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1vfrow | why is the vatican and the pope in italy? wouldn't it be more logical for the head of the church to be in the country jesus was active in? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vfrow/why_is_the_vatican_and_the_pope_in_italy_wouldnt/ | {
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"Christianity wasnt popular in Israel, never rising above the status of a sect or cult - it was only its adoption by the roman emporer constantine which raised it's status and propelled it to becoming a world religion",
"It's because that's where Simon Peter (\"Saint Peter\") founded the Christian Church. \n\nPeter is seen by Christians as Jesus' primary disciple. When Jesus met Simon, he said [\"Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven. And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it.\"](_URL_0_) \"Peter\" comes from \"Petrus\", which is from the Greek word for \"rock\".\n\nSimon Peter later went to Rome, where he founded a church which followed Christ. \n\nBecause the \"rock\" on which Jesus would \"build his church\" was in Rome... the church was in Rome. Simon Peter, later Saint Peter, was acknowledged during his lifetime as the most important disciple of Christianity. After his death in Rome, the Bishopric of Rome was seen as the most important office in the growing Christian sect. His successors as Bishop of Rome eventually became the modern-day Pope.\n\n"
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"http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+16%3A17-18&version=NIV"
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8wf7sj | why do raised areas of the body (collarbone/cheekbone etc) get more severely affected by sunburn than the surrounding area? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wf7sj/eli5_why_do_raised_areas_of_the_body/ | {
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"text": [
"Because natural shadows occurs when these raised areas “intercept” sun rays thereby blocking the lower lying areas from absorbing light. Inversely there is nothing shadowing your most protruding body bits hence why they are likelier to burn. But rest assured if you lay perfectly still at a perpendicular angle to the suns rays you will burn quite evenly. "
]
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[]
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||
spu4w | how do forex brokers work? | What do they actually do and how do they get their money? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/spu4w/eli5_how_do_forex_brokers_work/ | {
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"Brokers in general provide access to markets, and clearing and settlement facilities. So when you buy some euros, they handle all the details of actually getting those euros into your account (including routing your order to the proper market and getting it executed). \n\nI am not sure what you mean by \"their\" money. They charge a fee per trade for these services, and you can get leverage from them by borrowing money from the brokerage. They get this money from other people's accounts. Similar to a bank giving out mortgages, they take money from accounts, and lend it out at an interest rate."
]
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[]
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|
bpm77q | how do car horns project so well? | I don’t see any speakers on the car, so how does it work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bpm77q/eli5_how_do_car_horns_project_so_well/ | {
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"So usually cars have two horns in the front of the car, a high pitch and a low pitch. So a standard electric car horn does have a diaphragm just like a speaker. Inside there’s basically a plunger connected to the center of the diaphragm and on the other side of the plunger is an electromagnet. When you hit the horn button. The electromagnet forces the plunger to bounce off of it so fast the diaphragm produces a frequency, a loud one. The combination of the high and low frequency together makes the sound travel farther and through more surfaces."
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1e40ib | how the gunslingers in western films shoot so perfectly from the hip? | I thought of this while watching The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - but then it occurred to me that people do this in real life, too, shooting from the hip with perfect accuracy, and not just with revolvers. How on earth do they do it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1e40ib/eli5_how_the_gunslingers_in_western_films_shoot/ | {
"a_id": [
"c9wkr03"
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"text": [
"Because it's fiction. \n\nIn real life, no one actually fought like that. Gun slinger fights in the wild west were messy, and usually involved many combatants, not 2 doing a stand off. It was no different than modern gang shoot outs, except their guns were far less accurate, and shooters would typically ambush opponents from rooftops and stuff. "
]
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[]
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|
ckttjw | what exactly makes the popping sounds when popping/cracking your muscles? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ckttjw/eli5_what_exactly_makes_the_popping_sounds_when/ | {
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"Air pockets between your joints. When your joints are moving, it can occasionally cause a gas bubble of CO2 between the joints. When you \"crack\" said joints, the sound is the air bubble collapsing. This is my most knuckle cracking only happen once after using your fingers for a while and you can't make the cracking sound on demand.... when you can make the sound repeatedly, that might be two bones making contact with each other, but that is exceedingly rare.",
"Could be wrong here, but I've heard that gas bubbles form throughout your body. When you pop a joint, the bubble that formed in there collapses and is re-absorbed into the blood?"
]
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[],
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||
60pdvr | how many days of fasting does it take for your metabolism to slow down? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60pdvr/eli5_how_many_days_of_fasting_does_it_take_for/ | {
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"This isn't as simple as how many days. A person's metabolism is based on multiple factors, such as age, gender, genetics, etc. As far as fasting if you mean eating smaller meals then it won't have much of an effect. If you mean more a person that doesn't eat for a day and is barely eating then they are dealing with bigger issues with their body than their metabolism.\n\nIf you are curious here are a few fasting myths debunked. Seems like your question might be answered with the first myth._URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.leangains.com/2010/10/top-ten-fasting-myths-debunked.html"
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||
4iillq | why does rubbing a coin on a metal surface make a vending machine accept it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4iillq/eli5_why_does_rubbing_a_coin_on_a_metal_surface/ | {
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"text": [
"I wasent aware this was a thing, Have you tried it? Because this sounds ridiculous considering how vending machines work",
"Vending machines indentify coins by several criteria, commonly size, weight and electric conductivity, as well as a magnet trap for magnetic counterfeits. In order to have an effect, the rubbing needs to change one or more of these criteria to within the accepted parameters of the machine.\n\nWARNING, SPECULATION FROM HERE ON:\n\n**Why it could work:**\n\nGrime or oxide covering the coin can affect the electrical conductivity of the coin. Rubbing it would remove oxides and grime, and so restore the conductivity to a level the machine will accept. If you're using visibly dirty coins the dirt could be enough to affect size and weight as well.\n\n**Why it probably doesn't:**\n\nThis sounds a bit far fetched for me, I don't think vending machines are sensitive enough to detect a thin layer of oxide, and so should accept \"un-rubbed\" coins. Also, the conductivity is indirectly identified through use of the Hall-effect, so a surface layers should have very little effect on the measurement. I speculate that it has to do with superstition and confirmation bias. That is, if you use real coins, a well-functioning vending machine should eventually accept your coins, but it's not guaranteed to do so on the first try. So you put in some coins, some are not accepted, you rub them and try again and now, \"magically\", the rubbing fixed the problem and made the machine accept the coin. Except, the machine would have accepted the coins the second time anyways, but you chose to rub them in between, and thus falsely identified the rubbing as the important part, rather than the persistent re-trying.",
"I'm pretty sure we just think it's us rubbing the coin that makes it work when in reality if we just kept trying it would work anyway.\n\nBut I might be wrong.",
"There are finite ways how a vending machine checks the coin, and none of them can be affected by rubbing it beforehand.\n\nSo why does it work then? It doesn't. It seems to work because confirmation bias.\n\nSee: _URL_0_"
]
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[],
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"http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/23151/does-rubbing-a-rejected-coin-against-the-ticket-machine-make-it-likelier-to-be-a"
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||
3z32y4 | just watched "the big short" someone please explain exactly how the main characters made money. | Hey guys, so I have basic understanding of the concepts of a CDS and CDO as well as what shorting is. My confusion comes from how these concepts apply to the actual movie. When Bale first proposes his idea to the banks, my understanding is that since there was no real way to bet against the housing market, he basically "shorted" subprime loans by asking to buy CDS on those loans. What exactly was bought and sold here?
Why did Carrell's character hold off on selling (what exactly was he selling?)
And lastly I understand that they were betting against the American Economy, but did their shorting of the housing market directly affect the American public?
thanks. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3z32y4/eli5_just_watched_the_big_short_someone_please/ | {
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"To address your questions;\n\nBonds (groups of mortgages, with bad mortgages mixed in) were bought and sold. They had variable rates and terms that made it very easy to obtain a mortgage regardless if someone was qualified or not. \n\nTheir \"bets\" did not really effect the economy. They had caught onto a snowball sequence of events that would happen regardless of if they bet on it or not and choose to use it as an opportunity to profit. "
]
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[]
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|
1x2gcr | how does electrical grounding work for ships? why is it so complicated? | I have heard that electrical grounding on ships can get very complicated. Is this true? If so, why? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1x2gcr/eli5_how_does_electrical_grounding_work_for_ships/ | {
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"text": [
"It's not about electrical safety directly. If you use a metal hull as ground, especially in salt water, electrolysis can cause corrosion.",
"I'm not sure about civilian ships, but in the Navy we used an ungrounded 3 phase system for reliability."
]
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[],
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8g8106 | why after months of making no noise does my fan catch something in it to start making a rattling noise. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8g8106/eli5_why_after_months_of_making_no_noise_does_my/ | {
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"Spinning and vibrations can loosen screws. Loose screws cause pieces to knock against eachother. It should be an easy fix unless something is actually broken.",
"Fans are balanced to eliminate as much vibration while the blades are rotating. If something heavy enough puts the balance out, all the components will being to vibrate and wobble. This could also lead to screws loosening and wear of the drive shaft, bearings and motor components."
]
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1hktc0 | how nyc is able to implement "stop and frisk". | I know that *technically* they're only supposed to question someone whom they have reasonable suspicion of committing or about to commit a crime. Then if they still believe that to be true, they're supposed to frisk them. However I've seen few videos posted of NYPD just walking up and searching people. Why isn't the city facing a massive lawsuit for violating citizens rights? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hktc0/eli5_how_nyc_is_able_to_implement_stop_and_frisk/ | {
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"Bloomberg prefers asking forgiveness rather than permission. The city will be sued at some point, but by that time Bloomberg hopes to have something to show for this very questionable policy. He did it with the park smoking ban, too. Make bold laws, let someone else work to get rid of it.\n\nThat being said, I've seen it happen multiple times. Enrages me.",
"A few major reason is that the people they are stopping are largely ignorant of their rights, less orgnized, have less political power, fewer rights (ex fellons), and broke.\n\nThat's not a group of people set up and educated enought to fight NY."
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34f9q8 | statutory rape? | Why are laws like this in place? Are there historical reasons for it?
I understand that in places like Saudi Arabia, the age of consent comes from when a woman gets married. But how did that age get defined in places like the U.S.? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34f9q8/eli5_statutory_rape/ | {
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"The idea behind statutory rape laws is that young people are much easier to manipulate, are frequently placed in situations where adults have considerable power over them, and haven't developed enough judgement to make potentially large decisions. \n\nThose factors combine to make any potential actual consent very hard to determine, so there's a cut off that says, nothing is sufficient to show consent in cases where the younger person was under a certain age. \n\nNote that we also don't generally let those under age participate in commercial contracts for the similar reasons. "
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2hw3s7 | why is push-back from power utilities against solar power such a big deal? | It seems to me that most of the strategies that utility companies are using to "push back" against the rise of solar energy is in the form of changing the way that they "buy" excess production from the solar panel owners.
Why do we have to sell it back to the utilities in the first place? Why not just use solar when you can, and use electricity when you can't? How is this a problem? What am I missing here? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hw3s7/eli5_why_is_pushback_from_power_utilities_against/ | {
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"There are some laws in place which require utilities to purchase excess generation. These laws didn't really have as much of an impact on the utilities back when there weren't many cases of this, but as it's become more common they are more concerned about it.\n\nFor utilities it'd be in their interest to not be required to buy back extra power, but that's part of the draw of purchasing solar in the first place, to save money for when you have to pay for electricity when the solar doesn't provide enough so naturally there is a conflict there.",
"First, it's a benefit to the consumer to sell back to the utility. They DO use solar when they can, and buy from the utility when they cannot. But they also get a credit if they generate too much solar at any given point. The buy-back rules were put in place to incentivize people to add more solar panels. \n\nHonestly, it's not a big deal. As solar becomes cheaper, more efficient, and more prolific, the rules about buy-back will be cut back or removed, because they won't serve a purpose. Regulatory bodies won't allow utilities to die, because they do need the infrastructure in place. ",
"Interestingly, current power prices have a low fixed rate plus the variable rate based on usage. If you generate more power than you use, it credits back.\n\nThat fixed rate is *supposed* to account for grid maintenance and such, but the pricing used by most American utility systems doesn't charge enough in the fixed rate to cover those costs, and the balance is made up through usage.\n\nCustomers which use very little grid power thanks to on-site generation are therefore gaining the benefits of grid connection (more or less steady power at all times) without, necessarily, paying into the maintenance of said grid.\n\nIt's similar in some respects to the ways that electrical adoption in other fields is causing the breakdown of existing price structures. There's talk of switching the gas tax to a per-mile road tax, for example; the gas tax is a primary funding source for road maintenance, but high-efficiency vehicles pay a fraction of it and all-electric vehicles are effectively driving on roads that they're not helping to pay into.\n\nIt just means that the cost structure and pricing models associated need to adjust, and haven't done so yet.",
"Selling back is commented on well here. So I won't say more about it.\n\nOther tactics used are that the energy companies are making implementation so impossibly expensive that no one is willing to invest. Around my area, solar panels are taxed, which *GOES TO THE ENERGY COMPANY*, and they require expensive permits, on the same order of magnitude as an independent sub-station, and the company charges fees because you have solar. Any service work comes with an additional fee. And we're taxed annually. They're trying to make solar illegal as some sort of safety hazard because if you cut the power to the house, the house electric is still energized. That's their excuse. And our energy company has a legal monopoly. Our ability to choose is to get the town as a whole to choose the energy provider, and no matter who we choose, they get the legal monopoly and can basically game the system to charge whatever the fuck they want.\n\nI've read here that in parts of Arizona, where there's so much sun people disconnect from their electric utilities, the utilities are trying to make service compulsory, or they're taxing people for not having a service.\n\nEnergy companies hate privately owned solar because energy is their business, and if we're consuming less of it, or they don't control the means of production, then why do we need them? And how do they continue making money?",
"It isn't in the interest of the utility companies for you to be selling excess power to the grid because you are effectively competing with them.\n\nThis is complicated by the fact that grid maintenance costs must be paid by someone. The costs of maintenance are traditionally paid to the generator by the consumer. This causes issues if the consumer and the generator can be the same entity while remaining uninvolved in the maintenance.",
"The real problem I see has nothing to do with buy back of power. Yes, that's a huge issue, but I own land where power has not been brought to yet. I've heard notions of making self-installation illegal, and anything remotely like this gets my blood boiling. The reason I bought remote property was to get away from these scumbag monopolists. In that part of the country, power can be $2-300 per month in the winter. I want nothing to do with that. These utility companies are just abusing humanity, and it's disgusting.",
"With the best will in the world, solar power is a big and expensive technical problem for utility companies.\n\nAn electricity grid needs to be carefully balanced between inputs and outputs. An imbalance in either direction can lead to failures that result in blackouts.\n\nUtility companies need to carefully manage generation to match demand; The most extreme example of this is in the UK, where electric kettles [cause huge spikes in demand](_URL_0_) during commercial breaks in popular TV programmes. The British electricity grid needs specialist hydroelectric storage facilities to cope with these spikes, and often imports electricity from France.\n\nSolar panels obviously only generate energy during the day; Their output is unreliable due to changing weather. Storing that energy is expensive and difficult and solar panels would be uneconomical if they were only used as needed, so the usual solution is to [sell the electricity](_URL_2_) back to the utility company. Large numbers of extra solar panels mean that utility companies need to make a huge investment in energy storage facilities and the associated generation control equipment to manage this unpredictable source of energy.\n\nOne possible solution to this problem is [smart metering](_URL_1_), which would allow the cost of electricity to vary on a minute-by-minute basis depending on supply and demand. Energy-intensive industries could plan their consumption to take advantage of cheap electricity, and intelligent appliances could automatically optimise their energy use. This would be particularly useful if electric cars become popular, as their batteries could be used as an energy reservoir. Variable pricing is a controversial issue amongst consumers, and would impose substantial costs upon utility companies if the cost of upgrading meters was not subsidised by government. Only a few states have even started to install smart meters, and a national rollout will take many years and cost billions."
]
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_pickup",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter",
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1r8gcg | why in the usa do black people typically vote for the democratic party when the gop is the party of emancipation and used to have the so-called "black" vote? when did it change? | The title says it all. I've looked around the internet and Googled it plenty, but I could not get a clear answer. I'm not form America and was wondering about this. Thank you. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r8gcg/eli5_why_in_the_usa_do_black_people_typically/ | {
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"The New Deal (1930s) started the change in voting patterns, and Truman's desegregation of the military (1948) also shifted the partisan identification of blacks in the US towards Democrats, but the overwhelming margins today stem from the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act of 1964 and 1965, which were two landmark race-related bills spearheaded by Democrats.",
"The Republican and Democratic positions more or less switched in the time period between the Civil War and World War II. It happened gradually, but was basically the sum of the two Roosevelt Presidencies and their policies, as well as the Great Depression and Reconstruction. After WWII, the modern Republican party was more or less solidified into their current role by Reagan's presidency.",
"Thank you for the answers very helpful. "
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1nh7uf | why do we like listening to sad music and watching scary movies when sadness and fear are negative emotions? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nh7uf/why_do_we_like_listening_to_sad_music_and/ | {
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"It's not the feelings of being sad and scared that are so enjoyable, its the psychological notion that you are in control of those experiences and that you are actually safe and sound. There is also the release of adrenaline with the fear response."
]
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||
4dntl3 | facebook bought whatsapp for $22 billion a while back. they just updated their app and claim that nobody, not even themselves can read the messages and calls now. whatsapp has close to zero revenue. what's in it for facebook? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dntl3/eli5_facebook_bought_whatsapp_for_22_billion_a/ | {
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"The user base. Facebook cares about time spent on Facebook. Whatsapp has 1 billion users. Suppose whatsapp adds a feature that causes people to spend more time on whatsapp, eg a newsfeed. Now 1 billion people have less time to spend on Facebook. Facebook makes less money.\n\nSource: know whatsapp employees",
"First, and this may sound weird, but 22 billion isn't a lot for Facebook. They actually got a pretty good deal on it imo. I suspect that the Facebook call feature was using whatsapp technology, so they aren't completely shelving it. I think they benefited mainly in two ways:\n\n1.) Eliminated competition\n\n2.) Future technology to help them expand. I think are trying to branch out into a more broad communication business.",
"One of the things that particularly american audiences don't understand is that for chat services like Whatsapp, chat is just one of many things that the service could offer. \n\nDownload WeChat or Line or Cacao. These are chat services that operate in China, South Korea and Japan. \n\nThese places act as MARKETPLACES! People can buy and sell services and goods, pay people over these services, upload photos to a \"Profile\" similar to instagram, find random people in your area or around the world to talk to (think Tinder) etc..\n\nThe chat feature is a basis for all these add on services. This is why Facebook bought Whatsapp. To get these type of services to users before one of these Asian companies make moves into areas where Whatsapp is bigger than facebook (Africa, South America, other parts of Asia) etc. \n\nIts about the potential of the service, while keeping competitors away. If you can't beat them, join them basically"
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aa0spm | why does toothpaste with the colours of red white and blue never mix up | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aa0spm/eli5_why_does_toothpaste_with_the_colours_of_red/ | {
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"The gel compartments are near the nozzle of the toothpaste tube. Most of the tube has white toothpaste. As the toothpaste is squeezed through the nozzle, it passes the gel compartments and gains the characteristic stripes. They are not mixed until the very end of the tube.\n\nEdit: [Here is a youtube video showing it](_URL_0_)\n\nEdit Edit: Well, I just cut open a tube of crest and the toothpaste was striped all the way through in a single compartment, different than the video above. And if you mix it all together, you get amorphous blended mush."
]
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt69VHgtT_U"
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||
761i4b | if i'm driving at a constant speed of 60mph and get rear-ended by a vehicle which is moving at a constant 80mph, would the force of impact be the same as if i were sitting at 0mph and got rear ended by someone driving 20mph? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/761i4b/eli5_if_im_driving_at_a_constant_speed_of_60mph/ | {
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"text": [
"yes, the impact would have the same amount of force. \n\nThe big difference would be the whole spinning out of control at 60 mph would be much more dangerous than at 0 mph.",
"Yes, you would experience the same force, but this doesn't mean the same thing would happen in the two cases. \n\nThe first thing we're concerned with is the momentum of the cars: momentum is a measure of the mass and velocity of an object. A higher momentum basically means that an object will resist slowing down.\n\nNext, the velocity of the impact. In both cases, the velocity of the faster car is basically 20mph. Basically, as long as you're moving at a constant speed, you can say that you aren't moving at all, and everything around you is instead moving based on your actual speed; this is the underlying premise of relativity. So in both cases, the rear car will have the same relative momentum at the moment of impact, leading to the same force being applied. This is where the differences start.\n\nIf you're travelling at 60mph, the bits of your car that need to move are already moving, so you absorb more of the momentum and could potentially lose control of your vehicle. If you're stopped, then what will happen depends on conditions inside your vehicle: is your car in gear with the engine off, in neutral with the brakes on, or in neutral with the brakes off?\n\nIf your car is in gear, then in order for it to move, the force needs to be strong enough to cause your wheels to move the engine block - the opposite of what normally happens. This isn't a great scenario, as the force your car receives won't be transferred to forward motion as easily, and could feel quite nasty.\n\nIf your car is in neutral with the brakes off, you will find yourself rolling forwards, which is probably the best situation unless this pushes you into another vehicle. Have you ever seen a Newton's Cradle? This situation is kind of like one of those - your car will absorb some of the motion and start rolling. You'll still get a nasty jolt, but it won't be as bad as the other two cases; this is the closest to the situation where you're travelling at 60mph.\n\nFinally, if you're in neutral with the brakes on, you'll have quite a nasty experience. Your car will do everything it can to resist moving, so more of the momentum will be absorbed. This is because in order for your wheels to turn, they need to overcome the friction from the brakes and also move your engine block; alternatively, your car will slide forwards because the wheels won't turn.\n\nI hope this answer was helpful for you."
]
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1l2tsg | why do 2 minute offenses in the nfl seem to be more efficient than the normal offense? | I'm no American football expert, but I have watched enough games. It always seems like the 2 minute drill offenses seem to be fast paced, pass-oriented, and achieve enough yards to result in a TD, field goal, or good field position for a good punt. It's not like the defense is confused about the strategy to push down the field in minimal time, so why does it work more than a traditional offense? Of course you can point to the fast-paced offenses of Chip Kelley or the recent NE Patriot's offenses, but I don't understand the grind it out mentality during normal possessions that are +/-, and then the productive mentality of the 2 minute drill? I appreciate the run first, pass second scheme, but no defenses expect this in a 2 minute drill, so despite knowing this why do defenses give up so many yards (the only argument I can forsee is that defenses in the 2 minute drill want to contain losses, not prevent them, but this is a cop out IMO. If a team always ran a 2 minute offense I wouldn't expect the same kind of gains against a standard defense, so I wouldn't understand why a defensive coordinator would run a different type of defense against this scheme).
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1l2tsg/eli5_why_do_2_minute_offenses_in_the_nfl_seem_to/ | {
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"the 2-minute offense, also known as the \"hurry up\", seeks to play as many downs as possible in the quickest time. A defense usually puts new guys in during the game (i.e. bigger dudes on 3rd and short to stop the run). The hurry-up prevents this, by not giving the defense enough time to swap personnel before the next play is starting.\n\nAdditionally, the fast pace of the offense usually prevents any unique defensive play-calls, because there isn't enough time to relay the proper call to everyone on the field. So, the defenses usually use a standard man or zone defense, with no tricks or disguise.\n\nThose two things: preventing the defense from swapping personnel to fit each situation, and causing basic defensive formations... that's what gives the offense an easier time as they continue to execute plays. Added on... the 2-minute drill is almost always done to make a comeback from the team that is losing the game. The defense doesn't want to give up any big plays, so they play \"back\", not putting as much pressure on the short and medium passing game.",
"There is also a lot more strategy in football than just get to the endzone ASAP and score. Clock management is a huge part of the game. If you're playing against the best offense in the league, you want to keep the ball out of their hands as long as possible so you would most likely try to develop a strong running game with using every second available between plays. \n\nHowever when time starts running out and you have to score in as little time as possible, then you have to hurry. A hurry up offense comes with a lot of risk as well. There are many times a game will end because the team that is behind will get into a rush and make a mistake that will just end any chance of coming back.",
"The biggest reason it looks better is because most defenses drop into whats called \"Prevent\" coverage in a 2 minute drill situation. They don't to give the big play and have the offense score a touchdown in one shot, so they allow the short game over the middle to stay open, and this allows the offense to move down the field. This though causes the offense to use up the time they have, and as they march down the field, the area the defense has to cover gets smaller and smaller, allowing for better coverage by the defense. This is why a lot of 2 minute drives seem to fizzle out about the 45-35 yard line. "
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3gk84n | how do these websites that buy gift cards from consumers work? | There are a handful of websites that will buy your gift card at a discounted price. Say I have a $100 gift card to Best Buy and one of the websites will buy it from me for $88. What are they doing with the purchased gift card and how are they making money? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gk84n/eli5how_do_these_websites_that_buy_gift_cards/ | {
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"They re-sell your gift card. If you browse around the site you'll usually also find gift cards for sale, those are the cards they bought. They make money by selling them for a few bucks more than they bought them, they aren't using the cards or anything like that.",
"It's quite simple. The Gift Gard is worth $100. You can go into Best Buy or whatever at any time and get the full $100 value from it. Anyone who buys it for less than $100 can potentially get more value out of it then what they paid for it.\n\nIt's worth it for others to buy it at $88 because the card can potentially be resold for higher or can be used to effectively shave off $10-12 from any $100+ purchase at Best Buy.\n"
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33s5hn | gearing/leverage (finance) | What does the term gearing/leverage mean when it comes to finance and how is it applied? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33s5hn/eli5_gearingleverage_finance/ | {
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"Gearing and leverage refer to the level of debt a company or financial venture has taken on. To see why it's called leverage, let's look at a simple example.\n\nLet's say I have a business venture that can always earn a 10% return on capital investment. That means, every time you give me $100 to buy machinery (or whatever) I can use it to make $10 a year.\n\nIf I do happen to have $100 that's great. I make $10 profit a year.\n\nBut if I can borrow money more cheaply than that 10%, I can make extra profit by borrowing money. If I borrow another $100 at 5% to add to my $100, I can make $20 a year before interest. After I pay the $5 interest I can make $15.\n\nLet's add another zero onto it. How about I borrow $1000. Add it to my $100 and now I can make $110 a year, take away my $50 interest payment and now I make $60.\n\nAll I'm doing is increasing the amount of debt I take on and yet I become more profitable. It's called leverage because with the same amount of initial money, I can earn more profit (just like a lever allows you to do more work with the same initial application of force).\n\nNow, the problem with leverage is that I cannot be sure about my profits. The future is inherently unknowable and there's a chance I might not make enough money. With my initial no debt $100 situation, all I stand to lose is my $100. But as I borrow more, the consequences of making the wrong prediction about my profits get worse and worse and I might end up owning far more than I could ever repay.\n\nIn finance specifically, this often refers to the leverage of a financial entity. A firm (like a pension fund) that exists just to buy shares in companies and other financial instruments. It could simply take money from its investors and use it to buy shares and other assets. But it could make more profit by mixing the money from its investors with some borrowed money ie, it can leverage itself. Once again, this is a game of comparing risk with rewards. If the investments pay off, the profit is all that much higher for having used debt to fund it. But if they investments go bad, you end up losing your capital AND paying off more debt."
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zuqwb | if the fec restricts individual contributions to a federal election to $2500, how can celebrities and the super wealthy hold $40,000 a plate fundraisers? | Jay-Z and Beyonce are holding a [$40,000 a ticket fundraiser](_URL_0_) for Obama soon, and plenty of other celebrities and wealthy people hold similar fundraisers. What makes these fundraisers which exceed federal election contributions different than regular political donations? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zuqwb/eli5_if_the_fec_restricts_individual/ | {
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"$2500 is the limit for individual candidates, you can also give $30k to the national parties, and $5000 to PACs. So that $40k will get split up in some legal way, but in general the candidates will have direct or indirect access to those funds."
]
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"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/beyonce-jay-z-to-host-fundraiser-for-obama-at-swanky-new-york-nightclub/2012/09/13/3b982bf4-fde4-11e1-98c6-ec0a0a93f8eb_story.html"
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5ozrvm | why do so many asian demonyms end with "ese"? (chinese, vietnamese, japanese, burmese) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ozrvm/eli5why_do_so_many_asian_demonyms_end_with_ese/ | {
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"This is a good question, specifically why we say \"Chinese\" instead of \"Chinan\" (or why we say \"Korean\" instead of \"Korese\")",
"From [this source](_URL_0_):\n\n > The -an, -ian, and -ese suffixes all stem from the Latin adjectival naming system:\n\n > -ian or -an, from Latin, –ianus, meaning \"native of\", \"relating to\", or \"belonging to\"\n\n > -ese, from the Latin, -ensis, meaning \"originating in\" \n\nThey all save similar meanings, and the assignments seem to be arbitrary, maybe based on what sounds \"better.\"\n\nFor example, a citizen of Vienna is both Viennese and Austrian.",
"I think this has to do with word endings, more than regions. Place names ending in 'm' or 'n' get the 'ese' suffix. \n\nAnother user posted \"Viennese\" for someone who lives in the city of Vienna. However, that person is Austrian.\n\nKorea ends in a vowel, thus \"Korean\", not \"Koreaese\". Laos is the same. A good example: one is Thai, yet Siamese."
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30d740 | why are saudi arabia and iran are having a war in yemen? | It seems to be that the Americans are financially supporting the Saudi Arabia country while Iran are supporting the rebels in this fight. Why are they fighting in a different country (proxy war?) as opposed to each others country? What are their motives (religion, political, resources?)? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30d740/eli5_why_are_saudi_arabia_and_iran_are_having_a/ | {
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"Same reason most wars were fought in the 20th century. It's about ensuring a sphere of influence.\n\nIf the Sunni side wins, it's another ally for the Saudis. If the Shia side wins, it's an ally for Iran.\n\nBoth countries have long been locked in a struggle to be the \"top dog\" in the region. Just look at the controversy over the naming of the Persian / Arabian Gulf. ",
"Yemen has only been a single country for 25 years and fought a civil war in the 1980's. The central government is weak, the economy weak, an active al-Qaeda branch causes problems, and the various tribes follow different religions. The current unrest is a new civil war supported in part by outside parties. \n\nSaudi Arabia is interested in a stable neighbor and Saudi-allied government. Iran is interested in an unstable neighbor for Saudi Arabia and a new Iranian ally. The most dangerous branch of al-Qaeda is located in Yemen and is the primary reason for US involvement. \n\nProxy wars are preferable to real wars as they are less expensive, involve few of your own people dying, and harder to be blamed for. Proxy wars are strongly preferable to the weaker party who holds little hope of victory in conventional war. Iran has no chance of defeating Saudi Arabia in direct fighting. The Saudi military is superior and supported by the US, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Pakistan. \n\nSaudi is leading the current intervention and is supported by nine other countries including Morocco, Egypt, Sudan, Pakistan, Kuwait, UAE, Jordan, Bahrain, and Qatar. The US is providing intelligence support but I don't believe any money. Iran is supporting an insurgent group. "
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4tpzmu | the "planet x" conspiracy | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4tpzmu/eli5_the_planet_x_conspiracy/ | {
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"This might be a bit long winded as there's a bit of background to get through.\n\nOk, before we really could see well to Pluto and beyond, we knew that funny things were influencing Neptune and Pluto's orbits. A lot of explanations were put forth, and one of them was that there was a relatively large, 10th planet, beyond Pluto, which was coined often as 'Planet X'. It actually predated Pluto's discovery, and people thought for a bit that Pluto was the one causing the disruption, but then figured that it couldn't be moving them that hard because it's just too small.\n\nThis was before we had really learned a lot about the Kupier Belt and didn't know a lot about any trans-Neptunian objects, redefined planet and coined the term dwarf planet as a spheroid object that's planet shape but not enough mass that hadn't cleared its own debris field properly, which is why up until recently people thought Planet X was a theoretical 10th planet, and not 9th. The 'X' was originally meant to just mean 'unknown' but kind of came over time to mean '10' to people.\n\nI mean at that point their explanation wasn't completely crazy; that's how people first learned about Neptune because Neptune itself was messing with Uranus's orbit. \n\nThen they figured out later, that a large part of the discrepancy was just that Neptune is just straight up more massive than previously thought. Come around to modern time and now they're finding out a lot of bodies in the Kupier belt are way off and there's possibly another theoretical actual 9th planet maybe.. and there we go again.\n\nBut that's not the conspiracy, just the background.\n\nAfter a while, in 1995 this lady named Nancy Lieder, who runs his webpage called ZetaTalk starts to stay that she's been contacted from aliens from Zeta Riticuli through implants in her brain that was chosen to warn people about a giant object that would rip through the solar system in 2003 though obviously when that didn't happen the date magically just gets postponed, that would cause basically the world to end. It would pass by and cause the earth's magnetic poles to reverse somehow and every thing would just go to crap somehow.\n\nSo pretty much any time any object larger than a muffin is discovered or even passes by like, the galactic neighborhood, she and the people who believe her jump on the wagon of \"No really this time guys it's coming\". She also has extremely detailed descriptions and measurements of objects that don't exist and were later proven to not exist. \n\nAnd conveniently they all had all kinds of things to protect yourself from magnetic rays like.. white cloth. And tried to convince people to kill their pets out of mercy before the world ended. \n\nThen when nothing happened she was like \"Oh, I totally lied about the date, because if I said the TRUE date, then the government would trap people in cities leading to their death\", never mind that even the worst government on earth's goals are pretty much never 'kill all our our tax payers'.\n\nThen all of this got moved and swept up in the \"December 2012 end of the world!\" nonsense.\n\nShe tried to claim legitimacy by trying to link her work with another guy (Zecharia Sitchin) that claims aliens from a place called Nibiru came and helped kick start civilization, rebranding the run away death planet as Nibiru. In Zecharia's works, Nibiru would pass by closer to the solar system and it's people would fly to Earth, change things, then fly back until the next pass. His version of Nibiru never endangered the Earth. For the record, Zecharia pretty much denied her claims as having any relevance to his works up until his death in 2010.\n\nA lot of scientists looked at her work and said \"It's crazy\" and all the crazy people looked at that and said \"NASA is clearly just covering up the truth\". And the world continued to not be killed by a random planet to this writing."
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4m3x74 | the difference between existentialism, nihilism and absurdism | Thanks :) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4m3x74/eli5_the_difference_between_existentialism/ | {
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"Existentialism - individual people are free and responsible to determine their own purpose and development through their actions.\n\nNihilism - extreme skepticism, belief that life is meaningless.\n\nAbsurdism - attempts of humans to determine meaning of anything is absurd due to the vast amount of information available and the vast amount of information still unknown make certainty impossible.",
"Nihilism - nothing has inherent meaning, and it never will. \n\nExistentialism - nothing has inherent meaning, but maybe you can make your own meaning. \n\nAbsurdism - nothing has inherent meaning. Haha, that's pretty weird right? Go do something that makes you happy. ",
"Nihalism: Nothing really has a point or meaning. It is different from depression but follows a similar thought process which in itself is quite depressing.\n\nExistentialism: You gain meaning and purpose though existing, though this idea falls short at the point that you muct have something to begin with to have a meaning which not everyone does. It is self justifying.\n\nAbsurdism: There is too much information with which to ever conclude anything. Since we will never have all of the information our ability to conclude anything is absurd.\n\nI find it funny that absurdism is in itself rather absurd, you never need all information available to draw conclusions. Even your instinctual reactions are based on reacting without using thought or evidence."
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69frsd | how do car key-fobs work and why do we not see machines that can mass-spoof unlock signals like computer passwords? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69frsd/eli5_how_do_car_keyfobs_work_and_why_do_we_not/ | {
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"What you're thinking of is called brute force algorithm. Where you just try everything. Now it's been done before where people try to get the key fobs signal and replicate them to steal a car, which makes brute force unnecessary because then you might end up signaling the alarm. ",
"modern keyfobs use a rolling code with trillions of possible combinations. \n\neven if you stood in a huge parking garage and rolled through codes at light speed youd take centuries to get even 1 car to respond.\n\nand then what? congratulations, you've unlocked the door, you could have managed that with a rock...\n\nthere are easier ways anyway, sniff out a wireless key transmission and relay it outside to the owners car. with this method you can even start the car and drive it away.",
"The fob sends a very large number very slowly. It takes about 25ms to send the number, so that's only 40 per second, max. Most cars require 50ms of no signal to restart their receivers. That's about 13 guesses per second. It takes a long darn time to send a trillion numbers at 13 guesses per second."
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cpicdw | how did all(or most) countries in the world decided to bring in same laws/rules to living, eg; lights on street red+amber+green or sirens on police being red and blue and many others? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cpicdw/eli5_how_did_allor_most_countries_in_the_world/ | {
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"text": [
"Unofficial conventions to begin with, international agreements and the UN later.\n\nThis [Wikipedia article](_URL_0_) is a good start, but there is a myriad of different local, regional and national agreements and standards bodies that regulate these things.\n\nI can't speak to emergency vehicles in general worldwide, but fire trucks are regulated in North America by NFPA standards, which are referenced by local, regional and national laws."
]
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic"
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nozak | what would happen if hackers stole all the digital money from all the countries and corporations? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nozak/eli5_what_would_happen_if_hackers_stole_all_the/ | {
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"Digital money doesn't actually exist, it is just a system that you gave the bank money, now they owe you that money and you can ask for it when you wish. You cannot steal what does exist.",
"Digital money doesn't actually exist, it is just a system that you gave the bank money, now they owe you that money and you can ask for it when you wish. You cannot steal what does exist."
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argabs | how does a car shutting down automatically at a stop light/sign help with gas consumption? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/argabs/eli5_how_does_a_car_shutting_down_automatically/ | {
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"The amount of fuel spent idling at an intersection, keeping the engine rotating are a slow speed with a light load, far exceeds the amount needed to restart the engine.\n\nModern car engines start up very quickly.",
"An idling engine burns fuel without moving the car. This is the most inefficient thing any car can do. By shutting the engine off, the car is no longer burning fuel while stopped, therefore removing the most inefficient part of a journey, and increasing the overall efficiency of the vehicle."
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1skyg0 | what exactly does it mean to "hedge" against something? | For example, when banks hedge against risk, currency hedging, etc. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1skyg0/eli5what_exactly_does_it_mean_to_hedge_against/ | {
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"In essence, a \"hedge\" is an investment designed to offset substantial losses (or gains) made by an individual or organization.",
"Hedge means to fence in. \n\nIn these cases they are trying to fence in potential losses. You might buy stock in an electric car company, but then also buy stock in an oil company to make sure that your losses in one sector are mitigated by your gains in another if you make the wrong bet.",
"Ok let's say I'm a railroad that buys a whole lot of diesel fuel. When I need to fill my tanks, I call up joe schmoe's oil company and have some fuel sent over. \n\nRather than be purely at the mercy of the pump price fluctuations, I can buy a futures contract for diesel fuel. If the price at the pump jumps, I'm protected because i can still sell that futures contract. Hence I've made a hedge against high fuel prices by using the commodities contract.",
"Hedging isolates and protects your investment or deal from something that you don't control. \n\nImagine that are a farmer and what you are good at is producing wheat. You can't control the price of wheat, but you can control your quality. To hedge against the price of wheat changing, you can do several things. \n\nFor example, you can buy/sell a futures contract. That is to say, if your crop will be ready in 6 months, you can sign a contract to sell your wheat at a specific price determined today in 6 months. If the price goes higher than expected, you don't benefit, but if the price goes lower, you don't lose. This contract is in theory free to sign, but can force a future gain or loss which would perfectly counterbalance the gain or loss in the value of your wheat. There are variations on this (mainly future contracts and forward contracts) and I would be happy to explain the difference if you like.\n\nYou can also buy an option. For example, you can buy a put option to sell your wheat at $2 per kilo in six months. If the price is $3, you won't use your option (it will expire worthless), but if the price is $1, you will exercise your option and force the person who sold it to you to buy your wheat at $2. This guarantees you a minimum sale price, but costs money today to purchase. Again, there are variations of this (mainly various types of put options and call options) and I would be happy to explain the difference. \n\nA farmer could also hedge against the possibility of a snow storm, crop failure, or any other risk to his business. \n\nSimilarly, a mining company might be very good at getting gold out of the ground, but might not want to bet its future on how much gold is worth in two years, so they hedge against the changes in price in gold. A construction company might be good at building houses, but not want to bet its future on changes in the housing market, so it can hedge against changes in housing prices. \n\nIt's worth noting that each hedge takes two parties to the trade. If I buy an option, somebody has to sell it to me. In theory, we can both be hedging, but in practise, there is never a perfect balance of people looking to hedge. In order for hedging to work, therefore, there has to be speculators. That is to say, when a gold company hedges against gold, they are effectively insuring themselves in case it goes down. The person on the other side of the trade is usually a speculator who thinks that it won't go down. \n\nA last interesting note is that hedge funds are precisely the opposite of what their name implies. They use hedging instruments to make speculative bets. They actively seek more risk to multiply their potential gains on the way that they think the market will go. "
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e73gck | the difference between being asleep, being unconscious and being put asleep with anestesia. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e73gck/eli5_the_difference_between_being_asleep_being/ | {
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"Unconsciousness is a broad term. Being conscious means reacting to outside stimuli. A sleeping person is technically conscious because they still react to light, sound, pressure, etc. Someone in a coma - medically induced or otherwise - typically will not.",
"sleep is the body doing repair work on the brain - it's very easy to wake up a sleeping person\n\nunconsciousness is an emergency shutoff, usually due to trauma - low blood pressure and brain swelling are the usual candidates. - It's (near) impossible to wake up an unconscious person (and usually it's pretty dangerous to do so)\n\nA coma is when, for whatever reason, you don't wake up from being unconscious. This is usually because whatever caused you to go unconscious doesn't go away (this is where brain damage happens, and can turn people in vegetables), and less often because the thing that's supposed to wake you up just... doesn't. - It's impossible to wake up someone in a coma (that's what separates a coma from unconsciousness), and a lot of the treatments for non-traumatic comas are basically just the same drugs you use to wake up unconscious people turned up to 11\n\nanesthesia is for you brain like what happens when you unplug a desktop computer. The drugs just turn off your brain, and it will stay off until the drugs are scrubbed from your system.",
"In simple terms, sleep is surprisingly a very active process. Your brain sends millions of signals and messages when you are asleep - dreams and the like. The brain moves between phases of activity, and during REM sleep actively prevents your limb muscles from moving. \n\nAnaesthesia conversely reduces the activity of your brain. Everything slows down and high levels of anaesthesia drugs can stop all significant electrical activity in your brain (isolelectric EEG). Comas are similar and have varying levels, but in essences yout brain activity is reduced when you are in a coma.\n\n(Am an Anaesthetist (UK))",
"Think of conscious and Anesthesia like a dimmer switch on a light. The lower the switch the dimmer the light. If the switch is broken (coma) the light still works and there still is electricity but it can’t get to the light. Anesthesia basically temporarily changes the dimmer with drugs and when the drugs go away the dimmer goes back to the original setting. To what conscious is can be difficult and becomes very philosophical as we don’t really understand how the original dimmer works we just know if we interact with specific receptors in the brain (I.e. GABA receptors) it artificially activated the dimmer and when we stops the dimmer goes back. Anesthesia providers talk about consciousness in terms of 4 stages. 1st being light sedation (sleep) where I describe to my patients as you can be asleep but might remember things around you (think of napping on the couch at a family gathering). 2nd being an excitatory stage which is the most dangerous part of anesthesia and a side effect of the drugs we have to use (think of a plane taking off or landing). 3rd general anesthesia were you don’t respond to highly stimulating things (like surgery). 4th is essentially the lowest setting on the dimmer, there is brain activity but not much (coma). The dimmer gets broken because of many things could be injury causing swelling, not enough oxygen in your blood, not enough blood in your brain (related to oxygen), or drugs. Luckily thru experiments in the past we now have drugs that can lower the dimmer to a level we want but not so much we break the dimmer. Source I am an Anesthestiology Assistant CAA (think of a physician Assistant that only does anesthesia)",
"Being unconscious generally means you are not aware of your surroundings including ambient sounds, smells, sights, touch or your own existence or the passage of time. \n\nSo being asleep, being knocked out by trauma or anesthesia or being in a coma, being clinically dead or unborn all reflect a state of unconsciousness. There are different levels based on brain activity, if any. \n\nSleep itself has different levels. During one to two hours a night most people have dreams so they are conscious of their own existence but not their surroundings though indirectly ambient noise can influence their dreams. The remainder of their sleep they do not dream and are not aware of their own existence or the passing of time. \n\nThere are reports of people being unresponsive in a coma or undergoing a heart attack or under anesthesia who are actually conscious to the point in which they can hear those around them, process what they are saying and can think about what is happening but cannot move, see or communicate back. This is similar to sleep paralysis."
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1zdc74 | space coordinates? | How do coordinates in space work? If planets are orbiting in a solar system, solar system moving in a galaxy, galaxy moving, etc. Everything is moving, how can space coordinates work?
Are they real or just something in SciFi? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zdc74/space_coordinates/ | {
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"There are several astronomical coordinate systems: Horizontal (AltAzimuth), Equatorial, Ecliptic, and Galactic are four commonly used, and each has it's own purpose. The choice of which coordinate system you use depends on what you're looking at, what kind of instrument you're using, and who you're talking to when you try to describe an object's position.\n\nIf you're standing in your backyard, using your eyeball as an observing instrument, and you want to tell somebody standing next to you what you're looking at, the Horizontal (AltAzimuth) system works well: look 12 degrees (clockwise) in Azimuth from due North, then go up 27 degrees in Altitude from the Horizon. Pretty simple, but it doesn't mean much to somebody who is not at your location. Consider how a person in Australia might describe where something is in the night sky, compared with a person in Norway.\n\nThe Equatorial Coordinate System is typically used by scientists to describe the positions of most celestial objects in reference texts, astronomical databases, and in Google Sky. One of the benefits of this coordinate system is that it doesn't matter where on Earth you are, the reference points are out in the night sky instead of the local horizon.\n\nAs a very coarse description, you should know that Right Ascension (R.A) in the sky corresponds to Longitude here on Earth. The difference is that R.A. is measured in hours, minutes, and seconds, based on the idea that the Earth rotates one complete revolution every 24 hours. A circle is 360 degrees, so one hour of R.A. represents exactly 15 degrees of arc (360/24=15). Just like Longitude on Earth is measured from an arbitrary meridian line passing through Greenwich, England, R.A on the sky is measured (clockwise) from a point called the vernal equinox. I'm not going to try to explain what the vernal equinox is here. All R.A. numbers are positive, from 0hr 0min 0sec through 24hrs 0min 0 sec. You can't have a negative R.A.\n\nDeclination (Dec) in the sky is a little easier to understand, it corresponds to Latitude here on Earth. The Celestial Equator (the line on the night sky that you'd see if you could extend the Earth's Equator out into space) is the zero point, and declination is measured positively up to the North Celestial Pole at +90 degrees, and negatively down to the South Celestial Pole at -90 degrees.\n\nThe Ecliptic Coordinate System can be used to locate objects in the Solar System, and likewise, the Galactic Coordinate System can be used to describe objects in our galaxy. There are reasons why it may be more convenient to use one of these rather than the Equatorial Coordinate System, but remember that any given object in the night sky can be described by more than one coordinate system. \n\nTL:DR; We measure everything from were it is as compared to earth.",
"There are several ways to do it, but the key to any coordinate system is a reference point (reference points are what you are gonna compare your position to).\n\nYou can build any coordinate system as long as you have a reference point. Within that coordinate system, the reference point does not move. It doesn't matter if what that point is tied to is moving (like the center of the earth), as long as it doesn't move within the coordinate system.\n\nImagine a satellite that would trail behind the Earth as it rotates the sun. If we compare it's position to the center of the Earth, it is not moving. If we compare it's position to the center of the Sun, it is moving as fast as the Earth.\n\nIn space, you typically set your reference point to where you are going to be travelling, but technically you can use any reference point (but the math gets tricky if you have weird things as reference points).\n\nSatellites that orbit the Earth use the center of the Earth as their reference point.\n\nSatellites that travel to other planets use the center of the Sun as their reference point.\n\nWe haven't dabbled much beyond that, but we can use anything we want as our reference point.\n\nThere is more to it, but I am trying to keep it as simple as possible.",
"When orienting a spacecraft, we use two types of coordinates: inertial (fixed) and noninertial (moving/on the craft). For this purpose, we consider the galaxy as inertial since the stars don't move much relative to each other. The system of space-fixed coordinates is determined by star tracking instruments on the craft. We then define any noninertial coordinates based off these inertial ones. Hope that made sense!\n\nSource: I'm an aerospace engineer!",
"Coordinates in space work rather easily. It's just a build up of various reference frames.\n\nFor instance, plotting the moon's trajectory around the sun is rather hard. It's a fairly complex motion. However, instead of having the sun as my frame of reference, why don't I shift my frame of reference to the Earth? If my frame of reference is the Earth... well the problem becomes much easier! The moon revolves around the earth! \n\nThe Earth's motion around the sun is also very simple. So instead of plotting how the moon revolves around the sun directly... we plot how the Earth revolves around the sun, and then on top of that we plot how the moon revolves around the Earth.\n\nThat's the beauty of reference frames, a simple shift of reference frame makes a very complex problem a very easy one. "
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1xtik1 | what exactly does oil have to do with the wars in afghanistan and iraq? | I always hear talk about oil having something to do with these conflicts, but no one ever seems to elaborate on it. Didn't the US invade Afghanistan because of the cooperation between Al-Qaeda and the Taliban? And Iraq because they believed Saddam Hussein was creating weapons of mass destruction?
What does oil have to do with these wars? Please, explain like I'm five.
Also, sorry if I misspelled anything. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xtik1/eli5_what_exactly_does_oil_have_to_do_with_the/ | {
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"oil doesnt have really anything to do with either conflict. iraq does have the worlds 4 largest reserves, but the us doesnt even have access to them. they let the iraqi's bid them out and now china's gas company, BP, Total Sa, and Sidanco are the owners of the oil extraction. theres no oil in afghanistan.",
"The wars were not about oil. They were about fear. The last war in recent memory that could be attributed to oil was the 1st Persian Gulf War when George the First was President and Saddam invaded Kuwait. Saudi Arabia asked us for help to kick Iraq out of Kuwait who was burning up oil fields left and right - though there were other factors involved, oil was a big factor. However this is not the case in Afghanistan or Iraq. ",
"The official reason for invading Iraq was the weapons. However there was quite a lot of doubt as to whether these weapons existed at the time, and the doubters have been proved correct as no weapons of mass destruction were found. Some people find it very suspicious that we would go to the trouble of invading a country over a hunch, so they say the weapons were actually just an excuse to invade for the oil.\n\nWhy would a country like the USA invade Iraq for oil? Because if the countries which produce oil are friendly (which Saddam's Iraq was not) they will sell it for us for a reasonable price and won't threaten us by saying they will increase prices or withhold supply. If this were to happen it would make everything more expensive for us because oil is involved in the production and transportation of just about everything. Although oil is really important to us we could never just admit that we invaded for oil, because Iraq's oil isn't ours and that would just be a confession of armed robbery.\n\nIt gets worse, if you believe all this. The other advantage of stealing Iraq's oil instead of buying it is that we would set up our own companies to extract it and sell it on. The contracts for this would be decided by politicians and would be worth a great deal of money. A lot of members of the Bush government at the time had links to the oil industry in America. This makes things doubly suspicious. Some people therefore believe that the Bush government started a war, not even for America's gain at all, but for their own personal gain at the expense of America and Iraq.\n\nNow even if you don't believe that it was all about oil, you might believe that it was one the many parts of the decision to invade. Put it this way: there are a lot of countries with nasty dictators, and several that might be developing weapons of mass destruction, so if you are going to invade one and not the others, why not invade the one that has oil too?\n\nOil doesn't come into the invasion of Afghanistan, which happened shortly after 9/11 and was a reaction to that. However Afghanistan is very central in the Asian continent and in the 90s there were negotiations with the Taliban by certain companies about building gas pipelines across the country. I'm not sure what became of all that after the invasion."
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2cz4ce | why don't device manufacturers provide higher rate chargers with the device? | I own a nexus 5 which comes with a 1.2A wall charger. It takes say about 1hour for the battery to get fully charged. Now if I use an external battery charger available in the market, like the Anker6000, it has a max output of 2A and the phone charges up quickly in 30mins. Does it have anything to do with the max. output amperage of the charger? From what I have read, current is drawn from the charger by the device, not pushed out of the charger into the device. So what specification of the Anker6000 makes the charging faster? If its the max. Output amperage of the charger, then can I use a charger like Astro2 which has a max. 3A output to get faster charging for my 1.2A device, does it have any long term affect on my device or damage it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cz4ce/eli5_why_dont_device_manufacturers_provide_higher/ | {
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"I think it can shorten the battery life.",
"My understanding was always that it could shorten the life of the battery as well as cause the charging circuit to think the battery is fully charged and stop charging (or start trickle charging), even though the battery is not really fully charged.",
"I'm a radio control hobbiest. I have learned quite a bit about batteries and one thing I have learned is that the faster you charge these batteries the less time the charge will last. So in a cellphone situation where a big selling point is battery run time and life they are gonna want you to charge it as slow as possible To get the longest run time out of the battery. \n\nCellphone batteries are not designed to charge faster then the output. These are known as 1 C batteries. If the batter in your phone is only 1800mah it can only be charged at 1.8a anything more and it will over heat, cause damage to the battery including puffing and blowing up. \n\nSo cellphone makers are not gonna make a new charger for every different size battery in every different phone they have on the market. They are gonna make a general charger that will charge all or most of their devices.\n\nOn the other side I could be mistaken but I recall reading usb 2.0 is limited in how fast it can charge things."
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dj5pqs | custom feeds. how are they, how do they work, how do you edit them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dj5pqs/elif_custom_feeds_how_are_they_how_do_they_work/ | {
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"A multireddit, now renamed to “custom feed”, is a group of two or more subreddits. Think of it as a folder in your bookmarks. Instead of seeing everything in your home feed, you will see just the ones in that folder. This is the main way I use Reddit. I have all of my subs grouped into topics look at one topic at a time."
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60ljgk | if our field of vision is limited, why can we not see or imagine "nothing" on the outer edges of our vision, or "black" like the top/bottom edges of movies | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60ljgk/eli5_if_our_field_of_vision_is_limited_why_can_we/ | {
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"Your brain already \"erases\" information you see but you don't need, as well as \"fills in the blanks\" for information that's missing or assumed.\n\nyou have a blindspot in each eye but if you look at a wall, you don't see two black circles, your visual center just automatically paints in the blindspots, because you don't need to see two blank spots. Your brain also ignores stuff like your nose, you don't need to pay attention to your nose poking into your field if view\n\nSeeing the end of your vision, or seeing a big black region around your visio would serve no purpose and have no advantage, and there's no point for the visual system to evolve such a feature.\n\n"
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1vselb | why does yellow highlighter not show up when you copy it? and why can't you copy red pages? | I work in the production office of a TV show, and so I am intimately familiar with the functions of a copy machine. But there's some things that have always confused me--
If you write in yellow hilighter on white paper, it won't be visible when you copy it.
Conversely, for security, we sometimes print scripts on red (cherry) paper. If you tried to copy this pages, they would be illegible.
Why is that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vselb/eli5_why_does_yellow_highlighter_not_show_up_when/ | {
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"It's just a matter of contrast. Most copy machines only print black and white; they can't even produce gray except with [dithering](_URL_0_). So every color on the page has to be converted to either black or white. Yellow is very close to white, so it disappears. Red is sort of a half-dark color, so in some areas it turns to black and in some areas it turns to white, and you get huge blotches all over your copy, obscuring the text.\n\nIf you have a more modern scanner/copier with a grayscale option (it can produce 256 different shades of gray), then the problem isn't quite as bad. Yellow will still probably be invisible, because it's still very close to white. But your red might actually show up as a nice gray, and leave the document readable.\n\nAnd, of course, if you have a full color copier, everything will come through perfectly. I scan color stuff all the time at work.\n\nYou can play with this effect a bit if you have a photo editing program like Photoshop, GIMP, or _URL_1_. Pull in an image with a lot of red or bright yellow, and experiment with the desaturate/grayscale and the black and white options, and see what different colors turn into."
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eno3pg | why does a car not move when you leave it in gear. | When you have the ignition turned off and leave it in gear the car doesn't move, even when the handbrake us off. Why is this? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eno3pg/eli5_why_does_a_car_not_move_when_you_leave_it_in/ | {
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"When it's in gear, the driving wheels are connected to the engine. An engine's crankshaft, when it's not running, is extremely hard to turn. Trying to push the car, or leaving it on a hill, won't be enough to make the wheels turn the engine over, so the wheels are effectively locked.\n\ntl;dr the engine acts as a giant brake.",
"If you're talking about a manual transmission, it's because, typically, the car is left in either first gear or reverse when it's parked. When you're driving in these gears, the engine turns a lot to make the wheels turn comparatively little, to get the car moving. This means it's really difficult for the wheels to make the engine turn.\n\nSo when the ignition is off, with the car in gear and all the resistance of the engine from the engaged transmission, the wheels have a really hard time of turning.\n\nI'm not too familiar with the specifics of automatics in this regard, but I imagine the answer is the same -- Park probably engages the transmission, giving the wheels resistance to stop them turning. I don't know for sure, though.\n\nI hope I've answered your question, especially in the case of a manual, because I've driven one for years and should hope I know what I'm talking about."
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21yrkg | -how do ear candles work? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21yrkg/eli5how_do_ear_candles_work/ | {
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"By good feelings and well wishes.",
"They don't work at all, and are potentially dangerous. Here in Canada, they are actually illegal to sell, as they have no medical utility but have been shown to cause serious injuries. Don't use them... "
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2h9yej | why do most forms say "caucasian" as an option for white if most white people aren't even from the caucus region? | i see it everywhere all the time and i don't understand.
or am i wrong and caucasian is a correct term?
*caucasus | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2h9yej/eli5_why_do_most_forms_say_caucasian_as_an_option/ | {
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"Because a German man named [Christoph Meiners](_URL_0_) decided there were two races: Caucasians, who had the people of the southern Caucuses as their archetype, and Mongoloids, who were... everyone else. Christoph was something of a racist, so the defining traits of Caucasians were things like \"More beautiful because white\" and \"More altruistic\" among other things. He would later go on to subdivide the Caucasians to make such wonderful determinations like \"the Celts are the best race\" and \"Slavs are scum.\" These views were not uncommon for Germans at the time, but he offered a pseudo-scientific veneer to them.\n\nAs history moved along other people based their pseudo-scientific racial groupings on this initial one and this has continued to the modern day."
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9fvcob | what are extras in movies actually talking about in the background? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9fvcob/eli5_what_are_extras_in_movies_actually_talking/ | {
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"I had a friend who did that kind of work in NYC. She said they would sit there trying to make the other person laugh. Check out a cafe scene next chance you get and see how many people are trying not to laugh. ",
"Usually nothing . You’re just pantomiming . It’s usually dead silent on a set . I did extra work for about a year when I lived in LA , it was fun ! "
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3eobwv | what exactly happens when you trade in your phone to get credit/upgrades with your cellphone company? | I've always been a little sketched out by trading in my phone to my cell phone company for credits/earlier upgrades, so I'm hoping someone can explain exactly what they do with traded in phones, especially older models that they maybe don't sell in stores anymore. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3eobwv/eli5_what_exactly_happens_when_you_trade_in_your/ | {
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"They aren't stealing your personal information if thats what you're worried about. One of the first things they do is wipe it. If you're really concerned about it you can wipe it yourself beforehand. They get them repaired/cleaned up to sale condition and then sell them. Even ones that aren't typically stocked for sale will be taken in and sold as budget options. \n\nThey may also be kept to exchange for the same model if someone brings in a broken one, or salvaged for parts.\n\nThey may be donated to organizations that give phones to the needy."
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4pp8hv | how does lightning "repair" the ozone? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4pp8hv/eli5_how_does_lightning_repair_the_ozone/ | {
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"The high Voltage Discharge of the lightning has enough energy to Ionize some oxygen molecules which then reacts to O3 (ozone).\nSo O2 + Energy = 2 O• - > O• + O2 = O3 \n Look at it as if you had magnets 2 stick together and you need energy (force) to separate them, now you can take each one and connect it to other 2 magents",
"Most oxygen is O2. Ozone is O3. Ozone is created when you run a lot of electricity through O2. Every time lightning strikes, some Ozone is created. "
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agoq9c | why does old electronics produce a high ptched noice when turned on? | Plenty of old, and new electronics produce high pitched noices when turned on, is it the electrons somehow doing it, or are there small sparks in the circuits? Best example of this is probably old TVs. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/agoq9c/eli5_why_does_old_electronics_produce_a_high/ | {
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"The specific component is called the \"flyback transformer\". The whine is mentioned in this section:\n\n[_URL_1_](_URL_0_)\n\nMore specifically, the high frequency alternating magnetic field makes the transformer core vibrate at whatever frequency is being made. Depending on the initial quality of the transformer, and how well it has aged (the varnish they coat everything in breaks down after a while) you'll get a louder or quieter unit.\n\nThe same thing happens with normal 60hz (household current) transformers too, it's just a much lower note, because of the 60hz cycle. Again, as the varnish breaks down over the years, you will get a louder and louder note. For the big ones, people will even sometimes have them re-coated for just that reason."
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5skv4z | does alcohol tolerance come from your body learning to metabolise it more efficiently, or your brain learning to function better whilst under the influence, or both? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5skv4z/eli5_does_alcohol_tolerance_come_from_your_body/ | {
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"Both. Alcohol is metabolized into its non-toxic (less toxic?) form by enzymes in the liver. Once your liver realizes that it is frequently encountering this thing, it starts producing more enzymes which allow it to break the substance down more quickly.\n\nFurthermore, since your brain *technically* doesn't want to lose motor control to alcohol, the system of neurotransmitters which are affected by the presence of metabolized alcohol eventually compensate to lose less fidelity when encountering it.\n\nEDIT: It might incorrect to say it is metabolized into a less toxic form. I'm a little shakey on that - acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic substances, but that is nonetheless what the body does to the ethanol as it processes and prepares to excrete it.",
"Down-regulation plays a part in most forms of tolerance related to psychoactive susbstances. Basically, your brain reduces the number of receptor sites on neurons when they are repeatedly exposed to an abundance of neurotransmitters, so future exposure has less effect. This system also explains withdrawal. Once the neurotransmitter levels drop from lack of use the reduced receptor sites take several weeks to regrow and withdrawal symptoms are worst. Until the receptors up-regulate and return to normal, the decreased receptor sites struggle to take up what little neurotransmitters are now present. ",
"I've always had an extremely high tolerance. It doesn't seem to be genetic considering the rest of my family and I've asked my dad about it. I can drink and realize I should not drive or do other activities that and such but there is no \"drunk\" feeling. Copious amounts of alcohol have been consumed to test this theory. I seem to process it quite quickly. On the one hand it's great, on the other I don't get to experience the fun.",
"I think tolerance comes mostly from your body. The liver is an incredible organ and can take a lot of abuse. Some people can drink incredible amounts of alcohol every day for years and still manage to function. That is until cirrhosis fully sets in and the liver can't metabolize anymore. When this happens (if I understand correctly) alcohol just goes straight into the blood stream. This is how you might see advanced alcoholics get completely trashed on relatively small amounts of alcohol like single serving containers of fortified wine, fortified lager or hard cider. "
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66fcet | the venezuelan protests right now. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66fcet/eli5_the_venezuelan_protests_right_now/ | {
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"Power vacuum after the death of chavez. people don't have money for food, and their money isn't worth much globally anyway. intense violence in the streets over the past year (i.e. robbery and murder). a nation raised under a nationalist/socialist identity, but that has always been politically polarized. without chavez (for better or worse) the people are trying to work out the future of their beloved country. I think some of that is true...hopefully a venezuelan can give a better answer"
]
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[]
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||
2azqxj | how would it feel like to be a spider's prey? how long would you stay alive, and would you feel pain? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2azqxj/eli5_how_would_it_feel_like_to_be_a_spiders_prey/ | {
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"You wouldn't live for all that long. First you would be caught, and wrapped up in the web. Then the spider would bite you and inject you with their venom. It would work its way through your body, melting your internal organs. You would survive until a vital organ was destroyed, or until neurotoxins stopped your heart/lungs/brain. I have to imagine you would feel an extreme amount of pain unfortunately. Even without giant spiders or miniature humans, there are some spiders that have the ability to kill a full size human in a matter of hours. So with a higher proportion of poison compared to your body size, my best guess would be that after injecting the poison, you would be dead within an hour or two"
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||
2c5ogx | how can a corporation be considered a person in the usa (and therefore a usa citizen...?) if they move their company to a different country and do not pay taxes in the usa. | Thanks for the answers. This popped into my head at like 3 AM this morning so I wasn't really think I about the persons v citizens aspect. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c5ogx/eli5_how_can_a_corporation_be_considered_a_person/ | {
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"text": [
"An important distinction: corporations are not considered U.S. citizens. Never before in American history has that ever even been considered.\n\nFor the purpose of applications of common law and protection under the Constitution, there is a concept of \"corporate personhood\" in the United States. This defines corporations as \"legal persons\" (in that they receive legal recognition) and extends to them certain rights and privileges under the Constitution. This allows for corporations to, amongst other things, enter into voluntary contracts with natural persons or other corporations and be sued in court. This legal definition dates back to 1819 Supreme Court case Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. The precedent dates back to British common law.\n\nNow that it's been determined that they've never been and never will be afforded the rights of natural persons -- such as citizenship -- most of the issues regarding relocation should be cleared up. If they do move, they must incorporate under that country's law. If they no longer do business in the United States or with the United States, they no longer pay United States taxes. The same thing really applies to natural persons (citizens) emigrating from the United States. People who do not earn money in the United States don't pay United States taxes. Actually, when American sports players play games in Canada (Bills in Toronto or Raptors in Toronto) they pay Canadian taxes."
]
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|
2enkju | why do certain foods make me gassy? what the heck is going on inside me? | Seriously, I roasted and ate 3 garlic heads last night and I haven't stopped farting since 8am CST.
EDIT: Clarification: Why do certain foods make me ***MORE*** gassy than others? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2enkju/eli5_why_do_certain_foods_make_me_gassy_what_the/ | {
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"Bacteria that lives in your stomach feeds on the food you eat and produces gas byproducts. ",
"OMG I had oatmeal this morning and yep... still tooting! ",
"Everyone has unique bacteria in their guts - different types and in different amounts. Some bacteria may thrive better on, say, meat and so produce more gas as a byproduct when they break this down. \n\nYet I may not have so many meat-loving bacteria in my gut, so I would get less gassy from eating it."
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1xfnlq | why/how is the housing sector so important to nations economy? | The housing market seems to be mentioned far more than any other market when talking about the state of a nation's economy. Why is this?
EDIT: Wow, just realized that glaring grammatical error in the title. I guess that'll make it easier to treat me like a 5 year old, if anything. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xfnlq/eli5_whyhow_is_the_housing_sector_so_important_to/ | {
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"a House is a big purchase. it's probably the Biggest purchase for most people.\n\n* people are more likely to buy a house when they're confident about their future. (job/career security, economy stability, etc.)\n* The multiplier effect. a $200k house can pump millions into the economy. you've to employee people to design the house, have truckers truck over material to the house, then have construction workers to build the house, then an inspector will inspect the house to make sure it's safe, then you'll have people selling the house and bankers that loan you that mortgage. Then there's the furniture, insurance, decorations, etc. Then all those people have more job security and spend more money in the economy... ... ",
"You're actually asking two different (but related) questions:\n\n* Why/how is the housing sector important?\n* Why is the housing sector mentioned so often?\n\nTo answer the second, housing is usually a leading indicator. \n_URL_0_",
"A few reasons.\n\n1. Housing wealth is a very significant fraction of total wealth. Estimates vary, but the total value of US housing held by the \"household sector\" (i.e. not businesses) is roughly $20 trillion, out of roughly $70 trillion total net worth. See for instance table S.3.a here: _URL_0_\n\n2. The percentage of wealth in housing (almost 30% for the US as a whole) is much higher for the middle class. Poorer people are less likely to own houses, and richer people are more likely to own financial assets such as equities. I don't have a good citation for you, but the number for the middle class could easily be 60%. And of course there are many individuals with all of their wealth in housing.\n\n3. It's undiversified wealth, and therefore more risky. One doesn't own 0.01% of of 10,000 houses equally spread across the globe---one owns one house. If the housing market goes to shit in an area, everyone in that area suffers together and it can have a huge effect.\n\n4. Housing is important for other reasons, such as mobility. For instance, suppose something happens to make it hard to buy and sell houses---let's say that mortgages dry up. People need to buy and sell houses in order to move for jobs. If housing frictions make it hard for people to flow toward jobs the unemployment rate goes up, etc. \n\nI could go on. In short, housing isn't just any old asset---it's a very valuable, very indivisible asset that is very central to many other decisions in our lives, and is disproportionately important for the middle class.",
"Because housing is a huge undertaking, so housing is usually a pretty good indicator of how the economy is doing. \n\n1. Housing in and of itself is a huge economic transaction. There's the land itself (and subsequent regulatory assessment); utilities; architectural design; the actual construction (including buying all of the raw materials and then transporting them); and then the selling (real estate agents, loan officers, etc.) Building a new house encompasses at least four or five different industries.\n\n2. They usually differentiate between \"housing\" (people buying new homes from others as well as new homes) and \"new home construction\" (actually building a new home). As noted above, new home construction is a bigger deal, but simply moving existing houses is also an indicator. People generally don't buy a house unless they're confident and secure with their economic situation--so if more people are buying houses, it usually means people are making more money and/or are confident that they will keep making money in the future.\n\nOther \"big\" purchases, such as cars and consumer electronics, are also often mentioned for much of the same reasons. You'll also note that manufacturing inventory is often a common mention; it's kind of an \"instant\" snapshot of how the economy is doing (stuff gets out of warehouses months before the new home is built, so it's a good predictor of the future. If warehouses have depleted stock, that usually means in a few months people will start buying them.)",
"Some good answers in here already, but I will take a shot.\n\n1. For the average family, their home, and the associated mortgage, is the largest investment they will ever make, by far. More of the average household money, as a result, is tied up in housing than in any other investment. \n\n2. The mortgage market, as a result, is a huge, huge indicator of how the middle class is faring. Keeping tabs on the middle class is hugely important for the American economy, because they represent the vast majority of consumer spending - the middle class may save a fraction of its income, but by far, they spend the vast majority of what they earn. This is unlike the lower class, which spends all of what they earn and also has to be subsidized, and the very wealthy, who have more money than they know what to do with and hoard it. So the middle class is really the engine of the modern economy - and whether or not they feel they can buy and afford houses is a gigantic indicator of their overall financial health. \n\n3. Where people live is hugely determinative of what job they do. This is getting less important, but for the most part, you can tell the health of a local economy by its housing numbers. As a result, housing numbers tell a bunch about the particular area you are looking at - there is crazy development near the petroleum fields in the dakotas, but you can buy a city block in detroit for a few dollars. That tells you a lot about the local economy. \n\n4. A big bunch of financial instruments in the larger economy are tied to mortgages. When you make a mortgage with a bank, odds are pretty low the bank holds onto that mortgage. It will likely get sold to a larger fund, and those funds may be anything from rich billionaires speculating on boom-housing in florida to the aggregate retirement accounts of every teacher in Ohio looking to make sure their nest-eggs don't evaporate, and are hoping for modest but consistent gains above inflation. Because housing is so expensive, and represents a gigantic part of the economy, tons and tons of investment money from private individuals are put into third party mortgages. \n\n5. Construction employs a huge number of people, who may not be qualified for other work. So if housing is in a boom, it means jobs for millions. If it is stagnant, it means a whole shitload of unemployed construction workers. When you think this through to the associated payroll taxes, impact on local spending, you realize that it is a gigantic issue. Think about it this way: imagine if McDonalds or Walmart went out of business and fired every one of its workers tomorrow. The cycles of the housing market are on a similar level. \n\nIf you go to _URL_0_, you will find a whole bunch of really informative podcasts about mortgages. It is a huge industry."
]
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[],
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1w9o71 | how that dog from two floors down can continuously bark for two hours and not lose his voice | Also, what is wrong with that creature? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1w9o71/eli5_how_that_dog_from_two_floors_down_can/ | {
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"he has seperation anxiety. i assume that he mainly does that when his owners are not at home? seperation anxiety builds up tension, so everytime he sees his owners leave the house he starts to get desperate and all the build up tension has to come out somehow. some dogs release that tension by destroying the whole house...some dogs release it by barking. if i were you i would go and talk to your neighbours and tell them to excersise more with their dog. Physical excersise before they leave the house is going to make that problem a hell of a lot less of a problem if it doesnt completely solve it. they are obviously not taking the dog out enough"
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c9pxp6 | how do bullets fired into the air come down fast enough to do damage? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c9pxp6/eli5_how_do_bullets_fired_into_the_air_come_down/ | {
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"Bullets are propelled by gases from a gunpowder charge. Once it leaves the barrel traveling up, eventually the round reaches an apex, and heads back toward gravity. It will reach terminal velocity falling back down, which is much less than muzzle velocity firing up, but still enough to do damage. Case in point, a stray round coming back down in this manner took out the back window of my friends car a few 4th of Julys ago, it was found in the trunk after passing through the seat back.",
"It accelerates at 9.8m/sec² (minus wind friction) so if my math is close it would come down with a terminal velocity of around 175mph.",
"There's actually a myth busters episode about this. If you fire a bullet straight up in the air, perfectly perpendicular to the ground, it won't have enough velocity coming back down to kill you. It probably won't tickle but you won't die. If I remember correctly, their theory was that when people fire up into the air they don't do it perfectly perpendicular to the ground so the bullet continues to spin as it travels point-first (as it does when fired levelly), and thus maintains its aerodynamic-ness and speed enough to kill.",
" > what makes it go fast enough to kill someone?\n\nGravity.\n\nTheir terminal falling velocity may be a lot lower than their muzzle velocity, but it's still well beyond fast enough to do serious damage or kill.",
"Other situation is when bullets don’t go up at a steep enough angle to lose velocity and fall down. Instead they make more of a rainbow arc, not loosing THAT much speed at all before impacting something.",
"Mythbusters covered this several times. A bullet fired straight up will eventually stop and fall back down. Terminal velocity for a bullet is only about 100 miles per hour. Not enough to hurt you. \n\nA bullet fired at an angle will still travel horizontally at several hundred miles per hour. That is how people get killed."
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bck6ju | how does flavored seltzer have 0 calories per serving but 10 calories per bottle? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bck6ju/eli5_how_does_flavored_seltzer_have_0_calories/ | {
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"You're not required to disclose under 5 calories per serving per the FDA in the US - it can be rounded down to 0. As each serving is only 3.333... calories, it can be listed as no calorie.\n\n_URL_0_",
"There are arcane rules on how those nutrition lables are regulated. IIRC, you can round anything to the nearest ten calories, so 3.33 calories per serving would be rounded down to zero",
"Rounding. Under 5 calories can be rounded down to 0 per serving. There are likely 3 or 4 calories per serving which rounds to 0 per serving but per bottle 3 servings combined rounds to 10 calories."
]
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"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=101.60"
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6ckesq | why is it difficult for us to recognize how annoying the annoying things we do are, when we're so quick to identify the annoying things other people do? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ckesq/eli5_why_is_it_difficult_for_us_to_recognize_how/ | {
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"It is one of those things in life. We are all born with a million small bottles, each with a label. One is greed, one is lust, one for ambition, one for honesty. Every single trait has its own jar. Love, empathy, distrust, lying, amity, etc. each has a jar. In each jar is a bit of sand. Those who are greedy have the greedy jar overflowing, but their empathy jar might be empty, or their love jar overflowing. We all have the same jars with varying amounts of sand in each. \n\nThe kicker is that the jars are behind us, and while we can easily see the sand in other people's jars, we cannot see our own. ",
"Because you are living inside your own brain, that means that you know your own intentions, so the things that you do don't annoy you, because you're you, and you know exactly why you're doing that. Those intentions, however, do not always show through, and other people don't always put themselves into your shoes to try to figure out why you're doing those things. They get wrapped up in themselves and take everything personally and become upset over the things that you do that they find annoying.\n\nThat action of putting yourself into another person's shoes is called empathy, and its hard to practice, because it means making yourself vulnerable and opening yourself up to another person's emotions. that's a frightening thing to do, and its not something the people readily think of. so that car that just swerved right in front of you that made you have to brake really hard? maybe that's a parent in the driver's seat who just got hit in the the head by the toy that their kid threw from the back seat, or the kids are screaming at each other and one threw up. That text you sent that person and they didn't respond back to you within five minutes and now you're freaking out that maybe they hate you? maybe you texted them while they were in a cell phone dead zone and they literally didn't get it, or maybe they work someplace where they're not allowed to have their cell phones at all. "
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17iv6f | can a programmer explain what a "delegate" is and why you should use it? | Language: c# | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17iv6f/eli5_can_a_programmer_explain_what_a_delegate_is/ | {
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"_URL_1_\n\ngives a good explanation.\n\nbasic answer: it's like a secure, typesafe version of C's function pointers. More simply put, it's an object which references a method. \n\nHere's a good example:\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's an easy way to pass a method you wish to invoke to a function, so the function can invoke that method without actually knowing which method is being invoked. (try saying that 10 times fast)"
]
} | [] | [] | [
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"http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/71154/C-Delegates-101-A-Practical-Example",
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa288459(v=vs.71).aspx"
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8dgwhb | why does a phone without a battery break when dropped in water? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8dgwhb/eli5_why_does_a_phone_without_a_battery_break/ | {
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"Electronics guy here.\n\nIt happens because it isn't the water that breaks the phone - *minerals* ***left behind by the water*** cause short circuits which cause parts of the phone to fry the next time any voltage is applied to them.\n\nIn theory an electronic device can be restored after getting dunked in water... as long as the minerals are thoroughly washed off beforehand.\n\nEdited to add: Professionals use isopropyl alcohol at as close to 100% concentration as they can find - among other things - to rinse away the minerals without leaving anything else behind.",
"If it does, it's because either...\n\n1. The device still has water in it when it's powered back on, creating unintended electrical pathways damaging various sensitive components when the device powers on\n\n2. Conductive residue (Mineral, other) from the evaporation of the water remained on the board, creating unintended electrical pathways damaging various sensitive components when the device powers on\n\nThis is why it's exceptionally important to make sure a device is THOROUGHLY DRIED OUT, COMPLETELY before attempting to power it back on. While rice might be an extremely mild desiccant (absorbs water), the old 'rice in a bowl/bag' trick is more useful because it gets people to leave their phones alone. ",
"Corrosion on circuits/coils/resistors. Completely dry it, replace the corroded parts and obviously add the battery back it should work okay. "
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1y0b3d | how are tangle-free headphones created? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1y0b3d/eli5_how_are_tanglefree_headphones_created/ | {
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"text": [
"They use wide flat cable that does not really flex much along the width. "
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||
bfk3do | used oil? why is it considered bad for environment? | It comes from the ground anyway, why can't it be just dumped out on the ground? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bfk3do/eli5_used_oil_why_is_it_considered_bad_for/ | {
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" > It comes from the ground anyway, why can't it be just dumped out on the ground?\n\nBecause it would seep into groundwater or other environmentally sensitive areas.\n\nIn its natural state it is contained within its own environment.",
"It comes from *really* far underground and doesn’t mix with water, or come into contact with plants/animals— until we extract it and use it.\n\nActually, there are a handful of natural places where oil does come to the surface, tar pits being one example. But these can be toxic to plant and animal life. They aren’t talked about as being bad for the environment because they are a natural *part* of the environment, and relatively rare, but are certainly something that would have negative effects if it existed in more or different locations.",
"1 gallon of used motor oil can pollute 1 million gallons of fresh water. \n\nThe problem is the water people drink is only a little bit under ground. \n\nThe oil is thousands of feet underground. \n\nYour oil that you dump in your yard can affect the neighbors who have water wells, or get washed into storm drains where there is no filters and it will end up in streams which get turned into fresh water.",
"Lava comes from the ground too. It's not exactly environmentally friendly, at least not in the short term.\n\nThis is an example of the Appeal To Nature fallacy. Just because it's natural doesn't make it friendly to life.\n\nIn fact, if you think about how inconceivably rare it is to find a place in the universe where life is possible, you'll realize most things and places in nature are better described as violently and spectacularly hostile towards life than benevolent towards it.",
"Its not “considered” bad, it *is* bad. Go drink a glass of used oil if you dont believe me. \n\nActually, don’t do that."
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29b7v0 | how do tilt shift filters work? | How does a filter make something look like a toy model
Example: _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29b7v0/eli5_how_do_tilt_shift_filters_work/ | {
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"Tilt-shift lenses are often used in architectural photography. Parallel lines that appear to converge due to perspective distortion can be realigned to appear parallel. Sometimes the terms 'perspective control' (PC) lens and 'tilt shift' (TS) lens are used interchangeably; perspective control lenses are often a specialised type of tilt-shift lens, often with shift-only movements.",
"You can't do that with a filter. You need a specialised tilt shift lens. They are commonly used for architectural photography, as it gives the photographer the ability to manipulate the lens, which changes the perspective of the photo.\n\nBy manipulating the lens in certain ways, you can change the way the camera focuses. Instead of being radial ( where the point of focus is like a circle ), the focus becomes lineal ( where the point of focus can become a horizontal strip ) which is what creates the model effect. ",
"In order to simulate a very shallow depth-of-field you can simply gradually blur the image before and after a narrow band of in-focus image."
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3vfq8o | why is a man participating in rape culture if both the man and woman were drunk and not able to give consent | I am not talking about when a woman is passed out and the man is drunk, but as if they are on the same level of intoxication | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vfq8o/eli5_why_is_a_man_participating_in_rape_culture/ | {
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"I'm not sure you know what \"rape culture\" means... It refers more to society's treatment of rape than rape itself.\n\nBut as far as why the man is many times more likely to be charged with rape, I suppose it has to do with an ingrained perception that masculinity is active, and femininity passive, so people just just more likely to take accusations of rape seriously if a woman is the alleged victim.",
"it's not that easy to say men and women contribute the same amount to rape culture. however, to say rape is done mostly by males is a dangerous generalization. unfortunately, most rapists happen to be men. naturally, we become defensive when we hear such \"insidious and misleading\" remarks, because it is natural to deny any association with what is culturally repulsive to admit. ",
"I agree with /u/Thomystic but I also think most people outside a college campus would not agree that 2 drunk people having sex means the woman is being raped or that the man is participating in rape culture. I could be wrong but I've worked with tons of college age kids, some of whom were in college, many more who were not and this line of thinking was not the norm. ",
"The enlightenment period was when logic and science took over what was always ruled by emotion and superstition. Third wave feminism tries to bring more emotion into the workings of society, which goes so far as to advocate for Affirmative Consent laws. Affirmative Consent is the notion that rather than a person having the power to say no, the person has to say yes before anything happens. If consent is not gained, then a rape is deemed to have occurred (doesn't make 100% sense to me, nobody I've ever had sex with with needed me to ask a yes-no question, but whatever). Part of Affirmative Consent is the notion that one cannot have had anything to drink prior to consenting, lest the consent be void. So two drunk people cannot consent to sex, and are encouraged not to have sex per Affirmative Consent. \n\nThis still leaves the question \"Why does the man more often get accused if both were drunk?\" Honestly, it looks like prejudice based on fear, the whole reason \"No means no\" turned into \"yes means yes\". ",
"Two drunk lesbians having sex on campus, who the rapists is? - Yoda",
"If two people are drunk and have sex, the 'victim' is the only person who will be making any accusations. If the female is the one saying she was raped, then the male in that scenario should be charged with the crime. If the male in another drunk sex states he never gave consent then the female should be charged with the crime as well. \n\nJust how being drunk isn't an excuse to commit any other crime(like murder or theft) this is treated the same way. \n\nI just think it's important to note that it's generally thought that men are just less likely to report these crimes. ",
"What the hell do you think \"rape culture\" means? I would love to hear you explain that.",
"Regardless of its man-woman, man-man, woman-woman, man-man-trans.... I think the issue is who instigates sex. Drinking and driving is a crime - we don't allow it just because you're drunk. If the man initiates sex drunk, he isn't let off the hook simply because he was drunk. If the woman instigates sex drunk, she should be held to the same standard. Its just less likely, for whatever reason. More research needs to be done to better understand issues of consent when both parties are intoxicated. \n"
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ygh2d | a catch-22 situation? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ygh2d/eli5_a_catch22_situation/ | {
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"In order to get your drivers license you have to present a copy of your birth certificate.\n\n\nIn order to get a copy of your birth certificate you have to show a valid drivers license.\n\n\n",
"In order to get a job, you need work experience. In order to get work experience, you need a jaaaaahb. ",
"Its named after the novel by joseph heller. And coined after this specific passage where a pilot tries to get out of combat missions by being proven mentally unstable\n\n---\n\n\"You mean there's a catch?\"\n\n\"Sure there's a catch\", Doc Daneeka replied. \"Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy.\"",
"TO get a credit card, you need to have a good credit score. To get a credit score, you need to get a credit card.",
"Catch-22 situation is one where in order to get thing A you need thing B, but in order to get thing B you need to already have thing A.\n\nFor example: to get hired for some job you need a car, but to pay for that car you need to be already hired by that job.",
"You're damned of you do and you're damned if you dont"
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3rv9f2 | how there can all the gold ever mined only add up to three swimming pools worth | Maybe I'm underestimating the size of an olympic swimming pool but in this [TED Ed video](_URL_0_) they say that all the gold we've ever mined in all of history would fit into three olympic size pools. How is this possible?
I understand that a lot of the jewelery and things we see aren't made completely of pure gold, and most gold coins these days aren't gold at all, but surely like the treasures of egypt and israel alone would fill a swimming pool by itself right?
Edit: Sorry for the atrocious typo in the title. That's just how confused this makes me! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rv9f2/eli5_how_there_can_all_the_gold_ever_mined_only/ | {
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"You probably greatly underestimate the size of an Olympic swimming pool. Such a pool is a minimum of 2500 m^(3), which is about a hundred million pounds of gold. At current gold prices of ~$1100 per troy oz, that's about $1.7 trillion of gold, which seems like a pretty reasonable number. Times three, it's $5.1 trillion of gold.",
"An Olympic swimming pool is 132,430 cubic feet. A standard gold bar is 44.4 cubic inches. You could fit 5,154,032 gold bars in *one* Olympic swimming pool.\n\nFort Knox has 147.3 million ounces of gold. With one bar weighing 400 ounces, that pool contains 2,061,612,972 ounces of gold. 14 times the amount held in Fort Knox. In just one pool.\n\nEdit: By the way, the value of the gold in that pool would be over 87 billion dollars, ",
"I remember that estimates about the volume of all mined gold ever are between a cube with side of 20m and a cube with side of 25m, therefore between 8000m^3 and 15625m^3. Let's say it was 8000m^3, since that's closer to the \"3 swimming pools worth\".\n\nThat is quite a big number, even in cube meters, but if we convert it to cubes of 10cm (which is somewhat more manageable size), we get 8000000 such cubes.\n\nAnother element of the puzzle is, that gold is very dense. It is 19.32 grams per cubic centimeter, so each of our cubes will weigh 19.32kg. So all the gold mined would weigh 154,560,000 kg.\n\nAnd yet another piece of the puzze is, that gold is very valuable. I googled it and found that currently it costs about $35,021.81 per kg. If we use this value, then all the mined gold in the world would be worth $5,412,970,953,600. Or about 5.4 trillion of dollars. \nThat's a huge number and we need to convert it to something we can (barely) think about. It's about a third - fourth of GDP of USA (or EU).\n\nSo I'd guess, that we often \"measure\" gold by its value, which is huge, because of its rarity (~value). Your initial question talks about volume and not weight, and there kicks in the huge density of gold and even the fact that volume raises cubically with a dimension (a cube with side of 1 has volume of 1, but a cube with side of 10 has volume of 1000).\n\nEdit: fixed the math error."
]
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6cqwv4 | is body language cultural, genetic, inherited and/or something else? | 1. The way we move as we communicate, as we laugh, as we socialize - where does it come from?
2. Additional question which was what inspired me to ask this - why do we look down when we laugh? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6cqwv4/eli5_is_body_language_cultural_genetic_inherited/ | {
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"I would say 50/50. Laugh and clap seems to ve innate actions, while some gestures (Like the \"yes\" movement up and down with the head VS the \"no movement) are cultural.\n\n For example the military salute isn't something innate, it's social construct to express order, loyalty and discipline even in a sarcastic way. But I don't believe early humans do this, in fact its said the gesture come from Medieval times when a knight had to put off his eyes' protection to see his interlocutor with a similar movement. And then... well, we adopted it.",
"Six or seven basic facial expressions are instinctive, universal, and easy to notice.\n\n_URL_0_"
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3h786q | why are the blades on modern energy windmills so narrow? | It seems to me that you would want a thicker blade to capture more wind and turn faster.
Kind of what you think Holland's windmills were like.
Why are they so thin? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3h786q/eli5_why_are_the_blades_on_modern_energy/ | {
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"You want it to be as light and efficient as possible. If it could be three feet tall weigh 50 lbs and deliver 1500 megawats/hour would't that be preferrable to a massive wooden windmill?",
"The blades are made to catch the wind [like an airplane wing] They are also meant to be light and strong. They don't need to be fat and heavy like the ones in Holland.",
"Blades can now change their shape to balance the speed of the wind they are in with the optimal speed to generate electricity. Those giant sails you think of had to be stopped and broadened/narrowed to match the wind. Also giant blades take away from their own power by drag, which I guess you could describe as unnecessary use of the wind. fat sails work against themselves a little bit less that they work for themselves. That bit of work is a lot of waste in the long run. ",
"The design of a wind turbine blade seeks a balance between the mass of the blades and the optimal lift. The wider the blades, the more mass and drag they have, which counters any increase in lift they might afford. You want a balance between those factors. The blades on the turbine don't function like the sails of a ship. Rather they are more like the wings of a [sailplane](_URL_6_), which tend to have long thin wings optimizing lift. Lift is more a function of the length of a wing than its thickness. Airliners tend to have wide wings because they're heavy and need that extra structure for the weight they carry--to keep the wings from buckling--which comes at a cost in energy because of the increased drag. As materials have become much stronger, newer airliner designs have sought [more efficient wings more like sailplanes.](_URL_1_) \n\nNow, some wind turbines do indeed work rather like a ship sail. The simpler form of [Savonius rotor](_URL_7_) is rather like a pair of opposing [spinnaker sails](_URL_0_) or the cups of an [anemometer](_URL_4_), one side more streamlined than the other and so, in opposition, creating a differential force that makes the rotor spin. But these are not very efficient because that leading side is still experiencing drag, and so more efficient forms try to mediate this by using [helical forms](_URL_3_) or, again, switching to [thin airfoil blades.](_URL_5_) These are popular in very high wind applications such as on ships and lighthouses as they are physically robust. The most efficient so far [combine both approaches](_URL_2_) to get the most from very light winds. They still tend not to be as efficient as the horizontal axis turbines, but are often preferred for building and home use because they work well in low wind and produce much less noise and vibration. \n"
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"https://solarconduit.com/shop/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/f/i/file_21_9_1_1.jpg",
"http://img.frbiz.com/nimg/a2/36/5170081a67d47921033d14716523-0x0-0/nice_design_300w_strong_style_color_b82220_vertical_axis_wind_strong_turbine.jpg",
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"http://cleangreenenergyzone.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/vertical-axis-wind-turbine.jpg",
"http://www.slopeflyer.com/artman/uploads/sailplane-video.jpg",
"http://www.energybook.co.uk/images/D/ii_154.gif"
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29jisl | driving a fwd car in the snow | I live in the northern US, and we see a couple feet of snow every winter. From what I understand, FWD is better than RWD for the snow, but I have also heard that you are supposed to drive differently in slippery conditions. I googled it but there are a lot of terms I am not familiar with. Help!
Edit: Thanks for all the replies so far, but I'm looking for a HOW not a WHAT. Apparently you're actually supposed to drive the car differently when you skid and the whole technique of that is confusing to me. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29jisl/eli5_driving_a_fwd_car_in_the_snow/ | {
"a_id": [
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"Hey buddy, sounds like what you're getting at is understeer and oversteer. FWD cars are more prone to understeer, and RWD cars are more prone to oversteer. \n\n[This](_URL_0_) is the best image i can find to explain it simply.\n\nYou usually lose traction in a car when the driven wheels, (FWD vs RWD) are put under more load than the friction of the tyres on the road can maintain. Think of it like this: There is a finite amount of friction when a tyre makes contact with a road. This friction is being divided into a few uses; turning, acceleration, and deceleration. The friction you are using to decelerate cannot be used to turn, and so on. When you put too much force on the tyre, it will lose grip and the wheel will slide. This is why a basic driving technique is to brake before corners, go around them, then accelerate once you are straightened up. this is how you should be driving in snow with FWD or RWD anyway, because there is so much less grip.\n\nWhen a car understeers, the wheels are turned into the corner, but they lose traction and the weight of the car forces it to continue in a straight line, rather than going around the corner. This is more common in a FWD car, because you are more likely to break traction with the front wheels because they are often being used to turn and accelerate at the same time. It is also totally possible in a RWD car too. You could force a FWD car to understeer by flooring it in the middle of a corner, for instance. You will know your car is understeering, because the steering wheel will be turned, but the car will be travelling in a straight line, towards the outside of the corner. To counter the skid, all you can do is ease off the throttle and straighten the wheel until you feel grip come back into the tyres, then try again with less speed. You must not turn the wheel further into the corner, as this decreases the chance of grip returning on its own. Honestly though, if you're already understeering in low grip conditions, especially ice, the best thing to do is get real religious real fast. It is quite difficult to correct. \n\nWhen a car oversteers, the wheels are turned into the corner but the back of the car has slid to the point where it is beyond the desired rate of turn for the corner. This often happens in RWD cars, because you will lose traction from the rear wheels when turning whilst using the accelerator. The stress of the two requirements on the rear tyres becomes greater than they can handle, and the wheel spins. This means that the rear of the car is no longer gripping the road, so the rear of the car will slide away from the inside of the corner. To control oversteer, ease off the accelerator, and turn the steering wheel into the skid, away from the direction of the corner you are trying to go around. This will remove the stress on the rear wheels by causing them to no longer be needing to turn or accelerate. Once grip has returned, go about your business. with a little more care. \n\nSomething which is common to both these situations is the fact that it takes much more force to begin a skid than to maintain one. Once a wheel is sliding, it requires much less force to continue skidding than it did to start the skid. Because of this, you won't magically regain control the instant you ease the load on the tyre, you may have to ride it out a considerable way, or even simply come to a complete stop before you are in control again. To prevent understeer or oversteer before they happen, enter corners slowly. brake well in advance, ease off the brakes as you enter the corner, and only accelerate once you have straightened up the front wheels."
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6k6hbr | when we type up an email and hit "send", how does the internet know where to correctly deliver our email? what does this process look like between two computers/email accounts? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6k6hbr/eli5_when_we_type_up_an_email_and_hit_send_how/ | {
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"It works kind of like the post office. Think of it like this. The stuff after the @ symbol is the city. The stuff before the @ is the street address.\n\nWhen you hit send the email gets given to the post office of the \"city\" you specified which can be google, yahoo, comcast or hotmail. The city then looks at the \"street address\" and figures out where to put it.\n\nYou then go and pull it out of your mail box.",
"When you hit send, your mail is delivered to the Mailserver of your mail provider. Your computer knows which one that is because it was part of your initial mail setup on your computer.\n\nOnce the mail reaches 'your' Mailserver it'll look at the domain (the part behind the @ sign in the mail address) and looks up the IP address of that domain using DNS (think of it as the phone book of the internet). Once the server knows the IP of the recipients mailserver it'll send your mail over there.\n\nThe recipients Mailserver then looks at the account name (the part before the @ sign in the mail address) and puts the mail in the correct mailbox.\n\nEdit: the recipients computer is set up to know the recipients Mailserver and thus checks there for new mail.\n\nSo in the end, the two computers themselves don't communicate directly at all but the servers do. "
]
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||
2ykfb6 | why are snowden documents still being released, nearly two years later? | With the new revelations about hacking attempts on iPads and iPhones, I don't understand how or why are Snowden documents still being released.
Is he getting new documents? Or are these all part of the trove of documents he originally took?
Does it take two years to go through all the original documents?
Or are they being deliberately released slowly, because releasing them all at once would be too much to process? If so, isn't that ethically ambiguous? If he had evidence of iPhones being hacked, or something more serious that hasn't been released yet, doesn't that put people who still use those products in unnecessary danger? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ykfb6/eli5_why_are_snowden_documents_still_being/ | {
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" > Or are they being deliberately released slowly, because releasing them all at once would be too much to process?\n\nSort of this. If he dumped them all at once, a lot of the controversial-but-not-really-controversial stories would be ignored. Also, by releasing them slowly, it keeps the whole thing alive and kicking.",
"I'll let Glenn Greenwald - the Guardian Journalist whom Edward Snowden contacted together with Laura Poitras - answer that one for you: ([source](_URL_0_))\n\n > We've been reporting continuously on huge stories without pause for 18 months, using editors, reporters, and experts from all over the world.\n\n > These documents are complex and take time to process, understand, and research.\n\n > If we rush the reporting and make mistakes, we'll be doing a huge favor to proponents of mass surveillance, and then people like you will be coming and asking - reasonably: \"why did you rush all this? Why didn't you make sure the reporting was accurate before publishing it\"?\n\n > Snowden expressly asked us to vet the documents carefully and subject them to the reporting process so that the public could be informed in a clear and accurate way. With an archive this vast and complicated, that takes time.\n\n > I hardly think anyone can complain that there hasn't been enough reporting done - it's been an unprecedentedly continuous and rapid stream of stories. The public needs time to understand and digest them, and good reporting takes time to do.\n",
"One reason would be because Greenwald and his team have to fact-check everything (which is great.) The other reason would be, and sometimes I fear they find this more important, to keep their own website -The Intercept, which they launched while their document-leaks were becoming big- up and running."
]
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|
exgr7e | how does music royalty work? how do the music companies keep track of how many times a song is played? | Pun unintended | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/exgr7e/eli5_how_does_music_royalty_work_how_do_the_music/ | {
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"Absolute speculation and close approaches, but with Spotify and YouTube (or any streaming platform) things change because you have more tracking. \n\nWhen it comes to tv/radios they send a list of the songs they've played and then, whoever pays the artists, measures that channel/radio audience and then they come up with a number. \n\nLive shows count attendees and bars/nightclubs pay a monthly fee that goes to these organizations. In these cases money won't return to the artists."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
5iei6y | why is censoring on facebook, twitter, reddit, or even banning products on amazon, or ebay considered an assault on "freedom of speech"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5iei6y/eli5_why_is_censoring_on_facebook_twitter_reddit/ | {
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"The idea of free speech is often abused and misinterpreted. You can't say whatever you want on any social media site just like you can't walk into a store and start screaming obscenities. Facebook and Reddit and every other site owned by any company is free to limit speech in any way they see fit.\n\nWhether or not it's a smart business move is a different story.\n\nThe main point is, say Facebook hypothetically started banning everyone that likes the color orange. That's OK, because those people can go make their own social media site for people who like orange, and if they want to they can ban everyone that prefers green. There's nothing stopping people who are banned for expressing their views on social media from creating their own social media."
]
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||
ce7s7t | why are laptop and tablet batteries often split into several smaller cells instead of having only one large cell? | Looking at teardowns of laptops and tablets, their batteries are usually comprised of several identical lithium ion cells placed right next to each other. Examples include the [iPad](_URL_0_) and the [Surface Pro](_URL_1_). To me, it seems it would be more cost efficient and more space efficient to have as few cells as possible, and in most cases having one giant cell will not only reduce the complexity of the device but also allow more "battery" to fit into the same space since less insulating material is needed. So why are laptop and tablet batteries made up of separate cells? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ce7s7t/eli5_why_are_laptop_and_tablet_batteries_often/ | {
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"If you hook multiple cells together in series where you put positive to negative that increases the voltage but keeps the amperage the same. Three 1.5 volt AAA cells connected in series become a 4.5 volt battery with 1000 mAh. \n\nHooking them in parallel puts their amperage together but keeps the voltage the same. Three 1.5 volts AAA cells become a 1.5 volt battery with 3000 mAh.\n\nYou could make the cell bigger like a AA cell which has 2400 mAh, but smaller cells can be more stable and reliable than larger cells. If a small cell goes bad it's less catastrophic than a large cell going bad.\n\nYou also have the benefit of being able to produce lots of small cells and help them together in interesting ways. A small 12 volt battery like would go in a garage door opener is 8 button batteries like from a watch hooked end to end. A small 9-volt battery like you would put in a smoke detector is 6 AAAA batteries wired together like would be used in a Microsoft Surface pen."
]
} | [] | [
"https://d3nevzfk7ii3be.cloudfront.net/igi/ykGo1KW6mqKGDHRh.full",
"https://d3nevzfk7ii3be.cloudfront.net/igi/kuXc5emf23tWYCnE.full"
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7md9x0 | why do people pull their windshield wipers up during a snow storm? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7md9x0/eli5_why_do_people_pull_their_windshield_wipers/ | {
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"text": [
"To prevent the wipers from becoming frozen onto the windshield glass, if ice forms due to snow melting and refreezing."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
1054h4 | what does economic freedom mean? | What is economic freedom? What determines which country has more economic freedom than another country? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1054h4/what_does_economic_freedom_mean/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"This question was [asked yesterday](_URL_0_). The short answer is that it doesn't mean anything, but a particular group uses the term in a particular way. They define it in their report."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/103ir7/eli5_what_is_economic_freedom/c6a53of"
]
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|
1vrbv1 | if windows xp is still so popular, why is microsoft abandoning it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vrbv1/eli5_if_windows_xp_is_still_so_popular_why_is/ | {
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"text": [
"Because they don't make money supporting outdated software. They want people to buy the new versions. ",
"If by \"popular\", you mean that lots of people have it, then yes, it is popular. At schools and businesses where its not necessary to have the most updated form of windows, its much more cost efficient to buy many outdated PCs than to buy brand new ones running windows 8. Or, they bought a load of computers when windows XP was new and never replaced them since they never needed to."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
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||
2rq65b | why is it ok to draw muhammad because of a few radicals. but, it's not ok to put a cross upside down, burn the us flag, and so on? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rq65b/eli5why_is_it_ok_to_draw_muhammad_because_of_a/ | {
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"It isn't illegal to burn a US flag. Not aware of any laws against drawing crosses upside down.",
"We like to work on the idea that people can take a joke against religion. As for flag burning, my guess would be that it's seen as treason, less so but you get the idea. I'll happily burn the American flag, being from the UK. TL;DR people are hypocritical to the max, however extremism doesn't do any favours. People will just hate on the group. The few that ruin it for the rest. ",
"I don't think people mean to lash out against Muslims, I think they are lashing out against murderous extremists and showing that their actions won't take away freedom of speech. At least, that seems to be the motives of people *after* an attack. Why the first person drew a cartoon. . . probably to be 'edgy' and 'cool' or whatever. ",
"The majority of folks realize it's radicals, not the regular Muslims who are doing these things As for upside down crosses, I see them on this site all the time and elsewhere. No explosives have been set off, no bullets, no jihad.",
"I'm always curious why when someone is offended by a hijab they are called bigots and prejudice. And how small group of terrorists associated with this clothing item shouldn't make us hostile towards others who dress the same way.\n\nHowever, the swastika that has been used for basically thousands of years is now totally unacceptable. Seems kinda like a double standard? Like the Zara case.",
"I do not think it is good to paint Mohammed or to put a cross upside down or burn a flag when you know you are emotionally hurting somebody.\n\nTo attack somebody because he does that though is a crime and must be punished.\n\nIf you had a neighbour who loves his wife more than anything and somebody would tell him \"Your wife is a whore\" and he killed that somebody, he must be prosecuted and put in jail or executed or whatever the law says. \n\nBut it wouldn't be a good idea that everybody should start telling their neighbours that their wives are whores.\n",
"The problem is that when you have a billion people in your religion there's a significant number of them which take things too far.\n\nPeople shouldn't disrespect Muslims by drawing Muhammad, but at the same time Muslims shouldn't kill people just because they drew Muhammad.\n\nIn the same vein, disrespectfully burning a US flag will probably offend Americans, and if you do it in the wrong company you are likely to get shot at.\n\nThe difference in the eyes of many people is that to really show disrespect by burning the flag, especially if performed to Americans, it has to be an intentional act of disrespect with that intent. In contrast people would argue that an artist who draws Muhammad, for illustrative purposes or for an otherwise non-Muslim audience, don't have the intent to cause disrespect.\n\nAs a consequence, because society perceives drawings to less offensive than flag burning it makes responding with gunfire appear to be that much more radical.\n\nOf course it's up to you to decide where the line between doing offensive things and actually being offensive is; it's very unlikely that anyone will agree with you in all cases.\n\nSimilarly, I'm sure most people agree that shooting people that offend you is wrong. However there will always be cases where the gunman will attract sympathy, especially when you share their beliefs."
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7ysggb | why when someone gets the all clear that they are cancer free they still have a high chance to get it back? | Why when someone gets rid of cancer their body doesn’t just to completely back to normal? Instead they have higher chances to get cancer back. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ysggb/eli5_why_when_someone_gets_the_all_clear_that/ | {
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"Because we're never totally sure that every cancerous cell is out of your body and that another tumor won't form.",
"It's almost never 100% cancer free.\n\nDoctors generally call it \"in remission\" when you complete cancer treatments, and there is still a high chance of cancer cells being missed.\n\nEven with cancers that can be removed by removing the body part (breast and ovarian cancer) there is the chance that cancer could spread into other organs or into the bloodstream before the surgery.",
"Cancer is simply the abnormal division/growth of cells. If you manage to stop this growth in one section of the body, it can still happen elsewhere.\n\nEstimates show that tour immune system can actually defeat 60% of these growths, but the other 40% is what you should be worried about"
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9eitx6 | how can straight talk use the same towers as verizon and other top tier providers? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9eitx6/eli5_how_can_straight_talk_use_the_same_towers_as/ | {
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"Mobile phone companies own a lot of spectrum and towers, generally more than they can use (for now, things are growing). They sell their excess capacity to other providers, such as Straight Talk to use unused portions of their mobile phone networks. It's making $0 while not in use, so they'd rather sell it then have it generate no cash for them.\n\nJust about all large mobile phone companies do this to a fairly significant degree, and as such, its not uncommon for a company (such as a Straight Talk) to have deals with multiple providers in order to make sure their network is good enough, as often one single provider can't give them everything they need.",
"Towers are expensive to build, own, and maintain. So straight talk just leases space from other carriers that have already built.a tower. They dont have to worry about building them and the other carrier gets to recoup some funds",
"Thanks for the easy to understand reply. ",
"I work for a cell phone tower company. We own the towers and rent space on each one to several different carriers. Here’s a random tower from a google search. Generally each level of antennae you see belongs to a different carrier. \n\n_URL_0_",
"In addition to the fact that the big companies (Verizon, Att, etc) lease their towers they do so cheaper than it costs for their own customers, how could they get away with that you might ask? Often times it's because the leased carriers are given lower priority than the primary owner, so Straight talk might not get a fast internet download speed while at the same time a Verizon customer would. \n\nThe second tier carriers can be a great deal but understand you may not get quite the same quality of service.",
"I think there are some anti-competition laws which force large telecoms into sharing their towers with smaller companies. Of course they have to pay to use them."
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1ri9j9 | why would the israelis and saudis lobby *against* an interim nuclear deal between the us and iran? | It seems to me Israel and Saudi Arabia would benefit from such a deal, especially if it's seen through to a long term deal. No? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ri9j9/eli5_why_would_the_israelis_and_saudis_lobby/ | {
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"A similar deal was given to North Korea in the 1990s with regard to their nuclear program. Now they have multiple nuclear weapons and have spread the technology to other countries like Pakistan, which have since built some nuclear weapons of their own."
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ly4kr | django and other web frameworks | What is a Web Framework. I've just started learnpythonthehardway, and i've encountered a few references to Django. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ly4kr/eli5_django_and_other_web_frameworks/ | {
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"An ELI5 would require an entire chapter to cover the basics. I'm going to assume you understand certain concepts. If the explanation is still confusing, ask, and I'll post a more detailed response.\n\n**ELI20:** A framework is like an operating system. It provides libraries, as well as resource management and code architecture.\n\n\n[Django](_URL_1_) is a Python framework for creating web applications. [wxPython](_URL_3_) is a Python framework for creating desktop GUI applications. Let's look at both of them.\n\n\n## Libraries\nA library is like a small mini program that does something specific. Just like a Firefox add-on, except in source code form. You use this functionality to do stuff within your own application. So having access to a library allows you to implement features without having to code that functionality yourself.\n\n\nFor example Django provides [sitemaps](_URL_2_) and [geolocation](_URL_5_). So if you used Django, you don't need to write your own sitemap module. You simply use the one provided by Django.\n\n\nwxPython provides [wxODBC](_URL_0_) and [wxSound](_URL_4_). Both of these are tremendously useful when writing database frontends. \n\n\n## Resource Management\n\nThe most basic webapp needs a database to store data and session management to keep track of all the people connected to your webapp. \n\n\nDjango provides a means to link your Python classes to your database, so the data from the database is automatically read/written to the class variables. This is called an an ORM (Object Relational Mapper). Without it you would need to write CRUD code to read/write/delete information in the database. \n\n\nSo in effect it makes your app a lot simpler. The downside is that you have to do things the Django way. Create classes, variables, and structures that Django needs to provide all these features. this brings me to the final point which is Architecture\n\n\n## Architecture\n\nWeb frameworks, including Django, structure code using the Model-View-Controller design pattern. Django implements a hybrid version of MVC with templates. So if you used Django, your program would also have to be organized along MVC lines.",
"An ELI5 would require an entire chapter to cover the basics. I'm going to assume you understand certain concepts. If the explanation is still confusing, ask, and I'll post a more detailed response.\n\n**ELI20:** A framework is like an operating system. It provides libraries, as well as resource management and code architecture.\n\n\n[Django](_URL_1_) is a Python framework for creating web applications. [wxPython](_URL_3_) is a Python framework for creating desktop GUI applications. Let's look at both of them.\n\n\n## Libraries\nA library is like a small mini program that does something specific. Just like a Firefox add-on, except in source code form. You use this functionality to do stuff within your own application. So having access to a library allows you to implement features without having to code that functionality yourself.\n\n\nFor example Django provides [sitemaps](_URL_2_) and [geolocation](_URL_5_). So if you used Django, you don't need to write your own sitemap module. You simply use the one provided by Django.\n\n\nwxPython provides [wxODBC](_URL_0_) and [wxSound](_URL_4_). Both of these are tremendously useful when writing database frontends. \n\n\n## Resource Management\n\nThe most basic webapp needs a database to store data and session management to keep track of all the people connected to your webapp. \n\n\nDjango provides a means to link your Python classes to your database, so the data from the database is automatically read/written to the class variables. This is called an an ORM (Object Relational Mapper). Without it you would need to write CRUD code to read/write/delete information in the database. \n\n\nSo in effect it makes your app a lot simpler. The downside is that you have to do things the Django way. Create classes, variables, and structures that Django needs to provide all these features. this brings me to the final point which is Architecture\n\n\n## Architecture\n\nWeb frameworks, including Django, structure code using the Model-View-Controller design pattern. Django implements a hybrid version of MVC with templates. So if you used Django, your program would also have to be organized along MVC lines."
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3f9sz8 | the chinese market crashes | What are the factors to the declining Chinese economy. How will this affect things in U.S. Europe etc. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3f9sz8/eli5_the_chinese_market_crashes/ | {
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"This crisis comes along with the GDP growth of China slowing down. Chinese people started to invest in the stocks because of China's central bank decision to lower rate (the idea was to keep the growth going).\n\nThis created a bubble as many businesses were overvalued. Fearing huge speculation, the Chinese authorities decided to correct it (some people were taking bankc loans only to invest) the bubble popped here. \n\nHowever the Chinese government panicked and invested back in the stock market and encourage shareholders to invest in the stocks, keeping the bubble growing back. \n\nThis crisis didn't have huge effects on the rest of world as some people feared, but this kind of crisis is going to happen. "
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1onfp1 | can somebody explain ram for me? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1onfp1/eli5_can_somebody_explain_ram_for_me/ | {
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"Computer processors are really, really fast. Hard drives are really, really slow in comparison. If computers handled and processed data by writing and reading directly from the hard drive, computers would be extremely slow too, because the hard drive couldn't keep up with the processor's speed.\n\nRAM is there to address this problem. It's a place where data is temporarly stored that is really really fast to read and write from.",
"it's temporary memory in your computer, which it uses to remember what it's doing right at this moment. having more of it makes your computer more efficient, because if it runs out of RAM, it needs to use the harddisk for the same tasks, which is a Lot slower. if you want more technical details, just ask.",
"Imagine you are sitting at your desk doing a project. You grab a few books or tools off the shelf that you need right now and start working. Eventually, you need more supplies or a different book and so you walk to the bookcase and grab what you need but to make room you have to put the original books back. After a while you have made several trips back and forth. If only you had a bigger desk you could put everything you need out at once which is much faster than going back and forth each time. RAM is the desk and the book case is the hard drive(ROM). The more RAM you have the less you have to go search for more materials which makes your work faster. ",
"I'm going to take a different approach than the people who already posted.\n\nComputers have a CPU. CPU's follow instructions. Computer programmers write these instructions in a text editor in a human readable form. They then use a program called a \"compiler\" which changes human readable computer instructions into something the computer can under stand (which is numbers). The compiler also saves those numbers (list of instructions) to a hard disk as an executable file (a program).\n\nWhen a program is opened to be executed, the instructions in the executable file are copied from the hard disk into memory. So basically there is a list of instructions in memory now; each instruction is stored one after the other. The CPU then just goes down the list and performs each instruction.\n\nAt this point you're probably asking, \"why can't that be accomplished without RAM and just read the instructions from the hard drive?\". Well, that's theoretically possible, but it would be ridiculously slow (hard drives are mechanical; RAM is electrical). Also, I lied. The CPU doesn't \"simply\" go down a list of instructions. It does do that, until it's instructed to jump somewhere else in the instruction list. And this jumping around is the need for RAM...\n\nThere is a mechanical arm on hard disks that has to move back and forth to read data. This is a very slow process compared to RAM which has no moving parts. And it's even slower when the arm has to \"jump\" around (as opposed to reading files sequentially). So instead of having the CPU jump around reading stuff from the hard drive, the instructions are copied into memory, because RAM is much faster at Randomly Accessing data.\n\n\nedit: I know what your next question will be. \"well, don't you have to wait for the hard drive anyway when it loads into memory\". Yes you do... but consider that large amounts of the instructions will be repeated over and over again (but it only need to be read from the disk once)",
"Your processor is a desk and RAM is the amount of space on the desk you have to do work. More RAM = More space to do work without having to take each project off the desk to start a new one",
"You might find this useful too. _URL_0_\n\n\n^(Yeah, I know... I'm going to hell)",
"I've just started my road to the IT crew but ill try and explain it with my own words! :-) \n\nWhen the CPU is processing data is distributes this data down a front bus between the Northbridge and Southbridge chip set. We will only focus on the Northbridge chipset, as it deals with memory and storage. When the CPU processes data it needs quick storage, so it distributes the data to RAM through the Northbridge. This can be accomplished because the Northbridge runs at the same clock speed as the CPU in turn distributing data as fast as it receives it. The data from the Northbridge is then sent to RAM and stored while the data is relevant. The reason RAM is not a permanent source of storage is because it is DRAM which is dynamic RAM (I may have to edit for the correct name, the information on it is still the same however.) With DRAM the memory is only stored while they are supplied with power, once the computer is turned off it can no longer keep the data relevant and active inside the chips that are placed on the sticks of RAM. \n\nI hope I was able to help! I saw that you wanted a more technical explanation so I tryed to provide one! \n:-)",
"Rom is like a library. Theres tons of information if you know where to look. You are the processor, too fast to work at the slow speed of checking every book for the information you want. \n\nRam is the desk in the library where you put the books you want / need to read. The more ram you have, the bigger the table space.",
"Here's the most thorough explanation I can offer, with some other stuff thrown in. If I make a mistake feel free to comment and I'll edit I'm not an expert by any means, but I've take a few classes on computer architecture\n\n**What is RAM (conceptually):**\n\nRam is a form of memory. In a computer you typically have a hierarchy of memory depending on how physically close to the CPU you are. For illustration let's take a new processor, a Core i7 running at 3.5 GHz. One clock cycle happens in 277 pico seconds (1/3.5 GHz) . Speed of light being 3x10^8 m/s that means an electrical signal can travel .085m in once clock cycle (for anything on your computer to work, this can't be exceeded)\n\nThat gives you (very, very roughly) about this much space to travel in one clock cycle:\n\n < -------------------------------------------- > \n\nA memory heirarchy typically looks like this (I added a fairy typical cycle time comparison on a read to highlight the magnitudes of difference):\n\n* CPU -- > Registers (1-2 cycles) \n* Registers -- > L1 (level 1) cache (2-5 cycles) \n* L1 cache -- > L2 (level 2) cache (3 - 7 cycles) \n* L2 Cache -- > (so on pending how many caches you have) \n* Cache -- > RAM (~20 cycles) \n* Ram -- > Hard Drive (~ > 100 000 cycles, lower with an SSD)\n\nObviously, there is a massive gap in access times between the CPU and Hard Drive, which ram aims to reduce. Here's how it typically works:\n\nWhen your CPU needs a certain part of memory to do work on, it issues a read to a certain **address** of memory. The memory management unit then figures out whether or not that address line is in the cache. It propagates through the memory hierarchy, and if it is not in the RAM then it searches the Hard Drive.\n\nMost programs feature *spatial* and *temporal* locality. Spatial locality refers to the fact that instructions and data are usually near one another in an address space. This means when a block of (for example) instructions are in the cache, the next sequential instruction is usually close by. For example, the instruction at address 1000 is usually followed by the instruction at address 1001.\n\n*Temporal* locality refers to the fact that a program tends to spend most of its time in a small portion of code doing the same thing over and over again. This means that if we put most of the data that a program needs in the RAM our program will run a lot faster, as it needs to make less and less reads from the hard drive. If your RAM is used up by many processes it noticeably slows down your computer as more hard drive accesses must be made (this is usually referred to as *thrashing* which sounds cooler than it really is).\n\n**How does RAM *actually* work?**\n\nBasically think of a giant excel spreadsheet - each cell has some data in it as a series of ones and zeroes (represented by a voltage level). When you ask the ram for a certain cell (column 1, row 1 for example) the RAM controller connects the contents of that cell to the output pins of the RAM. This explains why you see CAS (Column Address Strobe) specs on RAM: this is the time it takes for the RAM controller to put the contents of a cell onto the output pins from the moment you ask for it (a strobe is essentially an 'enable' signal).\n\nTake a look at this :\n\n\n 2.5V\n |\n |--- Control Signal\n 0V\n\nThat is one bit of data in a ram cell. When the control signal is sent, the 2.5 volt point becomes 0V.\n\nThis is 1 bit of data. Now copy this picture over and over again into a giant array and you essentially have RAM. The control signal *writes* the data to the cell. It's also worth noting that the 2.5 volts is constantly leaking current to ground, so it slowly (with respect to the clock cycles) is tending towards 0. RAM needs to be *refreshed* to keep the voltage levels consistent. If a cell is at 0V, the refresh does nothing to it.\n\nIf you want any more info feel free to ask, I might add to this as time goes on. (As it stands it may not be at an ELI5 level...)\n\nEdit: Added to spatial/temporal locality Thanks andybmcc, also formatting\nEdit 2: expanded on some things",
"Think of it like this:\n\nYour a chef at a restaurant and to keep track of your orders, you have a whiteboard. You write down the order and the table it goes to on the whiteboard and you erase it when your done.",
"Simile: \nThe hard drive is like the filing cabinet. Its slow to locate what you need but stores a lot of stuff . The RAM is like the top of your desk not much space but everything is quick and easy to access. But everything needs to go back in the cabinet when you are done so you can use your desk for other files.",
"I heard it explained like a library once. Imagine your hard drive as the entire library of books. If you needed 1,000 of those books, you'd need a cart to carry them all out the door. \n\nThe size of your RAM is like the size of that cart. \n\n528mb of RAM will get you 100 books at a time. So it would take 10 trips to get the books you need. \n1GB of RAM would get 200 hundred books and only take 5 trips.\n4GB would handle 600 and only take 1.5 trips etc. etc. \n\nRAM = throughput to the CPU. It takes data from the hard drive and makes it readily available to the CPU. The more it can hold, the CPU can access quickly. If we're talking about a gaming, the more RAM you have, the more data can be processed quickly, so more characters, more enemies, more textures, etc.\n\nThis example would make a lot more sense if people knew what libraries were :(",
"The way I like to think about it is suppose you have a giant box of parts and are trying to make something. The box of parts in the HD, the CPU is you. You take parts out of the box (HD) and place them on the table (RAM). You pick up parts from the table(RAM) with your hands (internal cache) and assemble.",
"The way it was explained to me is that your hard drive is like your refrigerator, and your RAM is your counter. You don't have enough room on your counter for everything in your refrigerator, but when you need to use stuff from your refrigerator it's much faster to do so from your counter. So you computer will take the bits of information that it is likely to need in the next few minutes and store them on your RAM to be used more quickly. It is essentially like others have said. It's a way to use information more quickly. "
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f5iclc | why does bacteria in our mouth become harmful to our teeth, while bacteria inside our body is usually kept in check and co-exists within us? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f5iclc/eli5_why_does_bacteria_in_our_mouth_become/ | {
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"When bacteria in the mouth eat food they poop acid. That acid mixes with food and saliva to make 'plaque'. The plaque sticks to your teeth. The acid in the plaque dissolves the surface of your tooth (enamel), creating holes (cavities).",
"It's the foods we eat. All the sugar. Our ancestors ate the diet we evolved to eat and it was much nicer on the teeth.",
"Strep Mutans is a specific bacteria that has evolved the ability to infect tooth structure. It converts carbs into acid that dissolve tooth structure.... as they destroy the tooth they create their own microenvironment to thrive in. There are hundreds of other bacteria in your mouth that are harmless. Kind of like most of the bacteria in your gut is helpful but Salmonella will make you sick.",
"Because our modern diets are particularly bacteria friendly. Refined sugars stick to the teeth and are easy for bacteria to consume.\n\nIt's only in the last couple of centuries that sugar's become so available, so we're not evolved to deal with it at all.",
"Dentist here so you’re in my wheelhouse. The top commenter did a solid job of an ELI5 but I’m going to make a couple of additions. The acids produced by the bacteria in our mouths are indeed what dissolve our teeth and create “cavities”. The bacteria eat and break down carbohydrates - chips, crackers, candy, soda, Gatorade, energy drinks, fruit juice, etc. Everytime the bacteria are given food, they eat and produce their acidic byproducts, usually lasting 20-60min after the last bite/drink. This drops the pH balance of our mouths, which usually hovers around neutral (neither acidic nor basic). Upon constant replenishing of bacterial food products with each bite or sip, the acid eventually builds up enough that our saliva (which protects our teeth) gets overpowered and the pH drops past 5.5, THIS is when demineralization (decay) begins, and will continue UNTIL the pH is brought back above 5.5. \n\nThis is why constant snacking/sipping sugary foods and beverages is so bad for our teeth - the bacteria are in a constant state of nutrient intake and acid production which then leads to extended periods of low pH and subsequent tooth decay."
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2mubez | why are juggalos so hated on reddit (and in general), when female prostitution is viewed as for the most part completely acceptable? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mubez/eli5_why_are_juggalos_so_hated_on_reddit_and_in/ | {
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"Juggalo != gigolo.\n\nHeck, I really have no idea whether male prostitutes even *like* Insane Clown Posse as a group. Anything's possible, I suppose.",
"I'd much rather hang out with a prostitute rather than a juggalo.",
"I'm going with \"Deuce Buggalo\" as my juggalo pseudonym from now on. ",
"A Juggalo is a member of the fan group for the \"band\" the Insane Clown Posse. They are typically hated due to their general habits of being annoying and \"whooping\". Additionally they can be violent with a subculture which encourages aggression. A gigolo on the other hand, is a male prostitute or escort and as far as I know, they garner no hate from Reddit. ",
"So if a prostitute is also a Juggalette, does that make her snatch insane clown pussy?",
"My reaction to this question was something like, but...how is that...those two things aren't....ohhahahahaha.",
"Rob Schneider was an animal. Then he was a woman. And now, Rob Schneider is -- a Juggalo! And he's about to find out -- that being a Juggalo -- is harder than it looks! Rob Schneider is -- Deuce Bigalow - Male Juggalo! Rated PG-13.\" ",
"Oy, I think you might have some terminology confused. Gigolos are the dudes who put their dicks in people for money. Juggalos, the ones that most of Reddit hates, are weirdos who like a group called the Insane Clown Posse and wear makeup and stuff to look like the ICP. They are an interesting mix of trashy and scary. They look like [this](_URL_1_) [this](_URL_2_) and my personal favorite, [this](_URL_0_)",
"Water, Fire, Air and Dirt...\n\nFUCKING MAGNETS. HOW DO THEY WORK?!",
"A wild JUGGALOS appeared!\n\nWhat will BRAIN ANUS RHYTHM do?",
"Prostitution is viewed as acceptable??? News to me!",
"You are not being serious? Belongs is /r/shittyexplainlikeim5 ",
"these are juggalo's: _URL_0_\n\n^ interesting documentary if you've never seen it, only 22 minutes long.",
"\"I totally did not spell Gigolo wrong to jump on the recent 'funny misspells' karma train.\"",
"Upvoted just to make sure you never live this down",
"And while you're at it…who the hell is Billy?",
"I don't think anybody would pay to sleep with a Juggalo. In fact, I'm pretty sure Juggalos get an increased rate when paying for prostitutes.\n\nPS. This post was the highlight of my day",
"I was trying to figure out the connection, then wondered if it was some /r/metacanada or /r/badphilosophy in joke I'd missed, then the page of comments finally loaded and /u/APRSNerd cleared up my confusion. ",
"Prostitites have higher morals. And probably have a higher level of education... And more teeth. And better hygiene. ",
"It was like...\"did they mean?...\" ",
"I thought this was /r/circlejerk for a second. ",
"Prostitutes are just women trying to make money. Juggalos are the trash of the trash and offer little to nothing to society.",
"Because Juggalos are fucking assholes and prostitutes get their assholes fucked.",
"This is the best thing I have ever read on reddit.\n\n",
"Juggalos as male prostitutes... damn, there's a mental image I do not want.",
"I would think the common prostitute wouldn't just call magnets magic if they didn't know how magnets worked.",
"While we're on the subject: Magnets man, how do they work?",
"My life goal has changed to get paid for sex in clown makeup. ",
"Oh my thank you for this. Seriously don't feel stupid!!! [You're one of the lucky 10,000!]( _URL_0_) I wish I was you. ",
"holy shit, this is probably the greatest moment i've had on reddit.",
"It took me a bit to figure out how you connected those two, but then I laughed.",
"A juggalo is the equivalent of a gigolo. Think of emu kids wearing clown paint. It's very dramatic. ",
"Attempts to spark gender equality debate, ends up being the guy that doesn't know what jiggly ball is. ",
"Cuz most women wouldn't have sex with the average redditor let alone pay for it and that piss them off. Now most women wouldn't have sex with anyone into ICP cuz do you know how hard it is to get out the Faygo stains? ",
"Ladies and gentlemen, we may have this sub's top post of all time on our hands.",
"I like Juggalos.\n\nI love that I live in a world where somewhere out there are cops who have to deal with unruly criminal clowns. They're basically living lives produced by Tim Burton, and I think that's awesome. ",
"This is too good to be true. If I had ever once seen a post about a gigolo on reddit, then mayyyyybe I'd believe it was an honest mistake.",
"I\"m having trouble figuring out any line that would connect those two things....It's like....I dunno, what's the difference between a duck? ",
"Fuckin magnets, how do they work?",
"Reddit, where a simple typo is the difference between a deep, meaningful conversation and a hilarious shitstorm. ",
"Because juggalos are filthy annoying retards, whereas a prostitute is a woman that loves you no matter who you are or what you look like?",
"I think this was meant to be posted in r/shittyadvice",
"I was so confused. Initially coming here to say \"what the fuck do juggalo's and female prostitution have to do with each other?\" And then I laughed. ",
"Juggalos represent everything Idiocracy warned us about. \n\nHookers pretty much just want to do business behind closed doors. ",
"I only came here to bash on juggalos. \nIm very disappointed now",
"I'm just going to assume this title was mistaken on purpose to garner karma.",
"We're intimidated by their mystery and magnetism.",
"I was under the impression that female prostitution is hardly viewed as acceptable by most.",
"Holy fucking shit I'm dying. If this doesn't become the top post of all time on this sub I'll pissed.",
"Whelp. this is unintentionally the best ELI5 question i can ever remember.",
"I know 5 girls into ICP. 3 of them have uncurable STDS. ",
"Oh man, I was really confused until I started reading the comments. Yeah, definitely two very different things... bless your heart.",
"I'm going to go with most of the commenters in saying that juggalos are not gigolos. You were probably thinking of gigolos. I don't know about everyone thinking prostitution of either gender is completely acceptable- that's a pretty sticky subject.\n\nHowever, if I am to go by your original question, the short answer is, no one wants to be fucked by a clown let alone someone who are fans of clowns.",
"Best ELI5 question I've ever read, especially picturing it asked by a 5-year-old.",
"wow. just wow. I can't believe this thread exists",
"“Yeah, good one Jerry, 2003 called, it wants its easy target back”\n-Rick",
"A prostitute *might* give you syphilis, a juggalo **will** give you syphilis.",
"Prostitution is simply a transaction between consenting adults. Juggalos are ass-clowns who can't figure out magnets. ",
"Hey, I'm down with the clown and I'm down for life",
"Is this a serious question?",
"not as top tier as anal rhythm, but up there. ",
"this is the greatest reddit post of all time. OP is either a genius, or the complete opposite of a genius but this is the greatest thing i've ever seen on reddit.\n",
"OP has been thinking we were talking about male prostitutes all these years. Too funny.",
"This man needs as much gold as he can get. GET ON IT, REDDIT!",
"the fuck does ICP have to do with hookers? *opens comments* ohhhhh, nvm...",
"I need you to watch this, you will understand.\n_URL_0_",
"The correct answer is male prostitutes are hated for not understand how a magnet works.",
"This is my favourite question because it's legitimately the kind of thing a five year old might ask.",
"Why are KKK members so hated in the world, when potatoes lack so much flavour? ",
"There's logic in being a prostitute. Not so much in being a Juggalo...",
"Someone else mooching on the successful of \"ignorance\" on reddit.\n\nfake zzzzzzzzzzzzz",
"Lol, that is a question a 5 year old would ask",
"Thank you OP for this, even if it's a troll. I needed a laugh and I had many from this thread.",
"OP's username doesnt match, not so wise now are you?",
"Posts like this are why I check Reddit before bed.",
"Also, why can't they give birth to puppies?",
"Apparently, there is an /r/juggalo. Prepare for cringe.",
"\"I'm just a juggalo and everywhere I go, people know the part I'm playin'\nPaid for every dance, selling each romance, every night some heart betrayin'...\"",
"Since your question is based on, [by your own admission](_URL_0_), a misunderstanding of what the term \"juggalo\" refers to, there's nothing here to actually be explained in simplified terms, and thus your post has been removed.",
"Yes, and why do rainbows appear in the sky when we all know Ebola is generally accepted as being really really bad?",
"New spin on an old film: Deuce Biggalow Male Juggalo. Seems legit.",
"*And when the end comes I know \nThey'll say 'just a juggalo' \n[Life goes on without me](_URL_0_)* \n\n * < :o) 'cause...\n",
"oh yeea gigalo juggalo in jeggings, this is where this goes \n_URL_0_",
"The gathering of the Juggalos is just a male prostitute convention...",
"\"What's with male prostitutes and faygo?\"...",
"Apparently this is a common mistake according to [wiki](_URL_0_) \"Not to be confused with gigolo\"",
"Is female prostitution viewed for the most part as completely acceptable?"
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2oj3nk | in golf/baseball/hockey, why does a follow through matter? since the ball has already made contact with the club/bat, why does it matter if the swing is continued or not? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2oj3nk/eli5_in_golfbaseballhockey_why_does_a_follow/ | {
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"The advice is not given out as a way of influencing the ball after it's lost contact with the bat/stick/etc.\n\nThe advice is a way of mentally and physiologically improving the motion of the swing while it is still in contact.\n\nI'm not a psychologist or kinesiologist, but I would guess that mentally if you prepare and train to swing a bat, planning to simply stop the swing at the moment of contact, you probably get a very different swing than if you prepare for and train to perform a full through swing.",
"I can speak for baseball, but my guess is the same applies to the others. Basically, its not about the follow-through per-se. It is about creating a strong, fluid, constant motion to maximize the amount of force transferred from the bat to the ball. \n\nIf do not want to read, feel free to watch [this](_URL_0_)\n\nIf you try to stop the bat at the point of contact with the ball, the bat will have no velocity to transfer to the ball. In essence, that is what a bunt is: giving a (relatively) stationary target for the ball to hit. Balls do not go far on a bunt. \n\nAnd since a baseball game consisting entirely of bunts would probably be boring, we encourage hitters to swing hard and fluidly. For hitting balls hard, the speed of the bat when it makes contact with the ball is the most important thing. \n\nAlso, much of the power in a baseball hitter's swing comes from torsion in the body; from the hammys and quads through your abs and up to the pecs/shoulders. The best hitters can time the unleash of their swing to make contact with the ball when the bat is travelling fastest (and therefore hit the ball harder and farther). \n\nFor golf, the formula changes a bit, as the ball is stationary. But golf also has to include the shape of the club. I have nowhere near enough knowledge about the different clubs to explain how the different heads matter. Same for hockey--though I imagine the cylinder-shape of the puck changes the dynamic a bit too. \n\nHope this helps! \n\n",
"It is to ensure the athlete doesn't try to let up on they swing before contact is made.\n\nAn athlete worried about trying to stop their swing isn't going to hit the ball with full power."
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4hbm4t | when did female breasts become a body part of sexual nature and why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4hbm4t/eli5_when_did_female_breasts_become_a_body_part/ | {
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"There's a theory that suggests breasts were evolved to attract male mates since they're jiggly and eye catching. Females with breasts could have just as easily had large flat male-like nipples for milk production since the fat in the breast does nothing but add mass. Some women with small breast sizes already do, and it doesn't make a difference for breast feeding.",
"Tens of thousands of years ago, as otherwise women would not have the large breasts that they do today. It is called sexual selection, human males seemed to have preferred larger breasts over smaller ones, and over time because of this, they selected to mate with females with larger breasts over those with smaller breasts. There is really no other benefit or evolutionary explanation for such large breasts. History seems to also agree with this in that we found figurines thousands of years old with hypersexualized breasts. As for why, this isn't really known, could be a mutation in DNA as the idea of breasts being sexual has lasted for so long, meaning it could be found in DNA most likely.",
"It's pretty well observed that gender specific traits are used to signal to potential mates when we are able to breed. Same answer as to why women will find facial hair and broad shoulders attractive on men. Women develop round fatty tissue in the hips and chest. Though these traits have no bearing on an individual's ability to create healthy offspring, they do appear after puberty and as such are signs of sexual maturity.",
"One theory I've heard is that it is related to human's and human ancestors walking upright.\n\nOther male primates walk on all fours, are visually stimulated by the female's round posterior, and generally copulate in the doggystyle postion.\n\nBut, since humans walk upright and can copulate in the missionary position, the breasts evolved to be enlarged and provide visual stimulation similar to that of the posterior.\n\nAnother thing is, breasts, especially bigger ones, are an obvious sign of fertility. Prepubescent (infertile) girls don't have them, and elderly women (infertile) have saggy ones. Big full natural breasts = fertility.",
"I believe on a Joe Rogan Podcast with the great Dr. Christopher Ryan (Sex Anthropologist) he talked about it being related to the idea that visually whenever you see large breasts, you imagine they'd be a great mother to your children and could feed them adequately. \n\nThen over the years as food became less and less of an issue, this sort of stayed along.\n\nBut lets be real, straight men, gay men and women and babies all love titties. ",
"Does anyone know when the because sexualized in society though? This may apply for all \"private parts\", but when did men and women start covering up? And adding to that, when and why did female breast become sexualized when men's didnt?",
"Desmond Morris is a zoologist who has written books about the evolution of human sexuality. You should read some if his stuff, it's quite interesting. ",
"I'm going to disagree with all the evolutionary explanations others have suggested.\nI think it is just down to the simple fact that in society today, women always keep their breasts hidden unless they are naked, so we associate them with sex, and are therefore attracted to them.\nIn some tribes women have their breasts constantly exposed and are not a body part of sexual nature.",
"I've always seen it coincide with our hiding of them? We made them taboo and now we long to see them. It's just a theory but does anyone know if African tribes that walk around topless have this same sexualization of breasts?",
"I don't really buy into the theory that there was a time when they weren't. You can read the Kama Sutra if you wanna know how much ancient dead people liked titties.\n\nI'm no evo psych expert and I don't claim to know a damn thing, but it seems sensible to me that one of the defining traits of a female body would be valued by men. Sexual dimorphism has a purpose in signalling proper hormone development. Breasts are a signal that a woman is indeed a woman, not a male or a girl. Not only that, women require a higher percentage of body fat than men to be healthy and fertile. Low body fat can be a result of famine, stress, injury, eating disorders, parasites, and a host of other things. So not only is there too little fat to support a baby, there is likely a reason there is too little fat which will also injure the parents or the baby in some other way.\n\nThe argument that they are sexualized because they are taboo or hidden isn't quite accurate either. Women's backs are usually hidden. While people may recognize the shape of a woman's back or her complexion as attractive or even sexy, it's not a sexualized area like breasts or genitals. Armpits, thighs, feet are usually hidden. An attraction to any of those would be so rare that it would be considered a specific fetish.\n___________________________________________________\nThis part is more my opinion. I think it's a pointless argument feminists use to support a goal. There's nothing wrong with the goal, but appeals to nature like this are only attempts to circumvent political argument rather than actual scientific conclusions. Another example is homosexuality. Homosexuals and heterosexuals should absolutely have equal rights in society. But the argument which is often used to support that--that sexuality is defined at birth--is only half true and leads to some unfortunate side effects including identity issues and bi erasure. We can have an egalitarian society by using political arguments. We don't need to use hastily-prepared and inaccurate appeals to nature to do that.",
"I once read it as we evolved round, full breasts because of the shape of our faces. Other primates have mouths that stick out significantly farther than that of humans, especially in babies. [Here](_URL_2_) is an orangutan profile vs a [human baby](_URL_1_). \n\nNotice how close the mouth an nose are on a human. For other primates, flat-chested females aren't a problem because the nose and mouth are far apart, but for humans, a flat chest could mean suffocation for a baby. But with a round breast, a baby can feed without its nose being squashed against something. [See here--nsfw](_URL_0_). \n\nNow, if a female could possibly suffocate offspring trying to feed it, either her baby will die or be malnourished, neither of which are desirable from an evolutionary standpoint. So, a female with round breasts can feed a baby successfully and therefore appears more fertile. \n\ntl;dr round breasts keep our flat-faced babies from suffocating",
"There are a lot of unsupported claims here. OP you would be better off going to a sub like /r/AskHistorians or /r/askscience for more factually supported arguments. Also there are more stances besides evolutionary ones, mostly because throughout history many non-western societies did not see female breasts as sexually enticing.",
"I always thought it had something to do with babies- human babies mouths are in, don't stick past their nose so the breast is out far enough for them to be able to suck. Monkey mouths are farther out than their nose, and don't need that extra help. ",
"Bigger breast generally implies having more body fat which equals to a higher chance of survival in times of famine, and therefore males attracted to big breasts had a higher chance of transmitting their genes to the next generation.",
"Unlike what many are saying in this thread, the shape and size of breasts do signal reproductive health. They are deposits of gynoid fat, which is a reflection of developmental stability, lack of parasites, and abundance of nutrition. Gynoid fat is not like the fat that men get, because it tends to only be mobilized during pregnancy and nursing, relating directly to the formation and development of the infant's brain. All humans have psychological adaptations to notice and respond to (in different ways) gynoid fat, which is reflected in the waist-to-hip ratio as well as the shape of breasts. \n\n_URL_0_",
"Going by the majority of answers I would have to say that the \"When\" you are looking for pre-dates homo-sapiens, and thus is poorly documented. \n\nWe were probably motor-boating long before our shrinking jowls allowed us to kiss.",
"Don't forget, a huge part of the stigma/arousal is social. In many parts of the world and places in time, folks wouldn't bat an eye at a bare breast. I've read that in imperial China a woman would have covered her bare feet before considering covering her breasts if a stranger walked in on her. Culture counts for a lot.",
"It has to do with the social development as well as different cultures views on sexuality and woman's body parts. Some places see the naked female breast and female body parts as something that shouldn't be hidden. Covering up woman's body parts in western media only makes a stronger stigma against publically showing the female breast or body parts. ",
"I Asked my anthropology professor about this topic and she told me they're not biologically sexually arousing: if you look at other cultures around the world, female breasts are not sexually arousing to the population and breasts are viewed the same way we view elbows when talking about something sexually arousing.\n\n\nWestern culture has sexualized female breasts and it is so widespread in our culture that we view it as a biological norm; which it is not.",
"Hm, well just so you know, in a lot of parts of the world, breasts aren't sexual. It's a primarily 'westernized' thing to see them as sexual. "
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ar3yji | why can't you get an electrical shock from the neutral | You can get a shock from the hot wire (obviously) but even if there's a load on the circuit, I was told that you won't get shocked by the neutral because it's basically the same as the ground. The purpose of the neutral is to complete the circuit, but I don't understand what happens to the electricity after it passes through the load. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ar3yji/eli5_why_cant_you_get_an_electrical_shock_from/ | {
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"In a balanced 3 phase system, neutral should carry little to no current. Ground is actually fail safe. Ground is there in case the equipment becomes electrically charged. It will discharge to ground through the conductor, instead of you.\n\nIn an unbalanced system, neutral will carry a current, and could shock you. ",
"As someone who regularly wires things up while they are hot saying the word “can’t “ is a problem. Will you get lit up like you would with the hot, probably not. Will you get a little tickle, maybe. It happens more than you think due to leaky appliances and some fixtures. It’s this imperfect world that caused the building codes to split the neutral and ground at the disconnecting means and later to require arc fault in some instances. \n\nRemember voltage is the potential to do work and most neutral wires will have a few to up to 15 bolts on it. As long as your body completes the circuit it’s possible to get shocked. \n\nIn other words I wouldn’t use my tongue to try it out.",
"You need to think of voltage *differences*. Voltage itself doesn't move charge, voltage differences do. It's the same way air pressure moves air: you need a high pressure place next to a low pressure place in order to move air. A balloon under pressure doesn't move any air until you puncture it and let high pressure come in contact with low pressure. \n\nNeutral is 0 V relative to you. Same as touching the door of your breaker box. Then you have another wire at +110 V in the US and another at -110 V.\n\nWire a 110 to a neutral? That's a 110 V difference. There's a wall outlet for you. Wire a +110 to a -110? Congratulations you've got a 220V outlet for your clothes dryer.\n\nNeutral is just the same voltage as you and the ground and the wall and the air and the ham sandwich. Unless equipment fails. ",
"The circuit is still complete, the electricity is still moving. Neutral though is your baseline zero volts. If the voltage drop happens over the load, and you touch the neutral line then you still are putting yourself in parallel with the circuit. However, your resistance is way higher than that of the cable connecting the load to neutral so there will be no current flow through you. Google resisters in parallel for more. Electricity takes the path of least resistance, and in this case that's not you.\n\nIf someone then cuts the neutral cord at the socket, you'd now be in series with the load, and bad luck as now to complete the circuit the electricity has to flow through you, at that point you become an unhappy resister in series.",
" > what happens to the electricity after it passes through the load \n\nLook at it this way. You have a \"hot\" wire which has the voltage (ie energy) and a return wire often called the neutral. According to Kirchoff's Second Law all voltage in a circuit is \"dropped\" across all the loads. So for example you might have 110 volts going into a load but there will be zero volts coming out, ie flowing back on the neutral. The same amount of current (amps) is flowing on both wires ( Kirchoff's First Law) but there is zero voltage on the neutral. So you don't get shocked with zero volts."
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cp2ry3 | how do passwords work. specifically passwords to unlock devices such as smartphones or laptops | Just to make it simpler to explain how do iPhones(if this isn’t publicly known then any computing device is fine the iPhone is just an example) know which password is correct and unencrypt your data for access without having what your password is stored to be checked against. If your smart device does have a stored copy of your password for checking how does it keep it hidden from people who would try to gain access to the phone. If this is too complex to be explained easily are their any resources you can point to that do explain it. Thanks in advance! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cp2ry3/eli5_how_do_passwords_work_specifically_passwords/ | {
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"A iphone have a [Secure\\_Enclave](_URL_0_) that is a dedicated hardware for the password/fingerprint. It is not accessible to the general CPU except for calls that send it the passcode/fingerprint to it to unlock the system or conferme that it is correct. It also manage the part that encrypt the storage and send it the key. It is all built in a way so you never can read it.\n\nSo if there is not password it the CPU can set one but to change it you first need to send the current password and then you can update it. You can never read back the password because the hardware part that handle and store it do not allow that.",
"At a high level, typically most services (including a login to a device/computer) take what you type as a password (numbers, letters etc)\nand run a mathematical transformation on it called a “hash”\n\nThe advantages of this are \n1) you get the same “hash” output value every time for the same input (password)\n2) the hash itself cannot easily be reversed, so that you can’t get the plain text password just by stealing (or looking at) it\n\nWhen you type the password, the hash is generated and then compared to the hash stored somewhere on the system.\nIf they match, you gain access. \n\nWhere this hash is stored depends on the device or operating system (iOS, Mac, Windows , Linux etc)",
" > how do iPhones ... know which password is correct and unencrypt your data for access without having what your password is stored to be checked against.\n\nThis is actually due to a very clever process called a \"hash\". This is a complicated mathematical function that is easy to do one way but extremely difficult to do in reverse. A common example is finding prime numbers; it is pretty easy to check if a specific number is prime, but finding the next prime number after a really big prime requires a bunch of calculations that take a very long time.\n\nSo the password is run through this hashing algorithm and it spits out this big number called the \"hash\" of the password. This big number is **not unique** to the password, there are other possible inputs which could produce that result called \"collisions\". However those other options are absurdly unlikely to run across by chance, like one in many trillions.\n\nThe device only stores the hash of the password, not the password itself. If you tell the device your password it runs the hash function again and checks to see if the results match. If they do it unlocks the device because evidently you know what the password is. However even if someone steals the hash they still don't know what to tell your device in order to unlock it, until they can calculate backwards from the hash to find one of the inputs that would yield that result (either your password or one of the collisions). But calculating backwards might take tens of thousands of years with current computing technology, at which point you certainly don't care.",
"Storing passwords themselves isn't particularly secure, because any good hacker will be able to find it, extract it, and take advantage of it.\n\nBut this poses a problem, if it isn't secure to store a password in plain text, what can the program use to check if the password you input is correct?\n\nThe method typically used for this is hashing.\n\nA hash is a mathematical algorithm that has two main features.\n\n1. Regardless of what value you input, it always gives an output of the same length.\n\n2. The algorithm is not reversible. You can't perform the equation backwards to turn the hash back into the original password.\n\nWhen you type in your password the algorithm turns it into a hash, and that is compared to what is stored on the device.\n\nSo what is the upside of doing this?\n\nA database of hashes are all the same length, so even if a hacker were to steal them they couldn't determine how long the original password was. Be it 1 character or 100.\n\nHashes themselves aren't useable, if you put the hash value into the application it will get hashed itself and therefore give a completely different value and not work.\n\nHashes can't be reversed, so having the hash doesn't mean you can easily determine what the original password was.\n\nHashes are complex and slow, meaning they need a lot of processing power to run. This is good from a security perspective because it slows hackers down. It's difficult to brute force hashes because you need a lot of CPU power to run hashing algorithms over and over again.\n\nBut that doesn't mean it's infallible. Hashing algorithms are public knowledge (ie the equations are standardized and easy to get) so what hackers do is create databases of hashes using pre-generated passwords. So they run a,b,c,d, etc and common passwords through the equation to make a database of known hashes... then they compare stolen hashes to the database to get people's passwords.\n\nThe catch is this requires a lot of effort, but it's becoming more and more common place as an attack as these databases are pre-generated (someone has done the hard work for you already) and are easily found on the internet."
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1gv517 | how sports venues paid for with tax payer money maintain a monopoly on crappy, overpriced food when there are obvious alternatives? | I'm not sure of the contract structure of privately funded parks, MLB rules, or all that, but it seems stupid to continue to have people pay $6 for a budweiser and $8 for a crappy hamburger! I understand they wouldn't and haven't if they don't have to, but why don't they have to? And I think they should! Local restaurants providing food at the ball park would be great!
**edit** even if they're not paid for with tax payer money...it still shouldn't be the way it it is! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gv517/eli5_how_sports_venues_paid_for_with_tax_payer/ | {
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"It's not a monopoly, it's more of a convenience issue. A restaurant can charge whatever they want, and if people don't want to pay, they can leave and find another restaurant.\n\nSports venues charge so much for food simply because they can. Yes, you can go watch a game for just the price of the ticket, and eat before/after the game somewhere cheaper. But since people like to eat/drink while they watch a game, they're willing to pay a lot more for their food.\n\nThis is basically how movie theaters make their money, in fact. They make most of their money on food/drink sales, while the movie tickets are really just their to get people in the door.",
"There are a limited number of stalls at a venue. The businesses there have to pay a premium on the real estate.\n\nA sports venue isn't open all the time. A baseball stadium or concert venue might be open for 3 games per week. A football stadium might have two games per month. You have to pay people more money to convince them to work part-time jobs with irregular schedules. The businesses also have to make a profit from a small number of days to be open.\n\nMaking 'good food' is hard when you have twenty thousand people all lining up to buy it at half time. Your standard game/fair food is stuff that can either be made very quickly or made ahead of time and held.\n\nOn top of that, there's an element of screwing people"
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3ch6lr | why is 300 parts per million for particulate matter in the atmosphere significant enough to cause health issues? | I live in Fairbanks and we're dealing with wild fire smoke in the city. Today the particulate count reached the 300 mark and everyone is advised to stay indoors as the smoke is so bad. With that kind of count, though, it doesn't sound like very much. Why does so little have such a huge affect? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ch6lr/eli5_why_is_300_parts_per_million_for_particulate/ | {
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"A couple of nanograms (10^-9 grams) of botulinum (the toxin that causes botulism) can be deadly. Everything can be lethal if you have enough of it, and some things are just really, really good at disrupting your body and preventing it from doing the business of staying alive.\n\nA single molecule of carbon monoxide from fire smoke, for example, can pretty much pretty much permanently break a red blood cell. We have a ton of them, and replace them all the time, so losing a couple of red blood cells isn't the end of the world. However, it doesn't take a whole lot of carbon monoxide before that problem starts to get really big and out of hand."
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2skig0 | why does the us order the day and month of a date differently to other countries? i.e. today to me (in europe) it is the 15/01/15 not the 01/15/15. how did this slight, but significant, difference come about? | 9/11 should be 11/9 in Europe etc.... Why the reversal? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2skig0/eli5_why_does_the_us_order_the_day_and_month_of_a/ | {
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"IIRC in the UK we do **day - > month - > year** as its the smallest in time to largest.\n\nThe US does **month - > day - > year** as there are fewer months than there are days, and there are fewer days that there will be years.",
"dd/mm/yyyy - keeps magnitude and is more natural.\n\nmm/dd/yyyy - bit weird it is like if somebody used hh:ss:mm but you can alphabetically order it if you have dates from just one year.\n\nyyyy-mm-dd - can be alphabetically ordered and keeps magnitude and is actual international format.",
"This has come up in /r/askhistorians a few times, but no conclusive answer has ever been proposed as far as I'm aware. [Here](_URL_0_) is a good answer, though.\n\nBasic summary: Month/Day/Year became, at some point, the preferred form for all English speakers in non-formal language, including in England proper. In the 19th century England started to switch back over to Day/Month/Year, which mimicked the more formal form of writing it out (On the 15th day of January in the year 2015). The US never made that switch.\n\nAs noted in the thread there isn't a good consensus on why the switches occurred in England, but given the timing it's probably related to the printing press and how newspapers were made.",
"This doesn't answer the question *why* but it's interesting nonetheless:\n\nApparently Britain used to do it the American way, but they began gradually switching over sometime around 1920. \n\nHere are some Google Ngrams for frequently-mentioned dates:\n\n[January 1,1 January](_URL_1_)\n\n[November 5,5 November](_URL_2_)\n\n[November 11,11 November](_URL_0_)\n\n[December 25,25 December](_URL_3_)\n\n"
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"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=January+1%2C1+January&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=18&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CJanuary%201%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C1%20January%3B%2Cc0",
"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=November+5%2C5+November&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=18&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CNovember%205%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C5%20November%3B%2Cc0",
"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=December+25%2C25+December&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=18&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CDecember%2025%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C25%20December%3B%2Cc0"
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2dw3jc | when i sometimes go to sleep with my eyes closed and not moving, i know i'm not asleep. do i get any good quality rest compared if i'm sleeping? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dw3jc/eli5when_i_sometimes_go_to_sleep_with_my_eyes/ | {
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"If you're not asleep, then you're not getting the same quality rest as if you were sleeping. Your brain may appreciate the decrease in stimulation, and your muscles the rest, but if you're not asleep, then you're not... sleeping.",
"I agree with the other comments in saying no, but I remember reading something about when we go to bed and get random itches and such, it's our brains way of making sure we're still awake. But when we fall asleep, our brain takes this time to heal our body (hence why people tell you to rest when you're ill/injured), so technically you won't get the same amount of rest laying in bed than you would being asleep. I may be wrong but I remember reading something along those lines about sleep.",
"Research has shown that if someone does not enter R.E.M sleep (deep sleep), they will not rest fully (this is done by waking people when they enter deep sleep). Apparently we do need deep sleep to fully rest, so just resting with eyes closed is not sufficient.",
"If you're aware of not being asleep, then you didn't \"go to sleep.\" You're just lying still with your eyes closed. "
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5p3j4i | some jobs are unpleasant but fundamental to society (eg: janitor, bus driver). why aren't these the best paid jobs? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5p3j4i/eli5_some_jobs_are_unpleasant_but_fundamental_to/ | {
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"Because anyone can do them. They are low skill and lots of people can fill that role.\n\nSometimes they do get better pay because the job is undesirable (I think trash collectors get paid decent, at least compared to minimum wage). ",
"Jobs are categorized by amount of skills you need to have to perform the job or amount of profit that you produce per period of time. Also, supply and demand curve of labor. How many people are available on the market to do some particular job. Being a janitor doesn't require a much of skills or bachelors degree, a lot of people can do this job, and the outcome is just a clean place you work/ live.",
"Because they don't need to. Simple as that. The market doesn't require it. At the current pay, they can find qualified people to fill those positions. A brain surgeon would make $10/hr if they could hire good people at that amount. ",
"The most highly paid jobs require some combination of: a) exceptional intelligence/skill/education/training; and/or b) an unwillingness on the part of most people to perform the job.\n\nExample (A AND B): patent attorney. A patent attorney must have an outstanding technical background (undergrad degree (4 years) plus at least a master's degree (2yrs), and frequently a PhD (5-6 years)), must have a law degree (3 years), and then must want (or at least agree) to write patents consisting of scores/hundred of pages of highly detailed technical/legal jargon. It's insufferable, and most people (including me) find it incredibly boring.\n\nAt a large law firm, a patent attorney can start at $160-180K per year and in 10 years make anywhere from $500K to a few million dollars per year. \n\nOther examples (A and B) include: neurosurgeon, heart surgeon.\n\nExample (A NOT B): Movie actor. While many people may *want* the job, few have the skill to be able to perform adequately. Same for NFL player, etc. Result = high salary.\n\nExample (B NOT A): Garbageman. While few people *want* the job, it doesn't take much skill to perform. Result: higher salary than other low skilled positions, but not anywhere near as high as, say, a patent attorney.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Jobs aren't paid by how \"tough\" or \"important\" they are. They are (imperfectly) paid by how replaceable the skill is of the person doing the job.",
"It's basically supply and demand. More people are able and willing to become janitors, bus drivers, social workers, etc (massive supply) than there are positions available (limited demand), which drives down the price of the labor.",
"Supply and demand. Most people can be janitors or, with the proper training, drive buses. This large labor pool puts downward pressure on the wages for these occupations."
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6iyx3e | if you have good credit, and pay your bills off every month, how do credit card companies make money off you? wouldn't they prefer customers with bad credit? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6iyx3e/eli5_if_you_have_good_credit_and_pay_your_bills/ | {
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"You almost hit the nail on the head. It's not that credit card companies prefer customers with bad credit, but they do prefer customers that carry a balance on their accounts from month to month. They can't charge interest on a $0.00 balance, so in cases like that they make money from everyone else.",
"They prefer low risk, which is what a good credit score indicates, and they still make money even if you pay all your bills in full. Every time you use your card, the merchant has to pay a fee. A portion goes to the network (Visa, etc.), though the biggest share goes to the issuing bank. As long as you keep using your card, the bank keeps making money off of you. ",
"Credit card processors make processing fees for every transaction you make, which is a set fee plus a percentage of the total. So while they make more off you running up a balance and charging you exorbitant interest, they still do make money off you even if you pay your bill every month. Additionally, they have tons of consumer data on purchases/purchasing patterns, etc. they can sell.\n\nIt's sort of like the \"freemium\" model in other businesses, where access to a certain level of the product is free but for higher level access you have to pay. ",
"Credit card companies take a small percentage from the retailer on every sale. Retailers don't mind so much because people tend to spend more when they can put things on credit. When you buy a $1,000 TV at Best Buy with your MasterCard, MC gets about $25 from Best Buy right off the bat. American Express charges a higher percentage which is why it's less common to see retailers who accept their cards.\n\nLike /u/JenusPrist said, credit card companies like people who carry a bit of a balance but keep making regular payments, but someone who owes more money than they can realistically pay back becomes a high risk of defaulting. The credit card company may have to sell a $10,000 debt to a collections agency for pennies on the dollar to let them try to recover whatever they can.",
"They charge a little from the retailer, too. This is why some stores offer cheaper prices when paid in cash.\n\nIf you keep unpaid balance, it's double income for the card company.\n\nIn Thai we use a phrase like \"gain both up and down\" to describe this situation."
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1ywm2o | how does a radiation meter work? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ywm2o/eli5_how_does_a_radiation_meter_work/ | {
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"There are different types of radiation detectors\n\n* Geiger tubes: A tube filled with an inert gas at low pressure, when radiation enters the tube it knocks electrons off of the gas and creates a brief pulse of current that can be detected.\n\n* Scintillation counter: Uses a material that releases light upon being struck with radiation. The light is usually detected with a photomultiplier tube, which can detect extremely low levels of light.\n\n* Semiconductor detector: When radiation strikes a semiconductor it produces a brief pulse of current that can be detected."
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bi3fm0 | why does the moon look huge in the distance when poping over a mountain but small on a picture or a video? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bi3fm0/eli5_why_does_the_moon_look_huge_in_the_distance/ | {
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"Forced perspective. When it's next to the mountain, your mind has a frame of reference. In a picture, or even just higher in the sky, you don't have that same reference.",
"The short answer is it's an optical illusion. This is mainly caused by having something to compare the moon's scale too (mountain, building, etc). \n\nMany people belive its due to being lower to the horizon and the atmosphere \"magnifies\" it, however this is incorrect. \n\nTo test this optical illusion for yourself, hold up an object at arms length to the moon when it is low on the horizon and looks larger. Compare the scale of the moon to the object. Then, later when the moon is higher in the sky and looks normal size, hold the same object at arms length again. You will see its the same size.",
"In addition to the other answers, in photography and film, you can use certain lenses and techniques to make the moon look gigantic, while the camera on phones and a lot of other things generally do the opposite. It might look smaller in the picture than it does irl because the camera being used creates the illusion that it is smaller than it really is",
"It's a well known optical illusion called the Moon Illusion. It's even apparent in video games like Minecraft. The closer to the horizon the moon is the bigger it looks.",
"The most likely reason for this illusion is how your brain's vision handling system interpets the Moon's distance. Your brain handles the Moon as being 'in the sky', and the sky is where the clouds are.\n\nWhen you are looking near the horizon, the clouds, and that horizon, are a long way away. So our brains assume the Moon is about that same distance away, so they present the Moon to us as very large object among distant things.\n\nWhen you are looking straight up, those same clouds are fairly close. Even when there are no clouds, our brains assume that the sky above us is a flat layer. So we see the moon as a small object that is close.\n\nThis image handling happens on a subconscious level, and the results are passed to our conscious mind. Only then do apply our knowledge that the moon is the same object that is very distant, and that its apparent changing size is not logical. In fact, because the Moon is further away from us when it rises, it should appear slightly smaller at the horizon than when it is overhead - and if you measure it - which is what a camera does - that is what you would find.",
"Not sure why everyone is explaining why the moon looks bigger near the horizon compared to up in the sky when the question is specifically about comparing it to a photo or video. \n\nThe answer is when you take a photo on your phone, your phone has a wide angle lens which tries to get a wide field of view. I.e it tries to capture the entire scenery in front of you. Distant objects look smaller the wider your lens is. \n\nTo get around this problem you need to use a telephoto lens. Telephoto (zoom) lenses make distant objects appear bigger because they have a narrower field of view. \n\nTo make the moon still appear bigger you could include a distant object in the picture like a building or an airplane. \n\nThe relative size of the distant object to the moon will make the moon look huge.\n\nEdit: edited for clarity",
"Moon Illusion.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nI know it is a WikiLink, but still a good read.",
" > but small on a picture or a video?\n\nThe size the moon appears in a picture or video is dictated by the focal length of the lens you are using, wide angle lenses make the moon appear small in a photograph and telephoto lenses make it appear larger. It would be similar in comparison to looking at the moon through binoculars versus looking at the moon through a telescope. \n\nAs an example phone cameras generally use the equivalent of 35mm or 50mm lenses (compared to 35mm SLR lenses), this is a relatively wide angle lenses so the moon appears very small in the picture. If you use a telephoto lens such as a 200mm, 500mm, or 800mm lens the moon will appear much larger in the photograph. The longer the focal length of the lens the more the moon will be magnified in the picture.",
"Focal length makes the background small in a lot of cellphone-type shots. To make the moon big, your best bet is to shoot it with a telescope. To get it big in the background, you would use a 400mm+ lens to shoot an object with the moon in the background.\n\nThe focal length keeps the subject normal but zooms the background a lot.",
"It has to do with the lens of the camera. If you shoot the moon with a lens upwards of 85mm it would look like it should, with a proper scale compared to other objects in the picture.\n\nWide lenses (35mm and wider) make things look further away and smaller. And phones rarely have a lens that is longer than 24-28mm.",
"I thought it had to do with focal length but now everyone in this thread says its because we dont know. Good?",
"It is not an optical illusion. It is not a perspective issue either. It is how light hits the camera sensor after bending through a curved lens. This is essentially how lenses are supposed to work.\n\nYou curve the lens to gather light from a wider area. As a consequence, the objects are rendered smaller. If you have one of those small curved rear view mirrors that stick on your existing rear view mirrors in the car, you know what I am talking about. These show you objects, but they don’t give you a good idea of their distance.\n\nOn a wide angle lens like your cellphone, objects at a distance appear smaller. That’s why your subject looks normal but the buildings or the horizon look smaller and get cramped into the scene.\n\nNow compare the distance between your subject and those buildings to the distance between the subject and the moon!",
"It all comes down to the focal length of the lens being used to catch the image. The longer the focal length, the more gigantic distant things are going to look. You can do tricks with this by having distant objects between you and the moon also showcased. So if you're miles away from a city skyline with the moon rising over it and you use say a 400mm lens to capture the image it's going to make the moon look like it takes up a meaningful percentage of the sky.\n\nHere's a good explainer. Photog used a 500mm max zoom dialed to the end with 2 teleconverters connected for an effective focal length of 1000mm or thereabouts.\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"In my experience, whenever you poop over a mountain you have a strain a bit because your butthole gets real nervous. That makes your vision go blurry, so the moon appears bigger.",
"Are my eyes broken? Moon always looks small"
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"https://petapixel.com/2018/02/06/shot-super-blue-blood-moon-rising-london-skyline/"
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||
33hanm | difference between a think tank and a lobbyist | Hi people, I'm not from USA and not familiarized with the term "Think Tank", for what I've read TT are companies do research and try to influence politicians and society in general, but isn't this the same thing that lobbyist do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33hanm/eli5_difference_between_a_think_tank_and_a/ | {
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"Lobbyists generally work on the behalf of a specific entity, be it a company or some other interest group. Basically, you tell them what your goals are, and they'll go argue for you for a fee. \n\nThink tanks tend to be more dedicated towards a specific ideology or cause, rather than just lobbying for the desires of whoever pays them. \n\nBut I think it's fair to say that the line between them can be rather blurry at times. ",
"I work for a non-profit, non-partisan think tank so I wanted to weigh in here.\n\nThe fundamental difference between a think thank and a lobbying firm is that think tanks research policies (without necessarily endorsing them) and lobbying firms argue for policies.\n\nUnlike lobbyists, who are hired by specific entities (usually large companies) to persuade people (typically politicians) into adopting (or not adopting) certain policies, think thank researchers are not wedded to any specific policy or entity. \n\nIn principle, think tanks conduct independent research on what the policy options are. Again, in principle, they exist to defend the public interest as they see it. Think tanks don't want X policy or Y policy (or right-wing or left-wing), they want the BEST policy.\n\nIn practice, it is a little more muddied than that. Think tanks always get their funding from somewhere/someone. A lot of \"think tanks\" lose their independence (if they had any to begin with) when they start to rely on one or a few large donors. As one example, this article recently condemned a lot of high profile think tanks for taking substantial amounts of foreign money in exchange for tailoring their research agendas to favor the donor nations: _URL_0_\n\nSimilarly, there are many think tanks out there (I won't name them, since I'd rather not have to create a new account) that are merely fronts for industry or political interests, so their \"research\" is highly suspect. \n\nThis problem ultimately manifests in a situation where people are not only entitled to their own opinions, but increasingly to their own \"facts\". \n\nThe way to tell a genuine think tank from a compromised one is to look at their funding sources (any respectable organization will make this information easily available) and make sure that there are a wide variety of sources, ideally some government, some industry (and not all from the same industry), and a lot of funding from respectable charitable foundations like Ford Foundation, Open Society Foundation, Knight Foundation, etc."
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"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/us/politics/foreign-powers-buy-influence-at-think-tanks.html?_r=0"
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3tlebc | why doesn't the government build hospital's with the medicare budget instead of acting as insurance? | The Medicaid and Medicare budgets are massive so why not simply build hospitals instead of insurance for people? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tlebc/eli5_why_doesnt_the_government_build_hospitals/ | {
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"Because the issue being addressed isn't \"there are not enough hospitals\".\n\nThere are *plenty* of hospitals in the US. The issue is that not everyone can afford medical care. Medicare/Medicaid are intended to help remedy that issue.",
"There are plenty of hospitals, and in most areas there is no reason to build new ones. The problem is paying for medical care. The doctors and nurses will still need to be paid, the equipment still needs to be maintained, the janitors and technicians still need to be paid, the supplies still need to be bought.\n\nWith all those expenses, you are back to people needing Medicare to pay for their medical bills."
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4uot0t | why do carbonated drinks hurt us when we drink too fast? | It's just bubbles, right? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4uot0t/eli5_why_do_carbonated_drinks_hurt_us_when_we/ | {
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"The bubbles are composed of carbon dioxide, which can taste \"spicy\"...here's an article with more information _URL_0_",
"Carbonated drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide naturally reacts with water (in the drink) to produce carbonic acid (a weak acid). Weak acids such as citric acid (lemon juice) or acetic acid (vinegar) have a sour taste, so carbonating drinks changes their taste along with giving them an interesting texture. \n\nIf you guzzle down a soda the carbon dioxide bubbles collect in your stomach and eventually you burp up almost pure carbon dioxide. If you happen to exhale the burp through your nose then the carbon dioxide can react with the water on the surface of your nasal passage to form carbonic acid. Your nose is sensitive to things like acids to protect you from breathing in nasty things, so having an acid suddenly form on the inside of your nose sets off pain receptors and gives you an eye watering sensation."
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"http://www.livescience.com/34994-soda-is-actually-spicy-says-your-tongue.html"
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cvkh5w | how have actions such as the head nod and head shake become universally understood in contrast to languages. | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cvkh5w/eli5_how_have_actions_such_as_the_head_nod_and/ | {
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"They haven't really. Lots of places won't know what you mean if you shake your head. In India they do a side to side wobble instead of nodding. Stuff like hand signals can mean completely different things in different places, like the OK sign is seriously rude in Thailand.",
"They're not actually universal. I've heard that countries like Bulgaria and Macedonia use the opposite signals. Same with giving people a thumbs up. It's an insult in Italy and Iran(?).",
"A thumbs up or or offering a left hand to shake is serioualy offensive in parts of the middle east (the thunbs up amounts to \"up yours\" and the left hand is considered unclean).\n\nIn places nodding up and down is a sign of confusion.\n\nIn others not meeting your eyes or looking you in the face is a sigb of respect, whereas in the US, etc it's viewed as a bad sign.",
"In disney Parks, mascot characters will point directionally with both their index and middle fingers together as pointing with just your index is considered rude in some cultures."
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