other choices as well, someone else is sure to recommend them. I however say you should give Unity a shot. Many people like it.",
"Set up a virtual machine and go nuts. Easier for trying them before fucking around with your computer.\n\nIf it's your first time trying a Linux distro, install one of the most heard of/popular ones first (e.g. Ubuntu or mint). Force yourself to use it as much as possible (start up your computer, start the virtual machine and stay in it). You'll try and do things and it'll force you to look up how to do it. You'll get a feel for how things work in the Linux world.\n\nYou can then start exploring other distros. They are basically just combinations of features that people prefer or built for a specific application in mind. They range from resource hogging heavily customized monsters to bare minimum where you can just add what you want.",
"It isn't even a worthwhile question. Just try live CDs or USB installs. Its so easy to install and change it up you can try 4,5,7 or more. \n\nMy advice is stay with deb package management because rpm is slow and breaky.\n\nKDE user environment is like a BMW: lots of tools and softwares ready to go.\nGnome user environment is more like what people expect when they think Linux.\nXfce,lxde is for you small laptop(smaller screens yet still productive) or low system resources.\n\nLook for distros that have the GUI and package mgmt system you want, be it RPM or Deb.",
"Lots of good info here already, just one more caveat.\n\nSometimes one distro will work really well on one system (like my husband's laptop) and yet be inexplicably screwy & twitchy on a nearly identical system (mine). \n\nWe use different distros now; I've got Mint and love it.",
"I'd say different distros have different \"features\". You should know which features you like and select the distro that fits your needs best. It might be hard to choose the right features when you have no experience, so you really should test a few live-cds or virtual machines and findout about the features.\n\nIn general a \"distro\" is the Linux kernel, plus a package management system, plus a Desktop, plus preinstalled software.\n\n* Rolling release vs release cycle\nA rolling release always updates itself to the current fully update version of the distro. There are no version numbers for the distro. There is no new version at all. You install and after that you would not need to reinstall ever (if nothing goes wrong). Distros with a release cycle issue new versions of the distro from time to time. Usualy every 6 months. You can upgrade from release to release but it means more hassle than with a rolling distro.\n\n* Desktop flavour\nThere is no standard Linux desktop (the GUI you see when using the system). There are many different flavours of desktops available. Most distros concentrate on choosing one of them and optimizing it as good as possible. You should choose a distro whit a desktop you like. There are distros with no default desktop as well - you can install any desktop in general but they won't be optimized, you have to do the work.\n\n* Package management\nSoftware usualy comes in \"packages\" for linux. Most distros have their own package \"repository\" from where you can install software and get updates. There are different package managemnt systems available for Linux. The most popular are apt and rpm but there are other distros where you install every package from source code for example. As package managemnt is a very basic component of your distro you should like your distros system.\nAlso the number of packages available is very different from distro to distro.\n\n* Preinstalled Software\nDistros come with default preinstalled software packages like browsers and others programs. You should choose a distro that suits your needs. There are very specialised distros for example for audio editing oder security. There are even distros that don't bring any preinstalled software at all. \n\n* Commercial distros vs. \"free distros\"\nThere are distros which are backed by companies. There are other distros run by the community only. It depends on your taste if you want to have maximum independance from commercial institutions or not.\n\n* Communities\nEvery distro comes with it's own friendly or not so friendly, large or small userbase community. Check the forums and subreddits for your distro of choice to see if you like the tone and have the technical knowledge to participate.\n\n\n\nAbout your specific questions:\n\n\n How do you chose?\n See above\n\n Which distro is an easy transition for a Win7 user?\n Probably Mint\n\n Are there different (preferred) distros for programmers/IT professionals?\n Arch, Debian, RedHat. Gentoo for the crazy ones.\n\n Which distro has best options for mainstream games?\n Every Distro that runs Steam, has wine and brings support for closed source ATI/NVidia drivers\n\n Which distro is the god amongst distros?\n There is no such thing as a \"godly\" distro. It all depends on your personal prefernces.\n I use and like Arch on my personal Desktop and use Debian Stable for servers.\n",
"I've seen a lot of straightforward recommendations for distros by name and/or express focus without many rules of thumb for figuring out the one you're comfortable with, so while it may be a late response I think asking yourself these questions may help you narrow it down.\n\n\nHow comfortable am I learning how to do things 'under the hood'?\n---\nAn important part of the linux philosophy is putting a lot of power at your fingertips as immediately as possible. It's a little bit intimidating to users who aren't familiar with the idea because if you run into small problems, the way to solve them is opening a terminal and punching in commands. There's not much in the way of frills or fancy interface when it comes to solving many problems- it's part of the mentality shared by those who rely on linux ('let me pop the hood and look'). The good news is a good distro is held up and supported by the quality and friendliness of its community, and there's almost always somewhere you can go to ask questions, as long as you're patient and polite. No matter which distro you go with, they all share this level of power from a terminal- but some do a better job of abstracting you from the inner workings if that makes you more comfortable. The answer to this particular question is the basis of a lot of recommendations you're getting: **Ubuntu and Mint** focus on familiar visual experiences and are willing to make small compromises in ground-up configurability in order to appeal to a lot of users who want a pre-made environment with working (often proprietary) drivers without a lot of typing commands. **Debian** is a bit further back- it assumes you'll be more comfortable setting things up from the terminal before you worry about visual interface, and that way you get to make many more personal choices about exactly which programs handle which task for you and how your system looks. Distros like **Arch or Gentoo** make absolutely no assumptions and drop you right into a terminal, and rely on their extensive documentation to help you one step at a time toward fully understanding your system. And of course there's also distros that largely don't concern themselves with even having a visual side, like **CentOS** and any other distro with a sysadmin focus.\n\nHow easily can I navigate the documentation for my distro?\n---\nCrazy important, and the biggest reason you see these particular distro names being dropped frequently. The best sign of a good distro with a healthy community, ideological differences aside, is how much thorough and up-to-date documentation is available for it. The best distros often have documentation that's so good you can solve issues with other distros using them. So far as I'm concerned, the undisputed king of this field is Archlinux- because of how much emphasis Arch has on configuration, its documentation is incredibly extensive and very often can tell you things that apply to all distros and multiple programs- and also the level of hardware support Arch has on a machine. Ubuntu also has a great repository of questions and answers that can often help with issues related to Mint (based on Ubuntu) or Debian (which Ubuntu is based on) as well. No matter your solution, do your research before trying a distro out. Make sure any wikis or forums they have are up to date, that they have a fairly active IRC channel, just generally make sure any questions you have can be easily answered.\n\nHow do I feel about proprietary software?\n---\nYou're moving over from windows so while this may be familiar, it's probably not as extreme to you as it is to some of us. Linux is built on the entire idea of open source and contributing back to the community, decades in that idea has paid the community back over and over again. What's a little more of a common divide amongst linux users is the place of proprietary blobs (hardware drivers). Proprietary drivers mean your hardware is gonna work as intended, at the expense that many purists want the source code open so they can build on it and keep it relevant, as well as audit it and make sure it's behaving exactly as intended. Some distros emphasize source code and compiling your own software over premade binaries, and others are agnostic to your choice. It's just something worth looking into. You mentioned games and generally your GPU is going to need a proprietary driver if you want to keep up to speed at all, so that choice is pretty much made for you in this case.\n\nHow do I want to manage packages (programs)?\n---\nOne of the big differences between major distros is their approach to package management/installing programs. Some of them emphasize compiling your own from source so it's as optimal as possible, others try and automatically grab any package dependencies for you, and still others will just make a copy of any dependencies so you don't have to worry about programs being linked together so much and potentially causing conflicts, but you make a disk space sacrifice for that (Ubuntu is heading that way). Then there's the distros that don't really put package management at the forefront and just give you rpm files or tarball files (.tar.gz) and expect you to put programs wherever you want and keep track. If you're planning on using Ubuntu or the like, you'll want to learn about Debian's package management software, apt-get. If you're looking at Arch, you want to learn about pacman. If you're going to really take a hardcore leap and try out gentoo, learn about portage and the emerge command (it's basically sorcery, you can use 'emerge --world' to update every program on your system at once- as long as you compile all the programs yourself and learn the arcane language of cflags). This is more of concern if you're already familiar with linux and jumping to another distro, so for your first transition it's just a small question to keep in mind and look into.\n\n > Are there different (preferred) distros for programmers/IT professionals?\n\nYes!\n...which one? I mean there's a lot of distros and some are for sysadmin tasks, some webserver stability or virtualized environments, etc. If you're programming you have pretty much universal options since one of the things almost all distros have in common is some port of the GNU toolchain for compiling stuff.\n\nIf you have further questions those of us in /r/linux4noobs would be happy to answer them.",
"Try some distros for yourself by using livedisks, in that way you wont feel like missing something from a \"wrong decision\" "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop",
"http://core0.staticworld.net/images/idge/imported/article/itw/2014/02/12/linux-beards-100520051-orig.jpg"
],
[],
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"http://www.ubuntu.com/",
"https://www.debian.org/",
"https://getfedora.org/",
"http://linuxmint.com/"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.opensuse.org/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.linuxliveusb.com/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
25lamw
|
why is it that when i start to rub my eyes, they just continue to get itchier?
|
It seems that the longer I rub my eyes, the more itchy they get. I can never satisfy he itch completely and have to force myself to just stop.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25lamw/eli5_why_is_it_that_when_i_start_to_rub_my_eyes/
|
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"Because when you rub your eyes, presumably with your hands or fingers, you're putting dirt, oil, and germs into your eyes making them more irritated. Next time use something clean like a napkin or tissue.",
"Usually you get something your allergic to on your face from your hands, and then from your face to your eyes, you could also get it from your hands to your eyes, regardless, its probably coming from something on your hands. Therefore, rubbing your eyes only puts more of what your allergic to into your eyes, making it itch more. \n\nWhat i do is first wash your hands extra good, next take some toilet paper and ball it up and get it wet (right after your hands are cleaned, do not touch anything else) then use that to itch your eyes, it works good but can make your eyes sore...and if you get what ever your allergic to on your hands, and therefore on the toilet paper, it will make it alot worse.\n\nThe best thing to do is to go to your local store, find some allergy eye drops and put it in the moment you feel the first itch...works every time",
"Because you are sanding your corneas with whatever is irritating them to begine with. Stop rubbing your eyes like your momma always told you. If they really bug you, use eye drops or wash them out with saline solution, or rub very, vey gently."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3gm4mh
|
how can school administrators bypass the fourth amendment to legally search students and their vehicle without their consent?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gm4mh/eli5_how_can_school_administrators_bypass_the/
|
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"They're not. The lockers in your school are school property, you're just borrowing them. They can search them anytime they want. And many places reserve the right to search vehicles on their property. If you park off school property, then they have no leg to stand on. ",
"The 4th amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizure. \n\nCourts have ruled that, in the interest of public safety, it is reasonable to subject vehicles, bags and persons to search on school grounds.\n\nYou can disagree with the interpretation, but that is the legal justification for it.",
"Its important to note, as a student in the United States Education system (1st grade through 12th) you pretty much have no legal rights just personal rights"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ay1eu
|
how come nicotine is allowed in cigarettes, but there doesn't seem to be any foods with it in?
|
I've always wondered why food companies don't (or are not allowed to) put nicotine in food?
Is there a specific law about this (and if so, why does it not apply to cigarettes?)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ay1eu/eli5_how_come_nicotine_is_allowed_in_cigarettes/
|
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"Actually, there are many foods with nicotine in; tomatoes, for example contain nicotine as a natural pesticide.\n\nNicotine, in doses you'd get from tobacco or ejuice, is very toxic when ingested.",
"You don't \"put nicotine\" into the tobacco, it's there naturally. In fact a lot of other plants and vegetables have naturally occurring nicotine in them, too. Tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant ect ect \n\nUnless you are talking about lacing food with it secretly ",
"Tobacco plants naturally create nicotine as a type of herbal pesticide. People discovered long ago that smoking it has an effect on humans.\n\nNicotine is highly toxic. It's a very dangerous substance, 50-60mg will kill an adult. That's about 8 drops.\n\nSo, the moral is, it's a very dangerous poison and no one is dumb enough to put it in food. Nicotine is in cigarettes specifically because that's the entire point of cigarettes-to consume a plant covered in nicotine."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3t2kmi
|
backwards time travel with wormholes and exotic matter.
|
So my understanding is that if wormholes exist they would collapse under their own gravity but this could be prevented with exotic matter because it has negative gravity, thus allowing massive leaps through space via the wormhole and it would also allow for faster than light travel.I don't understand how one could use this system to go back in time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t2kmi/eli5_backwards_time_travel_with_wormholes_and/
|
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"It involves moving one end of the wormhole at near light speed. This creates a time displacement between the two ends. One end will be older than the other. You travel forward on time in one direction and backward through time in the other, but you can only go as far back as the creation point of the wormhole.",
"Any type of FTL travel or communication would violate laws of causality, which are pretty fundamental to our understanding of ANYTHING in the universe in which we exist.\n\nEven so, if a gateway to the past were to be created, it would destroy itself instantaneously due to an infinite feedback loop. (Similar to holding a microphone too close to a speaker, but much worse)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3jycwo
|
how does marijuana help against anxiety?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jycwo/eli5_how_does_marijuana_help_against_anxiety/
|
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"The social aspect. I have made a lot of friends looking for, hustling and smoking weed. Meeting new people while finding new sources for it. Also pot kind of allows you able to ignore your problems. However this can lead to never solving them and even having a twisted view on them.",
"Basically it makes you not give a fuuuuuuck. For some people it causes anxiety though, I know some that quit because of it. For me weed gives me anxiety about the things I actually should be anxious about, stuff I push to the back of my mind but is important and needs to be solved. At the same time I don't care at all about the bullshit.",
"For me anxiety is like a knife, and when i smoke that knife becomes dull and doesnt hurt as much. And dont mix anxiety with normal problems. Anxiety is fear of something you dont know what is. And the things you know is a problem is just you beeing worried. Sorry for wierd english. Norwegian ent reporting",
"Id love to give you a science based answer but all I have is anecdotal. It slows my thinking to a linear pattern instead of going off on every possible tangent at the same time having around 10 different thought trains going at the same time in my head. When I step back and look at everything step by step, one at a time problems become easy to solve, or easy to see they are not really problems at all. Things can be fixed. Also one thought at a time it slows me down enough to see how beautiful each and every thing around me is and how I just keep rushing around, racing and panicking over nothing, or at least nothing that can be helped. I get lots of anxiety in social situations too. It loosesens me up and I stop over-anylizing everything everyone says or does, including my own.",
"Going to try my best here to sum it up, however, there are many factors to be considered (strain, delivery method, temperature of preparation, CBD vs THC content... to name a few)\n\nThere are two main strains of the plant, sativa and indica, each having it's own inherent effects. \n\nSativa heavy strains produce a cerebral high, invoking more creativity and uplifting feelings. This strain has been theorized to relieve symptoms of depression, fatigue, mood disorders... etc. \n\nIndica heavy strains will produce a full body high that's very relaxing. Generally, people who smoke too much can experience a \"couch-lock\" effect, where they don't want to move from where they are. This full body relaxing feeling is what is assumed to reduce anxiety, insomnia, pain, muscle spasms... etc.\n",
"i had major general anxiety, social anxiety and panic disorder as a kid. When I started smoking weed daily at the age of 13, it basically cured my anxiety issues. now, at 29, my anxiety has returned pretty dramatically in the form of major existential crises and inability to cope with mortality and aging. anyway, my therapist tells me that i use cannabis as a \"transitional object\" but that it has now stopped providing the comfort it once did. \n\ncannabis and other recreational drugs, especially psychedelics, tend to amplify pre-existing feelings and moods. so they can do different things for different people, depending on the set, setting and psyche. so your mileage may vary, but that's how it went for me.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_object"
]
] |
||
5w3weo
|
why is it so hard to correctly plug in usb devices the first time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5w3weo/eli5_why_is_it_so_hard_to_correctly_plug_in_usb/
|
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"Because you've got a 1 in 2 chance of being correct and the USB gods tip that to more like 1 in 50",
"Because like most of us, you have either broken a USB port or broken a USB cable forcing it in the wrong way. So now you are extra paranoid which causes you to abandon your first attempt, even though it may be correct, for fear you have it wrong and are about to break something. So you turn it around and find it also will not go in that way.\n\nNow here is where it gets tricky. So now you bring it back to the original position and try again. Two things can happen here, either it goes in smoothly and your third attempt is successful or you once again paranoid out and try it the other way again. Now, sometimes on this fourth try, it will go in smoothly, meaning you were wrong last time you tried it or it once again will not go in and you try your original position.\n\nAt this point you are gaining confidence that this must be the correct way and you push it just a tad harder at which point it either magically slides in with no resistance, or you break the USB port or cable again.\n\nThe other possibility is that it will not go in either way at which point you get frustrated, scream WTF!!!, and some 6 year old kid comes up and plugs it in for you because they are not paranoid and don't care if they break it.",
"We pay more attention when we get it wrong on the first try. \n\nIt's a straight 50/50 shot, but it's way more annoying when we get it wrong on the first try. At the end of a given time period you might have had 10 \"successes\" and 10 \"failures\" but you'd only notice the failures. ",
"Pro tip: It's written in the USB Spec that manufacturers must put the USB logo on the plug and that it faces up. Look at the wire first to see which is up and you won't have this problem again. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5zgavg
|
brit redditors can you explain how villages and planning commissions work in the u.k.? how restricted is new construction etc?
|
I have decided to change careers and go into architectural preservation and recently I started watching Escape to the Country on Netflix because of the amazing English country architecture. There hardly seems to be a "new" house on the show and they often talk about "planning permission". Just curious, thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5zgavg/eli5_brit_redditors_can_you_explain_how_villages/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dexwdhw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"In order to build a new house, or even significantly alter an existing one, you need ask the relevant local council for planning permission. You file detailed plans of what you want to build, and they're considered by the council according to their \"development plan\" in place giving general guidelines. The plans are also made public so neighbours (and anyone) can object if they want. Then the plan is either accepted or declined. If accepted there may be conditions - typically the acceptance is only valid for a few years, for example.\n\nIt's also possible to get 'outline' planning permission which is more general, and can then give the developers some confidence to go ahead with making detailed plans.\n\nIf the relevant local council, influenced by their voters, has chosen to restrict development to preserve the village as it is and stop a bunch of new houses popping up everywhere then that accounts for the lack of such new houses.\n\nI believe the closest US analogy would be zoning. However I don't know if US zoning laws require the same per-building specific approval that UK planning does.\n\nWhat if you go ahead and build without planning permission? Well some minor changes don't need it. If it did, you can apply retroactively and hope you get it, but if the council says no then they can legally demand you undo whatever you did. In other words, to demolish the house you just built! Refuse to comply and you can be put in jail. Basically, planning permission is Serious Business.\n\nThere was a widely publicised case in which a farmer built a house and disguised it as a haystack, trying to exploit a rule where the building's exempted from planning permission if it stands for four years without the council objecting. The council countered that the building had not been truly completed until the surrounding hay bales were removed. The case went through the courts and multiple appeals until in 2016 the building, which would probably have been worth over £1 million, was demolished.\n\nOn a final note, many houses in Britain *are* old simply because the country as a whole is old and has grown less rapidly. Since 1900 the UK population hasn't even doubled whereas the US population has more than quadrupled. Even with the Second World War bombings, still today 1 in 5 UK homes was built before 1919."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1y9tfz
|
why do computer games tend to crash if you tab out during a loading screen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1y9tfz/eli5_why_do_computer_games_tend_to_crash_if_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfill80"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"You'll find that more common in games that are played \"full screen\" and not in any form of window. Full screen games are sending instructions to the video card (yes, I know, it's abstracted, this is ELI5), and expecting to have the video card take care of business and report back.\n\nIf you alt-tab out during a loading screen, the game no longer has control of the screen, and the video card isn't going to do what the game says, until it gets control back. During loading screens, what it was supposed to do was set up the whole screen from scratch.\n\nIf the game/engine are properly written, they'll handle that process smoothly. Otherwise, one or the other will misunderstand what's happening, go crazy during the unexpected delays, and explode.\n\nThat shouldn't happen in windowed games, even \"full screen windows\" games, because the game is only telling the window what to do, and Windows is good at windows."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1xa2t2
|
why is processed food "bad" for you?
|
Sometimes there aren't many other options for a large section of the population, whether due to affordability or other reasons.
Additionally, how can we make healthier processed food choices?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xa2t2/eli5_why_is_processed_food_bad_for_you/
|
{
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"cf9gzgr",
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"text": [
"Certain processed foods are bad for you because of high salt, sugar(or artificial sweeteners), preservatives, food dyes and other chemicals that can be present in it. \n\nI tend to think one of the easier ways processed foods can be healthier is removing the dyes. I could care less how colorful my food is. Maybe use healthier alternatives for ways to preserve the food. Less chemicals. Fewer ingredients. ",
"Also, be careful with the term \"processed food.\"\n\n_URL_0_",
"When food is \"processed\" it generally means that it is altered in someway in between its source and when you consume it. Many foods we eat today are \"processed\". \n\nJuice is processed by taking fruits and removing the fiber (solid bits). The fiber in fruit is like a natural constraint. eg. it would be tough to eat 10 apples, but easy to drink 10 apples worth of juice. The juice is calorie dense compared to the fruit making it easy to over consume and gain weight. Milk and juices are often pasteurized, pasteurization, the heating of liquids to kill bacteria, being the process they were subjected to. So its tough to generalize and say all processed food its bad for you. It really depends on the process its self. \n\nHigh fructose corn syrup is the result of processed corn products (glucose) that result in the sweet maple like syrup that they put in everything (fructose). Corn syrup isn't necessarily bad for you in small quantities, but it is very calorie dense. So eating large quantities will result in weight gain. \n\nWhite bread is also a processed food. They process the wheat by removing the tough outer shell of the wheat where all the nutrients and fiber are found. You end up getting all the calories from carbohydrates without any of the fiber or nutrients, and often people refer to this as \"empty calories\". \n\nTL;DR all processed foods aren't necessarily bad for you and it depends on the process and your diet as a whole.\n\nEdit: Clarified a few things. ",
"There's a lot of reasons why this kind of thinking is out there. It's not that processed food is inherently bad, they just have a different mindset than your grandmother.\n\nYou're mass producing food in a factory setting. Mass production involves minimizing costs, maximizing outputs, and creating a product that works. The mindset turns into what can you get away with to cut costs. Think about manufacturing a... camera, how would you go about making it as cheaply as possible without sacrificing reliability or quality?\n\nNow try making a cheeseburger with the same mindset. They're both edible but... well you'd probably prefer one of them if you knew which was which wouldn't you?\n\nYou also really don't know how it was prepared, how it was gathered... and what's actually in it. Even labels can be remarkably deceptive.\n\nLet's just look at beef. You wouldn't really think much could go wrong with that right? The USDA defined beef as a product that contains 40% beef in 2012, and I don't think they changed it.\n\nWhat the remaining 60% is depends on where you're getting it. Maybe it's more beef, *but it doesn't have to be*.\n\nTaco Bell has its own ingredient list here for their seasoned beef _URL_0_\n\nIt's ok if you don't recognize some of the ingredients, some of them require some chemistry knowledge. Silicon Dioxide is a lot like dihydrogen monoxide, people have a different name for it. Dihydrogen monoxide is water, Silicon Dioxide is sand. It's hardly poisonous, and most food has it despite your best efforts to avoid it. There's enough here though to merit it as an ingredient. Which is... troubling...",
"First, not all processed foods are worse than all whole foods. For the purposes of this argument, when I talk about processed foods, I'm talking about the kind of thing that comes in a package, has a really long unpronounceable ingredient list, and a functionally infinite shelf life. You know the stuff I mean.\n\nAs with all things relating to bodies and nutrition, there will be disagreement.\n\n1. Processed foods often contain excessive concentrations of salt and/or fat and/or sugar. These ingredients are added to mask the effects of the preservatives/texturizers/emulsifiers/dyes, and to \"add back\" flavor that was lost in the processing. Each of these ingredients (in excess) can have detrimental physical effects, but consuming them in unnatural proportions/quantities can throw off your body's ability to gauge its energy/food levels, which can lead to overeating.\n2. Processing often removes elements of a food that are otherwise beneficial- e.g. the skin of an apple contains lots of soluble fiber, phytonutrients, and other good stuff, but gets stripped away and discarded for most processed foods.\n3. Many chemicals can be introduced in food processing to add flavor, texture, color, aroma, shelf life, etc., and these can often have real (or imagined) side effects. Olestra, for example, can give you diarrhea, and make it difficult for your body to absorb other nutrients. Nitrites, used in cured meats (the original processed food) are associated with some carcinogens.",
"It's not so much that it's processed food, it the quantity of which foods are consumed. Processed foods are cheap, easy to prepare, have a long shelf life, and are loaded with sugars and fats (to compensate for the changes necessary to make the product shelf stable). Because of that, people (especially on the lower end of the economic scale) tend to eat far more of these foods both in quantity and in frequency. This means they're consuming more calories, sugar, fat, cholesterol, and sodium to feel the same amount of full as they would on a more 'natural' diet. \n\nTo make 'better' processed food choices, eat less and drink more water. Pay attention to how many calories you're consuming each day. Get some frozen vegetables and eat them often (frozen vegetables are second only to farm fresh and second day farmer's market fresh vegetables in terms of nutrients). Juice is good, but in smaller quantities. \n\nSource: I'm married to a food scientist. If you want more details or references, I've got plenty. ",
"Processing usually strips foods of nutrients while adding in preservatives, a ton of salt, and other stuff that usually isn't too good for you.",
"This will probably get me a million downvotes, but processed food is not bad for you. In fact, most of what humans have eaten for several hundred thousand years has been processed before eating.\n\nIf you had an organic, free-range egg for breakfast, it was processed. If you had organic, non-additive, non-GM oatmeal, ditto. In fact, there are damn few things we eat that are not processed in some way.\n\nWhat makes a food good or bad is what's in it and how it's processed. If you fry your own chicken instead of getting it at KFC, it's just as unhealthy. If you buy a salad at McDonald's, it's probably healthier than the one you make at home--better washed, for one thing. It does help to read the labels and to know what stuff does. Silicon dioxide, for example, is generally used to keep salt and other foods from clumping; if sand is an ingredient in your food, that's likely where it came from. \n\nYou can eat a perfectly healthy diet on nothing but fast, processed food, or packaged foods, or whatever, so long as you keep track of how much of what you consume. No matter what you eat, if you keep sodium to 1500 mg/da, keep fat calories down to 25%-30%, keep sugars down, etc., you'll do OK. On the other hand, a diet of 2000 Kcal/da of natural starches, fats and fiber, and nothing else will kill you; for example, look up \"macrobiotic diet.\"\n\nI guess that for food and practically everything else, it boils down to RTFM.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATAZrRfebiw&feature=player_detailpage#t=67"
],
[],
[
"http://www.tacobell.com/nutrition/ingredientstatement"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
d7g3mi
|
how does a stirling engine works?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d7g3mi/eli5_how_does_a_stirling_engine_works/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f0zr6xw"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Hot stuff wants to take up more space than cold stuff. If you put something that changes volume a lot based on temperature, like a gas, and put it into a container and don't give it anywhere to go and then heat it up, it will push on that container to try to take up more space. If you make that container able to expand - with, say, a piston - it will push on it and force it to expand.\n\nIf you then cool that gas off, it will contract. Again, with nowhere to go and not able to pull in additional gas to fill the empty space, the gas will just take up less space. The pressure outside of the container will be greater than the pressure inside, so the [hotter] outside air will push on the outside of the container and squeeze it. The air outside is *always* pushing on the piston, it's just that the hot gas inside is pushing harder, until it cools down and then isn't pushing harder.\n\nAnd heat will go from where it is to where it is not.\n\nSo what you do is add a heat source (like a flame) on one side of a chamber with a piston in it, and a small opening next to the flame. As the piston moves back, it sucks hot air into the chamber, and then closes the hole so that air can't get in or out. The hot air is now taking up all of the space it can inside of the chamber, with the piston all the way back and the chamber as big as possible. The hot air heats up the walls of the chamber, which in turn heat up the air around the outside of the chamber. This is helped along by heat sink fins that increase the surface area so more outside air comes into contact with the hot metal of the chamber.\n\nThe air inside the piston is now less hot than it was. As a result, it wants to contract and take up less space inside the chamber, and does. Since the chamber is closed, no new air can fill that empty space. Instead, the air outside of the engine is pushing harder and so it pushes the piston back inward, squeezing the space inside the chamber, and squeezing the air inside. Squeezing *would* heat the air back up, but instead the hole opens up and the warmish air is pushed out of the chamber.\n\nThe piston is attached to a flywheel which holds onto the momentum of the piston and keeps it moving. So the piston starts pulling back out again, which sucks in more hot air from right above the flame. The hole closes again, and the whole cycle repeats until a force is applied to stop it or the flame stops.\n\nMore efficient stirling engines don't just get rid of the warmish air, but move air around through multiple chambers, sometimes with multiple pistons that extract as much of the heat from the air as possible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3mtmba
|
how do cast of "jackass" survive all their stunts without a scratch?
|
Especially those seen in their movies. I mean, come on. They get tazed, stabbed, slashed, crushed and sometimes beaten severely. How come they have practically zero deformities?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mtmba/eli5how_do_cast_of_jackass_survive_all_their/
|
{
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"cvhyuvt",
"cvhyyr3",
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],
"score": [
7,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"They didn't survive without a scratch. I can remember at least one episode where Bam ended up breaking something. They even filmed it when the doc was showing the X-Ray.\n\nOne of them had a tooth pulled by a fucking car. That's a bit of a scratch. ",
"Pretty sure they get a few scratches, broken limbs, torn ligaments, etc. But the human body is pretty tough.\n\nWe live in a very safe, physical-risk-averse culture; its easy to over-estimate how dangerous many things are. On the other hand, freak accidents *can* happen- rarely. Sometimes people survive falling crazy heights, sometimes people die from a 4 foot fall (rarely).\n\nBut young, fit guys, tazering eachother's nutsacks-the main risk is to their dignity.",
"Johnny destroyed his dick. I remember hearing that he did so much damage to it that he passes through a tube and can't get it up. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
81em9m
|
why is english the most universally accepted language in the world if it's the third most spoken one?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/81em9m/eli5_why_is_english_the_most_universally_accepted/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dv2lftm",
"dv2li2d",
"dv2lmyt"
],
"score": [
8,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Because the British Empire was the most powerful force in the world for many years. It became the standard language for trade because the biggest navy, most powerful army & largest trading fleets used them. Then, America became the doming social, political, economic & military force in the world due to the World Wars.\n\nA language becomes popular because the people you want to speak to use it, not because of how many people speak it.",
"\"Accepted language\" has to do with economic incentives, historical priority (\"lock in\" effects), and power centers, not total number of speakers. Similar reason to how European scholarship was dominated by Latin long after the language ceased to be used in day to day conversation.",
"Primarily because of English colonization and the overwhelming pressure of American and British culture and business in other countries. It poses a strategic value to European nations who can more easily communicate and coordinate between one another than they would be able to if they relied on interpreters (though that is definitely still a much more valued and respected field in Europe than in the US).\n\nMandarin is obviously the most spoken language by number of native speakers, but most of those speakers are concentrated in China specifically, and unless you plan on moving there, have business dealings there, or work a government job that requires it, there's no reason to learn it necessarily. \n\nSpain obviously had a rather large global influence, several hundred years ago. But that influence did not endure like the American and British influence."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2th24b
|
if radiation is considered harmful, then why do we use it to treat sick people?
|
It's used in chemo generally just to further elaborate.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2th24b/eli5_if_radiation_is_considered_harmful_then_why/
|
{
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"cnyzaje",
"cnyzcb9",
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"cnyzea1"
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7,
3,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Because it can kill cells, specifically cancerous cells and stop them from spreading without amputation, although it does kill good cells along with it which is why you'll generally see a decline in health, but beating cancer is top priority. ",
"It's used because it is harmful. Radiation will destroy any cell through various processes (burning, cancer, simply making them different enough to be attacked as foreign objects) and if we can localise radiation to only bad cells, such as cancer cells, then we have a literal weapon against cancer",
"First of all, chemotherapy and radiation treatment are two different things. However, they share a common goal, because they're both very dangerous (chemotherapy involves an IV drip of what is, essentially, poison).\n\nSee, cancer is very hard to treat, because the cancer is composed of your own cells that have gone out of control. So the goal of both chemotherapy and radiation treatment is to kill the cancer faster than the chemo/radiation kills *you*.\n\nChemotherapy involves chemicals that are especially deadly to quickly-dividing cells, which tends to be the case for cancer cells. It's *also* the case for hair follicles, which is why people lose their hair when they're undergoing chemotherapy.\n\nRadiation therapy involves focusing radiation from multiple directions to converge on the tumor, thus irradiating the tumor more than the surrounding tissue.",
"Radiation is used *because* it's harmful. They very carefully aim the radiation to try and get as few healthy cells as possible, but still kill as much of the cancer as possible. Hopefully you don't die before the cancer does.\n\nChemotherapy works similarly. The chemical cocktail kills cancer cells slightly more effectively than it kills healthy cells. Hopefully you don't die before the cancer does.\n\n(cancer is depressing)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
zubbd
|
cuts of meat?
|
What are the differences? Why do I care?
Primarily I'm thinking Beef, but I'm up for a break down of Pork as well.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zubbd/eli5_cuts_of_meat/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c67smo9"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"It's where on the cow or pig the meat comes from. It's going to determine if it's white meat or red meat, as well as how tender it is, how much 'marbling' (fat within the meat) there is, and whether there is fat/bone/gristle around the meat.\n\nIt's going to affect the price, as well as how you prepare it. Some parts will be tough, others tender. Some will be juicy, others dry. Some will be fatty, others lean. \n\nMore desirable cuts sell at a higher price. Different cuts are cooked differently to accentuate their strengths and mask their weaknesses. For instance, barbecue originated as a method for making extremely cheap cuts of meat (lots of fat and gristle) more palatable, by cooking slowly and using sauce on it. Another is filet mignon, which has very little marbling, is often cooked with a strip of bacon wrapped around it (which has a lot of fat) to prevent the filet mignon from becoming too dry. Brisket is usually slow-cooked to make it extra tender. You'll want to find the best way to cook whatever cut you buy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
38poou
|
why does heat make the effect of capsaicin, stuff in chilis that makes it hot, worse?
|
My tongue is burning as I type this up and the question crossed my mind. So, basically, if I eat something spicy, drinking hot tea makes it worse, why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38poou/eli5_why_does_heat_make_the_effect_of_capsaicin/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crwtm77",
"crwtngk"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Capsaicin, more or less, works by tricking your body's temperature detectors into thinking they're burning hot when they're actually not.\n\nWater or other drinks help wash the capsaicin away, which is why drinking generally does help, but if you drink something very hot, you're stimulating those already overstimulated temperature detectors even further.",
"With heat, chemical reactions occur more quickly, and the oils that after carry capsaicin become less viscous.\n\nHigh temperature gets the spicy to your tongue faster, and makes your tongue register it faster."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3nxnvp
|
why are the perpertrators of mass shootings in us are predominantly white men?
|
[Here](_URL_0_) is a list of all shootings going all the way back to 1984. I see only one woman, and about six non-white shooters.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nxnvp/eli5_why_are_the_perpertrators_of_mass_shootings/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvs7uti"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"As 77.7% of Americans are white. \n\nNow go through that list and see if it is still disproportionate. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://timelines.latimes.com/deadliest-shooting-rampages/"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
1f01g8
|
why are there few or no electronic (as in format) commercial radio stations in the united states?
|
A lot of electronic artists (Moby, Fatboy Slim, Thievery Corporation, Skrillex...as you can see I am defining "electronic" as broadly as possible) have found widespread success, so why not a whole radio station?
I've asked this to people in real life, and I hear a lot of, "Blah, blah Clear Channel monopoly etc..." Okay, not that I'm a big supporter of commercial radio, but why doesn't Clear Channel fire up a few electronic stations? I see no reason why it wouldn't be profitable, it's not (for the most part) a controversial genre like Death Metal or something, so...what gives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f01g8/eli5_why_are_there_few_or_no_electronic_as_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ca5go9l",
"ca5hn48"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"all depends on location. I live in buttfuck nowhere, michigan, theres no electronic music radio here (besides XM Radio, of course). Detroit, New York, LA, Miami, etc will probably have them though.",
"Terrestrial radio caters to the widest demographic they can find since they make their money from advertisers who want to sell their products to lots of people. Electronic music is still a niche, so it makes less economic sense to make a station just for that when a country or r & b or rock station can get you several times more listeners."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
mrcd7
|
podcasts
|
What are they, and what do I have to do to listen (watch?) them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mrcd7/eli5_podcasts/
|
{
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3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"sure, read the first 2 sentences of [this](_URL_0_) and let me know what you don't understand.\n\nAs for how to listen to them. What format does the podcast come in? usually if you get sent an rss feed, you can \"view\" it in firefox, which will provide a history of mp3s released, which you can just download and watch as normal",
"Podcasting is a cataloged version of TiVo for radio programs (Although not all podcasts are played on the radio). Download the \"episode\" you want, and listen/watch it when you wish. Since video playback became a standard feature on new iPods, there are now many video podcasts. Listen to them by visiting the \"Podcast\" section on iTunes and downloading what you want.\nPodcasts are also (generally) free; I guess paying money for a podcast would be basically buying an audiobook.",
"It is a show that gets recorded by someone then put out for others to listen to either streaming or as a download. How to get them? You can get them from iTunes, you can use RSS feeds to get them, you can often download directly from a podcasters web site or you can use an app for BlackBerry, Android etc. It is normally an MP3 so you can use a smart phone, iPod or listen on a PC.\n\n\nPersonal note: These days I only really have time for one podcast so I subscribe to SMODcast with Kevin Smith. I used to get them from iTunes but now I use an app on my BlackBerry and listen directly from the BB. Sometime I stream from the SMODcast website.",
"sure, read the first 2 sentences of [this](_URL_0_) and let me know what you don't understand.\n\nAs for how to listen to them. What format does the podcast come in? usually if you get sent an rss feed, you can \"view\" it in firefox, which will provide a history of mp3s released, which you can just download and watch as normal",
"Podcasting is a cataloged version of TiVo for radio programs (Although not all podcasts are played on the radio). Download the \"episode\" you want, and listen/watch it when you wish. Since video playback became a standard feature on new iPods, there are now many video podcasts. Listen to them by visiting the \"Podcast\" section on iTunes and downloading what you want.\nPodcasts are also (generally) free; I guess paying money for a podcast would be basically buying an audiobook.",
"It is a show that gets recorded by someone then put out for others to listen to either streaming or as a download. How to get them? You can get them from iTunes, you can use RSS feeds to get them, you can often download directly from a podcasters web site or you can use an app for BlackBerry, Android etc. It is normally an MP3 so you can use a smart phone, iPod or listen on a PC.\n\n\nPersonal note: These days I only really have time for one podcast so I subscribe to SMODcast with Kevin Smith. I used to get them from iTunes but now I use an app on my BlackBerry and listen directly from the BB. Sometime I stream from the SMODcast website."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
2qldhg
|
why is writing in third person considered better than writing in first person?
|
I have seen people say that third person writing is better than first person writing, but why is this? I'm talking about writings like novels and other books with a storyline.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qldhg/eli5_why_is_writing_in_third_person_considered/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cn75989",
"cn75b34",
"cn76mu2"
],
"score": [
4,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"It is much easier for a reader to visualize the story in third. Also when you change character for storyline it doesn't confuse the reader.",
"What does \"better\" even mean?\n\nThere are many classic and/or popular books written in both styles.",
"I'm not sure that it is. The best POV is the one that best serves the story."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6bo7wr
|
why does nausea seem to come in waves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6bo7wr/eli5_why_does_nausea_seem_to_come_in_waves/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhordi8",
"dhpinok"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"It can come in waves as the natural movement (muscle contractions of the digestive system known as peristalses) is reversed, and involuntary contractions in the walls of the stomach and esophagus force the stomach contents out",
"To throw up is generally an unhealthy action. It's normally best to keep whats in your tummy in your tummy.\n\nThrowing up is an EXTREME reaction that your body only resorts to in dire emergencies. Your tummy tries one big heave and hopes that does the trick because it doesn't want to try again...Then it pauses to re-evaluate the emergency. Did that one heave do the finish the job? Yes. Good. Not going to belch again. -OR- No, after ascertaining the situation I require more barfing. The cycle doesn't stop till it's all out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1tanxo
|
what's the difference between ironic and coincidental?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tanxo/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_ironic_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce61598",
"ce619tr"
],
"score": [
25,
5
],
"text": [
"There's multiple types of irony but the one you're referring to would mean:\n\nAn incongruity between the expected outcome and the actual outcome.\n\nCoincidence is when two or more things occur by just chance.\n\nSo Paul Walker dies in a car crash after acting in movies about racing cars is a coincidence.\n\nPresident Reagan being hit by a bullet which hit his bulletproof car and then ricocheted off it and then hit him is ironic. Why? Because the car was designed to protect him and it's actually what caused him to be shot. That's an incongruity between the expected outcome (car protects President) and what actually happened (car designed to protect the President causes bullet to hit the President).\n\nSo, is it an incongruity if you planned a wedding day and it then rained? No, because it rains sometimes. Just because you'd prefer it not to doesn't make it ironic.",
"My favorite example is the song \" Ironic\" by Alanis Morsette ( spelling*). The song is ironic because all her examples are just coincidences."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3ne9lt
|
why did they stop making jello pudding pops years ago?
|
Everyone everywhere loved them. People still want them.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ne9lt/eli5why_did_they_stop_making_jello_pudding_pops/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvn9djb",
"cvn9gjo",
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],
"score": [
13,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"The Popsicle brand licensed the name Jell-O and changed the recipe. As is often the case when a classic, beloved recipe changes, people were not happy. I had a few of these myself, and they were pretty gross. Sales dropped, never reaching the levels of the originals, and eventually (around 4 years ago) they started disappearing. \n\nIt's the same thing that's happening to Breyers ~~ice cream~~ *frozen dairy dessert* right now. There was a significant recipe change to a classic food in order to save money which has resulted in a wholly inferior product with a less enjoyable taste and texture because of lower-quality ingredients and processes. \n\nThe lesson here is this: cutting costs should not be the only consideration in food production. Jell-O Pudding Pops were a wildly successful and popular product which could have earned Popsicle a lot of money had they used the original recipe. Instead, they squandered a great opportunity for both profits and being associated with a beloved product. ",
"We used to make them using those tupperware Popsicle forms. All my mom did was make the pudding and pour it in before the pudding solidifies. Those were really good. _URL_0_",
"Once they had taken down the Soviet Union they had served their purpose:\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.amazon.com/Vintage-Tupperware-Popsicle-Natural-Sheer/dp/B005FMD47E"
],
[
"http://blog.chron.com/thetexican/2014/04/when-boris-yeltsin-went-grocery-shopping-in-clear-lake/"
]
] |
|
5gk31v
|
how the human body knows not to breath while unconscious under water
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5gk31v/eli5_how_the_human_body_knows_not_to_breath_while/
|
{
"a_id": [
"daswje7",
"daswqqq"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"It doesn't. Going unconscious after an accident in water is one of the primary ways people drown. Where did you hear that you hold your breath while unconscious in water? ",
"The human body does **NOT** know to not breathe while unconscious under water. More or less every time you have an unconscious person underwater, you're about to have a dead person in just a couple minutes.\n\nI can tell you this from firsthand knowledge, because I fell unconscious underwater and was resuscitated a few minutes later with two lungs full of water.\n\nAs a former lifeguard, I can tell you that as soon as someone passes out in the water, their bodily processes take over and someone that was just holding their breath will immediately begin breathing.\n\nThe closest thing you get to what your question asks is the [Mammalian Diving Reflex](_URL_0_), where heartbeat and blood flow are reduced to absolute minimums, and oxygenated blood is shifted to the internal organs and the brain to keep the body alive in cold water for as long as possible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_diving_reflex"
]
] |
||
5azibv
|
how does marijuana keep you relaxed if it increases your heart rate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5azibv/eli5_how_does_marijuana_keep_you_relaxed_if_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9kq3cz",
"d9kqau5",
"d9ks1or",
"d9ktq2l",
"d9kurow",
"d9kuxuj",
"d9kvwcn",
"d9kwemn",
"d9kx7uc",
"d9kxj12",
"d9kxvqp"
],
"score": [
358,
9,
65,
2,
10,
4,
11,
4,
27,
5,
2
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"text": [
"Heart rate and blood pressure only increase in the short term immediately after inhalation (which to me points to oxygen deprivation due to smoke), and actually lowers heart rate and BP as the cannabinoids hit your systems, which combined with the memory fogging effects (you forget your worries man) leads to relaxation. \n\nFurther reading, not for 5 year olds, _URL_0_\n",
"It increases because marijuana dilates your blood vessels. Your heart rate increases to compensate. ",
"Hmm this is why I can't smoke smoking makes me Freakin nervous, as well as gives me anxiety. I also can't fall asleep after smoking",
"Well it has different effects on different people. Mentally sane people who have a hard labor job and are tired and stressed might have a better reaction to weed. But someone who is stressed mentally and you know has higher anxiety over a situation it might not help. But it really just depends. Gotta try it and see how it affects you. ",
"Reading all of these comments and I disagree. When I'm high, I sometimes feels like my heart is pumping faster. ",
"There might be a lot of anxiety going into a marijuana trip (especially if it's very new to you), which can increase heart rate. I remember one time my friend and I had some edibles. It was my friends first experience with edibles and he was panicking and having anxiety attacks, because it was so new to him. Anxiety is a bitch. You might sit and wonder what's gonna happen next. My friend couldn't stop thinking \"shit, am I gonna die from this?\", so normally, his heart rate went off the roof.",
"Serious Question. I had a heart attack a year ago. I would love to trade zoloft and Ativan for medical MJ. \n\nI just had my physical and EKG, and all blood tests etc. today \neverything looks fantastic got an A+ and i workout at least 6 times a week, meditate, anti inflammatory diet, yoga, etc. bp 113/70/64\n\nHow can i switch to medical MJ for a heart failure patient with a stent.? \n\nbecause its a vasodilator i mean. what would i have to know to \ndo that? I am very motivated. \n\n",
"There are [two strains](_URL_0_): \n\n*Sativa* is the more \"active\" for your head. Laugh and notice little things in movies and music you might usually miss. \n\n*Indica* gives you more of a body buzz. Chillax and ponder deep shit. \n\nThe strains are often mixed, giving you some combination of those. \n\n",
"Whenever I smoke, due to my anxiety, my heart rate rises usually, by a noticeable rate. Yet when I smoke, I also feel relaxed. It's led me to a love/hate relationship with weed. I feel really nervous and tense one second and then next second in completely relaxed. ",
"alright.\n\ni do smoke / eat from time to time but only a few times a month @ most. but these are the facts:\n\n-don't smoke/eat too much as its uncomfortable for anyone. start out small & feel out what works for you.\n-weed makes sex better. i would write more but just trust me on this.\n-weed makes everything funnier. it does.\n-weed makes food taste better. candy or 'munchies' waaaay better. stop by a taco bell & not only is ordering funny, but the food is the best.\n-you are a nicer person on weed. the only thing in danger while smoking is that bag of doritoes on the counter.\n-the last thing you'd want to do is drive after smoking, which is the exact opposite response while drinking\n-its a weed. its cheap to grow. due to the restrictions of your government, it's expensive\n-there is no hangover. you could smoke your brains out the night before a big speech/conference, and to be honest, you'd probably be a funnier/better speaker than your dumb, sober self.\n-hanging out with stoned people is much, much better than drunks",
"Isn't that the same with alcohol?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2228270/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://patientsmarijuana.org/Sativa_or_Indica.html"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
ao9wd5
|
how do electrons move like a wave, exactly? same for photons?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ao9wd5/eli5_how_do_electrons_move_like_a_wave_exactly/
|
{
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"efzazj4",
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"efzffxs"
],
"score": [
4,
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2,
2
],
"text": [
"They don't actually \"move\" like a wave. The \"wave\" describes the probability that the electron is in a given location at a given time. The electron kinda... doesn't resolve its existence until it interacts with something.\n\nIt's wierd and I may be describing it wrong, but the wave of probability is what propagates and is yet also the electron. ",
"In very laymans terms, imagine a straw filled with beads (the beads represent electrons).\n\nNow insert a bead in one end, and a bead pops out the other end. With enough beads you'll be able to recognise a wave of beads bumping into the next one in the straw...\n\nThis is how electricity works; the transfer of an electrons energy (electric energy) from one electron to the next and the next and the next and so on!\n\nAs for photons; they can be perceived as both a wave and a particle (you'll have to bear with me on this I haven't studied this one since college!)\n\nThe double slit experiment proves photons to behave as a wave; The photoelectric effect proposed by Einstein suggests that photons are actually a string of particles.\n\nQuantum mechanics tells us photons can be both.\n\nHope this helps... it's one hell of a rabbit hole to jump down!",
"Before we start i should note, this likely wont make a ton of sense and seem sort of crazy. This is mostly because quantum mechanics does not make conventional sense. \n\nAs quantum particles move they exist as a probability wave. Areas of high energy are areas that a quantum particle is statistically likely to exist and areas of low energy are areas that the electron are not likely to exist. Until you observe the quantum particle it only exists as a set of probabilities. If you shoot a single photon towards a double slit it will go through both slits at the same time. This causing the interference pattern. Until you actually measure where the particle hits, it is just a wave of probability. Once you actually do measure where the particle is, it behaves like you would expect a particle to behave. ",
"They don't really move like classical waves if that's what you're thinking. It's that particles have some properties of waves and some properties of particles depending on how you observe and describe them. For example, If you're so inclined, google the double-slit experiment. It's a real deep dive into the crazy world of quantum mechanics. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
e097m1
|
how does the puffer fish have a voice?
|
_URL_0_
It moans when fed the carrot. Does that mean it has vocal cords? Would that imply it can breathe air?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e097m1/eli5_how_does_the_puffer_fish_have_a_voice/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f8cst0a"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"It's air escaping. Pufferfish suck water (or air in this case) into their stomachs to expand. Since it's eating, the air is escaping and making nose."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://youtu.be/wKnM_oUDg18"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
1mqqj5
|
is clear pee (not golden or yellow) a sign of good/bad health or does it have absolutely nothing to do with health?
|
I've been drinking a lot of water and began wondering what, if there is any, is lacking from clear pee (besides the color and, if my bloodhound sense of smell is correct, its characteristic odor).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mqqj5/eli5_is_clear_pee_not_golden_or_yellow_a_sign_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccbpvss"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Clear pee is good, you might be a little more hydrated than you need to be but that won't hurt you one bit save for being a bit annoying when you have to pee every hour or so. Dark urine is a sign of dehydration."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7cpbtz
|
how are people able to fast for long periods at a time yet stay healthy?
|
How are people able to fast for long periods at a time yet stay healthy? I saw something about a man fasting 365 days. How that possible if the body needs Food to survive?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7cpbtz/eli5_how_are_people_able_to_fast_for_long_periods/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dprlewp",
"dprsh23",
"dprvnm7"
],
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12,
4,
2
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"text": [
"Fasting can be a pretty flexible term, especially when used in a religious context. The people who “fast for 365 days” are eliminating a specific thing, like red meat or bread, for a specific duration, and many of them rotate that “thing” every week or month. So they say they’re fasting, but really they are going without bread for one month, then without soda for a month, then without red meat for a month, etc. This demonstrates personal determination and commitment, but it’s hardly going without food altogether. ",
"As /u/loveandsubmit points out, \"fasting\" can be very ambiguous when presented without qualifiers. What he describes is one possibility.\n\nAnother case might be when one is very obese. There is an amount of body fat that is maintained when a person is at a normal weight, but excess body fat is stored when a person overeats. So if one eats much more than they need to live, they can store a significant amount of calories/energy in the form of fat. When fasting, the body switches over to use stored fat for energy, since none is available from food. Our bodies need food for energy, but also for protein and vitamins/minerals that are necessary for maintaining body systems and rebuilding damaged tissues. So those things would be the concern for an overweight person fasting for an extended period. There was a case of a man who fasted for over a year, while monitored by doctors, in which he consumed vitamin and mineral supplements, and I think a yeast supplement? He started out over 450 pounds and lost something like 270. So his calorie needs were provided by using up body fat, and his doctors provided supplements for other necessary nutrients, particularly when they found him deficient.\n\nNormally, a person cannot go for long periods without food like that.",
"Your body can get all the energy it needs from stored fat. As long as you have an excess amount of fat, you *theoretically* never have to eat. At that point the problem becomes vitamins and minerals, which *theoretically* can be taken care of with supplements."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
85jz1q
|
why does putin go through the process of an election?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/85jz1q/eli5_why_does_putin_go_through_the_process_of_an/
|
{
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"text": [
"The illusion of choice? I doubt it's any different in the US",
"Plausible deniability is a big deal. It's one thing that \"everyone knows\" it's bull and actually being able to prove it is a whole another thing.\n\nAlso because any adverse reactions by the West can then be used as internal propaganda to reinforce the idea that the West is opposed to Russia. Us vs them mentality is a strong thing.",
"As long as there is an inkling that he hasn't become a full dictator it's much easier for him to maintain power. That inkling is all the foothold that his supporters need to fiercely defend him. As soon as that foothold is gone he would lose tons of civilian supporters as well as many political supporters.\n\nAs of now there are people that can fill up an hour on a talk show telling you how he didn't fake the election. Basically those people calm enough the populace just enough to stop any sort of action to be taken.",
"Because procedures matter. If you don’t follow the procedure your opponents have heavier arguments against your, other countries may not recognize you.\n\nApart from that you underestimate Putin’s approval among citizens of Russia. A lot of people depend on the way everything is organized now and they are afraid of any changes to order which is in place. \n\nYou’ve seen someone putting excess ballots to the ballot box. She may be doing it because of two reasons - she is coerced by another one who is afraid or she is afraid.\nIf she doesn’t put excess ballots she way lose her job for two reasons. First one - she ll be fired by the one that coerced her. Second one - she’ll be fired later because she is an unskilled teacher who violated election law every election and everyone knows it.\nSame goes to merely everyone who voted. Students are either coerced or afraid of their school being shut down as it provides no education and is there only for teachers and director to take money. \nDirector is afraid of losing his job because he wasn’t able to generate required amount of votes. At the same time he knows chances are high he shall be fired when hell breaks loose, as his students know nothing, his teachers teach nothing, and he himself is there only to take cuts from funding provided from state.\nEducation officials controlling school are coercing director as they are afraid to lose their place if they don’t provide certain votes from schools controlled from them. On the other hand they are afraid to lose their place as their work os purely fictional and they are there only to take cuts from funding provided by government.\n\nMain reason for all of this dipshit is that there is no clear point for existence of most of the population living in Russia. Most of countries revenue are generated by selling gas/oil. There are not many people involved in this industry. That money are after that distributed among population. Most of people pretend to be doing some work and produce something but in fact they are 100% dependent on government (which is currently 70 to 80 of all country’s economy). \n\nSo nearly everyone is dependent on the current state of matters. This way (if you have something to lose as most of russia’s population, who were provided free rights on private property- housing built by Soviet) people prefer to vote for things to stay the way they are and not to risk losing those tiny bits they have.",
"He goes through the process of an election because that is what their constitution requires. The laws and foundations of democratic ideals are weak enough that he can essentially rig the election but the Constitution of the Russian Federation still requires an election to occur. If he just declared himself dictator of Russia, he would be violating the constitution and lose legitimacy from the viewpoint of other nations even if he had the means to maintain power within Russia. ",
"Even other dictatorships go through the rigmarole of having sham elections -- it's a sort of running gag that any country with \"Democratic\" in its official title is not democratic (North Korea's official name, for example, is \"the Democratic People's Republic of Korea\", while East Germany was officially \"the German Democratic Republic\").\n\nThus, in North Korea, there are officially four political parties, but all their candidates must be approved by and be members of the Democratic (hah!) Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. In each voting district, there is only one name on the ballot paper, and the voter can either submit the ballot paper as is to vote for the candidate, or go into a special booth and put a line through the candidate's name to vote against. Also, voting is mandatory, and there are stiff punishments for those who don't vote. You won't be surprised to learn that in the 2014 election, officials recorded a 99.97% turnout, with all 687 seats of the Supreme People's Assembly won by Fatherland Front candidates (607 of them by the Workers' Party of Korea).\n\nSimilarly, Germany's 1936 election was contested only by the Nazi Party, which by that time was the only party legally allowed to exist. Officially, there was a 99% turnout, with 98.8% voting for the Nazis and 1.2% either not voting for the Nazis, or spoiling their ballot papers.\n\nSometimes a country may have actual political parties, but the regime rigs the elections. According to *The Guinness Book of World Records*, the most rigged election in history was the 1927 presidential election in Liberia: the winner received 243,000 votes even though only 15,000 people were actually registered to vote.\n\nCompared with all of that, the Russian presidential election was reasonably... well, not exactly *fair*, apparently, but not an obvious sham either. There are genuine opposing political parties who put up a total of eight candidates, a turnout of about 67% -- high, but not obviously faked -- and Putin won about 77% -- again, high, but not obviously faked.\n\nAlthough there were claims of forced voting and ballot stuffing, Putin genuinely enjoys a very high approval rating. That's probably down to highly effective propaganda, and Putin's tight grip on the media is certainly a factor. It appears that Putin has successfully instilled a \"siege mentality\" among the electorate: by continually propagating the line that \"the west\" is guilty of \"russophobia\", he has planted the fear of foreigners; and by taking a tough stance against foreign \"aggression\", he has presented himself as the man to deal with it.\n\nSo in fact, Putin doesn't need to do a Hitler and ban all other political parties: he uses propaganda to *persuade* people to vote for him. The people themselves think they're making an informed choice, and so aren't open to the idea that he is a dictator.\n\nWhy do old-school dictators bother with elections? In some cases, it may be to give the illusion of choice. In others, though, it may be because the dictator himself is impossibly vain, or in order to be able to claim to the international community that they are not running a dictatorship.\n\nA more sinister reason, of course, may be that if the ballot is not in fact secret, the authorities can see exactly who dares to oppose the regime. Whenever you hear that somebody has won \"99% of the popular vote\", ask yourself what might happen to the other 1%."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2db3oy
|
why disease dna's are patented
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2db3oy/eli5_why_disease_dnas_are_patented/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjnt7z1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"So companies can release them and sell the government the cure."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7358hi
|
why are some otherwise harmless chemicals extremely hazardous to a fetus?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7358hi/eli5_why_are_some_otherwise_harmless_chemicals/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnnt22x"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"One reason:\n\nThe developing embryo's cells signal to each other in hugely complex and frankly not very well understood ways. The only way a cell can 'know' that it is supposed multiply into say, a finger, is if it is getting messages from nearby cells giving information as to what they are doing.\n\nSome drugs, thalidomide being the obvious example, disrupt this signalling, so some cells don't develop. Once the limb & organ development stage is over, this signalling system shuts down, so it doesn't matter if a non-pregnant person takes them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
2rccra
|
how can the nfl be classified as a non-profit?
|
Where does all the money they make go?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rccra/eli5_how_can_the_nfl_be_classified_as_a_nonprofit/
|
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"After they've paid their bills and staff, all remaining money is distributed to the team owners.",
"The NFL organization is non-profit, not the teams.",
"The simplest explanation is that it's officially a trade organization.",
"First it is important to know that the NFL is different than all of the teams in the NFL. The NFL oversees all of these teams, it identifies as a trade association, it regulates their industry and represents them in Washington. Much like the American Medical Association represents different hospitals around the US. It is a good concept, and no doubt the rule should remain the way it is, but here is where things start to get tricky. The NFL organization, due to its status as a trade association are able to collect a due from these teams for different services the NFL provides, services like safety research, representation, and rule/official regulation. Last year they collected over 360 million dollars from the teams. \n\nThat is certainly not the only way they make money. The NFL owns the phrase NFL and they are able to make money out of tv contracts. As well teams who sell merchandise have to pay a certain amount of money to the NFL. Both of these combined brought in over 9 Billion dollars last year. \n\nLast year Rodger Goodell (CEO of the NFL) was the 5th highest paid CEO in America, with 45 Million Dollars. \n\nSo the truth is, they are able to get away with this because they took advantage of a law written to give companies/industry more representation in Washington, but now that people are calling them on it, they have enough money to lobby their way out of change. ",
"The NFL is classified as a non-profit because it acts as a trade organization for the various teams that are a part of it. Any money that it earns as profit goes to the teams, and the teams pay taxes on that money. If the NFL had to pay taxes as well, then any league organized revenue would first get taxed by going through the NFL, then going through the individual teams.",
"It's a nonprofit because IRS tax code 501(c)(6) stipulates that professional football organizations are tax exempt. _URL_0_\n",
"The part you're getting confused about is what a non-profit is.\n\nPeople seem to think that a non-profit means that the company is a charity, but that's not the case. Non-profit just means the company isn't trying to make a profit to grow (generally for the benefit of shareholders/investors/owners of the company). The NFL doesn't have any of those things--any money they make is getting spent on wages for the employees (or advertising, etc.)."
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[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.irs.gov/Charities-&-Non-Profits/Other-Non-Profits/Business-Leagues"
],
[]
] |
|
9zl0h4
|
how does dropping my car into a lower gear help me drive through the snow better?
|
I know it works I just don't get it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9zl0h4/eli5_how_does_dropping_my_car_into_a_lower_gear/
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"You can slow down using engine braking when in a lower gear. Also while you are in gear it can be easier to maintain traction when you start to accelerate. Sometimes when starting from a dead stop or between gears it is easy to give too much gas and cause the wheels to spin out.",
"Your wheel speed becomes much more controlled and it's easier to maintain traction and control. Also, the lower the gear the stronger the vehicle when needing to pull, or crawl through a treacherous or resistant terrain",
"It doesn’t actually make it better to drive through the snow per say, it just prevents you from braking as much. People are very prone to braking to hard for no reason especially if they are uncomfortable in snowy conditions. Braking to hard locks your wheels and makes them lose traction causing you to skid on the frozen road. Downshifting slows down the car and keeps you from picking up to much speed taking away most of the need for your brakes. You can drive without dropping gears it’s just harder and less convenient for you.",
"It's because of the way friction works: you have the most control when the tires are engaged with the surface, and are NOT slipping. They have anti-lock brakes for the same reason: as long as the wheels engage with the asphalt, you can put more force into stopping the car, than if your wheels start skidding. Same reason why some driving stunt maneuvers require locking the rear tires with a hand-brake, or spinning the rear tires in order to \"drift\" - to get the car partially \"out of control\".\n\nIn any case, lower gear reduces the chances that you'll over-accelerate or over-brake and get the wheels to slip on the snow. Lower gear uses the engine to brake and thus keeps the wheels \"engaged\" and biting into the snow, rather than sliding on it."
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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|
3lk87i
|
whenever a championship/playoffs series goes to game 7 (world series, stanley cup, etc.) and both teams now have a shot at winning the series, what happens to the losing teams "champs" gear?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lk87i/eli5whenever_a_championshipplayoffs_series_goes/
|
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"text": [
"It is typically donated to the needy in a place that has never heard of the sport.\n\nIn some distant corner of the word, there is a group of people who think the Buffalo Bills had the greatest football dynasty ever."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1lc91g
|
how did scientology evolve from sci-fi into an organized religion with literal believers?
|
As far as I know L. Ron Hubbard started as a science fiction writer, at what point did people start interpreting his books as actual truth rather than science fiction? What compelled them to believe what some fiction writer claimed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lc91g/eli5_how_did_scientology_evolve_from_scifi_into/
|
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"He wrote an amazing series of self help books/tapes called Dianetics. People bought them and understtod them as self help. I think they worked for many people, and that L Ron went backwards and started filling in the \"how\" the self help system worked with what became Scientology. It continues to help people, he explains that it's because of these science-fictiony reasons, and people accept the answers.",
"South park did it... _URL_0_",
"This is ironic, since he was even quoted saying \"Writing for a penny a word is ridiculous. If a man really wanted to make a million dollars, the best way to do it would be start his own religion.\"\n\n As quoted in the Los Angeles Times (27 August 1978)\n\nFrom what I've experienced from dealing with those who were excommunicated from the church, family members, etc. it's similar to other organized religions or groups which have a spiritual side to them. \n\nThey find people who have a \"god-shaped hole\" needing to be filled, and take their self-help books/cds/tapes \"Dianetics\" and shove them down their throat in such a way that they get some improvement out of their lives, but not so much in which they can be satisfied and walk away. They're always left wanting more, having more thrown at them, forced on them, which is a real shame since, even though I'm personally non-religious, no religion should cost money. \n\nTL;DR: Scientology takes advantage of those needing spiritual guidance and helps them improve their positive mindset a little at a time for a fee. \n",
"little known fact scientology was created because of a bet between L ron hubbard, and robert E heinlein, on who could create a modern religion first, L ron took the bet seriously and invented the poop now known as scientology.",
"I think the scheme is to first find out what the person's issue is and then work Dianetics into being the solution for it. I kinda see it like when Pee Wee Herman was looking for his bike, and he goes into the Psychic and sits down and she looks into her crystal ball and says . .\"you are, you are LOOKING for something\". . .and he goes \"yes !\" . . I kinda see it that way. You can get inspiration and/or adjust any line of advice from any resource (Bible, counselor, psychiatrist, etc..) and adapt it to it being a solution to your issue. That is the sell. I like to use the basic advice my friend told me once: \"If you are gonna do it, then do it, if you are not gonna do it, then don't do it\". That can be applied to anything . . \"I like this girl how do I approach her?\" . . . \"I'm fat and I need to lose weight\" . . \"Should I start my own business?\". I read the Dianetics and book and it was pretty much a basic self help book that said \"you're brain is jacked up and it needs to be cleaned/clear\". \n\n**tldr; Any advice that you accept that provides a solution to your problem, you will willingly embrace the source.**",
"Like all things, Scientology was created in steps. A common misconception is that Scientology arose directly from his science-fiction writings. It did not do this. The two were written separately by the same person.\n\nIt began in the 1950's when Hubbard published a self-help series under the name \"Dianetics.\" Dianetics, while slightly odd, is not religious or spiritual in itself. Instead, it is a form of Psychoanalysis or Introspection akin to seeing a regular therapist (But much less effective, mind you!) Because of this, Dianetics can actually have a positive influence on a person's life, as it really just uses a modified form of standard, effective practices.\n\nDianetics became popular due to the \"do-it-yourself\" nature, and because of the limited effectiveness of it. People looked to future writings by Hubbard.\n\nAbout 2 years later, Hubbard published his first writing on Scientology, in a book entitled *Scientology, a religious philosophy*. At the same time, Hubbard registered several churches under various names relating to Scientology. It was here that his self-help Psychology took the form of a religion. The book expanded Dianetic's importance to that of the soul, however, it was still not the quackery that we know today. For many \"public\" Scientologists, the knowledge of their religious texts stops roughly here, and they are unaware of the Space Opera of later texts.\n\nSo the steps to the initial founding were simple enough, and varying opinions on religions aside, nothing was too crazy yet. There was simply one caveat: These books, and \"professional\" dianetics sessions (Auditing) were not free. People invested a lot of money into this.\n\n**As a followup, how did it get into the state that it is now?**\n\nHubbard built up a large circle of supporters. These people had been helped in some way by the low-level teachings of Scientology, and (though its importance was probably mostly sub-concious) invested a great deal of time and money into it. This inner circle focused more on following Hubbard than following his teachings. It was to this circle that Hubbard began to present the strange tenants and space opera aspects of Scientology. In fact, the \"crazy\" we know was not developed until the mid-sixties, more than ten years after the initial founding of Scientology. By this point, people had become so invested in the religion that they followed it with unwavering faith. Of course, many would have left upon seeing it, but for every person who did so there was someone who believed Hubbard.",
"“Religion was invented when the first con man met the first fool.” ― Mark Twain.",
"Turning Dianetics into a religion was a conscious decision on the part of L. Ron Hubbard in the 1950s. Now, I'll skip arguing about the actual tenets of the religion, but starting a religion isn't actually all that hard. People have started random religions all the time. See for example: _URL_1_\n\nIn that example, that documentary maker was in his own mind being a complete fraud, but his followers still reported plenty of positive benefits from following him. He went through the motions of doing what he imagined a Guru is supposed to do, and they followed along. It's like a strong placebo effect, along with the same benefits everyone gets from feeling a sense of belonging to any group. Continue that and reinforce it over time, and it becomes part of people's life. \n\nThe timing for Scientology was also particularly good, tapping into the post-war/hippy disaffection with organized religion and longing for some sense of spirituality and belonging. There were tons of new religious movements starting up around the time (see: _URL_0_ - look at the number between the 50s and early 80s) and scientology was early out of the gate, in the mid-50s. It was also geographically fortunate, setting up in California at the leading edge of that time, where a lot of interest in those groups was building, and managed to avoid some of the more utterly crazy fates, like the Jonestown/People's Temple group. ",
"Others have explained this quite well but I would like to add one thing. Not sure how many of you remember their first time watching Zeitgeist. If you were anything like me, and that being as uneducated in the matters the documentary talks about, you would have had a revelation .\nA revelation so strong that you wanted to share it with everyone you know so they learn the truth also. It wasnt after a bit of research that I found out how misled I was and how wrong the whole documentary is.\n\nSame thing happens in a religion with one exeption. A religion is somewhat centered around stopping you from finding the actual truth.\nIts easy to have people believe bullshit and all the wrong things, just look at some of the gossip blogs out there or even try it on someone you know by telling them some lies in matters you'd be an expert in.\n",
"An interesting take with basis on the beginning of Scientology can be seen on the movie \"The Master\"\n\nJoaquin Phoenix is pretty good in it.",
"Harlan Ellison and Robin Williams talk about [L. Ron Hubbard](_URL_0_)",
"This is going to happen with Pastafarianism. What started as a commentary on the ridiculousness of religion is going to lose its meaning over time and become an actual religion. It's basically inevitable.",
"There's a great book called The Bare-Faced Messiah about L. Rom Hubbard's life. In the U.S. you can only find used copies because it was banned from publication here (as the Church of Scientology sued for copyright infringement, and the publisher didn't want to pay the enormous legal fees involved in fighting it), and it explains pretty well how he started the religion.\n\nHere's the basics from what I remember:\n\n1. Hubbard was a pretty charismatic story-teller, and he spent a lot of time exaggerating his life. For example, he would weave lots of stories about being a war hero, being influential to famous people, going on adventures, etc.\n\n2. He eventually became well-known in the early sci-fi community for stories he'd publish in pulp magazines. He'd also write adventure stories and claim that they were based on himself. He spent a lot of time building up his reputation.\n\n3. In the 1950s He came up with Dianetics and used his connections with pulp magazines to promote it. It had a very new-age tone (none of the crazy sci-fi stuff is mentioned), and it sold fairly well. He was then able to create a business out of it by selling classes, \"auditing sessions,\" etc. And the people who ran out of money had to work for him to continue.\n\n4. Over the next 20 or so years, the organization grew pretty large. At some point early on he decided to become a \"church\" for tax purposes. Hubbard, meanwhile, spent much of this time at sea, and as the years passed he became more and more senile... eventually buying into his own bullshit.",
"As a Mormon I cant believe people fall for this crap",
"Little known fact: Scientology was responsible for the largest ever infiltration of the US government. It was called Operation Snow White. While they may putatively be a religion, they have always had a very aggressive intelligence and harassment operation. \n\nRead about what they did to Paulette Cooper, too. It is chilling.",
"Wasn't there some scandal where they recruited random people and kept them under their facilities against their will? Because they didn't want those people exposing the scientologists or whatever? (I don't remember the details but the gist of keeping them hostage what I do remember)",
"L. Ron Hubbard plagiarized \"Scientologie,\" an obscure work by a German philosopher of the late 19th - early 20th centuries named \"Dr. A. Nordenholz.\" \n\nHere's the link to the Boing Boing page on which the links have been pulled, including a photograph of the work L. Ron Hubbard stole and rebranded as \"Dianetics\" and/or \"Scientology.\"\n\n_URL_1_\n\nAnd here's a link to the page the CoS has tried to kill again and again, where a copy of the book Hubbard stole his material from is available.\n\n_URL_0_",
"L. Ron Hubbard is the founder of Scientology.\n\nHubbard wrote fiction for many years, and published stories in some of the most popular magazines of the era. During that time, Hubbard began researching in psychology and psychiatry-like methods. He was playing mind games. He eventually wrote a book about it, called Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_0_:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health\n\nDianetics is the name of the technique Hubbard gave his work. He was using \"Dianetics\" when he used these specific techniques to play with the human mind. Dianetics deals with the mind, and the mind is a physical thing. Some people began using Dianetics, and eventually became fanatics. After all, Dianetics was a best-seller at the time, and was one of the very first self-help books. These fanatic formed a religion around the works and writings of L. Ron Hubbard.\n\n_URL_18_\n\n_URL_17_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_8_\n\n_URL_14_\n\nWhen Hubbard assumed that he was dealing with spiritual problems instead of purely mental ones, he realized that his self-help techniques were healing people of their spiritual ills. Thus, Scientology was born, given a new name to reflect a more accurate description of his work. He also wanted to scam the government for taxes, and since churches don't have to pay taxes he claimed that Scientology was a religion. Since it dealt with the spirit and not just the mind, Scientology was deemed a religion by a few of the world's governments, and in some countries they don't have to pay taxes.\n\n_URL_3_\n\nHubbard was a wise con man, and he knew what he was doing. He kept writing more books and recording more incoherent lectures on cassette tapes. These were to be his teachings, and Scientology uses them like Bibles. The technique of Hubbard is sacred, and his writings are the teachings of his technique, etc etc.\n\nSo, what do they believe? Well... those spiritual problems I talked about are the very core of their beliefs. Also, memories.\n\nThey believe you have two parts to your mind. The Analytical Mind, the one that uses reasoning and works sort of like a computer, being logical. The other part is the Reactive Mind, where subconscious thoughts are stored and recorded, which can later be recalled through what Scientologists call \"auditing\", which means to listen. Talk therapy, essentially. Also considered spiritual counseling by Scientologists.\n\n_URL_12_\n\nAnyway, the brain can record negative thoughts in the Reactive Mind and have a negative impact on your life. What they don't tell the public, or the people who have not climbed the church's levels (by taking auditing courses), is that these memories are often implanted memories. Implanted by aliens in another life time, in another part of the galaxy. This is where the Xenu story you hear about comes into action. Xenu, who was an intergalactic ruler, killed many people by dropping atomic bombs in volcanoes. Then, the spirits of these alien beings, also called \"Thetans\" by Scientology, roam the earth. They can cling to your body, and those are called Body Thetans, or BTs in Scientology jargon. These BTs can cluster, and then you have many, many infected alien spirits trying to harm you or causing pain in your life. You can use auditing to rid yourself of these evil spirits, who are basically Scientology's version of demons.\n\n_URL_21_\n\nThey do this to become a state of \"clear\".\n\n_URL_15_\n\nScientology has formed many organizations and corporations. They are a big business, and not really a religion at all. Sure, they claim to deal with the spirit, but it is very obvious to anyone that L. Ron Hubbard made up stories about his work. He was a con man, and his friends were all on record saying that he was out to make money.\n\n_URL_9_\n\n_URL_5_\n\nMany people claim Dianetics and Scientology make them feel better. Maybe it does, but who cares? It's a crazy UFO cult. To be honest, it's almost as crazy as Christianity.\n\n_URL_13_\nSCIENTOLOGY DOCUMENTARY LIST\n_URL_6_\n_URL_20_\n_URL_4_\n_URL_19_\n_URL_11_\n_URL_16_\n_URL_22_\n_URL_2_\n_URL_10_\n_URL_23_\nWatch these documentaries. Learn what this insidious cult is all about.",
"Scientology advertised itself at first as a group to share ideas and let out your true potential. It advertised you could unlock your ability to be an individual. After brainwashing enough people, they filed legal documents to become a religion in order to do as they wish. The advertisements are all untrue. i have an uncle who joined and tried to get us to join as well by \"going to these meetings they wanted you to go to.\" They dont believe in his books being true, they believe his books sjow human potential and good idealisms. Unfortunately, even with Hubbard as leader, this cult went corrupt and psychotic. Scientology hires PIs to follow people who speak out against them, and even have the power to break up marriages. Many countries find this cult to be nothing more than a pyramid scheme, evwn US supreme court. However, they can continue the propaganda flow since they filed to ne a religion before it was too late. The religion legality is easy to obtain. one man did it so he could procure and smoke weed wothout consequence.",
"If you want learn about the history of the, ahem, \"Church\" of Scientology, check out Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief by Lawrence Wright. It was published earlier this year in the US (not in the UK because of different standards for libel and the church's army of lawyers).\n\nL. Ron Hubbard was a fascinating character... You get the idea that he was pretty much making it up as he went along.\n\nAlso, check out the PT Anderson film, The Master. I saw it after I read Going Clear and ther are a lot of interesting parallels.",
"So, how phony (or true) is the rumor that church officials monitor the private lives of their members (and possible members) through social media?",
"For those interested in a full disclosure from a former high ranked scientologist, I recommend the book the niece of David Miscavige wrote called Beyond Belief by Jenna Miscavige-Hill. She explains how the whole brainwashing , auditing etc works and how celebs get sucked into it. What she went thru as a child born into it and related to high ranking family. I became fascinated with them while sharing apartments near the Gold Base in Socal with many. She had even lived there at one time. I had seen them do some bizarre things but must say they never came knocking at my door with Dianetics pamphlets or tried to recruit me in anyway. ",
"No one ever mentions the fact L Ron Hubbard was involved with Aleister Crowleys MAGIK workings, participating with Jack Parsons in various rituals including the infamous \"Babylon Working\" meant to bring forth the son of the devil himself... By masterbating in the desert for days on end. Allegedly Parson tore a hole in spacetime, and something evil flew in (some say he did this in what is now Area 51) Then Hubbard stole Jacks boat and his girlfriend and took off for New York or something... Crowley knew he was a conman apparently...\n\nAlso when his son left the church he said Ron would literally do ritual MAGIK to get Satan to make him the most powerful human being on the planet...\n\nIm not saying what this seems to imply, im just saying there are fucking levels to this dude and its all sorts of fucked up. did i mention he said he did all that because he was undercover for the US NAVY... which is also apparently a lie...",
"Put enough money and/or effort behind publicizing any idea, and you’ll collect a decent number of complete fucking morons/psychos who will believe in it.",
"Highly trained people within Scientology are very skilled in social interactions and conversations. Scientology spokesmen and public relations persons have extremely advanced argumentative skills which they use to attack \"suppressive persons,\" which ironically, defines their own clientele. It's a system based on primitive urges for power and dominance. It's very immoral as a concept and inhumane in practice. Monsters like Hitler and Manson are drawn to such things. Manson studied Scientology to aid in him in his quest to mentally control people for the purpose of racial cleansing. We all know Hitler was into racial cleansing as well. I've heard a former scientologist remark about how he felt the church was trying to create it's own race of Scientologists and use church brain-washing to control them.",
"Isn't the way Scientology started similar to how all of the other major religions came into being?\n\nIt always starts with either: (1) a preacher dude who everyone in the community idolizes, (2) a set of vague manuscripts that explains the \"mysteries\" of life, or (3) both, and then after generations of people passing down these ideologies, a school of thought is born -- some becoming nothing more than outdated philosophies, while others become full blown religions.",
"A fool and his money are soon parted.",
"\"You don't get rich writing science fiction. If you want to get rich, you start a religion.\" -L. Ron Hubbard \n\n",
"Im starting a new religion based on plant reverence and reality. WHat makes water into wine? What Is always \"striving towards the light\"? was it not a burning bush who spoke to moses? Theres more to plants than meets the eye! GO-Bots!",
"L. Ron Hubbard is the founder of Scientology.\n\nHubbard wrote fiction for many years, and published stories in some of the most popular magazines of the era. During that time, Hubbard began researching in psychology and psychiatry-like methods. He was playing mind games. He eventually wrote a book about it, called Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_1_:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health\n\nDianetics is the name of the technique Hubbard gave his work. He was using \"Dianetics\" when he used these specific techniques to play with the human mind. Dianetics deals with the mind, and the mind is a physical thing. Some people began using Dianetics, and eventually became fanatics. After all, Dianetics was a best-seller at the time, and was one of the very first self-help books. These fanatic formed a religion around the works and writings of L. Ron Hubbard.\n\n_URL_14_\n\n_URL_17_\n\n_URL_20_\n\n_URL_13_\n\n_URL_14__in_Canada\n\nL. Ron Hubbard's science fiction writing has absolutely nothing to do with Scientology. Hubbard's Scientology and Dianetics books are not Science Fiction. They are not based on his Science Fiction. They are not considered works of fiction. They are pseudo-science, that is to say, false science, inaccurate science. Scientology uses Dianetics, and Dianetics is a science of the mind. \n\nPeople who say that Scientology is based on science fiction are incredibly misinformed, and you should try to educate them about Scientology. There is no better weapon against the enemy of freedom than to understand their motivations. Scientology is not a cult based on science fiction, it's a cult based on a pseudo-science that allegedly addresses the spirit. If Stephen King wrote a book about religion, would you call it horror fiction?\n\nWhen Hubbard assumed that he was dealing with spiritual problems instead of purely mental ones, he realized that his self-help techniques were healing people of their spiritual ills. Thus, Scientology was born, given a new name to reflect a more accurate description of his work. He also wanted to scam the government for taxes, and since churches don't have to pay taxes he claimed that Scientology was a religion. Since it dealt with the spirit and not just the mind, Scientology was deemed a religion by a few of the world's governments, and in some countries they don't have to pay taxes.\n\n_URL_14__controversies\n\nHubbard was a wise con man, and he knew what he was doing. He kept writing more books and recording more incoherent lectures on cassette tapes. These were to be his teachings, and Scientology uses them like Bibles. The technique of Hubbard is sacred, and his writings are the teachings of his technique, etc etc.\n\nSo, what do they believe? Well... those spiritual problems I talked about are the very core of their beliefs. Also, memories.\n\nThey believe you have two parts to your mind. The Analytical Mind, the one that uses reasoning and works sort of like a computer, being logical. The other part is the Reactive Mind, where subconscious thoughts are stored and recorded, which can later be recalled through what Scientologists call \"auditing\", which means to listen. Talk therapy, essentially. Also considered spiritual counseling by Scientologists.\n\n_URL_18_\n\nAnyway, the brain can record negative thoughts in the Reactive Mind and have a negative impact on your life. What they don't tell the public, or the people who have not climbed the church's levels (by taking auditing courses), is that these memories are often implanted memories. Implanted by aliens in another life time, in another part of the galaxy. This is where the Xenu story you hear about comes into action. (NOTE: the vast majority of Scientologists will never learn of Xenu, and it is not an important aspect to the religion for most adherents.) Anyway... Xenu, who was an intergalactic ruler, killed many people by dropping atomic bombs in volcanoes. Then, the spirits of these alien beings, also called \"Thetans\" by Scientology, roam the earth. They can cling to your body, and those are called Body Thetans, or BTs in Scientology jargon. These BTs can cluster, and then you have many, many infected alien spirits trying to harm you or causing pain in your life. You can use auditing to rid yourself of these evil spirits, who are basically Scientology's version of demons.\n\n_URL_9_\n\nThey do this to become a state of \"clear\".\n\n_URL_5_\n\nScientology has formed many organizations and corporations. They are a big business masquerading as a religion. They claim to deal with the spirit, but it is very obvious to anyone that L. Ron Hubbard made up stories about his work. He was a con man, and his friends were all on record saying that he was out to make money.\n\n_URL_8_\n\n_URL_4_\n\nMany people claim Dianetics and Scientology make them feel better. Maybe it does, but who cares? It's a crazy UFO cult. To be honest, it's almost as crazy as Christianity.\n\n_URL_6_ \n\n###SCIENTOLOGY DOCUMENTARY LIST \n\n_URL_11_ \n\n_URL_3_ \n\n_URL_15_ \n\n_URL_21_ \n\n_URL_23_ \n\n_URL_10_ \n\n_URL_12_ \n\n_URL_7_ \n\n_URL_0_ \n\n_URL_2_ \n\nWatch these documentaries. Learn what this insidious cult is all about.\n\nIf you have any questions, feel free to ask.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7EEOMbBIO8"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements",
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1865425/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9AGVARpqdk"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://scientologie.org/english.htm",
"http://boingboing.net/2008/02/27/l-ron-hubbard-plagia.html"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianetics",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyTsweoMmf0",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_controversies",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFRSt_viosc",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientology_organizations",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwPMHM3qC9w",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLx2yGvOq1g",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCWRbgIkFJ8",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_mind",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_in_Canada",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_%28Scientology%29",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i35xbjowkYc",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ljtk429HF3U",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmb1CZIpziQ",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditing_%28Scientology%29",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh5Om9Vj1gc",
"https://www.youtube.com/user/xenutv1"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLx2yGvOq1g",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianetics",
"https://www.youtube.com/user/xenutv1",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmb1CZIpziQ",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientology_organizations",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_%28Scientology%29",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyTsweoMmf0",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditing_%28Scientology%29",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i35xbjowkYc",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwPMHM3qC9w",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh5Om9Vj1gc",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFRSt_viosc",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_in_Canada",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_mind",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ljtk429HF3U",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_controversies",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCWRbgIkFJ8"
]
] |
|
92483q
|
why does the world use metric sizes for sockets but imperial size for ratchets? ie quarter, 3/8 and half inch drive?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/92483q/eli5_why_does_the_world_use_metric_sizes_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e32x4dm"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"The simple explanation is likely that the ratcheting socket wrench, with interchangeable socket was invented and patented in the US in 1864 and then spread around the world. They the size they used spread around the world.\n\nThe size of them is not that important as they are seldom used. I mean that only manufacturer of wrenches and socket care about the exact size.\n\nSo there is no good reson to change it as the exact size of them is seldom relevant.\n\n "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
c0b7qf
|
what is light made of?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c0b7qf/eli5_what_is_light_made_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"er3anyl"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Light is made of photons. Photons are really interesting in that they have some properties of matter and some properties of wave. This makes light act differently in different situations."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
64rkl6
|
how does light (electromagnetic radiation) relate to electricity and magnetism?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64rkl6/eli5_how_does_light_electromagnetic_radiation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dg4g7gl"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Electricity and magnetism are two sides of the same coin: the electromagnetic interaction. \nElectric charges excite the electromagnetic field, and moving electric charges excite the magnetic field. Since motion is relative, it follows that electric and magnetic fields can be transformed into each other. (There are also other phenomena that excite the magnetic field - like the spin of a particle - but that is not really necessary here) \n\nA photon is a ripple in the electromagnetic field. When you accelerate a charge - like an electron - the electric field generated by the electron changes. And this change propagates outwards at the speed of light. According to the [Maxwell's Equations](_URL_0_) a change in the electric field generates a changing magnetic field, which in turn generates a changing electric field. Thus, this electromagnetic ripple propagates away from the accelerated charge. This ripple is called a photon. \n\nNote that photons can be generated by other mechanisms as well, this is just a comprehensive illustration. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations"
]
] |
||
28jhl8
|
why is it animals are portrayed as recovering from their wounds apparently better than humans without actually "cleaning" their wounds?
|
wouldn't they be dropping off like homesteaders from every cut they get?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28jhl8/eli5_why_is_it_animals_are_portrayed_as/
|
{
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"cibiawp",
"cibij8m",
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4,
4,
3
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"text": [
"Humans recover just fine from minor wounds, alot of scratches, small lacerations, even puncture wounds heal just fine by themselves. More severe wounds could heal but might leave a scar. We treat those because we don't want scarring. Most injuries that require just stitches and antibiotic ointment would probably be survivable without stitches. It just wouldn't be as good as with stitches and cleaning.\n\n",
"They don't recover better, at least not all of them. Horses for example.\n\nAlso, I recover quite well from most wounds, and I rarely use disinfectants, antibiotics, or even sticking plaster. ",
"animals die premature deaths int he wild all the time; a wounded animal caught limping around in nature is probably going to end up as food for a predator ",
"We have half-domesticated cat that is constantly fighting for territory and coming back looking half dead. Often we are taking it to vet with nothing more than few cuts (not even deep). You can see that without med care the cat would be gone. Infection is a real bitch. \n\nFor this reason feral cats rarely live more than 4 years while domesticated around 14. It's just that they usually die somewhere where they are not seen and nature can take care of it in few weeks."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3tp27e
|
how do laser mice work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tp27e/eli5_how_do_laser_mice_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx80ak6"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Same way an optical mouse works, because it's a type of optical mouse.\n\nAn optical mouse has a camera on the bottom that takes pictures of the surface at a fast rate, and calculates how you've moved between images. That's the motion data.\n\nCameras need light to work. Optical mice use an LED to illuminate the area the camera sees. Laser mice use a different kind of LED, a laser LED. \n\nThe laser vs the generic LED have different properties and interact with surfaces differently, which could be good or bad depending on your pad. But the concept is exactly the same.\n\nFor more on laser-surface interaction, here's an interview with THE mouse person at Logitech:\n\n_URL_0_\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-mouse-myths-busted/"
]
] |
||
6ybjff
|
why is it easier to open a plastic bottle when it is at room temperature then when it is from the refrigerator?
|
I just got back from a run and decided to get a Gatorade. As much as I like them, I usually hate trying to open them because it is so difficult. However, I had none in the refrigerator but I had one in the cabinet. When I started to turn the cap it came off very easy. Usually when I take them out of the fridge it takes me a good 2 or 3 minutes to get the cap off. What is so different in the refrigerator compared to the cabinet? Is it the temperature or something?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ybjff/eli5_why_is_it_easier_to_open_a_plastic_bottle/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmm50nb"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You're right.\n\nWhen things get hot they expand, and vice versa, which explains your observation.\n\nAlso, if the bottle is coming out of the refrigerator it is likely a bit moist and therefore slippery - alongside being liable to make your fingertips numb. A bottle from a cupboard or similar will be easier to open in part due to it being nice and dry."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ea6o1
|
mowing the lawn properly
|
I have found myself in the position of having to do many things now on my own that I was never taught how to do. I have been given a lot of conflicting information so came here for some straight and easy answers.
I bought a new lawn mower at walmart, you squeeze the top bar and pull the handle with the rope to start it. Someone helped me with the initial gas/oil. I figured out how to adjust the wheel height. Here are my questions, feel free to add anything I did not think of
1) Does it matter if you mow the lawn horizontally or verically? (as in stripes)
2) Do I need to change the oil in the lawn mower like in the car?
3) Does mowing the lawn first thing in the morning when the grass is damp really kill the grass?
4) If I leave the mower running when crossing the driveway (paved) does this hurt the lawn mower? ( I was told I have a mulching mower, so this is bad for it)
5) I was also told that I had to go slower, that running while mowing would be bad for the lawn mower. I was hoping to make it more of a work out.
6) Do I need to use the bagging attachment? I haven't used it yet but I was told letting the cut grass fall on top of the mown grass was bad for the lawn. (I forget why)
7)I try to cut it every 3-4 days otherwise I am not strong enough to push the mower or it stalls out. Sometimes when going up an incline I find myself having to push with my arms and my body , I will put the top of the handle against my ribs and push. Anything wrong with this?
8) Is it bad to go back and forth , vacuum cleaner like in some spots?
9) how short should I actually be cutting it?
I live in Florida and the grass is very thick. any advice would be sincerely appreciated
PS how long will this lawn mower last?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ea6o1/eli5mowing_the_lawn_properly/
|
{
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"c9y92ox",
"c9y9lll",
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"text": [
"1) You should alternate each mowing between horizontal and vertical in order to promote healthy growth \n\n2)Yeah, eventually you will. I'm not sure how often though. Consult your user manual that it came with \n\n3) No, but it makes it really messy and you can dig up your lawn if you have a powered mower (one that propels itself) \n\n4)No, it's fine. As long as the blade doesn't come in contact with the concrete \n\n5)Go slow. It will cut the grass better \n\n6)No. You can mulch with the attachment that it should have came with. Some people don't like the \n clippings on their lawn so they use the bag. \n\n7)No. If you haven't used it yet, exchange it for the aforementioned propelled one \n\n8)Nothing wrong with that. Just be careful pulling it backwards. If you trip you can pull the mower right over your feet. I know someone who that happened to. \n\n9)Up to you. IMO, longer cut grass looks better, but if you cut it shorter you can go longer between cuts.\n",
"**1) Does it matter if you mow the lawn horizontally or vertically? (as in stripes)**\n\nNo. End goal is to go over every patch of grass once, minimizing repeats. Key here is to have just enough overlap with the last stripe to ensure you don't leave a thin line of uncut grass between them. \n\n**2) Do I need to change the oil in the lawn mower like in the car?**\n\nI don't know, can someone help me out? Don't recall the lawn mower I used growing up having a spot for oil.\n\n**3) Does mowing the lawn first thing in the morning when the grass is damp really kill the grass?**\n\nThe issue with mowing wet grass is that it is super sticky and will stick to the underside of the lawn mower. Just make sure you don't cut it too short when it is hot and your grass should be OK. \n\n**4) If I leave the mower running when crossing the driveway (paved) does this hurt the lawn mower? ( I was told I have a mulching mower, so this is bad for it)**\n\nI have not heard of this. You'll be wasting gas, but I don't see how that would hurt the engine.\n\n**5) I was also told that I had to go slower, that running while mowing would be bad for the lawn mower. I was hoping to make it more of a work out.**\n\nNot bad for the mower per se, but you have to give the blades time to cut the grass. If your yard is big enough your arms will get a decent workout from pushing the mower.\n\n**6) Do I need to use the bagging attachment? I haven't used it yet but I was told letting the cut grass fall on top of the mown grass was bad for the lawn. (I forget why)**\n\nIf you cut your grass often enough and the clippings are short enough you can let leave them on the grass. If they are too long you will end up burying your grass and it will die from lack of sun / water. \n\nRule of thumb: if the clippings pile up enough to annoy you when you look at it use the bag and/or rake up the clippings by hand.\n\n**7)I try to cut it every 3-4 days otherwise I am not strong enough to push the mower or it stalls out. Sometimes when going up an incline I find myself having to push with my arms and my body , I will put the top of the handle against my ribs and push. Anything wrong with this?**\n\nTry going slower with thicker grass, that should help with stalling. Also, try to go up the hill a little sideways versus straight up. Pushing with your body is not bad, but watch that your feet don't end up underneath the mower!\n\n**8) Is it bad to go back and forth , vacuum cleaner like in some spots?**\n\nNo, if you missed a small section you end up doing this.\n\n**9) how short should I actually be cutting it?**\n\nDepends on the grass. Ask people around you that have the same type of grass.\n\nIf you notice that it is starting to die in patches where it is too short, raise the mower the next time.\n\n**I live in Florida and the grass is very thick. any advice would be sincerely appreciated**\n\n**PS how long will this lawn mower last?**\n\nDepends on how great you take care of it and how cheaply it was made (much like a car). Keep it out of the rain and don't mow over rocks and big sticks (damages the blades) and it can last a long time.\n",
" > 2) Do I need to change the oil in the lawn mower like in the car?\n\nYup. Check the manual for how often. Another bit of periodic maintenance will be to get the blade sharpened once or twice per year.\n\n > 3) Does mowing the lawn first thing in the morning when the grass is damp really kill the grass?\n\nIt'll just clog up the mower. Doubly so if you're mulching.\n\n > 5) I was also told that I had to go slower, that running while mowing would be bad for the lawn mower. I was hoping to make it more of a work out.\n\nYou should be moving at a normal walking pace. I'm not sure about it being \"bad\" for the mower, but you'd definitely do a poor job & increase the odds of clogging your mower.\n\n > Do I need to use the bagging attachment? I haven't used it yet but I was told letting the cut grass fall on top of the mown grass was bad for the lawn. (I forget why)\n\nIf you *didn't* have a mulching mower, not using the bag would be bad - you'd have dead, dry grass all over your yard. A mulching mower, however, is supposed to keep chopping up the grass until it's small enough that it just falls down and makes fertilizer. Using the bag is still a good idea on days when the grass has gotten really long or it's still a bit damp.\n\n > 7)I try to cut it every 3-4 days otherwise I am not strong enough to push the mower or it stalls out. Sometimes when going up an incline I find myself having to push with my arms and my body , I will put the top of the handle against my ribs and push. Anything wrong with this?\n\nYou might be trying to cut too much off. Sometimes you have to raise the mower first & then lower it for a second pass. Refer to what I said about bagging/mulching.\n\n > 8) Is it bad to go back and forth , vacuum cleaner like in some spots?\n\nIt's not exactly helpful. If the grass isn't getting cut, just move a little more slowly.",
" > 1) Does it matter if you mow the lawn horizontally or verically? (as in stripes)\n\nEach time I mow, I use a different path orientation than the previous time I mowed. So week one will be vertical, week 2 horizontal, week 3 diagonal, repeat. Not that big of a deal, I just switch it up to try to prevent ruts or wear patterns from being created in the lawn over time.\n\nAlso, the last time you mow for the year (assuming you don't have to mow in the Winter in Florida) be sure and use up all the gas in the tank or buy and use a fuel preservative at Home Depot. Gasoline goes bad after an extended period of time and using old, unpreserved gas from a previous mowing season will gum up the carburater and cause the engine to run rough (or not at all.) Old gasoline smells like oil-based paint or lacquer thinner. If you smell that, the gas has gone bad and shouldn't be used. Good luck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2p88bz
|
why do software companies remove features in later updates instead of only adding them?
|
Take the Google Maps app for Android. In previous versions you used to be able to set it to avoid toll roads while navigating. Now you can only do it before you start the route. You used to be able to see different layers, including custom layers such as My Maps when looking at the app on your phone, now you can't.
But the question in general is, perhaps from any software devs out there, what causes a design team to think it's OK to remove a useful feature? Even if you have reason to believe only 5% of your market uses it, why not just leave it in anyways? Why not just add new things but always leave the old features and capabilities there? Doesn't it risk alienating your customers to give them the ability to do something then just rip it away in exchange for a flashy new UI?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p88bz/eli5_why_do_software_companies_remove_features_in/
|
{
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"cmu8dli",
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"text": [
"Software designers and developers have learned over the years that incremental addition of software features inevitably leads to an overly complicated and confusing application and its then \"disrupted\" by something that is much simpler and makes it dumb-ass-easy to do the most important, valuable things. So...designers/developers learn what is used and what is valued and they strip out those things that aren't. This - always - leaves someone who loves a feature annoyed, but for the most part they are concerned with attracting the customers they don't have, or satisfying the 80% using the 80/20 type rule.\n\nThis isn't to say that they don't make mistakes. Windows is perhaps the prime example - the move to windows 8 was an effort to simplify and introduce a new paradigm. People got pissed and they had to revert to include some of the old ways of using the OS.",
"Not everything works. \n\nGoogle Maps has between 1 and 5 billion downloads in the Play Store, so 5% of 1 billion is 50,000,000. So only 50,000,000 out of 1,000,000,000 are using a feature. That is not a good ratio, so they scrap it. \n\nThe goal is to create a product that has features that everyone (meaning the overwhelming userbase) will use constantly, otherwise you're building something no one wants and that is a waste of time and money.\n\nIf for some reason, the overwhelming userbase decides that they in fact do want a feature that was scrapped, they will voice their opinions and the developer will bring it back in the next update. ",
"Because it's a non-zero cost to leave a feature in. It means you have more stuff to test, and more things that can break as you add new features. It means the code is more complex which means it's harder to add new features. And it potentially means that the app will use more battery, which is a huge deal on phones. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9r8jye
|
how does google know which image to output only with words?
|
I believe that you cannot tag an image, so how does typing "red car" leads to google showing you an actual picture of a red car for instance? I mean how does it know a picture and keywords in the search bar are the same thing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9r8jye/eli5_how_does_google_know_which_image_to_output/
|
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"text": [
"I'm no expert, but as I understand it, the umbrella term for this is computer vision. It's extremely difficult for a machine to understand at what it's looking. Children learn far faster, for instance. For this reason, searching for images used to be pretty bad. This led to a lot of investment in what's variously called machine learning and artificial intelligence. One application of these technologies is to improve computer vision.\n\nFrom my understanding, the various machine learning techniques can be both supervised and unsupervised.\nIn the former, Google's algorithms might be given various rules about what makes a tree a tree. For example, that a tree is green. It would then be shown images to train it based on those rules. In the latter, it would simply be shown pictures of trees until it grasped the concept from the sheer volume of images with similar characteristics. In both examples, the more data it has to train, the better the confidence level of the system and the higher likelihood that you'll get to see a good image search result for your query.\n\nSo, why does it know to show you a red car? Google has tons of data. At their latest hardware event, I believe it was said that 1.2 billion images and videos are uploaded to Google Photos every day. This huge amount of data trains those algorithms to understand what something looks like, without the need for labelling.\nThis is essentially the trade most users make to use Google Photos: no advertising, but they get to automatically scan your images to improve their computer vision systems.",
"It's nothing to do with machine learning or anything like that.\n\nGoogle Image search just searches for images that appear around matching text.\n\nMost images on the web are captioned or relate to the text around them. Some images have meta tags that describe them (for visually impaired people, slow connections or for search engines!).\n\nThis makes it possible for the Google engine to guess what an image is about.",
"Quite some misinformation here. Contrary to your statement, you can actually tag images. Simply naming the picture \"red-car-bmw.png\" instead of \"IMG-4568743.png\" is already something Google will pick up. Besides that a lot of other Search Engine Optimization (SEO) techniques come down to tagging pages with keywords, relevant titles, and constant tagging of information. The more information you give Google about what's on the page, the more Google will be able to show it in relevant search queries. This is good for both Google and the site developers. \n\nMachine learning doesn't really compete with this for two reasons: \n\n* You would need to pass all images to the algorithm, then see which are recognized as \"red car\". Now you just search for all images labeled as \"red car\", which is a much smaller set of images and goes a lot faster. \n\n* It's pretty easy to train an algorithm (usually a neural network) to recognize red cars, or cars in general, or vehicles. But you can't train a network that recognizes any search term you put into it. \n\n",
"People who upload images add descriptions to tell search engines what the image is. The image filename itself is one indicator. Whoever uploaded the image may have called it red-car.jpg. In HTML, img tags also have an alt attribute that describes the content of the image, so the HTML img tag might be < img src=\"red-car.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of a red car parked on the side of the road.\"/ > \n\nThe content around the image may also be taken into account. If you have a page that talks about red cars a lot, then search engines can infer that pictures on that page are related to red cars in some way.\n\nI believe Google also tracks how users responded to past search results. Lots of people probably Googled \"red car\" before you, and Google will keep tracking of what links they ultimately used, then make those links higher for other people searching for \"red car.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3euicy
|
what is the relation between the irs, the federal reserve, and the department of treasury?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3euicy/eli5_what_is_the_relation_between_the_irs_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctiimg2",
"ctij02n"
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"score": [
5,
3
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"text": [
"If the US Government were a company, the Department of the Treasury would be the financial department.\n\nThe IRS would be accounts receivable, billing, and some portion of accounts payable. It is overseen by the Department of the Treasury.\n\nThe Federal Reserve would be an independent subsidiary and consultant.\n\nThis is of course an *extremely simplistic* view of how they interact, because the IRS also engages in some criminal oversight, and the Reserve Bank distributes money and also monitors banks themselves. The Fed also suggests policies to the Department of the Treasury and in coordination tries to keep the dollar strong and the economy healthy.",
"* The U.S. Treasury prints new money and sells savings bonds that it issues. The Treasury gives the resulting money to Congress.\n* Congress gives the money to government employees and contractors.\n* Government employees and contractors either spend the money into the general economy for goods, or save it in their bank accounts.\n* If it goes into the economy, it becomes someone else's income, and the IRS then has the job of making sure a portion of it goes back to the government as taxes.\n* If it goes into the bank, the bank practices what is called fractional-reserve banking. If you give the bank $100, they will loan the $100 out to someone else rather than just keeping it in a safe for you. If you ask for your $100 back before the loan is repaid, the bank needs to take out a short term loan of its own to pay you back.\n* The Federal Reserve makes those short term loans to banks. By changing the interest rates on loans, it can change the incentives for banks to make lots of loans. If it lowers interest rates, banks are willing to loan money more freely, which allows entrepreneurs to start businesses with loan money, which promotes economic growth. But too much loan money flying around creates the risk of bubbles and boom-bust cycles, so the Federal Reserve tries to fine-tune the economy by modulating interest rates.\n\nTL;DR:\n* The Treasury creates and destroys money (both to fund Congressional spending and to try to control the value of the dollar).\n* The IRS takes citizens' money (to fund Congressional spending).\n* The Fed Reserve makes loans to banks (to keep banks from running out of cash on hand and to control the rate of economic growth)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
645b5d
|
spontaneously passing out
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/645b5d/eli5_spontaneously_passing_out/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfzjlh6"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The blood in your body gets pulled toward your feet due the high g force. This means less blood to your brain, which means no oxygen, which means you pass out. Same thing happens to fighter pilots."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3hdz12
|
why are kubatons allowed to be sold for self-defense, but brass knuckles are only to be sold as "paperweights"?
|
[](/allmybits)So, I was flipping through a BUDK catalog, and their Skull Kubaton looked really cool, and I bought one up right away. It says it's a great self-defense item, but I'm really just buying it because it's cool. I'm likely never going to use it.
[](/sp)
[](/raritynews)But also in the catalog where some brass knuckle "paperweights" being sold as well, and was not allowed to be sold to five certain states.
[](/sp)
[](/raritywut)What I find weird is that they are essentially the same item, but one has more finger holes and more surface area, so you'd think that one would do less damage, and be the more legal of the choices.
[](/sp)
[](/soawesome)[One finger Kubaton](_URL_3_) - **Legal**
[](/sp)
[](/flutterkay)[Two finger Kubaton](_URL_2_) (With super nasty spikes) - **Legal**
[](/sp)
[](/ajbaffle)[Four finger brass knuckle "paperweight"](_URL_1_) - "***Legal***," so long as it's a paperweight.
[](/sp)
[](/twiponder) I've always been curious about why brass knuckles are seen as such horrible things when you could buy a [push knife](_URL_0_) instead, and that would be totally okay.
[](/sp)
[](/discordgrump "I'm all for things not making sense, but this is just plain stupid.") What's the deal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hdz12/eli5_why_are_kubatons_allowed_to_be_sold_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cu6k6m3"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"It's very hard to give satisfying answers to \"Why does the law say ...?\" questions. The real answer is almost always \"Because it sounded like a good idea at the time.\" You're talking about law chasing a product. Brass knuckles were considered \"bad\" by some lawmaker, so they wrote a law banning them. Then someone made them on a wooden base, claiming they were a funny paperweight, and the legislators weren't sufficiently incensed to revise the law. Then someone made a two-finger or one-finger kubaton, saying it's not brass knuckles because they are only on two/one finger. Some places changed their brass knuckle laws, some places didn't.\n\nThis isn't a good way to write laws, though it was done a lot, because the work factor for an evil-doer who wants to avoid the law is too low. Alas, there is no \"law cleanup squad\" that deletes all this stuff, that's why the law books are so fat."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://images.knifecenter.com/thumb/1500x1500/knifecenter/gerber/images/GB30000650nw.jpg",
"http://images.ontheedgebrands.com/get/w/700/h/700/A07-SD5.image",
"http://images.ontheedgebrands.com/get/w/700/h/700/A17-MC07836BG.image",
"http://images.ontheedgebrands.com/get/w/700/h/700/A31-BV297.image"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
7kybbd
|
why does ejaculating feel good?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7kybbd/eli5_why_does_ejaculating_feel_good/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dri3tya"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"When you ejaculate, your brain releases several \"feel good\" chemicals like endorphin, oxytocin, serotonin, and dopamine. These usually wear out after several minutes. They also get released any time you do anything helpful as a way of motivating you to do it more often."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7iztik
|
where does the air that causes an organ to produce sound come from and how is it carried to the pipes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7iztik/eli5_where_does_the_air_that_causes_an_organ_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dr2mzk3"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"In the Olden Days, it was provided by a set of [bellows](_URL_3_), that some [assistant](_URL_1_) had to keep pumped to keep the organ supplied with air. \n\nNowadays on most organs, it's done with an electric air compressor, though there are still organs with bellows that exist. There's an organ in a church near me that still has bellows, though there's a compressor too. You can use either to get it to start working, though obviously you can't play and pump at the same time. \n\n*edit* Just noticed I only answered half your question. Hold on and I'll finish up.\n\n*edit2* for some reason I've just noticed somehow the system didn't save the second half of my message. \n\nThere's a [air reservoir](_URL_0_) inside the organ which is basically a box which has a weighted top that can move up and down on a sort of accordion kind of arrangement. \n\nAs the bellows assistant pumps, or the compressor compresses, the top of the reservoir lifts up, and the idea is that while the top of that is floating (not topped out so it can't go any higher and not bottomed out), the organ will be provided with a steady flow of air. This is necessary otherwise the organ will only sound each time the person gives a pump, which obviously will make playing anything decent difficult. \n\nBeyond that there are valves controlled by the keyboards, which allow air to the appropriate pipes. \n\nTo modify the sounds, there are [stops](_URL_2_) which are basically selections to adjust which set of pipes the air goes to (or does not go to).\n\nVolume is controlled using pedals which open or close mechanical shutters to limit how much sound can come out of the pipes. \n\nThat's about it in basic terms. Obviously you could literally write books on the mechanics of pipe organs. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.dobsonorgan.com/html/instruments/op85_westhartford/reservoir3.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b03Pes5JAm8/hqdefault.jpg",
"http://www.elycathedral.org/assets/pages/00000033/organ-stops.jpg",
"http://www.mexicanarchitecture.org/glossary/images/Oaxaca_Tlacochahuaya_SanJeronimo_full/33%20Wedge%20Bellows,%20Restored%20in%201991.jpg"
]
] |
||
52ne2q
|
from a hydration standpoint, is there any difference between how sparkling water and flat water are processed in the body?
|
No real description necessary other than the title
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/52ne2q/eli5_from_a_hydration_standpoint_is_there_any/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7lski2"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Nope there isn't. Other than a bit of burping (and perhaps some small reduction in stomach acid secretion since sparkling water is mildly acidic), there's no difference in physiological response to the two at all. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6vhy7b
|
how animals seems to have the sense from birth that fire is bad but humans often have to get burned before realising?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6vhy7b/eli5_how_animals_seems_to_have_the_sense_from/
|
{
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"dm0ckog",
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"text": [
"Humans have made a sort of evolutionary tradeoff: we are born with our brains much less-thoroughly developed compared to their adult state than other animals, with the result that we are more adaptable, but must learn all sorts of things that most animals are born knowing, such as how to walk.",
"Regrettably, my cat tried to \"smell\" a burning candle once. He had no idea what fire is. \n\nSmoke on the other hand, makes my cats want to head for low ground.",
"I just want to say that not all animals realize fire is bad. \n\nWhen I go outside to have a fire my chickens are right there... I have to chase them away.\n\nIn the winter we have a huge fire of all the fallen trees - and stuff.. and my livestock critters are not scared. They don't go into it or any thing like that but they don't exactly stay away either.",
"When we started using our hands for tools and started walking on 2 feet, our stance got straighter and our feet got closer to each other. This caused problems for females because giving birth to grown babies was harder due to the tightened vaginal area. Most females died during births and the ones that gave birth earlier without the baby fully grown lived. (Just to clear it up: Human growth occurs much less in the mother's womb than other species like horses and cats.) By this way, human babies started born much younger, which meant they had to complete their development outside the womb. A foal can walk shortly after it is born and a kitten can learn to hunt for birds after weeks it is born. But humans are not like this. They need parental supervision to teach the world for them. Most baby animal can survive wildlife by their own after a short time they are born. But for humans need years of parent care to finally survive by their own. This applies for the fire bad instinct too. Animals can understand when they first encountered the fire it is dangerous because they are developed enough to survive in the wildlife alone. But we need someone else to tell us or experience burn several times to understand that the fire is bad. \n(Side note: it also the fact that humans born undeveloped makes humans like a influenceable doughs. You can raise your children Muslim, Christian, Fascist, Communist, Atheist, Humanist or Anarchist. It is what environment during childhood makes the ideas of the person but when it comes for animals, they are all instincts.) \nI went kind of off-topic but hope you learned something new."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7re3sv
|
what's the difference between self worth, self esteem, and self concept?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7re3sv/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_self_worth_self/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dsw7nyo"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Sell esteem is what you think about your self and your qualities, more of an observation than an evaluation. It tends change with circumstance, you are going to feel better about your bowling after your roll a strike than after a gutterball.\n\nSelf-worth is your evaluation of yourself and your qualities. You might know you are a great bowler, but feel low self-worth because you can't find a job or a date.\n\nSelf-concept is your general awareness of your self, almost your existential philosophy about what it means to be you. Some people just work and react and don't think about it too much, others a prone to deeper contemplation"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2d2f35
|
cognitive dissonance
|
There was a post in SRD that has something to do with cognitive dissonance, and I read the wiki but it's still really confusing.
Thread: _URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d2f35/eli5_cognitive_dissonance/
|
{
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"It's when you hold two opposing ideas in your head at the same time, or when you have new information that contradicts a deeply held belief.\n\nI suppose the easiest example is someone who has grown up religious most of their life, say as a creationist (someone who believes god created everything in front of them and that natural processes weren't involved). What happens when this person goes to biology and starts learning about evolution? The idea of evolution is totally absent of any kind of intelligence guiding the process. Looking at it very simply, it seems like random chance after random chance that led to where we are today.\n\nThis understandably goes against what they've been told all their life, especially when it comes to the idea of god having a \"plan.\" Taken on its face, there's obviously no plan when it comes to evolution. No intelligence. Completely natural and without guidance.\n\nI think that's why those who don't believe in evolution are some of the most vehement in their position even if they may not have much of a leg to stand on. Their attacks on evolution are tied into their very identity, so it's understandable why they're passionate about their position.",
"I'll try to explain this to the best of my understanding. Think of your mind always being in equilibrium. If something happens that causes you our mind to come out of balance you use reasoning to being it back to equilibrium. \n\nFor example I ask if you think you're a good student and you say you are. I then ask you what you think a good student is. You explain a good student will focus on their studies, they do their homework, and they get good grades. Then I point out that you are not a good student because you drink too much on the weekends, don't do your homework, and miss class regularly. Now I'm using your definition of a good student to say you are not. Now your mind is out of balance because you think you are a good student. But the definition that you gave says you are not. So you either have accept that you are not a good student or change your beliefs. \n\nI may have this wrong but that's a very basic way to use cognitive dissonance in arguments. ",
"People strive for consistency between their attitudes. When two or more attitudes contradict each other, for exaple \"I smoke\" and \"smoking is dangerous\", you will experience an uncomfortable feeling of anxiety, called cognitive dissonance. This discomfort will motivate you to reduce the dissonance. The theory states that to reduce the dissonance, and maintain consistency between attitudes, people will either change their attitudes, or add new ones. For example either by quitting smoking, or by adding the attitude \"it's not as dangerous to smoke as they claim\".\n",
"Cognitive dissonance is the brain's attempt to explain new information that runs contradictory to a firmly held belief or idea. \n\nMy favorite example of cognitive dissonance is also one of the first documented cases of the phenomenon (or at least the first documented case of it under the name \"cognitive dissonance\"). In his book \"Prophecy Fails\", Leon Festinger details an event where he and two colleagues infiltrate a cult that believed the world was coming to an end and that an alien race was coming to save all the believers at a very specific time and place. Festinger and company observed, to their surprise, that when the specific date and time of the aliens coming to save the believers came and went, the followers of the cult did not realize that they were wrong. Instead, the followers convinced themselves that their belief in the aliens and their power must have persuaded the aliens to save the world. They believed so strongly in the idea of the aliens that instead of realizing they were wrong when no aliens appeared, they believed that their belief saved the entire world!",
"What you linked is not a proper use of the term. It gets misused a lot.\n\nCognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling you experience when two of your beliefs are in conflict. It often happens when deeply held beliefs are challenged.\n\nLet's say you were raised to believe that people who drink alcohol are bad people. You go away to college and become best friends with your roommate. You now believe these two things.\n\n1. People who drink alcohol are bad people.\n2. My roommate is a good person.\n\nA couple months later, you see your roommate drinking beer at a party. This puts your two beliefs into conflict with each other. Both can't be true at the same time, so you have to reconcile them somehow. There are several ways people deal with this problem.\n\nSome people deal with the problem by refusing to deal with the problem. They don't think about it. This is not the most healthy option, but it's what some people do.\n\nIf you can't or won't avoid thinking about the conflicting beliefs, you have to change one of your beliefs. One option is to accept that what you were taught growing up is wrong, and drinking alcohol does not make you a bad person. Another option is to change your opinion of your roommate. Your roommate drinks alcohol, and is therefore bad. The third option is to deny you saw your roommate drinking. Nope, never happened.\n\nOf those options, some are more sensible than others, but they are all ways people might actually handle the situation.",
" > In psychology, cognitive dissonance is **the mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time**, or is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values.[1][2]\n\n > Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance focuses on how humans strive for internal consistency. When inconsistency (dissonance) is experienced, individuals largely become psychologically distressed. His basic hypotheses are listed below:\n\n > \"The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance\"\n\n > \"When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the person will actively avoid situations and information which would likely increase the dissonance\"[1]\n\n_URL_0_",
"The best example of cognitive dissonance was an experiment I read about recently.\n\nPeople were split into two groups. One group were asked if they would volunteer to try a new food item. The other group were asked if they'd be willing to be paid a new food item.\n\nBoth groups tried the same food item. Then, prior to the individuals giving their rating, they were told what they had just eaten was cockroaches (or maybe crickets, I can't remember).\n\nThe group that had been paid, on average, rated the food at 1 star. The group that volunteered rated the food at 3 stars. \n\nThe cognitive dissonance is shown in the thought pattern. Most people believe they are smart and reasonable people. The group that had been paid thought \"why did I just eat a cockroach?! Well I did it because I was paid\". So it's easy for them to rate it as 1 star.\n\nThe group that volunteered had to reconcile their belief that they are smart and reasonable, with the fact that they had just eaten a cockroach. The easiest way to do that is to convince yourself it wasn't really that bad, tasted quite good actually. \n\nCognitive dissonance is the feeling you get where you have to reconcile two conflicting beliefs that you hold. It's an interesting concept.",
"I thought cognitive dissonance was a man really wanting an apple and seeing an apple hanging in a tree, but he can't climb or get the apple no matter what he tries. So he reasons \"ah I hate apples, I am not hungry anyway. I don't want the apple\"",
"The best example I have read regarding cognitive dissonance was given by /u/nerojoe\n\n[Link] (_URL_0_)\n\nHere is the quote: \n > **So, I'm an atheist and pretty liberal regarding most areas of politics.\nMy mother-in-law is a Baptist, and super conservative on all issues.\nWell, we got into a discussion about illegal immigrants, and the topic of them using our hospitals for free came up.\nShe was arguing that our hospitals should not treat illegal immigrants (which I agree with to an extent). So I asked, \"What if it is an emergency? What if a Mexican got into a severe car wreck and was going to die?\"\nTo which she replied, \"Let him die. He shouldn't have been here.\"\nHonestly, I was quite shocked. \"You would just let him die?\"\n\"Yep.\"\nAt this point I'm heated enough to drop some of my reservations, and said, \"I thought you were a Christian.\"\n\"I am a Christian!\", she said.\n\"So, you'd stand there before Jesus and tell the paramedics 'leave him, he didn't belong here anyway'. Do you think Jesus would care that the guy was from Mexico?\"\nWell, that's when she started crying. I felt kind of bad that I upset her... but I think she needed to understand how big of a hypocrite she was.**",
"Play Spec Ops: The Line, then you'll get it",
"It is used in marketing. McDonald's would have an ad showing really healthy people eating a salad. Our brain has to reconcile the conflicting message.\n\n\n 1. McDonald's is very unhealthy \n\n\n 2. very healthy looking people are eating a something very healthy looking \n\n\n\n This causes the image to get deeper into the consciousness. The primary goal is to show you that McDonald's has salads yes, but the ad is also trying to get the golden arches more of a foothold in your mind. ",
"I noticed nobody else mentioned the term's use in education, and I did in a comment response, so I think I'll just link that at top level.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nIt's in [response](_URL_2_) to the [Fox and the Grapes.](_URL_0_)",
"I thought it was when say, (this is an example btw) \n\nYou're in a classroom and your teacher asks a multiple choice question (there is only 2 answers, A or B). The teacher asks you to raise your hand up if you think it is A, 80-90% of the class does. Now this is where what I thought cognitive dissonance was. \n\nYou originally thought the answer was B, now with the entire class saying it is A, you either put your hand up for A thinking \"everyone else thinks it's A, I must be wrong\" or when the teacher asks people to raise their hand if they think B is correct, you don't or hesitate greatly. \n\nKinda like go with the flow mindset. ",
"So with Cognitive Dissonance, can someone be lead to self diagnose themselves as a depressed, due to the fact that either one of two facts are wrong? "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://np.reddit.com/r/aww/comments/2cz5kd/smile_for_the_camera/cjkmck5"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/atheism/comments/181ozb/i_made_my_motherinlaw_cry/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Grapes",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d2f35/eli5_cognitive_dissonance/cjm191a",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d2f35/eli5_cognitive_dissonance/cjlprim?context=3"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
1o8xyc
|
why do solo cups have ridges in the neck? is this for structural rigidity in the plastic?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1o8xyc/eli5_why_do_solo_cups_have_ridges_in_the_neck_is/
|
{
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"ccpu1tp",
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11,
2
],
"text": [
"Fun fact, they're actually used for [measuring drinks](_URL_0_)!",
"Or maaybe so you don't drop it when it starts sweating???"
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
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"http://imgur.com/KUtCDyC"
],
[]
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||
1d350c
|
why is it illegal in some areas to back up into a parking spot instead of going in head first
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1d350c/eli5_why_is_it_illegal_in_some_areas_to_back_up/
|
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"It may be because parking enforcement must be able to see the vehicle's plate from the roadway.",
"One time the Indiana state legislature tried to legislate the value of pi to 3.2. True story. Never count on laws to make sense.",
"In Germany at least it is a matter of keeping walls clean, as in: if you back up into a parking space, your exhaust fumes might leave stains on a white wall. Not sure if that might be case in question though, as it is not a law but just signs hung up by business owners etc"
]
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|
[] |
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[],
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||
yf3bo
|
where does the money from failed fundraisers go?
|
Like if someone were to gather money to build a museum but doesn't collect in time.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/yf3bo/where_does_the_money_from_failed_fundraisers_go/
|
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"Typically they either return the money to the donees (usually when a few give large amounts) or give it to a similar cause or something else in line with the group's mission statement. \n\nOf course that's assuming the fundraiser is for a registered charity organization. If it's just Joe Schmoe collecting money for something then he can do whatever he wants with the funds. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5u2qtu
|
what is the process professional animator use when making movies?
|
For example, how does. Say, a Pixar animator go about animating? What program does he use, and what goes into it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5u2qtu/eli5what_is_the_process_professional_animator_use/
|
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"Pixar uses their own RenderMan software to make movies. For 3D productions like their films, the process is a sort of hybrid of live action and traditional animation production since it's creating virtual 3D sets. That means in addition to regular animators, there are people who make textures, do lighting, move the camera around the scene, etc. This is based around storyboards, then preliminary animation is done with low quality rendering so the artists can get an idea of what everything looks like. Once everything is correct for a scene, it's fully rendered to create the final product. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
6ystiz
|
if it is better to be entirely relaxed on impact (ie ragdoll effect) why is our instinct to tense up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ystiz/eli5_if_it_is_better_to_be_entirely_relaxed_on/
|
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"It is definetely *not* better to entirely relax on impact. This is a myth and I have no idea where it actually comes from.\n\nFor example in a car crash where you drive straight into something (the most common one), if you relax entirely your head will be whipping forward and back again really fast like a whiplash (you can probably guess where this is going...) and this may cause severe whiplash damage *to your spine* in the neck. This may cause all kinds of aches (if you are lucky) or partial paralysis if you are less lucky. By tensing you neck really hard (best thing to do is to push it back against the head rest or whatever it is, I think) in order to counteract the whipping motion of your head. Sure, you may sprain your muscles and what not, but that is *always* preferable to spine damage and will probably automatically get well after some time.\n\nI am definitely no expert in the area and I hope that someone who is comes here and gives a better answer, but I do know that you should definitely not relax on impact.\n\nEDIT: I removed the last edot because I learned chiropractics is not real science. English is not my main language so I originally thpugh it meant some legit thing. We don't have chiropractics in my country...",
"Medic here. It is NOT good to completely relax and it is indeed dangerous. Let me give a example in what we call whiplash. In a whiplash incident we have your head going forward then aggressively back again. The problem is your brain is still going with the momentum cause what is called a cou / contra-cou injury. Your brain smashes against the front of your skull then the back of your skull. If you were to tense up in say a forward collision putting your weight into the seat. You will probably have a sprain but will most likely avoid the whiplash.",
"I'd like to come from a different perspective as others here have suggested. The myth behind relaxing on impact being better than tensing up mainly comes from the idea that the force will dissipate through your body, rather than be absorbed by it. This *may* be better when the force is a single-incident large blunt impact, like a car ramming into you in a controlled environment, where the room is filled with pillows. \n\nHowever, most impact circumstances rarely involve one single incident, e.g. when you get hit by a car, you bounce off asphalt multiple times, get your face scraped off by gravel, and amputate a few small trees with your limbs in the process. In such multiple-incident scenarios, it is perhaps better to \"tense up\" and try to reduce the damage by actively responding to potential subsequent incidences of force on your body, rather than going full ragdoll and just taking any hits which happen to come your way, beyond just the first impact. ",
"If someone punches you in the stomach you can protect your organs by tensing up your muscles. If you were relaxed your stomach and colon would take a lot more damage I think. ",
"The reason is quite simple - we're not super machines that have been optimised for every single situation we encounter in life. Evolution is a blunt object that finds *a solution* that happens to survive whatever nature can throw at us. So we haven't evolved to have amazing survival skills in every possible scenario, just to survive well enough to reproduce better than the other species that would be competing with us (take that, Neanderthals!). So, at some point in our evolution we developed a reaction to being scared, and that reaction is to send a jolt of stimulants around the body very quickly. This is great when the fear is coming from a bear, or another guy with a pointy stick - it helps us to fight better (makes us stronger, ugh!) or run faster. Obviously, there's situations where this adrenaline boost is not helpful, or even harms us. The situation you've described is one - when falling from a moderate height, we'd be better off relaxing a little, but nope, we're gonna tense because that's what we do when we're afraid. Since we're not extinct, clearly the ability to fight and run better was more useful to us, survival wise, than the ability to survive a moderate fall. Probably to do with the likelihood of each event.\n\nAdrenaline is actually a pretty horrible thing for modern life. Most people are now scared of things that adrenaline makes worse, not better. Speaking in public, for example. All that adrenaline is what makes you start shaking, sweating, forget everything you were supposed to say, and just makes you want to run away. Another example would be when your wife finds your secret stash of furry porn - rather than come up with a good story on the spot about how your depraved, sick cousin Larry must have used your computer that one time when he stayed over, your poor adrenaline-infused brain instead wants to shout out \"look out, tiger!\" and run away screaming like an 8 year old girl. Err, not that that's ever happened to me. I'm talking about a friend, honest!",
"I think alot of misunderstanding comes from misconstruing the concept to \"roll with the punch\". The point of rolling with the punch, breaking fall or moving with the flow is to minimize acceleration without overstraining muscles that goes against the the momentum. It's never good to totally resist (therefore rapidly reforming the region of impact) or to totally ragdoll (therefore not reducing the acceleration due to momentum).",
"Sounds like most people are saying this is a myth and I can't speak to that or not. But I can say that I was under the same impression and I remember where I learned it. In health class they taught us about drunk drivers and how they are the most likely ones to survive a collision. This is because their reaction times are so slow that they don't tense up until after the collision. Since they're limp during the collision, the car's safety features (allegedly) have the best chance of protecting them. \nCan confirm, I hit a cement wall at 70+ MPH in a 1996 Dodge Stratus (sober), and keeping health class drunk driving in mind, I went limp at the last second (except for holding the wheel at 5/7 to protect my arms from the airbags) and I walked away from that crash with nothing but a bloody nose I couldn't feel because of all the adrenaline.",
"Your statement about being relaxed in impact is way too general. Like in many things in life it depends on the situation. \n\nBut before going into it, the first thing to note is one of Newton's laws, from which the equation F = ma comes from. It means force = mass * acceleration. \n\nSo in the case of falls which you specified in one of your comments, if you were to remain rigid - locking your knees for example - when you hit the ground you would almost instantly decelerate to a stop. This would mean the force acting on you would be immense, which would cause injury. \n\nRather than staying relaxed, it would be more accurate to say that prolonging the time in which you decelerate would lessen injury. Just like how people who do free running roll after a big jump. \n\nAs an example, let's say you take 0.1s to completely decelerate to a stop when rigid and 0.4s to stop if you roll. You would reduce the amount of force acting on you to a quarter of its original value. Of course this is a very simplified version but this is more or less the point. \n\nIn the case of things like punches and such, it is better to tense up like other redditors have mentioned. This is because even if you reduced the force by relaxing and allowing the punch to create an impact over a larger time, the force would be distributed over your internal organs which would cause injury. \n\nBy tensing up your muscles, even though the force is much higher it is almost fully absorbed by your muscles as they now act as a hardened barrier - akin to armor - protecting your more squishy parts. And muscles can take a lot more than punishment your squishy parts.",
"There is a difference between impacts of a car crash and a fall or punch.\n\nWhen you get hit in the face for example, tensing your muscles will make you absorb the impact force completely at the point of impact leading to broken bones and other nasty effects. Relaxing and moving along with the force will reduce that effect a lot (your body is actually very well fitted to do this).\n\nWhen falling, we need as much surface of our body to hit the floor to lessen the impact. When tense, your body will not be able to adjust to the angle of the fall, and the first thing that hits the ground will take the most force. I do martial arts with spinning and falls and lots of throws. Believe me, you don't want to tense up when you fall.\n\nThe only thing which requires tensing (which is also pointed out for the car crash) is your neck. When you fall, Keep your chin on your chest so it doesn't snap or you hit your head on the floor. When in a crash, tense it up to keep your head from disconnecting\n",
"It's not (not on impact anyway).\nIn some situations like skydiving, you surely would prefer to spread your arms and legs as much as possible to maximize your body area and minimize your terminal velocity (going from 320 km/hr on a fetal position to \"only\" 95 km/hr), but you would definitely prefer to be in a more compact shape with arms and legs protecting your head and vital organs.\n(source: physics course on college and this _URL_0_)",
"I know NASCAR drivers are trained that when they get in a wreck to essentially hug themselves and push their head back in order to lower the damage done to their body.",
"You're thinking of the myth from mythbusters where the person gets knocked out by a lamp, thrown around in the eye of a tornado/hurricane and lands unscathed.",
"Relaxed vs tense.\n\nWhen you receive an impact the force must go somewhere. Must. Remember this.\n\nSo if you have a relaxed muscle and an impact huts it, the physical force will travel through until something absorbs it. the force will pass through and damage your organs. This is how hudini died, he was asleep and someone punched him in the stomach. Because he was not tense the full force hit his digestive system and ruptured it. It can literally kill you.\n\nNow there are some interesting rules about force. Example. If a car is rock solid and hits a wall then the force is transfered because nothing is absorbing it. But if the car crumples it absorbs the force protecting the person inside. Hence why newer cars crumple so easily while older cars look fine after a crash but hurt the occupants.\n\nKnowing the above, if you were to jump off a high location you don't want your body to absorb all the force. Or your joints... But you know what's great at absorbing force? Muscles. When you land it is better to resist but actually allow your muscles to bend with the fall because that causes a slow dispersion of force among the muscles rather than the bones which will crumple rather than bend like muscles will.\n\nBut we can go further. I'd you were to roll as you land you also convert the impact into motion which further disperses the total force into something much lighter causing less damage.\n\nTl;Dr - muscles protect your insides. Tense is good. Loose is bad. If you fall have your soft outer tissue absorb the force, not your bones or inner tissue.\n\nEdit: During fighting:\n\nIf you are \"loose\" then you have fluid motion, but upon impact you are always trained to tense THAT muscle to absorb the impact. That's why good martial arts training is also about how to take a beating so when you do get hit, it won't be too harmful. Also good martial artists will aim for places without the muscle so there's nothing to absorb their blows (example of why hitting the kneecaps is so damaging)",
"Who taught you that you should relax entirely on impacts? Our muscles are like damage absorbers, that's their point. ",
"When an animal attacks you, ducking, putting arms locked in position to protect your head, and curling up in a defensive position keep the attacking animal from hurting your vital organs. \n\nEdit: a word",
"tensing up also increases intra abdominal pressure and of course increases actual muscle tension, these both assist in holding a position under load or against load and allows for maximal force production to absorb impacts and transfer force thru the body with the least amount of trauma on joints and skeletal structure movement\n\nbut the tenser you are the less ability you have to be mobile, to move with, react and deflect an impact\n\n\n\n",
"Contrary to what most of the people on here are saying, if you are ejected from a vehicle it is best to ragdoll. Like most of the people here I am no expert. I heard this from CHP's and my friend that was drunk driving and ejected. He had no injuruies.",
"Instinct is based on millions of years of evolution, not 100 years of technology. \n\nBefore a few hundred years ago, impacts weren't a thing. Getting hit at high velocity just didn't happen very much. \n\nTensing up is for a purpose. It readies the muscles to act. Fight or flight. Run or pounce. Tension is the beginning of that process, which occurs for any potential danger. The brain isn't saying \"oh noa car accident\". It's just saying \"DANGER! Get ready!\" Going limp might be beneficial when in a car accident, but it might be bad when you spot a lion hiding in tall grass. ",
"I think this myth comes from drunks who are often not harmed and walk away.\n\nThe muscles protect your body, but can be hurt themselves.\n\nA relaxed body is more likely to take severe injury as it is not protected, but minior muscle injury is avoided.\n\nIt is better to take a minior (may not feel minior) muscle injury than a severe one to other parts of your body.\n\n",
"In some cases ragdolling is better. In most cases tensing up is better. We've evolved the instincts that apply to more situations.",
"From what I understand, if you're falling, you're better off being relaxed and landing flat on your back than trying to absorb your entire body weight on your legs or bum. A good way to see this without killing yourself is to jump on a trampoline and land on your back. Try once totally relaxed and you just bounce back up (WEEEE). Try it again and tense your body and neck. Your head will smack the trampoline and you will feel a lot more force. ",
"Don't confuse a vague term like tense up with reflexive defense. The general ragdoll myth has exactly zero evidence to back it up. Your body has thousands of years of conditioning to defend it's critical parts, raising an arm when something is coming at your head, etc. These instincts usually translate well to modern times until the mechanism of injury becomes a powered device which can involve a force so great it renders your defense meaningless or worse.",
"Is it possible to have an instinct with a relatively recent invention such as a car?",
"_URL_0_\n\n > What’s remarkable is that the study found that cats that fell from heights of 7 to 32 stories were less likely to die than those that fell from 2 to 6 stories.\n\n > Why? One theory is that after a certain distance, a cat reaches maximum speed and that vestibular mechanism in its ear shuts off. As a result, the cat relaxes. As any stuntman can tell you, relaxed limbs are less likely to break than unrelaxed ones. Another is that the greater height gives the cat time to adopt its parachute pose.\n",
"This idea might come from the belief that drunk people get less serious injuries in accidents because they're more limp.\n\nBut it would appear that this is not the case - rather, [a study found drunk people are likely to suffer the same level of injuries, but are more likely to survive](_URL_0_). The reason, as a matter of speculation, is that alcohol blunts the body's injury response, which is actually what kills people who have suffered trauma. Our injury response might have been helpful in less severe injuries, but in injuries that would have been deadly before, they become counterproductive to modern medical intervention.",
"The answer is that it completely depends on the fall. Instinct is due to what occurs MOST OFTEN.\n\nIf you fall 10' from a tree (something our ancestor might have experienced often), then you probably want to tense up and control your landing. Going ragdoll could cause serious whiplash or broken bones. Tensing you can easily land that without even a bruise.\n\nIf you fall 20' from a tree, you still want to control the fall but you want to roll out of it (watch a parkour video). Your muscles and bones can't handle that much force, but they can direct the force away. That is NOT ragdoll, but it isn't a super-hero landing either. It's a controlled spreading of the landing force. Now, that didn't happen much to our ancestors, so the roll out isn't instinctual but isn't hard to train for.\n\nIf you fall 5000' from skydiving, you want to go ragdoll. Your muscles and bones can neither handle that force, nor can they direct enough force away to prevent injury. You need to ragdoll to spread the force to every location possible. This type of fall never happened to our ancestors, so ragdoll never became instinct.",
"Remaining loose on impact is more applicable to fighting... so that when you are hit or struck at, you can then tense your muscles in the opposite direction of the blow - to either avoid it or lessen the impact. If you were already tense and rigid, you wouldn't be able to move in such a fluid motion in the desired direction with as much speed necessary to avoid substantial damage. Hope that helps.",
"Not everything that happens is a result of a finely honed and crafted result of evolution. It has to be common enough for it to be somethign that was selected against. There were no car crashes for the vast majority of our history, tensing up probably only applied to potentially fatal falls off objects and that's unlikely to have been a big enough factor for one population to triumph over another.\n\nIn other words, let's say that 5% of humans in a large population have the \"don't tense up upon impact\" instinct. Is this advantage of theirs so substantial that it's going to make a big enough difference that they outbreed the other 90%? If not, then the trait is not selected for and doesn't become widespread.\n\nPeople always look at minor human traits and say \"why did this evolve or why wasn't this evolved out of us\" but the reality is that there are lots of things that just happen and aren't positive or negative enough to have been selected for or against. We are not precisely engineered.",
"The idea that tensing up makes injuries worse is an old wive's tale borne out of ignorance and word-of-mouth nonsense. There's literally no hard medical evidence to suggest that being in some sort of impact while 'relaxed' reduces injuries.\n\nThe typical example is drunk drivers. \"But drunk drivers seem to survive more often than the people they hit!\"\n\nFirst of all, the drunk driver is usually the one causing the accident. Cars move forward, and a front-end collision is the most survivable type of car collision. However, they may be T-boning or rear-ending someone with the front of their car. As a result, they're less likely to suffer fatal injuries.\n\nSecond, the drunk driver doesn't always hit people in cars. Pedestrians will not fare well.\n\n\nThird, there's some evidence that the presence of alcohol in the body inhibits harmful bodily reactions to trauma, such as the shock response, or inflammation.\n\nAll of this will make drunk drivers statistically appear to survive more than the people they hit, but none of them have anything to do with 'tensing up'.\n\nFurthermore, any collision of sufficient force to cause serious injury to you is going to impart so much kinetic energy into your body that the g-forces are going to cause your limbs to whip around uncontrollably anyway. It literally won't matter. You don't have the muscular strength to overcome that energy.\n\nIt's a ridiculous myth and it astonishes me that it's still so widely believed.",
"I think the real answer is evolution. \n\nWe evolved to handle the impact from things that require tensing up for better survival. Pedestrian accidents; like a punch from another caveman, a buffalo slamming into you, slipping off curb a or a fall from a tree stump.\n\nWe haven't evolved to handle a head-on collision at 80 mph. At those speeds muscles tear from bone when you try to protect yourself. ",
"Long ago, I had a roommate who was a paramedic who told me its best to be loose like a rag doll in an accident. Apparently when you tense up, you have a greater likelihood of breaking bones. \n\nHe used to use the examples of drunk people in all the car accidents he responded to. He said they were least likely to be hurt. His biggest example was this van full of drunk Mexicans that drove off of a bridge and fell two and a half stories onto concrete. Everyone in the van was fine with no injuries. ",
"You have a false assumption. And that assumption appears to be that our bodies should naturally perform in the most optimum manner. Evolution doesn't care about optimum, it only cares about what helps the individual survive long enough to reproduce. So the logical response to your question is, because it wasn't evolutionarily advantageous. ",
"I think I can give some insight here, due to my background in Army Airborne (parachuting) operations.\n\nOne of the key tenets to parachuting is the proper conduct of a Parachute Landing Fall (PLF). You shape your body into the form of a crescent so that the impact with the ground is cushioned by 5 points of contact: balls of the feet, calves, thighs, buttocks, and pullup muscle.\n\nWhat these points of contact all have in common are significant muscle mass, which absorbs the impact. Landing while static line parachuting is roughly the same impact as jumping off a 1-story roof. So if you're not positioned properly with your feet and knees together (bracing) you can shatter your shins/femur. I've seen a femur break from a parachuting accident, it can happen. Forming the shape of a crescent/banana and relaxing (which requires experience + trust) into the roll allows you to roll through these points of contact, distributing the impact.\n\nNow - speculating here - I would imagine part of the instinct of bracing is the body covering/moving sensitive areas against an incoming blow. Protect bones/soft tissue with areas covered in muscle.",
"There was this dude who got sucked up into a tornado when he was outcold and being limp apparently saved his life [The boy who lived!](_URL_0_) "
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418tjp
|
people who are exposed to the cold more build a tolerance. is this a physically built resistant, or is it all mental?
|
Like does your skin actually change to become resistant to cold temperatures, or is it just all in your head?
Edit: Yes! Finally got something to the front page. I got the idea for this topic because I just watched Revenant yesterday, and was thinking about it as I went for a morning stroll through my not-nearly-as-cold neighborhood.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/418tjp/eli5people_who_are_exposed_to_the_cold_more_build/
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"Edit as my previous answer was only partially correct.\n\nAll info being sourced from here in addition to prior lectures during pre-med.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThere are 2 primary ways we generate heat:\n\n1. Increased metabolism and heat generation via burning of brown fat (heat generating fat)\n\n2. The changing of how your fatty acids in your skin are structured. This change is brought on by cold weather and enables better heat retention. The fatty acids get more kinks in them (they look like accordions instead of straight lines where they have no kinks.)\n\nThis process takes 10 days to occur and is called acclimatization.",
"Yes! Plants and bacteria do adapt to cold. They have an enzyme that is turned on in cold environments. This enzyme adds a double bond to the \"fatty acid\", component of the cell membrane. The fatty acid becomes less like a wax that hardens in the cold and more like oil that stays fluid. This allows the organisms to not freeze up in the cold. \n\nHigher organisms like nematodes and presumably humans also appear to do this, but the mechanism isn't understood as it is in bacteria. Furthermore, there appears to be an ADDITIONAL mechanism that helps higher organisms adapt to cold that is totally unknown. \n\nSource:\n_URL_0_\n",
"It is a combination of mental and physical conditioning and focus. \n\nLook up the wim hof method. \nHe can withstand temperature extremes. He has an abnormally high amount of heat producing brown fat as a physical adaptation and uses certain forms of meditation allowing him to have a certain degree of control over his autonomous nervous system. ",
"It's a physiological change in response to the cold environment when shivering or piloerection are not enough: your body activates brown fat along with generating new brown fat cells. It helps us to defend our body temperature in a comfortable manner. ",
"I briefly worked in a cold store (giant freezer) and noticed a few of the older guys had an incredible amount of broken veins (not sure of the correct term) on their faces. Almost as if their body made the veins give more blood/warmth to the surface. Or they could have just been alcoholics. ",
"All the answers cover it pretty good, and I didn't see it here yet, but one **completely false** thing I always hear living in Arizona is \"Your blood gets thinner in the heat\"\n\n > Thinner blood, however, \"is absolutely a myth,\" said Dr. Bruce Lenes, medical director of Community Blood Centers of South Florida, noting that blood thickness isn't influenced by temperature. He said people simply adjust — mentally and physically — to a new climate.\n\nSo contrary to popular belief, it is mostly the things the top comments mention",
"Even our military has rules about acclimatizing when you are sent to a new post in a different latitude you are used to. When I went overseas I had a prescribed number of maximum hours per day allowed to exercise in the cold in my fatigues without field jacket . If our commander kept us out longer and anyone got sick, there would be hell to pay. Our medical team enforced this with new troops. The process of becoming climate tolerant takes days and we benefit by continued multiple exposures and is an actual physically observable event for the human body. I know that if I go outside every day my body will develop a tolerance for sunlight if I do it slowly and develop a tan, same is true with exposure to cold... our body metabolism notches it up a bit and the fatty acids change. But our body has more success adapting to heat! Our bodies are actually better heat acclimated than cold or altitude. After enough time in the cold, for example, resting metabolism ramps up to a higher level so that the body produces more heat and every normal human body can do this with multiple exposures... one has to daily undergo climate exposure as the body refines its ability to insulate or redistribute heat in changing weather. Our bodies have done this for millions of years, especially well - since we started out as a non-furbearing species, we had no choice and evolved to being able to adapt to climate changes which preserved us from extinction. \n When I got assigned to Anchorage in October(their summer) I initially was freezing and constantly shivering while wearing a parka.... but after the first snows in November I was outside in short sleeve weather and it felt OK to me for brief periods. By December, I was sleeping with windows open and when spring returned I'd added on 15 pounds and was very used to being in the snow. When I finally discharged from the service and returned home to my normal SoCal High Desert (Victorville) in the summer three years later, I couldn't get cooled off at all in the first week home in part due to the extra weight; I fasted to get the weight off, stayed dressed in a bikini or just a Tshirt around the house, and spent nearly every day in either the pool or sweating it out under the AC unit with a cold beer. At the end of one month I was comfortable in clothing again. Physiologists can explain it better. ",
"Well mentally the change is huge too, don't underestimate the mind ever. After a few cold showers, you still feel the cold, you want to get done with it but there's always that part deep inside you that the cold can't get to and makes it all the more bearable. It's just a habbit.",
"You might up-regulate thermogenin in your brown fat (express more of these proteins). These uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Sort of like revving the engine in park. You generate the \"waste\" heat, but don't generate any ATP (chemical of cellular energy). Interestingly, thermogenin is most highly expressed in infants and becomes less expressed as you get older. This is one of the reasons elderly people are so cold intolerant. ",
"Im from socal and have been living in Poland (to study). In the mindset of those who dont have cold weather, more clothes have to be worn than necessary. For example, i've only started to wear \"looser\" clothing, as I didn't when i first came.",
"Interestingly, your thyroid hormone levels change depending on the climate you are in. Those living in colder climates have higher thyroid hormone levels that increase your metabolic rate, thus generating more heat. Thyroid hormone also makes you *feel* more tolerable in a colder environment. Contrastingly, people in the hotter climates have a lower level of thyroid hormone. In people with a disease that gives them an abnormally high level of thyroid hormone, they present with what's called heat intolerance - they will feel really hot and start sweating in normal room temperature. But if you put them in a colder temperature, they feel just fine!\n\nWhen someone moves from a warmer climate to a colder one, it takes them a few months to buildup their working levels of thyroid hormones. This is why the cold seems intolerable at first, but you get more or less used to it within a year!\n\nSource: Am a medical student who just learned this last week!",
"Anecdotal evidence, but I think it's relevant.\n\nI didn't grow up in the cold, but I lived in Canada for a few years. I would frequently go to SE Asia. During the winter, this would mean going from below -20c to above 30c. It could take over a week or two to acclimate, during which time I couldn't stay out in the heat for more than a few minutes without starting to feel sick. \n\nI was told that my blood thickened. But I'm fairly sure that this was figurative.",
"After moving to Germany from Canada, I am really enjoying this winter. It's not long and definitely not as cold. Here is what it is all about.\n\nPeople who live in cold climates DO get cold. Every day when you leave the house you wear what you can but in the end, you're still cold. The difference is this. It doesn't bother you. You just phase it out of your mind. It's probably something similar to pain tolerance. \n\nPeople here in Germany look at me like a lunatic for wearing a T-shirt and shorts outside after a workout when its only -2 -- > +5 C. This is common occurance around my parts in Canada and doesn't even register. But here in Germany? My god the looks I get. People even come up to me and start asking me what is going on.",
"When I moved from Alaska to Sunnyvale, CA, the apartment manager was showing me how the heat works. I was thinking “I’ve been to cold and this isn’t it”. That first winter, I wondered what the fuss was about. 20 years on and the joke isn’t so damn funny anymore. You really do acclimate to the cold, but aging doesn’t help.\n",
"It's 95% mental and your thoughts can change how your body reacts.\nI live in Minnesota. If it's 32+ degrees after a long winter, that's when jackets come off and shorts are worn",
"Medical student here, in a city where the low for today is -29C/-20F. There's a lot of science behind cold (and heat) adaptation. I'll try to ELI5 this as much as possible. No guarantees - it's been maybe 3 years since we covered this stuff.\n\nFundamentally, humans are adapted to moving from moderate climates to hot-as-balls climates. That's what the majority of our evolutionary history is. The response to cold is fairly new, and operates in some similar ways, since certain mechanisms for heat tolerance can be reversed a bit too far to grant effective cold tolerance, but for haplotype groups (\"race\", except not the bullshit social construct part, but looking at genetics) that are native to Siberia and NWT/Nunavut, they have some structural adaptations that you can't suddenly \"pick up\" if it gets cold outside.\n\nHere's how most people adapt.\n\n1. Thyroid - your thyroid is a small gland that sits right at the bottom of your neck, around your windpipe, and helps you regulate your temperature. The more T4 you have, the faster your metabolism is, and the hotter you are. When it's really hot, your thyroid produces less T4, and it takes about 7-10 days to adapt. When it's really cold, your thyroid cranks out the T4, and it takes 3-5 days to adapt.\n\n2. Fat redistribution - fat is a really good insulator. In very cold climates, your body redirects where it stores fat, so that it wraps around your internal organs. This helps insulate them from the cold. This is why patients complain that they \"feel\" fatter in the winter.\n\n3. Blood redirection - your body also redirects your blood flow by tightening blood vessels in your hands and feet, moving the blood away from there. This prevents a ton of cold blood from rushing back to your heart and killing you. It's also responsible for why your fingers and toes feel so damn cold and tight all the time in the winter. (FYI, the idea that your blood becomes thinner or thicker is total bullshit. If your blood becomes literally thicker, it will \"crash out\" and all of it will clot and you'll die. No biggie if it becomes thinner.)\n\n4. Brown fat - there are two types of fat. White fat (or yellow) is for storing energy, and forms if you eat too much. Brown fat is a special type of highly metabolically active fat that raises your body temperature. In extremely cold climates, your body will build up more brown fat, so you burn more energy and your basal metabolism will be higher (hotter).\n\nThere are a few others but there's less solid science behind them.",
"Cody Lundin from the earlier seasons of Dual Survival had a whole thing about walking around in snow barefoot. It was even used as a way to dramatize the show, with his partner showing faux concern for his appendages. He kept saying that he was bringing about mitochondrial adaptations in order to resist cold but I'm pretty sure he was just an oddball.",
"It's got to be at least partly mental. I travel back and forth between Colorado and California frequently, and it's really weird how 50 is still frigid in San Francisco, but 30 is practically balmy in Denver.",
"So having lived in Michigan my whole life is that why I can't go anywhere past 80F? ",
"Hey I don't know they answer, but I'm visiting in-laws in Houston and it's 60 here. I live in Cincinnati where it's usually high teens around this time and I'm wearing shorts right now. They think I'm crazy. It also goes the other way, in the summer time I can't handle the heat like they can. ",
"It is called Acclimatization . People who spend a great deal of time outdoors become \"outdoor acclimatized.\" These persons are affected less by heat or cold extremes because their bodies have adjusted to the outdoor environments, Folk says.\"Acclimatization usually occurs over a period of about two weeks in healthy, normal persons,\" he adds. \"This process is faster in response to heat, but slower in the cold.\"\n\nYour physical condition, age and other factors also affect how your body copes with heat and cold, Folk says.\n\nLean people tolerate heat better than obese people. The more obese a person is, the less skin surface area the person has in relation to his or her weight. Greater surface area provides more exposed skin to perspire and cool the body through evaporation, he says.\n\nBut this same fat can be beneficial to a person who lives in cold climates because the fat insulates skin tissue. The Inuit, who live in cold regions, tend to have more body fat than people who live in warmer climates, he notes. here my source _URL_0_ .",
"Dude it's minus 30 in Canada right now and I was born and raised here. \n\nStill no tolerance (middle eastern parents). \n\nMy blood refuses to adapt. ",
"I can't really speak to the science behind this but I've lived in northern Michigan my entire life and the cold to me is more of a minor annoyance, but when friends or family visit from down south they refuse to even go outside if its below 30 degrees. ",
"I am a utility lineman here in The Northeast going on 20 years now. \n\nWhen I started, I couldn't stand the cold and now I don't start getting cold until the temp drops to at least 20 degrees...and there is a wind chill involved. \n\nDefinitely a physical thing.\n\nI would probably die if I moved to Florida. Can't stand the heat.",
"Ask The Iceman, AKA Wim Hof. _URL_0_ \n\nHe's run marathons on the North pole, and has done other crazy stuff that other mortal could never do. Recently he was even invited into the homes of Hollywood celebrities, to teach them deep breathing and control of one's central nervous system. Pretty cool stuff, pun intended.\n\nSo, yes, it's a matter of training and voluntary control of one's nervous system, it appears.",
"I used to wear white socks year-round with my british girl's school uniform. Absolutely refused to wear tights and for a while never wore a coat. My clothing was super thin and all I had to protect me from the cold was a scarf and maybe some gloves, and I remember wading through piles of snow like this. Apparently I was made of blubber or something because there's no way I could do that now. ",
"Something I haven't seen posted, but in addition to what other people has said your blood will change as well. \n\nIf you spend quite a bit of time in the cold your blood will thicken and your viens will be deeper under your skin. \n\nI was born and raised in the middle of a desert and because of it My blood is super thin and my viens sit right under my skin. This is so when I sweat it can cool the blood more effectively. ",
"I live in ohio as north as you can go, and im so used to the cold and and snowy weather that me and my friends wear shorts and a short sleeve shirt when the temperature is in the negatives and it feels fine. Vacationed to florida for a week and the average was 60 degrees and we were loving it. In fact we were swimming in the ocean meanwhile the Florida natives were wearing sweatshirts and sweatpants and gloves and shivering so I believe that your body definitely does adapt to where you live. I dont do good with very hot weather but it will be over 100 and people in florida will be acting like its nothing sometimes.",
"You definitely adapt to the temperatures. When I was in the Middle East in 2003 during my service it was about 120-140 every day during the summer. After a few weeks of suffering and drinking a few gallons of water a day it got much easier to cope with the temps and my water consumption went way down and I was still just as hydrated. When it got to November and the temps got down into the 90s we all wore sweaters and jackets because it felt so cold. So I'd say your body adapts as well as your mind. ",
"There's a lot of great info here by some people and others not so much. There's a synergistic effect of all these systems working together, and you can mentally steel yourself to the cold, but no one has seemed to mention the largest contributing factor; cholesterol.\n\nCholesterol is a very important molecule in physiology. Within this context its role is within cell walls. Cholesterol fits in-between fatty acids within the phospholipid bilayer. It's concentration effects cell rigidity or flexibility.\n\nGreater amounts of cholesterol will be sent to the cells to protect them from cold shock and increase an organisms tolerance to exposure. This cholesterol comes from diet or adipocytes and profound effects roll out from here. While the composition of lipids within the bilayer will change to less unsaturated fats and more saturated so that they stack better, cholesterol is the key to this whole ordeal. \n\nThere is a lot more going on from a biochemical standpoint but that's the main factor. Not very ELI5 but it's how it works.",
"Reverent... yah never saw a homeless person befor and wonder how they dont freeze? Homeless person here. You get used to it.going from a warm place to a cold one sucks be ause of temp diffrence.",
"As someone who lives in Norway, I'd like to share a helpful mental trick. \n\nStudies show that drunk drivers are more likely to survive accidents than sober drivers. This is because their bodies are more loose during the crash, compared to sober drivers who tense up. This looseness reduces the chance of injury. \n\nSame thing applies to cold weather. \n\nThe more you try to fight the cold, the more you will feel it. So, when you're in -35 degree weather, try to immerse yourself in the cold. Don't fight it. Become one with it. Take deep breaths and fill your lungs with the icy coldness, and allow it to flow through you. \n\nOne trick I like to do is, instead of noticing how cold the air is, I will pretend that the air is room temperature but mint flavored. And I'm filling my lungs with minty goodness. ",
"As someone who has lived in the cold for 20 years. I do not feel like I've developed ANY sort of tolerance. My hands feel, and often look like frail fractured skeleton...\nEDIT\nThermostat says 20. But the walls in my room are paper, so I'm sure it's much worse. ",
"A lot of good answers but none that are very specific so I will try my best to explain Here in Minnesota or any consistently cold place for that matter, you build up a higher amount of brown fat also known as adipose tissue. This is a special type of fat that is \"activated\" when you get cold. This brown fat produces heat to maintain your body temperature in cold conditions. The reason that this happens is because brown fat contains more mitochondria than normal \"white\" fat, these mitochondria create energy that burn the fat to create heat. If you want have any questions I will do my best in answering. \n\n_URL_0_",
"I don't know what you're talking about, I've lived in Minnesota my whole life and I'm still not used to it. ",
"I used to work in a freezer depot for Costco, specifically the meat and frozen seafood department. The warehouse itself was around 35 degrees. That's where the meats were thrown and organized. I worked in the freezer section, where we dealt with the frozen seafood. It was negative 15. I had to wear a protective suit ( overalls and jacket) I worked in there for around 8 hours a day. When leaving I had to wait in the break room for a good 30 minutes till my body adjusted. On the drive home now matter what temp I had to blast my ac for me to normalize. I used to never have to wear a jacket anywhere I went. Now 10 years later I'm constantly cold!",
"I think it works the same both ways...i've lived in Canada -50 and in the desert +50...your body builds a tolerance and adaptation. When i left +50 to go back home, i found +26 celsius cold, i need a sweater, but a year before, i would have been shirt off hot!",
"Scandinavian hele. I used to be the last to jump in at the beach in summers. Danish summers are fairly decent, but the water is never Mediterranean warm. Started \"winter bathing\" three years ago as a dare. Loved it ever since then. It is like your body becoming an ice cold fizzy drink. Then into the sauna. Then back in for a dip. Etc. Makes you feel alive and kicking! Almost a drug. But I can vouch that regarding the shock, the thought joint into icy water is much worse then just f\"@ & & doing it. Tell your mind to shut the f\" & $ up and just do it. Again: the thought is worse then the deed. It has in fact made me more brave and less \"analysis paralysis angsty\" in general. Recommend all to try it! Also 60 women there and we share the sauna naked. ",
"My only cold weather moto: \"There is no such thing as cold weather if you wear a proper winter clothes\"",
"Studies of feral children suggest it's all mental. In this past, whenever a feral child has been discovered and his beyond infancy, they typically have spent multiple winters nude. As a result, when they are brought back into society, they are uncomfortable with the warmth provided by the clothing, and will often strip back down to nude in the winter while outside. This could simply be attributed to them not liking clothes, except for the fact that they don't demonstrate any signs of being cold afterward. No shivering. No goosebumbs. Nothing. ",
"I went to Jamaica this winter for my honeymoon and it was 70 out. \"Woohoo\" I said to myself. T-shirts and Shorts weather. I turn, and there are some Jamaican women shivering, looking for their jackets.",
"There are a lot of comments talking about the metabolism rising in colder temperatures. Does this mean more calories are burnt in colder weather? I saw a YouTube video of a guy who used to take ice baths every day when he was trying to lose weight because he said he burnt more fat that way (on top of increasing his testosterone and other benefits of taking ice baths which he further described).",
"Alaskan here and I never get cold! [Proof](_URL_0_)\n\nWARNING: Kids Don't Try This at Home",
"Wim Hof brings everything we thought about cold exposure into question, and he's letting scientists observe all of it. The man is a beast.",
"No scientific answer here, but actual experience.\n\nI started a job as a meat cutter in the late 70's, this was a time when chickens and chicken parts came packed in ice. We had our hands in ice for at least 5 hours a day while working in 55 degree rooms, would also work in 35 degree coolers and sub zero freezers. I did this for about 20 years.\n\nMy body became so accustomed that my hands would not ever get cold. I would freak people out by being able to play in the snow and have snowball battles bare handed for hours in freezing temperatures.\n\nTo this day I can tolerate cold very well even though I have lived in a warm climate now for a long time but my hands can't handle the cold like they once did.\n\nSo, I can say, from experience, that the body certainly does adapt.",
"Canadian here, I live in Saguenay, Qc, 200kms north of Quebec City, and though I know nothing of how we acclimate physically, I can say with all sincerity that there is a strong need to mentally prepare yourself for being thrown in the deep freeze,(-35 to -40 degrees Celsius), for a month each year. ",
"I wish I knew, because I would do it!\n\nI live midwest/south, and our temps vary like crazy. It was 3f a few days ago, around 45f now.\n\nI have trouble functioning (actually using my hands or keeping from shivering) in anything below 45f, but can work outdoors building a fence or mowing the lawn if its 105f with no problem. \n\nIt's frustrating, because our winters and cold weather sometimes last until april, so a large portion of my year is absolutely miserable.\n\nEating lots of capsaicin seems to help, as well as a ton of ibuprofin for joint pain.",
"I don't have a complicated answer with scientific-backing, but I lived in a climate that was \"warmer\" than my hometown (which is cold). I moved back to my hometown and it took me about 5-10 years to adjust (and I feel that it was a mental adjustment more than physical)...but one could also say that physical and mental are pretty well connected.",
"There's actually very little known about it. There's Tibetan Monks who can raise their body temperature in below freezing weather and science can track it and has proven it but can't explain it. There's a lot about the human body we can't explain yet.",
"Exposure to cold also stimulates the production of testosterone. \n\nTestosterone of course is almost a miracle hormone. Makes you stronger, faster, more resistant to hardship, more aggressive, all kinds of huge benefits. ",
"I've been working in a cooler for the last 21 years, I wear shorts in the winter and basically never get cold. My wife hates it lol ",
"Norwegians are hardy souls and love the outdoors. They have a saying that comes to mind, \"There's no bad weather, only bad clothing.\"",
"Have you heard about Wim Hof? AKA the Iceman?\n\nWim Hof is a Dutch daredevil who really can control his body's temperature with his mind. I witnessed him change the temperature of his hand in a public demonstration! He holds World's records for things like surviving in an Ice Bath for 45 minutes.\n\n_URL_0_\n",
"People acclimate due to brown fat. Metabolically active in cold conditions. Its is important for hibernation and is present in humans. _URL_0_",
"Probably be buried.\nI was homeless from about 13-21, I used to sleep outside in the middle of dead winter at the east river park, rooftops, allyways etc you name it in NYC usually without a blanket(i'd just lose them), Even after living indoors for years the cold does not bother me, I feel like it's more of a learning to cope mechanic for me. ",
"On a related note, one of the most engaging articles I've ever read that explains the dangers and physiological processes of hypothermia in an entertaining way was written in Outside magazine back in 2004. It places you in a first-person story where a series of decisions and seemingly-minor setbacks result in increasingly serious consequences. [Here's the link] (_URL_0_). Well worth a read.",
"I know this guy, he lives in my neighborhood and he eats cat food. this is no speculation. it helps him sleep",
"When you are exposed to cols weather for extended periods, your blood vessels move further away from the surface of your skin allowing you to retain heat easier.",
"I'm an order selector at a grocery warehouse working almost exclusively in the freezer where it's -20. When I first started I was wearing 4 layers plus a freezer suit and I still felt chilly. Now I'm in there with a pair of sweatpants and two hoodies and I'm pretty comfortable. Weird. ",
"I grew up in Montana and moved to the desert in So Cal when I was 24. Stayed two years and moved back to MT. It took me three years before I got used to the cold winters again. The first two years I was constantly shivering. Third year I started feeling more like my old self. There is something more to it then the 10 day acclimation. ",
"Both. As a 8th grader I spent the whole (european) winter in a t-shirt and simply told myself to ignore the cold and try to not shake.\n\nSimiliar like I tell myself that I don't care about anything to not be nervous when going into a presentation.\n\nAccording to *Psychology Today* there are many benefits in self manipulation via talking to yourself.",
"I'm forced to take cold showers where I live, don't have access to heating and I'm a fairly skinny guy with not much fat.\n\nI never got used to it.\n\n\n",
"Speaking as a former member of the Norwegian infantry, I remember that the first couple of wet autumn weeks were the coldest (the temperature hovered from +2 to -10 degrees Celsius, but we were always wet). I was cold as fuck. I have a distinct memory of realizing that I had adapted, where we were rehearsing a fire drill in the forest and I had to take of my cap and gloves because I was too fucking warm. We had -27 degrees Celsius that day. This was probably closer to Christmas.\n\nBut there's a big difference between wet cold and dry cold. If you're wet, you'll freeze. Period. Temperature doesn't really matter. And in my experience, the colder it gets, the drier it gets, so -10 will often be preferable to -1.",
"Personally, I believe its physical! ive lived in a house with no heating in ireland for the last 6 years i would say and i have found that i am sick much much less than everyone around me. when i walk outside it normally feels warmer than the inside of my house so naturally i proceed to take off most of my clothing so even in 7 degrees celcius i could be wearing a t shirt. My brother does the same and shorts too! told me about one time he was in canada in -10 C and was in shorts. He also has cold showers most mornings though so hes a bit of a freak! also i am pretty skinny maybe 10% body fat so no help there either haha!",
"I spent time in Antarctica. The days that it hit 10degF, we would take most of our outerwear off to do our work. This resulted in us having only one layer on top, usually sleeves rolled up. No scarf or hat needed.",
"Personally I think it's bullshit, I live in Canada, born and raised here, we get -40 degrees winters here, and I freeze the moment it hits 0, and I know a few people who are like me, maybe it just depends on the person",
"According to the U.S. Army Special Operations Center the hardest thing to break from a human is their desire for comfort.",
"It's simple really. In northern climes, we know how to layer for very cold weather. In warm climates people don't know how to dress for the cold. \n\nSource -- I'm Canadian, and I wear many, many sweaters.",
"I'm literally allergic to the cold, so acclimatization isn't going to work for me. It's called cold urticaria, which essentially means when my skin remains in contact with something cold for too long, I get an allergic reaction which usually includes inflammation and hives.\n\nI could potentially die if I run into water cold enough that I asphyxiate withe the reaction around my face/neck or my blood pressure drops dangerously low. Interesting, huh?",
"The commenters in this thread really need to start specifying if they mean Celsius or Fahrenheit. ",
"I suppose a bit of that might be fear/psychological and then a bit of that is your body kicking in things like 'shivering' but..\n\n...having lived in insanely cold places most of my life and then insanely hot places I'm convinced its just learning techniques, familiarity with the weather, little and big skills, timing and preparation. \nBoth clothing and movement, energy expenditure, clothing.\n\nIn Northern Canada in the middle of winter I figured out what socks make my feet sweat. double-layer cotton socks and leather shoes and instantly became far more tolerant of the cold. Just that. Then I just knew how to time outside exposure, stay dry, stay out of the wind etc.\n\nIn insanely hot Southern China I was dying outside. Just dying. A local simply gave me a pair of socks that are paper thin and I bought a pair of their 'fabric weave' shoes and instantly was twice as tolerant to heat.\nWhen I realized they use sun umbrellas, they walk slowly and they know how to time themselves and are skilled at moving from 'shade to shade' areas. \n\nBut sure, maybe some part of this is the actual physical body getting a bit better at sweating.\n\nbut its something like 98% skill, clothing, experience, movement techniques, energy expenditures, timing IMO",
"So standing in the cold could be a good way to lose weight?",
"\nOver time, your body will adapt by increasing blood flow in critical areas or storing more fat than usual. \n\nYour hypothalamus gland will adapt as well, once your body realises that it's in for the long haul. It sends chemical messengers that tell your body to maintain a higher internal body temperature by burning more energy.\n\nSome people claim to be to control their hypothalamus gland and maintain a stable temperature in extreme cold/heat. Think of ice water divers or sauna champions.\n\nThere is definitely a little of both going on. A portion of your sensational changes can be attributed to simply getting mentally used to the new temperature and ignoring some of the discomfort. \n\n\"Tolerance\" to alcohol makes a good metaphor. There is no such thing, everybody's body has the same methods to process it out of their body, the rate of which is not increased by consuming alcohol regularly. The \"tolerance\" comes from the expectations you begin to form after becoming familiar with the effects. It doesn't make you less drunk, but you may be able to handle it a little better.",
"So people are sharing their experience and tricks of beating cold and I see most of them were born in cold climate. So what is the conclusion here? Is it physical tolerance or mental?",
"I've spent my whole life hatting getting into a swimming pool where the water was anything other than warm enough. About 5 months ago I decided, don't ask me why because I really have no idea, that I wanted to start showering in cold water.\n\nI did a crash course over the next month showering in cold water every time, each time less hot water. Currently I shower in cold water, I only use cold water for brushing my teeth or washing my hands, fortunately my beard is almost a year long so I don't have to worry about shaving rash from cold water.\n\nNow whenever I go to a swimming pool I get into the water without considering the cold and always enjoy myself. Even the showers, though sometimes still feeling cold, are always refreshing instead of horrible.\n\nSo spent 44 years of my life being afraid of cold water, now in my 45th year I really enjoy the cold water!",
"Everything said in this thread is correct, I guess, you are linking to credible sources. Acclimatization, mental acceptance, and what not. But as a Swede I'll give you the absolutely most common reason I'm not freezing and you are... Clothes.\n\nEvery time I see someone complain about the cold, I also notice they don't understand fundamental things they need to do to not be cold. Gloves? No, you can't use your leather gold gloves. Boots? Just because they're fluffy doesn't mean they're warm, those moon boots will be drenched in coldness and moisture. That coat of yours is great for a chill cold fall night, not for northern winters. And no, that jacket of yours won't do it if it cost 80$ on Old Navy. A proper jacket will cost at least 300$, perhaps even double that. If you dress correctly, you won't feel the cold even a little. You can be perfectly warm in minus 40 degrees Celsius. ",
"For me it's mental. I was in the Navy and stood a lot of watch outside for hours at a time. Plus working in the cold and rain drenched, hands freezing because my gloves got wrecked so quickly and id get yelled at if I put my hands in my pockets to heat them up.\n\nI just got to the point where it was a mental thing. I just got myself to ignore it. One night on watch we had just gotten to our first station out of two. Well someone played sick so we had to rotate early. Another guy and myself ended up outside on the back of the ship. Watch had just started and we knew they wouldnt rotate us again. We had 4 hours left to be out in that weather. We had these phones with a chord on them and they had a head and chest set. So we were on a leash and couldnt really move around.\n\nI climbed on top of this lip that belonged to a piece of of equipment. It was pitch black so noone could see me. I curled up in a ball and just made myself go to sleep. I woke up shivering an hour and a half later and just made myself go back to sleep to get through it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726172/"
],
[
"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-39975-1_12"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.uihealthcare.org/health-library/acclimatization-adjusting-to-the-temperature/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Hof"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/brown-fat/faq-20058388"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwQIRaUe9S9-aWcyTl9KLUdXelU"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Hof"
],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue"
],
[],
[
"http://www.outsideonline.com/1926316/freezing-persons-recollect-snow%E2%80%94first-chill%E2%80%94then-stupor%E2%80%94then-letting-go"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1xj35l
|
how do painkillers know where the pain is when the pill is ingested? or are they evenly spread throughout the body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xj35l/eli5_how_do_painkillers_know_where_the_pain_is/
|
{
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"cfbt1hn",
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13,
2
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"text": [
"The majority of pain medications are opium based. These bind to the opioid receptors influencing how they exchange guanosine triphosphate and guanosine diphosphate. These are responsible for the regulations of neuron signals in your brain. One being pain. What makes these types of medications dangerous is these receptors are also responsible in part for pleasure & reward (feeling of achievement). This is why opioids can be so addictive. So it's not blocking the pain in a local sense, but it's blocking your brain from interpreting the pain. ",
"Like others have said, many pain killers work by not actually making you \"not feel\" the pain, but rather by affecting how your brain perceives pain. \n\nThings like advil/asprin (NSAID drugs) work by inhibiting an enzyme that causes inflammation (redness and swelling). The chemical that this enzyme helps create is also involved in the pain response. By preventing the creation of the chemical, the neurons that \"sense\" pain will send less signals to the brain, thus dulling the sensation of pain. \n\nInflammation in an area that is injured (and therefore hurts) will cause \"holes\" to form in your blood vessels so that immune cells can more easily get to the area to fight off possible infection. These \"holes\" will also allow more of the drug to cross through into the affected area, and so you could say that it is kind of targeting the pain, but not in the conventional sense of the term. \n\nOpiates and NSAIDs are the two major types of painkillers, and most (if not all at this point) painkillers fit into this category, although research is being conducted on a different kind of painkiller derived from snake venom. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4wzvhe
|
why are the senkaku/diaoyu island's so important to japan and china?
|
I know that Japan and China don't have the best relationship, but what exactly makes these uninhabitable islands in the middle of the sea so valuable?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4wzvhe/eli5_why_are_the_senkakudiaoyu_islands_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6bd225"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There is one error here, the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands are very habitable, they're not very worth inhabiting, but they are inhabitable. \n\nTwo big things are going on here, one is really simple: they have valuable resources in the sea around them. The other is massively complicated: Basically China believes that they should have been returned to them along with Taiwan and other territories. There really isn't any super clear sovereignty historically, and Okinawa is a really confusing situation where it was technically subordinate to both China and Japan, and kinda not a part of Japan at all when the San Francisco Treaty was signed. While interesting I don't feel like I have a strong enough grasp on it to even attempt explain it and it's definitely not ELI5 level."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4bpjm2
|
how long does it take my skin to "reset" from sun exposure and what's going on during that time?
|
I have relatively fair skin. If I stand in direct sunlight for an hour I'm almost guaranteed a sunburn. Now let's take that same hour and spread it out over about 6 hours. I go outside for 10 minutes, then inside for an hour and repeat. I'm probably not going to get a sunburn in that case. Why is that? What's happening when I go inside?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bpjm2/eli5how_long_does_it_take_my_skin_to_reset_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1bchn1"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Sunburn is the result of the body reacting to ultraviolet light damaging your DNA. Your body has the ability to repair DNA damage, with little molecules that scan your DNA looking for errors and patching them up (not perfectly, but they find and repair almost all errors). People with fair skin in direct sunlight in the middle of the day are suffering far more DNA damage than their body can repair, and so your body reacts to this DNA damage by producing signal molecules that promote blood flow (causing redness), pain and inflammation: a sunburn.\n\nIf you just go outside for a brief period of time, you get a brief pulse of damage that your body reacts to by repairing and producing all the molecules that signal a sunburn, but you get back inside before your blood flow changes enough to cause redness and before you produce enough pain molecules to feel pain. Then once you're in the shade again, your cells stop producing those signal molecules because they're no longer under attack, and the molecules that have been produced break down or dissipate into the bloodstream.\n\nBut, it's important to note, you haven't necessarily RESET (i.e. fully repaired) all the DNA damage, only the body's inflammatory response to it.\n\nA similar question could be: why if I rub my skin just once every few minutes I don't go red, but if I rub the same patch of skin twenty times in a row I get a red mark there? It's just a matter of producing enough of a reaction from your skin that you can notice it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3leu2b
|
when to use the word revolt,rebels,resistance,seperatist,riot,strike if a country has internal conflict?
|
for e.g why is it called the ukraine seperatists but not ukrainian resistance or something like that
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3leu2b/eli5_when_to_use_the_word/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv5p4y1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"revolution - a group of people fighting against the government for some kind of constitutional change, or a change of leadership. Often their aim is a complete overthrow of the government.\n\nRebellion - same thing really, just sounds more negative.\n\nSeparatists - people who are fighting for independence of a region from the rest of the country.\n\nresistance - implies that a country is under domination of a foreign power, and they are resisting their rule.\n\nRiot - a specific incident where a large number of people are committing acts of violence and damaging property. Not necessarily for any particular political aim.\n\nStrike - people are protesting working conditions by refusing to work. Not necessarily violent.\n\nMany of these terms are not mutually exclusive, and people with different points of view may use different ones to describe the same conflict."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3o1jrs
|
why people think the twin towers didn't fall as a result of the plane collisions. serious, educated answers only please.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o1jrs/eli5_why_people_think_the_twin_towers_didnt_fall/
|
{
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"text": [
"It boils down to a lack of or misunderstanding of materials science. They think that in order for the towers to collapse the steel beams would need to melt. Except jet fuel doesn't burn hot enough to melt steel (they're right about this part).\n\nBut people who know materials science know that a material does not need to melt to lose structural integrity. Damn near all materials lose strength when they're placed in a fire, regardless of the exact temperature.",
"Are you talking about \"jet fuel cannot melt steel beams?\" Well this is true, jet fuel burns at about 1000 degrees Celsius, while steel melts at 1375°C. Skyscrapers are built in such a way that everything inside them can burn, but as long as the steel reinforcement is in tact, it will remain standing. The best debunk to this is that steel cannot be melted by jet fuel, however it's structural crystalline structure can be extremely weakened at such temperatures, similarly to how a blacksmith heats metal to glowing temperatures, and can hammer it into any shape he desires, but the metal is not melted. This, combined with the structural damage done by the actual plane by transferring its momentum to the building, took it down. The momentum of the plane did not cause all the damage, since the building was still standing after this collision, but did enough damage for the building to fall once the steel reinforcement failed due to the heat.",
"The best and simplest answer is that they're misinformed. The \"truther\" movement is largely caused by a Youtube documentary called Loose Change. These people used clever editing to illustrate a conspiracy while completely excluding certain facts from their video. The creator makes the claim that there is no evidence of plane debris on the Pentagon lawn by carefully choosing pictures that don't include debris. The creator likely did this for fame. Unfortunately, his video made millions believe that there existed some conspiracy involving the government and 9/11."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1xa1s2
|
why are humans drawn to slow down and look at car wrecks, click links on wtf and generally have a morbid fascination with horrible events?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xa1s2/eli5why_are_humans_drawn_to_slow_down_and_look_at/
|
{
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"text": [
"A fascination with the unknown. For example, a commuter will want to slow down to look at an fender-bender to try and see what happened. A first responder will not care at all if there are no people in danger.",
"There was a similar question in AskReddit recently, may as well regurgitate my answer here:\n\nThis is completely speculative. Perhaps the ability to cope with, or even revel in, carnage and violence provided an evolutionary advantage. The ability to be violent when the need arises provides evolutionary advantage.\n\nPerhaps it is similar to why we enjoy things like horror movies or rollercoasters. They provide a very primal rush that our ancestors felt more frequently than we do today, a rush that helped them survive. Today, this responce is becoming more unnesecary in day to day life, and we crave it.\n",
"Because it's something perhaps more intense or real than you see in your average every-day life...fascinating by default right?\n",
"My take on this - Learning - we are pre-conditioned to look and study anything that may help us survive"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4whtt2
|
why is there an instinct to preserve the species when it often forces creatures to completely ignore the instinct for survival?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4whtt2/eli5_why_is_there_an_instinct_to_preserve_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"It doesn't give a shit about the species. It can't even conceive of the idea.\n\nEvolution selects for strategies that are effective at passing on genetic information. That octopus seems to have a highly effective strategy. If the most vulnerable period in the species' life cycle is egg and hatchling then it makes perfect sense for the adults to die guarding/feeding the infants. It maximizes the possibility of the offspring surviving.",
"At some point an octopus was born that happened to have that trait. Since the trait led to many more of its offspring surviving, and their offspring's offspring surviving etc, eventually the ones without it died out. ",
"The Pacific octopus will die eventually anyways, regardless of having guarded it's brood or not. By guarding the brood it's doing its best to protect its offspring and the survival of its genes.\n\nAs for how that strategy evolved, we can speculate but that's beyond the scope of this sub.",
"It will die either way, maybe just sooner than later. If it hatches X amount of eggs in the process of its death then that's more beneficial than dying from a predator. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
21y50h
|
why are nebulae colorful?
|
They are composed of hydrogen, and it's a transparent gas. So from what do they get the colors we see in pictures?
EDIT: If hydrogen is transparent, how can we see them at all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21y50h/eli5_why_are_nebulae_colorful/
|
{
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"text": [
"Bear in mind that almost all pictures you see of space have had the colors added later. This includes space telescopes and even the Martian rovers.",
"Props for correct use of plural nubula",
"All of the color you see in those photos is added in post-processing. A huge, huge portion of the light you see in these nebulas is outside the visible spectrum altogether, so astronomers - the ones working on the particular imaging at the time - decide to assign colors to different wavelengths or spectra. That's where all the color comes from. ",
"*Emission nebulae are red. \nReflection nebulae are blue. \nYou might find this poem silly \nBut it is in fact true.*\n\n[Check this out for more details](_URL_0_) of how Hubble pictures and other astronomical photos are colored.\n\n* Emission nebula work sort of like neon lights. They are just ionized gas. (Remember that neon is pretty colorless by itself.)\n\n* Reflection nebula work kind of like clouds. They just reflect the light of nearby stars, but the gas doesn't get ionized.\n\n\nYou **can** actually see some colors with your eyes with a big enough telescope. But in general, they are often so dim that you need long exposure photos to bring them out. I have seen colored nebulae through a telescope. But mostly a greenish glow. My eyes aren't as sensitive as a camera.\n\nSo, yes, many astrophotography images are colored to bring out wavelengths the eye doesn't see (X-rays, infrared, UV, etc.), but some are actually \"true color\" and show what you would see if you had an enormous pupil and a retina in the back of your eye which could \"add up\" all the light it received over a long period of time instead of over just a brief instant as it normally does.\n\n**tl;dr** How can the photos be real if our eyes aren't real?\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/8881/are-nebulae-colored"
]
] |
|
ae6bzs
|
wouldn't it be more fuel efficient if rockets took off like planes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ae6bzs/eli5_wouldnt_it_be_more_fuel_efficient_if_rockets/
|
{
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"edmnagm"
],
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5
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"text": [
"It would and is. \n\nCarrying the wings into space would be extremely fuel inefficient, so the only successful design I know of that takes off that way then detaches from it's airplane stage when it reaches a certain speed and altitude. \n\nSo far we haven't had any success with actually getting into orbit in this way, that I know of, but space has been reached on suborbital trajectories."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
mxb3w
|
is "separation of church and state" a law?
|
I've noticed that people view the term "Separation of church and state" as an extension of the first amendment. From what I remember the idea of Separation of Church and State was a Jeffersonian ideal that was not originally implemented in the constitution.
However I notice that a lot of people who study these things (Lawyers, Congressmen, Poli-sci majors) use the term suggesting that "Separation of Church and State" is a law instead of an ideal. Searching for legal precedent didn't do me very well (My google fu is weak when it comes to laws it seems). Can someone explain if this happened? And what was the situation leading up to it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mxb3w/eli5_is_separation_of_church_and_state_a_law/
|
{
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"text": [
"Siderian has it correct. America was founded on the belief that people should not be persecuted for their choice of religion. Combining \"church\" and state would go against this belief and instill bias towards particular religions and against others.\n\nThere are some politicians out there who don't believe in this, like Ron Paul.",
"I'm still a little confused about this. A lot of the Constitution is written in language that is unclear, or open to interpretation, but the first amendment seems pretty straightforward... \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\". \n\nIt explicitly states who the law applies to: \"Congress\", and it states the restriction: \"make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\".\n\nSo why would this apply at all to a situation like a student including a prayer at a commencement address? Neither the student nor the school is \"congress\" and nobody is trying to make a law respecting an establishment of religion. If anything, they are breaking the amendment by \"prohibiting the free exercise\". \n\nI know that the prayer may make others feel uncomfortable, but from a constitutional point of view that shouldn't really matter. ",
"Back then in Europe every country had it's own officially endorsed state religion (some still do), most were split between protestantism and catholicism, and if you were catholic in a protestant country you'd most likely be persecuted in some way, it was even illegal in some countries. \n\nWhat the USA did rather sensibly in the Constitution was to say that the government could never ever officially endorse a religion or found a state church (think church of england); \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion\".\n\nThe second part of that \"or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\"; this means that because the state is officially secular it should not persecute or discriminate against a person because of their religious beliefs. This was very enlightened at the time (even now) because like i said pretty much every country back then had it's own official religion that the population was meant to follow.\n\nThe term 'separation of church and state' is implied from that, every time the government does something for a religion, it is seen by some as an official endorsement of that religion, so it is felt that it is just better for the state to have no whatsoever to do with religious organizations to avoid this. Problem is that the separation is always challenged, think of laws written based on religious beliefs (ban on funding for embryonic stem cells, banning gay marriage etc.) that are basically another way the state endorses particular religions.\n\nsje46 has a good response as well.",
"I would like to add that regardless of faith, separation of church and state is a good thing. Many Christians, as the majority religion, view themselves as persecuted by this separation. However, I'm sure if the majority religion changed and scripture from the Koran was displayed or read aloud in public schools or court houses, they would be all for the separation. Separation protects the minority from the majority.",
"Siderian has it correct. America was founded on the belief that people should not be persecuted for their choice of religion. Combining \"church\" and state would go against this belief and instill bias towards particular religions and against others.\n\nThere are some politicians out there who don't believe in this, like Ron Paul.",
"I'm still a little confused about this. A lot of the Constitution is written in language that is unclear, or open to interpretation, but the first amendment seems pretty straightforward... \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\". \n\nIt explicitly states who the law applies to: \"Congress\", and it states the restriction: \"make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\".\n\nSo why would this apply at all to a situation like a student including a prayer at a commencement address? Neither the student nor the school is \"congress\" and nobody is trying to make a law respecting an establishment of religion. If anything, they are breaking the amendment by \"prohibiting the free exercise\". \n\nI know that the prayer may make others feel uncomfortable, but from a constitutional point of view that shouldn't really matter. ",
"Back then in Europe every country had it's own officially endorsed state religion (some still do), most were split between protestantism and catholicism, and if you were catholic in a protestant country you'd most likely be persecuted in some way, it was even illegal in some countries. \n\nWhat the USA did rather sensibly in the Constitution was to say that the government could never ever officially endorse a religion or found a state church (think church of england); \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion\".\n\nThe second part of that \"or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\"; this means that because the state is officially secular it should not persecute or discriminate against a person because of their religious beliefs. This was very enlightened at the time (even now) because like i said pretty much every country back then had it's own official religion that the population was meant to follow.\n\nThe term 'separation of church and state' is implied from that, every time the government does something for a religion, it is seen by some as an official endorsement of that religion, so it is felt that it is just better for the state to have no whatsoever to do with religious organizations to avoid this. Problem is that the separation is always challenged, think of laws written based on religious beliefs (ban on funding for embryonic stem cells, banning gay marriage etc.) that are basically another way the state endorses particular religions.\n\nsje46 has a good response as well.",
"I would like to add that regardless of faith, separation of church and state is a good thing. Many Christians, as the majority religion, view themselves as persecuted by this separation. However, I'm sure if the majority religion changed and scripture from the Koran was displayed or read aloud in public schools or court houses, they would be all for the separation. Separation protects the minority from the majority."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1tv9vy
|
why do those who lack empathy murder?
|
I was recently watching a documenter on serial killers that sparked the question. Is it because they straight up don't care, or poor reasoning skills, etc?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tv9vy/eli5_why_do_those_who_lack_empathy_murder/
|
{
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"I'm sure you too get so angry that you feel like killing someone at times. They do too, and without empathy or a regard for rules, there is nothing stopping them. Think of it like when you feel like drinking water, and there is nothing stopping you from drinking it, so you do.\n\n\n(Wow, I just compared murder to drinking water.)",
"I know people who lack empathy without killing other people - it's not so simple a question as that.",
"First of all, I think it's important to highlight antisocial personality disorder; this is a disorder that virtually all serial killers have. It is characterized by a general lack of empathy, deceptive behaviors, disregard for social norms in a way that violates law, and a few other more minor characteristics. Second, I think that it's important to make the distinction between serial murderers that kill for some sort of intrinsic gain and those psychopaths that kill for some sort of external gain. In the latter case I think that a lack of empathy and disregard for law are sufficient conditions that spur on murder (when it can bring about some benefit). In the former case, where the serial killer murders for intrinsic gain, the subject typically experienced severe abuse of some sort. In this case the confusing and traumatic time leaves a deep emotional scar and impairs development. Many serial killers desire control and power over their victims; something that they did not possess when they were being abused. It's also my theory that the sex drive can be tied up in these matters in some cases. Often serial killers begin as rapists or perform bizarre acts of sexual violence on their victims. In this case, it seems likely that the urge to kill might be fomented by the sex drive.\n\nNOTE: Take everything I said with a grain of salt (or several). I'm just an undergrad psych major with a fascination with serial killers and access to the internet. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
289s80
|
why don't more companies enter into the cpu and gpu business
|
The whole world depends on intel and AMD for their computing needs. I know that designing and producing processor's takes time and a lot of money , but why don't many join the competition??
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/289s80/eli5_why_dont_more_companies_enter_into_the_cpu/
|
{
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9
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"text": [
"The industry has extreme [barrier to entry](_URL_0_). Put simply, you need *tons and tons and tons* of experience and research and money to even get started making CPUs, let alone catching up to Intel and AMD. Lots of companies have looked into it and determined it to be unfeasible.\n\nThere's also the poaching scenario. The number of people out there who can lead a CPU design and manufacturing process is small. If you establish a new CPU business and try to hire those people, Intel will offer much more attractive deals to your prospective employees, just to keep you from becoming a rival. To get to the point where Intel won't outbid you on wages to retain a duopoly on the market, you would need unbelievable funds."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry"
]
] |
|
3m9qzo
|
what is the hajj and how does a stampede occur?
|
BBC doesn't seem to be offering too many details on the matter or even what the Hajj is. But aside from this question, how was the other stampede caused back in 1990 that killed 1426 people?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3m9qzo/eli5_what_is_the_hajj_and_how_does_a_stampede/
|
{
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"text": [
"All Muslims are required to take at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in their lifetimes. Mecca is the center of Islam and its holiest city. I think the day the stampede happened was a holy day so that's why there were so many people there but I'm not sure. \n\nThere were roughly 2 million people there and there is very little crowd control. So at a convergence point, when all of these people are coming together, something can happen that can cause a crowd surge, which is what happened"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bayynw
|
why does your lip feel so much fatter when it’s numbed, at the dentist for instance?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bayynw/eli5_why_does_your_lip_feel_so_much_fatter_when/
|
{
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"Usually when you touch yourself, most of the sensation comes from the part being touched.* \ne.g. stroke the back of your hand and you'll mainly feel the sensation via the back of the hand, not the fingers. \n\nif that hand was numbed , like your lip at the dentist, then most of the sensation comes - unusually - from the fingers doing the stroking (or the rest of your mouth/tongue). \n\nso you get to really feel your own mouth and, hey, its actually kinda rubbery. \n\n*Its just occurred to me that this might be why we can successfully masturbate, but thats a topic for when you're older.",
"**TL;DR**: *Your body is conditioned over time to ignore normal \"background noise\" when one part touches another, but the freezing at the dentist changes that by cutting off half the signal, so your body misinterprets it, possibly as swelling.*\n\nStop what you're doing and think about your left leg for a second. Odds are parts of it are touching something, and you can feel what it's touching when you think about it... but you can't really feel it when you're actively thinking about it. Now think about your butt, and maybe your right arm. You can now feel that chair you're sitting on (or toilet if Redditing), and how your right arm is resting half against your body.\n\nNot feeling that stuff unless you think about it is a way that the human body removes all the \"normal\" stuff going on from the stuff it might need to pay attention to, such as when someone touches you or you start to slip on a wet tile floor when walking in bare feet. If all those normal touching points weren't removed, you couldn't really do as well because you'd be paying attention to everything, all of the time. So to avoid sensory overload, you only pay attention to stuff that's DIFFERENT.\n\nWhen you go to the dentist and they inject you with a nerve deadening agent, your normal body signal gets interrupted at that location and there's a hole in that filtered list of sensory stuff the world is inflicting on you. Your tongue touches that area, and instead of getting the absolutely normal \"oh ok\" feeling, you get no response from that area... and that's not what your tongue expects. It's DIFFERENT and feels like a fatter lip because your tongue or finger is touching it and not getting a confirming signal back, and your brain translates this unexpected weirdness into thinking the area you're touching might be bigger than it normally is.",
"Have you ever played that game where you close your eyes and have someone run their finger down your arm? Or, again with closed eyes, tried to touch the tips of your fingers in front of you (try doing this without moving symetrically)? It's supposed to be difficult, since you're relying only on proprioception.\n\nProprioception is our body's ability to recognize itself and its orientations. In areas with lots of nerves, it's very strong - you *feel* where all your fingers are and how large each of them is. Your lips also have a ton of nerves, so you generally have a really good idea of where they are and how big they are. This is important for speech (and kissing). But your arms and legs lack precision unless you've trained them.\n\nNovacaine or other numbing agents prevent nerves from working correctly, and you lose proprioception for that area. Your brain is estimating their size based on sensations *around* the area you touch, or based on sensations of your fingers. Speech is difficult because you lack control of your lips, so they feel fat and in the way.",
"The brain makes up reality that matches our sensations.\n\nIn case of a numb lip, you can't move the lip easily and the likely explanation is that it has somehow become heavy. Heavy lips would be bigger, so you feel that lips are bigger.\n\nAlso you can't feel touch, that would happen if the lips are covered by a thick layer of some substance. So bigger feeling lips.",
"One of the most common side effects of general anesthesia like Procaine (Novocaine) is swelling to the applied area. Proprioception only plays a minor role in skewed detection of the swelling.",
"I feel like this goes for any body part. My arm once fell completely asleep, and I mean COMPLETELY ASLEEP. Like I couldn’t feel shit, so when I woke up in the middle of the night, I attempted to get up, failed miserably, and realized I had this long, foreign-feeling, arm-like entity attached to me. It felt like another persons arm and scared the shit outta me lmao",
"None of these actually say why it feels bigger than normal (besides the ones about actual swelling, but I don't think that's the entire story).\n\nMy guess is that normally you can feel your top lip with your bottom lip, and your bottom lip with your top lip. But when the bottom one isn't working, your brain thinks your bottom lip isn't touching anything and your top lip is touching a foreign object. Your brain knows that in order for that to be true, there must be space in between your bottom lip and your top lip. But on a cognitive level, you know the foreign object is your lip, so you translate that extra space that your brain is telling you about into extra lip size.",
"I went to the dentist today too. I was thinking because our nerves are numb the body can't tell where the lips end, and the feeling extends past the usual limits. After seeing some comments I'm glad to see my hypothesis wasn't too far off."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
65wbg0
|
why is radian measure used?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/65wbg0/eli5_why_is_radian_measure_used/
|
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"Because they turn out to be convenient, even if they don't divide a circle a natural number of times, and they're derived from an actual property of circles rather than being completely arbitrary like degrees and gradians are.",
"It's mathematically 'natural', and it makes some equations simpler. For example there is the 'small angle approximation'\n\n*a ~= sine a ~= tangent a*\n\nValid for small angle a, but only if a is measured in radians.",
"It's just a very \"natural\" way of measuring angles. One radian is defined to be the angle made when the section of arc length swept out on a circle equals its radius, and this is really what an angle *is*: arc length over radius. A degree, on the other hand, is just what you get from dividing a circle into 360 pieces, which is arguably more arbitrary.\n\nThe reason radians are nice to work with is that, since they are defined as a ratio of two lengths, they are inherently dimensionless quantities, which means they are \"just numbers\", whereas degrees are not.\n\nEdit: The below is wrong, as has been pointed out. I guess this is what happens when I try to do these things quickly on my phone.\n\n~~If you know Euler's formula~~\n\n~~e^(a * i) = cos(a) + i * sin(a)~~\n\n~~Then this doesn't work if a is not in radians. We can see this as follows: suppose a = 2 degrees. Then we would like that~~\n\n~~e^(2i) = (e^(i))^2 = e^(i)e^(i)~~\n\n~~However,~~\n\n~~e^(2i) = cos(2 deg) + i * sin(2 deg) \n= .994 + .035 * i~~\n\n~~e^i = cos(1 deg) + i * sin(1 deg)\n= .9998 + .0174 * i~~\n\n~~e^(i)e^(i) = .9986 + .0523 * i~~~~\n\n~~~That is, e^(2i) != e^(i)e^(i) if you use degrees.~~",
"**Natural Units**: The radian is the ratio of the arc length to the radius. This is useful because it defines the angle measure in terms of quantities inherent to the circle. It feels mathematically natural to say that a full rotation of a circle is 2π radians. Also, since the radian is the ratio of two lengths, it is a dimensionless quantity, whereas degrees are pseudo-dimensionless. \n\nSome history. Degrees were used because the Babylonians realized a full rotation about the sun is approximately 360 days. Of course they didn't know about the Earth revolving around the sun. They observed that the rivers would flood once every ~360 days and 360 turns out to be a useful number because of all its factors. Gradians (400 gradians in a full rotation) were designed so that a right angle would be 100 gradians, making it marginally easier for us to visualize smaller angle measures. \n\n**Clean Calculus**: The most important reason we use radians is because it makes calculus a whole lot cleaner. By using degrees, the derivatives and integrals of ALL trig functions obtain pesky coefficients, a problem which compounds in more complicated expressions. We don't have to worry about these coefficients with radians. \n\nHere is an example if you were a precocious 5 year old. The derivative of sin(x) is cos(x). However, this is only true if x is in radians. In degrees, the cos(x) would have a coefficient of π/180. To see why, we must look at the proof* of this formula (I'll discuss only a slice of the proof to motivate intuition).\n\nConsider [this picture] (_URL_0_). When we take the derivative of sin(x) (at x=0), we are computing the limit of sin(h)/h as h tends to 0. In radians, this is precisely the ratio of the triangle's opposite leg length (red) to the arc length (green). In degrees, that same arc length would be πrθ/180. Remember we defined rθ to be our arc length in radians. After some algebra, we get that the derivative of sin(x) is (π/180)cos(x) in degrees, instead of the clean cos(x) it could be in radians.\n\n*Alternatively, you could skip the geometric proof entirely by just applying chain rule, but that's not as informative."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lesson-10-derivatives-of-trigonometric-functions-1204171054971022-4/95/lesson-10-derivatives-of-trigonometric-functions-3-728.jpg?cb=1204142255"
]
] |
||
5jxidj
|
how does cross-eyed 3d work?
|
Here's what I mean - _URL_0_
When I googled "How does cross-eyed 3D work", all the results pointed to how you can achieve this effect. None of the results spoke about the science behind this.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jxidj/eli5_how_does_crosseyed_3d_work/
|
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"Part of the reason we perceive depth in the first place is that our eyes see different images from each other. These tiny differences - when in focus - give huge clues to the brain about the depth any given visual point is at.\n\nHowever, if a picture is designed to trick your brain and eyes, you can see a picture pop out (or pop in). This is achieved by letting your eyes focus closer or further away than the physical page, which allows the eyes to see much different images from one another just like they would see if they were actually looking at a physical three-dimensional object in space. So your brain recognizes the pattern you see and interprets it as a 3D object.",
"All 3D \"technologies\" work the same way. In real life, you see depth because your two eyes see things from two slightly different positions. 3D imagery mimics that by using two different *pictures* taken from slightly different positions (e.g.: two cameras side-by-side). \n\nOne of those pictures is presented to only one of your eyes, and the other one is presented to the other eye only. And your brain interprets that as real-world depth.\n\nWith cross-eyed 3D, what you're doing is forcing your eyes to look at those two different pictures \"together.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.kula3d.com/how-to-use-the-cross-eyed-method.html"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9di5m4
|
how do plants get enough sun through a window for photosynthesis but we don’t get enough to get a sunburn?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9di5m4/eli5_how_do_plants_get_enough_sun_through_a/
|
{
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8,
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"text": [
"Plants use visible light for photosynthesis, whereas ultraviolet light is what causes sunburns. Typical window glass is transparent to visible light but mostly opaque to ultraviolet light, so the frequencies of light that are useful for photosynthesis come through but the ones that cause sunburns are blocked.",
"You can get burned through a window (example: driver's tan). That said, it is the UV light that causes sunburn, whereas photosynthesis uses a wider spectrum of light including visible light.\n\nIn other words, visible light doesn't cause sunburns but does allow photosynthesis."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1btndg
|
how come an ocean fish that's been marinating in salty water its entire life doesn't taste very salty?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1btndg/how_come_an_ocean_fish_thats_been_marinating_in/
|
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"text": [
"Fish are much better at processing salt from their body, and can excrete it efficiently. Their body processes keep their body much less salty than their surroundings.",
"Same reason humans do not taste like air I would assume. ",
"The bodies of those fish are able to resist it. The fish doesn't \"want\" to be too salty, because that makes it harder to stay alive. Ocean fish have ways to keep salt from getting in and to flush the extra out.\n\nSimilarly, just because some camels live in the desert, that doesn't mean they're full of sand :)",
"actually they're not marinating, they're brining. It's only a marinade if there's acid (or digestive enzymes like from papaya)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
21tand
|
in america, why is obscenity not protected under the first amendment?
|
It was my understanding that supreme court rulings can not overrule constitutional amendments, so...
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21tand/eli5_in_america_why_is_obscenity_not_protected/
|
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"text": [
"Basically they are saying the way they view this law that obscenity is not covered under the 1st amendment. Not that the amendment doesn't exist. ",
"It was decided at some point that regulation and infringement are not mutually exclusive, if it is for the common good. For example, the right to own firearms but not tanks, at least not without a tax stamp (a form of permitting).\n\nIt seems the same goes with the other rights. Exigent circumstances for privacy rights, and disturbing the peace for free speech, are exceptions that have been worked out in court over the last few centuries.",
"For the same reason why Holocaust denial is not protected in many European counties with their own constitutional right to freedom of speech, or why crying fire in a crowded theatre is not protected, or why the right to life is not protected from capital punishment.\n\nNone of the enumerated rights can be absolutely protected, because in certain extents, they end up infringing on each other. \n\nIf speech can cause bodily harm, mental trauma, mob panic, financial harm, or acts of crime, that speech is not necessarily protected, it's depending on whether the right to being protected from said harm outweights the right to say that perticular thing.\n\nThat's why the more frivolous and self-serving an offensive content is, it is more likely to be deemed obscenity, while a work with visible political or artistic commentary in it is more protected.",
"The Court is the body that decides what the constitution actually means. Six of the justices thought the First Amendment did not cover obscenity, but 3 of them did. The majority got to say what the First Amendment meant. In this case they also changed the definition of obscenity.",
"The Supreme Court decides how to interpret Constitutional Amendments. They've ruled that you need to consider not just the literal textual meaning of the words, but the intent of the writers. \n\nTo take a silly example, if someone passes a law banning \"sale of apples or oranges,\" the court would be free to decide whether they meant that to also apply to sale of apples *and* oranges - and it would probably be pretty clear based on the context of the law.\n\nSpecifically regarding obscenity, they basically said \"the First Amendment was never intended to ban obscenity, so it doesn't.\" I'll let their words speak for themselves:\n\n > The law is perfectly well settled that **the first 10 amendments** to the constitution, commonly known as the 'Bill of Rights,' **were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government, but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors, and which had, from time immemorial, been subject to certain well-recognized exceptions**, arising from the necessities of the case. In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law, **there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions, which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed. Thus, the freedom of speech and of the press ( article 1) does not permit the publication of libels, blasphemous or indecent articles, or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation;** the right of the people [165 U.S. 275, 282] to keep and bear arms (article 2) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons; the provision that no person shall be twice put in jeopardy (article 5) does not prevent a second trial, if upon the first trial the jury failed to agree, or if the verdict was set aside upon the defendant's motion (U. S. v. Ball, 163 U.S. 662, 627 , 16 S. Sup. Ct. 1192); nor does the provision of the same article that no one shall be a witness against himself impair his obligation to testify, if a prosecution against him be barred by the lapse of time, a pardon, or by statutory enactment (Brown v. Walker, 161 U.S. 591 , 16 Sup. Ct. 644, and cases cited). Nor does the provision that an accused person shall be confronted with the witnesses against him prevent the admission of dying declarations, or the depositions of witnesses who have died since the former trial. \n\n[Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth_v._United_States"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=165&invol=275#281"
]
] |
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