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3bvlpy | how can tesla (the car company) legally name itself after a person (nikola tesla)? | What are the rules with naming your company with the name of another person? I assume I couldn't start a car company tomorrow called "Obama motors"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bvlpy/eli5_how_can_tesla_the_car_company_legally_name/ | {
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"Well you can and it has been done. If a product was named after someone in order to promote the brand or becuase they where in the same industry. Then I would imagine you'd have issues. ",
"_URL_0_\n\nI would guess that Tesla did not trademark his name. Likewise, there are Einstein Bros Bagles, Baby Einstein, Einstein Moving company, and others. (Einstein is a name many people share but some of these logos are clearly referencing Albert Einstein and not, say, Paul Einstein).\n\nThere's an Obama Meat Market in St Louis, although that is owned by a guy who's first name is Obama. I would guess Barack Obama has trademarked his name."
]
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"http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/02/11/trademark-of-sarah-palin/id=15274/"
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5xahr9 | why do most electronics run on 110 or 220 volt systems? is there something special about 110 and multiples of 110? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5xahr9/elif_why_do_most_electronics_run_on_110_or_220/ | {
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"You clearly live in the USA. Electrical power in the USA is supplied as 60 cycles per second alternating current from three phase power lines. These lines are out of phase with each other by 120 degrees. That kind of power only gets delivered to industrial sites which require a lot of electrical power.\n\nSomewhere near your home is a transformer. There the voltage from the lines is stepped down to the 220 volts. This voltage is relative to the two power lines. Relative to a neutral line the voltages are only 110 volts. These two power lines come to your house along with the neutral and connect to your load center. \n\nYour high current devices, stove, clothes dryer, central AC, run on the 220 volts having those wires run to them through circuit breakers.\n\nOrdinary devices being powered from your wall sockets run on 110 volts, only one lead from the load box is run to them along with the neutral wire. It can be either one of the power lines. The load box is wired to keep the load roughly balanced between the two power leads.\n\nYou have 220 to your house but each leg is 110 to the neutral wire. The neutral and one hot wire run to your outlets.",
"Most electronics dont run on that voltage but use an internal (or like laptops or phones in the chargers components) transformer to step it into the actual voltage required.\n\nFor the US the 110 is just what we decided to convene as the norm. For devices that require more (say an electric oven or range) they are wired into 2 different \"phases\" each receiving 110 so they add to 220. \n\nSo your power company energizes the lines at a high voltage/low amperage setting to travel miles on the poles.\n\nA local transformer changes that into a few phases of 110 volt supplies, regulated by your electrical panel. Each slot in your panel is from one of these phases, alternating each spot. A single breaker pulls from one phase and supplies those wires in your house with 110. A two pole breaker receives one from each phase and supplies 2 lines of 110 for a 220 total.\n\nYour standard receptacles supply your standard plug with 110, and an in line transformer (the larger block somewhere in your charging cable) turns this into what your device uses.\n\nDevices designed to operate in your region (presuming the US) will either be engineered to run on these standards, or have some transformer in them to go from the 110 ac to the devices preferred voltage. For your standard cellphone as an example turns 110 ac into a near single digit voltage at 1 or 2 amps.\n\nEdit for source:\n\nHandful of years as electrician, and many more of repairing my home electronics",
"When electricity started, Edison was using 110V/220V DC at homes to light them. The voltage had to be at leas 110V to drive the lamps. When the war of currents ended, America stayed with the 110V but now AC and the rest of the world started using 220V since the higher the current the smaller electricity loses during delivery, thats why power lines are using thousands of volts to deliver electricity over bigger distances. 110V was needed to drive the lightbulbs, 220V came up because Edison was installing 3 cables +110V, 0V, -110V, so u could use 110 or 220 depending on the circuit. ",
"It's actually 120/240 or 120/208 in 3 phase applications.. and peak voltage to ground is 171v cycling at 60 cycles/second 50 for the UK. Most electronics have built in transformers and bridge rectifiers. Transmission of power at these voltages is ineffectime that is why the power lines up top of the poles is usually 14.4kv then small transformer's on the poles for local distribution. It's just a standard that was developed like 277/480 in the USA and 347/600 in canada"
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4xm8ii | how does data go from my computer to the rest of the internet? how do isps work? | I vaguely understand that anything I do online goes through an ISP, but how exactly does that work? I use Verizon FIOS so I know that I do stuff on my computer, and it goes through my network interface card (I'm assuming that's what it's called?) which somehow pumps it over to my router over the air, and then my router is plugged into the ONT (which is a network terminal either somewhere in your residence or apartment building), and then.... what?
How does the signal leave the residence and somehow go over to an ISP? Are there literally fiber-optic wires underground connecting everything together, literally a fiber-optic line between me and some Verizon ISP somewhere?
How do the signals, then, from the ISPs connect to one another? An ISP is an internet service provider, so what _exactly_ are they providing? How does it all work exactly? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xm8ii/eli5_how_does_data_go_from_my_computer_to_the/ | {
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"Alternate title: \"Can someone ELI5 networking to me?\"\n\nMy glorious knowledge of networking, instilled in me through studying the first section of the official CCENT manual tells, me it works basically like this:\n\nLet's say you want to go to _URL_1_, by typing \"_URL_1_\" into your url bar (though the standardizing bodies prefer the acronym \"uri\")\n\n1. Your computer takes the data (specifically, this is called an HTML request) and \"encapsulates it\" (wraps the data in tags that tell the other devices it will encounter what the data is, where it's from, and where it's going), before sending it to your router\n\n2. DNS happens here, I think. See, your computer and router cannot send a message to \"_URL_2_\", it needs an IP address, but it cannot reasonably memorize every IP address/domain name. So, your computer sends a DNS request to a DNS server. There's a lot of DNS servers and they're scattered throughout the world with a table of domain names and what uri it aligns with. So, your router asks a DNS server \"give me the IP address for _URL_1_\", and the DNS server responds with \"8.8.8.8\". \n\n3. When your router gets the destination IP address it compares that IP address to the IP addresses on the network (your router maintains a table of IP addresses on the network). If the destination IP address is on the same network, the router forwards it directly to that device, else...\n\n4. Your router then compares the destination IP address to it's list of known IP addresses and sends it to the next router using a logical system called a router protocol. A router protocol is how routers learn about IP addresses from each other. Say I build a server in my apartment and create a website with the IP address 1.2.3.4. My router will send a message to all the routers it's connected to saying \"IP address 1.2.3.4 at router address Q\". Your router will eventually get this message, and probably multiple times. When your router does it will save \"ip address 1.2.3.4, router X\", where \"router x\" is where *it* got that message (let's call it Router1). So, when you want to send something to 1.2.3.4, your router will message Router1, who will (in turn) send the data to the router that Router1 learned 1.2.3.4 from, and so on until the message gets to my server.\n\n5. Your message will pass through routers until it reaches the server that matches up with _URL_0_ and the destination server picks apart your data and looks at it. There's an interesting (possible) discussion about the value of TCP and UDP, but that's a bit much for ELI5. 8.8.8.8 then looks at this message and responds, sending whatever bits of data back until it reaches you.\n\nNote that I completely left out any notion of the OSI layer, and that I left out most of the naming of the TCP/IP protocol stack. ",
"Well, yes, the wires go pretty much everywhere.\n\nSo, what does the ISP provide you with. First and foremost, an IP address. This gives you the identity of being someone on the internet, each ISP is granted a certain range of IP addresses by a little non-profit organization known as the Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers, who is granted this ability by the United States since we invented the internet. Secondly, it gives you access to their cables that transfer data all over the internet. When a wire ends, it ends at another router, which, depending on the IP address, routes the traffic on. There is a nifty tool that can show how the signal travels known as a traceroute, you can even get visual ones to see how it crosses the planet. \n\nISPs connect to other ISPs over these cables that they lay out, they generally have deals with one another to connect each other to the internet. Sometimes, one ISP has to pay another, known as an internet transit, or sometimes they find it mutually beneficial just to join their networks. But either way, this just allows better signal to that computer, if an ISP doesn't like the deal with another ISP, then a 3rd ISP that is likely connected to both of them can likely act as a proxy between them, connecting them indirectly. This is the beauty of the internet, it is decentralized, though a direct connection would be more ideal.\n\nThe routing points are essentially traffic controllers, they check the IP, and they have a database of IP ranges, who owns them, and where the closest wire to it is, all being decided by a little something called routing protocol, though it isn't that good in many cases.\n\nISPs do however often control other ISPs, they gain leverage by increasing internet infrastructure. The more internet infrastructure an ISP controls, the more everyone else is their bitch. The top guys are known as Tier 1 Networks, which consist of about 20 or so companies that have found it beneficial to \"peer\" with each other, meaning they provide free internet traffic between one another. \n\nReally, the infrastructure behind the internet is astounding, and all built in the last 30 or so years."
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45zgdp | how do services boost facebook likes or twitter/instagram followers so quickly? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45zgdp/eli5_how_do_services_boost_facebook_likes_or/ | {
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"They build fake accounts and have them vote/like. The account credentials (login and password) are added to a script that logs in and then votes using each account. You forgot to include reddit in your list."
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2blar9 | when you get a flat tire why does the entire tire not deflate? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2blar9/eli5_when_you_get_a_flat_tire_why_does_the_entire/ | {
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"Because rubber is rigid, only the part of the tire that has weight on it will be flattened ",
"It depends on how large the puncture or tear is. If there is only a small hole it will take a certain amount of pressure inside the tire to push air out of that hole so air will come out until the pressure drops low enough to allow the hole to collapse closed. If the hole is larger and allows a free flow of air then the tire will deflate until the pressure inside the tire equals the pressure outside the tire, and then stop."
]
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1wr3bc | if an astronaut was falling towards earth, via gravity, would he survive the atmosphere until impact? | If the atmosphere would burn him up, what does it take to survive the atmosphere of Earth. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wr3bc/eli5_if_an_astronaut_was_falling_towards_earth/ | {
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"I'm going to assume the person is unprotected.\n\n100 kilometers is typically acknowledged to be the edge of space. If someone were to drop from this distance, they would be briefly hit by 360 degree air temperatures for about a minute due to the atmospheric compression. After that, they would reach the denser and colder stratosphere and would be frozen by below-freezing hurricane-force winds.\n\nI think it would be safe to say no.",
"You might take a look at [this](_URL_0_) article from Randal Munroe, the author of xkcd. He ran some math about what would happen if you dropped a steak from the edge of space. Steaks and humans aren't quite the same [citation needed], but his analysis should at least give you a rough estimate.\n\nNotice how the steak gets up to Mach 2.5 when dropped from 100 km. It would take a significant amount of protection to handle even the wind from that speed, to say nothing of the heat produced as his body compresses the air in front of him (air that just can't get out of the way fast enough).\n\nMy money as an aerospace engineer is that no, he would not survive. Red Bull's Stratos Jump would seem to suggest otherwise, but that jump was \"only\" from 40 km and \"only\" reached Mach 1.25. ",
"That depends on how he fell. If the astronaut has no lateral motion (e.g. was not in orbit) he could theoretically skydive from space (100 km or so) and return uninjured, provided his suit could withstand temperatures of 300°+F.\n\nIf he begins in orbit, which is where anyone called an astronaut will begin, he's toast. The standard orbit of the shuttle was about 24,000 MPH. It was only able to slow to about 17,000 MPH on reentry, and that still required the ceramic heat shields to prevent the craft from burning up. An astronaut in a normal pressure suit would be burned alive in relatively thin air.\n\nIf you want to go SciFi and uber extreme I suppose an adventurous astronaut could jump from the ISS with a rocket pack of sufficient size which would allow him to decrease his lateral motion from 17,100 MPH to 0 MPH before he hit the atmosphere."
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1mo4se | in the music industry, why does the term "single" exist? aren't all songs technically singles? | In other words, why don't they just say "This artist just released a new song" rather than "This artist just released a new single"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mo4se/eli5_in_the_music_industry_why_does_the_term/ | {
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"Most songs on most albums won't ever become singles. Singles are released individually, distinct from the album. Originally they were released on 45 rpm vinyl records, with an A side (the single) and a B side song that accompanied it. Singles are also typically what gets played on the radio. Nowadays, you will occasionally see singles sold on individual CDs, but usually it's just a term for a song that has an accompanying music video, usually a few alternate editions (a clean version for radio, a dance mix to be played at clubs) and is intended for widespread use independent of an album.",
"A single refers to a song released on its own.\n\nBack when we still only had physical media, a \"single\" would refer to the song that was released on it's own record. So, if Pink Floyd released Dark Side of the Moon, Money would be a single and you could go buy a 45 rpm record with just that song on it rather than the whole album if you just liked that one song. This followed suit as newer types of physical media evolved (Tapes, CDs). The other songs that didn't get this sort of distribution would be called \"album tracks\" or something similar.\n\nThese singles are also what would then receive radio distribution and airtime to promote the band/album. This is why the \"singles\" are generally the best known songs from any band. This is the part of it that persist today. \"Born This Way\" was the first single from Lady Ga Ga's last album because it was the song that was promoted to the radio stations even though in this day and age you could go and download any song individually off the album over in itunes. The nomenclature persists because the industry still generally works in the same way as far as promotion and charting goes but not in how buying goes (though as you would expect, singles still are the most likely to sell due to their exposure on TV/Radio/Etc)\n\nSingles are also generally the songs that got music videos made for them once they entered the fray (once again for promotional reasons).\n\nAlso, if you ever hear of \"B-sides\", this was the \"other side of the record.\" The single, in the days of vinyl, would have another song or two on the other side and often times these grew to be popular as well by virtue of being packaged with the popular \"A-side\" single.\n\nEdit: Typos.",
"I'm assuming the 1991 in your name means that you're 22 years old. In that case, let's hop in the wayback machine (which is also a reference I'm guessing you don't get):\n\nBack before everything was digital, you had to actually go to a store and rifle through records and CD's and - yes - tapes. And they were pricey: a new album (on CD)from a well-known artist in 1995 was like $15 in *non-inflation-adjusted dollars.* And unless you already knew someone with the album, you couldn't really preview it. That made buying these things on blind faith a pretty risky proposition.\n\nBut the record companies are too smart to scare you away. So they identified the catchiest song or songs on the album, and released them as \"singles.\" That means that in the store you would find little mini-albums with one or two tracks on them (usually the one hit song and its remix/acoustic version/whatever). In the case of records, you actually got a cuter, tinier record (called a 45). These were, understandably, a fraction of the price of the full album.\n\nThe singles were what the record companies pushed to get you to buy the full album, and it's what the radio stations played to promote the band/album. Sometimes, the single had an earlier release date than the album itself.\n\nAs far as I know, the convention's still around, at least nominally. When you hear the word \"single,\" they're referring to tracks specifically promoted and marketed to get people to buy the full album. Hell, I think people still even buy CD's, so there may be actual, hard-copy singles floating along out there.\n\nEdit: Wow that sounded way sarcastic on the re-read. That was unintentional. Sorry, bro."
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dzvw3z | why are pickles made from a different type of cucumber than regular store-bought ones? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dzvw3z/eli5_why_are_pickles_made_from_a_different_type/ | {
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"You can pickle any kind of cucumber, you just get different textural results. You can also eat them all raw, unpickled. They are the result of different cucumbers being pickled/fermented with different blends of flavors. \n\nI grew up eating what others refer to as pickling cucumbers. We never had the English cucumbers that you consider to be \"normal\"."
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4f87bb | how does online money work? | If I buy something off Amazon and use my credit card, my credit card company somehow communicates to Amazon "here's the money!" But since that money isn't physically real, how does Amazon know it's actually money?
I understand how fiat money works, but a dollar bill relies on security measures that ensure that it's in fact a dollar bill. But how does that same idea work online if it's just a bunch of ones and zeroes? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4f87bb/eli5how_does_online_money_work/ | {
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"The money moves virtually from your (or your credit provider's) bank account to that of Amazon. For every dollar in bank accounts there's a dollar bill in the vault.* There's no need to transfer the real money, they just re-allocate it from one account to another. \n\n\n*This is an oversimplification. It is possible for a bank to have less physical money than they loan out which leads to there being more value in accounts than the bank has physical money. And when I say possible, I mean certain. That's the point of modern banks."
]
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6tmy4f | what are the deregulation laws for energy, and what are the people who come around to my house to switch energy providers really offering? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6tmy4f/eli5_what_are_the_deregulation_laws_for_energy/ | {
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"They are offering to sell the power distribution company power corresponding to the amount you use at a price you are agreeing to. The power distribution company provides the power you use, and passes along the cost from the power generating company (plus a small - regulated - fee that pays for poles and wires)."
]
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2drb4t | dns servers and ip adresses | I see this when I'm trying to connect to the internet. I kind of know what an IP address is, but have no clue what a DNS server is, and a quick google only confused me more (it said DNS servers were like a phone book for the internet, which is what I thought IP addresses were) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2drb4t/eli5_dns_servers_and_ip_adresses/ | {
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"Basically, from a networking perspective, there is no such thing as a _URL_0_, there are IP addresses. A domain server takes a human recognizable piece of addressing and translates it into a language that networking equipment can understand; most often an IP address. ",
"IP addresses are like phone numbers, but you only remember the name.\n\nDNS servers translate a server name (\"_URL_0_\") to the matching IP address (\"192.41.209.139\"). ",
" > it said DNS servers were like a phone book for the internet, which is what I thought IP addresses were\n\n* URL (_URL_2_) = name of who you want to call\n* DNS server = phone book\n* IP address = phone number\n\nIP addresses identify computers on the internet like phone numbers do in telephone networks. Each internet provider gets a large number of IP addresses from the [Internet Assigned Numbers Authority](_URL_0_). You get one of your provider's IP addresses when your computer/router establishes a connection to your provider. If you always get the same IP address or not depends on the provider. Just google [\"my ip address\"](_URL_1_) to find out your current IP address (don't share it with everyone).\n\nTo communicate with reddit's webserver your computer needs to know the webserver's IP address. To get it, it asks a DNS server to look up the IP address of \"_URL_2_\". For this to work, your computer has to know the IP address of at least one DNS server. Usually it automatically gets one from your provider, but you can also configure your operating system to use a specific DNS server."
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7yifzx | what creates the “zooming out” effect you see when you shut off a tv or computer? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7yifzx/eli5_what_creates_the_zooming_out_effect_you_see/ | {
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"If you mean on really old CRT screens, the whole picture was drawn by a single point flying across the screen very fast, horizontally, then stepping down a vertical level and repeating. When you turn it off, the inputs driving that beam go to 0v. The outputs of that beam are at high voltage so take a little while to drain, causing the beam to sort of sit on one line, which eventually shrinks to a point, before the power source of the beam dies too.",
"The image in a CRT monitor is formed by shooting electrons at the screen. However, all electrons are shot at the center of the screen, and are diverted to their correct position by coild creating a magnetic field. As power is lost (which takes a bit of time, because the power unit has capacitors, which acts as reservoirs for electric power, to smooth out the current), these coils get weaker, and the electrons are diverted less and less, and eventually just hit the center of the screen, but by then, the monitor is usually shut down anyway.",
"This is no longer really a thing, because the kind of display - really old-school tube-based TVs - no longer exist.\n\nThe only reason you are likely to see it is that some people designing displays like how it looks (they're old, and their grandparents had such a TV), and so they program their computers to display a zoom-out animation before turning off the power."
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4zc3x1 | how can some metal objects be bent and still return to their original forms? (nailclippers, springs) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zc3x1/eli5how_can_some_metal_objects_be_bent_and_still/ | {
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"Every material can substain a certain force and return in their original form, it's called elastic deformation. If a force stronger is applied the deformation becomes irreversible and is called plastic deformation.\n\nThe reason why differs from material to material, but lets stay at metals. \n\nMetals and metallic alloys are infact a package of little crystals. This crystals have different forms in different metals so the behaviors varies. \n\nIf there is some force aplied this crystals changes size and shape and are under stress, but they can go back in the former shape if the force is relieved. \n\nBut if there is a strong force the crystals begin to slip and can't go back in the former position and the metal object stays bend"
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5jpeo3 | how do click-bait ads make anyone money? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jpeo3/eli5_how_do_clickbait_ads_make_anyone_money/ | {
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"I believe its one of 3 methods:\n1) the click bate is advertising a product and some people buy the product\n2)it leads to a site that encourages you to revisit because you find it fun. Then the site itself is filled with even more adds which provide the revenue.\n3)if your on a more dubious site the click bate can lead to viruses. There installation then leads to the scammer making money in some way."
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d41ct5 | why can't landers/rovers be landed or operated on the moon the same way drones are operated on earth? | In light of the recent Chandrayaan landing failure on moon's surface, I am curious why the landers and rovers can't be operated remotely by Earth based pilots similar to how Predator drones are flown in middle East by pilots in the US? Can't communications to the lunar done be mediated through a moon orbiting satellite and since radio waves travel at light speed it should only take about 1s from Earth to moon? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d41ct5/eli5_why_cant_landersrovers_be_landed_or_operated/ | {
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"\nA 1 second delay means any feedback you control is 2 seconds behind. Try driving a RC car around a track with 2 second delay. Its going to be really hard.",
"Radio waves are limited to the speed of light. Due to the distance to the Moon this means the delay is 2.5s. So even if a human operator on Earth have perfect reaction time a command will only be received by the lander 2.5s after the event that the operator is reacting to. And this could be too late. Theoretically the communications delay between any two points on the Earth is under 200ms. However even then the Predator drone pilots is for the most part programming its autopilot just like mission control controls the autopilot on space probes.",
"1s is definitely too long of a delay for someone to be controlling a vehicle. [Imagine driving a car with 1s delay from your input to what you see.](_URL_0_)\n\nYou're also counting on an orbiting satellite, which does not have direct view to the lander at all times. Geostationary satellites for the moon are non-existent."
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5aday1 | when we say time is the fourth dimension, can we show it on a coordinate axis? will it just have a positive axis? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5aday1/eli5when_we_say_time_is_the_fourth_dimension_can/ | {
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"Yes, time could be shown on a coordinate axis. In fact, it often is. Any time you have a graph of distance over time, velocity over time, or anything over time, time (almost always the independent variable) is the X-axis.\n\nNo, it doesn't have just positive. Measurements of time on an axis would have to be relative to some \"Time = 0\" and usually that point is whenever you started taking measurements of whatever it is you're observing. So \"negative\" on such a graph would simply represent the state of things *before* you started taking measurements. It existed, clearly, but isn't represented because you weren't meausring things then.",
"Length, width, and depth make up our first 3 dimensions, here we can assign duration (time) for the 4th. Because we are in the third dimension, we can't see view the entire fourth dimension, just one moment at a time. This makes it appear to us as if time can only move in one direction, from our viewpoint. However, if you could see yourself in the fourth dimension, you would appear as a long continuous entity with yourself as a baby on one end, and your deceased self on the other end. From this point you could assign yourself positive or negative values almost like a number line."
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3veg4j | what causes the brain to spaz out and let me chew my tongue/cheek/lip while i'm eating food, even though i'm real good at it after so long? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3veg4j/eli5_what_causes_the_brain_to_spaz_out_and_let_me/ | {
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"Oh, ya? Well, I choke on my food (and drink!), walk into walls, miss the chair when I sit down and walk off the edge of the sidewalk. Wtf? ",
"Your brain does a lot of stuff in background, which takes a lot of resources (e.g. energy.)\n\nYour brain 'spazes' out either when you are so tired/out of energy that other more important functions are given more priority (breathing > > stability) or when it tries to find ways to save energy.\n\nThat last point could be what happens: your brain has a long history of you being good at not chewing your tongue that, some times, it thinks it can be turned off and at in those times you bite your tongue (not all the times, of course.)\n\nAlso, if you are eating a lot of stuff quickly, it's harder to keep track of your tongue and you bite it.",
"I'm not sure if this answer is accepted in the west and I dont know the correct term for it.\n\nIn South East Asia, when this happens we always assume that you have slightly swollen tongue or lips which causes your brain to miscalculate and hence bitting yourself.\n\nSwollen tongue or lips is usually caused by eating too much heaty stuff like deep fried food and such.\n\nAgain I am not a expert in this, its just what I was taught.",
"One could argue that you are not in fact as good at eating as you think you are despite having done it for so long. Don't worry about it buddy, we cant all be great at everything.",
"There is a part of your brain called the brain stem and one of its jobs is to control behaviors, such as breathing, swallowing, and chewing. These behaviors are very complicated because they need to control a lot of muscles by listening to many different parts of the body. To help do this, your brain stem is divides into 'centers' that control a specific set of muscles and listen specific parts of the body. Some of these centers include:\n \n\n* A tongue center-Controls the muscles of the tongue, and knows where the tongue is in your mouth. \n\n* A face/taste center- Can see what kind of food is on the tongue and also control muscles of the lips and cheeks. \n\n* A mouth center which sense pain and touch in the mouth (and face) , position of the mouth (open/close), and also controls the muscles for chewing.\n\nAs you chew these centers constantly talk to one another. The tongue center is constantly telling the mouth center where it is and the mouth center usually can hear it before it begins to chew. Sometimes the mouth center doesn't hear the tongue center, or the tongue center isn't loud enough. When this happens you may bite your tongue. \n\nThese two centers may not hear one another because other parts of the brain are talking over them. You language center may be shouting at your tongue to produce language, and your tongue may not hear the warning of an impending chew. Your breathing center may shout something at both because it is very nervous when you are chewing and it is afraid you will choke. Your emotional center may tell your face to smile or frown after the mouth center has started chewing, and you may bite your cheek. \n\nThis complicated communication between different parts of the brain sometimes results is a painful tongue or cheek bite. Luckily the mouth center, which controls your chewing, also senses pain in your tongue and cheek. Therefore, when you bite your tongue or cheek the mouth center is the one that senses it and can quickly stop the reflex and hopefully prevent the injury from being serious.",
"Not biting your tongue is a learned behavior, like not allowing yourself to tip over while standing. It's not an automatic process even though you don't usually have to think about it. Just like the fact that sometimes you step wrong and trip or stumble, sometimes you bite when your tongue is in the way. \n\nThe worst is when it's not an accidental tongue bite, like while you're chewing something, but when your jaw suddenly clamps down on it's own, like a muscle spasm. It usually happens so fast you've already done the damage before you even feel it. \n\nSome people are born with a condition that doesn't allow them to feel pain and one of the symptoms of this is that as a child they would constantly bite their tongue to the point many of them are maimed by it. They never learned the behavior through pain like other children and by the time they were old enough to be taught it's bad to bite your tongue the damage was already done. "
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2hpbet | how smartphone cameras are made. they have "large 1.5-micron pixels"? how do they place so many in a small area? how are they wired? | I can't fathom how they get so many pixel sensors in one small area and wire them up to work. Crazy! I can't find anything online explaining in detail how they are made. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hpbet/eli5how_smartphone_cameras_are_made_they_have/ | {
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"1.5 microns is actually pretty large these days. Computer chips have features as small as around 14nanometers (1000 nanometers to a micron). You make these circuits using very specialized processing techniques, but basically you take a crystal of silicon (or gallium arsenide) and make small circuits on the surface using a technique called [photolithography]( _URL_0_). Where you take a big version of the circuit you want to make and project it (decreased in size many, many times) onto the surface of the crystal. ",
"Take a look thru the diagrams on this page\n\n_URL_0_\n\n...Forgive me for trying out Bing's image search lately. The google one gives the javascript engine in the browser on my android phone a hernia. (...All of the browsers.)\n\nIf I find an animation showing their construction, I'll link that as well, but zgeiger is right to say that photolithography is the key. It's a layering process that etches structures into silicon. "
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3qiksq | are diagnoses such as depression and anxiety only made in the 'first world'? | e.g. can you be 'depressed' in the 'third world'? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qiksq/eli5_are_diagnoses_such_as_depression_and_anxiety/ | {
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"Why wouldn't you? Illnesses aren't bound by borders or where political alliances were formed. People all have the same chemicals that can be altered ",
"I've given this a lot of thought... I have severe anxiety & think it's the worst then I think about people in third world countries. The conclusion I've come to is that you can't really afford to have anxiety and depression in third world countries... They're lives are so much different from ours. For instance, a typical guy who may have anxiety/depression in Africa, if he sits around and feels sorry for himself all day dwelling on his mental problems, then he doesn't work, therefore not getting paid and not feeding his family. You can skip work in places like America as it is not essential for survival but in poor countries, it really is life or death.",
"Not at all. In fact, the writer Andrew Solomon, who has become known for writing about depression (see *The Noonday Demon*), has explored depression in non-western societies. He went to Cambodia, for example, to meet women traumatized by the Killing Fields, and how they were dealing with it. He also went to Africa to see how traditional medicine was used to deal with depressed people."
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bex8kj | how does one juice a prune? if prunes are just dehydrated plums, shouldn't prune juice just be plum juice? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bex8kj/eli5_how_does_one_juice_a_prune_if_prunes_are/ | {
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"Prunes and plums are the same fruit; the former is a dried version of the latter (like you say). The plums used for drying are called \"prunes\" (pre-dehydrating) because their pits are easy to remove. \n\nIn the US, the Food and Drug Administration requires that the fruit be called \"dried plums\" not \"prunes.\" Since you can't have \"dried plum juice\" (that is a contradiction of terms), it can be called prune juice. However, the juice comes from a pre-dried plum (called they \"prune\" variety).",
"It's like the difference between squeezing the juice out of an orange and tossing the left over orange in the blender and adding water. Plum juice is the juice that comes from inside the fruit. Prune juice is the juice that is created when you mix the puree'd fruit with water.\n\nSo, really, the question shouldn't be \"why do we call it prune juice instead of plum juice?\" The question should be \"Why don't we call it prune tea?\"",
"Yeah! Where is my Raisin Juice?!",
"Wait wait wait... Prunes are dehydrated plums??"
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6ymkoh | why do people still inhabit areas which are susceptible to high-impact tropical storms, and other weather disasters? | I'm in my 30s now, but ever since I was a kid, terms like "tornado alley" and "hurricane season" have been really confusing. Why do people live in these places? In the age of scientific understanding, where everyone is atheists, it's not like we can collectively write these off as a "random act of God!"
A quick google search shows that tropical storms are increasing in frequency and intensity over the years, and will likely continue to do so for the next few decades. The following areas are, apparently, all at increasingly high risk of high intensity tropical storms:
Southeast Florida (Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach)
Key West and the Florida keys
Southwest Florida (Fort Myers-Naples)
West Florida (Tampa-St. Petersburg-Sarasota-Clearwater)
Outer Banks islands, NC (Cape Hatteras)
Central Texas Gulf coast (Galveston)
Central Florida Atlantic coast (Melbourne-Cocoa Beach)
Florida Panhandle (Pensacola-Panama City)
Central Gulf coast (New Orleans, LA-Biloxi, MS-Mobile, AL)
South Texas Gulf coast (Corpus Christi-Brownsville)
Granted, they are beautiful places. But how and why do people live comfortably and happily knowing that any summer now, their life and everything they own might get blown away by a tropical storm.
I don't get it. Someone please explain. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ymkoh/eli5_why_do_people_still_inhabit_areas_which_are/ | {
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"A reason is probably not enough money to move somewhere else, so you're stuck in that place and paying for mortage\n\nAnother I could think of is because it's probably cheap and people can afford to rebuild their houses if the hurricane destroys their house",
"Every area is susceptible to some kind of disaster. We still need access to ports/ vacation areas (hurricanes/tsunamis), timber (forest fires), agriculture (tornadoes), movies and computer parts (earthquakes/forest fires/droughts/mudslides). It's just \"the cost of doing business.\"",
"Where exactly should these millions of displaced people live? In areas prone to drought? Earthquake zones? The Australian outback? The frozen permafrost plains of Siberia? Belgium?\n\nCommunities grew up there in the first place because they had access to important resources, whether it's fertile land, water, trade, oil, etc. And these things are still important: for example, Mobile, Alabama grew up because it was on the coast close to areas where cotton could (and still can) be grown, so it was the perfect place to ship cotton through. During WW2, its location made it a great place to build warships.\n\nIn short, you can't move shipbuilding yards a few hundred miles inland. And most places have their own dangers, so you're never risk-free.",
"In the case of where I live on the south Carolina coast we have had 3-4 major hurricanes hit here in the last 25 years I can't think of any major repairs being needed to be done to any of the houses I have lived in since I was of the age to remember. The building codes are also different in regards to what they have to build to wind speed wise. \n\nAlso it's an amazing place to live. ",
"Some of it is because they're infrequent. Some of it is because we're an adaptable species, and capable of building to withstand most things if we put our mind to it.\n\nSome of it is just because we're stubborn and bloody-minded, and convinced that all the bad things will happen to other people.",
"On the more recent side, complacency.\n\nWe're in the middle of the lowest level of hurricane activity in recorded history in the USA. These couple of storms will remind people, but we effectively had not had a gulf hurricane at all between 2005 and 2017.\n\nThe last recorded cat-3 or higher hurricane in Florida was Wilma on Oct 24, 2005.",
"Why do people live in earthquake areas or wildfire areas or near a volcano? You think there are parts in this country that is safe from natural disasters? If there is somewhere safe from all natural disasters do you think every person could live there? I went through Katrina and it was the worst experience of my life, but I am not going to live in fear or run and hide just because of one bad event that has happened to me in 43 years...",
"\"move to the middle of the country. That's what it's there for, for people who gave up on their dreams.\" \n\n-Daniel Tosh"
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3qhcqp | how is cisa not a violation of fourth amendment rights? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qhcqp/eli5_how_is_cisa_not_a_violation_of_fourth/ | {
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"Lawyer here!\n\nThe short answer is that the fourth amendment does not protect information given to a third-party. Even if that information is given to a business in the course of using their services, and even where you *really want* to do business with them. This is called the third-party doctrine, it's been around for about as long as privacy as a fourth amendment concept has. You probably have to be aware of the information you're giving to the third-party, but Facebook can take every single thing you've ever posted and give it to the FBI and it's 100% constitutional under current precedent.\n\nThis is an application of the broader \"state action doctrine\" which basically says that the constitution only protects against government actions, not private ones. If Facebook violates your privacy the only recourse is through statutory protections.\n\nSo, what about the part about giving immunity for companies giving data even against liability for violating privacy laws? Well, Congress *created* that liability, and so has the power to limit it.\n\nA really tenuous argument can be made that an ISP is somehow under the state action doctrine, but I doubt it would fly. And it definitely wouldn't affect Google.\n\nThis all gets a bit esoteric and complicated, but it's helpful to think about the fourth amendment not as a protection of *information* but as a limitation of *how* the police can gather information.",
"Are ISPs, social networks, etc, not acting as agents of the government actually encourages someone to break the law it seems like someone acting on behalf of the government and then conveying it to the feds if the government if they are collecting data on individuals at the direction of the government, they're just immune from penalty for doing so?"
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1k0qck | why do small animals have higher metabolisms than larger ones? semi-related - why do small animals have shorter lifespans than larger ones? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1k0qck/eli5_why_do_small_animals_have_higher_metabolisms/ | {
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"it is to do with the surface ratio of their bodies. \n\na little mouse doesnt have much meat on its bones, so its little body has to work quick to stay warm. he also cant keep much fat stored so he has to eat and eat and be on the go\n\na big fat elephant has heeeaps of meat inside so he can easily stay warm, and he doesnt need to eat so much because he has lots of fat stored in him\n\n\nthe reason small animals die quicker is because they use up all their energy quicker. little animals run around in life and do everything quickly, they have their babies quickly then they grow old quickly. biiig animals who take it slooow in life dont use up their energy as much and live longer but have babies later on and take ages to grow old. "
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2115di | how does my dog constantly shed endless amounts of hair without ever going bald? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2115di/eli5_how_does_my_dog_constantly_shed_endless/ | {
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6t5xyc | what happens to your tongue and/or tastebuds after eating a sichuan peppercorn? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6t5xyc/eli5_what_happens_to_your_tongue_andor_tastebuds/ | {
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"Pepper corn contains a substance named piperine, which both simulates your tastebuds, (I,e, your body samples it, and says \"this tastes peppery\"), but it also simulates the pain receptors in your mouth, in the same way that capsaicin does. (Ie your tongue sends a signal saying \"hey boss, we're on fire here\")\n\nThe \"spiciness\"of pipeline is a lot lower than capsaicin, with pure piperine being around 100,000 on the Scoville scale, but actually has a defined flavor profile, unlike pure capsaicin, which is ~2,000,000 on the Scoville scale, and mostly flavorless\n\n\n***\n"
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30to84 | my wife and i have type o blood, my kid has a. how is this possible? | All tested, documented with the state, hospitals etc. Is he the chosen one? Did he mutate? Is the end near?
Seriously though: he had jaundice at birth because of this (said the hospital). It's gone now.
[Edit: re: Not the father Maury! not scientific yet buuuuut...](_URL_2_)
Edit 2: Marking as explained since the explanations adequately provided the info I needed. Until tests come in, I'm chalking this up to a mis-test on my side most likely, since she's going through the ob/gyn 2nd bun in the oven regime now.
[Edit 3: Ordered a paternity test.](_URL_1_)
[Edit 4: Father is likely not Bombay Phenotype, pls. confirm biologists.](_URL_0_)
Edit 5 (April 6): Got back from road trip with fam. Paternity test came in, will send it out tomorrow.
Edit 6 (April 9): My bad, mailed it this morning. Life is happening yall! :3 | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30to84/eli5_my_wife_and_i_have_type_o_blood_my_kid_has_a/ | {
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"Sooo assuming the worst since there is no update and op appears to have 404ed? ",
"If you and your wife both have type O blood, there's no gene for A or B in either of you. There's nothing your kid could have besides type O.\n\nWhich means either there's been some bad blood testing, a very specific mutation, two babies getting switched at birth, or someone else is the father.\n\nEDIT: Really hoping my top comment of all time doesn't break up a family...\n\nAnd I'm learning a lot of rare and obscure genetic possibilities in the comments, thank you all! Still, I'd say it's best to start by Occam's razor and check the likely things rather than that chimera possibility that a lot of people are pointing out.",
"What blood type does the milkman have?....\n\nIt is a mutation... a rare one... but not unheard of. ",
"Should we tell him?",
"Regarding the jaundice part: It's perfectly normal for a newborn to have jaundice. What's happening is that the fetal hemoglobin gets switched out for the adult hemoglobin. Normally the liver is tasked with getting rid of hemoglobin, but the liver is not yet fully developed, hence the hemoglobin accumulates in the blood in an insoluble form, which a couple of steps down the road cause the jaundice",
"There are a few possibilities, in (rough) order of probability:\n-Someone screwed up a test somewhere\n-You are not his biological father\n-You and/or your wife have the Bombay phenotype. You're genetically type A, but due to a secondary mutation, you test as type O. This is seen mostly in people of South Asian (Indian) descent.\n-Your kid mutated from type O to type A.",
"I would say a mistake was made when testing blood type at the lab. Or....someone isn't telling the truth.",
"One or both of you could have genes for A, but not be able to express them due to deficiency of H-antigen, the protein that the carbohydrate group is attached to. You would appear as O, but react to O type blood as the H antigen would be foreign. See a transfusion medicine program or pediatric hematologist.",
"98/100 times, that means you're not the father bud. Sorry. \n \n1/100 times, someone fucked up a blood test. \n \n1/100 times, rare mutation. \n \n",
"Assuming what you claim is true, and that the tests are accurate, neither you or your wife have the genetics for type A blood, and you are most likely a cuckold. Sorry, OP.",
"Is someone gonna give an ELI5 version of these answers? what the hell is a phenotype? and what's the significance of Os and As? ",
"There is a thing called \"Bombay mutation\". It's a person,who is genetically either A or B, but lack a gene that attaches the A or B marking to the red blood cells. So, theoretically, one of you can be genetically A, but due to the Bombay mutation you show up as 0 (it' 0 as in \"neither A nor B\", not O).",
"It is possible that you or your wife have what is known as the Bombay Phenotype. Blood type is determined by many more genes than just A,B, or O, but those are the big ones. A and B are codominant to each other, so if you are AA, and your wife is BB, your child will be AB. A and B are dominant to O, so if you are AA, and your wife is OO, then the child is AO. IT IS POSSIBLE however to be bloodtype AA, BB, or AB and appear as Type O on the blood tests. This is called the Bombay Phenotype. It just means that you have the genes for the A or B bloodtype, but your body does make the molecules that show up on the test, making you appear to be Type O. So, to conclude, even if both you and your wife are Type O on the blood testing, your child could still have Type A blood. Best of luck to you. ",
"We were mis-tested at some point when kidlet was a baby too, I think. \nI'm O, ex is B and baby came back A. I suspect the paperwork got messed up or the Dr read it wrong. Luckily, he looks like dad, so there wasn't any Maury issues, but we did have a good laugh over it. ",
"If I can ask, what happens if the baby isn't yours? Would you and your wife stay together?",
"I'll explain this like you are five.\n\nSomeone else peed in your wife's butt. The stork brought a kid for this other dude and your wife.\n\n",
"Good luck with the paternity test bud. I hope it's either someone fucked up the blood test or even rare mutation.\n\nP.S. Now I'm really curious about the result...",
"Is her ex-husband Filipino? Are you in an area with a lot of Filipino penises around?\n\nThe paternity test reviews on Amazon are top cuck reading material. Thank you.",
"I remember reading a story about how somebody had absorbed their twin in the womb and everything but her ovaries were her own, while the ovaries were the absorbed twin. This lead to the father thinking the woman had cheated but they found out by testing the eggs of the mother and finding that there were discrepancies between the mothers DNA and the DNA of the egg. I believe that was the only documented case and I can't remember where I read it from either. I half let you down reddit.",
"Get a maternity test, too. They could have switched the babies at the hospital. It's a merry mix up indeed.",
"Yeah any basic genetics punett square says something is awry.",
"Hold up... my parents are both AB and I'm O-... is that possible?",
"I work in a blood bank. A sample is tested by 2 different people before reported in my lab. If the wrong type is reported it is 99.99% because it was mislabeled or misdrawn by a phlebotomist. We just test what is given to us. ",
"Anyone know how negative vs positive works? My parents are both O+, but I'm O-. Not sure how that happens? (And mine's been confirmed multiple times as I'm a frequent blood donor)",
"I think there is one other possibility. It is very rare but some people are born chimeras. They have cells with 2 different genomes spread throughout their bodies. Very rarely described but it does happen. Either you or you wife could be a chimera and have a different genome in your hematopoietic cell lines and germ cell lines. Probably more likely thought that one of the blood tests was in error. Lets just go with that right now...",
"To get type O blood, both parents have to have the O gene, which is recessive. If either of you carried the A gene, you would express that gene, since it is dominant, and your blood type would be A rather than O. You CAN be be type A or B and pass a recessive O gene to your child, but if you and your wife are both O negative, there's nothing your son could be but O negative. That being said, I don't know how common it is for both parents to be type O much less type O negative.\n\nI think the most likely scenario here is that one or both of you are mistaken about your blood type, not that the mother was unfaithful, or the hospital switched your baby. \n\nLook closely at your baby. To determine whether he/she was switched at birth, tug on the tail gently. If still unsure, examine the wings.",
"He definitely looks like you. I hope it is a mutation and you update us on the result!\n",
"Genetics is a very funny thing, so please dont assume anything about your wife until further evidence. Something similar to your situation : _URL_0_",
"Serious: Is it possible the Mom is a chimera and it could result in the baby having the differing blood type? ",
"Go get tested again. Same thing happened in Asia and the husband blamed the wife for infidelity. The wife later killed herself and the husband found out later the tests were wrong.\n",
"What's the mailman's blood type?",
"Going off of OP and baby having Filipino/Polynesian genetics:\n\nOP and OP's baby have a 1% chance of a Jk(3-) phenotype. Mom, too, if she's Polynesian or Filipino. Wouldn't the presence of the null allele screw up blood testing for whoever had it? It seems to me a mild case of Jk(3-) antigens in utero alters blood typing. Jk(3-) phenotype prevents certain telltale antigens from being expressed in serum, so you'd have to specifically be looking for a null allele in a silent gene in mother, father, and son to rule it out.\n\nIt's so rare that doctors wouldn't even think of it, except it's more prevalent in Filipinos than in any other population. Some studies estimate that 1 in 5 Filipino births have some degree of Jk(3-) reaction. Jaundice is of course normal in newborns - but Jk(3-) can also be a cause of jaundice as an affected baby reacts to antigens.\n\nUsually mild from the looks of it (mostly problems with the urinary tract and kidney function) but it's something to look into and it might not be caught by the tests you've been running. It may even continue to skew with the results you're getting, but I'm not a doctor. I'm just going off of skimming some Pacific blood typing studies so I don't know.\n\nEdit: So I've been down the rabbit hole! Please if I've got this wrong, someone correct me. Turns out there are a lot more blood groups than ABO. Jk(3-) is the null expression of the Kidd blood group. O type is the null of the ABO blood group. Jk alleles are co-dominant. I think that means that a parent with a dominant Jk-null can falsely test as an O, and pass on an unexpressed recessive Jk-A to offspring who can then express A antigens and falsely test as an A.",
"Just going to take this opportunity to mention that /r/MensRights exists, and paternity fraud is a real thing. The numbers are too scary to post here, but I promise many of you reading this have been touched by it, whether you know it or not. \n\nAnd hugs.",
"sorry bro, you're wife's been sleeping around.",
"Is OP the father? do we know yet?",
"Don't let us down, OP. Still waiting to hear where the mix-up happened!",
"Where's the update? \n",
"RemindMe! 7 days\n\nGlad to see this is getting solved OP! ",
"Sooooo... how's this going? Any more news yet?",
"Still waiting on the answer, been waiting and watching this for a while > < \n",
"OP; if you ever come back to check this thread (whether you furnish it with an update or not), I hope you and your family are ok and are dealing with whatever results came back in the best way possible.\n\nRemindMe! 30 days",
"OP if you come back and say the baby isn't yours I hope you will, by then, have dumped that bitch and move on with your life. Also the real father should be taking care of their kid, not you. "
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bm4m1h | what are the differences between edible and inedible oils? | I tried searching this up online, but I couldn't find any definitive answers
All of us know that some oils are edible and others aren't, but why exactly? Why isn't petroleum edible, after it's refined and all? Is there a difference in chemical structure between, for example, an edible saturated oil and an inedible saturated oil? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bm4m1h/eli5_what_are_the_differences_between_edible_and/ | {
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"Oil is a broad class of chemicals with the property that they like other oils but dislike water. The answer is pretty much the same for any broad class of chemicals: some of them the body is able to utilize or otherwise remove without incident while other compounds interfere with various bodily processes and can cause cell damage. Petroleum causes heart and metabolism disruption, for instance. Now, as for food oils, the vast majority are what are called fatty acids which is basically a hydrocarbon attached to a carboxyl group. The body is made to metabolize these fatty acids from food. Not every fatty acid is good for you though, for exaple Erucic acid appears to be potentially toxic in high enough doses, which naturally occurs in rapeseed (canola), and thus we've bread varieties that don't produce much of it.",
"There is a big difference in the chemical structure between organic oil and mineral oil.\n\nOrganic oils are lipids/triglycerides, glycerin with three long carbon chain esters. Saturated/unsaturated just refers to it having the maximum number of hydrogen attached to the tails =saturated, or there being double bonds reducing the number of hydrogen =unsaturated, both describe edible organic oil.\n\nMineral oil on the other hand consists of a wide variety of hydrocarbons.",
"Oils which we can eat all have a very specific structure: They consist of one molecule called \"[glycerol](_URL_1_)\", attached to that are three molecules of so called \"[fatty acids](_URL_0_)\".\n\nThese fatty acids by themselves are similar to mineral oil in structure, with one important difference: They have two oxygen atoms at one end, rather than just a hydrogen atom. This makes them water soluble, so once split off from the glycerol, they can be moved to the liver for further processing. Regular mineral oil would simply pass through the digestive tract, since it can't be turned into a water soluble form as easily."
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2ph6xm | what is happening to russia's economy? is this due, in part, to sanctions imposed by the west and/how will it effect the situation in the ukraine? | Has Russia's economy being going south for a while or has the economic sanctions place upon Russia earlier this year finally starting to bite?
With Russia entering recession, how will this effect it's already strained relations with the EU and the US? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ph6xm/eli5_what_is_happening_to_russias_economy_is_this/ | {
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"And also, how is the price of oil tying in?",
"Saudi Arabia has drastically lowered the cost of their oil. By doing so, they are putting \"the squeeze\" on Russia, and other major oil producers to either do the same, or lose profit. Russia, for the most part, is the primary oil provider to Europe. That is one of the reasons why the EU is always too timid to sanction Russia harshly. With Saudi Arabia's oil prices now being so low, parts of Europe are now purchasing their oil and not Russia's. Because Russia's primary export is oil, this is starting to cripple the ruble. "
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273y3z | how many terms can an ex-vp stand for if they are elevated to presidency? | I'm from the UK, so I'm sketchy on the details, here. Please feel free to put me straight on US constitutional matters ;)
I'm aware that in the US, a president can only be reelected once. They stand for office as president, get elected, stand for reelection and get elected again, then you're out. Game over, thanks for playing.
But what happens if they are elevated from VP to full president?
Take, for example, if Ronald Reagan *had* passed away as a result of the assassination attempt on him. George HW Bush would have been elevated. Then, at the next election he'd have had a shot at reelection.
Assuming that he got elected, would he have been able to stand for reelection *again* after his first full presidency? Or would the partial presidency he'd had as a result of elevation have meant he was now inelegible?
Be nice - I'm English. We have all them there Kings and that, so electing our head of state is something I've never had to figure out.
Edit: Spellong. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/273y3z/eli5_how_many_terms_can_an_exvp_stand_for_if_they/ | {
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"If you serve more then half the term, it counts.\n\nIf you serve < 2 years, you can have your own two full terms.",
"Text from our constitutions 22nd amendment\n\n > No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once."
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1ve8ew | i get that the sky is blue because it scatters blue light, but what does "scattering" mean? | Can someone give me an explanation to this? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ve8ew/eli5_i_get_that_the_sky_is_blue_because_it/ | {
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"Scattering in an optical sense is the phenomenon of a ray of light 'hitting' or interacting with something of either roughly the same size or much smaller than the size of the wavelength, then bouncing off in either a predictable or unpredictable way. The composition of the atmosphere greatly influences what color the sky is, whether it's blue in the morning or reddish as the sun sets.\n\nThe reasons why the afternoon sky is typically blue are similar to the reasons why the sky at sunrise and sunset appears red. Basically, the molecules and gases in our atmosphere have the tendency to 'change the direction' of visible light in the *shorter wavelengths*, like blue and green rather than longer wavelengths, since molecules are really small. Particles like dust and pollution in the atmosphere, as opposed to molecules, tend to interact with longer wavelengths of light since they're bigger, but that's not of concern right now.\n\nBasically, more blue light is able to make it to our eyes when it has less atmosphere to pass through. The sun as opposed to the sky surrounding it appears bright yellow to us because it is from that portion of the sky that sunlight is able to make it directly into our eyes, but yellow light is still a bit too long to interact with gases and molecules enough for the sky to be yellow. (As an aside, clouds appear white because water droplets reflect all colors of visible light!) This is why the sky may appear its bluest when the sun is at its highest; the light is entering our atmosphere at its thinnest point. \n\nDuring sunset, sunlight enters our atmosphere at a tangent and, because there's so much atmosphere for it to pass through before it reaches our eyes, blue and green light is almost entirely scattered away before it's had the chance to reach our eyes, and what we're left with is the longer wavelengths of light (yellow, orange, and red) that are able to pass through so much atmosphere. That's why the sky fades to blue (where the atmosphere is thinner) so much more dramatically at sunset than it does at noon. Similarly, heavily polluted or dusty air looks redder/browner to us because longer wavelengths of visible light are going to scatter more effectively than shorter/blue light as a result of interacting with larger particles (like dust, aerosol, smoke). \n\nScattering (aka *diffuse reflection*) is the physical process that gives us the ability to see non-mirror like objects in general. Visible light interacts with so much *stuff* before it reaches our eyes, and the light that actually makes it to our eyes is the color we see. The reason deep water appears such a dark blue is because all light except that wavelength of blue is able to make it through all that water and into our eyes. Water looks black when it absorbs *all* visible light.\n\nI probably didn't explain this as accurately or simply as I could have, but I wrote what I was able to remember from school. Hopefully this helps explain the concept even a little bit!"
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4vxrk2 | what's the difference between an ordinary class and an interface in java? | After reading so many descriptions, I'm still not able to grasp what the Interface is when compared to a class in Java.
Thanks, all! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vxrk2/eli5whats_the_difference_between_an_ordinary/ | {
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"An interface defines what kind of methods an object supports, but it doesn't define their implementations. On the contrary, a class defines the methods as well as their implementations (unless the class is abstract, which is something else which I'll ignore for now). An interface cannot contain any fields or constructors, meaning you can't instantiate it - for example, if I have an interface MyInterface then I can't do this:\n\n MyInterface x = new MyInterface();\n\nInstead, I have to create a class that implements MyInterface, like this:\n\n public class MyClass implements MyInterface { ... }\n\nAnd then I can do this:\n\n MyInterface x = new MyClass();\n\nWhen I define my class like this, it means that the class must implement all the methods defined in the interface. So if MyInterface defines a method called myFunc, then MyClass must contain an implementation of that method.\n\nAnother main difference is that a class can only inherit from one other class, but can implement multiple interfaces.\n\nInterfaces are used do define what objects can or can't do. For example, the interface `Comparable` contains a single method called `compareTo` which compares the object to another object. If a class implements this interface, then I know I can use the function compareTo in order to compare instances of this class (for example, I can only sort a list of objects if they all implement `Comparable`, or I have a separate `Comparator` class).",
"A class is code: it has things that it does, and instructions to tell the computer how to do those things.\n\nAn interface is a promise of code: it says \"Any class that uses this interface will do this list of things\"; but it doesn't say how it will do those things."
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1knsur | mardi gras and the culture around it | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1knsur/eli5_mardi_gras_and_the_culture_around_it/ | {
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"I grew up in Covington, La. (Northshore) The biggest misconception I have found over the years of living many different places, is that most people think that all Mardi Gras is \"slutty girls flashing for beads.\" Yes that does happen but mainly only with in a certain radius of Bourbon Street. Mostly everywhere else (especially on the Northshore) it is like what most would consider a homecoming parade. There are families all along the parade route tailgating, so to say, with little kids laughing and running up and down the streets waiting for the parade to start. Here is a good article that should be able to answer some questions you may have on Mardi Gras (_URL_0_)\n\nI think for someone to really understand the Mardi Gras Scene, you must really understand Louisiana culture by itself. I have lived in over 5 states and visited easily over 40, and still to this day LA is the most diverse, welcoming, laid back state I have even been too. To explain why, to someone that has not visited LA, is one of the hardest things to do. To truly understand it, you must visit LA and experience it yourself. (by the way the Louisiana I am talking about, and what most locals consider True Louisiana, is the part of Louisiana located below Hwy 190. Anything north is considered an extension of TX, AR, or MS.) \n\nWhy I love Louisiana: In LA, we don't care where you are from, who you are, what you believe in, what you look like, etc... as long as you don't try to change us, do something that hurts us, or disrespect us, you are family.",
"you cant explain it. you just have to come experience it for yourself :) "
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b206mb | how is an american 18 year old student, fresh out of high school, even remotely allowed to start taking on $5,000+ in debt every year for the purpose of higher education? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b206mb/eli5_how_is_an_american_18_year_old_student_fresh/ | {
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"Because average wage with a highschool diploma was 26,780 in 2018, it was 59,124 for people with a master's. 10 years after entering the market the average high school diploma makes 32,000 where the bachelor degree now makes 68,000.\n\n\nSimply they can afford it. A 10 year pay off schedule for student loans sounds crazy except that you'll make on average a million more in your life then non college workers. ",
"Because we need people with higher education to drive technology ahead. And people need to get an education to get a high paying job but might not be able to pay back the money for several decades. So student loans is a special kind of loan with certain legal restrictions on them. But most importantly it is except from bankruptcy protection. In a sense you are loaning money with your knowledge as security. I am not saying there is nothing wrong with the American student debt system or the educational system in general but the intention is that banks will loan money to students so they can get a good education and a good job so they are able to pay back the loan making money for the banks as well. And if a students wants an education that does not give a good paying job then no banks will be willing to loan them money.",
"Questions about the US are generally better in r/askanamerican.",
"Good question. It seems weird, right? \"You don't know hat you want to do with your life, but here, take out $12K to try and figure it out.\" That's the most expensive \"taste\" of your future...ever. \n\nCollege used to be considered \"THE path to middle class\" and the middle class is one which is expected to make enough to pay that off. Studies find that a college education greatly increases someone's earning potential IF they're lower or middle income families. (Lower income students qualify for more federal or state gift aid.) Not surprisingly...it doesn't actually seem to increase someone's earning potential if they come from a higher income family - generational wealth and everything.\n\nMany colleges are finding that students come into college \"fresh out of high school\" and they just aren't ready. They haven't been on their own, they have emerging mental health issues, they just DON'T know that they want to do. For that reason they offer \"deferred admission\" so they can take a gap year or something.\n\nI don't know when we started to look down on community or technical colleges, but I really REALLY encourage people to pursue an Associates or technical degree when they're ready. That's ACTUALLY investing in a future - since associates degrees can parlay right into a bachelors and a technical degree can go right into the field and make bank. \n\n\nEdit: punctuation",
"It doesn’t matter than you are fresh out of high school, that is the legal age of “adulthood”. 18 year olds are still teenagers without much experience but you are legally able to join the military, get a car loan, buy a house, get a bank loan, get married, etc. \n\nEvery country defines “adulthood” in different ways and at different time, we chose 18 ( actually you can get them at young ages, it matters when you go to college, not your age...I was technically 17). If 18 year olds couldn’t get loans but could go into the military, then you would be making a major life decision for a bunch of adults instead of letting them choose on their own. "
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cd9lai | what does a large snake do after it eats something very large, like a kangaroo or alligator? | I was looking at pictures of stuff like this and thought what does the snake do after it’s eaten it? Is it just stuck there until it digests the animal? How long does it take to digest to where they aren’t super bloated? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cd9lai/eli5_what_does_a_large_snake_do_after_it_eats/ | {
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"Snakes can still move with large meals in their stomach and will usually seek out a nice quiet place where the can lay in peace and digest. Because it does slow them down, they will want to avoid predators or a lot of movement. A big meal can be digested in a few days to a week or more and the snake may not eat again for days, weeks or even months. They will generally conserve their energy and use it to break down the food.",
"Sometimes it backfires. I once saw a rattlesnake kill itself trying to get back out of a packrat hole in the desert. It apparently ruptured it's internal organs as it tried to force itself out the hole, which forced the recently swallowed packrat back along it's digestive tract. I don't know why the snake didn't just den up in the bottom of the hole, or why it was so determined to leave. I provided no assistance, as I am not about to mess with a panicked rattlesnake, and let nature take it's course."
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5zsicn | if the big bang caused everything to expand from a central point outward, why are some galaxies moving towards one another, wouldn't everything everywhere be moving apart? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5zsicn/eli5_if_the_big_bang_caused_everything_to_expand/ | {
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"I'm totally not a physics guru so this will definitely be on a 5 yr old level but I think it has something to do with the fact that after the initial bang and outward movement there have obviously been other reactions, i.e. star formations, star collisions, whatever other shit happens in space. But in a vacuum any force can cause matter to move so these subsequent reactions have caused things to move in different directions relative to the initial point of bang. now if this happens in multiple places relative to the initial point it would be possible for some galaxies or other space bodies to move toward each other. Please someone correct me if I'm wrong",
"There is two forces that fight each other : Gravity and Dark Energy.\n\nGravity we know of, but Dark Energy we are not totally sure and that's why we call it Dark Energy because we still totally know what is it's nature. But we still know that Dark Energy is a repulsive force that accelerate the expansion of the universe.\n\nThese two forces have different strength at different distance. Just like electromagnetic forces is stronger than gravity at small scale (we can make a train levitate), but that on a larger scale gravity is stronger (gravity can move Stars and galaxies).\n\nThe same is true for Gravity and Dark Energy. Gravity is a punctual force that decrease rapidly the further you are from the source. Dark Energy is a very weak force but it fill every inch cube of the universe and the longer the distance the more of that Dark energy there is. \n\nSo the closer two objects are the stronger Gravity and the Weaker Dark energy is. The further two objects are the weaker gravity is and the stronger dark energy is. So if two galaxies are massive enough and close enough of each other, gravity will win over Dark Energy and the two will move toward each other. If two galaxy are not massive enough or to far from each other, then they will move apart. ",
"Over \"short\" distances gravity overcomes the expansion of the universe. Gravity draws things together (which is why when you jump you fall back down).\n\nThe universe is expanding and the amount of expansion increases with distance. At a certain point the strength of the expansion becomes greater than gravity and at very large distances everything is moving apart.",
"Gravity is attracting them. On the larger scale everything is moving in the same direction, on the smaller scale objects are moving in different directions with the flow. Think of it like traffic on the motorway, it's all moving in the same direction but some cars are getting closer together and some cars are getting further apart.\n\nOur home super cluster is called [Laniakea](_URL_0_), everything within laniakea it moving towards an object called the great attractor. At the same time, all of it, and several other superclusters, are all travelling towards something bigger called the [shapley supercluster](_URL_1_), which is the largest concentration of mass within about a billion light years."
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62wj5s | why do horseradish and hot mustards have a different kind of "spicy" than hot peppers? | It's like... Theres not two different kinds of "sweet" or "sour", but there's a very distinct difference between the two types of "spicy". Horseradish and hot mustards are definitely what I call "spicy", but the reaction occurs mainly in my nose rather than my tongue, while peppers taste spicy on my tongue.
Why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/62wj5s/eli5_why_do_horseradish_and_hot_mustards_have_a/ | {
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"It's a different chemical ([allyl isothiocyanate](_URL_0_)) in horseradish, mustard, and wasabi that causes the \"hot\" sensation than the chemical in peppers ([capsaicin](_URL_1_)).\n\nBeing two unrelated chemicals, they each act differently upon your body, producing different sensations."
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76k8n8 | how do sports announcers know how to pronounce all the players' names? whose job is it to tell them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/76k8n8/eli5_how_do_sports_announcers_know_how_to/ | {
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"It's about practicing. Most people get really offended if you can't even attempt to pronounce their name properly, so they are generally giving you as much help as possible to get it right if you just ask them.\n\nMany international sports events come with a cheat sheet with phonetic pronunciations of names, so that the hosts at least can try to pronounce names correctly.\n\nThat is really all it takes.",
"They know how to pronounce all their names because they are very knowledgable about the sport and have heard/seen all players many many times. Probably for years while they are in college. They know all of them.",
"I actually do broadcast for a living on the tech side. PxP announcers have meetings and a ton of notes about game facts. They usually do research and also have a stats and in football a spotter to help. ",
"One of my friends is a sports caster out in Nebraska and I asked him the same thing years ago(he casts football games). He said that he spends an average of 20-30 hours studying for every game he calls, from memorizing the pronunciations of players names, the number they wear, stats they are known for as well as interviewing players to get little known facts about their lives. In addition to this, the casters have producers who are constantly combing though a database about these players and feeding this information to that caster though an ear piece. They can give them up to date facts about the players, as well as what was seen in different shots and different camera angels. He let me see the inside camera once from their booth and hear the audio feed from the producers(This is what they use to help themselves get better and even have a breakdown session after each game). It may seem like a great gig from the outside, about the amount of work and stress that actually goes into calling a game well is incredible. Much respect. ",
"Broadcasters are also frequently given cards with pronunciation guides. These can be provided by teams or the commentary team support staff. I can't find the sports one I saw a few weeks back but it looks very similar to [this](_URL_0_) ",
"They actually don’t. They do a lot of research, and try their best to pronounce correctly, but sometimes it just doesn’t happen, but you won’t notice because the announcer says with such confidence.\n\nSource: I’m a Brazilian living in UK, so I’ve seen both Brazilian announcers butcher English names, and English announcers butcher Brazilian names. ",
"There are several different ways, but it all comes down to research and practice by the broadcaster. \n\nPR departments for teams create pronunciation guides for the players on their respective teams, which is distributed to broadcasters. Sometimes these are written, while some leagues even go as far as having audio files available for broadcasters to study.\n\nAlso, Broadcasters within leagues tend to all know each other - or know how to contact each other - so whenever they travel, they'll often consult with their fellow broadcasters on any new names they don't know.\n\nOr broadcasters literally go up to the players and ask them how they pronounce their name. I know of one player whose first name was \"Tomas,\" and English language broadcasters called him \"Thomas\" until they asked him his preferred pronunciation - turned out it's more like \"Toe-mah-sh.\" ",
"I don't see it here but among these answers they also ask the actual player. They aren't just play-by-play annoucers but actual journalists. The talk to the players, they gather ancedotes, and gather news.",
"We have a player in the team I support, his name is James Tavenier. Commentators pronounce it like he’s french ( Ta-ver-niér) like Lumière from Beauty and the Beast. \n\nBut he’s actually English and you should pronounce it (Ta-vin-eer) like veneer wood. \n\nI’m not saying I get mad but it grates on me to hear. The guy has been playing here for two years and the commentators don’t get it right!!!",
"Broadcasters (for medium-large networks) generally have a lot of help behind them. They have people that make sure they know how to pronounce names, provide stat sheets, etc. They're essentially the mouthpiece for a group of people who's job depends on the broadcast going smoothly. They also usually practice a lot before each game is called.\n\nEdit: I'm a media marketing specialist for a large combat sports league that promotes fighters from around the world.",
"Every team produces a media guide which includes a phonetic pronunciation of every player's name.",
"Additional to other comments, I heard the public television in germany \nhas a big database of names in sport with sound files and written in international phonetic alphabet and other ressources, where announcers can prepare with.",
"Media guides that are available in the press box have certain players' names spelled phonetically. These guides are given out each game and include names from players on visiting teams. Broadcasters review this leading up to the game. ",
"Almost every game I hear the announcers butcher at least one name.. but they are supposed to study.",
"I remember Dirk Kuyt moved to Liverpool in about 2006 and an interviewer actually asking him how to pronounce his name after a match as commentators couldn't agree between kite, koo-it, quoit... he said cowt!",
"The BBC has an in-house [Pronunciation Unit](_URL_0_) to advise sportscasters and other journalists on the correct pronunciation of names and phrases, as well as ensuring words are used in the correct context. ",
"I have a name that many people botch, so if I had a game that was being announced, there would generally be a phonetic spelling of my name next to my name. ",
"The job requires someone with enough professionalism to study these things if they wish to be successful in the career.",
"They also have pronunciation sheets, here is a tweet of a depth chart with a section in the bottom showing the phonetic spelling of some difficult names.\n\n_URL_0_",
"When I played college baseball, we would have to provide a pronunciation guide for the telecast",
"While the thread says \"sports\", let's go down the hole of wrestling, which is full of performers with strange names and even stranger movesets. Sometimes it's as simple as just asking the performer what certain moves are called. For example, infamous announcer Jim Ross has stated that when he calls matches for Japanese wrestling, he has spoken to the wrestlers beforehand to ask them for advice on their names and moves. \n\nWith this simple knowledge, you can imagine how other professions can work. Of course, larger scale operations have producers who assist with names and hobbies (who have interns who feed them that info to feed to the announcers) but for the most part, it's said announcer going into the locker room or on the field or wherever and asking the simplest questions possible",
"In my experience, very often they don't. \n\nI am mainly referring to German football commentators ",
"Industry veteran of college athletics here – it actually was part of my role for several years when I was at Northern Illinois.\n\nIt's the job of someone in the media relations department, which is part of the organization specifically designated the assisting the media and shaping the message of the team. This is one of the very practical tasks. Sometimes the department is called \"athletic communications,\" \"strategic communications,\" or more historically \"sports information.\"\n\nWhile many answers in this thread are sort of correct (pronunciation guides, research), usually broadcasters go to this person or a local team announcer a few hours before the game and ask. While sheets and guides help, there's no substitute for hearing it from another person.\n\nA more recent trend that we do in the Pac-12 (I'm at Oregon State currently) is have each player record their name on video and upload to a shared FTP.\n\nGo Beavs!",
"If you look on a team's website, they'll usually have a media guide and individual game notes. Those will have a full roster with a pronunciation guide.",
"They do make a fair amount of mistakes. not always but often enough especially if it is a player they weren't expecting to see and is suddenly playing out of their mind",
"They take a quick trip to the press box and speak with the visiting team's radio or tv announcers. \n\nSource: Work in hockey...their names can be extremely difficult!"
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j45b8 | how so many people died under mao zedong | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j45b8/eli5_how_so_many_people_died_under_mao_zedong/ | {
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"Famine - Mao practically got rid of sparrows from China. Sounds like a great idea, except for the fact that the sparrows were the main predator to the locust. Also, Mao diverted many of China's Farmers to Steel production, and instituted some policies like deep plowing (2 feet deep, on the mistaken belief planting seeds that low would expand the root structure), close cropping (sowing seeds far more densely next to each other than advised, which leads to smaller plants as the two compete for resources) and only planting on the most fertile land. It is estimated somewhere around 45 million Chinese died from that during the Great Chinese Famine, which was a direct result of the policies listed above.\n\nViolence - To eliminate dissidents, and to punish people who missed their grain quotas people were beaten and tortured.\n\nSuicide - Millions of people decided to kill themselves rather than live in Mao's China.\n\nPlus there was the number who died in the Korean war, but those numbers are nothing compared to those above."
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2y8opp | what exactly is the purpose of fruit bottom yogurt? | Maybe it's because I'm lazy, but I've never seen the reasoning behind having to stir the fruit into the yogurt yourself. Plus, it's next to impossible to actually get it fully mixed | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2y8opp/eli5_what_exactly_is_the_purpose_of_fruit_bottom/ | {
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"It's a gimmick. The company can save money by making you mix your own yogurt. Nice try yogurt companies! ",
"I would eat a portion of the yogurt before mixing the fruit bottom, this way the yogurt left was super-concentrated with the fruit bottom...mmm."
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[],
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cwqmmg | do the mentally ill ever hear beneficial voices? | The cliche is mentally ill people hear voices demanding they kill their mother or run naked down the street. Do mentally ill people ever hear helpful or encouraging voices? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cwqmmg/eli5_do_the_mentally_ill_ever_hear_beneficial/ | {
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"Depends what you mean by beneficial.\nNot that I condone it but maybe the voice is telling them to kill their mother as their mother abused them. \nCould take that to be beneficial.\nExtreme example I know.\n\nBut really it changes day to day. \n\nPersonally my voices are often blended into a crowd so I don't get much in the way of direct instruction or guidance. Occasionally a bit sneaks through but I can rationalise it now.\nThere's both what you'd consider bad, i.e. hurt people, destroy stuff. and some good or not so intentionally bad, move things so there's less chance people will have an accident, give away stuff as I don't need it. \n\nBut even the 'good' ones can go to the extreme.",
"It is thought that people that have psychosis (hearing voices where there are \"none\"), can receive feedback that is hostile or friendly. Having entire conversations with your inner voices is not uncommon, seen mostly with elderly people, and these conversations are usually timid. Even people who don't \"suffer from\" psychosis can hear voices. It's all auditory illusions after all, which is not bound to a disease or ailment.",
"Yes. Research shows it is heavily dependant on things like culture and rural vs city life. \n\nWestern cultures like the US, people who hear voices associate it more strongly with negative voices. Some do hear positive voices some or most of the time, but negative ones are more common. \n\nIn some other cultures, voices tend to be more positive overall. Like I said earlier, it does depend on other things like rural vs city: some rural places in india people associated voices more with lost family acting as guidance or the voice of gods helping them in daily life. In city based populations, voices tended to be more critical and judgemental similar to western voices. \n\nPart of this may be due to the attitude toward mental illness influencing the affected person's insight of their voices. \n\nThis kind of research is leading to changes in the way we treat people who hear voices, to influence them to hear more positive voices and less negative ones. \n\nHere is an interesting article on the topic if you're curious: \n\n_URL_0_",
"Not all people with a brain disease also have auditory hallucinations. \n\nNot all auditory hallucinations are commands, like you are referencing. \n\nI consider my auditory hallucinations as part of tinnitus, and hear quiet indistinct speaking voices *(like a low newscast in the next room)* or music. The music is nice, unless I'm trying to get to sleep.",
"A very good mate of mine has schizophrenia and said the “noises” as he calls them are entertaining sometimes. Or it may be a song he’s had stuck in his head ‘starts playing’ while he’s in a field.\n\nEdit: grammar"
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1vbuhl | how do camouflaged animals know what they blend in to? ex. how does a stick bug know to perch on a tree limb? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vbuhl/eli5_how_do_camouflaged_animals_know_what_they/ | {
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"They don't know that they blend in. It's evolution at it's finest. It's simply favorable mutations that occur that help that animal survive which it them passes onto its' offspring. We can actually see it happen in certain animal species. \n_URL_0_\n",
"They don't \"know\" per-se. Through evolution, the stick bug that didn't perch on a tree limb got eaten and so the ones left typically hang out on tree limbs (not because they \"know\" to, but rather because its in thier nature)."
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99exzu | in terms of computing technology such as servers and "the cloud", what happens when you play online video game which connects to other players? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/99exzu/eli5_in_terms_of_computing_technology_such_as/ | {
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"Video games are just a bunch of equations being run by computers. That doesn't change whether the game is on your console or in the cloud. If you're playing a console game, some of that processing is being done on your console and shared in real time over the internet. Those equations mix with other people's equations and the result is your game.\n\nIf it's all in the cloud, it's essentially the same thing, but most of the computation is being done somewhere else. You're just seeing the outputs.",
"Multiplayer games require that the player share information. This information include location, status, inventory and other data. Typically you have a central server that keep all of this data or provides a way to share this data. The player just connect to this server and pretty much streams this data to the server. The server does it thing, providing the players' computer with the infomation it needs to display the game.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAnother major reason to use servers on the Internet instead of player-to-player connections is due to home networks' firewall and NAT. It can be difficult or near impossible for a home system on the internet to reach another home system on the internet while it is easy for the home system to reach the dedicated server. This is why most of the systems used by home users connect to the server instead of each other. This is the way most cloud applications work. Skype uses its servers to relay voice packets between clients instead of going client to client. In our company when a Skype client talks to a client on the same network the voice data goes to the skype server on the internet and back again.\n\n \nAs far as the \"cloud\", this is just another term a server that just \"somewhere\" out on the network. The network would be the Internet for a public cloud or on a private network for a private cloud. This term \"the cloud\" can spark arguments and hatred depending who you talk to.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n & #x200B;"
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3lpjc9 | why are the protesters of "black lives matter" not being arrested for blocking traffic? | I understand it is perfectly legal to stage a peaceful protest on just about anything you want, but many of these "Black Lives Matter" protests are taking place on public highways, light rails, or they are specifically trying to block community event entrances.
How is this legal? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lpjc9/eli5_why_are_the_protesters_of_black_lives_matter/ | {
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"Because the police don't want otherwise-nonviolent protests to deteriorate into open rioting... *again*.\n\nYes, the police *could* round people up on a number of charges, but that would only aggravate the situation. And on a more practical level, the roads will clear faster if you just ignore the protesters, than if you start having them flip over cars and light things on fire."
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8i10ie | why didn't humans domesticate foxes when we were also domesticating wolves? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8i10ie/eli5_why_didnt_humans_domesticate_foxes_when_we/ | {
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"we *are* working on it:\n_URL_0_\n\ni don't think there's an explanation because dogs have been following us around for over 14,000 years. for whatever reason foxes took care of themselves in that time (maybe they read Ayn Rand or something.)\n\nthere are some animals that don't have a good disposition for domestication, like zebras -they're the craziest horse you could ever ride, or bears -the dogs that'll eat you for dinner."
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325jj3 | why does it sound weird when you crack a knuckle under water? | ELI5: Why does it sound weird when you crack a knuckle (or some thing like that) under water? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/325jj3/eli5_why_does_it_sound_weird_when_you_crack_a/ | {
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"sound travels as waves through a medium like air. If you're under water, the sound still travels but its much more difficult for it to move through water than air because of how much more dense water is, changing the sound.\n\nSimilarly in space, there is no medium for sound waves to travel through, so you can't hear anything at all."
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4dkl6z | what does the numbers in your eye prescription mean? how do optometrists determine your prescription? what does it their equipment test/find for? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dkl6z/eli5_what_does_the_numbers_in_your_eye/ | {
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"Having 20/20 vision means you can see at twenty feet what a normal person could see at that distance. Having 20/40 means at twenty feet you could see what a normal person could see at 40 feet. ",
"Here's the technical description: A diopter is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens in meters. \n\nIf you don't need glasses, your eyes can focus at infinity normally.\n\nIf you're nearsighted, you can't focus farther away than, say, half a meter. It gets blurry farther away than that.\n\nSo 1/0.5 = 2 diopters. (well, actually -2 for nearsighted, but that's a longer story) \n\nPut a -2 diopter lens in front of your eye and when your eye is focused 1/2 a meter away, things far away will be in focus.\n\nThey figure this out by putting stronger and weaker lenses in front of your eyes and having you look at an eye chart to see when it's in focus.\n\nThey can also cheat by using different lenses to look into your eye and see what power of lenses it takes to focus on the retina of your eye--kind of doing it backwards! That's how they can do it for babies that can't answer questions."
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boaj5c | how do major data centers generate enough heat to take up 3-4% of the worlds energy in cooling costs? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/boaj5c/eli5_how_do_major_data_centers_generate_enough/ | {
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"Computers are very good at turning electricity into heat. In a data center, there's generally no way to exhaust hot air and replace it with cool air, so you need to have some sort of cooling plant/air conditioning. Computers get very pissed off if they get hot. The data center where my company has its gear had an issue with the cooling system a few months ago and the temperature went from normal operating temperatures to servers getting pissed off and shutting down from overheating in 5 minutes."
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dtq280 | how do bluetooth speakers know what sound to produce and how do they actually produce the sound? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dtq280/eli5_how_do_bluetooth_speakers_know_what_sound_to/ | {
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"Principally, there should be no difference between a direct electrical signal from plugged-in speakers and wireless, Bluetooth ones. The information is just sent via an electromagnetic wave to a receiver, which just acts as a boosting point - the signal is copied and electrically sent to the coil where the speakers sit.",
"An electric signal is sent through a wire coil causing the speakers diaphragm to vibrate. Bluetooth speakers have a Bluetooth receiver and microprocessor to convert the Bluetooth signal from your device into an electric current to vibrate the speaker. You can make a pretty basic speaker using a paper plate penny and some wire. Look up “paper plate speaker” on YouTube that should give you a pretty good idea of how a speaker works a Bluetooth just has a Bluetooth receiver instead of a wire"
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4w8728 | what happens if you point a laser or flashlight at an overhead flying plane? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4w8728/eli5_what_happens_if_you_point_a_laser_or/ | {
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"The laser can enter the cockpit windows, reflect around, and potentially damage/blind/disorient the pilots. Green and blue lasers are particularly powerful and harmful.",
"Normally nothing as the cockpit is on top, but if you're near an airport you can temporarily blind the pilot as they're landing (exactly when they don't want to be blinded)\n\nGenerally still not a good idea no matter how high up the plane is",
"A flashlight puts out light in a cone. By the time the light reaches the height of an airplane, it's spread out enough that the light entering the cockpit where the pilot is is almost nothing. So nothing happens with shining a flashlight.\n\nA laser, however, puts out light in a straight line. If you shine a laser at a target 6 inches away, or 60 feet away, or 6000 feet away, the dot it creates is about the same size. This means that it's the same level of brightness. So if the light from a laser pointer gets a pilot in the eye, it's just like pointing it into your own eye from 2 inches away. It can distract a pilot, make it hard for him to focus or see, and can make flying/landing the plane less safe.\n\nAlso if the pilot calls it in and the cops find you, they can really mess up your day.",
"THIS: _URL_1_\n\nAnd then this: _URL_0_",
"Well, it's illegal. The main worry is that you'll blind the pilot. Shining a laser accidentally is no big deal so long as you don't aim it for more than a second which shouldn't happen anyways if it actually is accidental. ",
"What happens when you point a flashlight? Nothing. Especially if you're in the city. Most likely the pilots wouldn't notice it amongst the other city lights\n\nThe laser, on the other hand. If you flats that at a plane, you will go to jail."
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2fggpc | how can some people be allergic to cats but not dogs? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fggpc/eli5_how_can_some_people_be_allergic_to_cats_but/ | {
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"The allergens in cat dander and dog dander are different. They're not allergic to pet hair, they're allergic to the chemicals the animals produce.\n\nLike how someone can be allergic to peanuts but not shellfish. Both are food, but they're different chemicals.",
"Cats and dogs have different molecules to which people are allergic.",
"All cells have surface proteins. When you inhale, get a cut, eat something, etc... and your body internalizes foreign cells, it creates an immune response. If the immune system says \"this could hurt us!\" it will fight it, even if its harmless, like cat or dog dander. This immune reaction to harmless things is an allergy. Cat and dog cells have different proteins recognized by your body, so if you're allergic to one and not the other, your immune system at some point in your life overreacted and created a response, thinking it was something infectious.",
"I have been told that people with cat allergies are actually allergic to cat *saliva*, which is so prevalent because they lick themselves. Dogs don't have the same cleaning agents in their saliva."
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34spgm | why do some household chemicals suggest to drink water if the product is accidentally swallowed? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34spgm/eli5_why_do_some_household_chemicals_suggest_to/ | {
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"It dilutes the chemical in your stomach making it (hopefully) less toxic. That way you get sick and go to the hospital instead of dying.",
"Basically, you're spreading the molecules of harmful material out among the water molecules when you dilute it. That way, not as many are touching and harming a given cell at any moment.",
"Dilution is the solution to pollution. The same holds true with poison in some instances. For instance, if they are dangerous because they are acidic, lots of water dilutes the acid (although milk is better in that particular case and sometimes they recommend that instead)",
"Dilution is definitely one part of the answer; additionally, drinking water will wash down the remainder of the liquid from your mouth and esophagus(the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach). This is important because if the toxin you drank was acidic, it would ruin the inner-membranes of your mouth and esophagus but after it was washed into your stomach it would be dramatically less harmful because your stomach is very good at handling relatively strong acids. "
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49nqxv | why does japan's economy need to grow | For about the last twenty years you can reliably expect some publication to highlight Japan's economic stagnation from some wonky publication. Every single one takes a priori that this is a bad thing, but Japan has a rapidly shrinking and aging population, nearly flat inflation rates, and from what I can tell, a pretty good quality of life in many aspects for its citizens. So why does it need to grow? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49nqxv/eli5_why_does_japans_economy_need_to_grow/ | {
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"It all comes down to consumption. Japan has the third largest GPD in the world, and - if I recall - it has one of the top 5 biggest buying powers in the world. Globalization relies on countries like Japan, the UK, and the USA to keep global economies alive. If Japan's economy dwindles and inflation runs out of control, it will have a major financial impact on every other country who exports/import commodities and luxuries. ",
"Cost of living has increased because Japan is not self sufficient. As a result of their economic collapse and stagnation, wages haven't increased. Simply put, it's gotten more expensive to live and people are paid less. \n\n\n > Japan has a rapidly shrinking and aging population\n\nHow do you support people who don't work because they have retired, or are too old? When you have more people out of the workforce than in it, you need economic growth and prosperity to make up the difference. \n\n > nearly flat inflation rates\n\nThe inflation rate is low precisely because there is stagnation. It's supposed to encourage banks to borrow, but the issue is the debt taken on by investment banks in Japan is so great that they spent all their time saving and paying down their debt rather than borrowing and spending. There was a period of time where the banks were kept afloat by bail outs. Meaning their business model was to wait for a bail out, spend out the money to pay off their debt, then wait for another bail out. They weren't making loans, which was a key factor in stagnation. \n\nKeeping interest rates low for long periods of time is not a good thing. It's one of the factors that inflated the US housing bubble from around 2000-2007. It's one of the characteristics of a [liquidity trap.](_URL_0_). \n\nNow Japan did a lot over the last 15 years to mitigate the problems they faced in the 90s. But back then it was pretty bad, and has been called the \"Lost Decade.\" ",
"There's only one economy theology accepted and that is: your economy must grow. That's all. (Those crazy commies call it market fundamentalism, but they're just crazy)\nThe economy must grow. Remember this. Always. \nThe economy must grow. Everywhere. All the time. It's great.",
"Because its national debt is by far the highest in the world. Japan holds 237% of it's GDP as gross debt. To put this in perspective, Greece is second on the list at 158% GDP. The US is 106%, Canada 86%\n\nThis means it would take 2.37 year to clear its debt if it put every dollar it made, not in taxes but in gross production meaning every $ earned by every citizen into paying down it's public debt.\n\nIf GDP doesn't keep growing, Japan will find itself in the biggest debt spiral in human history as it would find itself unable to borrow against GDP anymore to pay existing debt. \n\nThe fear is that this could send the world economy into a tailspin much much worse than the 2008 credit crisis. If rating agencies downgrade Japan this would be a major problem."
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aggw47 | electric car pollution | ELI5: If electric cars are being touted for their low pollution levels aren’t we trading the cars pollution for the electric generating power plants pollution? This doesn’t seem like a benefit, why will going all electric benefit the environment?
Edit: Thanks for the replies and explanations | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aggw47/eli5_electric_car_pollution/ | {
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"A massive centralized electric generator is *waaaaaaaaaaaay* more efficient and clean than having a bunch of individual gas powered engines, even if that plant is old and coal burning.\n\nThe economies of scale of power generation are huge.",
"Aside from the economies of scale for power generation. Many countries are moving towards renewable power generation as well which compounds the environmental impact reduction.\n\nBut if you really want to have an honest conversation about it, ask about the heavy metals and rare earth mineral mining that it takes to support batteries in electric vehicles. That is massive negative environmental impacts in third world countries.",
"It’s possible to charge an electric car with power generated from wind turbines or solar panels. It’s not possible to do so with combustion-engine cars.",
"Typical car engine combustion thermal efficiency is 20%.\n\nTypical coal-fired power plant thermal efficiency is ~30%, up to 40% in Japan. A CCGT gas-fired power plant reaches up to 60%.\n\nEven after counting 10% transmission & 10% storage losses, charging an electric car with coal power is on average better than directly burning fuel in the car’s engine. (30x0.9x0.9=24% vs 20%).",
"There are at least 3 benefits to electric:\n\n* Not all electricity is generated by fossil fuels\n* Electrical plants are far more efficient than the gasoline engines in cars, and electrical motors are also very efficient, so even when getting their electricity from a fossil fuel burning plant electrical cars contribute less emissions.\n* Once an electrical car is on the grid it automatically benefits from any improvements to the grid. Maybe it is being powered by a coal plant today, but tomorrow that can be nuclear, wind, or solar instead. On the other hand, every gasoline engine on the road will stay the way it is until it's replaced."
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1kgg1g | why do praying mantises eat the male when done mating? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1kgg1g/eli5_why_do_praying_mantises_eat_the_male_when/ | {
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"Having served his only purpose he is going to die anyway. The extra protein he provides gives his offspring a greater chance to survive.\n\nDid you know that some in species of spiders the mother spider turns her digestive juices on herself so her death provides a huge food boost for her young?",
"i vaguely recall an article or documentary segment that claimed that the female eating the male is only commonly observed in captivity and very rarely in the wild . . . or i just dreamed it maybe . . . ",
"When the head of the male is bitten off, a muscle contracts in his body which thrusts and deposits mantis-sperm. I learned this in an evolutionary psych class, but here's some citation. _URL_0_",
"read the selfish gene by richard dawkins, it explains this behaviour. Essentially bodies are just mortal machines for immortal genes, the male has passed his genes on to the next generation, his body provides nutrients for the offspring to give them a greater chance of survival. so that the genes may live on. ",
"several reasons. A large part of it is that the male mantis is benefitting his offspring by letting the mother of his children have a nutritional boost, but scientists also think that having the head eaten during copulation will actually increase the amount of sperm released, so more babies!"
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b8armb | if boiling something for a few minutes is effective at disinfecting it, why can’t we safely eat spoiled meat, as long as it’s cooked at high temperatures? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b8armb/eli5_if_boiling_something_for_a_few_minutes_is/ | {
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"Most often that's still safe, but *sometimes* the bacteria that grew in the mean can leave behind toxic waste products.\n",
"You can kill the bugs but you don't necessarily destroy the toxic chemicals that they've already produced by their metabolic processes.\n\nOn of the most poisonous substances is the toxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum. In minuscule doses under the name Botox, it is used to paralyze facial muscles.",
"Many bacteria produce toxins that can make you sick. Boiling or cooking will kill the bacteria, but it doesn't do anything to the toxins.",
"Usually fine. However, bacteria like clostridium botulinum (\"botulism\" to you and I) produce some of the most lethal poisons known to man. "
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19tgs9 | i understand that the earth is spinning on an axis at great speeds. if that's the case, why do the stars and the moon not appear as if they're whizzing past us as we spin? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19tgs9/i_understand_that_the_earth_is_spinning_on_an/ | {
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"Well imagine you are riding in a tiny car. The ground goes by fast because its closer.\n\nNow imagine flying in an airplane. The clouds would move faster but the things on the ground slow down.\n\nIf you seen an elephant off in the distance walking along he would seem slow compared to an ant crawling on your palm. But if the elephant were closer you could tell the ant moves really slow in comparison.\n\nThe stars and moon are like that elephant. Cars are like ants.",
"There are two different speeds you're confusing. The first is the **tangential speed**, which is the inertial speed of a point on Earth. For example, the Kennedy Space Center is moving at about 1,470 km/h. ^[[1]](_URL_0_)\n\nHowever, there's also **angular speed**, which is the speed in degrees. The Earth's angular speed is about 15 degrees/h. ^[[1]](_URL_0_)\n\nSo really, you *are* seeing the stars whiz by, but only at a rate of 15 degrees every hour. In addition, this is only if you're looking directly perpendicular to the Earth's surface. When you look at some stars, you're looking at an angle to Earth's surface, which makes them look like [this](_URL_1_) over a period of time.\n\nTL;DR - tangential velocity vs. angular velocity and angles.",
"If you're standing on the equator, you're moving at about 1,000 miles per hour. But the Earth is about 24,000 miles in circumference, so it takes 24 hours to go all the way around. That means it takes roughly 12 hours for the moon (or a particular star) to rise above the eastern horizon and set below the western horizon. Put it another way, it takes the moon about an hour just to move across 1/12 of the sky.",
"The earth is not \"spinning on an axis at great speeds\". Take a top, set it on a table and spin it where it takes 24 hours to complete just one revolution. (The top will have to be upside-down to do this.) Now, the top and the earth are spinning at the same rpm's (revolutions per minute). Imagine a flea on the surface of the top. The objects in the room will go past very slowly. "
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xrwol | why is the camera on the mars rover so low quality? | Not to downgrade how impressive "curiosity" is, but why can't we get hi-res, color images or video? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xrwol/eli5_why_is_the_camera_on_the_mars_rover_so_low/ | {
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"We can, just not yet. These cameras are the initial landing cameras to make sure it survived the landing. Later this week, the fancy dancey cameras will spring up and give us lovely, awesome (like, literally awe-inspiring) imagery.\n\nAlthough it's pretty awesome already in my opinion :)",
"I can't even get youtube to load correctly and you want picture from MARS!!!!",
"Just curious, how long does it take for the photos to get sent to Earth? How are they able to get sent to Earth? It took Curiosity 8 months to get there so I imagine photos and video will take a fair while to get back to Earth."
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4xdm0c | how is music so incredibly innate? | Perhaps because it's been in our lives for so long? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xdm0c/eli5_how_is_music_so_incredibly_innate/ | {
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"Music is fundamentally just patterns. The human brain is the most effective pattern recognising machine that has ever existed (to the point of being too good at it). "
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9ui7ku | how does gravity work? like, why does the center of our planet pull everything towards itself? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ui7ku/eli5_how_does_gravity_work_like_why_does_the/ | {
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"Imagine space like an elastic stretched out, and a planet like a football on it. The football is big, so it stretches the elastic and small things fall down towards it. If something bigger than a football (or rather, more massive), then the elastic re-stretches and the football falls towards the new bigger object.\n\nThe idea of \"space stretching\" is very abstract, and difficult to comprehend even for researching physicists, so we don't yet fully understand the full mechanism.",
"Gravity is a force that warps the fabric of space-time itself.\n\nImagine for a moment that space is a flat sheet, like a black bed sheet. If you were to place a heavy object like a bowling ball in the center of the sheet the sheet will warp. The bowling ball is distorting the fabric of space with it's mass.\n\nNow if you place a smaller mass on the sheet, like say a baseball, it will start to roll towards the bowling ball. It's not because the bowling ball has some intrinsic pulling force like say a magnet would, but instead the warping of space around it is what is causing the attraction.\n\nPlanetary bodies create Gravity in the same way, not by emitting some kind of pulling force, but by warping 4 dimensional space itself.",
"Is is not just planets. Every object pull every object towards it. The force depend on the mass and the distance. There is a gravitational force between you and the computer/cellphone you used but it is extremely week\n\nThe force is so low and the earth so massive so we can't detect the pull from anything else earth on its surface. That is outside controlled experiments.\n\n\nSo all part of earth pull it toward the part. But if you calculate the pull for all part individually you will notice that is is the same is if all matter was at the center and pulled from there. \n\n\nThat is on the large scale. If you measure the gravity with high accuracy is varies around the earth and it depend on the composition of the earth below. So if you are on top on a large amount of iron ore the gravity is higher then if you are on top of sandstone because the mass and density of iron or is higher then sand stone. The difference is to small to detect for humans without accurate instruments.\n\n",
"Ignore the rubber sheet analogies. They are barely serviceable as a very rudimentary introduction to the concept of curvature of spacetime, but they are basically wrong in just about every important way, and will only serve to confuse you if you actually want to understand it better.\n\nSpacetime curvature is actually very difficult to explain effectively at the level required by this subreddit. You're probably familiar with the concept of inertia, where an object experiencing no net force will move at a constant speed in a straight line. Well, when spacetime is curved, those \"straight lines\" (more properly called geodesics in this context) are not actually simple straight lines in the way we view them. The geodesic your own body wants to follow leads toward the center of the Earth, and at a seemingly faster and faster speed. However, Earth's surface keeps getting in the way and pushing you off of it, so that's why you feel \"weight\". In a sense, its as if the surface of the Earth is accelerating you upwards all the time. This is kind of a strange way of looking at it, since that would mean the surface of the Earth must be expanding outwards at an ever-accelerating rate, but clearly it is not. But, there is a set of spacetime coordinates where it actually kind of is doing that. Those coordinates don't reflect how we observe reality, though.\n\nAs far as why spacetime curves this way, well that's not really a question we can answer. It just appears to be a feature of our universe that mass (more specifically mass-energy) causes this curvature. Science typically isn't in the business of answering why any fundamental aspect of the universe is the way it is, only describing how things are and developing models that help us predict how thing will work."
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21m227 | how exactly does minecraft generate worlds from random words and numbers, and how do they stay the same (seed) forever? | ELI5 please | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21m227/eli5_how_exactly_does_minecraft_generate_worlds/ | {
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"There are programs called Random Number Generators. This is a misnomer: they don't generate random numbers, they generate pseudo-random numbers. They do this by performing complex mathematical operations on what is referred to as a 'seed value'. As long as the same seed is used to start the generator, the same numbers come out of the generator in the same order. Hence, pseudo-random.\n\nAs a result, that entire world, every corner, can be determined from the seed value used to create it. Only the changes to the world are tracked."
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6kelzx | "remastering" a movie? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6kelzx/eli5_remastering_a_movie/ | {
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"Most movies in existence were shot on film and the \"master\" is still film in an archive. From there, over time, it gets transferred to various media for re-use, such as analogue video tape for TV, then digital for DVD etc. These days Netflix in particular is pushing 4K hard, and so there's a drive to get classic movies converted to 4K, which means rescanning them from film. \n\nHowever, this can expose problems with the film, such as damage or colour degradation due to age, and correcting those takes time and money. Sound can also take a lot of work. In some cases, movies were badly cut by studios against the director's wishes, so missing scenes are restored from other cuts to match the director's original vision if possible. So you could say that a movie \"remaster\" is the process of creating the best possible version of that movie in a modern digital format. ",
"Movies are shot using film. \nThe original film is usually of very high quality. It's relies on physics and light to record high quality images. \nSay it's 1990 something and you want to release the movie on VHS tape. \nYou would use a machine to transfer the film to the VHS tape. This creates a master tape, which you then copy and sells to people. \nBut VHS is really lousy, it doesn't have anything near the resolution of the original film. \nBut hey, not like anyone can do any better, so you put the film back into storage and sell the tapes. \nFast forward a couple of decades, the movie has a huge fan base and they all have BluRay capable devices. \nSo you dig the old film out of the archive, and you break out a new machine, this one makes BluRays. \nYou make a new master BluRay disk, you have remastered the film. \nYou copy and sell it. \n \nOf course, there isn't really one BluRay disk to rule them all, usually they make something in a format that is easy to make other BluRay disk from, same with the VHS tape. But it still involves creating a new higher quality copy from the old film."
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1jkv03 | what is the biological process behind us feeling phsycially sick when we receive bad news/ are sad. | We've all received some sort of terrible news that has made us feel physically ill- tightening of chest, light headedness, nausea. I'm just curious as to what our bodies go through when we are sad or shocked that causes these feelings. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jkv03/eli5_what_is_the_biological_process_behind_us/ | {
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"You just received some bad news? Well, that sucks. You're sad or nervous or angry, but meanwhile your body will do its best to prepare for something bad.\n\nYour brain sends signals through your nervous system to your adrenal gland, which sits just above your kidneys; the adrenal gland releases the hormone adrenline into your bloodstream.\n\nAdrenaline is a hormone which tells various parts of your body to get ready for heavy physical activity:\n\n* Your heart beats faster to shift more blood around your body; this helps all your muscles and other organs receive more oxygen. \n* You also breathe faster.\n* You start to sweat more.\n* Blood vessels may get tighter/smaller, which may mean less blood gets to the head/brain.\n\nAny and all of those things could contribute to an overall feeling of unease or nausea. If less blood gets to the brain, you will feel light-headed in much the same way as if you stand up too quickly after resting.\n\nIn general, any sudden change in the chemical makeup of the blood can cause nausea; just think of the last time you ate too much sugar or drank too much coffee: hormones rush into the bloodstream to signal various organs to do various things. The adrenaline surge is no different.\n\n**TL;DR**: stress causes hormone adrenaline to flow round your body, which makes various organs get ready for action, which can feel weird."
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3swrs3 | with humans being a 3-dimensional creature, do we perceive the world in a 3d or 2d perspective? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3swrs3/eli5_with_humans_being_a_3dimensional_creature_do/ | {
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"We feel everything in 3D, our eyes both see 2D images and the brain puts that together to create a 3D image. We smell and hear in 3D. We technically live in a world with more than 3 dimensions, for instance time. However we have very limited control over time so we can't really say we live in a 4D world"
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dfo01b | what the blizzard hate is all about | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dfo01b/eli5_what_the_blizzard_hate_is_all_about/ | {
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"There was a high level hearthstone(video game) tournament after which the winning player stated his support for the Hong Kong protestors on live stream. Blizzard then banned the player from tournaments for a year, revoked all his winnings, and fired both interviewers that were present.",
"Blizzard gave a one year ban to (and forced a forfeit of $10,000 in winnings) Chung Ng Wai, a Hearthstone player from Hong Kong. To quote the New York Times:\n\n > In a post-match interview with the Taiwan stream of Hearthstone, Mr. Chung, who is known as Blitzchung, appeared with ballistic goggles and a gas mask, protective gear often worn by protesters during demonstrations in Hong Kong. Mr. Chung shouted in Mandarin: “Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times,” a popular slogan of the protesters.\n\nBlizzard also reportedly fired the hosts who were live during Blitzchung's appearance."
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3b9fif | how does a toddler "know" it's being cute? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b9fif/eli5_how_does_a_toddler_know_its_being_cute/ | {
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"It learns that it's being cute because it gets a lot of attention for the behavior. So it will try out different variations of the behavior to garner more attention. It doesn't necessarily know it's being cute *per se*, just that whatever it did made people smile and laugh and pay attention to it. ",
"Well before it happened everybody was paying attention to him. It wasn't like we were ignoring him or anything like that. \n\nHow does he know a good response from a bad response. Is that like a natural born thing. This brings up more questions! How do babies know a good response from a bad response. Just because the tone it is delivered? If we gave the kid a bad response in happy upbeat tone would he think it is still a good response?"
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6bbinh | why are there poor areas in cities? and why are they usually in a certain part of the city? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6bbinh/eli5_why_are_there_poor_areas_in_cities_and_why/ | {
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"It's a little easier to explain why richer people flock to certain parts of a city first. Some areas are attractive to wealthier people because they have nice views, they're quiet, have parks nearby, high end grocery stores and restaurants etc.\n\nPoorer areas won't have much of these things. Nobody is going to shop at Whole Foods if they're counting every penny to keep their family fed. Maybe there are factories and warehouses nearby that make for a lot of noise and traffic. The buildings are old and run down because the owners can't afford or don't want to make repairs.\n\nMost people would want to live in the neighbourhood with nice buildings, clean parks and fancy stores, but since they're in such high demand, rent and real estate prices go up. Nobody wants to live in an old, run down building next to a warehouse where trucks will be driving in and out all night, but that might be all that you can afford.\n\nSome poorer neighbourhoods become attractive to younger people, especially musicians and artists because they're affordable. Soon enough cool bars, galleries, restaurants and music venues start to pop up and the area becomes attractive to more people. Before you know it, the once poor neighbourhood is the cool new part of town and more people want to live there. Rent prices start to rise and the poor people who were there before can't afford to live there anymore. This is called gentrification.",
"Cheaper housing tends to be clustered together and the poor often flock to these places to live because they can afford it. Think of an old apartment complex vs large suburban home, one is clearly more affordable to those in poverty which is why they choose to live in certain places "
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5cka8b | india's new currency crisis. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5cka8b/eli5_indias_new_currency_crisis/ | {
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"India has scrapped the 500 & 1,000 note rupee. They were the largest bank notes in circulation. They did it with no warning. The reasons, they wanted to crack down on corruption, counterfeiting, money laundering, and tax evasion.\n\nThose bank notes were held many Indians. The government gave them until the end of the year to deposit the notes (so they would retain the value) and offered limited exchanges for new notes.\n\nHowever, they're only allowed to deposit 4,000 rupees a day without being taxed, and only until December 30. There are also limits on how much they can withdraw.\n\nBy insisting the vast majority of people deposit the cash, it would eliminate what's called the black money (which is undeclared and untaxed cash). \n\nThis has caused a bit of chaos for the Indian economy. The vast majority of transactions are cash, so this has been very disruptive."
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634yaw | why does it feel good to put your feet up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/634yaw/eli5_why_does_it_feel_good_to_put_your_feet_up/ | {
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"There's a few reasons. \n1: It removes/Moves pressure from the bottom of your feet, where there's pressure 99 percent of the time. Even when youre sitting. \n\n2: it helps keep your legs elevated above your heart which is really good for circulation. \n\n3: you're pretty much letting something else support you rather than you doing it yourself.",
"I always thought it was because it brings your feet to the same elevation as the heart or higher, thus making it easier to pump blood."
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60vxbz | why are people in the united states socialized to believe that math is unreasonably difficult? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60vxbz/eli5_why_are_people_in_the_united_states/ | {
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"It is not really a result of socialization. The opinion that math is hard is from personal experience in our advanced math classes. When students struggle to understand a subject or out right fail to understand it they deem it as being difficult. \n\nAdvanced Algebra, Calculus, Trigonometry are legitimately difficult courses that many people do not have the skills to be good at. Being good at math is a natural talent just like being inclined to write good poetry, play music, or play a sport. "
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1sutni | can someone explain to me why exactly we smell? like i know our noses do the work and tell our brains, but why do objects have smells and what gives them smells? | I smelled some steak and mashed potatoes, and thought, why am I smelling these different things? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sutni/eli5_can_someone_explain_to_me_why_exactly_we/ | {
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"Your nose works kinda like your tongue, molecules hit the receptors and they produce a signal based on how the molecule \"feels like\".\n\nCompletely solid materials, like glass and most metals don't smell because they don't release anything for you to smell. The stink of pennies comes from your own sweat reacting with the metal."
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b8h0ny | how do colds and flus strike with similar symptoms in geographically differing locations? | So i understand that humans move around a lot, but in the UK at least we have a strong history of "oh yeah, thats doing the rounds" for colds and minor illnesses. Is this a real epidemiological thing? If so is caused by humans moving around?
& #x200B;
What im basically tryna get to is, are our colds from space dust? cause i hope so :) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b8h0ny/eli5_how_do_colds_and_flus_strike_with_similar/ | {
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"Flu works in a wave that starts from East Asia and works its way into Europe during the \"flu season\". It infects people in one town, then the next, then the next as people and animals move around. That is how it was explained to me."
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5a0qqe | why do our bodies require such variety of vitamins and minerals when we (as a species) have never had sufficient resources until recently? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5a0qqe/eli5_why_do_our_bodies_require_such_variety_of/ | {
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"A lot of humans **did** die off. Before the advent of stable agriculture and farming, humans had to resort to hunting and gathering, which meant that their diet was highly dependent on the local flora and fauna.\n\nIn most cases, fruits and animals were usually sufficient in an amount to ensure survival. The ones who were not able to get enough nutrition would get sick and die off, and with infections, predators, difficult child birth and a lack of a steady supply of food the average age was about 30 to 40 years. Just enough time to survive, have children and raise them up to live on their own.\n\nThe vitamins and minerals that we do generally rely on are derived from several sources, leafy green vegetables, animal meat and other items. These sources of food in the omnivorous diet have their own cellular machinery, which depends on the same vitamins that we have in our body as well.\n\nTo summarily answer your question, almost all complex life requires these vitamins and minerals in order to grow and function, because they work on a cellular level. The presence of an omnivorous diet made getting these nutrients easier for humans, but without a steady source of balanced food, they would depend on what they could find and get, which sometimes ended well, and sometimes didn't.\n\nIt would take a lot of generations for a body to stop requiring a nutrient that is too hard to find, and these things are so well coded into cellular life, that it's unlikely to happen.",
"From the beginning we had all resources we needed.\nWe lived in warm countries, like Australia, South China, Africa....\nWe ate very variated food: Nuts, eggs, roots, leafs, veggies, fruits, fish, berries, herbs and maybe meat.\nWe often lived by the coast so we got salt and minerals from the water and the soil.\n\nIt wasnt until we moved to colder areas and started to farm and overpopulate the earth that we got into problems with the food supply.",
"We need a variety of vitamins and minerals to live a LONG and HEALTHY life. Until recently, death was a pretty common event and only the fittest would survive: we are now obsessed with health and supplements but it takes seriously a lot of time to be deficient in vitamins (minerals are too common, deficiency is almost impossible). Fat-soluble vitamins (A-D-E-K) are usually stored in enough quantity for years (if you stop eating vitamin A at all, for example, weeks to months will pass before any deficiency kicks in), water soluble vitamins are usually found in enough dose in an average diet. Furthermore, the most serious vitamin deficiency (K) is one of the least common since the vitamin is produced also by bacteria in the gut. ",
"Traditional hunter gatherers will generally eat with enough variation to get the minerals and vitamins they need.\n\nI read once that the early agricultural societies were the first to experience nutritional deficiencies, as a result of the far more narrow diet they had.",
"I've always wondered how much of a generalization dietary recommendations are b/c for example, milk and dairy weren't part of the typical east Asian diet for thousands of years, so IIRC most of them are some degree of lactose intolerant... so even if dairy is recommended in general, their bodies can't really process it, so there have to be lots of these things we're just not aware of... can I process pasta better because I'm part Italian? can I process beer better because I'm part german? If i were Japanese would I get more out of rice or fish? idk",
"People back then also ate more of what today we would consider in the west to be \"unsavory\". Eyes, organs, lips, gonads, etc. These prts contain high amounts of certain vitamins not found in the fleshy muscle tissues. I've heard stories of people being marooned or lost at sea with only fish to eat. They started eating only the meat for a while but after several weeks they began to get cravings to consume things like the eyes of the fish, presumably because those contained nutrients and vitamins that aren't in the meat. ",
"Diets of indigenous cultures differs greatly from the diet of agrarian cultures, and historically many have been better. For most of human history, we were hunter gatherers. Agriculture is relatively new. And as another commenter said, early agriculture was terrible for nutrition. \n\nArchaeological evidence has turned up evidence that life expectancy dropped, malnutrition increased, bone fractures increased, calcium decreased, and many other indicators of health and longevity decreased dramatically in the Fertile Crescent at the time of the agricultural revolution. \n\nWe generally have a bias towards 'civilized' agrarian culture, since it gave humans many things like division of labor, social classes, economics, trade, writing, organized religion, politics, philosophy, art, and the other hallmarks of what we think of as 'history.' But until even fairly recently, it was pretty terrible for nutrition. \n\nWhen the first English and Dutch settlers encountered Native Americans in what became New England, they were shocked and intimidated by the height and strength of the people they encountered. Height across a population is one of then general indicators of nutrition in a population. Native Americans had a more varied diet and better nutrition than the 'civilized' English and Dutch.\n\nWhen looking at vintage clothes or seeing garments in a museum, we a sometimes struck by how small the shoes are, or how overall small a body frame people had. You often hear 'people in the past were shorter' or 'historically people were smaller.' This wasn't even that long ago. Even mid-1800's and early 1900's. That is part of why extremely tall people like Abraham Lincoln (6 ft 4) were even more striking in their time periods. \n\nYou sometimes hear that sailors used to be called 'limeys.' This was because Vitamin C prevents scurvy, limes contained Vitamin C, and sailors were forced to consume a certain amount of lime juice on a regular basis. They didn't like it but were made to do it. No one understood the mechanism of why lime juice prevented debilitating scurvy, they just saw the results and required it. Sailors had scurvy because otherwise ship board nutrition was really freaking awful. \n\nBasically, to thrive, yes we need the vitamins and minerals. Historically, a varied diet gave some populations a nutritional advantage over others. Height and nutrition decreased in purely agrarian cultures when the vast majority of a population's diet came almost exclusively from the grain or crop they were raising. This is why we are advised today to 'eat a varied diet.' Agriculture can also pretty brutal and unforgiving work. And it hasn't been part of human history long enough to really change what we require through natural selection, not across the board. \n",
"Because those vitamins and minerals have always been present in our food in varying amounts. \n\nAlmost all life needs these nutrients, and has figured out how to get them in some way. \n\nVitamin deficiency is a side effect of not enough food or not enough food variety. \n\nBiochemically, synthesizing vitamins is expensive. Plants and other living things that aren't mobile typically can synthesize everything they need. Animals and other living things that are mobile and can go to their food, have lost the ability to synthesize these chemicals because it's biochemically cheaper to eat stuff that has what you need."
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moii7 | images taken from space | I love looking at the pictures we capture from space (r/spaceporn is a great sub-reddit!), I just don't really understand how they are taken. Are the colors in the photographs the "actual" colors of the astronomical events, or are they super-imposed? I have a bunch of questions, but don't want to sound like an idiot, so if someone could just give an overview of what these images actually show and the process behind them, I would be very appreciative. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/moii7/eli5_images_taken_from_space/ | {
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"Space is dark and boring as clouds of gas and dust block most of the light we could otherwise see. We have to use technology like x-rays, infrared, radio, etc. which can see through all the dust and gas to reveal what the universe is made up of. We then assign colors to the elements such as blue for hydrogen, green for oxygen, etc. and the glorious pictures you see over at r/spaceporn are born. They look absolutely nothing like what you would see in real life as they are false color images, but they sure are pretty.",
"Pictures taken FROM space (like of Earth and the Moon's surface, etc.) are usually just specially designed versions of the same cameras we use every day. They're regular color and everything.\n\nPictures taken OF space (from telescopes etc.) are almost always colorized for easier reading. They can come from any number of sources, usually non-visible spectrums though, like radio or infrared. They can also be artists' renderings of objects, based on gathered information. All images of the Milky Way are these, as we have no access to any reference point to take a picture of our own galaxy.",
"There's a nice [article on _URL_0_](_URL_1_) about the color in images from Hubble Space Telescope.",
"Space is dark and boring as clouds of gas and dust block most of the light we could otherwise see. We have to use technology like x-rays, infrared, radio, etc. which can see through all the dust and gas to reveal what the universe is made up of. We then assign colors to the elements such as blue for hydrogen, green for oxygen, etc. and the glorious pictures you see over at r/spaceporn are born. They look absolutely nothing like what you would see in real life as they are false color images, but they sure are pretty.",
"Pictures taken FROM space (like of Earth and the Moon's surface, etc.) are usually just specially designed versions of the same cameras we use every day. They're regular color and everything.\n\nPictures taken OF space (from telescopes etc.) are almost always colorized for easier reading. They can come from any number of sources, usually non-visible spectrums though, like radio or infrared. They can also be artists' renderings of objects, based on gathered information. All images of the Milky Way are these, as we have no access to any reference point to take a picture of our own galaxy.",
"There's a nice [article on _URL_0_](_URL_1_) about the color in images from Hubble Space Telescope."
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3311rb | do secret services actually do cool movie things or it's just office work and/or normal police operations? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3311rb/eli5_do_secret_services_actually_do_cool_movie/ | {
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"Well, there might be a little bit of the cool movie things in operations. But if you are looking for a parallel for what they do, it's not police.\n\nIt's a news department.\n\nAn intelligence service is really a lot like a newspaper or CNN or what have you -- they gather news for their audience. It's a small audience, though, and the reports are classified.\n\nOf course, the style of reporting is different. Some of the intelligence comes from spies and wiretaps and all that James Bond shit. But also, a lot of it comes from unclassified sources -- newspapers, broadcasts, press releases. The key is knowing how all of it fits together and how it affects the interests of the country.",
"They typically don't do \"cool movie things\" because real life isn't a cool action movie. About the most they've done recently (at least, publicly) is get in trouble with prostitutes, get drunk, and sneak into the white house when they shouldn't. Behind the scenes, they're responsible for keeping the President safe. As to what crazy things they've done, the public won't know about, since it's - you know - secret.",
"A lot of what they do is securing where the President is going to be.\n\nSo, is the President going to be visiting Tuscan in 3 weeks? Secret service agents are there to go over the route, work with local law enforcement, etc.\n\nSo while it's not quite paper work, it's a lot of mundane tasks to make sure they won't ever have to do anything exciting. ",
"It's just like a lot of other federal agencies like the CIA and NSA. While they still do things like carry automatic weapons/protect the president etc. it's not as dramatic as in the movies. Just like the CIA is mostly office work and the NSA is just a lot of people in cubicles or workstations on dell computers. "
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1i7eyc | how can the cleveland kidnapper be facing 977 charges? | News link:
_URL_0_
How can he be facing all those charges? Did he kidnap 512 people? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1i7eyc/eli5_how_can_the_cleveland_kidnapper_be_facing/ | {
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"Hes facing charges of rape, kidnapping and murder. My assumption is each rape is charged seperately.",
"I asked a similar question over at /r/ask. Got a good explanation [here](_URL_0_). ",
"I asked this a little while ago, you can read the discussion [here](_URL_0_)\n\n > Each charge refers to a time the law was broken. Looking at the Ohio statute 2905.01, Kidnapping is defined as:\nForcibly or deceptively moving a person from where they are found (i.e. kidnap) so that they can do any of the following:\nCharge money for their return (ransom)\nUse as a hostage or human shield\nEngage in sexual activity\nUse as a slave, etc etc ...\nEach time one of these situations occurred (such as rape), the law was broken, and thus, another charge is levied.",
"Just because someone rapes a person once doesn't give them the right to rape that person again. An aggressor is charged for each individual instance of crime, not just once for each different crime."
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m4nbo | depreciation | Calculation is not a problem, and I understand how assets would have their value reduced over time, but I still have a problem grasping the whole concept. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m4nbo/eli5_depreciation/ | {
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"What exactly are you having trouble grasping and ill see if I can help. Just need a guideline.",
"Let's say you want to calculate the depreciation of your newly build computer.\nYou built it today. It cost you 1000$ in parts off of newegg.\n\nYou project it to last you 10 years. The reason you think it's 10 years, is because you have a suspecting feeling that in 10 years the hardware in the comp you built today wont be able to run Battlefield 12. \n\nAs time progresses, the value of the computer due to use of the hardware, and the outdatedness (is that a word?) of the hardware will decrease. Today you bought a 1TB HDD, for 100$, but in 5 years a 1TB HDD will cost you 40$.\n\nYou can either use the straight line depreciation method to calculate how much you depreciate per year or the MACR deprecation.\n\nStraight line is Principle over years. So in this case = 1000$ / 10 years.\nEvery year youd depreciate 100$ off of the total sum you paid for the comp. \n\nMACR is another form of depreciation where there are specific rates you use per year to calculate the depreciation. In the early years youd depreciate a lot more than in the latter years. Thats more for machinery in manufacturing companies though. ",
"What exactly are you having trouble grasping and ill see if I can help. Just need a guideline.",
"Let's say you want to calculate the depreciation of your newly build computer.\nYou built it today. It cost you 1000$ in parts off of newegg.\n\nYou project it to last you 10 years. The reason you think it's 10 years, is because you have a suspecting feeling that in 10 years the hardware in the comp you built today wont be able to run Battlefield 12. \n\nAs time progresses, the value of the computer due to use of the hardware, and the outdatedness (is that a word?) of the hardware will decrease. Today you bought a 1TB HDD, for 100$, but in 5 years a 1TB HDD will cost you 40$.\n\nYou can either use the straight line depreciation method to calculate how much you depreciate per year or the MACR deprecation.\n\nStraight line is Principle over years. So in this case = 1000$ / 10 years.\nEvery year youd depreciate 100$ off of the total sum you paid for the comp. \n\nMACR is another form of depreciation where there are specific rates you use per year to calculate the depreciation. In the early years youd depreciate a lot more than in the latter years. Thats more for machinery in manufacturing companies though. "
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btna08 | how does 5g wireless technology work? | I keep hearing about 5G and I want to know how it works.I searched on this forum and only got answers talking about the benefits 5G will supposedly have, not the technology.
1G is basically a walkie-talkie. Inefficient use of frequency.
2G is the digitization of the spectrum that used it much more efficiently. You didn't jam the entire frequency when you talked.
3G is basically 2G for voice and the ability to send out packets in open spectrum.
4G is prioritizing packets to eliminate spikes in the network to increase capacity.
But for the life of me, and I've spent a lot of time working it out, I can't figure out what 5G does. There are a couple ways of testing this out. If you go to the Wikipedia page for 4G, you'll see the standards listed out. If you go to the Wikipedia archive, you see how the page looked 10 years ago. And the people that wrote it then had a pretty good what 4G would be. But if you go the 5G Wikipedia page today, you'll see no standards. You'll see a bunch of guesses and ideas about what it *could* be, but no real standards.
Is it beam forming wireless? MIMO? Edge-computing? What exactly is the standard? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/btna08/eli5_how_does_5g_wireless_technology_work/ | {
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"You can find a complete outline of the most up to date 5G standards published by [3GPP](_URL_0_). DR 21.915 provides a summary of each Release, The current standard, 1.1.0 can be found in release 15: \n\nThe 5G requirements have been defined in terms of new services and markets by SA1, under the \"SMARTER\" work item. These are defined mostly in TS 22.261 [1], which describes different types of requirements for different 5G usage:\n\n-\tEnhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): the requirements are defined on high data rates, higher traffic or connection density, high user mobility, and the requirements related to various deployment and coverage scenarios. The scenarios address different service areas (e.g., indoor/outdoor , urban and rural areas, office and home, local and wide areas connectivity), and special deployments (e.g., massive gatherings, broadcast, residential, and high-speed vehicles). The scenarios and their performance requirements can be found in table 7.1-1 of TS 22.261 [1]. For instance, for the downlink, experienced data rate of up to 50 Mbps are expected outdoor and 1 Gbps indoor (5GLAN), and half of these values for the uplink. For services to an airplane, a bitrate of 1,2 Gbps is expected per plane.\n\n-\tCritical Communications (CC) and Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC): Several scenarios require the support of very low latency and very high communications service availability. These are driven by the new services such as industrial automation. The overall service latency depends on the delay on the radio interface, transmission within the 5G system, transmission to a server which may be outside the 5G system, and data processing. Some of these factors depend directly on the 5G system itself, whereas for others the impact can be reduced by suitable interconnections between the 5G system and services or servers outside of the 5G system, for example, to allow local hosting of the services. The scenarios and their performance requirements can be found in table 7.2.2-1 of TS 22.261 [1]. For instance, in the context of remote control for process automation, a reliability of 99,9999% is expected, with a user experienced data rate up to 100 Mbps and an end-to-end latency of 50 ms. This is provided in particular through the Edge Computing capability described below.\n\n-\tMassive Internet of Things (mIoT). Several scenarios require the 5G system to support very high traffic densities of devices. The Massive Internet of Things requirements include the operational aspects that apply to the wide range of IoT devices and services anticipated in the 5G timeframe. \n\n-\tFlexible network operations. These are a set of specificities offered by the 5G system, as detailed in the following sections. It covers aspects such as network slicing, network capability exposure, scalability, and diverse mobility, security, efficient content delivery, and migration and interworking."
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16lvw0 | shannon entropy (information entropy) | I was always interested in informational entropy.
I've taken physics and I learned about the entropy (S). I "understand" the implication, consequences, and limitation entropy poses on real world apparatus (Q = E+W, but entropy is going to fuck things up, so you can't get same amount of Work with all the heat and energy that was harnessed)
But I just can't understand how it can be applied in information theory.
P.S. I won't mind, if you can explain like I graduated college with 3 semesters of physics (no engineering) and is currently going to a DO school (not physics/engineering related) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16lvw0/shannon_entropy_information_entropy/ | {
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"Here the intuitive definition of entropy (measure of disorder) helps to better understand the problem. \n\nThe term Shannon entropy, is mostly used when talking about compression. \n\nWhen you want to compress some data, what you want to do is to write down the same things, but in a different way so it is shorter. \n\nFor example instead of \"aaaabbbcccaaabbbbbbbbbbb\" you can write \"4a3b3c3a11b\" (this is called run length coding by the way)\n\nNow in informatics, you need to code these things with bits, so you need to take car of two things:\n\n* you can only use 0 and 1\n\n* 0's and 1's are all written next to each other, so you need to know the boundary between two characters\n\nOne solution to do this second thing is for example to only use \"0\" to end words with, and \"1\" for the words. So you can for example encode a as \"0\", b as \"10\", c as \"110\", etc... (there are other ways to do it, but for now we'll use this at is more simple)\n\nSo assuming we use this way of encoding, we want to find the best way to encode data (shortest encoded message). What we will want to do here is to give characters with a higher probability of occurrence (number of appearances of a character divided by the total number of characters) a shorter encoding than words with low occurrence. For example for \"aaaaaabaaa\" it might be better to encode \"a\" as \"0\" and \"b\" as \"10\" instead of the opposite. (00000010000 vs 1010101010100101010)\n\nTo make a link with entropy, you can describe the entropy as the measure of uncertainty of a random variable. This random variable being one of the characters you want to encode. And the convenient way to compute is to use log(Pk), Pk being the probability to find the character k if you select randomly one character. \n\nIf you want to compute the total Shannon entropy for all the different characters you use H = -Sum(Pk log(Pk)). **H represents the average number of bits per character needed to encode something**\n\nNow, Shannon entropy provides an absolute limit on the best possible loss less encoding (or compression without losses) of any communication. Remember it's a limit, so it's not always possible to reach it.\n\nA few simple example to illustrate it's use: \nImagine you need to encode ababab, the probabilities of both a and b are 1/2 so H = -(1/2log(1/2)+1/2log(1/2)) = 1.\nThis means you need one bit to encode each of a and b, for example a:1 and b:0\n\nImagine you need to encode aaaaaa, the probability of a = 1 and b = 0, so H = 0log(0)+1log(1) = 0.\nThis means you theoretically need no bit to encode a and b (well yeah, you know you will always have a)\n\nImagine you need to encode aaaabb, the probability of a = 2/3 and b = 1/3 so H = -(1/3log(1/3)+2/3log(2/3)) = 0.91\nThis means, on average you'd need 0.91 bits to encode each, (but you need to round it up as you need to use whole bits)\n\nImagine you need to encode aabbcc, the probability of a = 1/3 and b = 1/3 and c = 1/3 so H = -(1/3log(1/3)+1/3log(1/3))+1/3log(1/3) = 1.51\nThis means, on average you'd need 1.51 bits to encode each, (but again you cannot do this and need to round it up), so for example you will use a:0, b:10, c:110 (which is 2 bits on average)\n\nNow, Shannon entropy just says \"how well you could encode something\", but it doesn't tell you how. That is up to you to find and there are techniques (huffman coding, arithmetic coding, etc...)\n\n",
"It has really nothing at all to do with thermodynamic entropy. Information entropy is effectively the information content of a message. The message here is thought to be a random variable, or a sequence of them, possibly dependent on each other.\n\nLet's start with a coin toss. I toss a coin and then convey you the result of the coin toss. Since both heads and tails are equally likely, this is same as having a random variable with two possible outcomes both equally likely. A bit is defined to be the amount of information the value of such a random variable contains. (Note that a bit in this context is slightly different than, but related to, the bit most people are familiar with, we'll return to this a bit later.) So for me to convey you the result of the coin toss I need to write you a message that contains at least one bit of information. If I toss two coins, then the message needs to be at least two bits. The bits add up like that in this case because the tosses are independent of each other. If I roll a six sided die, then the information content is base two logarithm of 6, which is about 2.58. Fractional bits are no more problem here than it would be for something to have a mass of 2.58 kg.\n\nThen assume that I use a trick coin instead, which has heads on both sides. How much information do I need to convey to you to tell you what the result of the toss was? That's going to depend on whether you know that I'm using a trick coin. If you don't, then as far as you know both heads and tails are equally likely and you still need one bit of information. But if you do know that I'm using a trick coin, then you know the result will always be heads and so you don't need any information. So the information here depends on your assumptions. Similarly I could use a loaded die where 6 is more likely than the other sides, but not guaranteed. You might think that it's a fair die, or that the probability of 6 is 0.5 and rest are equally distributed or maybe some other more complicated model for the die. For all cases you'd get a different information content.\n\nFurthermore, if you have a sequence of such variables, then they don't need to be independent like coin tosses are. For example, if you have English language text, and take each letter (or punctuation character or space) to be a single random variable, then each variable (that is letter) is going to be highly dependent on the ones preceding it. If I write \"entrop\" then you can guess with a pretty good confidence what the next letter will be. So the information content of that letter is going to be pretty small. In fact, for English it's been estimated that one letter only contains somewhere between 1 and 1.5 bits of information, that effectively means that on average there are only about 2 or 3 likely choices for each successive letter.\n\nSo what we have so far is that a message, be it independent random variables, English text, a picture or whatever, contains some information and the information content depends on the assumptions you make about the message. Then there are a few theorems that use this information content for something. One is Shannon's source coding theorem which deals with compressing information. It gives the minimum for the average length of a message that can losslessly (that is without losing any information in the process) convey the original message, and also that it is possible to get arbitrarily close to this minimum. And now we get to the connection with the normal kind of bits. I'm going to write binary digit for the normal kind of bit and information bit for the entropy bit. The coding theorem says that if your message, on average, contains X information bits, then, on average, the length of the compressed message will be X binary digits.\n\nWhat are the implications of this then? You might have noticed that the source coding theorem effectively says that you can't losslessly compress information. But then remember that the information content of the original message depends on our assumptions about the message. If we change our assumptions about the message, like assume it's English text instead of random independent letters and punctuation characters, then the information content goes down. And thus the required length of the compressed message also goes down. The only thing now is that to decompress the information, we need to use the same assumptions. \n\nData compression techniques then essentially deal with figuring out what are the assumptions that give the least information content to the messages we want to compress. Lossy compression then you could describe as this with the addition of allowing us to change the original message a little bit to fit our assumptions. And now it should be obvious why compression algorithms are usually tailored for only certain kinds of data. ",
"Entropy in information theory is slightly different than typically addressed in physics. It's about the \"unpredictability\" of a message.\n\nConsider a \"fair coin\"; a coin that, when flipped, comes down equally often on heads and tails. Each time it's flipped, it generates one full bit (binary digit, equaling either zero or one) of new information; it comes down either heads (1) or tails (0), and we have no way of knowing which it will be based on previous experience.\n\nContrast this with a Harvey Dent-style coin with two heads. It generates no new information- no entropy- when flipped. It has always come down heads; it will always come down heads. \n\nThe entropy rate for the fair coin is one bit per flip; it generates one unique bit of information every time it's flipped up in the air. The entropy rate for the two-faced coin is zero bits per flip; it doesn't generate any new information, ever.\n\nThe entropy of written English is typically estimated between 0.6 and 1.5 bits of entropy per character. This means that if someone is reading through text, and guessing the next letter each time they read a letter, their odds of getting the next letter right would typically be between 1/3 and 2/3- odds that can change depending on the situation. For example, guessing that a U comes next after you've read a Q will be correct almost all every time. This means that the U in this case adds much less information (entropy) to the message than most letters would.\n\nThe entropy rate of different messages and formats is important because it indicates the absolute bound of how small a message can theoretically be compressed without rendering part of the message unrecoverable. For example, this post is 5475 characters long, and so could be theoretically compressed into as little as 3.3 kilobits, depending on the specific entropy of this message.\n\nIn summary, entropy in information theory has two roles. \n\nFirst, the entropy rate of the encoding medium or language determines how likely it is for someone to guess the next part of the message. In the case of English, the probability is between 1/3 and 2/3 that someone will be able to guess the next letter of a word or phrase.\n\nSecond, the total entropy of a message (the rate of entropy per \"symbol\", or character, times the length of the message) indicates the total amount of unique information in the message. If the original message is to be compressed without losing any information, the smallest that the compressed message can be, assuming a completely ideal compressing routine, is the total entropy.\n\n[This xkcd is relevant.](_URL_0_) Let's break it down. \n\nFirst, we look at \"Tr0ub4dor & 3\" as a potential password. The base word, Troubador, uses uncommon letter patterns, so it contains a bit more entropy than would typically be indicated for its length- about 16 bits of entropy. An attacker wouldn't know whether to capitalize the first letter, which is a 50-50 chance, so that's one extra bit of entropy. There are three possible common substitutions in the word- the two letters \"O\" and the \"A\". Each of these has a 50-50 chance of being swapped out for either a zero or a four respectively, and so each adds one additional bit of entropy. Finally, tagged onto the end as an afterthought, we have a punctuation mark, which garners four bits of entropy due to the number of punctuation marks available, and about three bits of entropy for a numeral, plus one bit because we don't know what order those items on the end come in.\n\nTo guess this password (if we know the length and format), we have about 2^28 different possibilities to check, meaning that each guess we make has the same probability of being right as a coin does of being flipped 28 times and landing on heads every time. At 1000 guesses a second, we can check every possible combination for this format in 3 days. Munroe tags onto this by pointing out that a password in this classically \"secure\" format is freaking hard to remember.\n\nCompare this to Munroe's second password choice- \"correcthorsebatterystaple\". It's made up of four words, each of which is among the most common 2,000 words used in the English language. If an attacker knows that Munroe is choosing four random words from that set, then at best, they can assign each of those words 11 bits of entropy. This is because if we make a list of the top 2000 most common words in the English language, we would need to index each one of them with a completely unique 11-bit ID in order to be able to address each one individually.\n\nBecause the password is made up of four words off that top-2000 list, it can be written as four 11-bit indices mashed together, for a total of 44 bits of entropy.\n\nWith 44 bits of entropy in the password, the probability of each password guess being right is the same as flipping a coin 44 times and getting heads each time. At 1,000 tries per second, it'd take 550 years to find the correct password.\n\nWhat's more, it's easy to remember something like that. Our brains are much better attuned to remembering natural language than something like the monstrosity that is \"Tr0ub4dor & 3\".\n\n**TL;DR: Entropy in information is the total content of real, unique information in the message, calculated by multiplying the entropy rate for the encoding mechanism (English, for example) by the length of the encoded message. A greater amount of entropy makes the content of the message more difficult to guess. The smallest a message can be compressed to without losing information is its total entropy.**",
"The connection with thermodynamics is tenous at best.\n\nThe idea is that non-random data, that is data with low entropy, has a sort of \"potential energy\" that random, high entropy data does not. You can use that potential to make statistical predictions about which symbols will appear in your data stream in the future. \n\nThat ability to predict is useful, and can be used to compress or decrypt data. High entropy data, or data with the appearance of high entropy, lacks this sort of potential, and cannot be compress and is difficult to decrypt. "
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3c90tf | when you press hard on your skin and it leaves a white imprint for about a second, what is going on? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3c90tf/eli5_when_you_press_hard_on_your_skin_and_it/ | {
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"You're squeezing the blood out when you push on it and it takes a second for your cappilaries to refill. During that time there's nothing but your skin color showing.",
"It's called 'Blanching'. As a nurse I use this a lot in post operative assessment. Basically, when you press hard you're preventing blood flow to the region or causing vasoconstriction. The absence of blood flow to the capillary bed accounts for the white'ish appearance.\nCapillary refill is the time taken for the color to return to normal (usually 2-3 seconds)."
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7xu2fw | why do your earphones make noise when you walk through thief detectors at the doors of libraries? | Edit: I am not stealing headphones. I walk in and out of the library regularly while listening to music. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7xu2fw/eli5_why_do_your_earphones_make_noise_when_you/ | {
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"Those detectors use magnetic sensors to detect specialized tags placed on or in big-ticket items. If you've ever seen one of those stickers with a big metallic spiral on the back, that's one design for them. Meanwhile, speakers work by using small electrical currents to turn an electromagnet on and off incredibly quickly, each on/off cycle corresponding to a single wave of sound produced by the speaker. Magnetic and electrical fields are really the same thing (hence the word electromagnetism), and as a result sufficiently strong magnetic fields can cause a current to move through a wire passing through them. The presence of the magnetic field essentially transforms a tiny percent of the energy involved in moving the wire into electrical energy. This electricity is very weak, but earbuds also work with tiny electrical charges.\n\nTry moving through those detectors at different speeds to see how it affects the sound. I have no idea what it will do, but I suspect faster speeds will make the sound higher pitched.",
"You can induce current by moving a magnetic field past a conductor. Electricity and magnetism are the same thing, and the magnetic field causes the negatively charged electrons to move, which is electricity.\n\nThe detectors use a magnetic field to induce a current in a tag, which essentially powers it remotely to send a signal back saying that it can detect. \n\nThe detectors induce a current in any conductor. Your headphones too. This powers the magnets that move the speakers. ",
"I have a similar issue at work. Our copy room has a light that turns on when you enter. When I get close to the sensor, I get all sorts of static from my hearing aids picking up the em waves."
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eeo0sv | how do this gold and silver rescue blankets keep people warm although they are so thin? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eeo0sv/eli5_how_do_this_gold_and_silver_rescue_blankets/ | {
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"There's something about infrared reflexion.... The body heat you generate, reflect on the blanket so your body doesn't lose any heat. NASA developed the product for space.",
"There was another post explains that heat is infrared light. The blankets reflect that light back into the user. This happens over and over all while losing very little heat through the blanket. It’s thin unlike a traditional blanket. Traditional blankets trap your heat in air pockets. You lose more heat this way as the heat escapes. Space blankets reflect your body heat back to you. It’s like recycling your heat to keep you warm. It’s pretty cool.",
"Heat can be transferred in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. The first two can be summed up as heat just moving from one place to another through matter. Radiation, however, does not require matter, which is how the sun can provide so much heat across the vacuum of space. \nRadiation is given off by anything not at absolute zero (the lowest possible temperature). Previous answers mentioned infrared light, which is correct but I suppose I could add a bit more to that. Because radiation doesn't require matter to move through, it can be thought of as light (electromagnetic radiation). Just like how shiny things reflect light back, they can reflect heat back thanks to the process of radiative heating.",
"As the other posts touched on. Thermal radiation is one of the ways that energy is transferred as heat along the infrared spectrum of light. This isn't radiation like a nuclear reactor (that's specifically nuclear radiation, and that's a very different part of the EM spectrum).\n\nThose foil blankets serve 2 purposes. Since they aren't a porous material, like our clothes, wind and water can't penetrate the material. This helps to protect the wearer from losing body heat by coduction (another form of heat transfer) when our bodies would contact the wind and rain. Also, the blankets reflect thermal radiation, so they help keep the wearer warm by reflecting their released body heat back them.",
"Did you know that you glow in a similar way as a red hot bar of iron? The heat in our bodies radiates as infrared light because we aren't hot enough to radiate it as visible light. Never the less, this radiated light is there, and if you can reflect it back at the body, the heat is captured instead of lost. It's a bit like a reflector next to a heat lamp. \n\nSo the thermal blankets use the radiant heat of our bodies to help keep us warm, but they also provide an air barrier that helps trap the warm air near our bodies instead of letting the air carry it away. Between trapping warm air near the body, and reflecting radiant heat back at us, they keep us warm more than their thin profile might suggest."
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33s21k | is the ratio of the diameter of an atomic nucleus to an electron about the same as sun to one of our planets? also, which is more dense: atom or solar system? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33s21k/eli5is_the_ratio_of_the_diameter_of_an_atomic/ | {
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"Let's take hydrogen. Bohr radius is 5.3x10^-11 m, that's kinda where the electron is. Proton radius is 9x10^-16 m. 60,000x larger. \r\r\rSolar system. Sun's radius is 7x10^8 m. Earth's radius is 1.5x10^11 m. 214x. \r\r\rWe could also take a planet further out and get them similar. Neptune would be 4.5x10^12 m, so 6500x. Still not quite as big of difference. So no, the ratio is larger for an atom and the density is less. Assuming I didn't screw up the math. \r\r\r\rThough, this is really meaningless. The atom is not anything like the solar system. The radius of the sun is fixed. Earth's orbit is elliptical so varies, but there's a margin you can put it between. The atom on the other hand, both numbers are probabilistic averages. The electron really isn't in any spot, and where it is kinda at could be anywhere from in the proton to really far away. The Bohr radius I used is just where it is most likely. It's not like a ball orbiting a larger ball like the solar system, the planetary analogy is a useful lie. "
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2rzfv2 | if germs are the biggest killers in hospitals, then why don't they have security checkpoints at the entrances and key areas where people have to disinfect their hands and stand under uv lights for a few seconds? | It seems like the costs of installing UV lights everywhere and inconveniences of having to go through checkpoints (except for in emergencies) would be justified. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rzfv2/eli5_if_germs_are_the_biggest_killers_in/ | {
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"Germs are the biggest killers in hospitals because hospitals are clean. The disinfectants can't kill all germs and the ones that survive are ones that have grown resistant to the cleaning so when they infect someone antibiotics won't work well. "
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23dr7r | is the common gay "lisp" something one is born with or is it acquired over time? is it natural or forced? | This came to mind as I watched last night's episode of Portlandia. The sketch with Nick Swardson as the gay brother got me thinking about this. Please answer seriously. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23dr7r/eli5_is_the_common_gay_lisp_something_one_is_born/ | {
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"While the answer is not certain, modern science considers it primarily genetic. In addition, the more feminine gay men will subconsciously adapt female speech patterns. Regardless, it is definitely not forced - the stereotype of the \"gay accent\" has been around for centuries, back when being gay was punished by death in many parts of the world. Would *you* force yourself to sound gay if it meant being arrested and killed?"
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1m0szj | multi-core processors | most of the explanations i can find aren't dumbed down enough for me. i need something simple and to the point. i understand that processors are like the brains of computers, but i'm lost when it comes to cores and stuff like that, anything is helpful. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m0szj/eli5_multicore_processors/ | {
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"A single core processor, no matter how fast it is, can only process one \"thread\" of information at a time. Having multiple cores in a single processor allows one thread per core to be processed per core, which makes processing faster and more or less allows the CPU to \"multitask.\"\n\nFor example. Say you have programs A and B. A is a very complicated computational program, and program B is just a photo viewer to look a picture of your cat.\n\nProgram A sends a very long string of information to the CPU to get processed. While the CPU is working on it, program B has to wait to send its info through. Your CPU may act as sort of a traffic cop, stopping and starting the long thread to allow B through, but add the two times together and it takes as long to work both as simply adding the processing times together.\n\nA dual core processor would do both at the same time. While core 1 is crunching away at program A's complicated problem, Program B's data can be processed by core 2 at the same time.\n\nHope that helps.",
"Having a multi-core processor can be compared to having multiple physical processors. Each core has it's own thread where it can execute instructions therefore the computer gets the ability to process multiple things simultaneously.\n\nFor example a dual core processor would be like having 2 physical processing chips. There would be 2 threads of execution and so (theoretically) your computer could process instructions 2 at a time. For a quad core, it's 4 at a time, etc. \n\nOf course it's a bit more complicated than that but that's the gist of it.",
"Imagine a single-core processor being a single lane of a stretch of highway. Each car that passes through are information that needs to be processed/calculated. Though we can increase the speed limit (CPU clock speed) of the highway for faster processing, we can also create a new lane to do this. Thus, a highway with 2 lanes is a processor with 2 cores. The more lanes you have, the more cores, and more processing power."
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2vbwva | who is in charge of making trailers for movies? | The people who make trailers either show too much (Terminator 2 ruined the whole "who's there to kill John" thing) or show parts to make the movie seem like a comedy, then the next trailer for the same movie will make it look serious.
Some trailers make the movie look great when it's a pile o' crap, and vice versa. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vbwva/eli5_who_is_in_charge_of_making_trailers_for/ | {
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"There are independent production companies that produce trailers and there are divisions within movie studios that produce trailers.\n\nThe studio that is in charge of distribution will work with their marketing departments to determine how best to sell the move. These concepts are given to writers and then to editors. Often this process begins about the same time as filming, and have to be finished long before the movie is finished. That's why some trailers miss the mark so badly\n\nBasically, there are a lot of people to blame. ",
"Google your title. The first result answers your question."
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316s34 | since anti-inflammatory medication and ice suppress the body's natural reaction to injury, do these treatments impede the healing process? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/316s34/eli5_since_antiinflammatory_medication_and_ice/ | {
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"Yes, in most cases yes taking an anti-inflammatory will slow the healing process but let you continue on with your life pain free and mobile. There are a few cases where excessive swelling can lead to Compartment Syndrome, in which case an anti-inflammatory drug would speed up the healing process.",
"In theory yes but in real life the way we use it clinically in most patients it doesn't seem to make a huge difference (at least according to most of my profs, some of my profs argue it has a greater impact in some species at least). Speaking about animals at least not sure about people. "
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4gheow | why can the outer most orbit of an atom hold only a maximum of 8 electrons? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4gheow/eli5_why_can_the_outer_most_orbit_of_an_atom_hold/ | {
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"Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons each. For the second row atoms like C, N and O the valence orbitals are one 2s and three 2p which gives a total of 8 valence electrons which is where the octet rule comes from. \n\nAll the noble gasses (except helium) have filled *n*s and *n*p orbitals, n is the principal quantum number which is basically the row on the periodic table. \n\nBut s and p orbitals aren't the only type, it just happens that those are what the noble gasses have filled at the end of each row. \n\nIn transition metal chemistry there's the 18 electron rule because you have five d orbitals for, you guessed it, a total of 18 electrons. ",
"This has a lot to do with quantum mechanics, so I'll try to keep the answer simple for the most part. If you want to get deeper into the subject, I'll be glad to answer further questions or at least point you in the right direction.\n\nWhen we talk about electron orbitals we often discuss their \"quantum numbers,\" which is essentially the quantum mathematical equivalent to a ZIP code, in that we can determine where an electron resides based only on knowing those set of numbers. Each electron has to inhabit it's own unique combination of quantum numbers due to the Pauli Exclusion Principle. This has a lot to do with \"keeping the wavefunctions antisymmetric\" so I won't go into that, but I promise there's a good reason for why this \"1-electron per set of numbers\" rule happens. Anyways, when it comes to quantum numbers we have 3 values that we use:\n\n* n = principle quantum number (distance to the nucleus)\n* l = angular quantum number (how quickly it's orbiting the nucleus)\n* m = magnetic quantum number (on what axis is that orbit)\n* s = spin quantum number (which way it's \"spinning\")\n\nWhen we talk about the \"outer most orbit\" of an electron, what we're really talking about is \"what's the largest n-value that's occupied on this atom?,\" since higher n-values correspond to farther distances from the nucleus. So when looking at valence electrons for an atom, we'll only look at the electrons with that highest n-value. Simple enough, right?\n\nFor the following example, let's look at a hypothetical element with a maximum occupied n-value of 2. So now we ask the question, what values can the other three numbers can take on? Starting with the simplest, s-value: electrons can only take on two values for spin, either +1/2 or -1/2, or as you probably know them by, up-spin or down-spin. \n\nNow, when it comes to the angular and magnetic quantum numbers, things get a little trickier. The angular quantum numbers we can use are determined by the principle quantum number we're currently inside, by this mathematical equation: total l = n. So, if we're talking about n=2, we have 2 possible l-values: 0 and 1. You probably know these better as our two sub-orbitals, S and P. \n\nThe magnetic quantum number is determined, in turn, by the angular quantum number that the current electron is inhabiting. Using another mathematical relationship, total m= 2l + 1. So for our l=0 suborbital (the S-orbital) we get 1 possible m-value: 0, and for our l=1 suborbital (the P-orbital) we get 3 possible m-values: -1, 0, 1.\n\nPhew! We're almost done here. Now, each m-value contains 2 s-values, as we determined in the beginning, so that's easy. Now all that's left is to compile every possible \"atomic ZIP code\" for our n=2 valence state:\n\n* l m s\n* 0 0 +1/2\n* 0 0 -1/2\n* 1 -1 +1/2\n* 1 -1 -1/2\n* 1 0 +1/2\n* 1 0 -1/2\n* 1 1 +1/2\n* 1 1 -1/2\n\nCount those all out and bam! 8 possible combinations, our beautiful magic octet, pulled out of thin air.\n\n...\n\nNow wait a damn second, we just ran our calculation for an example, n=2, and our l- and m-values both depend on n! What about n=1?! Or n=3?!\n\nWell, for the n=3 state we produce a new l-value, l=3, also known as the D-suborbital. This D-suborbital has 5 m-values associated with it: -2,-1, 0, 1, 2. If each of those m-values has 2 spins, then we should be able to store 10 more electrons! And in fact, that is true, the 18-electron rule is totally a thing in higher level chemistry. But in normal, day-to-day chemistry the D-suborbital is so high in energy that electrons actually skip filling it until the next n-value over, between filling the S and P orbitals for that next n-value. And at that point, we have a new highest n-value, so those electrons are no longer \"valence,\" instead they're buried below our new outer layer! So in practice, we never actually reach 18 valence electrons, since anything above D-suborbital is just so high energy that it doesn't get filled in until it's well buried underneath more electrons.\n\nAnd what about n=1? Well, if you redo our calculations for n=1, you get a measly 2-electron valence, which actually does happen for the first row of the periodic table. That explains why we only have two elements in that row: Hydrogen, and Helium.\n\nWell, that's it. It's lengthy, I know, but there's a reason why we don't teach quantum to 5 year olds. I did my best to compress it as much as I could without cheating you out of a correct explanation.\n\nedit: formatting",
"I read u/airstew response and here is an eli5:\n\n\nThe outer orbit of an electron has different seats available for an electron to sit in. These seats are all unique with different orbiting speeds, axis(or angle) on which it's spinning, and direction it's spinning. \n\nThere are only 8 different ways these 3 criteria can exist together in an electron. Since two electrons can't sit in the same seat, an atom can only hold 8 electrons in its outer orbit. ",
"So, people are complaining that some ELI5 explanations are too complicated or fail to answer the real question. So, here goes. \"why can the outer most orbit of an atom only hold a maximum of 8 electrons?\"\n\n & nbsp;\n\nYour question is incorrect. You were probably taught a lie, known as the octet rule, from grade 9-11 science/chemistry. See the other explanations (the one provided by u/Airstew) for a more accurate understanding of how quantum states are assigned. "
]
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3re76n | why political correctness is viewed as evil on reddit. | I mean, don't get me wrong, I hold proven facts above just trying not to offend people, but I see people on here complaining about pc like it's racism or something. I'm also not the kind to get super upset about someone getting in trouble for just being a plain old racist/homophobe.
So – is it all just 'freeze peach' nonsense, or am I legitimately not aware of what the term means? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3re76n/eli5_why_political_correctness_is_viewed_as_evil/ | {
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"Basically, there are a lot of folks on Reddit for whom the idea of \"Don't be a dick to others\" is the worst possible thing ever. Or who just don't like being told what to do, and will do the opposite of what they are told just because they can.\n\nIt's the internet. This happens.",
"It's not political correctness that is viewed as evil, it's censorship. There's nothing wrong with someone using politically correct language or having views that are considered politically correct. There is a problem when people get the idea that they can censor people or get them fired for not going along with that agenda. It's not the political correctness, it's the censorship and vitriol towards people who don't toe the politically correct line. It's reactionary toward the politically correct movement going after people a lot of us agree with on certain things. Also I like calling people a faggot. Including OP, faggot.",
"The original intent of \"political correctness\" is considering how your words affect others and by doing that create a more inclusive society that people are happy to be in.\n\nNot calling people \"Nigger\" or \"Faggot\" comes under political correctness. We then move on to words that aren't considered offensive, per se, but might not be inclusive such as \"Fireman\" compared to \"Fire fighter\". This is controversial but so was \"Faggot\" so time will tell I suppose. We should also bear in mind the current transgender discussions.\n\nNow to the issue at hand. Some people believe that political correctness should mean that no one ever gets upset from words. In reaction to this and the controversial inclusivity words other people decry political correctness as stupid which makes the pro-PC side think that anti-PC is stupid and both sides radicalise. Which gets us to the current mess.\n\nTraditional Racists are of course anti-PC and so anti-PC looks pro-racist by pro-PC people while people who like affirmative action (which no doubt has cross over with PC people) are considered racist by some anti-PC people so pro-PC starts looking racist to them.\n\nEdit:\n\nI3lizzard's post brings up censorship which I think is an important issue to discuss. It's a balance of others freedom of Speech Vs your Freedom of Association. A person has the right not to do business with companies that say or employ people who say things they don't like, the question is whether they should.",
"Mostly because it stalls almost all useful forms of debate. You can say \"that offends me, stop talking about it.\" to anything, but you haven't really proven anything wrong, you have only used social shaming to silence your opposition without making any real counter argument to it, so the person who has the \"political\" upper hand can use it to bully the one who doesn't into silence. Even though the left has a monopoly on PC, Conservatives can use it too in certain ways. For example, you can't say \"raise taxes\" or anything negative about the troops or police without getting backlash from the right wing. \n\nWhat bothers people about it on reddit mostly has to do with the creation of circlejerks, where people of one like-minded opinion can push their own opinion to the top while downvoting things they don't agree with, thus keeping them hidden even if they are well-written. Since downvoting is meant to deter low-quality posts and spam, PC can be seen as a perversion of an otherwise good idea, and a way to hinder constructive criticism and replace it with a knee-jerk reaction.\n\nBeyond reddit, it has the potential to halt political progression. In order for a society to progress, you have to talk about tough issues so you can see both sides and throw out the weaker argument, but a focus on PC means never seeing the other side because talking about the issue means offending someone. Being against slavery in the 1800s meant offending slave owners. Being against theocracy in the 1700s meant offending religious people. Being against Islamic Fascism today means offending muslims, but these are issues that need to be put out there in order to get past them. The longer we are silent, the longer they go on.",
" > but I see people on here complaining about pc like it's racism or something\n\nWhen people complain about political correctness, the idea of political correctness that goes through their head isn't, \"Let's not be complete dicks to each other.\" (call this group A). It's the people who made Matt Taylor cry over a sweater who then complain about cyber bullying and don't see the irony. And one of the assumptions is that these people are think they are in group A even though they try to get people fired for jokes. The people who **think** they are in group A who want their law classes to stop teaching rape law. They are in effect pushing for censorship making it wrong to say faggot while they say #killallmen / #killallwhitemen .\n\nWhether or not you agree that this is accurate, the reason people on reddit don't like political correctness is because that's the caricature that goes through someone's mind when they complain about political correctness.",
"Because in today's climate, PC advocates can get away with this and keep their jobs as politicians and diversity officers, while anyone else who makes an off-the-cuff remark or even unintentionally offensive comment while get publicly shamed, doxxed, and/or fired:\n_URL_0_\n\nThat and PC enforcement is inherently anti-intelletual as it stifles discussion and debate, which it is frequently used to do."
]
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[],
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"http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/03/bahar-mustafa-charges-dropped-killallwhitemen-row"
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3tw0o4 | why are managers more often millionaires than doctors/dentists? | I have been trying to figure this data out from this chart but it doesn't make sense seeing doctors/dentists on average make the most out of any profession
27% are entrepreneurs
15% are corporate executives
7% are managers
6% are investors
6% are doctors and dentists
doctors/dentists are the lowest on both lists
Millionaire Household Occupations
Occupation
Percent of Millionaires
Manager
17%
Educator
12%
Sr. Corporate Executive
7%
Business Owner
6%
Accountant
4%
Sales Person
4%
Attorney
2%
Doctor/Dentist
2%
Source: Spectrem Group Millionaire Corner
EDIT: forgot the urls, here they are
_URL_0_
_URL_1_
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tw0o4/eli5why_are_managers_more_often_millionaires_than/ | {
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"Because managing people effectively is one of the most sought-after, and rare, skill-sets in the job market. That makes a good manager worth a huge amount of money.",
"If you're the world's best dentist, you only have so many hours in a day that you can practice, and might be able to earn a few hundred thousand dollars per year. \n\nHowever if you become a manager and have other dentists working underneath you, you can get a cut from dozens of other dentists, and this way clearly is possible to earn much more money than being a single dentist. However, it's impossible for everybody to be at the top of the pyramid, so it isn't for everyone. "
]
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"http://business.time.com/2012/11/27/5-career-paths-to-the-millionaires-club/",
"http://www.dailyfinance.com/2012/03/26/surprising-job-that-gets-many-americans-into-the-millionaire-clu/"
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[],
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kbm9v | critical theory | Specifically how it relates to Marxism. And what on Earth is post structuralism? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kbm9v/eli5_critical_theory/ | {
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"Critical theory is a collection of ideas on how to criticize parts of culture. We see all kinds of stuff everyday, but critical theory gives us ideas on how to understand how cultural stuff works--i.e., who creates it, who consumes it, and how it comes to be.\n\nPost-structuralism is a response to structuralism. Structuralism basically says that language (and by extension other systems) are a collection of structures. Post-structuralism says that, while this may be somewhat true, those structures tend to break down--and they break down so much that understanding them as structures is incomplete.\n\nLet me clarify with examples:\n\n1. Critical theory. Imagine you are on a bus and you see [this ad](_URL_0_). Why is there a pretty woman? Why is she wearing that kind of dress? Critical theory tries to answer these questions *critically*. Whereas a marketing expert would try to answer this question by explaining how it appeals to consumers, a critical theorist will try to understand why it appeals to consumers--and how people became known to be consumers in the first place. Critical theory has many other applications beyond bus ads, of course.\n\n2. Structuralism tells us that the word \"dog\" comprises those sounds just because. There's no reason for it. Just someone at some point in history pointed at a dog and said \"dog\" (I'm way, way, oversimplifying this--the germination of phonemes is not relevant here). Thus the relationship between sounds and their meaning is arbitrary--there is no magic behind the sounds [dog]. However, post-structuralism will point out that some sounds do seem to have meaning--most words beginning with [sl] tend to be negative (slippery, slew, sly, slick), but even this exception to the rule has exceptions (slender, slim, sleek). Thus it is difficult to understand language as a collection of rules and/or categories. Again, post-structuralism has greater applications beyond mere language, but that's where it started--although in America, it got most popular when applied to culture.\n\nThe love of cultural relativism in modern American culture--from \"respect other cultures\" on the left to \"evolution is just a theory and we should respect alternative theories\" on the right--begins with critical theory in the 70s and 80s. Thus while people on Reddit (and employers, let's face it) love to mock liberal arts majors for being irrelevant, they had an enormous impact on the social and political culture of modern America--although I can't say that impact was really good.\n\nHuge wall of text. If you need further clarification on how Marxism relates, let me know--or maybe someone else can add that.",
"Critical theory is a collection of ideas on how to criticize parts of culture. We see all kinds of stuff everyday, but critical theory gives us ideas on how to understand how cultural stuff works--i.e., who creates it, who consumes it, and how it comes to be.\n\nPost-structuralism is a response to structuralism. Structuralism basically says that language (and by extension other systems) are a collection of structures. Post-structuralism says that, while this may be somewhat true, those structures tend to break down--and they break down so much that understanding them as structures is incomplete.\n\nLet me clarify with examples:\n\n1. Critical theory. Imagine you are on a bus and you see [this ad](_URL_0_). Why is there a pretty woman? Why is she wearing that kind of dress? Critical theory tries to answer these questions *critically*. Whereas a marketing expert would try to answer this question by explaining how it appeals to consumers, a critical theorist will try to understand why it appeals to consumers--and how people became known to be consumers in the first place. Critical theory has many other applications beyond bus ads, of course.\n\n2. Structuralism tells us that the word \"dog\" comprises those sounds just because. There's no reason for it. Just someone at some point in history pointed at a dog and said \"dog\" (I'm way, way, oversimplifying this--the germination of phonemes is not relevant here). Thus the relationship between sounds and their meaning is arbitrary--there is no magic behind the sounds [dog]. However, post-structuralism will point out that some sounds do seem to have meaning--most words beginning with [sl] tend to be negative (slippery, slew, sly, slick), but even this exception to the rule has exceptions (slender, slim, sleek). Thus it is difficult to understand language as a collection of rules and/or categories. Again, post-structuralism has greater applications beyond mere language, but that's where it started--although in America, it got most popular when applied to culture.\n\nThe love of cultural relativism in modern American culture--from \"respect other cultures\" on the left to \"evolution is just a theory and we should respect alternative theories\" on the right--begins with critical theory in the 70s and 80s. Thus while people on Reddit (and employers, let's face it) love to mock liberal arts majors for being irrelevant, they had an enormous impact on the social and political culture of modern America--although I can't say that impact was really good.\n\nHuge wall of text. If you need further clarification on how Marxism relates, let me know--or maybe someone else can add that."
]
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2mo4a2 | four dimensional geometry | The idea of four dimensional geometry is perplexing to me. Is It a study of reality or purely theoretical thinking? If it is real then how do do we perecieve it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mo4a2/eli5_four_dimensional_geometry/ | {
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"I'll jump at any chance I have to post a [Carl Sagan video](_URL_0_)."
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnURElCzGc0"
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6ppx8g | why do some people wash chicken before cooking it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ppx8g/eli5_why_do_some_people_wash_chicken_before/ | {
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"To clean off potential surface contamination that could be on the bird, which they may not want to go into their cooking. That being said, many groups recommend against doing so, because of the risk of spreading the contamination (dirty water) around your kitchen, and reasonable cooking temperatures should kill/break down the common contaminants chicken is exposed to.",
"They *think* they're removing germs. In reality, they're more likely to spread things around the kitchen by splashing chicken juice everywhere.\n\nA lot of people have a lot of backwards ideas about food safety because they never really got taught proper, modern practices."
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||
1rp7p7 | are oligopolys operating in the us today? | If monopolies and Oligopolys are "illegal" by today's standards in order to prevent a small group of people to control a market...
Why is it that we only have a handful of major cellphone service providers and a handful of cable companies who's prices are suspiciously similar?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rp7p7/eli5_are_oligopolys_operating_in_the_us_today/ | {
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"Monopolies are not illegal. Using your monopoly to engage in various anti competitive practices is. (Price fixing, dumping, bundling, preferential pricing, etc. etc. The list goes on).\n\nOligopolies are not illegal. Charging the same price as your competition is not illegal. Collusion and price fixing is. ",
"What /u/burrowowl is correct, and because these monopolies / oligopolies are quite legally cleaver and have the ear of many in government (since they are so freaking huge) that they end up getting away with many of what are fundamentally illegal activities.\n\nJust like there is murder, manslaughter, and whoopsie daisies, there are many ways to interpret a law and many ways to enforce them.\n\nHere is where the government has a fundamental role in making sure these anti-competitive behaviors are not tolerated, but they are a mix of ignorant, unwilling and indisposed.\n\nThe result is the current clusterfuck of a situation with media (and other) companies in the US (and in other countries).\n\nThere are so many examples of abuses going on nearly every day, but the government seems to really not care much at all.\n\nJust this week it comes out that Bell Mobility (Canadian telecom company) is marking up the price of competing online content by 800% ([explanation](_URL_0_)).\n\nVerizon, Comcast, AT & T and others have been throttling connections to media hubs like Youtube and Netflix for years. Verizon wants to make people and the companies running these sites pay more to access these media sites as well.\n\nThe conflict of interest in this all is just baffling that nothing is being really done.\n\nTL;DR: The law is vague and many of the people doing the interpretation are incompetent or paid off. Constants abuse of power / anti-competitive behaviors are going on in the media industry every day, but the govt doesn't really care, why: see reason 1."
]
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3m7e77 | if someone goes to bed thinking they have something to do when they wake, why do they tend to not remember? | About to go to bed, I need to get stuff done when I wake up. Often I'll wake up and then completely forget these goals, why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3m7e77/eli5_if_someone_goes_to_bed_thinking_they_have/ | {
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"You should respect your memory for what it is, temporary storage. Even long term memories can become distorted. This is why eyewitness testimony ranks very low in terms of court evidence.\n\nI treat my memory like files on my computer: if it is important, back it up. That is to say write it down, or type it up."
]
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a93wtb | why do countries want to avoid having a weak currency? how do they work on getting a stronger currency? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a93wtb/eli5_why_do_countries_want_to_avoid_having_a_weak/ | {
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"They don’t, and shouldn’t worry about the relative values of currency. It doesn’t matter if my 100 blink-credits is worth 1USD or 1000USD, since I can split/unsplit it to any amount I wish (eg 1 blinko is now 20 blinka).\n\nThe only thing that matters is the direction where currencies move. If my currency is getting weaker, it might be good if I export stuff (eg china). If I import a lot of stuff, the currency getting stronger might be better (eg Singapore).\n\nGovernments can choose 2 out of these 3: control interest rates, control currency exchange rates, and control capital flows. Generally a large domestic economy will want to control interest rates more (the USA), a country with small domestic economy and large export/imports sector will want to control exchange rates, and very few countries choose to restrict capital flows (eg china).\n\n\nA country that wants to have a higher valued currency can purchase its currency on the open market with foreign reserves. For example, if I bought lots of Japanese Yen with USD, the supply of Yen would decrease, and the demand for it increases. Market forces will push the value of Yen upwards. The exact opposite for wanting a lower currency, start buying up foreign currency with your currency.",
"A weak currency means that nobody in another country wants it in exchange for goods. That means that things you need to import cost proportionately more and that has a knock-on effect in your economy as a whole.\n\nOne way to improve the situation is to raise domestic interest rates. Foreigners need to acquire your currency in order to take advantage of that by putting deposits in your banks. Of course that may have other effects. Borrowing to finance industrial expansion at home is more expensive. It may take money out of circulation as savers deposit it instead of spending, that cools inflation but also reduced markets for goods.\n\nIt's a very fine balance.",
"When a country’s currency weakens it is because of overprinting or because of a weakened economy. Let’s say another country will sell you a gallon of oil for 1 of your dollars. And now you start overprinting your own currency. The other country will see this and now it will sell you a gallon for 10 dollars because your dollar is less desirable. If you continue printing your currency, now they will sell you a gallon for $100. Even worse is if the other country loses confidence in your currency altogether. Let’s say they know that you plan on continuing to print your currency. They know it will become worth even less soon. So now they’ll only sell you a gallon for $100,000.\n\nThis may sound far fetched, but it has actually happened to many countries. Whenever a country overprints their currency they risk their currency’s value going to zero. It can get so bad that other countries won’t even sell them anything anymore. Where they literally cannot import essential things such as oil and food and their entire economy, government and country collapses. It’s truly a tragedy that has happened many times in history. It just happened to Venezuela this year.\n\nThe overprinting and weakening of a country’s currency can cause the entire country to self-implode. Their currency can become so worthless that you wouldn’t want to sell a toothbrush for a billion dollar bill. When this happens to a country, they have almost no choice but to establish a new currency, tie it to a gold standard and then regain the trust of other nations that they won’t overprint again. The problem is, usually this overprinting happens when their economy is in peril and so even a new currency isn’t backed by enough stability to be trusted. And having your currency tied to a gold standard causes the government to lose a lot of power as they are then unable to print money when they desperately need to stimulate their economy or pay their debts."
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pz7kj | buttermilk. what is it? how to do/get it? | I'm going to bake cheescake-panncakes for my man. Never heard of buttermilk in Sweden before (American recipe) so..... what to do? didn't really get what google told me. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/pz7kj/eli5_buttermilk_what_is_it_how_to_doget_it/ | {
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"[I have never done this before](_URL_0_), but it seems to have good reviews. Short of actually *making* buttermilk, if you can't buy it in the store this might be your best bet. Just so you know, buttermilk tastes nothing like butter so if that is what was confusing you, there is that. Out of curiosity do they have \"American Food\" stores in Sweden?",
"I am not sure what exactly buttermilk is but I do know that 1 cup of milk and 1 Tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice is a great buttermilk substitute. I use this substitute all of the time. ",
"[Buttermilk is on Wikipedia!](_URL_0_)\n\nYou can make buttermilk by churning butter yourself! Here's how: Pour heavy cream in a jar or other sealable container, then shake it for a long time until the fat & solids congeal into butter. As I recall, it takes an hour or two of vigorous shaking. The leftover liquid is buttermilk. I did this once when I was little. It was fun!",
"I did a quick Google search for 'buttermilk sweden' and learned of this product, also on Wikipedia: [Filmjölk](_URL_0_)\n\nApparently this is widely available in Sweden, but I've never heard of it. Sounds like it would be a good substitute for American-style buttermilk. Ring any bells?"
]
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[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmjölk"
]
] |
|
3326eb | how is "a strong smell of marijuana" a valid excuse to search a vehicle? | It's impossible to prove. It can easily be lied about. I just don't get it. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3326eb/eli5_how_is_a_strong_smell_of_marijuana_a_valid/ | {
"a_id": [
"cqgsquv",
"cqgswwi",
"cqgv79s",
"cqgyv0n"
],
"score": [
14,
17,
3,
5
],
"text": [
"Smell is just as valid a sense as sight. If they see something illegal in your backseat, that's just as valid a reason for probable cause as smelling marijuana.",
"It's a valid excuse to search a vehicle because, often, there are no legitimate reasons for there ever to be a strong smell of marijuana.",
"First, the cop has to have a reason to pull you over. Once the officer pulls you over for say a traffic infraction, he may search your vehicle only if there is probable cause to believe that you have drugs and/or contraband in the vehicle. The smell of burnt marijuana is usually enough to give the officer probable cause to search your car. That being said, even If the officer had probable cause to search your vehicle, any evidence seized (for example a bag of MJ, pipe, etc) could be suppressed if there was no underlying basis for the stop.\n\nBottom line, if the cop has a legit reason to stop you, your shit better not smell like MJ, otherwise you and your car are likely to be searched. \n\n",
"Same reason when you smell burning plastic you assume plastic is burning. 9 times out of 10 it's burning plastic not fucked up incense."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
bctw2e | how does stubhub make sure that the seller doesn’t just keep their original ticket and still use it, especially for mobile tickets? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bctw2e/eli5_how_does_stubhub_make_sure_that_the_seller/ | {
"a_id": [
"ektebpg"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The code associated with the ticket refreshes every couple of minutes. Even if they took a screenshot of the ticket’s qr code, it wouldn’t be valid three minutes later."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
2qmibe | how does higher oxygen content in the atmosphere lead to bigger insects | Saw an [article](_URL_0_) on giant dragonflies and it got me curious.
Does that mean humans would be bigger if there was more oxygen? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qmibe/eli5_how_does_higher_oxygen_content_in_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cn7i7s0"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Insects respirate through a series of tubes that are connected to the air. They don't breathe the way we do, and their blood doesn't carry oxygen to cells (mostly, there are some midges, for instance, that have hemoglobin). They have a bunch of holes (spiracles) in their exoskeleton that they can open and close. These holes are attached to tubes (trachea) which allows air to flow directly to cells. It isn't a very efficient system, because they are limited by the physics of air diffusion. But it works fairly well for small bodies. When the air has a higher oxygen content, it can penetrate deeper into the body, allowing the insects to grow larger."
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.cracked.com/article_18445_7-thankfully-extinct-giant-versions-modern-animals.html/?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=fanpage&utm_campaign=new+article&wa_ibsrc=fanpage"
] | [
[]
] |
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