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42p3lr
|
what is the difference between schizophrenia and thinking to yourself?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/42p3lr/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_schizophrenia/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czbzmh1",
"czc41cw"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal social behavior and an inability to distinguish what is real. Hallucinations are a symptom of schizophrenia but the two are not synonymous. Having thoughts is also not at all the same thing as hallucinating.",
"With schizophrenia you have no control over your thoughts, and when you are diagnosed and treated with meds sometimes you completely lose your thoughts. For those with auditory hallucinations you arent hearing your own voice, when I was first diagnosed they asked if I heard voices and I said \"just my own\" (I never had audio hallucinations) Thoughts arent negative until you have no control over them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3za0yk
|
why are some programs required to be run as admin when used and what does it do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3za0yk/eli5_why_are_some_programs_required_to_be_run_as/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cykdl07"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Most programs that need to be run as admin need rights to create or modify files in protected areas. \nThis is needed a lot now because the program files folder is one of those now, and many programs still modify files in the install location.\n\nTake CIV5 for example. It won't start without admin rights simply because it try's to modify a settings.ini file within program files.\n\nBasically it just gives the file rights to write or modify files in secure areas."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6t0gjy
|
why does coffee get sour overtime?
|
Nothing is as dissapointing as being served old coffee, and i was wondering if the sour taste of old coffee is a result the time it's out of use or the? Or is it the temprature difference it experiences when it haven't been drunk for a while?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6t0gjy/eli5_why_does_coffee_get_sour_overtime/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dlgxyka",
"dlgzd1q",
"dlh18yi"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"I don't know about you, but 4 hour old room temperature black coffee is my favorite. It doesn't taste sour at all to me, just pleasantly bitter. Perhaps you're letting creamer sit in it for too long?",
"Sour is indicative of acidity. It can also be because the beans are expired and the oils are putrefying. \nWhere are you acquiring this undesirable sounding coffee?\n",
"Do you mean coffee that's been sitting out in the cup or coffee that's been left on the hot plate in the pan? Because what often happens is that the coffee tastes bitter to begin with, one just doesn't perceive it because the liquid is hot. Once it cools down, you start to notice it tastes bad. Same thing with \"ice-cold\" beer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
eg2m6y
|
how come when we make something that’s black lighter, it turns blue?
|
Any time something that’s black fades, it becomes blue. Why not red or another color? Is black just a really dark blue?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eg2m6y/eli5_how_come_when_we_make_something_thats_black/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fc3zi03",
"fc4893w",
"fc4ki1z"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"There really aren't that many black pigments out there. Most blacks are just REALLY green, blue, or purple. When left alone, they look black to you. If you dilute them or fade them, it reveals the real base color.",
"Two different scenarios but similar reasons.\n\nFor paint, black is just really really really dark blue. They tried making it real black with no saturation but it weirdly looked less dark. Dark blue just works better.\n\nFor lighting like in the sky, the sky is technically clear until the light from the sun hits it at a certain angle which fades out all the other colors but blue. Night is black cause there's little sunlight, and space is black.",
"True black is not blue. True black is the absense of all color. \n\n\nBut it's really really hard to make anything close to real black and only recently has there been any real success. (and it's very creepy too. Thing that are truly black have no visible shape, only an outline.) And it's expensive. \n\n\nSo how do you get something that looks reasonable black for very cheap? You make it a really, really dark shade of whatever other color. Blue works very well and is easy and cheap to make, so for many common inks, blue is what is used to make a fake black. \n\n\n(on a side note, nature does this too. A person with black hair really just has very, very dark brown hair)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
oxx23
|
bleach!
|
I'm hoping someone can help me out here, I've tried searching the internet and any credible source of information already assumes that the readers knows what they're doing. I have tried asking people I know and they assume the same thing, or don't want to go into the time explaining it. It seems this information is common knowledge, and somehow I missed out.
I've been doing my own laundry since I was a kid. I have always grouped everything together, but this is becoming more of a hassle and I would like to learn how to use bleach (because I assume this is what people use).
Could someone explain to me how to effectively and properly use bleach? If it is dangerous, how is it safe to use in a washing machine? Does it matter how much is used (I have a side load washer)? Should I just handwash (does it ruin other materials)? Is it safe to touch it? Why do people use it to clean things?
If someone could walk me through what to do with it, it would be extremely helpful. I thought it was just a chemical that made things white, but when I went to the store to buy some, I saw some bleach that was advertised for cleaning colored clothes, and I kind of gave up trying to understand at that point.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/oxx23/eli5_bleach/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3kxikp"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Bleach, Clorox (NaClO), is a base (opposite of acid). It is so basic, that it kills everything and breaks down most organic dyes (and organic stains). It won't melt through your skin, but it will kill a few layers and make them dry. Chlorine turns pool water to a weak bleach solution. \nBleach is used for cleaning organic messes because nothing survives (not even HIV). \nNewer detergents have color safe bleach, which use hydrogen peroxide instead of Sodium hypochlorite."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
b6a301
|
why would someone need the services of more than one attorney at a time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b6a301/eli5_why_would_someone_need_the_services_of_more/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejiyjjl",
"ejiza41",
"ejjgrcd"
],
"score": [
8,
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Different attorneys specialize in different things. Just like you wouldn't go to a urologist if you needed heart surgery, you wouldn't go to a lawyer that specializes in bankruptcy law if you were on trial for murder. \n\nAll lawyers have the same basic training in foundational aspects of the law, but he law is so complex and vast that they specialize in specific areas to provide value to their clients.",
"Imagine building a case is like building a house. When you build a house you don't normally have one group doing everything. You have people to make the foundation, people to lay the driveway, more people for running electric and even more for running plumbing. You don't want to have the 19 year old college kid currently laying shingles on your roof to come down and install a toilet, or it probably won't work out too well",
"The other posts have discussed the most obvious difference--specialties. And it should be remembered that a broad specialty can have many different sub-specialties. A real estate attorney who specializes in landlord-tenant issues may be useless in a gigantic corporate purchase of land. A person who writes wills won't necessarily be able to handle certain kinds of trusts. \"Employment law\" can mean handling wrongful termination cases for employees or it can mean handing union labor disputes for a mega-corporation. A patent lawyer who writes software patents for Google is probably ill equipped to write drug patents for Pfizer.\n\nIf you're asking about a civil trial and why each side has multiple attorneys, it's similar, but slightly different. A large case (e.g., Apple suing Google) involves a ton of money and thus each side hires law firms that each staff several attorneys. Although they each may specialize in the same type of law (e.g., they are each patent litigators), the case is so big that each lawyer focuses on different aspects of the case. Plus, there is the issue of fatigue. In a multi-week trial, one person asking all the questions can get mentally tiring. \n\nAnd, in addition to the attorneys who are actually questioning witnesses at the trial, there are many attorneys working behind the scenes, researching various areas of law, finding relevant documents, prepping witnesses, preparing other attorneys for other aspects of the trial, etc. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7p0scc
|
how can 3 cpu's made by 3 separate companies have the exact same security flaws?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7p0scc/eli5how_can_3_cpus_made_by_3_separate_companies/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dsdmuly",
"dsdncy0"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"A CPU is a list of instructions. By necessity, they all have to run the same instructions no matter who makes it, otherwise every piece of software would have to have multiple versions based on what CPU is in the machine (just like they have to have multiple versions for PC, Mac, Sparc, etc).\n\nImagine there are 3 companies in town who can put a swimming pool in the ground in your back yard. They're all going to dig a hole, pour in concrete, maybe they tile some of it, and they're going to fill it with water.\n\nIf all 3 companies use the same concrete mixture, it's possible that all 3 companies have pools that crack easily, for example.",
"Because they all use similar techniques to accomplish their tasks and even between different architectures (x86 vs ARM) many of the same principles are used (ie ARM isn't some weird base 3 architecture that uses memory mapped operations instead of specialized instructions).\n\nThe flaws discovered are not the result of there being a 'bug' in the implimentation of a specific instruction. These flaws are mainly taking advantage of the fact that the ideal specification for the processor has to be realized using real circuit pathways carrying real electricity (and all real world physical limitations and side effects that incurs) and that in order to make them fast some optimizations need to be made.\n\nFor example one flaw allows a program to get data it shouldn't. The processor never gives this data to the bad program (so it follows the specification correctly) but rather the bad program repeatedly records how *long* it took for the processor to not hand over that information and from that it infers things it should not know. The timings are different for different processors (even different models from the same company) but they are affected the same as long as they use speculative execution.\n\nA similar class of flaw was found a while ago called rowhammer which affected DRAM - by repeatly writing to certain parts of ram (hammering it) you could affect data in adjacent rows on the memory chip thanks to physics quirks overriding the nice clean paper design of the chip."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6wvbcx
|
how do ropes that are made by twisting tinier ropes together do not "untwist"?
|
Most ropes seem to be made of simply smaller ropes twisted together instead of being braided. How do they stay twisted instead of returning back to straight?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6wvbcx/eli5_how_do_ropes_that_are_made_by_twisting/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmb120u"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The smaller ropes are twisted in the opposite direction just before they are twisted together, so their built-in torque works like a spring to pull their mates into the group via friction.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/3qyyv5/how_does_rope_stay_twisted/cwjjieo/"
]
] |
|
8up0kh
|
why is it so hard to swallow gum, while other foods can be followed after chewing them for a while?
|
Swallowed, not followed.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8up0kh/eli5_why_is_it_so_hard_to_swallow_gum_while_other/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1h1fcj"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because when you swallow gum,it takes form to the back of your tongue and esophageal opening, and touches your uvula (the punching bag in the back of your throat). When this happens, you try to reject the object causing it. We’re designed to naturally resist choking on food. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
c6garj
|
why is it that when you get light-headed, your vision gets fuzzy/staticky?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c6garj/eli5_why_is_it_that_when_you_get_lightheaded_your/
|
{
"a_id": [
"es8ju6f"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Most often? your brain isn't getting any blood. When your brain doesn't get what it needs it does the bare minimum to keep you alive and that doesn't include processing images."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
39mr8y
|
how would someone go about legally changing their child's name?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39mr8y/eli5_how_would_someone_go_about_legally_changing/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cs4ne79"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I know someone who had his name legally changed. Basically he just went to some government office, filled out a form, and may have paid a nominal fee. They don't even care about the reason, he just didn't like his first name, and decided he'd rather have his nickname be his legal name."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
f05ogb
|
how does whatsapp send “more secure” messages? is that even true?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f05ogb/eli5_how_does_whatsapp_send_more_secure_messages/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fgroik7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Because it uses an end-to-end encryption, meaning that when you’re talking to someone, only your phone or the other person’s can decode the message.\n\nThere is no server or node that receives it, decodes it and then sends it, therefore your messages are not stored in any third-party machines."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
26uk6v
|
wine and winebottler:what are they and how do they work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26uk6v/eli5wine_and_winebottlerwhat_are_they_and_how_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chupj6v"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"They are software that allow you to run Windows programs on Unix-like operating systems (such as Linux) and on Mac, respectively.\n\nA computer program constantly has to interact with the operating system it runs on - things like reading and writing files, taking user input, displaying output, opening network connections. These are all done using system calls - functions provided by the OS. When you write a Windows program, for example, and you wish to open a file, you would use the Windows API function called \"OpenFile\". If you write this program for Linux, you'd need to use a completely different function called \"open\".\n\nIf you try to run the Windows program on Linux it will fail, because Linux doesn't provide the required system functions. What Wine does is implement the necessary Windows functions in order for the program to be able to run. The implementation itself uses the Linux system functions - for example, the implementation of \"OpenFile\" uses the Linux function \"open\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
43epwi
|
american caucus and primary election system
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43epwi/eli5_american_caucus_and_primary_election_system/
|
{
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"czhrt9i",
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33,
3,
29,
4
],
"text": [
"Each party is trying to pick who they will put their money behind / support for Presidency. The way they do that is to have an election, state-by-state. Each state has a different process for conducting the vote; most have a straight up ballot box election, but some have a caucus, where they make people show up to a specific meeting. The caucus requires more time and tends to attract those who have strong opinions. The political parties then hold a national convention to formally choose their candidate, where representatives from each state show up and cast their vote, which is supposed to match how the state election went but does not necessarily have to. This year it will be interesting because the state elections may produce \"winners\" the national parties don't want, so there will be chaos at the national convention as the national party tries to get the state representatives to ignore the state voters and just rubber-stamp the national party choice. ",
"First, there is no such thing as an \"American\" system. Every state has its own system, which is determined by state law.\n\nI'll describe the system in my own state: Minnesota.\n\nWe do not have a presidential primary.\n\nFirst there are precinct caucuses. The caucuses are held in the evening on a weekday. All parties have their caucuses at the same time; that's the main thing that prevents you from attending more than one caucus. You can attend any party's caucus you like, but you must live within the boundaries of the precinct. To vote in the caucus you must be eligible to vote in the upcoming general election. When you enter, you are required to give your name and address and sign a statement that you support the general principles of the party. I have never heard of this being enforced; in other words, as far as I know, no one ever checks to see that you actually do support the party. I suppose this information could be used to embarrass you if you actually support a different party. I believe these sign-in sheets become a matter of public record.\n\nThe main purpose of the precinct caucus is to elect delegates to the next higher-level convention. There is a whole hierarchy of conventions based on the various federal, state, and local elective offices and the districts they represent. At the precinct level, you elect delegates to the state representative district convention. At the state representative district convention, the delegates vote and determine which candidate will get the party's endorsement for state representative in the general election; also, they elect delegates to the next higher level convention, which I believe is the congressional district convention. After that is the state convention, at which they elect delegates to the national convention.\n\nAt the precinct caucus, you can also introduce and vote on resolutions. The ones that pass get passed up through the hierarchy, and if they pass at every level, they become part of the party platform.\n\nEach party makes its own procedural rules. The Democratic party (whose official name in Minnesota is the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party) uses a proportional voting system; that means: if, say, 25% of the people who show up at the precinct caucus support candidate A, then 25% of the delegates that the precinct sends to the state representative district convention must also support candidate A. Similar rules are followed at every level. I believe the Republican party uses a winner-take-all system; that is, if 51% of the voters support candidate B, then all of the delegates sent to the next level must support candidate B.",
"There are two main ways in which states select their nominations: caucuses and \"primaries\" (regular voting, basically). Here's how it all works:\n\n\nPrimaries are easier to explain, so I'll do that first. A primary is just a regular ole election. You go to a local polling place, and cast your vote for a candidate. The only aspect of this that changes from state to state is whether or not the primary is \"open\" or not. In an open primary, you can vote for any candidate from either party - this year I can cast my ballot for Trump or Sanders or Clinton or Cruz, regardless of their party. In a \"closed\" primary, you have to be a registered member of the party to vote, so I can register Republican and vote for any of the republican candidates, or I can register democrat and vote for the democrats. I *cannot* register with both parties, and if I am unregistered, I can't vote at all. Theoretically this is to prevent people from \"sabotaging\" votes by voting for the candidate in the opposing party who is least likely to win the general election. In reality, this is not too common so closed primaries are just cumbersome (just my opinion there, not fact). The last type is the semi-closed primary, in which unaffiliated voters are allowed to vote, they just have to ask for either a republican or democratic ballot at the polling place. Now, although you cast your ballot for a presidential *candidate*, you are actually selecting a *delegate*. These delegates are representatives which will physically go on to the next stage of the primary process - they are the part of the system that makes the US a republic, not a democracy. Many people don't realize that when they vote for whatever presidential candidate, their vote is actually being assigned to a delegate who will attend the party's national convention (more on that later).\n\n\nNow, on to caucuses. The caucus is the less-common method of selecting the nomination. It's used by Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, North Dakota, Wyoming and Iowa (Iowa being famous because it's always the first voting in the nation). A caucus is basically a convention - registered members of each party hold separate events where the voters go and debate over the candidates, then split into groups and vote. There's no easy way to explain the process, because almost every caucus is different. Even within states, the political parties are free to organize their caucuses as they choose - for example, in Iowa, democrats must vote publicly, basically by a show of hands, while the Republican Caucus provides a secret ballot. The reason the caucus process is so confusing is because it's the oldest form of political nomination in America, dating back to when political activists and local bigwigs essentially met in taprooms and argued over which of their candidates stood the best chance of winning the general election. Today, obviously, it's open to every American, but the principal is still oddly similar. I don't live in a caucus state, so I've never been to one, but from what I understand they're pretty wild - you go and argue, and supporters of nonviable candidates are recruited by more mainstream candidates, and there's a lot of political shuffling going on. Because of this, and because of the time commitment involved, the voters who attend the caucus are usually very motivated and (hopefully) informed. The catch is, these voters aren't voting for presidential candidates directly; they're voting on delegates. Delegates are apportioned based on the support of the voters - usually, a group of voters needs to contain, at a minimum, 15% of the total number of caucus-goers to be \"given\" a delegate to represent them. At the end of the caucus process in a state, each caucus reports the number of delegates associated with each candidate to the state. Depending on the state, these delegates may or may not be bound to vote for the candidate supported by the group they are \"assigned\" to. To add to the complexity, there are also several \"levels\" of caucuses in some states - Iowa has a precinct convention, a county convention, a district convention, and a state convention, with each \"convention\" electing the delegates who go to the \"next level\" of convention. Finally, the state delegates go to either the Democratic or Republican National Convention, which is essentially one big nationwide caucus where the official Presidential nominee for each party is chosen. Even this system, though, isn't universal - some states have a \"winner take all\" system, where whichever candidate has the most delegates at the end of the state caucus gets all the delegates. Others have more proportional representation. \n\n\nNow, you may be wondering why the voters in primary states just voted on a candidate and went home, while the caucus-goers had to go through that hell. The short answer is that the states are free to do as they see fit, and there are some advantages to the caucus system (I'm told). \n\n\nSo, we have delegates selected from primaries, and delegates selected from caucuses, and they're all going to their party's convention (this year the conventions are in Cleveland and Philadelphia). Each state is given a certain number of delegates based on population, but even this is a grey area. Because the parties are free to assign delegates however they wish, a state or a county may be given more delegates by a party if the party won the state in the last election. Also, fun fact, in some states, the delegates are not bound to vote for the candidate they were selected to vote for.\n\n\nIf this whole thing sounds like a mess, it's because it largely is. Each state has their own process, and each party has their own process. It's a common misconception that the voters of America make the presidential nomination; in reality, they vote only at the lowest level possible. All the real selection process is done at the state and national level. Side note: IMO, this is why it's very difficult for outsiders to receive the presidential nomination. Each party has an enormous amount of power in manipulating the process, from how they assigning delegates to states, to moving election dates and changing the rules concerning independent voters, to deciding if the state is winner-take-all or proportional, to the national convention process itself. They are a dizzying number of complexities in the process (I'm not even touching on brokered conventions, super-delegates, runoff votes etc. You could literally write an entire book on this), and the party leaders can take advantage of all of them to select the candidate they want, not the one the voters want. The general election is a fairly democratic process, but the primary election is not at all, and frankly it's not supposed to be. This is a major reason we have the two-party system today - it's very very difficult for an outsider to break into the process and actually get delegates, even with substantial popular support.\n\n\nSo in short, once the national convention is convened, you can be pretty sure of the nomination just by adding up the delegates and their affiliations. Like I said, it is possible for a few to switch but this is very rare and doesn't affect the process much. Everyone goes and argues for a few days, makes speeches, solidifies the party platform, and then votes one or several times until they have the majority needed to pick a nominee. \n\n\nThen those two candidates square off in the general election.\n\n\n**Tl:dr** It's one big fucking mess. No, seriously. It is. Just give up.",
"We've got two parties (that matter), Republican and Democratic, and every 4 years they meet up in November with, hopefully, their best foot forward. The thing that has to be understood is that this is a state-by-state undertaking. The national parties set some rules, like scheduling debates and what state has their primary when and then they wait until the **National Convention**. The states all have their state level Democratic and Republican parties. Based on an individual states laws their primary will happen in several different ways, but the important part is what they are for, **choosing delegates**\n\nUsually when you vote in your precinct for the primary, you're not directly voting for the guy you like the most, for example Bernie Sanders. You're voting for a delegate who will go to the **State Nominating Convention** and vote for Bernie Sanders. This is really just a formal procedure that no one notices or particularly cares about. The person who won the most votes will have the most delegates at the state convention and that state convention will send a slate of delegates to the National Convention.\n\nThe National Conventions are actually interesting and a lot of things can happen here. I'll choose the Democratic party because I'm more familiar with it. At the national convention the party will formally debate and decide on the national platform it will be running on, what issues to focus on and who will fill certain party roles, and what candidate it believes best represents that platform. The delegates that were chosen at the state conventions are usually bound by law to remain loyal to the candidate that they represent, however there are a lot of **superdelegates** who are NOT voted on and who represent the Democratic party's interests in choosing a candidate.\n\nIf a Convention happens and there's a clear winner coming in then things are simple. A round of voting happens, a candidate has a clear majority of delegates and they become the nominee. If they DON'T have a majority, then there's a round of debating, brokering and dealing and another vote. During that in-between round a candidate with a small amount of delegates might withdraw their candidacy and endorse another candidate in exchange for political considerations, appointments or policy changes. These are usually called **brokered conventions** and are considered politically damaging. From the party's point of view it's better to be united behind a candidate early on so you can focus on the real competition in November\n\ntl;dr your primary vote is for a delegate, who goes and picks a delegate, who goes and picks a presidential nominee"
]
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[],
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||
3971le
|
what would happen to the body if it is continually electrocuted, like the guy from "taken?"
|
In Taken, Liam Neeson is electrocuting the guy to torture answers out of him. It is obviously not a dose of electricity high enough to kill him or make him go unconscious instantly. But at the end of the scene he flips the switch on walks away.
What would happen to that guy?
How long would he live?
What he continue to feel the pain?
Etc.?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3971le/eli5_what_would_happen_to_the_body_if_it_is/
|
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"The arc in that movie went through his legs. If the ground was wet and he didn't have rubber soled shoes on it would likely go through one leg into the ground and into the other leg to the ground wire or simply to the ground if it was a better path.\n\nIf he had rubber soled shoes on it would move up one leg through his hips to the other leg and out the ground wire.\n\nIn either case the arc would likely avoid his vital organs (namely lungs/heart/nervous system controlling those systems). If the arc was weak enough he would likely not be harmed enough to die. If the arc was weak the bolts in his legs would heat up and burn him there, but unless the current was strong enough it wouldn't burn the skin itself for some time. Assuming it's strong enough, most likely he'd be burned by the arc until such point that the burns were life-threatening and at that point he would die from shock.\n\nIf the arc went to his abdomen it could cause his muscles there to lock up and make breathing difficult or impossible and he may then suffocate. Another possibility would be the convulsions caused by the electricity causing muscle contractions to cause his head to bang into the chair or a wall and be may die of blunt force trauma.\n\nSo how long he would live depends on a number of factors. Most probably he would continue to feel some amount of pain until he went into shock or became unconscious.\n\nHowever, the draw of a short circuit like that would likely blow a fuse or trip a breaker before too long. Although if I recall it was some sort of ghetto third world set-up so who knows.",
" > It is obviously not a dose of electricity high enough to kill him \n\nThen he is not electrocuting him.",
"Well French outlets are 230V (I think that's where it happens) which would definitely cause some damage on short contact. Primary symptoms include burns and potentially cardiac arrest [source](_URL_1_).\nI couldn't comment on hooking someone up and letting them simmer...\n\nI suspect based on absolutely nothing but speculation that that guy died of a heart attack or asphyxiation from prolonged muscle contraction.\n\nThis kills the bastard.\n\nEdit: Actually wikipedia has a pretty extensive page for this surprisingly: [here](_URL_0_)\nSeems that prolonged exposure that doesn't cause death does cause neuropathy which makes me think it will just keep hurting if you dont die. Prolonged exposure is associated with a higher likelihood of death. Pathways that include the heart or brain are usually fatal; I cant remember how he's hooked up. Doesn't seem like a good situation all around.",
"I remember when I watched the scene in the movie, Liam jammed large nails into the guy's legs then hooked the cables to the nails. On the DVD I saw awhile later, he hooked the cables to the chair the guy was tied to. So I guess it depends on which version you are asking about. And...what's up with that scene change?",
"Just a side note: \nI do allot of electrical testing at work for railroad signal systems and from the beginning you are taught the one hand rule: probe with one hand, and it should be your right. If you do get a shock it is less likely to go through your heart than if your using your left hand.\nProbing is where you take two leads (basically insulated metal prong) and stick them in a location to get a reading on your meter. \n\nYour question reminded me of that.\n\nAlso don't know how true this \"myth \" is but all through my apprenticeship I heard it so now I do it.",
"From what I understand-\n\nIf sufficient current crosses the heart, the heart will fibrillate and fail to pump properly and death is certain. Even if current is removed the heart may not be able to go into a functional state- also within a few seconds with no blood flow, brain and organ damage begin.\n\nBut if you don't put current across the chest, extended current will of course be painful. It will destroy nerves and muscle. After that sort of torture, nerves may generate stinging pain indefinitely, or simply lose feeling. Muscle may be damaged, or the nerves may be unable to function and move the muscle.\n\nThis- and many forms of torture, including burns- may further injure or kill by causing rhabdomyolysis (\"rhabdo\"). This is where proteins from damaged muscle tissue leak into the bloodstream. This protein is very toxic to the kidneys and can lead to kidney damage or failure, untreated kidney failure will lead to death. Rhabdo could happen from bruising with batons, electric shock... also simply an overly aggressive exercise workout during training can result in some degree of rhabdo, it can be \"light\" or \"serious\". Trainers talk a lot about that risk from pushing yourself too far.\n\nThat's what likely happens when you hear of a prisoner being \"beaten to death\". A single bruise has no life-threatening consequences. How could a person die from this? Bruising over half the body with batons without medical attention will probably cause rhabdo- blood poisoned by protein leaking from damaged muscle, the kidneys will fail and the most immediate symptom is the kidneys' failure to regulate potassium levels. The abnormal potassium level will cause abnormal heart rhythm and sudden death. I don't know how fast this would set in, not within an hour. A person injured as such might not survive the night or it may take a few days, I don't know.\n\n\"Saving\" a victim of torture may mean kidney dialysis and measures taken to stabilize the potassium level and the heart. The external injuries and broken bones are secondary concerns. Eventually a kidney transplant may be needed.\n\nSame thing here though. Probably \"cooking\" a person's leg with electricity- while avoiding any fatal heart shocking- will cause rhabdo, kidney failure, and potassium-induced heart failure.",
"If it's anything like what happens to people when you use the taser on them in Syphon Filter, it wouldn't be a pretty sight. \n\n\n_URL_0_\n",
"Everyone talking about heat and stuff...eh, the body would get hot. You wouldn't feel anything, besides all your nerves and muscles being activated by the electronics going through your body. It'll kill you before you really feel anything heat wise, or something that's not electricity.",
"I am getting the impression from some of these answers that there was a possibility that he could survive? Perhaps a fuse blowing or the metal bars burning enough through his leg to fall out? ",
"The same thing that happens to toads?",
"Electrocution, by definition, means \"death by electric shock\". So it is impossible to continually electrocute someone. Either they are electrocuted, or not. ",
"Sorry if this a bit incoherent but I have 400 pages of charts and text to parse to get you the relevant bits, so bare with me.\n\nWhat happens is dependant on persons individual impedance, voltage applied and phase and frequency of the current.\nA LOT also depends on how big a fuse that house's outlet has protecting it but let's assume it's standard 16A then a Gg-type fuse burns in 0.4s as long as the current exceeds 137,5A at 220V C-type automatic fuse would be far worse requiring 160A.\nThese figures assume that electrics are done according to specifications.\n\nAs for skin the visible reaction depends on how much a current per area is spread (A/mm2).\n\nIn general for hand-arm hand-hand the resistance can be said to start from 500ohm, however a study shows that skin short circuits at 220v so actual effects of electric current can vary.\n\nSo for spasms you would need 10mA of current and to feel a current you would need 0,5mA.\ninteresting thing is that according to study heart failure is very unlikely at small currents when passing from left hand to feet.\n\nHow ever for skin to get charred you would 20-50A/mm2 for burn marks and over 50a/mm2 for charring where electrodes touch the skin.\n\nLong term (over 1s) affect of currents over 300mA will cause burn marks et c. confusion and loss of conciousness, long term currents of over 1A often cause death or severe burns.\n\nTL;DR the man dies a low agonizing death but mercifully loses conciousness before he dies.\n\nCurrent with the (earlier in text) assumed average of 500ohm body impedance and 220v in short circuit would be 241mA when assumed as 1-phase short circuit in a 3-phase system.\nThe fuse would need 140A to blow up so it would likely never break the circuit because human body has such a high impedance thus limiting the short circuit current considerably.\n\nResults however from the short circuit approximation formula cannot be used directly for personnel safety as the actual values can be much higher (engineering programs have better algorithms for calculating short circuits that are very complex and very precise).",
"The thought brings up memories that the Navy made us watch to keep us on our toes around high voltage equipment. People would get shocked by say 4kv, and survive, but then their insides cook over the next couple of days. The screams are still etched into my mind.",
"Holy shit people, just answer the persons question. I can understand one person correcting the use of the word \"electrocuted\" but we don't need 50 posts telling them the EXACT same thing.",
"Rambo was strapped to a wire mattress receiving continuous electrocution and still managed to navigate the vietnamese jungle to save multiple prisoners of war. I dont see what the big deal is! Man up!",
"As far as I can see from the video, he has connected an active and a neutral to the light circuit at the switch. Power sits in the common terminal and flows to the 1 terminal, no cable is terminated in the 1 terminal so nothing happens. When the switch is flicked, power goes to terminal 2, which is connected to the light and also the cable connected to one of the guys legs.\n\nPower flows to the light and back to the source, power also flows to the guys leg thorugh his lower body and out the other leg back to the source.\n\n[Here is my image explaining how I think it's done](_URL_0_)\n\nDepending on what circuit protection there is, it could cut the power after a few minutes or a few hours or not at all! A circuit breaker doesn't care whether it's a light bulb or a human on the load side, it'll only cut the power once the current being drawn reaches the rating of the circuit breaker. In Australia, your typical residential lighting circuit is protected by a 10A CB (based on the number of lights and current drawn).\n\nIt would spasm his leg muscles and it'd hurt pretty bad, it'd be like having a leg cramp except electricity gives you a weird tingling, bubbly, feeling to your skin, like somethings crawling under it. I don't think he'd die as the current doesn't flow across his chest (as far as we can see). It goes through one leg and out the other.",
"You see, the point where your mis-'taken' (see what i did there), is that liam neeson wasnt just electrocuting a guy, the twist was that he was actually electrocuting HIMSELF so he could throw the baddies off. You need to concentrate when watching Taken bruh. ",
"He would continue to be electrocuted until he died and then he would cook slowly, gaining ever more heat, until he dried out so much that he no longer conducted electricity. Kind of like the old \"Hot Dogger\"\n\n_URL_0_",
"There is a video of a drunk that passes out and falls on the third rail in the NYC subway. If your brave and want to look for it, it wil answer your question.",
" > It is obviously not a dose of electricity high enough to kill him or make him go unconscious instantly.\n\nThis is not the right way to think about electricity... \"dose\" doesn't mean anything. What matters is Voltage, Current, Location and Type.\n\nAC (Alternating current) is what comes through home mains supplies. AC is safer in the respect that it is much harder to die because of it. It will hurt like a motherfucker, and will burn the points of contact. But because there is no Direct Flow of current it won't just stop a heart. (as easily)\n\nAnything over 3mA across the chest of DC (Direct Current) electricity can cause your heart to stop. \n\nEssentially the Direct Current causes a flat line in the hearts rhythm and it stops beating. Alternating Current causes complete arrhythmia to the point where the heart would beat completely out of rhythm and eventually stop.\n\nEdison was the proponent of DC electricity trying to showcase it as the better option compared to Teslas Alternating Current. It's believed that Edison in an attempt to warn people of the dangers of AC executed an elephant with 6,000 volts of Alternating Current. The poor animal writhed in pain, as Alternating Current burned it to death. Essentially cooking it alive.\n\nSo in answer to the question, providing it's AC supply, it would take a pretty long time for him to die and it would be agonising burning from the inside out. ",
"My deal with that movie is what 17 year old girl would be following U2? Average U2 fan is certainly a male in his 40's.",
"Strictly speaking, if it doesn't kill you, it isn't electrocution.\n\nElectrocution is a combination of the words \"electrification\" and \"execution,\" promoted by Thomas Edison to make people terrified of Alternating Current and want his Direct Current electricity instead. He was so wrapped up in this that he invented the electric chair and electrocuted animals in public.\n\nAs for what would happen if he were electrified constantly like that, the other comment replies have pretty much got that covered.",
"You know what happens when a toad is continually electrocuted? The same thing that happens to everything else.",
"Hate to be that guy, but a person can only be electrocuted once. Cutio is the Latin root meaning death, i.e. execution. For the incredulous, one can be shocked repeatedly. Let the down votes flow through you!",
"just looks like they freeze up, and start smoking after a minute. you can watch lots of videos of people falling on subway tracks etc and slowly burning to death on /r/watchpeopledie have a nice day",
"Just FYI OP, \"electrocuted\" specifically refers to being killed by electricity. It's a portmanteau of \"electricity\" and \"executed\".",
"Most electrical current used in homes and businesses is AC, or alternating current. This current travels back and forth on a conductor (eg. metals, water) at a rate of about 60Hz (60 times per second) in a typical residential application.\n\nYour body, being made of about 70% water, will conduct electricity very well. Your body also uses electrical impulses to control many vital functions, such as your heartbeat. A typical heart rate is between 60-100 beats per minute. Having an electrical impulse travel through your body that operates at 60Hz can instruct your heart to beat at 60 beats per *second*, causing heart failure, and death. Less than 1 amp of current can cause heart failure. Most residential circuits in Canada, where I am, are supplied with 15 Amps.\n\n**TL:DR; He'd probably die of heart failure due to AC current coursing through his body telling his heart to beat too fast.**",
"Electrician here. What happens to that man is largely dependent on the voltage of the shock hes getting, but based on what was shown hed probably die of massive electrical burns. Liam Neeson is basically using that guys pelvis as a resistive circuit, not unlike a toaster. \nOver the first few minutes his pelvis would heat up to the point of cooking the tissue in his legs and groin. Hed probably die of shock before too long. left on long enough his lap might turn to ash assuming the voltage was high enough.",
"Reminds me of an awesome character in Hyperion:\n\n**Father Hoyt** returns to Hyperion seven years later and finds Father Duré still there. For seven years, he had been continually electrocuted and reincarnated by the cruciform, never allowed to die. Hoyt removes the cruciform from Duré's body and allows him to die in peace. Father Hoyt is infected with Duré's cruciform as well as a second cruciform for himself.\n\nref: Hyperion book 1",
"Continuous exposure to electricity could overwhelm the brain's cognitive functions, because they rely on a circuit board like system to transmit signals for its functioning.\n\nElectroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of mental illness works on this principle, but there is a limit on how frequent and how long of duration you can perform this treatment, because you can cause permanent brain damage.\n\nAs far as other body systems, they too rely on nerve impulses coming from the brain, so damage to the brain synapses could cause organ damage and eventual organ system failure."
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dryq4e
|
why don’t the bottom of your feet get bruised from walking/running?
|
That much pressure/impact anywhere else on your body would leave bruises. Especially larger people?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dryq4e/eli5_why_dont_the_bottom_of_your_feet_get_bruised/
|
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"Because your body is used to it since you've been walking since a young age. Touch your heels, notice the skin is much harder there than on say the underside of your arm or your neck.",
"Because they've evolved to be the bit of the body that gets walked on the whole time so there's thicker skin, fewer blood vessels etc. and a heavier heel and the ball of the foot to help protect it and take the weight. We evolved the foot arch to better support weight and distribute it as well as a strong big toe. \n\nChimps etc. that do a lot less walking have gripping toes and flat feet, ours have evolved almost entirely to support weight when walking/running.",
"they're a permanent callus. if you lift weights you'll see how quickly your skin can turn tough from only a few minutes of putting a lot of weight on them a day.",
"Your calf/achilles acts like a very powerful spring so you aren't actually hitting your feet with all that much force directly. If you took the same pounds per square inch and hit the bottom of your feet with a hammer, it would hurt like hell and bruise. If you are running then that same pressure is distributed up into the calf and snapped back. This is what makes homo sapien sapien such an efficient runner. A horse cannot do this, neither can a dog. They will reduce to a trot or walk far sooner than a sapien.\n\nAnd...if you have been sedentary for a long time and you start running, it isn't uncommon for feet, calves, and Achilles tendons to be sore from the impact and the stretching from being flexed in a way they aren't accustomed. Like Arnold said in his bodybuilding book, the difference between a person and a 5 HP motor is that if you run a 7 HP load on a 5 HP motor it will blow up. If you do the equivalent to a person then they *become the 7 HP motor.* For runners it is similar, after that soreness resolves your body adapts to running so you don't feel those pains anymore.\n\nSource - was sedentary, got into endurance sports, went sedentary again, now I am back into endurance sports"
]
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|
1jzg1q
|
what is 4k resolution?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jzg1q/what_is_4k_resolution/
|
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"4k refers to the horizontal pixel coun\nt. In 1080p the resolution is 1920x1080. 1080 is the vertical pixel count. Put four 1080p TVs together, two on top, two on bottom. That's 4k",
"Here's a comparative visual:\n_URL_0_",
"A higher resolution than 1080p to be simple. \n\nFor example we have 480i, 480p, 720i, 720p, 1080i, 1080p, 4k=4000p. \n\nIt's alot higher resolution and thus a greater picture."
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||
6bz417
|
why does a persons weight affect how much of a certain drug their body can handle?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6bz417/eli5_why_does_a_persons_weight_affect_how_much_of/
|
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"Think of it like putting food coloring in water. If you put the same amount of food coloring into two containers of different sizes, the color of the smaller container will be deeper and more intense than the larger container, even though the amount of the food coloring is the same.\n\nIt's ultimately the concentration of the drug (or the intensity of the color in the example above) that determines the extent of its effect. Thus, people who weigh more and thus have more blood need more of the drug to achieve the same concentration and effect as someone who weighs less."
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
3fgrs7
|
how powerful was the mob at it's peak? does it live up to the reputation it has today?
|
I mean, the mafia/mob is constantly in popular media. How powerful was it really?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fgrs7/eli5_how_powerful_was_the_mob_at_its_peak_does_it/
|
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"Depends on which country, and what era. In the US, the stereotypical Italian mob lost a lot of their power in the 60s and 70s. Back then, the heads of some of the bigger families had a lot of political influence through corrupt politicians, judges and law enforcement. \n\nIn the 80s, the Columbian cocaine cartels had a lot of power, it's diminished, but they still have a fair bit of power, especially outside of the major cities. Today the Mexican cartels and some of the south east Asian and Chinese mobs are fairly powerful, occasionally they're able to extend their reach into the west coast of US. \n\nRussian mob has a lot of power around the world, especially in eastern Europe. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
2avweq
|
why do many white collar professions have ridiculously long hours?
|
I don't get where office jobs can take so much of a single employee's time for people to be doing 60+ hour weeks. In some finance professions workers can do 80+ hours a week. What part of the job takes that much time to do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2avweq/eli5why_do_many_white_collar_professions_have/
|
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"Is it that they are being forced to work that many hours? Or are they volunteering to do so because they're making tons of over time?",
"Many jobs don't have school like tasks. Complete this 10 page report. That takes a few days of work. Those financial jobs you're talking about have goals that are measured after month, even years. Daily goals are hard to finish when your goals is literally \"Make this much money for my company this month\".",
"Couple things here:\n\nRe: Are you Forced to Work that Hard - Kind of. If you want to learn, be better, get on good deals/projects, work with the people you want to work with, you need to be good at your job. Being good at your job means being able to produce excellent work product on a tight time frame with limited supervision. That means a lot of work. If you don't work hard, you get crappier work in the future and eventually get fired. \n\nRe: Do You Make Overtime - Loz, no. That said, Investment Bankers and Big Law lawyers get paid pretty well. \n\nRe: You Don't Have a Single Individual Task to Complete - Just the opposite. You have an easily quantifiable deliverable (Merger Agreement, Board Presentation, Valuation Model, Court Brief) that needs to be done by X time. If its late or crappy, people can figure out pretty quickly. The catch is you have many such assignments so at any given point you're always jamming to hit a deadline. \n\nRe: I Don't Get It What Could Possibly Be That Important - Most jobs with shitty hours (Investment Bankers and Big Law lawyers are good examples) are in client service businesses. Clients pay a lot of money (deal completion fee or huge hourly rates) and expect a lot in return. It might be your daily job to grind out big M & A deals, but to the client its a unique event that they've retained expert advisers for. Basically your day to day is the client's once in many years experience, so you have a high operational tempo. \n\nTL; DR - Client service businesses mean be perfect, quickly, all the time. That means working a bunch. ",
"There are three main cases I see:\n\n1) Some consulting jobs, including lawyers, have a pressure to bill clients for a certain number of hours, but there's more overhead than anyone admits so there can be a lot of extra hours doing things like watching corporate training videos, and reading the new health care plan.\n\n2) I don't know about all of the finance world, but I've worked in an investment job where there is lot of pressure to produce results, but no one really knew how to do better. I decided to looked at my coworkers' performance and determined that it was basically just random, and that past performance was no predictor of future performance. When I realized this I simplified everything, worked less and did just as well (which resulted in people accusing me of having insider knowledge or somehow cheating and generally being even more annoying).\n\n3) In many other jobs, I think it's because they don't have a reasonable measure of productivity or quality, so they always feel like they aren't working hard enough and worry that someone will figure out that they're just faking it. \n\nWhen I worked as a painter, I knew my hours, I could focus and work quickly or not, but at the end of the day I was done. My boss knows I'm paid for my time so there isn't much room for debate.\n\nWhen I'm working on solving a mental problem I always feel like if I was bit smarter I'd be able to solve this problem sooner. My boss has no idea how difficult or easy a task is so can easily assume that it's easy and that can do more. To make matters worse if my boss has the same insecurities, then she wants to see people in the office so there is another pressure for me to work longer hours.\n\nI spent some time in Japan and this is particularly true there. I'm amazed at how long the hours are and how unproductive the work is.\n\nA few years ago I stopped caring about work because things in my personal life got more important. As a result I'd go in, get things done, write a few notes since otherwise I'd forget about the insignificant things people were telling me, and then I'd leave. My productivity improved, the project mangers loved how organized I was, I never had a backlog so I could work on important things immediately, I spent more time letting my mind wander so I was more creative, and I argued less because I didn't really care if people did stupid things. Fortunately my boss is more concerned with results that appearances, so is happy with my 15 hour work weeks."
]
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7zvj82
|
why does a cars steering wheel have a lot less resistance whilst the car is moving, compared to when the car is stationary?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7zvj82/eli5_why_does_a_cars_steering_wheel_have_a_lot/
|
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"[Power steering.](_URL_0_)\n\nIt's not \"when the car is moving\", it's \"when the engine is running\". A little of the engine power output is diverted to magnify your muscle power input on the steering wheel, either electrically or viy hydraulics. ",
"Had a car without power steering, trust me. You can tell the difference xD your arms turn to jelly after 3 turns",
"When the car is stationary, you have to break the static friction between the tire and the road in order to turn the wheel, because the same point on the outside of the wheel has to move to a new position on the ground. When the car is moving, the part that used to be in contact will lift away from the pavement instead of sliding across it."
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[] |
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],
[],
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||
ex310o
|
how is the national debt actually calculated?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ex310o/eli5_how_is_the_national_debt_actually_calculated/
|
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],
"text": [
"Simple answer: The government holds weekly treasure auctions. Treasuries are debt contracts specifying how and when the government will pay back the loan. So very simply: the government keeps a record of all the treasuries it sells as well as those that mature (those that come due) or that it buys back. \n\nSome additional information: Some treasuries are \"[registered securities](_URL_0_),\" meaning the government keeps a record of who owns what so that it knows who to send interest abd principle (AKA face amount) payments to. However most securities are now \"book entry,\" meaning intermediaries keep these records. In short, the government knows which brokers and dealers either own or have sold the treasuries, but it doesn't know who they sold them to. Instead, the US Government sends payments to the brokers and dealers and in turn the brokers and dealers credit the accounts of their customers.\n\nAdditional complications: There are different ways of calculating the debt. The definition above would give you the outstanding debt, but many people think we should be tracking additional liabilities, such as the amount of money that government is expected to pay pensioners via Social Security and Medicare, as well as various entitlement programs. This is sometimes called \"total debt\" or something similar. These calculations require some estimating (demographics, life expectancy, etc.,) not that they are less useful when considering the full extent of our government's liabilities."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/registeredsecurity.asp"
]
] |
|
1uk9pl
|
why do cats react when they're scared by arcing their back and having their hair stand up?
|
Almost every cat does it, I'm just wondering what their evolutionary motivation is for it. Does it make them look bigger?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1uk9pl/eli5_why_do_cats_react_when_theyre_scared_by/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ceixalg",
"ceixbjt"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"That's exactly right. It's to make themselves look bigger.",
"It makes them look bigger. Its their main way of saying \"Yo, I'm ****ing big and I'll kill you if you mess with me.\"\n\nIts a fairly common behavior in general. Even humans will do it. We try to look bigger than we are to intimidate our enemy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
46j8ox
|
when sleeping on the side with a stuffy nose, why does the lower nostril become clear to breathe?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46j8ox/eli5_when_sleeping_on_the_side_with_a_stuffy_nose/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d05kxel"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's called your nasal cycle. Every several minutes to every few hours your body closes one nostril and opens the other. There are several interesting reasons for this from aiding in filtering to helping your sense of smell. Here's a Wikipedia article about it:\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cycle"
]
] |
||
9s4f7a
|
how does a wifi signal travel and why does it get weaker as more people are using it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9s4f7a/eli5_how_does_a_wifi_signal_travel_and_why_does/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e8lykmh",
"e8lz5kc",
"e8m94fo"
],
"score": [
9,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"1. A wifi signal is just a radio wave - a form of electromagnetic radiation. There's a TON of different technologies involved that essentially allow for data transfer, error correction, etc etc etc which is well outside the scope of an ELI5. \n\n2. The signal itself really shouldn't get weaker as more people use it except in extremely specific and unusual situations and even then, not enough to notice. It may get slower, but that's typically due to limited bandwidth on whatever ISP connection the router/access point is using or some other infastructure-related bottleneck as opposed to anything to do with the signal strength.",
"A WiFi signal is a 2.5GHz or 5GHz (gigahertz) signal in the electromagnetic spectrum. The only other direct experience you would have with any electromagnetic signals would be sight, and your eyes interpret signals in the THz (terahertz) range as color. That is 1000 times higher frequency than WiFi signals. \n\nAt lower frequency, the signals can travel through solid objects better. \n\nWhen you connect to WiFi, you don’t “use up” the signal nor does it become weaker. However, you do consume bandwidth, and emit the same frequency back to the router to send data back, so that does slow down the network for anyone else using it. \n\nAs an analogy, you wouldn’t yell at your neighbor to stop sun tanning because she is “using up all the sun and making it weaker for everyone else”.",
"Think of a wireless access point like a radio station. There's a little DJ in there trying to play songs for everyone. When you join you request a song and he plays it. If to many people join he can't keep up. \nEventually the poor guy gets so fed up that people tune in and dont get a song, or their song takes ages while he catches up with everyone. \nThe actual signal only gets weak if you're far away or blocked (like with real radio stations in a tunnel or garage). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
cqppoz
|
how does the a1c test measure your blood glucose levels over the last 3 months instead of what it is at the time blood was drawn?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cqppoz/eli5_how_does_the_a1c_test_measure_your_blood/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ewy706h",
"ewyi8v1"
],
"score": [
17,
4
],
"text": [
"Red blood cells in your body live for about three months. That's where the three month span of the test comes from. As you live, glucose binds to this red blood cells, the more glucose in your blood the more red blood cells it binds to. They test the percentage of red blood cells that have glucose bound to them, and this reflects a three month average of blood glucose.",
"Someone answered your question. But as an ER nurse, we will sometimes play a game to guess a person’s A1C who came in and gets admitted and has diabetes (we only run A1C levels if a person gets admitted to the hospital). I’ve seen a few 16s. That’s an average glucose level over 400 for 3 months!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2fmysi
|
why does an audio jack have 3 "steps" or "partition"?
|
Why when the jack isn't completely inserted, sometimes it feels like the sound is coming from a distant source?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fmysi/eli5_why_does_an_audio_jack_have_3_steps_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckaqvgx",
"ckar6he"
],
"score": [
6,
22
],
"text": [
"I'm assuming you mean minijack?\n\nthis might not be ELI5 but as you can see from [this picture](_URL_0_) the negative for both channels can be carried over the same lead. So essentially it's L+, R+ and Neg/Ground(Both).",
"There are different kinds of headphone jacks. You're talking about TRS which is Ground/Left/Right. There's also TRRS (which is more popular as of late) which is Ground/Left/Right/Mic.\n\nThere's also TS (just two partitions) which is ground/mono.\n\n[image](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://i.imgur.com/SodlyG1.jpg"
],
[
"http://www.cablechick.com.au/resources/image/trrs-diagram2.jpg"
]
] |
|
2csxe0
|
how do space agencies keep old spacecrafts compatible with new technology?
|
With the news about Rosetta today, I got wondering how NASA, ESA, and other space agencies keep their data collection technology on Earth compatible with older space craft. Rosetta was launched 10 years ago, and missions like Voyager were launched almost 40 years ago. Are there compatibility issues from those old spacecraft with new computers and such at headquarters?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2csxe0/eli5_how_do_space_agencies_keep_old_spacecrafts/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjinoho",
"cjins3o"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"They keep the old equipment to interact with it, and definitely keep the documentation to remake it or work on it as needed.\n\nNothing stops us making old technology again just because there's been advances.\n\nIIRC the Shuttle, up until it's last launch, was using computers first designed in the 80's simply because they worked, they worked well and there was no need for more capable computers.\n\nIt's hardly only the space industry that does this. Plenty of computers and control systems and even code from the 60's and 70's is still out there running things. Banks especially are infamous for maintaining their COBOL code written originally in 1968 by people that are now dead or in nursing homes. There are stories of the Y2K bug causing these organizations to go sifting through retirement communities asking for reitred COBOL programmers to come help them patch the code.",
"The interface is known and remains constant. Any time hardware or software is upgraded, they still design to the same communication interface."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4jzkzj
|
berkshire hathaway bought $1b in apple shares, then publicly announced it, increasing their value. how is this not a form of insider trading?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jzkzj/eli5_berkshire_hathaway_bought_1b_in_apple_shares/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3awpmx",
"d3awvp0"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Because they aren't an insider. Anyone can but shares and announce it. It doesn't take any privileged information to do so. The difference is, nobody would care if we did it and BH is large enough to influence the market. ",
"Yeah, but they aren't an \"insider,\" so you can't call it insider training. They were outside of the company, and then bought a large share of it. They're free to share details of their purchase with whoever they want afterwards - freedom of speech and all.\n\nI mean, there's lots of ways to earn money just by making public announcements that companies use all the time. Announce a new product, shares go up. Announce an exciting CEO, shares go up. It's nothing new.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
10wrac
|
what is atmospheric noise, and how can it be used to make random number generators?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10wrac/eli5_what_is_atmospheric_noise_and_how_can_it_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6hcou1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Atmospheric noise is a bunch of naturally occurring wave frequencies, kind of like radio waves, cell phone waves, etc, but a different range of frequencies. Since noise is completely random, you could assign a number to each amplitude of the signal. And if you take one measurement at an instant, the amplitude of the wave provides a number associated with it. If you want to increase the range of random numbers, you can take two samples at different instances and multiply them together."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
25tip9
|
structure of atom, especially the way electrons are setup
|
Please explain how the electrons are setup around the nucleus? Are they actually revolving around the nucleus or spinning? Do I need to understand an electron's dual nature to understand this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25tip9/eli5structure_of_atom_especially_the_way/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chkksh3",
"chkl17w",
"chkmi4r"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The electrons are not spinning/orbiting around the nucleus like a miniature solar system. The electrons are actually in \"fields\" around the nucleus. Probability fields, which tell the likelyhood of finding the electron at that certain point.\n\nThe shells are different fields. Remember that it's all three-dimensional. Here's a picture to give you an idea of how these shells look:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n",
" > Do I need to understand an electron's dual nature to understand this?\n\nYes. But even without that understanding, you can look at pictures.\n\nIf you could look at the rim of a ringing bell slowed down, you'd see waves. The surfaces of drums have waves as well in two dimensions. \n\nAn \"orbiting\" electron vibrates in the space around the nucleus in patterns called orbitals. They have the shapes of spherical harmonics, mathematical constructs that look like [these](\n_URL_0_).\n\nDr. Feynman, the king of EIL5 answers, provides better detail in *QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter*. I recommend that as the next step.",
"At at the center of an atom is a nucleus, a nucleus contains neutrons (which carry no charge) and protons (positive charge). This is where almost all of the mass of an atom is contained. \n\nSurrounding this nucleus are electrons (negative charge). In a standard atom there will be equal numbers of electrons and protons so that the overall charge of the atom is neutral. These charges can be described as a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus. As to if the spin or revolve I'm not to sure on how to define it. They are definitely moving and there will be spin involved but without looking at aspects of quantum mechanics I personally couldn't describe the motions happening within this cloud.\n\nIf you are wondering about the electrons wave particle duality there are two experiments which show an electron as a wave and as a particle. Young's double slit experiment shows electrons acting as waves, where as the \"photo voltaic effect\" shows electrons acting like particles. If you're interested I can add more about the effects but I'll leave it there for now.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Electron_orbitals.svg/350px-Electron_orbitals.svg.png"
],
[
"http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/8855/Single_electron_orbitals.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
g3c5dm
|
why are songs on public radio with lyrics like "bangin on the bathroom floor" heavily censored in today's society when there are games and shows showing explicit nudity and not nearly as censored?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g3c5dm/eli5_why_are_songs_on_public_radio_with_lyrics/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fnqf8qh",
"fnqg6u6",
"fnqgwss"
],
"score": [
9,
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Radio broadcasts are designed for everyone, including children. Videogames with nudity are rated M for Mature and theoretically only sold to adults.",
"Not an explanation, but rather a clarification: lyrics aren’t censored everywhere. Over here in Europe, for example, we don’t beep out, silence, replace, or otherwise censor music in any way. The same goes for swear words on television: you can still say ‘fuck’ or ‘shit’ or ‘God damn’ on television. Bad language is simply considered normal (which it is). As long as it doesn’t break any laws (eg. racism), it’s okay.",
"FCC regulations. Things that are publicly broadcast (such as radio or tv channels you can recieve with an antenna) are subject to regulations by the government on what they can broadcast. Whereas movies, video games, music, and cable are free to do as they wish since you have to pay for them. That being said many cable channels or record labels may voluntarily choose to censor things out of fear of complaints or loss of funding from advertising."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
46p89r
|
how do submarines withstand so much water pressure?
|
Man has reached 7-mile ocean depth. How does a machine withstand that much pressure?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46p89r/eli5_how_do_submarines_withstand_so_much_water/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d06w2ti",
"d06w748",
"d0708yg",
"d0770af",
"d078li6"
],
"score": [
2,
80,
7,
16,
2
],
"text": [
"The newer subs that can reach those depths, use super alloy metals, like high end grades of titanium, which is very light, and super strong. The hull is usually cylinder shaped to equally withstand pressure from any direction. Some new subs are tear drop shaped to provide more maneuverability, but the draw back is they cannot reach the depths of the cylinder shaped counterparts. Basically the thicker the body of the sub, and the higher strength metals combined allow it to not be crushed by the pressure. (which is enormous at great depths)",
"High yield strength low alloy steels, or in some cases titanium alloys, formed into spheres to best resist collapse due to external pressure. Windows are polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic), annealed to relieve stress and formed into shapes which, in conjunction with their seats, best resist that pressure. Unmanned spaces (batteries, electrical housings, motors, lights, machinery, etc.) are either built heavy to withstand the pressure, or oil filled and pressure compensated to eliminate the differential pressure. Buoyancy foams are hollow glass microspheres embedded in an epoxy matrix, so very resistant to pressure collapse, with density dependent on design depth of the vehicle.",
"Related question that isn't worth submitting another post over:\n\nWas watching titanic today and the start of the movie got me thinking. If they were in the sub at that depth and say someone drilled a hole through one of the windows causing it to break, would the crews death be instant? Or would the water just rush in like it would if you crashed your car into the ocean and then broke a window to get out?",
"Take an egg from your fridge, and try to hold it from the top and bottom, and squeeze it. It is near impossible to crush, due to the shape of it. Submarines work that same way, also made of really strong metals to help with the pressure.",
"This has turned into a surprisingly interesting thread. Who would have thought that so many people would have so much knowledge of underwater pressures and metal differentials?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
asv2x7
|
what is the physiological difference between (cannabis induced)munchies and "real" hunger?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/asv2x7/eli5_what_is_the_physiological_difference_between/
|
{
"a_id": [
"egx0c8c",
"egx0v5c",
"egxz171"
],
"score": [
3,
9,
3
],
"text": [
"I would be very interested to see the result of this question being put to the r/drugs and r/trees userbases, but - single data point here - I have never once been made hungry by cannabis. I've eaten a veritable ton of snacks under the influence because I wanted to taste a thousand things with those enhanced senses, but hungry? Never. I've long held this to be a pop culture misapprehension among non-users.",
"Well that's just appetite versus hunger. I'd say hunger is generally felt in the stomach as a pain, whereas appetite isn't painful, to just have a craving for something and it's on your tongue",
"As others mentioned, munchies = increased appetite. Hunger is just that, hunger. \n\nThat's why medicinally speaking, cannabis can be useful for let's say cancer patients because they struggle with getting food into their system. They lack appetite despite being hungry. So cannabis can increase their appetite. \n\nAnother thing to look at is serotonin/dopamine levels in your brain. If you smoke one and eat afterwards, doing that over and over will eventually make your brain crave food after a smoke. Basically your brain waits for the smoke for it to trigger your appetite. Which is why heavy weed smokers who munch often lose their appetite if they stop smoking. \n\nSource: ex stoner"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1zctdl
|
why do cell phone sounds and screens always look and sound different than the real things in movies?
|
After watching House of Cards, I realized that they are one of the only movies or tv shows that actually use real iphone ringtones and show pictures of iOS. Why do the rest of them go through all of the trouble of making up something?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zctdl/why_do_cell_phone_sounds_and_screens_always_look/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfsj2c6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Usually because there's some level of copyright over the interface and appearance of the phone screen, and they don't feel like paying for the license to use it. They likely wouldn't have to go through much to make up something different and certainly wouldn't need a functional phone operating system, just a couple assorted pictures and simple animations that just happen to look like one.\n\nAlong the same lines, it's also why many movies and TV shows won't show anything resembling Windows, Mac OS, or anything else the general public would immediately recognize on a computer screen."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
16rey7
|
what scientists do to experiment on cures for cancer
|
Like I don't know so much that I can't even ask it clearly.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16rey7/eli5_what_scientists_do_to_experiment_on_cures/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7ynnz1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"You can test it on cancer cell lines (does it kill cancerous cells but not normal cells), for example [HeLa](_URL_3_) cells are from a cervical cancer There are [hundreds of different cell lines](_URL_2_) derived from all sorts of different cancers.\n\nNext up are [animal models of cancer](_URL_1_). You start with animals that have tumors (transplanted, produced by radiation or carcinogens, or animals that are genetically predisposed to get cancer) and compare tumor size/survival rates with your new drug vs established drugs.\n\n[Clinical trials](_URL_0_) are extremely expensive and time consuming, often taking years. They are used to establish if the drug is safe, dosages, side effects, if the drug is effective, if the drug is better than already used treatments and if there are risks associated with long-term usage."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/ctphases.html",
"http://emice.nci.nih.gov/",
"http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/CellLinesandHybridomas/tabid/169/Default.aspx",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa"
]
] |
|
baqvpn
|
why is it that videogames are sometimes suddenly delayed extremely close to their release dates, while this is usually unheard of when it comes to films?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/baqvpn/eli5_why_is_it_that_videogames_are_sometimes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ekdh2ag",
"ekdh8aq",
"ekdhgvf",
"ekdjmw9"
],
"score": [
4,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The short answer is that the games industry is awful. The long answer is that studios are always expected to make deadline even when its very clear that its not likely. Studios will often times be given ludicrous launch dates to coincide with a release schedule set forth by marketing. This is why \"crunch\" time is so prevalent in the industry, because when they are behind schedule they aren't given the option to delay until they are failing to ship copies. ",
"Games can have unexpected things in them that aren't found until the last minute. These things tend to be bugs that need to be patched out; given the nature of programming, testing fixes may take an extremely long time if the bug runs deep enough.\n\nMeanwhile, films don't really have bugs. If a film is on the cusp of being released, all that can be done is cleanup. ",
"My underatanding is that with games it can sometimes be a matter of coding that can make a game unplayable/buggy if released prematurely. (Story, content and playability can factor into this too) This in turn can kill sales and bring about bad press and lack of interest. With a movie they often put out a cut of the film that meets the release date and if it's unsatisfying they can later make cuts and edits before home release. This is why you see \"Directors cuts\" and \"Extended Versions\" as a film has a longer shelf life than most games. Nostalgia gaming is a relatively recent phenomenon whereas film studios have spend years (decades even) making money off of a movie through cable deals and rereleases. \n\nThink about The Princess Bride, a moderate success at the box office but found a great life in home video and has since become a classic film that is being passed down from generarion to generation. Then think about ET the Video Game, few would want to replay it if given the opportunity and the biggest thing its remembered for is its contribution to a landfill. ",
"Films dont have bugs to fix, but games do. If some glitch is discovered last minute, they have no choice but to delay it "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3we6tf
|
why does the government want to attack encryption?
|
IE: What's the the real reason here? They are doing all this blustering about protecting people from terrorism; but that appears to be a front.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3we6tf/eli5_why_does_the_government_want_to_attack/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxvgn6x",
"cxvh3l4"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Well in short, if the government (USA), can't read your messages, how do they know what you're saying?\nThey argue, 'We need to know for security reasons'. But the real reason is they can't control public opinion, if they don't know how we feel as a nation. ",
"In the 1980's, public key encryption allowed for public access to military grade cryptography the gov't could not break.\n\nThe gov't has been trying to restrict its use every since. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies simply want to be able to read encrypted information if the need should arise. They use the specter of terrorism and serial killers and child pornography to try to justify this."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
33gv6b
|
why don't we defragment our hard drives anymore?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33gv6b/eli5_why_dont_we_defragment_our_hard_drives/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqkqk5b"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Yeah. Pretty Much... It does. More intelligent methods of allocating storage space on your hard drives has almost eliminated the need for that.'\n\nSince you asked...\n\nI just ran a diagnostic on my hard drives (also includes SSDs)...\n\nThey are, according to my maintenance software... 98.97% defragmented. And that's after over 3 years of no cleaning whatsoever."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1q92c4
|
online poker. why is it considered shady? is it illegal in america?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1q92c4/eli5_online_poker_why_is_it_considered_shady_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdaemqt",
"cdaf365",
"cdafhy5"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Well, it's generally considered shady because you have to send your money to other countries (some of which have....creative...banking laws). It's not illegal across the board in the US, just illegal in most states because most gambling itself is illegal in those states. If you live in Nevada, you can legally play online poker for real money.",
"SO used to play online poker professionally. It was illegal but not enforced until a few years ago (you just had to click a box that said you were not playing from the US). \nBasically, the claim was online poker took way from casinos and was difficult to tax. The Feds got involved about 3 (?) years ago and shut down Pokerstars and FullTilt claiming they were pyramid schemes. One bought the other and is paying out all the players over the next few years. They are also working out a way that the government can get its cut. \nI guess now the casinos that were complaining about online poker and now working to get it back online through their business' interface (so they can get THEIR cut). Basically it's all about the $$$$.?",
"It is all due to money laundering. All other reasons are secondary to this. \n\nOftentimes we think in terms of being the poor person trying to make money off gambling, this isn't the angle you want to look at gambling. You have to see it more as a very successful and rich shady person who made a lot of money off drugs/guns/etc. through online gambling, they try to \"clean\" or launder their money so it looks like they made money off gambling instead of their shady dealings."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1zzpi3
|
why does staying at a house other than mine cause me to wake up feeling like i'm in serious need of a shower?
|
Every time I stay at say, my friends house, I wake up the next morning feeling oily and grimy, and feel so until I take a shower. Why is this? Is this to do with some sort of mental reaction, or is it actually my body being dirty?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zzpi3/why_does_staying_at_a_house_other_than_mine_cause/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfyhl24"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You don't feel like that when you wake up at your own house?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1c8m17
|
why most internships don't pay?
|
I have always wondered how businesses can get away without paying their interns?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1c8m17/eli5_why_most_internships_dont_pay/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9e38ud",
"c9e3b83",
"c9e3i8e",
"c9e6vmh",
"c9e7twp",
"c9e9gxq"
],
"score": [
3,
9,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"because free labor is best labor.",
"Historically, internships were to **help** the intern. If you didn't have the skills for a job, there's *no way* you'd ever get employed. But by doing an unpaid internship, you could *learn* the skills and then later move on to a paid employment position.\n\nSo that's how they can get away with it: it's a training and recruitment tool.\n\nUnfortunately, though, some businesses have started to abuse that privilege, and use it as an excuse to get free labor. It's important to note that - in many cases - the way they abuse it is *illegal*, but the intern doesn't have the confidence or knowledge to report them and fight it.",
"You do internships to **learn**, not supply yourself.\n\nBoth of you earn on it: They get free labor. You learn important job skills.",
"Internships help the intern by \n\n1. Allowing them to network\n2. Giving them valuable experience, both for general use and to put on their resume\n3. Filling \"holes\" in the resume (preventing the inevitable \"so what did you do that summer, sit on your butt and play video games?\")\n\nThese benefits are enough that there is a substantial supply of intern labor even at a wage of zero.\n\nOf course, if you have relevant skills, you can often leverage those and earn a paycheck.\n\n(Disclosure: all of my internships were paid.)",
"Interesting fact about the Australian law on this matter. A distinction is made here between work experience (basically following someone around and observing their work; usually high school students) and an internship (where the intern does productive work which the company would usually pay someone to do; usually university students). Australian employment law says that you don't have to pay a work experience kid, but you do have to pay an intern.",
"I have not found this to be true in all cases. Companies seem to pay engineering/computer science interns quite well. I guess there is sufficient competition there in order to compete for top talent, as many interns can be converted into full time employees. The field in which I have met many unpaid interns is in the media industry (ie cbs, abc, etc.). Perhaps at these companies, they're over-saturated with applicants and they don't necessarily need to pay in order to get and keep the best."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
66lb0a
|
the origin of the check mark (✔)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66lb0a/eli5_the_origin_of_the_check_mark/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgjftsf"
],
"score": [
17
],
"text": [
"Wiki suggests that it originated as v for the Latin veritas (true). Because old-timey pens don't start up right away, more ink was flowing on the upstroke, hence the asymmetry. _URL_0_ \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_mark"
]
] |
||
4fewda
|
why are the words "how come" used to ask why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fewda/eli5why_are_the_words_how_come_used_to_ask_why/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d288ntu"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"It is a shortened form of \"**how** did that **come** about?\"\n\nJust like when you ask *what's up*, you mean \"what is up (new) with you?\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2t4epi
|
why do some people think that our military is fighting to protect our freedom of speech and our rights?
|
Could someone help me understand this? It sounds like a sarcastic post but I am seriously wondering how anyone actually thinks the troops overseas are fighting to "protect us."
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t4epi/eli5_why_do_some_people_think_that_our_military/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnvlrtz",
"cnvlzqs"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Soldiers are a tool of foreign policy. They don't get to choose how they are used, where they are sent or what goals they are given, as long as their actions are within the \"laws of war\".\n\nSoldiers *do* protect our rights in the sense that, at least for the US, without a standing military, we likely wouldn't have those rights for very long.\n\nThe problem is that when soldiers are sent somewhere to fight, it's not always the right choice- sometimes it is, sometimes it's not, but *the soldiers never make that choice*. The elected representatives and the administrations we as citizens elect make those choices.\n\nSoldiers are tools, weapons to be used and they should in a perfect world not be abused. However, our world is not perfect, and sometimes people are ignorant, stupid or just plain wrong. And soldiers pay the price.\n\nThe notion that soldiers protect our freedoms is broadly true. Soldiers, at least in the US, volunteer to be members of the military, and many do so out of patriotism in the belief that their country will not misuse the power that they are giving to their country.\n\n\n",
"\"Some people\" are idiots and couldn't point out any of the countries where our military has fought in the last 50 years.\n\nAll they've really bothered to pay attention to is some rhetoric and propaganda that says we're \"fighting for freedom\" and shit like that. They don't bother looking any deeper & just blindly accept what they're told."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3egs66
|
how are banks laundering billions of dollars for drug cartels and nothing seems to be done about it?
|
Seriously. I watched a Frontline documentary about El Chapo the other day and started thinking about the huge amounts of money these cartels are moving. I know of HSBC and other banks paying some fines but that's it, no one goes to jail.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3egs66/eli5_how_are_banks_laundering_billions_of_dollars/
|
{
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"ctf59c2",
"ctf6oyn",
"ctf71vc",
"ctf7prl",
"ctf97oq",
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"text": [
"Can they pinpoint a single person or group that's responsible? No? Hard time getting any kind of arrestable (sp?) Evidence against a single group if they can't have definitive proof. I am not defending anyone's actions, just proving such charges can be difficult ",
"Because the banks make money?",
"Actually all US bank employees now have to take annual \"Anti-Money Laundering\" training courses. \n\nNon compliance means fines, jail and worse, the bank not being allowed to do business in a certain market (that's a very effective time-out) as a punishment. \n\nHopefully this will be sufficient to keep everyone honest. ",
"The banks make a ton of money from laundering money too, so they just play dumb. Here's an in-depth article on [how Wachovia (now Wells Fargo) laundered billions.](_URL_0_)",
"Banks are required to follow a \"Know Your Customer\" law that requires them to obtain valid ID for all account holders to mitigate laundering/terrorists using the accounts. They also make notifications of cash deposits $10,000+. Every major bank has an entire department dedicated to prevent anti money laundering. \n\nBanks actually put a lot of effort and expense in preventing this, but there is not a single person that can be prosecuted. ",
"Anti-money laundering specialist here. (Lawyer come forensic account).\n\nBanks do, and are required by law, to prevent money laundering. The difficulty is identifying the act. In my opinion the key factors contributing to the difficulty of detection are three fold:\n\n- the untraceability and free movement of cash.\n\n- the ease of falsely legitimising funds.\n\n- the scale, complexity and global nature of the financial services industry.\n\nI'd be very happy to answer any more specific questions anyone might have.",
"From the lovely Guardian article [/u/legrandmaster](_URL_0_) posted:\n\n > But Mazur warns: \"If you look at the career ladders of law enforcement, there's no incentive to go after the big money. People move every two to three years. The DEA is focused on drug trafficking rather than money laundering. You get a quicker result that way – they want to get the traffickers and seize their assets. But this is like treating a sick plant by cutting off a few branches – it just grows new ones. Going after the big money is cutting down the plant – it's a harder door to knock on, it's a longer haul, and it won't get you the short-term riches.\"\n\nI could see this: The reason why it doesn't happen is that it's really fucking difficult to make it happen, even when every law enforcement agency *wants* to make it happen.\n\nAlso, I could see any new laws getting tied up because you're basically legislating more regulation, which means more money spent on fulfilling regulatory requirements. And think about how much time it would take to write that law!\n\nedited for quote blockness.",
"When did this sub become a place for people to tacitly assert their political/ethical opinions in the form of a question?",
"Because cash liquidity is paramount to having a successful banking system, and if big banks fail, or get closed, it will dramatically affect the global economy, banks are \"allowed\" to do this business, giving a \"cut\" to the US government in the form of fines, yet kept secret under banking secrecy laws.\nThe government enforces truces between the drug gangs, and simply allows banks to do this business to prevent outright civil wars in neighboring countries, and to prevent the very likely possibility of terrorism in the US.\nThe banks and governments know EXACTLY where and what to look for, but allow this in trade for \"security\".\n\n_URL_0_\n_URL_1_",
"The additional question to this is \"why don't law enforcement in the US have the power to seize suspected laundered money while they can randomly pull thousands of dollars from citizens' car boots/backpacks under the civil forfeiture regime?\"\nStill, no one would go to jail, agreed, but it'd make money laundering a lot less appealing, wouldn't it?",
"Devil's advocate: how are record-breaking fines (larger than the GDP of many countries, in some cases) *not* \"doing something about it?\"",
"Because the entire system is rigged from tip to top.\n\nThe Central Intelligence Agency imports cocaine into America, largely into black communities. They also help out at every step of the way, with laundering the money, arranging meeters with bankers and cartel members, tipping them off to investigations, and making sure nobody goes to jail at the conclusion of investigations. \n\nAnd eventually, the journalists and true investigators who dig up dirt get killed, too. See the deaths of Gary Webb, Michael Hastings, Hunter S. Thompson, and Michael Ruppert. \n\nI expect to be heavily downvoted and/or shadowbanned for this post for the sole reason that it is the truth. ",
"Banks profit from their business and the government invests very little in enforcement of financial crimes.",
"Anyone else interested in an IAMA by a banker?\n(I want to know if bankers are concerned with the security of their customers' information, or if being lax with it is just a handy extra revenue stream.)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/03/us-bank-mexico-drug-gangs"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/user/legrandmaster"
],
[],
[
"http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/03/us-bank-mexico-drug-gangs",
"http://www.theguardian.com/global/2009/dec/13/drug-money-banks-saved-un-cfief-claims"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5d059y
|
why do we feel rested/energized after laying down/closing our eyes for a period of time but not actually falling asleep?
|
Example: I can rarely actually fall asleep to nap and when I try to, I just lay there with my eyes closed for whatever time I can spare and think about calming thoughts. By the time I get up, I feel rested as if I actually slept, but less groggy. Why is this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5d059y/eli5_why_do_we_feel_restedenergized_after_laying/
|
{
"a_id": [
"da0re5f"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Your brain goes through multiple stages of sleep during a sleep cycle. All of them are [probably] important to your mental state and general restfulness [but scientists do not know for sure]. Short naps (less than 40ish minutes) allow your brain to slip into the first stage of sleep, in which you still may be \"conscious\" in the sense that you're drifting between sleeping and waking and hovering around the line between the two. That can still be very restful without deep sleep.\n\nReal, deep sleep requires five stages of sleep, culminating in Rapid Eye Movement (or REM) sleep, during which your brain is almost as active as it would be if you were awake. You go through several of those cycles, from stage 1 to REM in a night. REM sleep is important for learning, in ways scientists do not fully understand. It's very difficult to get to REM sleep without some specific conditions, particularly darkness. Darkness signals your body to produce the \"sleep\" hormone that tells your brain to *sleep* (not just nap), called melatonin. Without melatonin, you're probably not getting into REM sleep.\n\nHowever, *long* naps can make you feel *more* tired because your body tries to get to REM sleep anyway, and begins production of melatonin to get you there. You go through several stages of sleep, but then it's interrupted, leaving you with lingering sleep hormone signals and an unfulfilled sleep cycle.\n\nYou can get by with some naps, but you *need* REM sleep. Naps just help your body and your brain rest in those early stages of sleep."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2dlg2x
|
why aren't the hearts of morbidly obese people really "strong" from all that hard work of pushing blood around a huge body?
|
So, obviously, it doesn't work like that. Why doesn't it work like that? Is it just because of other damage to the rest of the cardiovascular system? Is it because of associated atherosclerotic damage that's almost certain to be there if you weren't morbidly obese? If you could somehow about that, would being morbidly obese then be a cool free workout for your heart?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dlg2x/eli5_why_arent_the_hearts_of_morbidly_obese/
|
{
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"cjqn0vl",
"cjqs7kt",
"cjqt94j"
],
"score": [
40,
2,
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Good question:) , but imagine if you were a bodybuilder. If you worked out, 24/7 like a maniac, would you be healthy? No. You would probably overwork yourself tremendously. Think about it like that! Since there aren't any breaks in being obese, their cardiovascular systems are constantly being overworked. \n\nSorry if I did not explain this right, I am no expert! But this is just my take on it, thanks for taking your time to read my answer!!",
" > why aren't the hearts of morbidly obese people really \"strong\" from all that hard work of pushing blood around a huge body?\n\nBecause the hearts don't have time to repair themselves.\n\nThe reason athletic activity improves your musculature is because you're not doing it all the time. You exercise, create micro-tears in the fibers, and then rest (just ask any bodybuilder how sacred rest days are). This applies to athletic hearts - which are pushed to their limits, and then allowed to rest and heal. The result is a stronger heart.\n\nWhen a heart is simply working hard all the time, though, the damage simply builds up. The heart might grow larger to compensate; growing in size to work harder when athletic hearts grow *and* become much more efficient - so they grow much less overall.",
"Any heart strain causes growth over time, like any muscle. Hearts are supposed to have hollow centers to allow blood to fill while it's relaxing after a beat, next beat pumps out that blood. If the heart grows the space inside is smaller, because the walls get thicker, and you lose pumping efficiency - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. That's what many of the athletes die of \"suddenly on the field. Hearts can also get bigger like a stretched out rubber band and also lose pumping power - congestive heart failure. \nSource PA-C & RT (medical field) for 18 years",
"Not exactly on topic, but had anyone else noticed that active, obese people who succeed in losing a lot of weight are unusually strong? ",
"They get stronger, but also thicker, which is actually dangerous for the heart"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4ds50v
|
if perspiration is a natural process that our bodies' go through to remain cool, are we not harming our person when we apply antiperspirants?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ds50v/eli5_if_perspiration_is_a_natural_process_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1tspkc",
"d1tvjpy"
],
"score": [
9,
2
],
"text": [
"Slightly, but the truth is our body is very good at regulating temperature; if the heat can't leave through our armpits, it just finds another outlet (back, butt, or even non-perspiring methods). \n\nTo give you come perspective, there's a really interesting surgery they can do for people who sweat too much from their upper body (or, weirdly, who blush really easily). It's called an endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy, in which they basically destroy a pair of nerves responsible for sweating in the upper body. In doing so you won't sweat from the chest up anymore, but instead sweat even more from your lower body (to compensate). ",
"There are different types of sweat glands. Apocrine Sweat Glands in the armpits, groin and a few other places produce a thicker sweat that is broken down by bacteria, producing the strong body odor smell. These Sweat Glands do not do much cooling.\n\nIn most of the body, Eccrine sweat glands produce a very thin sweat that is primarily used for cooling the body."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3m6lxm
|
why is pound sterling one of the world's reserve currencies despite the uk only having a population of 65 million?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3m6lxm/eli5_why_is_pound_sterling_one_of_the_worlds/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvceu87",
"cvcewk7"
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text": [
"Because it has nothing to do with population size. The Bank of England has been an institution for since the 1600s. So their expertise in surviving that long carry some weight which helps the pound be recognized as an important currency.",
"The pound was the former leading currency in world trading, you don't build the biggest empire and be the historical leader of the industrial revolution without leaving something on this world. The pound was the equivalent of the dollar, then its equivalent when currencies were anchored to gold. \n\nFurthermore the pound is still an attractive currency to buy, it's quite strong and stable and despite its relatively low population it doesn't really matter when talking about currency "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4wxwpx
|
sunscreen
|
What is the difference between SPFs? How do they protect my skin?
Edit: I have no idea how to flair my post on mobile.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4wxwpx/eli5_sunscreen/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6arss5",
"d6bc22q"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"They have little bits of microscopic reflective material in them. The spf rating is hoe much of the US huts your skin. Spf 15 means 1/15 of the normal amount of UV radiation gets through. Another way to think about it is how much longer you can stay in the sun without burning. If normally you burn in ten minutes, you could stay in the sun for 15x that with spf 15, so about 2.5 hours. ",
"There are some good videos on youtube that used an ultraviolet camera to show how well sunscreen works. People with light skin look black once they smear on the sunscreen. _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMpqR1vyKPc"
]
] |
|
2vdxko
|
the structure of the anonymous hacking group. anyone can be a member, but do they have any sort of structure, or is it a complete free-for-all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vdxko/eli5_the_structure_of_the_anonymous_hacking_group/
|
{
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"score": [
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"text": [
"It's not a group as much as it is a community (which has to by their nature be open to everybody).",
"They gather in irc chatrooms or on /b/ and then someone ask's if anybody want's to join him for his \"hack\"(normally just ddos) and if enough people want to join the ddos attack you have a anonymous hack.. There are maybe 10-15 People in their entire community that know what they are doing.",
"There's a small group of people loosely directing at any given time. But anyone can claim they're an Anonymous member. ",
"There's no actual membership or community structure. It's a lot like being a redditor. You're a member of anonymous if you frequent the parts of the web (most notably 4chan) where anonymous communicates, but for the most part your level of involvement is determined by how long you've been involved with anonymous and how much knowledge you have of their doings and abilities. The news networks make them seem like a very well-organized community syndicate, but that's hardly realistic. For the most part they're a group of script-kiddies who enjoy screwing around areas of the web for \"teh lulz\".",
"I see Anonymous as an idea, you cant be part of an idea as you can be part of a group or community. You can share the Anonymous idea and act forward to Anonymous principles, and also get informed and participate in the events proposed by any anonymous person. Thats how Anonymous hacktivism evets occur, one person has an idea, that idea is liked by lots of people, then lots of people follow that idea and make it become real. This is the kind of organisation you will find in anonymous.",
"Think of it a bit like reddit, only with no usernames. This is where the \"anonymous\" bit comes from, as nobody knows who anyone else is. \n\nOne anonymous comes up with an idea \"let's fuck around with PayPal\", this becomes a popular idea and a large thread develops. Eventually IRC channels are set up where anons can get together to discuss how to go about fucking around with paypal in more detail. This is how an \"op\" is born. \n\nThey do there thing to paypal, maybe get some media attention, then the op is wound down, the IRC channel becomes empty, and everyone goes back to being Anonymous again, until something else catches the imagination of enough people for another op to begin. \n\nLarge operations, like chanology, might splinter into several different ops - so one group goes after the cults website, another goes after its tax exempt status, another joins pickets outside their centres, another group does PR and marketing. \n\nUltimately though nobody knows who anyone else is, and there is no \"leader\" saying \"right lets stop with scientology, now we go after mastercard\". Instead it's a random anon with an idea that becomes popular within the collective group of anons. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
b9c9ho
|
what is the geometric significance of tensors? what are they?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b9c9ho/eli5_what_is_the_geometric_significance_of/
|
{
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"ek3wj69",
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2,
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"text": [
"Take a cube. Now deform it, for example by shifting the top a bit. Deform it even further, stretch it out. The only condition is that the opposing faces of the object that is no longer a cube must remain parallel. Now throw the cube away.\nThe entire transformation you did with the cube, from a regular cube to a deformed object somewhere else, can be described by a single tensor.",
"A tensor is essentially a generalization of geometric objects.\n\nWe work a lot with scalars (just numbers), vectors (a value with a direction), and matrices (a grid of numbers, often representing a set of vectors). All of those can be considered tensors, along with more complex objects (like higher dimensional matrices). By extension, transformations and mappings (like the dot product) can be considered tensors.\n\nThe most important property of a tensor is that it is invariant under a change in coordinates. That means the mapping or object represented by the tensor doesn't change when you put it into a different coordinate system; for example, a vector that is a tensor will point in the same direction with the same magnitude whether it's in Cartesian, polar, or whatever else coordinates.\n\nI'm very interested to see if anyone has a better explanation of the actual usage of tensors and whatnot, as I've been trying to figure them out.",
"It's a really abstract concept, so it's difficult give a sense of geometric intuition that'll apply to every general case, but I'll try and break it down. This going to be **long**. Get comfortable.\n\n****\n\n**Scalars**\n\nFirst, let's start with scalars. Loosely speaking, a scalar is just a plain old number. Maybe it's a real number, maybe it's complex, maybe it's part of a different field entirely; which field we're considering will depend on context. For simplicity, let's stick to real numbers.\n\nWhen you're first starting out in physics, you'll usually leave it at the above definition, but it's not the whole story. For something to be a scalar *in the geometric sense*, it needs have the same value in every coordinate system. So, for example, mass is a scalar quantity (you've got the same mass regardless of whether we're working in feet or meters), but mass *density* isn't. Mass density is still \"just a number\", but the amount mass in 1 cubic foot is obviously different from the amount in 1 cubic meter. For something to be a true scalar, its value can't depend on the way you measure space.\n\nBefore we move on, I need to emphasize here: even though I'm talking about physical units (feet, meters), these ideas are just as valid in a purely mathematical context. The central concept we're trying to get at is that **the way we describe an object**—physical or mathematical—**is not the same as the object itself**. To quote a little philosophical jargon: \"[The map is not the territory](_URL_0_)\". A mathematical space, like a plane or the surface of a sphere, exists independently of the coordinates we use to talk about it. Likewise, objects *in* that space *also* exist independently of the coordinates we've decided to attach to the space. As a result, if we describe the same object (mathematical or physical) with two different coordinate systems, there end up being surprisingly tight restrictions on how those coordinate descriptions relate to each other. This leads into our next point: vectors.\n\n****\n\n**Vectors**\n\nWhat *is* a vector? Per the Physics 101 definition, it's a quantity with magnitude and direction—but that's not going to be very useful to us. If we really want to get at the deeper underlying machinery, we'll need to do it the hard way and get a little abstract.\n\n**Vector Spaces**\n\nHow about the Math 101 definition? \"A vector is an element of a vector space\". A vector space is a collection of \"things\", plus some rules that tell us what we can do with those \"things\": we can add them together, and we can multiply them by real numbers; whenever we do one of those things, we get back out another vector.\n\nWe still haven't said what a vector *is*, just that it's something sitting in a vector space. However, the operations we just defined tell us something important: we can represent one vector as a sum of other vectors. So, if a^1 and a^2 are real numbers* and X_1 and X_2 are vectors, then we can make another vector V by writing:\n\n V = a^(1) X_1 + a^(2 ) X_2\n\n(*these superscripts are just labels, not exponents)\n\nLikewise, we can make another vector U from numbers b^1 and b^2:\n\n U = b^(1) X_1 + b^(2 ) X_2\n\nAnd, if we and them together, we get a third, U+V:\n\n U+V = (a^(1)+b^(1)) X_1 + (a^(2)+b^(2)) X_2\n\nIn fact, once we've chosen X_1 and X_2, every single vector in the space can be written this way (as the sum of a number times X_1 and a number times X_2), and for any given vector, the numbers multiplying X_1 and X_2 are unique. We call X_1 and X_2 basis vectors. (Of course, just two basis vectors might not be enough to cover *every* vector, or it might be too many—the \"right\" number of basis vectors determines the space's dimension).\n\nI know I'm digressing a little bit, but I promise this is going somewhere. The point I'm trying to make is this: Once we've chosen our basis vectors X_1 and X_2, our vector V is *entirely* determined by a^1 and a^(2)—so let's tidy up our notation, and just write:\n\n V = (a^(1), a^(2)\\)\n\nThis is nice and compact, but it's also *dangerous*: if we're not careful, we might start to believe that V *is* just a^(1) and a^(2). But it's not. It's V. It starts *looking* like a^(1) and a^(2) once we bring in X_1 and X_2, but it *exists* independently of either. If we change X_1 and X_2, we'll need to change a^(1) and a^(2) also, but V is still just V. The map is not the territory.\n\nStill with me? Hang in there, I promise this is going somewhere.\n\n**Linear Mappings**\n\nLet's talk about linear mappings. Imagine some function—call it f—that takes a vector V and spits out a real number. In fact, it doesn't *just* spit out \"a number\"—it spits out a scalar. This is going to be important.\n\nIf f is \"linear\", that means (loosely) that doing things V make similar things happen to f(V). What can we do to vectors? Add them together! When we do, we get\n\n f(V+U) = f(V) + f(U)\n\nThe same thing happens when we multiply V by a real number:\n\n f(aV) = a f(V)\n\nThese two properties make f(V) linear.\n\nNow, we just spent a long time talking about basis vectors, so they must end up being relevant here, right? Since we had\n\n V = a^(1) X_1 + a^(2) X_2,\n\nlet's see what happens when we stick that into f(V):\n\n f(V) = f( a^(1)X_1 + a^(2)X_2 ) = a^(1) f(X_1) + a^(2) f(X_2)\n\nRemember, *every* vector in our original vector space looked like a^(1) X_1 + a^(2) X_2 for *some* (unique) a^(1) and a^(2), so f(V) will *always* look like a^(1) f(X_1) + a^(2) f(X_2).\n\nDon't forget, for a given V, f(V) is just a real number. Likewise, that means f(X_1) and f(X_2) are just number. As we just established, the values of f(X_1) and f(X_1) entirely determine the value of f(V)—for *any* V—so, again, let's tidy up our notation. Calling f(X_1) \"b^(1)\" and f(X_2) \"b^(1)\", we'll write:\n\n f = (b^(1), b^(2))\n\nWell! That looks awfully familiar. It's just like the way we wrote V in the last section\n\n V = (a^(1), a^(2))\n\nand, for a given V, our equation for f(V) turns into\n\n f(V) = a^(1)b^(1) + a^(2)b^(2)\n\nCool!\n\nSo we've laid out some machinery. V is just a element of vector space, but we can write it as (a^(1), a^(2)); f is just a function, but we can write it as (b^(1), b^(2)). Both of these expressions depend on our basis, though—that is, they depend on the *coordinates of our vector space*. Choosing a different X_1 and X_2 gives different values for a^(1), b^(1), etc.\n\n***But***, on the other hand, f(V) is *still just a scalar* (by assumption, back when we first defined f). That means that even though (a^(1), a^(2)) and (b^(1), b^(2)) both *individually* depend on our choice of coordinates, (a^(1)b^(1) + a^(2)b^(2)) **doesn't**. In other words, when we change coordinates, (a^(1), a^(2)) changes, but to balance things out, (b^(1), b^(2)) has to change in ***exactly the opposite way***.\n\nWhat happens if we make our basis vectors (X_1 and X_2) bigger, then? Let's double their length:\n\n Y_1 = 2 X_1\n\n Y_2 = 2 X_2\n\nWe'll call V's new components (relative to Y_1 and Y_2) (c^(1), c^(2)), and f's new components (d^(1), d^(2)). From the old definition of V, relative to X_1 and X_2,\n\n V = a^(1)X_1+a^(2)X_2\n\nbut\n\n X_1 = (Y_1)/2\n\n X_2 = (Y_2)/2\n\nso\n\n V = a^(1) (Y_1)/2 + a^(2) (Y_2)/2\n\nand\n\n (c^(1), c^(2)) = (a^(1)/2, a^(2)/2)\n\nIt *has* to be this way, because the V *itself* can't depend on whether we use Y_1 or X_1, etc. The two representations *need* to be equal, so changing the basis tells us how we need to change the components. V itself isn't (a^(1), a^(2)) *or* (c^(1), c^(2))—it's just V, *regardless* of which basis we choose. The map is not the territory.\n\nNow let's look at f. We're calling its new components (relative to Y_1 and Y_2) (d^(1), d^(2)). But since f(V) is a scalar, it *needs* to be true that\n\n f(V) = a^(1)b^(1) + a^(2)b^(2) = c^(1)d^(1) + c^(2)d^(2)\n\nWell, we just figured out c^(1) and c^(2), so\n\n c^(1)d^(1) + c^(2)d^(2) = (a^(1)/2)d^(1) + (a^(2)/2)d^(2)\n\nBut (a^(1)/2)d^(1) needs to be the same as a^(1)b^(1), so it follows that\n\n (d^(1), d^(2)) = (2b^(1), 2b^(2))\n\nOkay! Cool! This is the result we were after. No more equations, so catch your breath. Phew!\n\n(END PART 1, SEE PART 2 BELOW)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%E2%80%93territory_relation"
]
] |
||
659mz3
|
how can i buy stocks exactly? is it the same procedure if i'm buying stocks from a company abroad?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/659mz3/eli5how_can_i_buy_stocks_exactly_is_it_the_same/
|
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"To buy stock, you open a brokerage account at someplace like E-Trade, Fidelity, Merrill Lynch, etc. and deposit money into your account. Then, buying stock is pretty simple -- you determine a company you want to buy stock in, how many shares you want to buy, whet you want to buy at market price (whatever it is right now) or set a limit (buy whenever it falls to $X or lower). Click to submit, and trade is either executed or queued up for a limit order. Commissions per trade are around $8-10. \n\nForeign companies typically trade via what are called ADR's (American Depository Receipts) on American exchanges, but you can also trade on foreign exchanges depending on the trading platform you open account with."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1cnp0n
|
what happens when you call into a talk radio station?
|
I have been listening to an entertainment talk radio station for a good 6 months now. Tonight, the discussion turned to a subject I, embarassingly enough, knew quite a bit about. As I listened, it was as though they were begging me to call and share this story I had never told anyone before. The host's opinion was in allignment with my life! I pulled my car over, googled, and dialed in the number. After the third ring, my heart was racing. I just couldn't go through with it. I hung up.
I continued to listen and just KNEW my past situation was exactly what they were looking for to blow up the conversation on the show and make tonight memorable. No one else had a personal story or even an entertaining viewpoint. (Although their twitter was full of negitive opinions on the host's opinion.) As the show was ending I was just DYING to call, but my fear of the entire screening process callers must go through kept me from committing.
So my question. When you call into a radio station where DJ's continually talk about contriversial issues and looove making fun of people, how do you get through? Is there a screener that asks you a bunch of questions about what you're calling about? Does that person judge if you are aloud on the show? Would I have had to go into great detail about my life with a screener before ever getting a chance to talk to my DJ "friend"? What happens before you actually are a voice on the radio?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1cnp0n/what_happens_when_you_call_into_a_talk_radio/
|
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"You call the station and someone answers, they ask you what you're planning to say. If they decide your story is acceptable they will usually put you through to a point where you say your thing and it's recorded. The recording will then be played on-air and the hosts will talk about it. If it's a conversation type show you'll instead talk to the hosts and then the recording of that conversation will be played.\n\nI've only ever had a 'live' conversation happen once, and I was asked to turn my radio off because the slight delay between speaking and the broadcast would have made an echo. I assume they delay it a bit so they can bleep you if you swear.\n\nEither way it's not that bad. Go for it next time.",
"Once you call in, the screener will pick up and ask why you're calling, and for you to summarize a bit about what you'd like to talk about. If the screener deems you worthy, you get put on hold while waiting for the DJ to pick up the phone and talk to you.",
"I worked in radio, Basically you call up, someone answers it wont be the presenters on air, they ask you who you want to talk to what you want to say and if they like what you say they'll put you on air. Most of the time though if you call up and tell them your story and they don't like it they will say sorry but the presenter is busy with another call. ",
"This is interesting, because the answers I'm seeing here are nothing like the station I work at. Then again, my station is pretty lax for radio, and the show I work on is from 9-11pm, so it's rather quiet.\n\nFor us, if you call, most of the time you'll get the host. This week, someone called when we had guests in the studio. The guests were talking, live on air, and the phone went off - listeners would have heard it. Our host answered, and the call went pretty naturally.\n\nWe have no screeners or anything, so the answers that talk about that are pretty interesting to me."
]
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34w94w
|
why do people regard seinfeld as a really good show?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34w94w/eli5_why_do_people_regard_seinfeld_as_a_really/
|
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"Because it was really, really funny. It was extremely well-written, and the cast were all outstanding. For me, what made it so fantastic was that the show didn't have to be about the star, Jerry Seinfeld. He seemed to let the surrounding cast have all the good lines.",
"I think a large part of this would be because so many people like it, and popularity aids in people thinking it's great. But on top of that, it wasn't like most other shows at the time. They touched on topics that were seen on other shows, like they had an entire episode about seeing who can go the longest without masturbating. The writing was also well done, with most episodes involving multiple storylines that all came together by the end of the episode.",
"Timing. Early-mid 90's were searching for a show in the mainstream. Friends wasn't out yet and before that most shows followed a formula. This broke the mold and challenged the status quo. \"A show about nothing\" and that's what it really was about. \n\nIt was so new, people didn't expect it and its genius writing. The actors made the show and it all came down to being a perfect storm. ",
"It was a show about nothing. That was a lot of the appeal. Other shows at the time were about a black family headed by a doctor and an international lawyer, a bar manned by a former sports star, a cartoon about a bad kid who never really caused problems. Hell, every other show up to Seinfeld had a hook with quirky characters or odd situations. The appeal of Seinfeld was that it was four assholes who lived in NYC and their day to day lives. ",
"For me it was the way everything would come together at the end of an episode.\n\nSuch as (spoiler?) Kramer getting hundreds of golf balls from a driving range and decides to shoot them into the ocean. Meanwhile, George is lying to a woman about being a marine biologist when she spots a beached whale. George now caught in a lie, attempts to save the whale and ends up pulling a golf ball out from it's blowhole.\n\nWell, time to go watch Sienfeld haha.",
"Because it was about the everyday minutiae that clogs up everyone's lives. Just random crap that happens to all of us but in a very clever manner. The way five different storylines could all wind up coming together in the last few seconds was genius. Well written, well acted.",
"The thing to always remember is that people enjoy different types of humor. I'm only 26, but I think Seinfeld is hilarious. I have good friends who have a similar age and interests who don't enjoy the show, but they greatly enjoy the Cartoon Network Adult Swim humor....which I think isn't really funny in the slightest.\n\nThe characters in Seinfeld are phenomenal, the story lines are entertaining, the jokes are hilarious, and it doesn't really get bland at any point. That's why I greatly enjoy it.",
"I'm going to chime in with the physical comedy. I have not seen another show where the actors (especially Kramer) are so committed to physical comedy. I remember him imitating Michael Jordan and dribbling into a bunch of garbage cans and falling over. All the characters did it to some extent.",
"Questions that are subjective or asking for/about opinions are not what ELI5 is for. That doesn't mean your question is bad, it would just fit better in another subreddit. Try /r/askreddit, /r/nostupidquestions, or another more general \"ask\" subreddit (there may also be a Seinfeld subreddit you could ask). This post has been removed. "
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m608z
|
how does contagion work in the european crisis?
|
I've been hearing for a long time how contagion is the biggest fear and everybody seems to agree on that assessment. What I don't understand is how it actually works and what the role of speculators is in this.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m608z/eli5_how_does_contagion_work_in_the_european/
|
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"Basically, Greece is in trouble, and looks likely to default on its debt. But it's a tiny economy, so that's not a big deal. The problem is that banks in other EU countries own a lot of Greece's debt. So if Greece defaulted, French, German, Italian, etc banks would lose a buttload of money, which would probably lead to their respective governments having to step in and give the banks money (a bailout). In cases like Italy's, they can't afford to do that without going broke themselves.\n\nThat's contagion. ",
"The_nell_87 answered the contagion bit. Here's another way to think about it.\n\nSay I owe you $1000/month. You owe $1000/month to your landlord for your apartment. Your landlord owes $1000/month to his bank for his house.\n\nIf I stop paying you then you cannot pay your landlord and your landlord cannot pay the bank. That is contagion in this context.\n\nSpeculators are simply people who are making bets on various investments. Government debt is generally seen as a \"safe\" investment. Governments, at least first-world governments, rarely if ever default on their debt. As such people buy lots of that debt and get some return for their investment. Easy money.\n\nHowever, if Greece defaults then those holding that debt have lost their money. The amounts involved are substantial and the money is held by large financial institutions such that it could collapse those banks and you are back to your contagion problem (sort of a domino effect...one falls then the next and so on).\n\nEDIT: In the US the company MF Global [recently went bankrupt](_URL_0_) due to large bets on European sovereign debt.",
"A lot of the economy is based on *confidence*.\n\nLet's say your brother-in-law can't pay his rent, and asks you for a $1000 loan. If he has a good job and just had some unexpected expenses, you would say he had a good chance of paying you back...you would have confidence in him, and be more likely to give him a loan.\n\nBut let's say his business was doing poorly, and the economy was bad, and you weren't so sure about making your our mortgage. You'd have a lot less confidence. \n\nNow let's say you give him the loan, and he can't pay it back. A friend comes up with the exact same problem, wanting a loan. You'd probably be even less confident.\n\nThat's is the situation the Eurozone faces. Greece hasn't been able to make their rent for a while, and has been borrowing a lot of money to cover it. Lenders are losing confidence in their ability to pay them back, and aren't lending any more money. Greece can't make rent, so they are close to defaulting, which means the lenders would lose their money and *no one* will lend to Greece for a long time. They won't lose their house, but they might have to go without electricity or heat for a long time. \n\nPortugal, Spain, and Italy *also* have been borrowing money to make rent. The lenders, having been burned by Greece, don't want that to happen again. So they have less confidence in these other countries, and stop lending money to them sooner than they did Greece. So they default, and even more people are out of money.\n\nSo who are these lenders? Everyone, not just banks. Your pension plan bought some Greek bonds? Poof, they are gone, along with part of your retirement. ",
"Basically, Greece is in trouble, and looks likely to default on its debt. But it's a tiny economy, so that's not a big deal. The problem is that banks in other EU countries own a lot of Greece's debt. So if Greece defaulted, French, German, Italian, etc banks would lose a buttload of money, which would probably lead to their respective governments having to step in and give the banks money (a bailout). In cases like Italy's, they can't afford to do that without going broke themselves.\n\nThat's contagion. ",
"The_nell_87 answered the contagion bit. Here's another way to think about it.\n\nSay I owe you $1000/month. You owe $1000/month to your landlord for your apartment. Your landlord owes $1000/month to his bank for his house.\n\nIf I stop paying you then you cannot pay your landlord and your landlord cannot pay the bank. That is contagion in this context.\n\nSpeculators are simply people who are making bets on various investments. Government debt is generally seen as a \"safe\" investment. Governments, at least first-world governments, rarely if ever default on their debt. As such people buy lots of that debt and get some return for their investment. Easy money.\n\nHowever, if Greece defaults then those holding that debt have lost their money. The amounts involved are substantial and the money is held by large financial institutions such that it could collapse those banks and you are back to your contagion problem (sort of a domino effect...one falls then the next and so on).\n\nEDIT: In the US the company MF Global [recently went bankrupt](_URL_0_) due to large bets on European sovereign debt.",
"A lot of the economy is based on *confidence*.\n\nLet's say your brother-in-law can't pay his rent, and asks you for a $1000 loan. If he has a good job and just had some unexpected expenses, you would say he had a good chance of paying you back...you would have confidence in him, and be more likely to give him a loan.\n\nBut let's say his business was doing poorly, and the economy was bad, and you weren't so sure about making your our mortgage. You'd have a lot less confidence. \n\nNow let's say you give him the loan, and he can't pay it back. A friend comes up with the exact same problem, wanting a loan. You'd probably be even less confident.\n\nThat's is the situation the Eurozone faces. Greece hasn't been able to make their rent for a while, and has been borrowing a lot of money to cover it. Lenders are losing confidence in their ability to pay them back, and aren't lending any more money. Greece can't make rent, so they are close to defaulting, which means the lenders would lose their money and *no one* will lend to Greece for a long time. They won't lose their house, but they might have to go without electricity or heat for a long time. \n\nPortugal, Spain, and Italy *also* have been borrowing money to make rent. The lenders, having been burned by Greece, don't want that to happen again. So they have less confidence in these other countries, and stop lending money to them sooner than they did Greece. So they default, and even more people are out of money.\n\nSo who are these lenders? Everyone, not just banks. Your pension plan bought some Greek bonds? Poof, they are gone, along with part of your retirement. "
]
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[],
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"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-solin/what-mf-global-can-teach-_b_1077639.html?ref=business"
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"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-solin/what-mf-global-can-teach-_b_1077639.html?ref=business"
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6ugulk
|
why does laying down and doing nothing not have the same effect on your body as sleeping?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ugulk/eli5_why_does_laying_down_and_doing_nothing_not/
|
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"Gotta turn off your brain sometime. Thing is a supercomputer. Sleep is a way for your body to correct minor issues that reside in the brain. Even if you are not thinking or meditating you can never put your brain in the sleep stage without actually sleeping. ",
"When you're sleeping, your brain is doing more than just taking a break. It's the cleaning crew and maintenance going around the office and fixing stuff while no one else is working. \n\nThere's correlation between people who don't get sufficient sleep and development of Alzheimers and dementia later in life. Just like everything else in your body, when your brain does its normal processes, toxins and such are created in the process. One of the way the brains deals with this is to flood the brain with cerbral-spinal fluid as a way of \"washing off\" the grime. Increases in CSF don't typically jive well with doing things, so it's probably easier just to close the office for the night, so to speak. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
||
2fzlk2
|
if i fall asleep while listening to music, will my brain enter rest mode, or keep processing information?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fzlk2/eli5_if_i_fall_asleep_while_listening_to_music/
|
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"text": [
"Isn't this how those courses that have you listen to a lesson in your sleep are meant to work? For example a lesson to teach you french.\n\nI am a bit hesitant to the validity of these claims, the fact that mythbusters busted the use of these courses only serving to further my disbelief.\n\nConsidering the proof for these lessons not working, the brain must go to sleep.\n\nEdit: *mythbusters",
"My guess is the former. I've been falling asleep to music on repeat lately and I wake up feeling as rested as when I don't. Maybe even a bit more rested.",
"Not sure this is really something I can explain like you're five, but I'll give it a shot.\n\nI'm a lucid dreamer. For those of you who aren't aware of the practice, lucid dreaming is attempting to gain awareness of the fact that you're dreaming and gain control of the dream from there. Falling asleep while listening to music is a somewhat common practice in this community.\n\nEssentially speaking, your brain still enters \"rest mode,\" the same way it would if you fell asleep to a TV show or lecture. However, a unique perspective that a lucid dreamer gains is that you can still hear background noise while dreaming, music included. It's actually a great way to realize that what you're experiencing is a dream, even when the logical side of your brain is asleep. So the answer to your question is: a bit of both.\n\nYour brain is always processing information about the world, even while you sleep, and as long as you are indeed actually asleep, you will get a full night's rest with music in the background even as you hear it in your dreams. It's an odd experience to hear whatever you had playing as background music as you continue acting in a dream, but definitely one I recommend trying sometime.",
"\"Rest mode\" is somewhat of a misnomer - when sleeping, your brain is actually just as active as when you're awake. It's believed that sleep is when the brain processes daytime experiences to find meaning, incorporates what it believes to be important into longer-term storage and other parts of the brain, and runs literal *simulations* to work on long-term problems. Dreams are believed to be a consequence of this processing and deep thought, and are affected to some extent by available stimuli (such as music), which continue to be received and processed by the brain even while asleep.\n\nIf you fall asleep, you're sleeping, period. The *quality* of that sleep may be affected by surrounding noise such as music, but you will be sleeping all the same.",
"I think this question would be better suited to /r/askscience rather than Explain Like I'm 5.",
"I fell asleep watching topgear the other day and had a dream where I rode unicorns with Jeremy Clarkson. I believe this is because your brain is still listening when you fall asleep which is also the reason you are woken by loud noises. Listening to music may be more helpful to sleep as your brain is constantly listening rather than having to pick up on little sounds every so often.",
"I don't know about others but I can't listen to music when I'm trying to sleep. My brain automatically 'sings' along with the song and when I wake up in the morning I just feel so tired like I've never gotten a minute of rest, even though I have no idea where the hours went.",
"I always end up dreaming about one of he songs on my playlist. Anyone else?",
"omelette du fromage",
"I fell asleep listening to Tom Waits, one particular song, on repeat. When I woke up the song sounded discordant and completely whack, notes sounded wrong and his voice was moving between pitches in a really odd way. It wore off after a day and I still think about it sometimes.",
"A simple way of explaining it is that when you fall asleep, your brain stops attending (i.e. paying attention to) the stimuli presented (such as music). Your brain is not necessarily \"as active as when you are awake\" as the top commenter suggested - we see less activity as you fall asleep and different frequencies of brain activity in different stages. \n\nBut what is correct is that our brain can integrate external stimuli into our dreams in interesting ways - spraying a mist over someone can lead them to report dreaming about the seaside or waterfalls and meaningful sounds can have a similar effect. \n\nWhat is quite possible to happen though is when you come back out of a cycle of sleep into shallow Stage 1 sleep (which is similar to wakefulness) you may start to attend to the music again - and attentional process tend to lead to us waking up - hence the experience of waking up and finding you've left your music on. \n\nSource - have conducted sleep studies. ",
"Omelette du fromage ",
"Not sure if anyone will know what I'm talking about, but when I listen to music as I fall asleep the songs will sound slow and drawn out for the next week or so. As if someone turned the speed down or something. I don't really know how to explain it but I'm sure others know what I'm talking about? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6b2h20
|
what makes some whiskey/bourbon/scotch "smooth" and others "harsh?" price is not the answer i'm looking for. there are affordable examples of each that are smooth, and others in the same price range that are harsh. food science based answers would be the most helpful.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6b2h20/eli5_what_makes_some_whiskeybourbonscotch_smooth/
|
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"text": [
"The aging process is what smooths out the whisky. As it sits in the wood barrels the whisky temperature fluctuations (driven by the changing of the seasons) cause the whisky to seep in and out of the wood. While this is happening, some of the ethanol evaporates off (called the angel's cut) through the wood. This drops the proof of the whisky, making it less harsh. At the same time, some of the natural compounds from the wood get pulled into whisky, giving it color. The longer a whisky is aged, the smoother it gets. As a barrel ages, more and more volume evaporates out. A 30 year old barrel of whisky might loose 3/4 of its original volume, which explains why it is so expensive.",
"The taste can be influenced well before aging by the shape and height of the destillery and the destillation temperature. Different alcohols have sometimes very slightly different evaporation points and they carry different aromas. With a high destillery you can more easily adjust for a favorable mix since some non-favorable alcohols and aromas fall down again before reaching the cooling spiral.\n\n\nSince English isn't my first language you might want to look at the explanation in r/scotch: \n_URL_0_",
"In addition to the other responses you've received (still style, aging), the \"mash bill\" (or what the whisk[e]y is made of) can also affect the flavor of \"smoothness.\" Bourbon, for example, must be made from at least 51% corn, but can have other grains. Wheat will lend a \"soft\" flavor and texture, while more rye will yield a more spicy and robust product (that can be described as harsh by those that don't care for it). ",
"In addition to /u/Janus96Approx's very good answer [you might find this interesting](_URL_0_)\n\nEssentially different people find different things harsh and that different things counter harsh. You may be someone, like me, who finds the smokeyness of the phenols that come from peatier whiskies counters harshness, or you may be someone that prefers the caremelier flavours that come from the lignates you get from using newer wood/wood for longer/smaller barrels.\n\nYou also might like your whisky sweater and so you might prefer whiskies with a different \"mash tun\" - ie ingredients:\n\n- Corn whiskeys ie borbon will be sweeter\n- Rye whiskies will be spicier and to me can be quite harsh if they are \"high rye\" - ie more than 70% odd rye\n- Malted barley whiskies (scotch) tend to be the smoothest\n- Wheat whiskies tend to have a kind of thickness to them\n\nFor most people harshness, and certainly hangovers, is closely linked to the amount of higher alcohols in the drink: so ethanol is good, methanol, butanol, propanol etc... is bad. Various things control how many higher alcohols you get in your whisky:\n\n- the higher the sill, the purer the ethanol,\n- the more times distilled, the purer the ethanol\n- the longer the \"heads\" and \"tails\" the purer the ethanol. So basically the way a sill works is you boil the mash and then the first, say, 15% you junk as being stuff that came off too early to be the good stuff, and the bottom, say, 30% you junk as well for coming off too late. But everything that came out between those points you trust. But if you set tighter limits then you get less whisky but smoother.\n- higher alcohols break down into lower alcohols in time, so older whiskies will tend to be smoother (Edit: see discussion in comments).\n\nBecause each of these steps costs money, in general more expensive whiskies will be smoother, but it's not a 1-1 mapping. And often an element of harshness is deliberately added because some people like it. Also more complicated whiskies with more going on taste wise will tend to have more higher alcohols and so take longer to have its edges smoothed off. So take something like Lagavulin 8 - it's basically the same thing as Lagavulin 16 so it's quite expensive, but while 16 is smooth, 8 will punch you in the nose.\n\nLet me know which whiskies you like/don't like and I can try and pinpoint exactly what you enjoy in whisky and make some recommendations. ",
"From what I understand, the smoother whiskeys and other distilled beverages have impurities which help soften the impact of the alcohol, while the harsher ones have impurities which may even make it taste or burn more than pure alcohol mixed with distilled water for the same percentage of alcohol.\n\nIngredients which help smoothen the taste would be (fruit) sugar (or caramelised sugar) left over from incomplete fermentation, some oils, and many more.\n\nDifferent ingredients also produces different sensations of harshness, probably because they have differing amounts of calcium and many other chemicals/molecules with that effect.\n\nHere are tips how to get more smoothness: _URL_0_",
"According to a friend of mine who is getting his masters in food science, the harshness comes from an excess of carbonyl groups in the drink. These break down during the aging process which is why aged whiskey is smoother than unaged.\n\nApparently you can smooth out cheap booze with sodium carbonate and the right process, but it's not cost-effective."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/Scotch/comments/hsahm/education_series_stills_and_the_effect_on_the/"
],
[],
[
"http://www.economist.com/node/457125"
],
[
"http://gizmodo.com/5914858/how-to-make-smooth-whiskey-even-smoother/"
],
[]
] |
||
2bfryt
|
why is (most) spam so obviously spam?
|
Who are they fooling with their CHeAp VIagra!1! OnlY 99 Cents! emails? Wouldn't it make more sense to appear at least somewhat legitimate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bfryt/eli5_why_is_most_spam_so_obviously_spam/
|
{
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"score": [
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],
"text": [
"If you can tell its fake/spam/a scam then you're not the target audience and they don't want to deal with you.",
"\"V1a6ra\" doesn't trip the spam filter as easy as \"Viagra\".",
"Essentially, spam is designed to \"make the garden weed itself\" (to quote the Freakonomics podcast).\nIf you can make spam that only targets the vulnerable, easily targeted audience, you avoid lots of problems.",
"Here is a study from Microsoft on this question: _URL_0_\n\nThe short version is, it costs a lot of time to follow up on the reply from a potential target before they actually give you money. You want to only follow up on the ones that are so incredibly gullible as to actually pay out in the end, otherwise you're wasting time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/167719/whyfromnigeria.pdf"
]
] |
|
1dd4sm
|
your dissertation. (doctorate thesis)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dd4sm/eli5_your_dissertation_doctorate_thesis/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9p8hfi"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"You might want to take a look at /r/AskAcademia."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2j4yto
|
what exactly are virtualization technologies like hyper-v, app-v, med-v? what is a "hypervisor"?
|
All I know about virtualization is VirtualBox/the VMWare equivalent: allowing you to run another OS in a special application on your current OS (e.g. virtual OS X while using VirtualBox on Windows 7).
Beyond that, I don't understand these technologies at all.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2j4yto/eli5_what_exactly_are_virtualization_technologies/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl8f914",
"cl8hfo0"
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text": [
"Hypervisor is just a fancy-sounding word for the software/firmware/hardware that actually creates and manages virtual machines.\n\nThere are two primary types: bare metal and hosted.\n\nType 1 or bare metal hypervisors are installed directly onto the host system's hardware. You can think of a bare metal hypervisor being like an operating system that is just dedicated to creating and managing virtual machines.\n\nType 2 or hosted hypervisors are like those you've already mentioned. VirtualBox, VMWare Workstation, etc., are hypervisors installed on an existing operating system that lets you run virtual machines on that system. They are not directly managing the hardware of your system but rely on the underlying OS for that.\n\nIt also helps to think of these things in layers. In a type 1 architecture, the layering goes: hardware > hypervisor > guest operating system(s).\n\nIn a type 2 architecture, the layering goes: hardware > host operating system > hypervisor > guest operating system(s).\n\nWell known type 1 hypervisors include VMWare ESX/ESXi, Hyper-V, and Xen.\n\nWell known type 2 hypervisors include VMWare Workstation/Fusion, Parallels, VirtualBox, XenDesktop, and Hyper-V (can be installed directly to hardware or installed as a role within an existing Windows Server).",
"Why is it called a hypervisor? Because an ancient term for operating system is \"supervisor\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3udb9k
|
what evidence was there that micheal jackson was a pedophile?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3udb9k/eli5what_evidence_was_there_that_micheal_jackson/
|
{
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"cxdvuv6",
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10,
2
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"text": [
"1. This is a leading question. (vs. \"was MJ a pedophile? What is the evidence on either side of this issue?\") \n\n2. _URL_0_",
"I got curious so I wiki'd it:\n\n- the kid was able to describe Jackson's private parts, and some say it was convincing, some say it wasn't\n\n- Jackson married Priscilla Presley quickly after, which some saw as a ploy to pretend he was innocent/into adults/heterosexual\n\n- when the program *Living with Michael Jackson* was shot, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy\n\n- the boy Jackson talked about then came out and accused him\n\n- after he was acquitted, Jackson moved to Bahrain, where his family was going to send him if he was convicted\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://m.reddit.com/r/bestof/comments/3n6ni5/redditor_breaks_down_why_michael_jackson_did_not/"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"
]
] |
||
l50vl
|
why does arsenic kill you?
|
And how?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/l50vl/eli5_why_does_arsenic_kill_you/
|
{
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"c2ptugj",
"c2ptugj"
],
"score": [
18,
18
],
"text": [
"There's this thing called *cellular metabolism.* You can think of each individual cell in your body as being a little organism, and that little organism has a metabolism, or a set of processes that it goes through to stay alive.\n\nArsenic, when it gets into your cells through your bloodstream, interferes with cellular metabolism. Specifically, it hinders the production of a particular enzyme — a type of molecule — called acetyl-CoA. (That's pronounced \"coh-aye\"; it's short for \"coenzyme A\".)\n\nAcetyl-CoA is a really important metabolic enzyme. Without it, your cells can't perform the chemical reactions they need to stay alive. When its production is inhibited, the cells undergo a process called apoptosis, which is basically just a fancy word for cell death. When this starts to happen on a large scale, all sorts of things go wrong inside your body. You get headaches, you feel drowsy and confused, but worse you start to suffer from severe diarrhea as your digestive system goes into panic mode. This causes your body to shed fluids, which makes it even harder for your cells to function. As the concentration of arsenic goes up (because your body expelled water from your digestive system), things get really bad. Your kidneys fail, you go into convulsions, you slip into a coma and then you die.\n\nIt's not a peaceful way to go.",
"There's this thing called *cellular metabolism.* You can think of each individual cell in your body as being a little organism, and that little organism has a metabolism, or a set of processes that it goes through to stay alive.\n\nArsenic, when it gets into your cells through your bloodstream, interferes with cellular metabolism. Specifically, it hinders the production of a particular enzyme — a type of molecule — called acetyl-CoA. (That's pronounced \"coh-aye\"; it's short for \"coenzyme A\".)\n\nAcetyl-CoA is a really important metabolic enzyme. Without it, your cells can't perform the chemical reactions they need to stay alive. When its production is inhibited, the cells undergo a process called apoptosis, which is basically just a fancy word for cell death. When this starts to happen on a large scale, all sorts of things go wrong inside your body. You get headaches, you feel drowsy and confused, but worse you start to suffer from severe diarrhea as your digestive system goes into panic mode. This causes your body to shed fluids, which makes it even harder for your cells to function. As the concentration of arsenic goes up (because your body expelled water from your digestive system), things get really bad. Your kidneys fail, you go into convulsions, you slip into a coma and then you die.\n\nIt's not a peaceful way to go."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
21myl9
|
why do american courts give such large payouts for civil actions?
|
There was a post on the front page of someone seeking $40 million in compensation from a police departure for wrongful harassment. Is this sort of enormous payout normal in a civil claim? In Australian law, there is strong focus on ensuring that the plaintiff is not overcompensated, meaning they only get damages for the loss they have actually suffered. Is it the same in America?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21myl9/eli5_why_do_american_courts_give_such_large/
|
{
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"cgel4br",
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"text": [
"So this question has been asked several times, try the search bar.\n\nThe amount they are \"seeking\" is usually the maximum amount they can get. The actual \"award\" (ie money they get) is usually much much much smaller.\n\nWhy do this? Why wouldn't you? Swing for the fences, you may get it bumped up higher.",
"What constitutes damages is somewhat of an art form in civil cases. Sometimes plaintiffs are compensated for an amount that represents a tradition of historical wrongs. Other times it represents the amount of outrage a jury feels at the defendant for pressing their case to the limit and litigating in defense of an injury for which their can be little defense. I've also seen cases in which liability is established, damages are documented but the jury returns with a verdict of $0.",
"This is only part of the answer, but in America there's also the concept of \"punitive damages,\" which are designed to punish the person who did wrong and keep them from doing it again. \n\nSay a really big company does something pretty nasty, like polluting a river. It doesn't hurt any individual victim very much, maybe a few thousand dollars. If that's all they had to pay, they'd just keep polluting. So a jury can tack on an additional amount (usually no more than 10 times the actual damages) to deter them from doing it in the future."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
17tin7
|
explain superbowl to a non american
|
I don't know if this is the right subreddit,I know I could read Wikipedia but I wanted to hear from a common American's point of views.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17tin7/explain_superbowl_to_a_non_american/
|
{
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"c88rkyg",
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2
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"text": [
"There are two major \"leagues\" in American football. The Superbowl is the game at the end of the season where the \"winners\" of the two leagues play each other. Non-sports fans like to watch because halfway through the game there is a \"halftime show\" that usually features a major band or musical group. Also, people watch on television because advertisers spend enormous amounts of money creating special \"superbowl\" commercials which are uncharacteristically clever or funny. I think. I'm American, and I'm not sure what the big deal is, either. ",
"Some countries hold soccer (what Euros and others call football) in VERY high regard, and place huge importance on their big games.\n\nAmericans do that with American Football, also known as the NFL (National Football League). The game has an ENORMOUS following, and is the single most watched television event in any given year in the U.S. \n\nFor Americans, it's practically a national holiday, and many gather in homes for \"Superbowl Parties\" to watch the game and to eat, drink, and be merry.\n\nIt's also known for it's very creative, and usually very funny commercials. The game has such a huge viewership that advertisers fight for the right to spend millions of dollars for a 30 second ad spot during the game. \n\nAs for the game, the league is split into two conferences, the AFC and NFC. Each conference has it's best teams who play in their own playoffs, and eventually a conference championship. So you end up with an \"AFC champion\", and and \"NFC champion\". Those two teams are the ones that play in the Superbowl. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4w412r
|
first sochi, now rio. how are cities that win the olympic bid allowed to do so when they cannot provide acceptable athlete accommodations, have viral water, thefts, etc? doesn't the ioc have some standards that host cities must meet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4w412r/eli5_first_sochi_now_rio_how_are_cities_that_win/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d63s49l"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"They certainly have lots of standards. The problem is that it takes several years to prepare a city to host the Olympics. By the time it becomes certain that a city isn't going to meet the appropriate standards, there isn't enough time for another city to prepare, so they're kind of stuck hosting it in the city they originally gave it to."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1w15zk
|
can credit card companies lose money from offerring reward points?
|
I pay my credit card off every month and accumulate about $30 each month in Amazon rewards points. Is Chase losing money on me or is Amazon filling in the gap?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1w15zk/eli5_can_credit_card_companies_lose_money_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cexpa11"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"When you the card, the merchants you purchase from pay Chase a percentage of the sale. Chase makes money even if you pay the balance each month and they make even more when you don't."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
a1crl4
|
if newer bills are harder to counterfeit due to advances in security measures, what would stop counterfeiters from faking older bills that aren't as secure?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a1crl4/eli5_if_newer_bills_are_harder_to_counterfeit_due/
|
{
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"text": [
"Older bills are becoming less common as they are pulled from circulation, and as such, they often are subject to harder scrutiny if presented to a cashier.",
"Well, nothing, except that old ones get pulled from circulation and retailers/moneychangers will stop accepting them. I went to Kenya a few years back and the tour operator warned me not to bring any US bills older than 2 years.",
"A US $20, is in circulation for 7.7 years on average\n\nA US $100, 15 years\n\n_URL_0_\n\nAnother issue, is how do they get weathered? A crisp and clean $100 from 1992 is going to stand right out",
"In the UK we just make the old ones invalid after a point, the new £5 came in 13 September 2016 and the old one stopped being valid 5 May 2017. But what if you find some old ones in the back of a drawer or something? You can send them in to the Bank of England and get a cheque sent back, oddly most counterfeiters don't try to con the organisation that makes the real ones.",
"In the UK when a new style bank note is introduced, after a period where both old and new are in circulation, the old style is withdrawn from circulation and no longer recognised as legal tender. For a time ordinary banks will exchange them for you, but after a while even they stop, and you have to go to the Bank of England if you want to exchange them for newer ones (the Bank of England itself will honour any note, even ones 300+ years old, but really old ones are probably worth more as collectors' items)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2014/09/12/how-many-years-do-us-banknotes-stay-in-circulation-infographic/#3ef1dabfcf54"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
98g6dm
|
can you build up a heat or cold tolerance(weather)? if so, how does it happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/98g6dm/eli5_can_you_build_up_a_heat_or_cold/
|
{
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"e4frget",
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10
],
"text": [
"I am not sure if the science. But I work at in a very hot environment in the summer. Temps can reach 40 degrees Celsius. By exposing yourself to hot temperatures gradually you start adjusting. First day do 15 mins per hour. Next day 20 and so forth. We humans are very adaptable. I would assume the same would work with colder temps also. ",
"In your skin there are these little special guys that are programmed to to tell your body if outside temperature changes (thermoreceptors). These guys will basically tell your body “Oi shits getting cold/hot” and a part in your brain responsible for temperature change will try to get shit sorted (hypothalamus starts the process of thermoregulation). Now from here that part in your brain says “fix this shit” and a process will start to combat the temp change (homeostasis). This process is necessary for maintain internal function due to an external change for anything, not just temperature. Now when you’re in an environment that is constantly hot or cold, these receptors will start to develop a tolerance and that part of your brain will always be aware that the temperature change is consistent, therefore will continuously provide a response to the heat or cold. To get this tolerance, you just need to be in that environment until it realises and kicks in. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
8it31p
|
why does 1/3 equal .333, 2/3 equal .666, but 3/3 equal 1.0
|
1/3 = .333(repeating)
2/3 = .666(repeating)
3/3 = 1
Is .999 repeating = to 1?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8it31p/eli5_why_does_13_equal_333_23_equal_666_but_33/
|
{
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"score": [
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54,
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"text": [
"Yes .9999 repeating = 1. What you just wrote is actually a simple proof for it.\n\nInstead of “but” you could write “thus” and you have yourself a proof",
" > Is .999 repeating = to 1?\n\nYes. It is equal to *exactly* 1.\n\nStatements like this are basically the founding premise of calculus; i.e. that you can take an infinite number of infinitesimally small iterations, and they can sum to a finite number.",
"Yes .9999... = 1.\n\nThis is my favorite proof for it:\n\nX=.9999...(infinity)\n\n10x= 9.9999....\n\n10x-x=9.9999...- .9999...\n\n9x=9\n\nx=1",
"**Yes** they are **exactly** equal, if they are real numbers.\n\nLots of people makes wrong reasoning in this thread, you can't manipulate infinite strings of digits easily without somehow making the assumption there exists no \"infinitesimals\". That is, 0.0000...1 does not exists.\n\nNote that it was controversial for a long long time, and lots of people assumed \"infinitesimals\" made sense and could be slipped between 0.9999... and 1. It even created wars of religions between Archimedean and non-Archimedean definition of the Reals. But then all hell break loose when you build analysis from infinitesimals (it didn't stop Newton to use them as long as it gave him the right answer, physicists are not that picky...).",
"I've always liked this explanation, though I've had a mathematician say I'm technically wrong, but admitted it's a compelling thought experiment.\n\nIf .9 repeating and 1 are not equal, then show me a number in between them..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1jmijg
|
why we can take detailed photos of galaxies millions of lightyears away but can't take a single clear photo of pluto
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jmijg/eli5_why_we_can_take_detailed_photos_of_galaxies/
|
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"Well, a [typical galaxy](_URL_0_) is 100,000 lightyears across. (A lightyear is more than 5 trillion miles.) Pluto is only about 1500 miles across.\n\n",
"Galaxies are big and slow, Pluto is small and fast.\n\nThe Triangulum galaxy is so far away that it's essentially at infinite distance for our purposes. You can point a telescope at it and let the exposure sit for *months* if you want a clear picture of it. The minor changes in angle as the Earth and telescope move are insignificant at that distance.\n\nPluto is far, but not nearly that far. A telescope that's trying to look at Pluto must actively track Pluto's movement to keep it in focus. Throw in the fact that Pluto is rotating and you get a blurry streak if you try to take a long exposure image of it.\n\n*edit:* Also, the New Horizons probe will make a very close flyby of Pluto in 2015, which should provide us some excellent high-resolution images of Pluto and Charon.\n\n*edit 2:* Others are bringing up some additional excellent points that should go in the top comment:\n\n[Rasori discusses the lighting issue with an object as faint as pluto](_URL_1_)\n\n[Exscape discusses the angular size of pluto in relation to some other commonly imaged objects](_URL_0_)",
"Think of it like you're in a car, traveling across the big city. You take out your phone and take a picture of some of the sky scrapers from far away. It's pretty easy because the buildings are far away and from where you are, the perspective doesn't really change for the most part. And then imagine trying to take a picture of a bird flying by your car going the opposite direction. It's going to be harder because, even though it's closer, it moves across your field of view a lot quicker.\n\nI know this analogy isn't too good because buildings are dormant and galaxies, to my knowledge, aren't, but it should give you a good idea.\n\nedit: Fixed apostrophe",
"Galaxies are giant, shiny, and at essentially a fixed point in the sky. Pluto is small, dark, and not at a fixed point in the sky.",
"Imagine a galaxy as a spotlight a mile away. It's really bright and easy to take a picture of. \n\nNow imagine Pluto as a golf ball across the street that is moving very fast. That would be pretty hard to snap a clear picture of. ",
"They want us to forget about Pluto v_v",
"I think it should also be noted that often the beautifully detailed pictures of galaxies and gas clouds, etc are composite images. Different colors in the image are not necessarily representing what you would see with your eyes if you were there in a space craft, that swirl of purple maybe representing x rays being emitted that green texture may be representing electro-magnetic energy. ",
"I see a lot of response talking about the speed of the object you're trying to see relative to the field of view : it has nothing to do with speed !\nSize is all that matter : pluto is a bit smaller than the moon, but it's about 4 billions km away, now our moon doesn't look that big in the sky, imagine how big it would look if you put it as far away as pluto.\nGalaxy are so big we can view them easily despite being millions of light years away. In the end it's all about angular size, or how big does an object look in the sky, for exemple our closest neighbor the Andromeda galaxy is bigger in the sky than the moon even tho it is 2 millions light years away.",
"Galaxies might be millions of times further away, but they're also many billions of times larger.\n\nThis would be similar to said galaxy being the size of Los Angeles, and looking at it from as far away as San Diego... Pluto would be a ball bearing about a block and a half away from you. Sure, you can see through the telescope that there's buildings in Los Angeles, but you're not going to see any ball bearings in it at that distance - you're lucky you can make out the one that's a block and half away.",
"because there is something in pluto that they dont want you to see",
"It's due to the relative sizes of both objects. Glaxies are trillions of times bigger and trillions of times more luminous than pluto, allowing us to capture a picture of them.",
"Galaxies are farther away, but are much bigger and give off much more light. A comparison would be if you are trying to see a fly in the dark, 5 feet away, can't see it right? But then what if you have like a city 3 miles\n, you can see it, because it is bigger and brighter. I know that's not to scale, but you get the point.",
"Pluto?\n\nOh. You mean *Yuggoth*.\n\nWell, the reason is that the Old Ones don't wish to be discovered.\n\nYet.",
"The images of galaxies we see are mostly stars which emit light. Not only that but they're significantly larger than Pluto. Pluto is a very small planet that emits no light.",
"Because that fucking dog just won't stay still. My god.",
"I did some rough math - for Pluto to be the same size in the sky as the Andromeda galaxy, it would have to be ~34000km away from us. That's about the right height for geostationary satellites and more than 10 times closer than our own moon.\n\nBasically Pluto is really, really, really small, and galaxies are unimaginably huge.",
"(Explained like you're five) Pluto isn't on fire. ",
"Because Pluto is 1,643,524,864,160,410 times smaller than a galaxy.\n\nWhy can you see a light house 5 miles away but can't see cells?",
"I like to think that after I die I can explore the universe for infinity if I wanted to! ;p",
"Pluto is pissed off for not being considered a planet anymore and runs away from the NASA paparazzi.",
"For the same reason you can take a picture of the big mountain way over there, but not the acorn that is a football field away.",
"Angular resolution of galaxies is greater than that of pluto, which is also why hubble can't take pics of the moon landing sites. pluto and moon landing sites are close, but tiny compared to the giant galaxies, so less arcseconds in a picture. sort of how the moon and the sun look the same size in the sky, but the moon is as many times closer to earth as it is smaller than the sun, so same angular resolution to us. ",
"Here is a list of video links collected from comments that redditors have made in response to this submission:\n\n|Source Comment|Score|Video Link|\n|:-------|:-------|:-------|\n|[RhetoricalBot](_URL_2_)|62|[Galaxy Collision- The Milky Way vs Andromeda!](_URL_9_)|\n|[Soris](_URL_16_)|8|[Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies future merge ](_URL_14_)|\n|[sacollie](_URL_1_)|3|[SYLVANIA BLUE DOT FLASH CUBE COMMERCIAL 1965](_URL_7_)|\n|[bamdrew](_URL_10_)|2|[Tentipi presents - Time Lapse 2 Chile](_URL_6_)|\n|[agentsac](_URL_11_)|1|[What Will We Miss?](_URL_8_)|\n|[vdubstep](_URL_15_)|1|[Could We See Star Wars?](_URL_3_)|\n|[brycedriesenga](_URL_12_)|0|[Powerman 5000 - When Worlds Collide](_URL_4_)|\n\n* [VideoLinkBot FAQ](_URL_13_)\n* [Feedback](_URL_5_)\n* [Playlist of videos in this comment](_URL_0_)",
"\"On a diagram of the solar system to scale, with the earth reduce to about the diameter of a pea, Jupiter would be over 300 meters away and Pluto would be over two and a half kilometers ( and about the size of a bacterium). On the same scale Proxima Centuria, our nearest star, would be 16,000 kilometers away. Even if you shrank everything so that Jupiter was as small as the full stop at the end of this sentence, and Pluto was no bigger than a molecule, Pluto would still be over 10 meters away.\"\n-A Short History Of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/001205a.html"
],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jmijg/eli5_why_we_can_take_detailed_photos_of_galaxies/cbg9dmy",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jmijg/eli5_why_we_can_take_detailed_photos_of_galaxies/cbg8up2"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://radd.it/comments/1jmijg/_/cbgledm?only=videos&start=1",
"http://reddit.com/comments/1jmijg/_/cbgde4c",
"http://reddit.com/comments/1jmijg/_/cbgem7v",
"http://youtu.be/Jq-NnQmI_2c",
"http://youtu.be/lsV500W4BHU",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/VideoLinkBot/submit",
"http://youtu.be/MbwZ8B311qs",
"http://youtu.be/qF3rJHO4vAo",
"http://youtu.be/7uiv6tKtoKg",
"http://youtu.be/Cd9cBlvfjow",
"http://reddit.com/comments/1jmijg/_/cbgnf3d",
"http://reddit.com/comments/1jmijg/_/cbgladf",
"http://reddit.com/comments/1jmijg/_/cbgle8q",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/VideoLinkBot/wiki/faq",
"http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=33c_1359547481",
"http://reddit.com/comments/1jmijg/_/cbkydlw",
"http://reddit.com/comments/1jmijg/_/cbgkb4k"
],
[]
] |
||
28mpoi
|
wikileaks latest leak; tisa
|
What does it all mean? How is it potentially going to affect me as a citizen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28mpoi/eli5_wikileaks_latest_leak_tisa/
|
{
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"cickfs0",
"cicquyl",
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],
"score": [
7,
2,
3
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"text": [
"I haven't read the whole thing yet, for the time being _URL_0_ is helpful. \n\nHere's _URL_1_ 17 page analysis wikileaks personnel made.\n\nAt individual level I don't imagine a major impact, this leak is focused more on exposing how the big private organizations are greedy (supposedly) and make the system more corrupt and far less ideal what it's supposed to be. I don't have more insights, but I plan to spend some time this weekend and see what I can gather. I think more leaks are to come after this. ",
"One issue is that they are negotiating in secret. If its good for people, why make it secret? Given that the US is dominated by banks the government deems too big to fail (that is we the taxpayers cover the loses) and too big to jail (massive money laundering), more buisness for them that is going to make them even bigger and more influential isn't going to be good for any US citizen or taxpayer.",
"Here is a [good video](_URL_3_) about how they want to/have been using both TISA and its predecessor GATS to privatize formerly public services irreversibly. For example, here is a [paper on GATS's influence on US healthcare reform](_URL_2_). TISA is supposed to complement GATS, the previous services treaty.\n\nHere is the [Wikileaks analysis](_URL_4_) of just the financial services part. Here is an article from Australia on that.\n\nThey make it secret because its full of things that the people of the countries involves don't like. For example, **it tries to use US services jobs as bargaining chips in world trade**, by forcing their privatization and globalization. US companies want to get contracts in India and so they want to put US public service jobs in play in the same way here so that services firms in countries like India can bid on them.\n\nFinancial services is just a part of it.. here are some more links.\n\n_URL_5_ (Privatization of public service jobs)\n\n_URL_6_ (General)\n\n_URL_7_ (Education)\n\n_URL_0_ (General)\n\n_URL_1_ (Financial)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.businessinsider.in/WikiLeaks-Leaks-A-Chapter-Of-A-Global-Trade-Agreement-That-Deals-With-Financial-Deregulation/articleshow/36836866.cms",
"https://wikileaks.org/tisa-financial/Analysis-of-secret-tisa-financial-annex.pdf"
],
[],
[
"http://www.ourworldisnotforsale.org/en/article/international-trade-services-agreement-tisa-why-proposed-free-trade-agreement-fta-services-d",
"http://www.voxy.co.nz/politics/secret-tisa-trade-talks-will-lock-nz-finance-rules-kelsey/5/193949",
"http://www.pnhp.org/sites/default/files/Nick%20Skala%20GAT%20and%20Health%20Reform.pdf",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oR5ecPE0dE",
"https://wikileaks.org/tisa-financial/analysis.html",
"http://corporateeurope.org/blog/342-civil-society-groups-oppose-deregulation-and-privatisation-proposed-services-agreement-tisa",
"https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/National%20Office/2014/04/TISA_Versus_Public_Services.pdf",
"http://www.ei-ie.org/en/news/news_details/2659"
]
] |
|
48qb7l
|
why is it when you have an itch and scratch it, it feels like it moves around?
|
Always have my gf scratch my back start on top right under shoulder blade and procced to go every witch way for a good minute before she gets it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/48qb7l/eli5_why_is_it_when_you_have_an_itch_and_scratch/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0lp8wj"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Scratching localizes the histamine from around the itching part go the parts close to it. This causes the feeling of itch moving in your body."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5uc4ts
|
why do german luxury automobile brands such as audi/bmw/mercedes recommend oil changes every 15k+ miles whereas american standard brands like ford and chevy still recommend oil changes every 3-5k miles?
|
I have always owned American car brands and regularly changed the oil at the recommended 5K mile mark as part of the routine maintenance. I recently got a BMW X3 and found out that the recommended mileage before getting an oil change is around 15K. This lead me to ask:
What is it about the design of the German vehicles that allow them to go longer without changing the oil? Does the engine run at a slightly temperature than American models? Does it have to do with the fact that I am combusting higher rated gasoline in it(requires premium)? Do they use a superior oil filter? If anyone could give some insight, I would greatly appreciate it because I was genuinely curious and don't know enough about cars to formulate my own hypothesis.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5uc4ts/eli5_why_do_german_luxury_automobile_brands_such/
|
{
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"text": [
"Most likely they use a higher quality oil. You can buy amsoil, Royal purple. Ect. That is rated for 15k and will work in American vehicles.",
"Service contracts.\n\nBMW used to recommend oil changes every 5000 miles or so, but then the marketing department got involved and offered free oil changes for the first X years, and once the dealers had to pay the cost of the service the interval magically tripled so you needed fewer of them.\n\nThe effect is that with the reduced servicing the car will still run fine for the duration of the warranty, but at the end of the warranty period it'll have more wear and tear and may need to be replaced sooner - another win for the marketing department.",
"Check your owners manual. Many cars today don't go by the 3,000 mile thing anymore. The dealer will, but they sell oil changes so they want you in as often as possible. ",
"It's mostly due to advances in petroleum engineering. German cars use full synthetic oil, usually 5w-40 or 0w-40 depending on the region you live. The first number measures the oil at very cold temperatures(0F). The second number measures the oils' performance at engine operating temperature (210F). This is important for oil life. Full synthetic oils last much, much longer than natural oils, since they have been specifically engineered to do so. Additionally by having a high heat tolerance -40 oils don't degrade due to heat as fast as lower rated oils. \n\nYou could put full synthetic 0w-30 in an american car and go 10,000 miles between changes no problem. But I wouldn't recommend putting -40 in a car that wants -30, it might be a little too thick that what the engine was designed for.",
"Don't know how accurate it is, but an older friend told me that back in the day they always said 15k, but once they realized how lucrative selling oil changes could be, they started suggesting 5k",
"My 2014 Mustang GT used 8.5 quarts of 5w50 full synthetic and recommends oil changes every 5-7k miles, which is a good thing because each oil change is almost $130",
"Here in Europe I had Ford, Peugeot, Citroen and Fiat. They all suggested an oil change at 20.000 km (13.000 miles). Some models even 30.000 km. ",
"Don't know how reliable this info is but I notice specifically with BMW that for a V8, the oil quantity is anywhere from 8.5-10 quarts of oil. Add full synthetic to the blend and essentially you have a huge oil storage capacity, thereby making your oil last longer and help your engine stay lubricated. BMW 6 cylinder engines are about 6.9 quarts as well. Whereas other domestic manufacturers seem to have less oil quantities for the comparable engine sizes. That's just what I've noticed, don't know if there's any truth to it. My oil changes on my 2015 Mini (which has a BMW motor) are 8,000 miles and I do oil changes every 4K because I drive hard on it and have a turbo motor. ",
"New technology and machinery have allowed for smaller tolerances so the oil doesn't get contaminated as quick. Also new oil has a different molecular structure allowing for better protection. ",
"As a European who works in the automotive industry; \n\nI would suppose it is due to american litigation and (perhaps) a better quality control of the oil and a slight difference in the fuel used. \n\nThe better the oil, the longer the car can go on the oil. If you put a offbrand oil in the engine, it won't last as long and a more frequent oilchange would be recommended. With a good quality oil the american engine can last 15k without problems as well but the chance of a lesser quality oil would be higher than in Europe. \n\nDifferent kind of fuel (with more 'dirty/damaging' particles) would also cause the engine to need a more frequent oil change. \n\nPersonally I think it could also be because you 'Merican guys are way too litigious and it's safer for the manufacturer to request more oil changes. But that's pure speculation"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9b1pua
|
why do old songs have a crackling sound?
|
& #x200B;
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9b1pua/eli5_why_do_old_songs_have_a_crackling_sound/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e4zoedu"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"When songs were recorded on vinyl records occasionally damage to the physical medium would introduce crackling noises when played by a record player. \n\nThe older the record, the more damage it incurred, unless carefully protected by the owner. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
19hkq8
|
google glasses
|
What exactly do you do with them? Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19hkq8/eli5_google_glasses/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's kind of like a smart phone woven into glasses.\n\nYou can do google searches, use maps, listen to music, make phone calls, use AR (one of the most interesting aspects) and basically most of the things a smartphone can do, but in glasses format.",
"Glass is a project currently in the works, its basically a constant HUD projected onto a pair of smart glasses running Android.\n\n_URL_0_",
"The year is 2015.\n\nEvery single person in the western world has Google glass.\n\nThe streets are noisy because everyone is talking to themselves.\n\nDamn you google.."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.google.com/glass/start/"
],
[]
] |
|
fbwnho
|
at the cellular level, what causes hiv immunity?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fbwnho/eli5_at_the_cellular_level_what_causes_hiv/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fj6yjpn"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Immunity of HIV infection is thought to be tied to a receptor (or lack of). HIV wants to find our helper T cells. Our helper T cells have 2 receptors on the membrane that HIV must occupy to enter the cell. If a receptor is damaged or missing, then the virus cannot enter. Both keys are required to open the lock. Some people are naturally born with one of these receptors missing, damaged, or in a different spot. It allows the cell to function normally, but stops the virus from being able to enter. If the virus cannot enter this cell, it cannot reproduce its viral components and therefore cannot infect new cells. Now, there is a bit of debate as to what happens if HIV finds a Helper T it cannot access. Does it detach and try again? If so, does it just float around the body until it gets stuck somewhere harmless or flushed out? Does it attach, fail to enter, and then just get stuck to this cell until the cell dies? Interesting ideas out there about it all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4ckqn4
|
when an establishment asked for my id and then scans the bar code on the back of my driver's license, what information are they getting and what are they doing with that information?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ckqn4/eli5_when_an_establishment_asked_for_my_id_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1j0esc",
"d1j4xj9"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"When they scan it, all they get is your drivers license number basically. They have access to a database that returns the license for that number with the photo etc. This detects fakes because well if the picture on the license isn't what comes up they know its not legitimate.\n\nThey arent really getting any information off the ID itself. All barcodes simply return a number not data.",
"Worked at a gas station - when I scanned the back of the ID, all that came up was the birthdate and whether the license was still valid. Basically to ensure that someone wasn't using a fake or expired license, or had somehow changed the birthdate on it. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2mizh3
|
why do some stereotypically black names sound vaguely french?
|
DeShawn and DeAndre are cases in point?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mizh3/eli5_why_do_some_stereotypically_black_names/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm4oqth",
"cm4oyk9"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"\"de\" has a connection to the various Romance language, from the Latin \"de\". Also, some of them are French names, like \"andre\"",
"The list of French speaking countries in Africa is a very extensive list. You will hear heritage in the names of people based upon their country of origin. Haiti in North America is another French speaking country. Hence why the names do sound French, however vague. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9un6sy
|
how does aeroplane mode help while flying?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9un6sy/eli5_how_does_aeroplane_mode_help_while_flying/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e95gt9r",
"e95hl29"
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text": [
"It disables all radio frequencies on the phone such as cellular, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It was believed that these channels could disrupt the airplanes communication systems but it has recently been disproven. The only thing that's really good for now is saving battery while you're flying when there's no charger available.",
"Cellphone in airplanes will result in one type of problem and it is not for the airplane. The problem is for the ground based cell network. \n\nCell phone system are built by reusing the same frequency in close areas where the signal from a ground based phone do not reach. A phone in the air will reach multiple cells that uses the same frequency. Another problem is the high speed and handover between cells. The system is not designed for speeds like that. A lot of cellphone and high altitude and speed can interference and disrupts service on the ground base cell network. \n\n In the US is is the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) not the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that prohibit cell phone use in airplanes. \n\n\nA way to solve the problem is a picocell in the airplane that the cellphone connect to and the signal is carried to the ground by satellite links. The picocell result in low power transmission from the cellphone that do not interfere with ground networks. So you can use cellphone on some airplanes in some location. I look that it is not allowed in the US."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
vj3zg
|
why is the federal reserve a private bank? why doesn't the government make a central bank under their control?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vj3zg/eli5_why_is_the_federal_reserve_a_private_bank/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c54xzw6"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"What do you mean? The President appoints the leadership of the Federal Reserve. They're just *independent* like judges; they can't be taken out of power just because the President or Congress doesn't like their decisions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2zf4fo
|
why do i feel like a total douche bag when watching any video recording of myself?
|
I don't usually see myself so negatively, but on camera I seem to dislike myself for some reason. Does this happen to a lot of other people? Is there a name for this phenomenon?
Serious answers only please. The obvious answer: "Because you are a douche bag and you don't realize it." isn't very fun.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zf4fo/eli5_why_do_i_feel_like_a_total_douche_bag_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpibxvi",
"cpijr4d"
],
"score": [
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2
],
"text": [
"One reason may be because you are seeing yourself the way you really are as opposed to the mirror image you see if you see yourself in the mirror. So if you part your hair on one side, when you see yourself in the mirror, it is the opposite of what everyone else sees. That might be enough to throw you off.",
"You're seeing yourself in a much different way than you are used to (or imagine) in your mind's eye. Not only are you shown to be slightly incorrect about minor details, like how goofy your nose or ears or face as a whole looks, but the sheer fact that it's different to begin with can be disturbing. Not to mention, you're no longer simply the God of your existence but another creature like all the creatures around you. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1bew74
|
what is anorexia?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bew74/eli5_what_is_anorexia/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c968blc"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where you eat too little and have an irrational fear of gaining weight, as well as a distorted perception of your body. It usually involves excessive weight loss and is found more often in females than in males. Due to the fear of gaining weight, people with this disorder restrict the amount of food they consume. Because of this they can get serious health problems.\n\nThere are a number of possible causes but no concrete answer as to why some people get it.\n\n-From Wikipedia (simplified slightly)\n\nEDIT: Fixed typo"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1nwm9u
|
[serious] why hasn't anything been added to the bible in the past 2,000 years?
|
It seems like important stuff was happening bam-bam-bam one right after another for what - 4,000 years? - and then all of a sudden, nothing. Not one thing worth writing down. What's up with that?
(If it makes a difference, I'm not religious at all. I'm just really curious why the Bible isn't more of a "work in progress" kinda book.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nwm9u/eli5serious_why_hasnt_anything_been_added_to_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"The very last chapter of the Bible actually says not to add to the Bible if I'm not mistaken. \n\nEdit: I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this scroll: If anyone adds anything to them, God will add to that person the plagues described in this scroll. (Revelation 22:18 NIV)",
"The Quran and the book of Mormon are additions to the bible but the catholic church refuses to accept them. ",
"I would argue because, after the Council of Nicea in ~313 AD if my History lectures are remembered right, the Bible became sort of \"canonized\", as in the Council of certain theologists and the Roman Emperor Constantine Augustus decided what was part of the Bible and what wasn't accept as \"the word of God\", and there were a lot of works left out of the Bible at that time. After the fall of Rome in 400AD the Christian parts of Europe were sort of left isolated, certainly not as connected as back in the Roman Empire days. There were monks who wrote down, transcribed and recorded the Bible but I'm not sure if they'd have seen adding to the Bible as \"right\", and if anyone made his/her own addition outside of the Church it probably wouldn't go very far. By the 1100s or so, the Bible was probably seen as \"set in stone\". \n\nThere were, of course, people throughout history who did add or detract from the \"accepted Canonical Bible of the Catholic Church\". Lutherean and English Protestants took out or altered parts of the bible (such as sanctity of Saints and of Mary, Mother of Christ or mother of christ depending on the religious view of the groups), Calvanist Protestants took out even more and decided on *their* own view of the bible. \"Puritans\" (even though that wasn't what they called themselves) did the same, and it even continues to this day, with various groups (you could even argue that some Cults add their own parts to the bible). That's not to count \"offshoots\" such as Mormons. The problem is that each group has their own accepted bible, and so for them they take that as their book, and to other groups (especially the older groups, the Catholic church, Church of England and Russian Orthodox would be some of the oldest ones that canonized their own bible IIRC) wouldn't agree with those \"additions\".\n\n\nAs for the Qur'an and the Torah, the Qur'an is less told narratively than it is instructions (from what a Muslim friend told me), so additions are less likely, especially \"tales\". They are both also taken as the direct word of God, unlike the Bible which is (by most groups, save some American Fundimentalists) taken as being written by man and inspired by God.",
"Basically, when you had a Hebrew prophet or a Christian apostle, when they wrote something they weren't adding to a Bible because the term didn't exist back then. Each author wrote their own book or epistle. Later, followers collected these works into a single volume. The Old Testament is the Septuagint and was coalesced around the third century BCE and the New Testament was collected around the fourth century CE.\n\nHowever, different groups use different books. The Catholic bible has the Apocrypha while most Protestant bibles do not. I am sure the Gnostic churches use different books as well.\n\nSome religions have added on, though it's usually in the form of another book. The Qur'an isn't seen as a replacement to the Bible, it's an addition. In the 1800s Joseph Smith wrote the Book of Mormon as an addition to the Bible as well.\n\nPotentially, all the Christian churches could come together and hold a huge council like in the days of the early church. They could vote on adding other revelations to the bible. This will likely never happen because most Christians are satisfied with the Bible and because there's a lot of disagreement on doctrinal issues. \n\nThose who weren't satisfied with the bible have started their own religion.",
"As a practicing Catholic, I can speak somewhat for their viewpoint.\n\nTheological knowledge is based into two parts – scripture and tradition. Scripture consists of the stories in the Bible: the Old Testament, the life of Christ, and the Acts of the Apostles, as well as Paul's letters and the book of Revelation.\n\nTradition, on the other hand, is a bit more open. This ranges from the way services are held, the way we understand sacraments (holy, spiritual gifts) and the way we understand theology. Tradition includes things such as the Confessions of [Saint Augustine](_URL_0_), the [Nicene Creed](_URL_2_), and the [Summa Theologica by Saint Thomas Aquinas](_URL_1_), but also modern things such as [The Second Vatican Council](_URL_3_).\n\nProtestants (Christians that broke off from Catholicism in the 1600s, starting with Martin Luther) tend to only see scripture as viable (a mindset that's referred to as *Sola Scriptura* in Latin) while Catholics view tradition as equally as true as scripture. So, while the Bible may not have been added to, tradition is always being added to. Our theological knowledge (and therefore our books of it) are in fact always growing!",
"It's not as simple as \"Revelations says so,\" since the \"Bible\" as we know it wasn't collected as static until the Council of Nicea (as mentioned by Bridgeru). Thus the statement couldn't have referred to more than John's writings as a whole, if that much, and more likely to the book of Revelations itself. The statement in Revelations mirrors one in Deuteronomy that says essentially the same thing. Essentially, it refers only to the book in which the statement is made.\n\nThe primary criterea for authoring a book of the Bible is that it is written by those authorized by God to do so which is limited to those who act as God's long-term spokespeople (i.e. Old Testament/ Tanakh prophets and New Testament apostles) under their authority (e.g. Luke wasn't an apostle, but wrote under Paul's authority). Also, it must be true historically (not scientifically) where it claims history and prophecy. The prophecies were typically short-term to start to confirm the validity of the speaker before the long-term ones were accepted since they would not be able to be verified by the hearers/readers.\n\nThe criterea for being an apostle is limited to those who have seen and met the resurrected Jesus in person and comissioned by him, being acknowledged as such by the CHURCH (Christians in general), not simply the Church (e.g. the Vatican, whatever demonination, etc.). The proof of this for both prophets and apostles is almost always miracles of some sort and/or the ability to accurately predict the specific future (\"On Friday the 11th of October it will rain between this and that freeway for X minutes resulting in Y inches of rain\" as opposed to the general future: \"It's going to rain on Friday\"). One error and the Old testament prophets were [supposed to be] stoned to death as a false prophet.\n\nAdditional books like the book of Mormon are not accepted due to various problems of identifying the author and the histocial/prophetic accuracy. For example, the book of Mormon claims that ancient Jews traveled to America. There are no other confirming historical sources nor physical evidence of such a journey and thus it is not accepted by Christians as a whole, only by one splinter group which most Christians do not consider Christian. (Mormons are not considered Christian for this and other theological reasons). \n\nThis topic, called canonicity, is a broad one that people have written long books about and some are well-worth looking into. A brief synopsis can be found at _URL_0_ \n\nAlso, don't trust the King James as the AUTHORITATIVE TRANSLATION like some people do. It's mostly good, if old fashioned in its language, but there are copy errors from the earliest copies that have become the \"official\" edition (compare Romans 8:1 in KJV to any other English translation or any other language translation; significant theological change). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"
],
[
"http://www.biblica.com/bibles/faq/7/"
]
] |
|
c75hdz
|
what are bonds and credit default swaps?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c75hdz/eli5_what_are_bonds_and_credit_default_swaps/
|
{
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"esdfe1a"
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"text": [
"Say a company needs to buy a big new fancy machine for its manufacturing plant. It might cost $10m. Over the years of it's life it will more than pay for itself but the company doesn't necessarily have that kind of cash available. So it can raise the money by issuing a kind of loan called a bond: investors give $10m to the company and in return the company promises:\n\n* to repay the whole $10m at a fixed date in the future (maybe 3, 5, 10 years or longer)\n* to pay a (usually) fixed rate of interest on the outstanding amount (say 5%). Interest is usually paid semi-annually\n\nInvestors can buy parts of the bond and there is usually a secondary market - ie you can sell it to other people at any time before redemption\n\nOn the face of it this is a good deal for investors: fixed interest over a relatively long term. However, what happens if the company that issued the bond goes bust before paying back the investors? You might have bought the whole $10m and you don't get a cent back. Most investors don't want that risk so they want insurance. A bank can offer credit default swaps as that insurance. The CDS says \"if the company doesn't repay its bond the bank will instead\". In return the bank earns a fee.\n\nThe cost of a CDS varies depending on how trustworthy people think the bond issuer is: if it looks solid (and so is very likely to repay the bond on time) then CDSs are cheap. Conversely, the price rises if the company looks shaky. If you buy a CDS when the company is doing well you can sell it to someone else at a later date if the company starts to look dodgy and therefore you make money. In other words, trading CDSs is a way to short a company's creditworthiness"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2inqbf
|
what are chicken nuggets?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2inqbf/eli5_what_are_chicken_nuggets/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"They're small pieces of chicken meat (Higher quality ones are whole pieces of breast meat, lower quality ones are usually formed pieces from all different parts) that coated in bread crumbs and fried.",
"Lumps of Chicken wrapped in some kind of batter. The origin of the lumps is unspecified (unlike breast/leg etc which obviously comes from the chicken's leg/breast) and a large part of it is generally [mechanically recovered meat.](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_separated_meat"
]
] |
||
bai46u
|
why is it we can sometimes feel or hear our heart beating through various body parts, and what makes it happen as opposed to the majority of time where we can't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bai46u/eli5_why_is_it_we_can_sometimes_feel_or_hear_our/
|
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"There are a lot of factors that can affect this, but the most likely suspect would probably be either increased blood flow or an extreme change in heart rate.\n\nIncreased blood flow usually happens in your body from infection or wounds since your body wants to get more nutrients and white blood cells there to fight pathogens. Increased blood vessel permeability results in increased interstitial fluid in the affected area. This process causes the swelling/heat/redness, which can 'pulse' because this new mass may place pressure on surrounding large arteries. \n\nHeart rate changes occur from stresses. This is usually from stuff like vigorous exercise or getting scared, with a dramatically increased heart rate of 150+, which is definitely more audible.\n\nLastly, but not often, if you are relaxed enough and it is quiet enough, it is perfectly possible to hear your heart beating and feel your blood flowing through your body. There are super quiet rooms intended to kill as much sound as possible that let you hear your own blood moving around clear as day.\n\nEDIT: Added more accurate information from /u/TheLiquidSilver.",
"positional changes can affect this as well. ie. lying on left side compared to right side. ",
"Your brain has learned to ignore the sound, like how your eyes are able to ignore your nose on your inner peripheral. But if you're focusing then... ",
"The main artery that pumps blood to your brain is located next to your ear, when it pumps harder, you hear it more",
"Sometimes, a bodily position which compresses arteries can make the pulse feel much stronger.\n\nEG, if my hands are cold when I get into bed, I'll sometimes slip them under my buttocks to warm them up. Within a few seconds my pulse becomes very prominent.",
"Doctor here. \n\n\nYou have a pulse, which is your heart pumping blood. \n\n\nThat pulse goes through your body. \n\n\nYou then feel that pulse. \n\nIf you don’t feel that pulse, it is because your brain literally tunes it out. If you focus, you will be aware of it again.\n\n**edit**: yes, I am a real doctor. I added some things to the post for clarity.",
"When the difference between the systolic blood pressure (the highest pressure in an artery) and the diastolic blood pressure (the lowest pressure in an artery) is greater the pulse becomes obvious (it's called pulse pressure).\nPretend your blood pressure is 120/85, your pulse pressure is 35 (mmHg). \nWhen your systolic blood pressure suddenly increases -pretend- to say 150/85, your pulse pressure is 65 (mmHg). At that point your pulse is almost twice as strong as it was therefore easier to feel.\nDuring different circumstances blood vessels increase or decrease the blood flow to an area of the body (arterioles do that), combine that with a more noticeable pulse and there, you can feel the pulse in a given region of the body.\nIn a few words:\n1. You need a reason for the difference between your systolic and diastolic blood pressure to increase (by increasing your systolic blood pressure or decreasing your diastolic blood pressure).\n2. A need for an increase blood flow to a specific area of the body.\n3. A reason for your attention to focus there and the conditions for that to happen. \n",
"I've got one: does anyone else sometimes see their pulse in one or both eyes after exercising? ",
"Just because I didn't see it anywhere else, I think the word for this sensation is \"throbbing.\"",
"I can feel my heart beat in my hands on occasion. Here's something weird for you. My hands go numb when I pee. EVERY TIME. 😅😞",
"I can hear my heart beating in my ears all the time. Especially when I lay down after moving around a lot.",
"It's mostly due to the fact that human senses are based off of differences and not flat values. It's the same reason that small sounds are loud at night and if you close your eyes and look at the sun for 5 minutes and then open your eyes everything looks blue. When you have low levels of pressure/sound input, small perturbations in input seem much more impactful than they normally do when background noise input levels are higher."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
62r3m8
|
how does the tsa decide when or when not to display "tsa precheck" on my boarding pass?
|
I have been through the process to become TSA prechecked, yet my boarding passes only sometimes display that I'm prechecked. Why is this, and what decides this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/62r3m8/eli5_how_does_the_tsa_decide_when_or_when_not_to/
|
{
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],
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6
],
"text": [
"It has nothing to do with TSA. The airline issuing the boarding pass controls whether the TSA precheck comes up....you need to register your TSA precheck account with each airline. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
ddmzq4
|
why do different image compression / viewing formats exist and why can't we have a standard format ? are there significant advantages/ specific use cases to some over others ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ddmzq4/eli5_why_do_different_image_compression_viewing/
|
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"text": [
"There are two main classifications of image file formats, lossy and lossless. In lossy compression, you lose some of the pixels and detail, but it’s mostly not noticeable to the human eye. In lossless compression however, you don’t lose anything, and color changes and similar changes can be reversed back to the original picture.\n\nAs for advantages and disadvantages, some file formats are lossless, so they have more detail but take up more space, while some have less detail and therefore less space. Obviously depending on the storage space available, one type may be more efficient over the other.\n\nThis was a very basic explanation, but you can look up lossy vs lossless compression and you’ll find a ton of stuff.",
"What we have today is an evolution of formats where each tries to improve on the past. These, I believe in chronological order, include the following:\n\nBitmap (.bmp) - The full fidelity image where each individual pixel is represented by its color code in an array. These are very large an inefficient and therefore seldom used today.\n\nGraphics Interchange Format (.gif) - This format tried to improve the size inefficiencies by compressing the data and restricting the number of colors allowable. The beginning image would be processed down to only 256 colors. It also included the ability to support simple animation by stacking an array of compressed images where each subsequent image was stored as the difference from the previous image. Transparency was also an important benefit of this format.\n\nPortable Network Graphic (.png) - Between the visual artifacts caused by high compression and eventually copyright issues with the .gif format, PNG was developed that used much more advanced compression techniques to eliminate the visual degradation of GIF files and also support transparency. This is the most popular image format today.\n\nOther formats exist, but these three are the primary formats that were most often used.\n\nSource : Recovering software developer and general nerd.",
"[Relevant xkcd](_URL_0_)\n\nToday there are effectively three standards - JPEG, PNG and SVG, and each has its purpose.\n\nJPEG uses a lossy compression, meaning that some details of the original image are lost. It is mainly useful for naturally created images (eg photographs) because this loss of detail is unnoticeable and because it is optimized for the natural transitions in the image. \n\nPNG (and its predecessor GIF) uses lossless compression. It is useful for when you want to preserve all the details, for example for digitally created images and diagrams.\n\nSVG is a vector image format. Unlike other image formats which store an array of pixels, vector images store simple objects - points, lines, squares, circles, and such. The advantage is that they are easily scalable (ie you can zoom in as much as you want). This is useful for things like graphs/diagrams and company logos.",
"Shortly: different compression algorithms were developed by different teams, having different copy/usage rights. Being proprietary they were or were not allowed for specific use and/or were allowed under certain restrictions, that some people didn’t want to accept/follow. In time new algorithms were invented, but old formats became so strong (eg. thanks to internet) that it will take time to replace them. Or even won’t happen. \n\nYes, they have specific usage. For example:\n\nJp(e)g - photos, where having the most details and good compression counts. Compression can have different levels thus providing different details (quality, file size). \n\nPng 24 bit - could possibly replace jpg\n\nGif - where image doesn’t need many colors (max 256) and/or requires transparency (eg. icons on websites). Also can contain simple animations\n\nPng 8 bit - replacing gif except animations\n\nAnd others less popular at the moment or used not on the internet.",
"There are two ways to compress things. One results in a 1:1 ratio of input stuff versus output stuff being able to fully reconstitute original stuff. These are named 'lossless'. Another way is approximation. It throws away some stuff to compress to a smaller file with approximation like an artist rendering of a photograph in pencil. These are named 'lossy'.\n\nThese popular file extensions represent lossy compression: jpg (jay-peg), gif (gift without a t)\n\nThese popular file extensions represent lossless compression: PNG (ping), bmp (bump)\n\nIt is important to point out there is a mode for png that is lossy: 8 bit PNG. Both 24 bit and 32 bit PNG are lossless. 24 bit PNG has a bajillion colors. 8 bit PNG has the same 256 color limitations of GIF. 32 bit PNG is the bajillion colors plus an 8 bit transparency.\n\nSVG is not an image format. It is a math container like postscript which is also not an image format. It can be viewed like an image but its image is an approximation of the math. \n\nFor some clarity by analogy mp3 is a lossy format for music. Imagine your favorite song was a bucket of 40 marbles. MP3 compresses it by badly damaging the art by throwing away forever 38 marbles and using 7 new magical marbles. Fans of mp3 will claim it is 'acoustically identical' to the original art. This is called mass delusion. Sounding alike and being identical are not the same thing. A jpeg approximation of a photo of your mom is never going to be as awesome as a 24 bit PNG photo of your mom (taken from a camera that itself does not use jpeg to capture).\n\nWhy use loss image compression? People are cheap. Lossless formats consume more disk space. If integrity is not a value to be prized then some will prefer jpg. Many people are satisfied by 'close enough'. Why does disk space matter? Cheap people tend to complain more about interweb page loading speed. Slow throughput internet links will take more time to render larger files. \n\nImagine if your bank used lossy accounting for your money. Would you be happy with close enough then?\n\nSimpler:\n\nlossy damages content.\n\nlossless preserves content."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://xkcd.com/927/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
23mr8g
|
cg rendering
|
I've heard numerous times that many CG such as Frozen take "x" hours to render a single frame. Why do they do this? Wouldn't it be far easier to have someone draw each frame in whatever style they want like in the past. With people who can paint like [this](_URL_0_) what is the need to spend so many hours CG rendering?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23mr8g/eli5_cg_rendering/
|
{
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"text": [
"People sure can paint beautifully, but it takes days to paint a single realistic picture. You need a team of people with similar skills and a team of people that make sure the first team is consistent. It's much easier and faster to draw simplified cartoon characters, though it's still a pain in the ass.\n\nIn CG you set all the characters and animations on a scene and press 'render'. While it's rendering, you go for a coffee or something. It's kind of like stop-motion with puppets, but most movement is made automatically.\n\nAs for what takes so much time, it's a few things. \n\nRealistic light and shadows take the most of it. Computer simulates all of the rays hitting and bouncing off every single point. If you get things like skin which is translucent, or glass/ice which bends light, then you get longer rendering times. The path of rays gets more complicated, so it needs more calculations. \n\nOther thing is physics calculation. You don't have to imagine how every single snowflake will behave in a snowball to animate it - you just have to write general rules and make the computer calculate everything else. Fluids are especially hard, as they are divided into thousands of tiny portions and each needs to get its physics calculated in relation to all the others.",
"TL;DR\nConsistency, time, difficulty to make changes, animation previews, simulation\n\nIt's a similar reason to why people use word processing software instead of paper for writing out essays and complicated pieces of work.\n\nSure, it would be great to keep drawing frame after frame - but what if you wanted to change something? You'd have to re-draw a whole frame or make tweaks which would be time consuming. Also, its highly unlikely that the artist would be able to keep churning out lots of almost-perfect frames - all consistent with each other.\n\nWith everything being done on computers, you can get a preview of what your animation will look like (albeit not the best quality) so that any changes can be done more easily and it wouldn't really be as time consuming to change.\n\nAnother big factor is simulation. How accurately can a human simulate the conditions of the frame? To use your example of Frozen, imagine how an artist would show the snow and the ice? I highly doubt it would have the same effect as the really smooth, natural effect that you could see in the film. \n\nAnother example would be big blockbusters which might have lots of things crashing here and there. E.g. Star Trek Into Darkness had a bit where lots of buildings were taken down by the Enterprise (I think, I haven't actually seen the film - just a video on YouTube about some of the CG they did). Apparently they did extensive simulation to get the CG looking just right.\n\nEdit: \nBy simulation, I mean anything that could be simulated such as lighting, physics, materials, shadows. Maybe even sound - if they're trying to make something unnecessarily realistic."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.glennraytutor.com/paintings/photorealism_001.jpg"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
701x5k
|
how student loans repayments that will barely cover interest then get wiped after 30 years for a majority of people is a viable method of financing universities in the u.k.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/701x5k/eli5_how_student_loans_repayments_that_will/
|
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"text": [
"University is essentially subsidised by the tax payer. Not everyone will pay back their loan, so the government is essentially taking the hit for them.\n\nThere used to be no tuition fees at all. There still isn't in Scotland for Scottish students. When that was the case people's university education was entirely paid for by the government. \n\nThe tuition fees and loans we have now are essentially a way to get at least *some* of that money back. In most cases not all of it, so university education is still largely subsidised. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
41gks1
|
hunters that use poison darts
|
Some native people in Indonesia use poison from a tree on their darts and use blowguns to hunt. How are they able to eat their prey when using poison? Doesn't it poison the meat?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41gks1/eli5_hunters_that_use_poison_darts/
|
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"There are potentially several reason, without knowing the specific poison and animals being hunted. First is a size difference, enough poison to kill a rabbit probably wouldn't be enough to kill a human being, and the required quantity of a specific poison is probably well known among the tribes. Even when hunting large game, one single hunter won't eat all the meat, and not all in one sitting.\n\nDressing of the animal to be eaten plays in to it as well. If an animal is hung and bled out, some portion of the poison is drained out with the blood.\n\nFinally, a number of poisonous compounds are destroyed when cooked. It's not the case for all poisons, but cooking the meat of the animal they've hunted may be enough to neutralize any poisons left on top of the other benefits to cooking the meat prior to consumption."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2snfoe
|
what makes an image of muhammad an image of muhammad?
|
Depictions of The Prophet have been banned for a long, long time, so no one knows what he looked like, right? The written [descriptions](_URL_0_) of Him would seem to fit most middle eastern men, and when He's drawn in the west he usually looks like a modern day Muslim. So at what point does a drawing of a Muslim man become a drawing of The Prophet Muhammad? Are there specific traits that have to be included? Is it just a matter of labeling? What if it's a drawing of a Muslim man *named* Muhammad, as so many are? What if you draw a happy face or stick figure and label it "The Prophet Muhammad", is it still offensive even though he obviously didn't look like that?
I'm not trying to be rude or insensitive or a smart-ass, I'm just trying to understand where the line is.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2snfoe/eli5_what_makes_an_image_of_muhammad_an_image_of/
|
{
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"No one knows what Jesus looked like either. Both are just decided by if you call it the Prophet Muhammad or Jesus. My daughter could draw a stick figure and call it Jesus and it would be Jesus. Names and labels are a human social construct. Whatever people believe to be something, it is. ",
"it's a problem once it's said it's mohammed\n\n O \n/|\\ \n/ \\ \nThis stick figure is competely safe\n\n O \n/|\\ < - muhammad \n/ \\ \nThis will get my head chopped off."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictions_of_Muhammad#Verbal_descriptions"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
l4zhc
|
how do you know how much a company is worth?
|
Basically, how does one know how much to pay for another company when buying it? Let's say if you're looking to buy a bar, or if google is looking to pay millions for a startup, or when GM buys another manufacturer that has been in business for many years.
Let's say a business is making an annual $100,000 profit. How does that tell you how much it's worth? What if it's a $1,000,000 or $1,000,000,000 profit, does that change the assessment of worth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/l4zhc/eli5_how_do_you_know_how_much_a_company_is_worth/
|
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"Well, typically you look at two aspects of value.\n\nFirst, it's just what everything is worth if you sold the equipment and property owned.\n\nThen, add that to the future profits based on projected profits. Typically businesses sell for about three times their yearly profits, and that's mostly based on name, reputation, current and repeat business. (The three years figure widely varies, but that's the general multiplier I was taught when valuing businesses)\n\nYou typically sell a business for the sum of both of these values.\n\n(Took entrepreneurship classes in college, and the talked about exit strategies (selling the business) in them)\n\nEdit: I realize that this isn't a LI5 answer, but WorderOfWords appears to understand profit and worth, so I think it's on-par with his level.",
"If you're looking at a publicly traded company, it's rather simple: you look at the market cap. That's the total number of shares outstanding multiplied by the price per share. That's the value the investing public collectively has given to the firm.\n\nAt a private firm, you'd use what's called the **n**et **p**resent **v**alue. That takes all expected future revenues and expenses, calculates interest over time, and brings it all back to the present. For example, suppose someone offers you $115 a year from now. What's that worth to you today? Well, with a 15% *discount rate*, that's worth $100 to you today, because at 15%, you could invest that $100 and make it into $115 a year from now. NPV uses *all* future cash flows to calculate this.",
"Your friend has a jelly bean factory that is making 10 jelly beans a day. He needs a big pile of candy right now, can't wait to save up, and so he's willing to sell you the factory in exchange for a bigger pile of jelly beans. You want to know how much to pay.\n\nAt the same time, you've got another friend that lends jelly beans. He will lend you 100 jelly beans today, but you have to pay him back tomorrow with 110 jelly beans, the extra 10 as interest (10% of the loan). Or, if you like, you can just pay the extra 10 interest each day, until you decide to pay back all 100.\n\nWait, that factory makes 10 jelly beans a day!\n\nSo if you owned the factory, you could make 10 jelly beans a day and pay the interest to the jelly bean bank, if you bought the factory for 100 beans. If you pay more, you couldn't afford the interest if you were to borrow it from your banker friend, and if you pay less than 100 for the factory, you would be able to pay off the interest, and the debt, and develop a big stash of your own.\n\nSo the value of a company is determined by the income of the company, and the cost of borrowing(capital).\n\nIncome/InterestRate = Value\n\n10 jelly beans/10% = 100 beans\n\n100 jelly beans *is the same as* 10 jelly beans per day. Capital buys income, and income buys capital. *They are equal*. This is how investors (like me) think.\n\nSimple. What complicates things is that the interest rate can change things *a lot*. If another friend offers to lend you 100 beans and only charge 5 beans in interest, the \"value\" of the factory has suddenly doubled to 200 beans. \n\n10/5% = 200\n\nThis is why the world is so sensitive to interest rate movements, and when interest rates move from 4% to 5%, a whopping 25% of the value of everything is lopped off.\n\nTo further complicate things: There might be a small stash of 20 jelly beans in the corner of this factory. So instead of the original 100 worth that we decided on, maybe now it's worth 120.\n\nAlso: you're good with jelly bean makers, and you think you can make 20 beans a day where the last oner was only making 10. So maybe the factory is worth...\n\n20beansperday/10%interestperday + jellybeansinthecorner = 220 jellybeans\n\nThen of course people think about the costs of the equipment, management quality, likely interest rate changes, cost of materials changes. People may pay a lot for a chance of making a lot of jelly beans in the future. Maybe they underestimate the potential and don't see that the factory can actually make 20 beans/day, or overestimate the risks, and aren't prepared to pay what you think it's worth.\n\nAs an investor, I look at the value of the income as a function of the cost of capital. The assumption is that the business has potential, is well managed, and has some inherent backstop \"book value\" of jelly beans in the corner/equipment, and then I try to get a deal.",
"[I wrote a detailed example up to respond to another question in this post, but I think it answers your question very well. Click here to see it.](_URL_0_)",
"For an acquisiton like the ones you describe, the investment bankers will look run 4 general analyses and sort of triangulate a value. DCF, transaction comparables, market comparables/market value, and leveraged buy out analysis. I'll break each of those out in a little more detail.\n\nDiscounted cash flow - this is a method of looking at the intrinsic value of the company, you basically project out all the future income the company will generate, and you \"discount\" those cash flows to figure out how much those future cash flows are worth today. How discounting works is you basically ask yourself how much money you would have to invest today to have X dollars Y years from now. You figure that out by dividing the desired future value by one plus a risk free interest rate to the power of however many time periods are between the two dates so, assuming X is the future cash flow, r is the interest rate, and Y is time, the equation is X/(1+r^Y) once you have the present value of future cash flows you just sum them all up and you've got the value of a company.\n\nTransaction comparables - this looks at the market value or relative value of the company as opposed to the intrinsic value. You basically look through various databases and legal documents and build a set of \"comparable transactions\" which are pretty much exactly what they sound like - deals that have been done in the past where similar companies have been bought. Then you say the value of the company is somewhere in that range. This Is generally a slightly higher value relative to to others, because when you actually go out + acquire a company, you have to pay a little more than market value which we call a control premium.\n\nMarket value/market comparables - you look at the value of all the company's outstanding stock and compare that to similar companies. This one is pretty straightforward.\n\nLeverged buy out analysis - similar to discounted cash flow but you're looking at the company and saying, what would a private equity company be able to pay for the entity if they wanted to achieve a given return. This is generally the lowest of all the values b/c they have to pay below matket value if the want to earn a return.\n\nYou're going to weight these analyses differently depending on the type of company, how predictable cash flows are etc. ",
"Well, typically you look at two aspects of value.\n\nFirst, it's just what everything is worth if you sold the equipment and property owned.\n\nThen, add that to the future profits based on projected profits. Typically businesses sell for about three times their yearly profits, and that's mostly based on name, reputation, current and repeat business. (The three years figure widely varies, but that's the general multiplier I was taught when valuing businesses)\n\nYou typically sell a business for the sum of both of these values.\n\n(Took entrepreneurship classes in college, and the talked about exit strategies (selling the business) in them)\n\nEdit: I realize that this isn't a LI5 answer, but WorderOfWords appears to understand profit and worth, so I think it's on-par with his level.",
"If you're looking at a publicly traded company, it's rather simple: you look at the market cap. That's the total number of shares outstanding multiplied by the price per share. That's the value the investing public collectively has given to the firm.\n\nAt a private firm, you'd use what's called the **n**et **p**resent **v**alue. That takes all expected future revenues and expenses, calculates interest over time, and brings it all back to the present. For example, suppose someone offers you $115 a year from now. What's that worth to you today? Well, with a 15% *discount rate*, that's worth $100 to you today, because at 15%, you could invest that $100 and make it into $115 a year from now. NPV uses *all* future cash flows to calculate this.",
"Your friend has a jelly bean factory that is making 10 jelly beans a day. He needs a big pile of candy right now, can't wait to save up, and so he's willing to sell you the factory in exchange for a bigger pile of jelly beans. You want to know how much to pay.\n\nAt the same time, you've got another friend that lends jelly beans. He will lend you 100 jelly beans today, but you have to pay him back tomorrow with 110 jelly beans, the extra 10 as interest (10% of the loan). Or, if you like, you can just pay the extra 10 interest each day, until you decide to pay back all 100.\n\nWait, that factory makes 10 jelly beans a day!\n\nSo if you owned the factory, you could make 10 jelly beans a day and pay the interest to the jelly bean bank, if you bought the factory for 100 beans. If you pay more, you couldn't afford the interest if you were to borrow it from your banker friend, and if you pay less than 100 for the factory, you would be able to pay off the interest, and the debt, and develop a big stash of your own.\n\nSo the value of a company is determined by the income of the company, and the cost of borrowing(capital).\n\nIncome/InterestRate = Value\n\n10 jelly beans/10% = 100 beans\n\n100 jelly beans *is the same as* 10 jelly beans per day. Capital buys income, and income buys capital. *They are equal*. This is how investors (like me) think.\n\nSimple. What complicates things is that the interest rate can change things *a lot*. If another friend offers to lend you 100 beans and only charge 5 beans in interest, the \"value\" of the factory has suddenly doubled to 200 beans. \n\n10/5% = 200\n\nThis is why the world is so sensitive to interest rate movements, and when interest rates move from 4% to 5%, a whopping 25% of the value of everything is lopped off.\n\nTo further complicate things: There might be a small stash of 20 jelly beans in the corner of this factory. So instead of the original 100 worth that we decided on, maybe now it's worth 120.\n\nAlso: you're good with jelly bean makers, and you think you can make 20 beans a day where the last oner was only making 10. So maybe the factory is worth...\n\n20beansperday/10%interestperday + jellybeansinthecorner = 220 jellybeans\n\nThen of course people think about the costs of the equipment, management quality, likely interest rate changes, cost of materials changes. People may pay a lot for a chance of making a lot of jelly beans in the future. Maybe they underestimate the potential and don't see that the factory can actually make 20 beans/day, or overestimate the risks, and aren't prepared to pay what you think it's worth.\n\nAs an investor, I look at the value of the income as a function of the cost of capital. The assumption is that the business has potential, is well managed, and has some inherent backstop \"book value\" of jelly beans in the corner/equipment, and then I try to get a deal.",
"[I wrote a detailed example up to respond to another question in this post, but I think it answers your question very well. Click here to see it.](_URL_0_)",
"For an acquisiton like the ones you describe, the investment bankers will look run 4 general analyses and sort of triangulate a value. DCF, transaction comparables, market comparables/market value, and leveraged buy out analysis. I'll break each of those out in a little more detail.\n\nDiscounted cash flow - this is a method of looking at the intrinsic value of the company, you basically project out all the future income the company will generate, and you \"discount\" those cash flows to figure out how much those future cash flows are worth today. How discounting works is you basically ask yourself how much money you would have to invest today to have X dollars Y years from now. You figure that out by dividing the desired future value by one plus a risk free interest rate to the power of however many time periods are between the two dates so, assuming X is the future cash flow, r is the interest rate, and Y is time, the equation is X/(1+r^Y) once you have the present value of future cash flows you just sum them all up and you've got the value of a company.\n\nTransaction comparables - this looks at the market value or relative value of the company as opposed to the intrinsic value. You basically look through various databases and legal documents and build a set of \"comparable transactions\" which are pretty much exactly what they sound like - deals that have been done in the past where similar companies have been bought. Then you say the value of the company is somewhere in that range. This Is generally a slightly higher value relative to to others, because when you actually go out + acquire a company, you have to pay a little more than market value which we call a control premium.\n\nMarket value/market comparables - you look at the value of all the company's outstanding stock and compare that to similar companies. This one is pretty straightforward.\n\nLeverged buy out analysis - similar to discounted cash flow but you're looking at the company and saying, what would a private equity company be able to pay for the entity if they wanted to achieve a given return. This is generally the lowest of all the values b/c they have to pay below matket value if the want to earn a return.\n\nYou're going to weight these analyses differently depending on the type of company, how predictable cash flows are etc. "
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|
2ffyhe
|
why do some normal items sell on ebay at massively inflated prices?
|
I've seen a few Playstation 4's on eBay that have sold in the Thousands of pounds. This seems ridiculous, and when I view the bids, many accounts have been suspended. However, a couple of them seem legit; for example, the following link:
_URL_0_
the bids seem to have come from Legitimate accounts. What's going on here??
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ffyhe/eli5why_do_some_normal_items_sell_on_ebay_at/
|
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"From what I see it's usually just someone trying to get away with overpricing items.\n\nSometimes it's actually worth more for one reason or another. For example, a copy of Pokemon with all the Pokemon caught can be sold for more than just the used game with no save. A thing you can do to raise the value of a console (if you are comfortable doing it) is hardmodding it so people can run homebrew or unofficial copies of games. Same with jailbreaking iOS devices or rooting Android.\n\nEdit: also I don't know about this specific listing but sometimes when a console is released early adopters grab a few and try to sell them on ebay after local stores sell out. This works especially well if a console is released around Christmas. You can also get more money in some cases by selling something to a location that doesn't have it such as a Japan only game in America or selling a console before it's release date in another country.",
"Could be because of some weird money laundering scheme or financially related criminal activity. Authorities should really look into these transactions.",
"Paraphrasing Obi Wan Kenobi: Who's the real fool, the fool who asks a ridiculous price or the fool who pays it?",
"My guess is shady/crooked sellers. They make dummy accounts and bid up items like their's that are selling. This drives people to their higher priced item. I tried selling something on eBay recently and had this happen twice before getting a legitimate buyer. It takes over a week to file a claim and get your item back up. \n",
"Money laundering.....I think.\n\nI use aliexpress for some my wholesale orders or to pay friends in China since they dislike PayPal.",
"Overpricing items and hoping that a potential buyer doesn't do their homework is part of it.\n\nAnother issue that is certainly a possibility is that of a \"buyer\" offering a hugely inflated bid, then either paying with a stolen credit card or just reversing payment on the original one after the item has been sent out. By the time the seller find out that the payment wasn't legit, the buyer has closed his account and gotten what is effectively a free item (that he can then resell under another name).",
"Wow, there is a lot of misinformation on this thread.\n\nTypically when you see an item that is wacky-priced on ebay it's coming from a storefront that uses a drop-shipper. The drop shipper sets it's prices based on availability, market and so on. Rather than take items they can't get out of inventory, they crank the price up high for frequently purchased items so they stay in their catalog. Then merchants on Ebay simply use software tools to say \"put drop shippers items in my store at X% markup\". If someone happens to buy that PS4 that drop shipper doesn't have in inventory it'll have been at a price that makes it worth it to source one and ship it. The alternative would be for the drop shipper to NOT be have PS4 in their catalog and the breadth of the catalog is what drop shippers have going for them. These items get priced and repriced all the time.\n\n",
"And with collectables there are a lot of variables you may not understand. \n\n Take Star Wars action figures. There are several to numerous variations of each figure usually, and some are worth insane amounts of money because there are so few. Take the re-realease figure of Luke Skywalker. There was the one with the short light saber, the long light saber, the short saber in the package for the long light saber, etc....To you or I it just looks like the same ol Luke Skywalker action figure you can get all day long for $5 at Wal-Mart, but to the right collector its the UBER_RARE half dot on hand version that only 3 have been found in existence ",
"When searching eBay it's important to search completed auctions, rather than active auctions, to find prices that things actually SOLD for. Active auctions can have whatever loony prices the seller wants to ask for, and can be relisted an unlimited number of times. That PS4 selling for $600? It's probably failed to sell 600 times and been relisted 601 times. No one is buying it, but its high price and continued existence on the search results might bring up the prices of other PS4 auctions. Those inflated prices tend to inflate other auction prices, while the realistically priced items sell quickly and don't have as much visibility due to their rapid disappearance from the charts.\n\n\"Wouldn't people notice this overpriced thing that's been unable to sell for the past 9 months?\" \n\nNot really. Do you watch eBay prices for 9 months before you try to buy something or do you search, scan, bid, and then go back to your life? \n\neBay preys on the impulse buyers, the lowest common denominator. We are not the target audience."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Sony-Playstation-4-PS4-Inc-2x-Games-2x-Controllers-6-Month-Warr-Ex-Condition-/161377086261?pt=UK_VideoGames_VideoGameConsoles_VideoGameConsoles&hash=item2592d2eb35"
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|
2d0x8y
|
how does this new 'wonder' nasa drive work?
|
Why is it such a big deal? What does it now allow us to do that we couldn't before?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d0x8y/eli5_how_does_this_new_wonder_nasa_drive_work/
|
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"They don't actually know how.",
"It doesn't work. But, if it did, it would allow undreamed of thrust to weight ratios enabling us to do space missions otherwise impossible.",
"The new space drive is being called the Cannae drive, we still don't entirely understand how it works.\n\nAccording to its inventor, US scientist Guido Fetta, the thruster works as a resonating cavity for microwave radiation. The cavity redirects the radiation pressure to create an unbalanced force, and that force produces a net thrust.\n\nThis drive would eliminate the need to carry so much fuel just to get into Earth orbit, half of the rocket that took Man to the moon was fuel the get out of orbit, the other half was also mostly fuel. But this drive does not use fuel, so small ships and satellites can be sent into Earth orbit much easier and for less money then before, and the sizes of rockets will decrease a lot. \n\nIt defies the conservation of momentum, there is no fuel ejecting out of the thrusters, so we don't understand why it is producing thrust. \n\n**tl;dr** Bounces microwaves around, requires no fuel. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
cbf5d2
|
if i disconnect my desktop from the internet and power source for a couple of weeks, reconnect the power and start it up, how does it keep the correct time and date?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cbf5d2/eli5_if_i_disconnect_my_desktop_from_the_internet/
|
{
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"text": [
"There is a little watch battery on the motherboard that keeps it's settings, if the battery is removed or dies then bios gets reset",
"The motherboard has an onboard battery (usually something like a CR2032 button battery) that it uses to keep a small bit of storage running. That storage contains your BIOS settings (boot order preference, BIOS password, etc) and a system clock. The system clock has a tiny circuit attached that allows it to store the system time, and have it progress normally, even if the system loses power.\n\nIt won't actually be the correct time and date, though. The onboard oscillator will be imperfect and will deviate from the actual time. The deviation will be too small for you to notice, but it'll be enough that the computer wants to update it ASAP. So once you reconnect to the internet, it'll connect to a time server and download the correct time, and set that system clock to that time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1wyij0
|
the privatization of student loans in britain.
|
How does it affect us? Why are students everywhere actively protesting against it? Will we be crushed by debt when we emerge from University? I study Music so my career isn't exactly certain, we have a wall of debt to pay when we finish anyway but apparently this may come sooner than we thought if our loans are sold off to private companies.
Why should I be worried? I would appreciate unbiased, factual info please (: Thanks in advance.
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explainlikeimfive
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http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wyij0/eli5_the_privatization_of_student_loans_in_britain/
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{
"a_id": [
"cf6jyo2"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Its hard to say - the news sources I've seen aren't clear whether the existing debt is being sold to privates on the same terms, or whether the new student debt is raised by private parties on the terms they choose.\n\nIf the former, there's nothing to worry about. The terms of your debt are the same, it just means the repayments go to a private body who gives an upfront payment to the government. The only concern is whether the discount given (e.g. sell 2 million in debt for less than 2 million right now) is too big and so wasting future income for a quick splash.\n\nIf the latter, its more concerning. Absent strict regulations on the terms of the debt, you're likely to see the US situation play out, with rising tuition and refusal to grant loans to the poorer end, creating inequitable access to university."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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