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fqmldi | what happens when a diabetic stops taking insulin? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fqmldi/eli5_what_happens_when_a_diabetic_stops_taking/ | {
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"Diabetic keto acidosis for one. It is no fun and will land you in ICU in short order. Happened to me back in Feb. If not addressed when in DKA death is possible.",
"Important to know that every diabetic reacts different. I've had type 1 diabetes since I was very young and have zero insulin production in my body. When I fucked up my blood-sugar during a period of illness, taking too little insulin and eventually getting hospitalized it went down as follows:\n\nIt felt like a mild nausea and discomfort at first. This lasted for a couple of days until I eventually started puking, violently. I got unlucky as my throwing up was so severe that i ruptured my esophagus and started puking blood on the train back home. Roughly 2-3 times per hour and lasted for a good 6+ hours, puking blood and clear fluids. I was driven to my doctor which identified it as a lack of treating my diabetes and quickly called an ambulance rushing me to the hospital. At this point my puking had stopped, I was experiencing some chest pain when breathing, and was feeling incredibly unwell.Upon arriving at the hospital an array of doctors was brought in to see (what I assume was a rare case in my town of fucking something like your blood-sugar up this bad) and learn about my state. At this point I had taken some small doses of insulin to try and alleviate the situation but the chest pain when breathing continued. As I was laying in the bed it was incredibly tempting to calm my breathing and close my eyes. Closing my eyes and breathing lightly made the pain in my chest go away. However as you can imagine my doctor was urging me to stay awake as the reality of the situation was that my kidneys were shutting down and if I was to fall asleep I would have likely ended up in a coma. I didn't realize at the time but the doctors keeping me awake very much saved my life. I peed dark brown for a couple of days and while the pain quickly went away I was stuck in the hospital bed for a week feeling like utter shit.\n\nKeep in mind I was blissfully unaware that I was fucking myself up this bad as it was going on. I thought I was coming down with influenza or some weird bug as I was out traveling (hence puking on the train back home) as it went down. Knowing I should not be taking excessive amounts of insulin when feeling nausea and flu symptoms further exacerbated the situation. When my blood-sugar was measured in the ambulance and at the hospital it was registering as too high for the measuring systems to capture. Sleeping spikes the blood-sugar quite high without taking insulin so in a situation were a diabetic has no insulin I would imagine during sleep or shortly after is where your blood gets poisoned to the point where you body can't keep up. \n\n\nLittle traumatizing/complex for a 5yearold I just realized but yeah that's what goes down anyway."
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2r575k | when you call a telemarketer back how is their number already disconnected? | I've wondered this for a while. I've tried to call a few back to remind them I'm on the do not call list and I never get through. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2r575k/eli5_when_you_call_a_telemarketer_back_how_is/ | {
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" They 'spoofed' the number that shows up on your caller ID, so the status of the number didn't actually change in the minute between the call and your attempt to call them back. They just made it appear that the call was from a number that happened to be disconnected. Often, you'll call back and it will be some poor guy in DeMoines, Iowa, who just happens to own the number a scammer spoofed.\n\n_URL_0_"
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8ej1by | why does poaching an egg (in a silicone pouch) take longer than boiling an egg in its shell? | Unless I’m somehow doing this wrong - I bought a silicone egg poacher yesterday and I’ve been stood here for a good 8 minutes so far and it’s still not done. Compared to a boiled egg, which only takes 3 minutes, why is this taking so long? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ej1by/eli5_why_does_poaching_an_egg_in_a_silicone_pouch/ | {
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"Silicone are isolating the egg from the boiling water. So you first have to heat the silicone and then the egg. This takes normal then if you just have to heat the egg shell before the egg. Most people poach eggs in just water without the silicon shell but this does not work as well with older eggs. My favorite way to make poached egg is in a glass with just a tiny bit of water and then heat it in the microwave. This way it is done in less then a minute.",
"Silicone is a very good heat insulator. That is good if you want to poach the eggs slowly and get a soft, oozy texture but it also slows down the cooking to a snail’s pace.\n\nWhen hardboiling an egg, you just want to blast as much heat into it as possible, which is the exact opposite of poaching."
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5il59o | brexit and what's so bad about it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5il59o/eli5_brexit_and_whats_so_bad_about_it/ | {
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"Without getting into the \"it's good\" or \"it's bad\" politics of it:\n\nBritain has been a part of the European Union for a long time. The European Union is an extensive agreement between all its member nations allowing for greatly increased and deregulated international travel, immigration and trade. Their economies are heavily intertwined - kind of like a couple that has been married a long time and have a lot of joint purchases and accounts together.\n\nBrexit is Britain's recent decision, made by the majority of voters, to leave the European Union. They now have a few years to sever most of their attachments to the rest of the European Union, like a messy divorce. ",
"The UK joined a international political and economic community now known as the EU (then called the EEC) in 1973 after several years of attempting to, this time through a popular vote.\n\nOver time, the EU/EEC expanded its role. The particular issue that was decisive for Brexit was the free movement of people. The EU decided that the free movement of capital and trade was important, but not workable unless labour was equally fluid.\n\nHowever, some feel that the free movement of people and trade has negatively effected the UK, for whatever reason (I won't go into it here), with arguments stemming from both the right and left, but mostly the right.\n\nEU membership has been a contentious issue since the mid 2000s, and simply wouldn't go away. None of the main parties would address the issue of membership, as for them it was a strategically and economically vital aspect of the UK's foreign relations.\n\nFast forward to 2014/15. The Conservative party, facing the very real prospect of defeat in the general election (the election that decides who the Prime Minister is) promised to hold a referendum on EU membership in a bid to shore up votes. This paid off short term as the Conservatives won the election, but when the referendum was held, the government, who were pro-EU were defeated by the forces of their own and other parties.\n\nThats essentially what it is.\n\nMoving on to your second question \"What's so bad about it\"...\n\nBasically, the UK has decided to move from a position of stability to instability, which is very bad for markets, at least in the short term. We've already seen the currency plummet against other currencies, prices rise and big employers start to look at relocating out of the country to somewhere more stable. This is either a short sharp shock before recovery, or a taste of things to come, depending on who you ask.\n\nThe main issue however, is that basically no one knows what happens next. No one has left the EU before. Its not even clear at this point if it's even physically possible. The government has faced a huge amount of criticism for its handling of the situation, and many of its decisions on how it will leave the EU are being challenged in the UK's Supreme Court.\n\nA separate reason why Brexit might be 'bad' is that is has opened up a new political divide between 'Brexiteers' and 'Remainers'. The referendum result was very close - 48% to 52%, with big differences between how young people voted compared to old, and how cities voted compared the the country side. This new political divide has only been getting deeper, and some people believe it has poisoned or is poisoning public debate over important issues. There has yet to be a big political change. The two biggest parties are still Labour and the Conservatives, but many think this is likely to change.\n\nI've tried to be neutral here, but let me know if my own feelings have strayed into the wording so I can correct.\n\n",
"People are starting to want their countries to stick to themselves instead of being in international alliances/organizations. Nationalism is starting to come back for the first time since the globalist fad of post-WWII. This probably means more wars on the horizon, but oh well.",
"Imagine a company in Britain that sells to British, French, and Germany customers. While in the EU, it was more cost efficient for the company to host all of its operations in Britain. However, without the EU, if suddenly there are tariffs placed on trade, then its makes the company less competitive in both Germany and France. The company may now calculate that it would be able to make more money if it moved its factory to France so it can be more competitive and make more money in the larger Germany/France market than British market alone. Now, Britain has just lost the value that the company had pre-Brexit."
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v7mhi | time signatures, and counting beats for drums | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/v7mhi/eli5_time_signatures_and_counting_beats_for_drums/ | {
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"Usually it's just counting. The top number in a time signature is what drummers count to. \n\nFor a common song it would be:\n\n1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 Just like you tap your foot to music.\n\nBut sometimes there are little things that happen between the numbers. And so a drummer might think:\n\n1-and-2-and-3-and-4-and-1-and-2-and-3-and-4-and.\n\nOr there could be so much going on that the drummer thinks:\n\n1-E-and-a-2-E-and-a-3-E-and-a-4-E-and-a\n\nBut what happens if you're playing a 3-beat song like a waltz? Well, it's the same:\n\n1-2-3-1-2-3 Just like you'd tap your foot.\n\nMost time signatures can be broken down into 2s or 3s. If a song was in 12/8, it's easier just to count to 3 or 4 than to count all the way to 12.\n\nSo most songs work like this. And if you listen, I bet you can count it out. \n\nBut some songs don't. A common song that doesn't work this way is Pink Floyd's money, which has 7 beats during the verses. You can't break 7 down into twos or threes. So you have to count all the way to 7.\n\n1-2-3-4-5-6-7-1-2-3-4-5-6-7\n\nIn this song, the drummer hits the snare drum on the even numbers, so there is a long \"skip\" where the numbers reset. \n\nSince seven's a long word to say, we say \"sev\" instead when counting to keep an even beat.\n\n\n\n\n",
"When you look at a time signature you'll see two numbers, one on top of the other. In every song you hear, there is a main beat that you can tap you foot, clap your hands, or snap your fingers to. A simple example would be [this song](_URL_5_). You can easily count **1**..2..3..4, along with the song (1 is bold because that is the main beat, you can hear it with the bass drum).\n\nUsing this example (and a brief music theory lesson), lets figure out the time signature!\n\nThe *1..2..3..4* that we counted make up a *measure* within the song. **The top number in a time signature shows the amount of notes in the measure and the bottom number shows what kind of note gets the beat.** The different (basic) notes that we use to write music include [whole notes](_URL_9_),[half notes](_URL_0_),[quarter notes](_URL_8_),[eighth notes](_URL_6_), and [sixteenth notes.](_URL_1_) A whole note lasts for 4 beats, or a whole measure (1.........) a half note has 2 beats (1....2....) a quarter note lasts 1 beat(1..2..3..4..), an eighth note lasts half a beat *(we say \"and\" to count eighth notes. it would sound like \"**1**^and 2^and 3^and 4^and\")* and a sixteenth note last for a quarter of a beat *(we count sixteenth notes by saying \"ee and ah.\" This one can get kinda tough. It sounds like \"1^eeandah 2^eeandah 3^eeandah 4^eeandah\")* **Sorry if this is confusing, bear with me.**\n\n\nIn our example, the measures holds 4 quarter notes. Because there are 4 notes in the measure, and the quarter notes get the beat, the time signature is 4/4. This is the most common time signature in most western music. \n\nIn a song with a time signature of 3/4, we could count **1**..2..3 because there are only three notes in a measure, but the quarter note still gets the beat. [Here, try counting it with this one.](_URL_2_) You might have to wait for the song to actually start up to be able to count the beat.\n\n2/4 time is very similar to 4/4 time and can often be mistaken. 2/4 time only has 2 notes in a measure, but they're still both quarter notes. This time signature has a very strict 1..2, kind of up-down feel to it. [This](_URL_4_) is the best example I could find for now. (actually I just looked it up on wikipedia, and they say the song is in 4/4, so don't listen to me! They can be very close.) Generally 2/4 can be identified by the speed (or tempo) of the song.\n\n\nMore complex time signatures will have different numbers on the bottom of the signature. If you see an 8 at the bottom of a time signature, that means that the eighth note gets the beat. This would be like what we counted above \"**1**^and 2^and 3^and 4^and\".\n\nOther songs use really odd signatures like [9/8.](_URL_7_) (it counts 1.2.1.2.1.2.3) And still [other songs](_URL_3_) change time signature through-out the song.\n\ndawg, its 3:00 am. Sorry if any of this doesnt make sense or is completely wrong. Someone please tell me if I got something completely off.",
"I think what other people have said is accurate but I would leave out the uncommon time signatures for ELI5, that is a lot more advanced and not for the beginner musician. As far as time signatures and counting beats for drums, you just need to know what a beat is and how we break that down into the things you do between the beats. \n\nImagine you're a caveman and you have a single drum and you just hit it, boom boom boom boom etc. but keep it constant. You do that about 120 times per minute or so, we call that a \"tempo\" and that's \"beats per minute\" or bpm. 120 bpm is fairly standard in western music (hereafter called \"music\"). We have things called metronomes that do the work of this caveman.\n\nSo that's pretty boring musically so we want to add some rhythm to it which is just basically emphasis on certain beats. Let's start simple and emphasize every other beat. But not the first one, let's do every even numbered beat. We'll also number them. Also these numbers only go to 4 and then we go back to 1, because the things we do afterwards all repeat so why keep counting when 5 is exactly the same as 1? So we have 1 **2** 3 **4** 1 **2** 3 **4** etc. Each group of four is a whole unit, or a \"measure\". It is the overall basis for our song. Whatever we do is all done in these 4 beats, we can do different things on each measure but it all works out to these measures. Since there are 4 notes in a measure, we call them quarter notes (four quarters in a dollar, four notes in a measure). A whole note would be one long note that takes four beats before it ends. A half note is two quarter notes, or two half notes per measure. The metronome never stops playing these beats but whoever is playing the other instruments might make a long note that takes four beats to play out.\n\nOur \"time signature\" is 4/4 which means 4 quarter notes per measure. 3/4 is 3 quarter notes per measure. Almost all music you play will be 4/4, any other time signatures are for people who already know this stuff in depth and can count alternate time signatures. Or a lesson for another day. What you need to know is how to subdivide these quarter notes to play interesting music. \n\nJust hitting a snare at 1 **2** 3 **4** 1 **2** 3 **4** is pretty boring. Let's hit the high hat and bass drum on 1 and 3, and the snare on 2 and 4. \n\nNow let's make some eighth notes, which with the same metronome playing at 120 quarter notes (beats) per minute, you're playing 8 notes. That would look more like 1 and **2** and 3 and **4** and 1 and **2** and 3 and **4** (counted exactly the same as before, at the same tempo, but twice as many notes). As a drummer you're not playing anything differently than before but we can hit the high hat twice as many times, or throw another drum in there (I'm not a drummer). Double bass might come in handy here, hit that 8 times per measure. But keep that snare on 2 and 4 at the exact same tempo as before, that never changes. Sixteenth notes are 16 notes per measure, or 4 every quarter note. Usually guitarists will play 16th notes and mostly during solos. Really fast guitarists can play 32nd notes or 64th notes, especially if the tempo is slow. Or death metal drummers playing double bass.\n\nYou can also do \"triplets\" which are 3 notes per quarter note, so for every measure you have \"123 123 123 123\", they're a little slower than 16th notes but provide a fun break from the monotony of always doing things in fours. Then there are \"swinging eighths\" which are eighth notes that pause every other note, I won't get into the notation here but think of the Stray Cat Strut, eighth notes that last a little longer but the next one is shorter, very jazzy and swing style.\n\nThe important thing to remember is that rhythm is constant and should not change. Pick a tempo and stick to it, all fills and extra notes should resolve back to the \"1\" beat. Count all music you listen to and figure out if the beat is on 1 and 3 or 2 and 4. Pay attention to the detail of the individual musicians and what beats they're playing their notes on. Listen to many genres of music and count them. You should start to notice that all music can be broken down into rhythms and keys. Generally speaking, rock is 4/4, accents on 2 and 4, pentatonic (blues) or minor keys, sometimes major. Metal is 4/4, accents on 1 and 3, minor or phrygian keys. Country is 4/4, accents on 2 and 4, major pentatonic keys. Classical is 4/4 or 3/4, accents on 1 and 3, major and minor keys. Blues is the same as rock. Jazz is all over the place but the more traditional classics are based on blues. Fusion and prog are unpredictable but fun to try and count. Flamenco has a bunch of different rhythms and keys that are clearly defined for each \"compas\" but I'm not going to get into that here."
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zow5o | john locke's views on how society should behave versus rousseau's. | Specifically I'm interested in how businesses behave but just a general explanation would do the trick.
I understand Life, Liberty, Property/Fraternity but I don't get how they are different in some areas. Say a corporation tries to make money, Locke says the government should protect the property, but wouldn't Rousseau say the same thing because of all of the people involved in a corporation? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zow5o/eli5_john_lockes_views_on_how_society_should/ | {
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"Can I skip ahead and try to guess what your homework is about?\n\nIs it something to do with corporate social responsibility, or business responsibility?\n\nAnyway, I will answer as such.\n\nTo Locke, private property is THE most important thing, so a corporation should only act in its shareholder's interests (shareholder primacy) due to the fact that they are the owners of private property, and any sort of arbitrary action to force them to donate to charity (adverse to the owner's interests) would be some sort degradation of that right.\n\nTo Rousseau, I think he would view it differently. He has a social contract view on things, which means, no matter what you deal with or own privately, just by being part of society (itself a benefit and a curse, a right and a responsiblity) you owe certain things to that society. Now this means that for a corporation, it has a duty to make decisions in the interests of the community. Locke would say that it could act in the interests of society insofar it would provide maximum benefit to shareholders.\n\nIt's been a long time since I studied this shit."
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noe9j | - how to use the spotpass and streetpass on the nintendo 3ds. | Self explanatory, I guess. What's the optimal way to use them? Also, how does the music player playlist street pass work? For those who got swapnote, what is the difference between using spot and streetpass to send notes?
I feel like an asshole that I can't figure out what the point here is | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/noe9j/eli5_how_to_use_the_spotpass_and_streetpass_on/ | {
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"StreetPass is activated when moving in the vicinity of another 3DS. The two 3DS's exchange information which can be used within StreetPass Mii Plaza, or specific software titles like Super Mario 3D Land. I don't understand the StreetPass functionality of the Music Player. SpotPass is similar to WiiConnect24 on the Wii. If your 3DS is connected to the internet, it will pull in possible notifications, Swapnotes, etc while your 3DS is in sleep mode (closed). You can also set up the eShop to download content through SpotPass while your 3DS is in sleep mode. While downloading, you have an option to \"Download Later,\" which will enable this. As for Swapnote, sending via SpotPass to a friend sends it immediately to your friend's 3DS, where they will receive a notification about it via SpotPass on their 3DS. If you enable a note to share via StreetPass, people you tag in StreetPass will be sent that note in Swapnote and will be able to view it only when tagged.\n\nI'm sorry if I'm not doing this right.\nEDIT - spelling errors",
"StreetPass is activated when moving in the vicinity of another 3DS. The two 3DS's exchange information which can be used within StreetPass Mii Plaza, or specific software titles like Super Mario 3D Land. I don't understand the StreetPass functionality of the Music Player. SpotPass is similar to WiiConnect24 on the Wii. If your 3DS is connected to the internet, it will pull in possible notifications, Swapnotes, etc while your 3DS is in sleep mode (closed). You can also set up the eShop to download content through SpotPass while your 3DS is in sleep mode. While downloading, you have an option to \"Download Later,\" which will enable this. As for Swapnote, sending via SpotPass to a friend sends it immediately to your friend's 3DS, where they will receive a notification about it via SpotPass on their 3DS. If you enable a note to share via StreetPass, people you tag in StreetPass will be sent that note in Swapnote and will be able to view it only when tagged.\n\nI'm sorry if I'm not doing this right.\nEDIT - spelling errors"
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5nk2bk | if there have already been 2 unsuccessful nfl teams in l.a. why do dean spanos and stan kroenke think that it will work now? | Los Angeles has had the Rams and the Raiders before and both left. Now they are about to have the Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers. How could two owners think that a city that historically could not support one NFL team can now somehow support 2 of them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nk2bk/eli5if_there_have_already_been_2_unsuccessful_nfl/ | {
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"The team leaving the city doesn't mean they weren't successful, it just meant another city made them a better deal. \n\nIn fact, teams are MORE likely to leave if they are successful because other cities are more likely to court successful teams. ",
"In modern professional sports in the US, franchises move primarily over stadium funding issues, and not over support. Their primary revenue driver is media deals anyway, ticket sales are really about the optics for the television viewer, and not about the small revenue stream they bring in. LA is the second biggest media market in the US after NYC, given that the NFL splits their TV deals into AFC and NFC packages that are currently owned by CBS and FOX respectively, having an LA team in each conference allows them to sell two Seperate TV packages with the LA market included. Once Kroenke was willing to finance his stadium on his own, the last roadblock was removed, and now LA has two franchises.",
"It is a fair question.\n\nLA is the second biggest city and media market in the US, and its cultural influence is behind perhaps only NYC. By the numbers, it *should* be able to support two football teams.\n\nHowever, unlike other big cities, it is highly decentralized. It is less a city with suburbs, and more a bunch of cities smashed together. People in the Greater Chicago area still tend to think of themselves as living in Chicago. People in Greater LA think of themselves as living in Burbank or Thousand Oaks or San Bernadino.\n\nThat makes it harder for LA to support a team. People in those cities don't have a strong sense of being from Los Angeles and aren't terribly excited at the prospect of paying taxes for a stadium. Especially when it is a 2-3 hour drive from San Bernadino to see a game."
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36oc6l | what happens to a graveyard when it runs out of space? | I mean graveyards are businesses right? How do they continue to make money? Do they go broke? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/36oc6l/eli5_what_happens_to_a_graveyard_when_it_runs_out/ | {
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"The way they do it around here, you don't actually buy a grave, you rent it for a certain number of years. When those years are up, you can either extend and you keep the grave, or if you don't, the grave gets cleared out and the grave goes to a new person/family. ",
"The short answer in the US is that for every grave sold, the cemetery is required to put money into a trust that will maintain the cemetery in perpetuity. There are state mandated monitoring processes. \n\nDoes it always happen? Of course not. I appraised one that was run by a family and the books were really messed up (while I was there, there was an irate family trying to find their father's grave with no records from the cemetery). They did not keep the trust fund. That particular instance there was plenty of room left, and the buyer of the property had to fully fund what the trust should have held at that point (and paid less for the property due to that). "
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21rqjn | why ships don't use left, right, front, and back. | I assume it's so sailors can insult the Lilly livers land lovers. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21rqjn/eli5_why_ships_dont_use_left_right_front_and_back/ | {
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"It's because those directions change on which way you are facing. But port always means the ship's left side.",
"Originally, ships had a \"larboard\" and a \"starboard\". The \"starboard\" meant literally the side where the steering paddle was located -- compare German \"Steuerbord\", where \"Steuer\" means \"steering\".\n\nThis is because early Germanic ships had the steering paddle on that side. The other side was the side used for loading and unloading, and was originally called \"larboard\" -- \"loading side\". That would get confused with \"starboard\", though, so it was later replaced with \"port\", meaning the side of the ship facing port when docked.\n\nSo that's port and starboard for you: the loading side and the steering side.\n\n\"Bow\" is an old word that originally meant an animal's shoulders, so where the sides of the ship curved at the front was considered to be the ship's \"shoulders\". It's not clear where \"stern\" comes from, but it may be again related to steering, since the steering rudder was not only on the right side of the ship, but also at the back. But that's conjecture -- nobody seems to know for sure.\n\nWhy don't they use the normal English words? Well... why should they? It may be that some sailors centuries ago literally didn't know their left from their right, but they knew damn well which side of the ship was the loading side.",
"I'm a marine engineer so can safely answer this question. Starboard and Port, are used for \"fixed\" sides of ships. \n\nIn an engine room, without technical jargon, depending on size of ships you can have numerous machinery. Generator, reverse osmosis plants, levels to read, etc...\n\nIt's easier to say Port generator room, as no matter where your stood it's always port. However of you said left and you was inside the engine room, no windows, no point of reference of which way the front of the ship was, and said left you'd be totally confused. And as an engineer it's a lot easier to navigate around a 5 deck engine room with port and starboard as reference when you wouldn't know which way you was facing unless you want to the bottom deck and found the end of the cam shaft. \n\nIt's pretty obvious if you spent a lot of times on ships. You've just got to think of how would you know where left and right was if you couldn't see outside the ship. ",
"vehicular convention for when time or clarity are off utmost importance. imagine if someone said: danger, left side! now does the person mean his left or my left? it's just another thing that can get confused, which is the last thing you need in a life and death situation. I liken it to \"driver side\" and \"passenger side\" - eliminate confusion and doubt.",
"because it creates a useful distinction as to what the speaker is referring to. \nit's not unlike stage left/stage right. If im talking to you and I mention left, it probably means to the left of one of us.\n\nIf i say stage left or port, I'm clearly referring the left side of the stage or boat."
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crucqc | can you please help understand what ibuprofen and acetaminophen is best used for? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/crucqc/eli5_can_you_please_help_understand_what/ | {
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"While there is a lot of overlap in their effects, the primary function and purpose of acetaminophen are as a fever reducer and pain reliever; ibuprofen is more of an anti-inflammatory, focusing on reducing redness and swelling.",
"A useful tip is that taking one ibuprofen along with one acetaminophen is better then taking two of either of them.\n\nThis was discovered by doctors working with patients that had chronic pain. If there was a history of opioid abuse, the doctor could not prescribe the typical Vicodin, Percocet, Oxycodone, etc...\n\nHowever, Tylenol (Aceaminophen) can be hard on your liver if taken in large doses, and Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, etc) can be hard on your kidneys.\n\nA doctor tried mixing them to reduce the stress on the liver and kidneys, and it worked. However, the patient reported that they felt better than using just one or the other.\n\n\"In the study, Aminoshariae's team reviewed more than 460 published studies and found that a combination of 400 milligrams of ibuprofen (such as [Advil](_URL_1_) or [Motrin](_URL_0_)) and 1,000 milligrams of acetaminophen (Tylenol) was more effective than opioid medications (for example, Vicodin, Oxycontin) for adults\"\n\nEach of these drugs attacks pain from a different direction, so the combination of half-doses works better than a full dose on only one of them...",
"Acetaminophen/ paracetamol: used for pain, nausea and fever. Very effective drug and perfectly safe if taken in correct doses. However it's very easy to overdose (both over a long period of time or all at once)\n\nIbuprofen: anti-inflammatory. Better used for muscular aches and pains like sports injuries and sprains etc. Also generally safe but (small digression) it's not as safe as it's hyped up to be,(especially in people with kidney disease) many patients I have encountered have been taking it for just about anything and this can cause stomach ulcers and internal bleeding.\n\n\nUsed together (either as a full dose of both or a half dose of both) they are a very effective painkilling team! This is because they are each broken down by the body in a different way (acetaminophen in the liver, Ibuprofen in the kidneys) and act in different ways as said above"
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99tb99 | why do some militaries have separate air wings for their army, navy, and air force branches? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/99tb99/eli5_why_do_some_militaries_have_separate_air/ | {
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"Each wing of the military has its own boats and airplanes based around the types of operations they perform.\n\nExample it’s easier for the navy to have aircraft based on an aircraft carrier being navy , then have to call the airforce wing every time they need to use said aircraft .\n",
"They tend to be specialized pilots. \n\nArmy pilots tend to specialize in flying extremely large transport planes, or low altitude attack helicopters and troop deploying helicopters. Navy pilots have to know how to take off and land on an aircraft carrier. Air Force pilots operate bombers, long range fighters and the like. \n\nIf you combined them all into the Air Force you would still need all the specialized equipment and specialized training for these different roles so you have no savings in combining them. What you do get is extra red tape, and difficulty in deploying and giving orders to said units as the Navy now has to get permission from the Air Force to send a plane up off of their carriers, and the Army has to get clearance to deploy troops with a helicopter, etc. Getting and giving this permission slows things down and increases the paperwork which increases costs. ",
"The military branches don't work exclusively from eachother, they share training, instructors, equipment, manpower and leadership. The training costs don't increase because each branch still requires a certain number of people to fill positions and training settings can only handle so many people at a time. Whether an Aircraft Carrier belonged to the Navy or if the Air Force started having them it would still cost the same. You are missing the connection between the Military Branches, you will see Air Force instructors teaching soldiers at a Fort. Navy/Marine/Army Officers/Warrant Officers/Enlisted at major Air Force Bases handling their missions supported by the Air Force.",
"Strictly speaking for the U.S. military. I think the Army, Navy and the Marines have their own air wing units goes back to what you said. It is operationally more efficient to have their own air wing. Air Force was the party of the Army until the late 1940s. It would be easier for the army to use helicopter and air to ground transportation units for short distances from their bases. Air Force mainly provide long distance high power fire support for the Army. Marines are part of the Navy, hence they're carrying fighter jets in Carriers to mount assault from water to air or land. Cause there would be long response/travel time to fight from the main land. Also, Marines are piloting the fighter jets for the Navy. They are utilizing helicopters to quickly mount land assault. Most of the times choice comes down to air or water. So I think it is just quicker for the military branches to respond operations quicker if they have proprietary air wings socializing in quick deployments. Worse care scenario, they will just have all the branches get attached to each other for joint operation. As others have also pointed out, going through red tapes from different branches will slow deployment/ response time.",
"Think of it more about how each branch uses \"tools\" to accomplish their mission. \n\nThe Army is supposed to conquer land. They use helicopters and light transport planes (Sherpas) to accomplish this mission. \n\nThe Air Force is supposed to conquer the sky, obviously they use planes. But, they also have their own specialized ground forces to secure air fields. \n\nThe Navy conquers the sea. One of the tools they use is air power that is land or sea based. \n\nThe Marines are part of the Navy, hence part of their mission to own the sea. The Marines have a secondary mission to conquer beaches and ports, giving a place for the Navy to operate from. They use air craft to accomplish this mission. \n\nThe Coast Guard protects any border that touches water. Aircraft are part of the mission. \n"
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43fy9e | in what way would not adhering to international drug treaties in regards to marijuana legalization would negitively affect canada? | CBC Article for those that are curious to know more about the situation.
> Legalizing pot in Canada will run afoul of global treaties, Trudeau warned
_URL_0_
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43fy9e/eli5_in_what_way_would_not_adhering_to/ | {
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"Countries routinely opt out of their treaty obligations around the world when it doesn't suit them any longer or when times change. Add to that, one could make the very easy argument that the US has jurisdictions that have legalized which renders the treaties somewhat watered down, given they were the primary global driver for the war on drugs for so long.",
"I think the main concern revolves around trade. \n\nWhile your trade partners have the same legality towards classified substances, everyone can work together to a degree. If your country is getting an influx of illegal goods imported from a country, you can tip them off and get them working on fixing the issue. Canada legalizing a significant controlled substance leads to concerns of smuggling.\n\nCanada's also in a bit of a weird spot, our two competing governments have a noticeable policy gap between them. Having the liberals get into office and start backing out of treaties/agreements makes the international scene for us a little uncertain. Marijuana isn't the only thing the liberals are changing, our commitments to war efforts is getting changed around a fair bit too.",
"Doesn't context of what treaty being violated matter as well?\n\nThat is, let's say Canada decided that everyone in their borders could make, sell, and buy hand held nuclear weapons (extreme example I know, but I'm trying to show my point), wouldn't other nations be more likely to then impose trade sanctions, and possibly be less likely to broker deals during diplomacy, since the threat of a nuclear weapon is more serious than marijuana? \n\nEven despite the chest beating from the right, it appears that a lot of the modern world knows that the tides are changing in regards to pot, and it's really not worth their time making a huge fuss over something that may be completely legal or at least, decriminalized in their own borders pretty soon, or something that their constituents probably don't care about as much as say, handheld nukes.\n\nI could see some right-winger making some blanket statement about Canada being defiant to help pad their \"conservative street cred\", but in terms of actual action opposed to talk, isn't it simply not worth it anymore?"
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1mt7f5 | am i seeing the shadow of the moon or is my brain playing tricks on me? | Whenever I look at the moon whenever it's not full, I can see it's full outline. Is my brain doing that thing where it "autocompletes" a shape, or is the entire moon really visible? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mt7f5/eli5_am_i_seeing_the_shadow_of_the_moon_or_is_my/ | {
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"You actually can see the rest of the moon, in a dark sky, because of sunlight reflected off the Earth and reflected again off the moon."
]
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5c8g1r | why is porn not a realistic representation of sex | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5c8g1r/eli5_why_is_porn_not_a_realistic_representation/ | {
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"People don't want real, this is generally true with any other sort of film or TV.\n\nPeople want to experience fantasy that they themselves might never get to in real life. ",
"Imagine it like a burger ad from McDonalds.\n\nThese Burgers are made to be really good looking, and they specifically prepare them for advertisement to look as delicious as possible, with photoshop etc.\n\nBut everyone knows what a cheeseburger at McDonalds really looks like.\n\nSame with porn. Sex irl is sloppy, weird noises, sometimes awkard stuff happens. People don't want to see that in porn, that's why professional studios produce high quality \"fake\" sex videos.\n\nEdit: a word",
"Porn is to sex what Hollywood fight scenes are to a real fight. The actions they take are all for show at the expense of realism. Real sex is gonna involve stuff that might not look great from the outside looking in but is effective for the people doing it.",
"Sex is an activity experienced primarily by the participants with their sexual organs and touching their partners. Pornography is an activity primarily consumed by the eyes and ears. As pornography is not using the same sense the experience must be tailored to the visual spectacle which a camera can capture, meaning there are poses and moves which are less than practical in usual sexual encounters.\n\nThink about any movie scene where people fumble around in the dark; aren't they weirdly well-lit? Of course they are! If they weren't the audience wouldn't be able to see anything and there is only sound left to convey what is going on.",
"Porn is for the viewer not the actors, most of the positions they do aren't pleasurable to the actor / actress it is engineered for maximum visuals. The actress is tasked with selling the pleasure acting like it is so goddamned euphoric getting rammed in certain positions. I have a theory that this is a factor as to how porn dudes last so long, the positions aren't that stimulating. \n\nNow if you were to have sex you aren't acting for an audience, you are pleasuring your partner and yourself that is where the difference is. That is why it is never a good idea to emulate porn, unless it is your kink then by all means go for it, but if not it is better to communicate with your partner.",
"The McDonald's metaphor from u/radioactive_spinach is pretty good. To add some specifics to it:\n\n1) Shooting porn often means trying to get the best angle to actually see things happen, thus porn actors tend to have sex in uncomfortable and inconvenient positions that facilitate the best ability to see what's going on, rather than the most pleasure the actors can get out of it. Though some porn positions translate well into real life sex, many do not for this specific reason. \n\n2) Porn often lacks sufficient foreplay that both men and women often need in real life to get in the mood. Porn actors will prepare before hand to be wet enough and hard enough to do a shoot where there is little chance of foreplay and sensuality. \n\n3) Porn does not usually depict realistic diversity in body types for both men and women.\n\n4) Some more specific types of porn tend to depict acts that the general population prefer not to engage in, although some people certainly do enjoy some of those things. ",
"Porn doesn't account for the fact that your partner will have hair in weird places on their body, oddly shaped genitals, moles, fat... These things can be very distracting if you're accustomed to thinking of sex as an activity between professionally pretty people.",
"Sex IRL will (ideally) involve love. Love can do a lot of stuff that isn't necessarily visually stimulating to the average fapper. If you were watching a porn and the participants quietly whispered their love to each other then proceeded to have a quiet and generally tame shag, it wouldn't really sell. \n\nThe clips need to speak to the animal in the viewer, where meaningful sex speaks on a more emotional level. \n\nQuick meaningless sex is another story though, where the McDonald's metaphor makes a lot of sense. "
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13zn49 | el15 - i have some things i want to protect with truecrypt but i don't know how. | Hi,
I downloaded the program but I don't understand it at all :( I don't understand the readme, either. I'm slow, I know.
What I want is:
* I have a folder full of things I want password protected.
* I want to TrueCrypt the folder so it's protected.
* I want the TrueCrypt to bring up a false positive if I'm forced to divulge the password.
I'm too stupid to work this out, though. Sigh :(
No, I'm not hiding anything illegal. Just some... intimate things, you know :P | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13zn49/el15_i_have_some_things_i_want_to_protect_with/ | {
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1yo1e1 | why are there so many calories in olive oil? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yo1e1/eli5_why_are_there_so_many_calories_in_olive_oil/ | {
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"text": [
"It's pure fat from a calorie standpoint (food oil is basically fat that's liquid at room temperature). "
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3jz5mw | why do we feel so embarrassed when en erotic scene appears on a movie we are watching with our parents? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jz5mw/eli5_why_do_we_feel_so_embarrassed_when_en_erotic/ | {
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"usually in a movie the plot suspends your disbelief, you buy into the storyline and premise of the movie so when the people feel sad you do, when it's scary you're scared and when it's erotic you react as expected. what is different about it is that the eroticism is not something you see everyday in public so you don't absorb it like you would everything else in the movie and you are aware that you are watching a movie. This essentially makes you self aware that you are sharing a focus on sex with your parents, something that is unusual for most people.",
"It has something to do with our natural aversion to incest, which as you know is not good for us, genetically speaking.\n\nSo, erotic scenes arouse us. We don't want to be aroused around our parents, and vice-versa, because it's like you are being aroused by your parents in a way, since they're the only actual people around. Being embarrassed by erotic scenes when with your parents are around is part of your brain saying being aroused near your parents is bad, because incest.\n\nKind of a shitty explanation, but I think it explains it.\n\n\n\n\n"
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24ufrp | i live in england and native spiders are not dangerous, why is most the population still scared of spiders? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24ufrp/eli5_i_live_in_england_and_native_spiders_are_not/ | {
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"It's an instinctual response that used to be adaptive (seeing as the origin of man is presumed to be in Africa). People who have an instinctive fear of spiders would survive.",
"I genuinely believe that people mostly \"learn\" to be afraid of them. If a young child sees someone screaming and flapping about over a spider they will grow up with the same irrational response."
]
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aux4ic | why do (western) dragons breath fire? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aux4ic/eli5_why_do_western_dragons_breath_fire/ | {
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"One explanation is that some artist or book illuminator misinterprited a tongue as a flame and added more. Saw that in a documentary once.",
"One theory is that it has to do with wildfires and how they affect lives of the western people.\nIn Europe, forests played a huge role in people's lives - it was a source of food, heat and building material. There were hardly any forests that were \"wild\" and untouched by human hands - they were all cultivated and kept to humans needs. If a wild fire happens and destroyed all of it, it will cause incredible damage to the population. So it's not unlikely, that a mythological embodiment of humans biggest fears (and humans have evolved with a fear of snakes) will be merged in some ways with fire.\nInterestingly, it is probably a similar reason why Western dragons have 4 legs and, indeed, often look like big wolves or cats with dragon head, tail and wings: forests were homes to wolves, and they were a huge problem for people: by both killing the kettle and humans themselves that would wonder into the forests. There were many stories of huge hunts started to take down specific big wolves that were a major cause of distress to people. So dragons, very likely, took that trai for themselves (and the other way around as well. Some of those infamous wolves were sometimes depicted nearly dragon like, with dragon-like heads and serpentine tales). ",
"The best explanation I have heard is that the original \"dragons\", or rather large lizards of Africa, described in Western Culture were often depicted with their tongue out, and because it was forked, and very few artists saw these large lizards, they just based their work on previous work misinterpreting forked tongues as fire. \n\nThe Leviathan, if we're talking biblical style, most likely described a nile croc who can grow to massive sizes, certainly large enough to be worth of the word Leviathan. \n\n\nMost likely it's continued because fire is scary; someone either made it up or misinterpreted something else and it just snowballed. ",
"Radio lab did a podcast where they answer a lot of small questions people have sent in, called Big Little Questions. ([_URL_0_](_URL_0_)) At 15:15 minutes in they look at dragons, and I they said that Dragons may be an amalgamation of all the creatures we fear. But the descriptions and mythology kept evolving and changing, and when people went into battles and saw Greek fire coming out the front of ships, the fire got added to the legend. They hypothesised that the carved figureheads on the prow of the ship might have aided the connection of this fire to the existing myth of the dragon."
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ladn1 | what's going on with blackberry? | I've read some articles and I'm seeing people rage at BlackBerry about their phones. I too have a BlackBerry, but I'm not having a problem. I can call, text, surf the web, and all that jazz. So, what's going on with the phones that I'm not experiencing and understanding? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ladn1/whats_going_on_with_blackberry/ | {
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"I saw a bunch of Facebook statuses from tweens today about BBM not working. Probably that.",
"RIM had a software problem somewhere in Europe, causing all their data services to fail there.. This caused a ripple effect to North America as traffic got backed up and servers got overloaded. They fixed it, but a lot of systems got over flooded..",
"I saw a bunch of Facebook statuses from tweens today about BBM not working. Probably that.",
"RIM had a software problem somewhere in Europe, causing all their data services to fail there.. This caused a ripple effect to North America as traffic got backed up and servers got overloaded. They fixed it, but a lot of systems got over flooded.."
]
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1rvtrx | if hair grows continuously and regrows when plucked, why do we go deaf when the hairs that receive vibrations in our ears are damaged? | Why don't the hairs in our ears just regenerate when they are damaged, instead of ceasing to work? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rvtrx/eli5_if_hair_grows_continuously_and_regrows_when/ | {
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"text": [
"The things in your inner ear aren't hairs. They're cells that just happen to be called \"hair cells\" because they are shaped kind of like hairs."
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1lq90r | how do jet turbines work | Please be detailed as posdible on parts and stuff but please make it easy to ubderstand. Don't be afraid to make it a wall of text | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lq90r/how_do_jet_turbines_work/ | {
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"A jet engine is actually pretty simple in principle (and really complicated in reality).\n\nBasically, air enters in the front of the engine and goes through a set of spinning blades called the compressor. Then it enters the combustion chamber where fuel is added and ignited. This creates a high-pressure stream of air which passes through another set of blades called the turbine which turns the compressor up front to keep the engine running. After passing through the turbine, the stream of hot, high-pressure air exits the engine through a nozzle, which creates thrust (kind of like a rocket).\n\nWhat I described is a turbojet engine, which is what you see in most military fighter aircraft (and other places, but that's just a good example). There are also several other types, but they operate on the same principle.\n\nTurboprop: Instead of producing thrust from the exhaust gases like a rocket, the jet engine is used to turn a propeller.\n\nTurboshaft: Same thing, just used to turn a helicopter rotor.\n\nTurbofan: These are the big jet engines you see on commercial airliners. They work a little bit differently. Instead of bringing all the air through the compressor and combustion chamber like a turbojet, a turbofan only uses a small portion (I think it's typically about 15%) of the incoming air for that. The turbine then drives a big fan on the front of the engine, which accelerates the air entering the engine that doesn't go through the compressor/combustion chamber (the other ~85%). This big fan is what provides the thrust.\n\nSource: I'm a freshman engineering major planning on studying aerospace and mechanical engineering.\n\nAnybody else is welcome to correct me if I'm wrong anywhere or add something."
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1i4tnz | emulators and roms | I just got done playing Donkey Kong Country on my ZNES emulator, and as I was closing down, I just wondered, how does the Rom work with the Emulator software? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1i4tnz/eli5_emulators_and_roms/ | {
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"Well, the emulator software emulates the processors in the console (in your case, the SNES). The ROM is a copy of the binary data on a game cart/disc. When you load the ROM into the emulator program, the emulator runs the ROM as close as it can get to the original hardware by converting the code in the game to something your computer can understand. Problems arise because the CPU in your computer isn't exactly like the one in the SNES, so while your computer is much more powerful than the SNES, it doesn't run it exactly as it should because it has to convert all the code in the ROM into something your CPU can understand. Emulators run well by skimping on emulation, and some do some odd things for different games to make them run better. "
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2acky9 | when picking up a prescription at a pharmacy and you have to wait 20-30 minutes for it to ready, what are they doing during that time? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2acky9/eli5_when_picking_up_a_prescription_at_a_pharmacy/ | {
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"Filling previous prescriptions, hand counting the pills, insuring your prescription isn't a forgery.",
"Running through your insurance. One pharmacist gets the pills ready (whether the bottle is filled by a machine or not) and then the head pharmacist has to make sure that the prescription is filled correctly. There's a constant feed of new prescriptions coming in that need to be filled so sometimes it takes time for the head pharmacist to check your script.\n\nNot a very fancy explanation, but I think it gets the point across. ",
"Checking with your doctor that the prescription is valid. Checking the dosage instructions for sanity. Checking other medications you are taking for interactions that could hurt or kill you. Checking that your insurance will cover the medication. Counting the pills. Recounting the pills. Having a second tech triple-count the pills. Complying with state, federal, and company documentation rules. Passing it to the licensed pharmacist to sign off on everything. Then the packaging and such.\n\nThey aren't just slinging pills by your request back there.",
"Is this the way it works in your country? Here in Switzerland you just give the prescription in the pharmacy and receive the medicine, in most cases you get the medicine straight from the doctor when he finishes checking you up.",
"I'm so glad you all answered this - I always thought they took so long so you'd walk around the store and buy more stuff.",
"based on a few friends who are pharmacists a lot of it is calling/being on hold with insurance co's. \nI'm sure understaffing/overworked is another aspect of it. ",
"According to Jim Gaffigan, they have to throw the pill from one end of the room to the orange container at the other end",
"\nSome \"interesting\" replies here, allow me to clear a few things up having worked as a pharmacy tech for Walgreens, at least how it works for walgreens. \n1. The tech takes the prescription and types it into the computer, occasionally having to call the doctor for clarification. Then it is ran thru the insurance company. This is usually the biggest delay. While most shoot right thru, if it is denied, you have to call the company and sit on hold for 10 minutes, explain the situation, sit on hold for another 10 minutes for them to simply say \"try it again\" which it usually works this time.\n2. The pharmacist them reviews the script making sure the tech has entered it properly then once it's ok'd he prints off the pamphlet. \n3. Tech gets the big pill bottle ( if it's a control has to wait for the pharmacist to get out for them) counts the pills, double counts for controls, triple counts for specific customers, then slaps the label on.\n4. Pharmacist checks bottled prescription and is now ready for sale. \n\nMain things that take so long are\n1. Insurance, reasons stated above.\n2. Pharmacy being understaffed.\n3. People coming in saying they will wait right in the store, they need this medicine immediately, walk out right after they turn the prescription in and not return for 4+ hours later. \nThe last one I found very annoying because people who really were waiting and desperately needed it always turned in their script shortly after 20 pricks would pull the above trick."
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197p8q | what has happened in the war on terror as of now? why isn't it over yet? | Edit: inb4 downvoted | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/197p8q/eli5_what_has_happened_in_the_war_on_terror_as_of/ | {
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"We invaded several nations and killed or captured many people who were related to terrorist groups.\n\nIt isn't over because there isn't a good way of judging when we've \"won\".\n\nAlso, there are still terrorists who are still able to do terrorism, and it's hard to say we \"won\" the war when there are still people involved in it on the other side.",
"The \"war on terror\" is like the \"war on poverty,\" which started in 1964 and hasn't \"ended\" yet.\n\nIn both cases, \"war\" is a kind of linguistic shorthand for \"deliberate and concerted intention to prioritize efforts.\" It does not mean \"war\" in the literal sense.",
"You can't cure malaria by killing Mosquitos, and you are not going win the war on terror by killing terrorists. Unless you can do something with the reasons why people choose to pilot planes into buildings or strap on explosive and blow themselves up there will always be more terrorists."
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4dpapz | the differences between actual police/detective work vs. what is depicted on tv, like law & order, etc. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dpapz/eli5_the_differences_between_actual/ | {
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"Well, for starters if all detectives in a precinct focussed on one single case at a time, hardly anything would get solved. Usually detectives will have to work on multiple cases, and for all of them they will take tons of notes to ensure they didn't miss anything. So yeah, none of that \"just listening to the suspect in an interview\". Also trials will often take more than just a few days to get started, usually.\n\nI could go on, but I don't watch a lot of Law & Order, so here's the rub: writers of crime shows will try as hard as possible to be realistic... [unless they write an episode on computers, in which case they will proceed to suck so, so hard.](_URL_0_) In any case, they will try to be as accurate as possible, unless adding details about the plot would make it more interesting than accuracy will, in which case they'll give accuracy a bit of leeway. This is known as [artistic license](_URL_1_), and that link should take you to a TVTropes page that details what you would find in a show like Law and Order that doesn't happen in real life.",
"Everything takes a lot longer. On TV, they can get DNA and fingerprint results in a few hours. In reality it can take days. Getting a physical address from an IP requires a court order. ",
"Police officer here:\n\nThere's not a single scripted show on television that depicts police work accurately, from patrol to investigations.\n\nThe only \"real\" show that is accurate is *The First 48*. My department has been featured, so I can attest that it's accurate with very little \"fluff\".\n\nAs far as what the actual differences are: It's basically too many to name. They get a lot of legal aspects wrong and they don't portray how long and drawn-out cases and investigations are.\n\nOn TV you'll see them say \"the bad guy is here! Let's go get him!\" and the SWAT team is busting down the door with the detectives in tow.\n\nThey don't show the surviellance of the house, the application for the search warrant, the planning of the raid, etc. And the detectives probably won't even be on scene let alone in the stack.\n\nFeel free to take questions to r/ProtectAndServe and r/AskLE where verified law enforcement officers can answer these types of questions instead of random people."
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5pez5f | why do people hate each other in the us for being "right" or "left" or liberal and why is it always repub. or dem. and nowhere in between is allowed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pez5f/eli5_why_do_people_hate_each_other_in_the_us_for/ | {
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"It's not, those are just the two largest parties and have written the rules of political discourse as such that it would be unlikely for other parties to rise to that level of power.\nThere are dozens if not hundreds of political parties. Green and Libertarian both tried to push into the arena when the much of the public did not like their choices. ",
"People who actually flat out hate others for being on the opposite side of the political spectrum are pretty few and far in between. Mostly you just see the vocal few on TV. Generally they are morons and most people who judge you based on your politics may think a bit less of you but not nearly to the point of holding you in contempt.\n\nAlso it's always Repub vs Dem since those are the two big parties and those are the only two with a chance of winning anything or having any voice in politics. Other parties are allowed but they are too small to do anything so it's considered a wasted vote if you don't want one person to win and are trying to stop them."
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3y1p8x | how long do hard drive retain their data? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3y1p8x/eli5_how_long_do_hard_drive_retain_their_data/ | {
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"Without getting into the deeper topical mechanics (each of which have many webpages devoted to them by various authors), I can tell you that the magnetic impression left on those particles can and does last for an extraordinarily long time... like, DECADES. Like most things, it's not very precise so much as it is accurate, and measuring such things is in practice a lot more theoretical application than anything, but the hard data from sampling and field observation tends to support it.\n\nSo how long? Numerous factors determine, but the physical wear and tear on the device in even the best circumstances will almost certainly render the data corrupt/lost long before the magnetic signal starts to noticeably fade... again, if the motor, platter, and armature were to \"not age\" and remain indefinitely functional, the data once written would probably still be readable for a half-century or longer, although perhaps not if frequently read from over that same period without being re-written or copied.\n\nA good corollary is a VHS cassette which can last for 30-40 years (many do) unless they are played constantly -- they typically only last about 100-300 end-to-end cycles, which has everything to do with the durability of the vinyl tape wrapped on the reel. Pausing a VHS tape causes a lot of local stress in that area of the reel, which even in \"gentle\" players will quickly murder a tape. The one that really does in many cassettes (though easily repaired) is a sudden stop from rewinding with machines that don't slow when approaching the beginning (most but not all were equipped with various sensors to prevent this kind of damage). Anyway, I ramble a lot about arcane tech. :3\n\nHard disks are much different and are far too complex to describe in totality, but when shit happens it can get VERY BAD. Each thing is it's own topic... like the \"air bearings\" at the ends of the armatures, which is probably the next thing you would want to read up on since it drifts into many other related topics directly.",
"A bigger issue with hard drives, in my experience, can be the physical mechanics... I've had two old (on the shelf for > 5 years) hard drives simply fail to operate. From memory one didn't spin up properly, and the second wouldn't seek correctly.\n\nHard drives are designed to be in use - spinning. Left unused it's difficult to predict how they'll behave in the future.\n\nI also have a 4.3GB Quantum Bigfoot that I successfully mounted at least 15 years after it was last in service.\n\nEdit: Remembered a friend who stored a drive on a shelf evidently too close to a fairly large speaker. I don't think anything usable came of that drive - it hadn't be wiped, as an image he extracted showed clearly recognizable file headers and partition data, but none of it seemed to be complete enough for recovery. I never physically saw the drive but he related the story to me a while later.",
"A fairly long video about magnetic media, but it may be interesting.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nI've never heard of drives refreshing the data, and also never had a drive lose its data due to age (I have some of vintage equipment).\n\nHarddrives use a voice coil type system (like a speaker, as JP demonstrates rather nicely in the video) to move the heads very precisely and quickly over the platters, for a given current in the coil, the heads will move to a specific place on the disk, and adjusting the current slightly will move the heads ever so slightly.\n\nThe data on the platters are also written in concentric (but not a spiral) \"tracks\" with a non-magnetised space between them, so the heads can sense when they're correctly positioned above the desired track and make microadjustments to their position before reading/writing. Some older drives would occasionally do recalibration of the positioning of the heads with an audible \"bzzzzt\" which was really annoying :-)"
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5fe2cj | is there a reason why our brain defaults to the "um" sound while doing presentations? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5fe2cj/eli5_is_there_a_reason_why_our_brain_defaults_to/ | {
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"Phonologically both the \"u\" and \"m\" sounds are sort of where your mouth is when resting either open or closed respectively. These sounds are produced simply by vibrating your vocal folds without doing much else with the other parts of your mouth which makes it a good and simple placeholder sound.",
"Believe it or not (and /u/Maughlin might have a hard time believing it), it's an actual word -- and different languages have different words for exactly the same thing, although, to be fair, a lot of them are very close to \"um\" or \"uh\". German, for example, has \"äh\" (which is pronounced a bit like English \"air\" but without sounding the \"r\") or \"ähm\", while Polish has \"yyy\", which is kind of halfway between \"uh\" and \"ee\".\n\nThere are even differences in how \"um\" is pronounced in English. The sound Maughlin might be thinking of is a sound called a \"schwa\", which is a mid-centre vowel -- that means it's pronounced with the tongue in the middle of the mouth (and is quite a common \"neutral\" sound in many languages). But in, for example, Ireland, it's pronounced more like the \"ea\" in \"bear\"."
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fd9fag | how does one sometimes go from being extremely tired and drowsy to being instantly awake and refreshed by taking like a 5-10 minute nap? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fd9fag/eli5_how_does_one_sometimes_go_from_being/ | {
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"the most simple answer would be, you reboot yourself and your RAM has time to throw away everything that is disturbing it, but if you had these situations you know you will not be as \"refreshed\" as if you would take around a 90 minute nap ( 1 sleep cycle)",
"It's similar to restarting a program on your pc. It will give you a refresh, but if you want to be sure that everything will work as it should you need to restart your pc (one REM cycle = 90ish min sleep).",
"From what I understand, your brain produces a lot of metabolites when operating hard/a long time. Sleeping is the process where they can be cleaned out. There are channels in the brain that are like veins, which help take away waste products, and they only seem to operate properly when asleep.",
"I envy people that can effectively take naps. One or more of the following happen when I try:\n\n* It takes an hour to get to sleep\n* Sleep for 5 to 30 minutes and still feel tired\n* Sleep for 5 to 30 minutes and feel super groggy all the rest of the day\n* Accidentally sleep for 2 full hours, feeling fully refreshed. Then I can't sleep that night. At all."
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30g5e5 | einstein said “if you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't understand it yourself.” how would he explain special relativity? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30g5e5/eli5_einstein_said_if_you_cant_explain_it_to_a/ | {
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"Check out the [Simple Wiki article on Special Relativity](_URL_0_), it uses pretty laymen terms.",
"Time and space are linked together, like a house with two floors. Gravity can bend the floors of the house, and change what the house looks and feels like. That is why time changes in different gravity and space conditions, and so forth. It is all in that one house.",
"For what it's worth, the sentiment in that saying (attributed variously to just about every scientist ever) is that you should be able to explain a concept without using jargon or buzz words. \n\nNot every concept can be distilled down to the understanding of a literal 6 year old. \n\nWhich is the essence of this subreddit. \n\nNo 5 year old will understand special relativity - you'd have to first get them to understand the concepts of time, relative motion and light. But if you understand it well enough, you could explain it to a layperson without having to resort to jargon",
"Einstein used trains extensively but for modern kids cars are more appropriate. Here we go.\n\nOk so you know haw when you are in the car driving down the highway and you arn't speeding up or slowing down or turning if you don't look outside its kind of like the car isn't moving at all. Sure when you turn or change speed you get pushed into the seat or the seat belt but when cruising you could be parked. So when you look out of the window its a little like the world is moving not you.\n\nNow on the highway there are other cars on the road and they can be going in opposite directions so the cars going the same way as you can seem to move slowly while traffic in the other lane is very fast. And the thing that's cool is that feeling of standing still while the world goes by happens to everybody so if you compared what the different cars saw they would all disagree about how fast all the cars where going. \n\nBut here is the amazing thing if you can see how fast the lights from the headlights where going everyone in every car would agree on the same speed for everyone's headlights no matter how fast or what direction they were going. And the number they came up with would be the same number that anyone anywhere in the the world would come up with when they measured light speed.",
"Hold my rum, watch this.\n\nSo if I throw this ball, as hard as I can, It will leave my hand going fast, but if I throw this ball as hard as I can, while I'm riding in a car, it will go fast compared to me, but even faster overall, because the car is going fast. If the ball's speed didn't add like that, my car would outrun the ball and hit me in the face!\n\nIf you go SUPER fast though, like a million times faster than my car, that's what happens.\n\nEinstien had this theory that nothing can travel faster than light, because the heavier something is, the harder it is to throw it, and light weighs nothing. (Note: Don't go into particle duality. this confuses the child.)\n\nThis means there's a sort of speed limit on light, and no matter what it can only go so fast, or the laws of nature stop it. So whether I'm in my car, or... say... a space ship going really fast, or standing still, I can only throw the light so fast, and if I'm driving fast enough, I can start to catch up with it.\n\nDid you ever notice how when a fire truck drives by, it sounds different coming towards you than moving away from you? It's kind of the same thing. As it's coming towards you, you're catching the sound, which moves in little vibrations, faster, so it's higher pitch. \n\nBecause of this, if you were driving your car fast enough, you'd start to \"catch\" the light, and it actually changes colors because you're catching up to each \"piece\" faster than it shines out. It works the other way too, if you throw the light behind you, it's like you're running away from the light, so it gets stretched out and changes colors the opposite way.\n\nThe faster and faster you go the more the colors change, but you can never quite catch the light, because the light weighs less than everything else, so nothing else can quite catch it, no matter how much work you try to put in.",
"Einstein, perhaps more than any other human, has had an enormous number of incredibly stupid quotes attributed to him, and that is one.\n\n_URL_0_",
"[Relativity: A Clear and Simple Explanation Anyone can Understand](_URL_0_) - by Albert Einstein.\n\nIt's actually a very good read and shorter than most paperbacks. If you're interested, I recommend it!"
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5c06xz | i see snails appear when raining, but where do they come from, and where do they disappear to when it gets sunny? | Edit: Woah woah woah, front page! Thanks for all the answer... didn't know they can dig underground. Just a follow up question, does the salt tactic work on snails as well? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5c06xz/eli5i_see_snails_appear_when_raining_but_where_do/ | {
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"They hide under plants when it's sunny. Otherwise they'd dry out. When it's rainy, they can move around without danger of drying.",
"depends on the snail species, the typical garden snail hides under leaf litter in the day time or summer. They come out when it's cool and moist because it's easier for them to move around, and the moisture ensures they won't dry out.",
"To add onto this question, whats happens to slugs? Where do they go and why do I only ever see them at night time in England?",
"Under rocks and logs etc. Anything that they can squeeze under. They then come out very early in the morning while humidity is high, and as it warms up they go back to those damp dark squishy places.\n\n*edit*\n\nErr those are slugs, snails will go back to bodies of water.",
"Cuban land snails hide everywhere. In the mulch, in the dirt, in certain types of plants, in my plant pots, etc.. As long as there is enough humidity. In the winter, they dig undergound and self-seal their shells so they don't dry up.\n\nEdit: And they are fast. They move at up to 18\" per minute.\n\n",
"I always find them clinging to the underside of pots and leaves or the sheltered edges of the garden beds. Sometimes they even climb the wall on the shady side of the house. ",
"Look inside any flax bush or other palm tree type plant and you will see lots of them nestled into the damp dark crevices.",
"Let me introduce you to the wonderful world of the the 'Undergrowth' and 'Leaf Litter', where even the most meagre snail may preserve its precious moisture, protected.",
"I realize people have already answered your question, but there is so much more to this that is fucking astounding.\n\nThe primary problem with terrestrial mollusks (snails, slugs, the people that work at the DMV, etc.) is water loss. Most of them get by through a mucus barrier on their skin and living in moist places. One thing many people don't recognize is the operculum. Your everyday garden variety snails don't have one since it has been lost, but most snails do have one. It's a tough protein flap attached to their back similar to a fingernail that they can use to close and seal their shell. When they do that, they can minimize the amount of water they lose. Snails without it generally make a mucus plug at the end of their shell during the day.\n\nAnother cool trick they use is aestivation (~~aestus: summer or maybe fire...?~~ aestas I've been told is summer). Many snails have the ability to \"hibernate\", but not in response to winter. In that state they can survive without food or water for very long periods of time. Many can go two or three months with nothing, some such as my *Pomacea* can go ten months with nothing, and then there is *Pila* in which you'll find one of my favorite anecdotal species.\n\nA species of *Pila* was being studied for its aestivation time. After 563 days (1.5 years) the research was concluded, not because a time had been established, but because less than 20% of the sample size had terminated aestivation and the researchers lost patience. They gave up.\n\nEDIT: Sorry I haven't been able to reply to you all. I've been at work all day and limited to mobile. Some of you have great questions that I want to be able to answer in detail (with video where I can) so I'll get back to you when I get back home.\n\nEDIT 2: I'm back home and getting to as many of you as I can.",
"as long as we are in this frame of mind.\n\ni stopped in Guadalajara for a connecting flight and the plane boards and deboards on the runway. there was a cloud of mosquitos on the plane... it was so thick with mosquito bodies in the airplane. was thinking it was gonna be a long 5 hour flight everyone swatting non stop. but once the plane took off and reached altitude, they all disappeared. where did they go?",
"Under the lip of my recycling container so that my fingers crush through them when I go to pick it up. Uggghhhgh",
"At least for me, they get picked up by rats and consumed on my patio grill.\n\nIt's so, so, so disgusting to open that up for a cookout and see all the little crunched spiral shells and rat turds on my grilling surface.\n\n20 mins of super high heat and a good wire brush scrubbing hopefully burns away the vestiges of contaminant.",
"A snail can go into its shell and plug it so it doesn't dry out. They can last that way for years.",
"Salt works on snails. Source: was tricked into doing it to a friendly snail as a child. \n\nYou can also try copper wire, I've heard that it feels unpleasant for them to touch.\n\nAlso while we're on cool slug facts have [a pic](_URL_0_) of a slug demonstrating the benefits of no bones. Slugs are cool when they're not in my house.",
"I lifted up the bottom of a plastic shed that had been there for months. Slugs and snails everywhere",
"\"tactic\"? Are you sieging a war against snails?",
"I've actually always wondered why frogs head to pavement, roads specifically, at night when it's raining. ",
"Salt works on both snails and slugs but don't do it. It kills them in a horrifying and disgusting and what I can only assume is an extremely painful way. There's enough suffering in the world already.",
"I read that as snails raining. I thought cool just like terraria. it's 3 am here. I will sleep now. sorry",
" > Just a follow up question, does the salt tactic work on snails as well?\n\nYes, and it's super sad because they literally melt away into a blobby mess. I did it once when I was a little kid and instantly regretted it.",
"What are snails even trying to do?",
"I am currently breeding cornu aspersum/helix aspersa snails a.k.a. garden snails. They are very neat and interesting animals. When mating, one or both of them will sometimes attempt to impale its partner with what's known as a love dart. They have horrible eyesight though so often they end up missing. They only began forming a love dart *after* their first mating experience. Of course, being hermaphroditic, they don't require another snail to mate, but will rarely reproduce asexually. When the environment is not generally moist, snails will remain in dark places hanging upside down to retain the moisture they do have better. When it rains, they unlatch from their location and move around, forage, etc. They can also dig by eating the dirt or other material underneath them. This is how they lay their eggs as well.",
"My grandmother had a large crack between the bricks and plaster of her house for many years (the house was built in the 1600's...but I don't know how old the plaster was) Anyway, she eventually got the cracked plaster removed and there were hundreds of snails sheltering behind there. When they removed the soil on her flower beds to replaster....there were hundreds fossils in her flower beds, I mean real fossils, not snails, but white and grey hard as stone fossils...like shit dinosaur finds, but to us kids it was like magic!\n ",
"I realise this has been answered (well!) but at my house in particular, I have around a hundred garden snails which live in/on a cordyline. When wet they all start to come out ([photo](_URL_0_)) but when dry, they all gather at the base of the leaves tucked right away, so you wouldn't see them unless you were trying to find them. They don't eat it though, it's just snail city. "
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2c86h1 | why do babies hardly need to blink? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c86h1/eli5why_do_babies_hardly_need_to_blink/ | {
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"While I couldn't find out exactly why babies don't blink as often as adults (and I'm not quite sure one reason has been proven by scientists), I managed to find a couple of possibilities. So I'll try to share them as best as I could. If anything I said is wrong or unscientific please feel free to correct me. \n\nOne widely accepted cause of babies' infrequent blinking is that infants sleep enough that they don't need as much lubrication when awake. Some propose that since babies have smaller openings to their eyes, they don't need to blink as frequently to remove any dirt or debris from them. Interestingly, babies don't develop tear ducts until they're about two to four months old, so frequent blinking before then would not be very important. \n\nEdit: Forgot to add a link. \n_URL_0_"
]
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[
"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/health/09real.html"
]
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||
2kulwb | sunsets. why are they different every night? what makes some more spectacular than others? what causes all the brilliant colors? is there any way to predict what a sunset will look like on any particular night? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kulwb/eli5_sunsets_why_are_they_different_every_night/ | {
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"text": [
"The colors are caused by the Rayleigh scatter (google it), and you can read about it here in detail: _URL_0_. It is also the same reason why the sky is blue.\n\nThe reason you get so many different colors in at a single time is because clouds cause light to reflect slightly differently because of their relative distance to you compared to the atmosphere and other clouds.\n\nGood sunsets would be most notable on partially cloudy days with little haze (fog, rain clouds, vast cloud coverage, or anything else that blocks a majority of sunlight). Statically a flat topography area would give you a larger horizon and more possibility for visible sky."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/BlueSky/blue_sky.html"
]
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||
6klvv2 | if you were dropped into jupiter or another gas planet, where would you land? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6klvv2/eli5_if_you_were_dropped_into_jupiter_or_another/ | {
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"As the gas gets super compressed i would imagine that it would exert a force at some point that would equal the force of gravity at that point.... you would get stuck.",
"Assuming you could survive the pressure from gravity and the atmosphere, you'd eventually 'land' somewhere where the pressure from the difference in density between your body and the atmosphere equalizes with the force of gravity."
]
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41wnmu | what's the evidence that suggests space itself expanded from a single point when the big bang happened? | Evidence:
* Red shift in light we can see that most galaxies are actually moving away from us.
* Cosmic microwave background radiation.
EDIT: Could it be argued that matter itself is shrinking and still account for the red shift of light between galaxies and background radiation from matter exploding from the big bang into an eternally vast space? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41wnmu/eli5_whats_the_evidence_that_suggests_space/ | {
"a_id": [
"cz5qum8"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"There are several, firstly there is the fact that the universe is expanding and due to red shift we can see that most galaxies are actually moving away from us. Secondly there is the cosmic microwave background which is a background of radiation found throughout the universe which would have been formed from an event such as the big bang"
]
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|
a7juut | what distinguishes life from matter? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a7juut/eli5_what_distinguishes_life_from_matter/ | {
"a_id": [
"ec3j8ep"
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"text": [
"Life is made of matter, but set up in a way that it has several special properties.\n \n\n1. [ELI5:What is the definition of life? ](_URL_0_) ^(_8 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Life ](_URL_2_) ^(_9 comments_)\n1. [ELI5:What constitutes life? Is fire alive? ](_URL_4_) ^(_7 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Why is a virus not considered to be a living thing? ](_URL_6_) ^(_ > 100 comments_)\n1. [ELI5:What makes something alive? ](_URL_3_) ^(_25 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: The difference between living and non-living things ](_URL_7_) ^(_3 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: How is life created from material things? ](_URL_1_) ^(_20 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: What is 'dead' and what is 'alive'? ](_URL_8_) ^(_14 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: We are made of atoms. But atoms are not alive, yet we are. How come we are living beings if we are made of non living things? ](_URL_5_) ^(_ > 100 comments_)\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2h2tim/eli5what_is_the_definition_of_life/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3zbxmw/eli5_how_is_life_created_from_material_things/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fiwa0/eli5_life/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6i4uvt/eli5what_makes_something_alive/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rl924/eli5what_constitutes_life_is_fire_alive/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4exqz2/eli5_we_are_made_of_atoms_but_atoms_are_not_alive/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5g8efa/eli5_why_is_a_virus_not_considered_to_be_a_living/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fbpyy/eli5_the_difference_between_living_and_nonliving/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bfcis/eli5_what_is_dead_and_what_is_alive/"
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||
1rx7dz | what happens when a poor person steals/damages your property? | What if a very poor person steals or damages something expensive that's yours? What does the police do? Is there any way you can get that money back?
Also, does the government give you money or do they take from the person's bank account? What happens if he literally has $0 to his name? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rx7dz/what_happens_when_a_poor_person_stealsdamages/ | {
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"text": [
"You get your property back if it still exists, but otherwise you don't get anything. You could try to sue them but if they don't have any money then it's pointless.",
"Basically, aside from the criminal penalties (assuming they get caught), you would sue. \n\nYou could win a judgement, the judge might order wage garnishment, but if that person is dirt broke, then you aren't getting shit. You can only be given what the person has, and if they have no assets that the courts can tap into, then you are SOL.\n\nWhich is why homeowners/renters insurance is important :)",
"Depending on the damages and if the item is insured, you might get an insurance payout to cover the cost if it's damaged or stolen.\n\nThe police will obviously help you get the item back if it's stolen regardless of who stole it.\n\nWhy do you think the government would give you money or take it from the person's bank account? That's not what happens usually.",
"I think they have to become your butler."
]
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[],
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4ad31e | how do media sharing sites (like reddit, imgur, youtube, etc.) manage constant data being added to their servers without filling up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ad31e/eli5_how_do_media_sharing_sites_like_reddit_imgur/ | {
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"text": [
"They use cloud storage providers like Amazon S3 (google it). These are available programmatically and the site owner doesn't even need to know what's happening in the background, the cloud provider takes care of it all. (The cloud provider has thousands upon thousands of hard drives and computers, it's their business after all, and these are available programatically).",
" > How do these sites keep all the new data and all the old data **without constantly adding new servers with more and more space?**\n\nThey don't - because that's exactly what they do. Expand and constantly add new servers and digital storage. \n\nGranted, some sites might not own the physical servers their data is stored on, so they themselves don't build any facilities - but the company they rent it from keep expanding. "
]
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||
5y7sfk | whenever psychology is mentioned, usually so too is freud. was he right about everything? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5y7sfk/eli5_whenever_psychology_is_mentioned_usually_so/ | {
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"text": [
"Most of todays psychologist knows he was imposer. But his works started that what we call psychology, so in most books it's nesseary to mention him.\nHe is someone like Newton in physic.",
"Freud's work was important in the development of psychology. He pioneered many different ideas and helped popularize them. However, as time and science marched on, most of his theories were disproven. He wasn't \"right\" about everything, but no scientist really is. He simply formulated theories that, at the time, were the cutting edge of psychology and that are now largely looked upon as outdated.",
"On the contrary, Freudian psychoanalysis has been widely criticised as being non-scientific. It fails to make predictions that can be tested and shown right or wrong, and if a theory is not possible to prove wrong or 'falsify' then it's not really possible to prove right either and it's not science.",
"Sigmund Freud is sometimes referred to as the father of psychology (which isn't exactly true). He put the practice of psychology on the map and was very influential for his time. When he was studying psychology, it had not been yet founded as an official science and thus the scientific method was not used. Since Freud's time many of his theories have been rejected due to new evidence and scientific studies that have been more precise and quantitatively focused. However, some of his theories still hold up such as the effect of childhood trauma on adulthood.",
"No. Freud was wrong about a LOT of things. His ideas just stand out because they were very popular at the time and they laid the ground work for a lot of research/theory we have continued to build on. \n\nExample: One of Freud's big ideas was the existence of the Id, Ego and Superego (1920's). The concept of those structures laid the foundation for Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the 1940's, which laid the foundation for some Behavioral theory in the 60's, etc, etc. "
]
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fc1l6r | why is the color white associated with happiness and black that of sadness? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fc1l6r/eli5_why_is_the_color_white_associated_with/ | {
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"text": [
"Can you give an example?"
]
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||
3z33bb | how is it drones have more range than a standard rc vehicle? | I'm interested in this actually. I was watching a drone video of a local flood in my area, and this guys drone flew a good 2 miles away from him and he was able to still fly it back (2 miles in total btw)
Most RC vehicles I know can't go more than a standard hundred feet. Sometimes half a mile if air controled. But most RC's I know can't travel in such a far distance.
Why is this? I'm very interested in learning more about this. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3z33bb/eli5_how_is_it_drones_have_more_range_than_a/ | {
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"text": [
"The ground has obstructions that you typically avoid and cannot see over long distances. RC car operators typically don't need the range. By saving some money there, the product can be made better somewhere else for the same price.\n\nDrones have fewer and more visible obstacles, allowing operators to fly them at greater distances, necessitating range. Also, many drones can be programmed to fly to a series of pre-programmed \"checkpoints\". Operating this way they are autonomous, operating on their own without the necessity of live operator input.",
"Well with 2.4 ghz and modern systems that run on 433mhz you have a lot more range. Most RC's, drones included, are 2.4ghz which provides a solid link as long as you can see the receiver (mounted to the drone). 433 can do the same but also has a lower frequency which allows is to punch through trees and other things that may trap a 2.4ghz signal",
"It's hard to say without knowing what type of radio protocol the drone is using. Though the simple answer would be that they're using a low frequency high amperage transmitter. Where as standard RC craft use higher frequency lower amperage transmitters."
]
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3jc8x7 | why do really smart people usually look like the stereotypical "nerd"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jc8x7/eli5_why_do_really_smart_people_usually_look_like/ | {
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"I figure it's probably more that they don't feel the need to put extra effort into their appearance. No or little make up, haircuts that don't need much work, clothes that are comfortable and practical etc. ",
"I don't think they do, it's confirmation bias. You see someone, you can't tell how smart they are just by looking at them. ",
"It's probably a case of confirmation bias (_URL_0_). You tend to pay more attention to cases that confirm your hypothesis than to cases that disprove them. \n\nEdit: Apparently only biotech people and chemical engineers shower on a daily basis. That or I have been incredibly lucky with my life choices.",
"A buddy of mine is doing a physics PhD and I asked him this same question. He reckons (wild conjecture here) that it because they are often more preoccupied with more pragmatic, objective things. They aren't particularly concerned with aesthetics and that sort of thing which is why they dress \"badly\" This ties in with superhero/stereotypical comic book narratives which are very black and white morally. ",
"the amount of bouncers i know that are graphics designers, sysadmins etc and youd never guess it. \n \nlots of people fit the mould but probably more dont. ive also seen people that you could say looked like a nerd but are completely clueless to the point im surprised they know how to breath ",
"Because when God makes a person, he only has a certain number of stat points to distribute. If you put a lot of points into intelligence, there aren't as many for physical appearance and athletic abilities. It's the same with really attractive and physically fit people...not as many points for intelligence. Occasionally, a hero-class person is made with plenty of stat points in each category. ;)",
"it's only true in your experience. intelligent people are all across the spectrum mentally and physically ",
"They don't. Smart people look just like normal people. You just haven't met enough smart people yet.",
"The worst are people that just look that way and aren't very smart/successful. Life is going to be hard for them "
]
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g1h3bn | if a presidential candidate raises $170 million and spends $152 million, what happens to the left over $18 million? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g1h3bn/eli5_if_a_presidential_candidate_raises_170/ | {
"a_id": [
"fnfjygq"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"The money remains under the candidate’s control, but can’t be used for personal purposes. They have a little under two months to either return it to contributors or use it for political contributions within certain limits."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
2f8iet | what is happening when an emergency broadcast comes over the radio/television? | Something that has bothered and nagged me, along with "why hasn't someone hijacked the system?" | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f8iet/eli5_what_is_happening_when_an_emergency/ | {
"a_id": [
"ck6wepz"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"... an emergency?"
]
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6dqgwo | how do places enforce bans on individuals? | People get banned from places for various reasons, but how can a place like Disneyland, Yankee Stadium, or even the local Walmart hope to keep banned individuals from getting back in? Is the ban purely out of principle letting that person know they are not welcome? Or are there actually methods to keeping those people out? Have you ever been banned from somewhere? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dqgwo/eli5_how_do_places_enforce_bans_on_individuals/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"So, someone misbehaves someplace. They are told they are banned, and then kicked out. So, what does banned mean?\n\nWell, the ban is actually a trespass warning. So, if the person comes back and misbehaves, they won't just be thrown out -- they'll be turned over to the police, who will arrest them for trespassing. And since the place can show they've told the person never to come back, it's pretty much slam dunk that the person will be convicted of the crime, and spend some time in jail.\n\n\"Hmm... I could go back to that Walmart. They probably won't notice me... but it's not worth a jail sentence.\"",
"There are technical problems with banning people as you may not recognize them when they enter again. If you do catch people trying to enter somewhere they are banned you might be able to charge them with trespassing but it would be hard on its own. So banning people are mostly out of principle. However the casino business have had issues with people who are able to play certain games so well that they are winning money. At that point the casinos will ban them and have systems in place that will recognize you as you enter the door. But there are few other places with similar issues."
]
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4nsrsv | how is time measured the same way no matter where you live when nothing else is? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4nsrsv/eli5how_is_time_measured_the_same_way_no_matter/ | {
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"I believe you mean why are the second, minute, and hour universally considered to be the units of time, while we have different units for mass, length, acceleration, etc. This is because needing to measure mass was very important to a great many people, so different units of measurement popped up in isolated places, and no one adjusted over time. With time however, the first major necessity for an actual unit of time was in maritime navigation. Europeans at the time were the only group of people sailing and navigating in this way, and their methods of constructing clocks were very far ahead of everywhere else in the world. So if you wanted to sail this way, you would buy a european made clock, not try and make your own with your own units (it is very hard to build a good clock, especially one that works on ships)."
]
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||
7npxwt | why is it so important for people with head injuries to stay awake and not fall asleep? is this only in the movies or is it for some legit reason? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7npxwt/eli5_why_is_it_so_important_for_people_with_head/ | {
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"text": [
"Mainly for evaluation. If you go to sleep/pass out it's hard for someone to figure out your symptoms and such. All concussions are bad, but if you suffered a brain hemorrhage (internal bleeding in the brain) people need to know ASAP or you will die.\n\nOnce evaluation is complete and they're sure you're not going to die, sleep is actually the best possible thing you can do.",
"The reason is that they cannot observe behavior changes that indicate brain damage or swelling if you go to sleep. You are told to stay awake so that they can see how you act. ",
"This has changed fairly recently, and with most changes it has to do with us knowing more than we used to.\n\nOthers have mentioned that evaluations need you to be awake, and this is true; it used to be the case that we believed that you needed to keep people awake to prevent comas after a concussion, but more recent research has shown that people who are going to fall into a coma after a concussion were going to no matter how hard you try to keep them awake, and keeping them awake post-concussion can make the healing slower and the permanent damage worse from that concussion, so sleeping after the initial exam has ruled out brain hemorrhaging is now best practice.",
"Hi- I’m an athletic trainer!\n\nIt’s actually a very big myth that you must stay awake with any head trauma. If it is a SEVERE head injury (car accident, GSW, etc) they do need you awake for reasons others have lined out in previous comments. \n\nHowever, if someone sustains a concussion where they keep consciousness and do not need to be hospitalized- it is perfectly acceptable for them to sleep. It’s actually recommended that they do! That way the brain can rest and work on repairing itself. Sleeping won’t cause any further damage, and allows the brain to focus efforts on getting better. ",
"One of the best ways for monitoring whether there has been damage to the brain is to see if there is a loss of consciousness, often abbreviated LOC. \n\nSo let's say somebody sustained a knock to the head. If you let them go to sleep, then it's really hard to tell if they're naturally sleeping or if they've had a LOC due to head trauma. It's possible their brain has shut down (and would have caused LOC if they were awake), but you can't tell because they're unconscious from sleep. If you keep them awake and prevent natural sleep and they become unresponsive, then it's most likely a result of brain trauma."
]
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5pz9rx | why do mortgage companies move your mortgage from one lending company to the next? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pz9rx/eli5_why_do_mortgage_companies_move_your_mortgage/ | {
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"They are diversifying assets to protect against any possible negative issues.\n\nLet's say Mortgage Company A has 100% of theer mortgages in California, and Mortgage Company B has 100% of their mortgages in Texas.\n\nIf an earthquake happens in CA, A is screwed as people might have trouble paying for their homes while recovering from a disaster. \n\nIf an oil recession happens in TX, B is screwed as people default on their loans.\n\nSo, they trade and each get 50% of the loans in CA and TX so if something bad happens, their risk is spread out and doesn't kill them",
"Your mortgage is an asset to a lender, but lenders view it differently.\n\nSome companies make their money by doing all the legwork, getting the mortgage made, and funding it initially, but they don't want to sit around for years to collect the interest on it. Instead they sell your mortgage to a long-term lender for a profit. \n\nLet's use some simple numbers for an example. You sign a $100,000 mortgage with 5% interest over 30 years. Theoretically, after 30 years you will have paid roughly $190,000 back. $100k in interest and $90k in principle. \n\nThe company that made this mortgage doesn't want to wait 30 years to get that $90k in profit, so instead they sell the whole thing to a long term lender for $110,000. They make $10k in profit and the big guy will collect $80k in profit over the lifetime of the loan.\n\nThis happens because you have two different kinds of companies. Smaller ones that are willing to do the work for smaller profits that come immediately and larger ones that have the bankroll to be willing to wait for bigger money.\n\nTypically what divides these companies is the amount of funds they have on hand. Imagine company A has $500 they can lend. If they made 5 mortgages, each worth $100k they're done. They sit back and wait for 30 years to get their profits. That's no good. So instead they find a company that has BILLIONS lying around to lend. That big guy can afford to wait for long term big money, while the smaller guy gets their $100k back to make another loan with.\n\nThese numbers are all much smaller than the real thing in order to make the point but you get the idea."
]
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3moese | what's stored in internet cache? | I've just ran CCleaner and it removed 44.236KB (3126 files) of internet cache. What's inside those files? What is their purpose? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3moese/eli5_whats_stored_in_internet_cache/ | {
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"There's a bunch of files on the Internet that you tend to use repeatedly (say, the Reddit logo). Rather than downloading that exact same image each time you load the page, your browser will save the file to the Internet Cache on your hard drive and just load it from there instead. It's faster and saves bandwidth. ",
"To expand a bit on what /u/blablahblah says: it can be any individual file you've accessed on the internet, up to a certain size. So, an HTML file, a gif, a png, even small videos. \n\nThen, rather than download it blindly, your browser goes to the server and says \"Hey, I have version X of this file, do you have a newer one?\" and the server might say \"Nope, use your cached version\" or \"Yup, this one's newer\" and then your browser will download/update it. \n\nAnd yes, this is very useful for logos and static images on sites you visit often. It saves you time and bandwidth. \n\nNote that there is a privacy concern here. Malicious (or curious) people could go through your cache and figure out a lot of your browsing habits. \n\nSlightly less on-topic but something I think is interesting: any organisation with more than a handful of employees can set up what's called a proxy server (you may have seen an option to configure one in your browser or OS). This is basically a shared cache, if you will. Browsers connect to the proxy server instead of directly to the internet. That way if you have a company of 1,000 people and 500 of them are browsing reddit, there's no need to download the same image 500 individual times. "
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3ala49 | why is it not likely that black holes would appear in our galaxy/solar system ? | I recall hearing that it is not likely/not possible that black holes would be formed in our galaxy and that they are not a threat to us.
Is this true? and if so, why? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ala49/eli5_why_is_it_not_likely_that_black_holes_would/ | {
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"There are black holes in our galaxy, but not in our solar system. Black holes don't just appear, they are a huge chunk of mass squeezed into a tiny space, and to form they need both the huge mass (a very large star) and a lot of squeezing (usually a supernova), and since our solar system hasn't had either of these, there's no black holes nearby. Also, we would know if there was because we would see things interacting with it gravitationally. ",
"Black holes don't just appear out of nowhere. They are super dense balls of matter. If there is not one in our solar system now, there will not be one any time soon.\n\nIt is believed that the center of our galaxy, and most galaxies, is a supermassive black hole.\n",
"As noted already, we already know of black holes in our galaxy, and how they are formed as the remnant of a supernova. A black hole \"appearing\" would be an extragalactic rogue ejected from its original galaxy, or even this one, by gravity slingshot resulting from a close pass with another object of similar or greater mass. As the space between stars is not actually empty, we would see such a rogue black hole from a great distance from the x-rays produced from the interstellar dust it was consuming, along with its effects on stars it passed. It would be as easy to see as a skier on a lake while he was on fire, at night, while watching from shore.\nIncidentally, galaxy and solar system are two hugely different scales. It is like asking about the odds of a five-legged flea existing in either the state of Texas or your left nostril. The first is highly likely, the second, well, you'd already know.",
"Despite what it has already been stated\n here, there are a lot of mini-blackholes created even in our own atmosphere. The main actor in their creation are cosmic rays. Nonetheless, blackholes have an \"halflife\" some how proportional to their mass. Since their gravitational pull is usually smaller that the interatomic distances in the upper atmosphere, they cannot grow, and thus \"evaporates\" in the span of picoseconds"
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2m9qer | if inflation reduces the value of money every year, how do 99¢ stores continue to operate? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2m9qer/eli5_if_inflation_reduces_the_value_of_money/ | {
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"They give you less and less for your 0.99 each year, or they discover new ways to squeeze their suppliers.\n\nThere is a chain of shops in the UK called \"Poundland\" (everything £1) and \"The 99p Store\" (everything £0.99). I can't remember which it is, but they sell multipacks of AA batteries for £1 (or 99p). They have an arrangement with their supplier to vary the number of batteries in the packs so that the price is fixed. Sometimes more, sometimes fewer.",
"Or if you live in Brooklyn, you will find that most items are relatively cheaper to what they would be at say CVS. While a lot items will be a buck, it's not unusual to see items all the way up to 20 or so dollars. ",
"Money value goes down due to inflation. However, many consumer products go down in value or stay the same, due to corporations finding the cheapest route. Techniques include:\nSmaller portions\nCheaper materials\nMore water (for liquid products like hand soap)\nMoving production to countries/areas with lower wages\nAutomation/robotic manufacturing\net al"
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b7fe7y | why do different types of fuel sources (ex.charcoal, birch, etc) make food taste different? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7fe7y/eli5_why_do_different_types_of_fuel_sources/ | {
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3ei6f6 | why don't liberal talk shows similar to popular syndicated conservative shows gain traction? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ei6f6/eli5_why_dont_liberal_talk_shows_similar_to/ | {
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"People frequently argue that the likes of the Daily Show (and formerly the Colbert Report) are heavily left-leaning talk shows.",
"This is an interesting question. \nA radio station in my town broadcasts Rush Limbaugh and other right-wing talk show hosts, and they bought a second radio frequency a few years back. Their idea was to broadcast left-wing syndicated shows on the new channel while continuing with the right-wing syndicated shows on the old one.\nEventually, they couldn't get enough advertisers, and they had to give up on the \"left-wing talk\" angle and farm it out for music and infomercials. Granted, the new channel was only a thousand watts, vs ten thousand for the \"main\" one, so its range was much less. But still, it's a coastal town in California known for its left-leaning politics, so it's still a bit of a mystery. \n\nIf I were to guess, I'd say people on the left just tend to use different media - more blogs and youtube channels. Talk radio is great for older folks who never really learned to use the technology needed to go online (and yes, there are definitely still people out there who don't use the internet).",
"There was an attempt at such a thing, it was called \"Air America\" [wiki article](_URL_0_) It went bankrupt. Keep in mind that NPR already serves the center to left crowd so they had competition from the start.",
"If you're a liberal, the world is your oyster in terms of getting news with a liberal bent. Almost every major paper and most local papers are liberal. With one exception (Fox News), every news channel and almost every nightly news program is liberal. You can listen to taypayer-funded NPR. You can watch Charlie Rose on taxpayer-funded PBS. You can watch some of the funniest writers in the country lampoon Republicans on Comedy Central and HBO. \n\nSo ... you could listen to liberal talk radio. But you also have a lot of other really great outlets to hear about politics.\n\nIf your conservative you have Fox News and talk radio. That's pretty much it. So they are both very popular."
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34ci9y | how did the ancient romans discover planets like jupiter? what technology was used? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34ci9y/eli5_how_did_the_ancient_romans_discover_planets/ | {
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"Jupiter is visible with the naked eye, no technology is needed.\n\nWhat was needed was good tracking, to observe that the movements of the visible planets didn't match the movements of the other stars. ",
"No technology was used. You can see many of the planets with the naked eye. They'll look like stars that don't move the same as the rest of the stars. In fact, that's where the word \"planet\" comes from. It's Greek for \"wanderer\", because planets looked like stars that wandered all over the sky.",
"Without large amounts of lights that cause [light pollution](_URL_0_) the sky would be much brighter and more visible during the night. The ancients were amazed by the night sky with large amount of stories being told about and with the stars. With the amount of time spent looking up at the sky, the regard which people held for it and the amount of philosophers and intelligent people located in Rome and other ancient cities people would quickly discover changing of things in the sky and attempt to understand and discover what they were watching."
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3ktv2d | why do barber shops have those colorful poles? | Is there a purpose or its just the general image of barber shops? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ktv2d/eli5_why_do_barber_shops_have_those_colorful_poles/ | {
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"My English teacher told us about how it derived from \"blood and bandages\" as the barber would also perform surgeries",
"It's a historic reference to early barbering and surgery. Red was for bloodletting, and white was for bandages. The blue came later when \"barber surgeons\" separated from 'academic surgeons'.\n_URL_0_\n",
"The barber poles are from the old times when barbers were also like amateur doctors, of course at that time our medical procedures sucked so since they were good with pointy stuff from being a barber, they did a lot of blood letting too. The red color is to represent blood, the white for bandages, the pole is the pole in the patient's arm to make the vein stand out. Some barber poles also have the color blue, we don't know exactly why but one theory is it is to show the vein cut during blood letting, another is because of American patriotism from having red, white and blue."
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3amyee | why is my bathroom always cooler than the rest of my house? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3amyee/eli5why_is_my_bathroom_always_cooler_than_the/ | {
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"You don't spend as much time in there as you do in other rooms, so your body heat isn't trapped inside the bathroom. Also, not as much sunlight enters as other rooms. The materials in the bathroom, such as tiles, contain different thermal properties than your materials in living room/bedroom, including wood, bed, leather couch, etc. \n\nAnother note, heat rises which is why your basement is typically cooler than the rest of your house ",
"Your toilet is a heatsink.\n\nThe water in the bowl and the water in the tank (assuming you have a tanked toilet) enter the room at a temperature lower than the rest of your house (because the water is piped in from under the ground where it's cool). The air in the bathroom will slowly heat up that water, but every time you flush you bring new cold water into the room and remove heated water from it.",
"You have a couple air vents in there and you close the door and it's a small space so it's a couple vents cooling a real small room. ",
"It is probably very close to the temperature of the rest of your house but the humidity and tiles absorb heat faster than plasterboard so it feels cooler. Just like how metal feels colder than wood, but would be the same temperature if in the same place."
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3fwh4z | how/when did ceos salaries go from 20x as much as their employees to 300x as much? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fwh4z/eli5_howwhen_did_ceos_salaries_go_from_20x_as/ | {
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"Well [here's](_URL_0_) the when.\n\nAs for the how, it's mostly through the practice of paying executives more and more through equity, stock in the company, than through cash salaries. Other factors like the increasing relative value of high level decision makers in large organizations have played a role, too.",
"The multiplier went up so rapidly because almost all of the economic gains of the last 30 years or so have gone to the wealthy. Wages have remained stagnant relative to inflation. The world keeps getting richer, i.e. rising GDPs, but working people aren't seeing any benefits of it in terms of their wages and haven't for a very long time. The lion's share of that money is going to the top 1%.",
"The average person has let this happen.\n\nMost people are kept in line by the myth that they are able to become a CEO making millions.\n\nMore complex than a 2 sentence summation, but when the many (Unions) took it upon themselves to maintain a shared standard of living, instead of 'hard work pays off' wet dream of owning multiple houses if 'I just put in more hours, everyone was better off.\n\n\n\nIt is very similar concept to the article about the professor who's last question was:\n\n ' choose that everyone gets an additional 2 points on their test grade or you get an additional 3. But if the majority choose to get 3 points, no one gets any.'\n\n[Extra Credit Source:](_URL_1_)\n\n\n[Thoughts on unions:](_URL_0_)",
"Once upon a time, companies could pay their big bosses (\"CEOs\") whatever seemed fair to both of them. This made the bosses and the companies happy. Then, there was a law that was passed that said, \"ok, pay what you want, but tell the people that give you money (investors) how much you're paying.\"\n\nIt was a good law, but like most laws, there were unintended consequences. Instead of being just useful to investors to know how the money they lend businesses is being used, it also gave information about how much other CEOs were making, because that information was now public knowledge.\n\nAll the CEOs started negotiating based on the highest salaries they could find. \"I'm just as good as the guy leading that company over there,\" they said. \"You should pay me as much. And if you don't, I'll go somewhere else.\"\n\nFinding a CEO is really, really hard, so the companies gave the CEOs more money to make them stay. This started a bit of a race, and all CEOs in the USA started getting more and more money (this isn't as big a problem in other countries).\n\nThat gap continues to grow as companies desperately try to find a magic CEO to get through the tough economic times we've had for the past 15-20 years. This gives CEOs lots of leverage to get more money.\n\nSource: This was the topic of research of my grad school Finance professor, so he talked about it a lot.\n\n\n\n*Edit*: Thanks for the gold, kind stranger. A couple things:\n\n\n* This is ELI5, so yeah- I didn't go into tax policy. Keeping the horrors of taxes away from 5 year olds is a mission I think we can all agree is a noble one.\n\n*Edit to the edit to the edit *\n\n\n* Here is the [research.](_URL_0_) For serious this time. That'll teach me to drink and ELI5.",
"No doubt it's tied to middle-manager proliferation. Where I work, there's the chain assistant manager, associate manager, manager, assistant director, associate director, director, vice president, senior vice president, executive vice president, president, CEO. 1.5 to the 10th power is a little less than 60.",
"Thanks, you guys! So, is the opposite ever true? I know they can get fired, but can a CEOs salary ever go down if the company doesn't do well? Or is a contract a contract?",
"When the Federal Reserve went crazy with blowing bubbles, starting in the early 90's and continues through today. ",
"Keep salaries the same, sell products for the same price, cut production and operating costs....profit",
"I believe it coincided with the rapid expansion both geographically, technologically and digitally in the 90's. The market has become more complex (compare the CEO of Coca-cola now to the CEO of coca-cola in the 60's. The brand became global, they have a social media presence now, they have more legislation to contend with now). Business has become far more complex, both the products being sold, and the world which they're being sold in. The role of the CEO has massively changed.",
"Great answers already given so I'll just add this:\n\nWe live in a world where more expensive = better. Once CEO salaries are high it'll be hard to bring them down because no one is going to want to be the first because they'll look inferior. It will have to be a shareholder driven change.",
"I was just thinking this today when on a conference call, an exec at my company had no fucking idea what he was talking about, yet he lives in a 7 million dollar home. But I knew everything and am stuck in an apartment with a hell commute.",
"_URL_0_\n\nThe other answers given are true, but that's just a mere fraction. This video explains all of the policies and laws that caused the disastrous distribution of wealth in the USA. ",
"The answer is simple: Taxes, and understanding who decides a CEO's pay.\n\n[American CEO's almost exclusively saw this explosion in CEO pay](_URL_0_), and the [trend started right around the time of heavy deregulation and tax cutting](_URL_1_).\n\n30+ years ago, taxes were far higher on higher-incomes (70%+ for most of the post-war era) and capital gains(investment income). So if a company paid a CEO a huge compensation package, the majority of it would end up being paid out in taxes; that's a waste of money. Instead, companies could use that money to reinvest in the company. Hire better workers, improve conditions in workplaces, pay workers more to keep productivity higher. \n\nPeople who held stocks in these companies may not have been happy, since they want that money paid out in dividends! But from a business perspective, it made no sense, so CEO's didn't do it. This had the side-effect of bolstering the economy and keeping money flowing throughout.\n\nFast forward to today. Tax rates are nearly half what they were in the 1970's, and the [financial sector itself is larger and more powerful than ever before](_URL_3_). \n\nNow let's do a thought experiment: I'm ABC Hedge Fund and you're Joe, the CEO. I want my dividends, and you may say \"no, it makes more sense for the money to be reinvested in the company\". Now, however, with tax rates so low, I'm able to offer you a massive compensation package if you look after my best interests.\n\nSo I (and the rest of your investors) triple your salary if you promise to increase my dividends. How do you do this? Slash pensions, cut salaries, keep workers on minimum wage, outsource jobs to China. Strip-mine the company, basically, and post the savings as \"profits\" for Wall St to collect. \n\n30 years ago, this made no sense. Tripling my salary meant nearly all of it was going into taxes, the incentive for the CEO or the financial markets wasn't there. Now, with tax rates so low, stock holders can easily OK huge compensation packages as long as the payouts are high. [Heck, JPMorgan's CEO received a massive pay raise even after it was revealed that the company had participated in a massive amount of fraud](_URL_2_). Didn't matter. You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours, and since we get to keep almost all the money, there's nothing to stop us from doing it.\n\nOf course, this then leaves all the people who are getting their pay cut and their benefits slashed out in the cold. But they are just numbers on a Financial report anyway, right?",
"A lot of it has to do with using stock options/shares as compensation. More than half of the typical CEO's compensation package consists of stock options/incentives. \n\nThe focus becomes increasing the stock value over the next quarter or year. As others have noted the position is competitive so pay rates increase. \n\nThe real question we should be answering is why do normal people's incomes not rise? 'The man' for lack of a better term has done a great job of manipulating the psyche of people so we see greedy bankers as someone to look up to and near-poverty level teachers as people who couldn't do. \n\nWe have no unions to help the average man get a fair wage, and we can't get an honest discussion about policies because there is so much money intertwined with politics that it's impossible to distinguish between conflicts of interest, corruption, and just good ole US of A politics as usual. ",
"CEO salaries are not 300x as much as employee salaries. 'Studies' that claim huge gaps between CEO and employee pay always limit their study of CEO pay to a few hundred companies, typically on the S & P 500 or listed on some Forbes list (The EPI study mentioned in article looked at the top 350 US firms). These studies basically compare the average pay of some of the highest paid CEOs to the average of all other people. It's not a good comparison of actual pay differences, but it's great for convincing people that executive pay should be regulated. \n\nAlso, the bulk of CEO pay is usually not in salary, but stock options. In reality, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are almost 250,000 CEOs in the US and their average salary (not including the stock) is less than $200,000",
"It began in earnest in the 60s-70s, after business got taken over by MBAs, lawyers, finance types.\n\nPrior to that, large, long-established businesses tended to be run by people who actually KNEW the business the company was in. That is, car guys ran car companies, soda companies were run by soda guys, insurance companies were run by guys who knew insurance (they had probably worked their way up through the ranks from sales or something). Think Ford, Disney, Hughes Aircraft, HP, IBM,...Yeah, these guys were savvy businessmen, but they specifically knew the < X > business, not just business in general.\n\nIn those days, a business degree was thought of as actually almost a joke, something a football player might major in to avoid taking real classes.\n\nThen, sometime around the 60s, somebody came up with a new theory of management: a good manager can manage *anything.* There was no evidence that was true, but it caught on, and the MBA became the New Sexy Degree. MBAs and other business generalists seized control of established businesses, and rrriiiggghhhttt around then was when American workers stopped getting raises and executive pay started shooting for the Moon. Today, it's almost considered quaint and naive to suggest that a company should be run by somebody who actually knows the business the company is in, instead of general business.\n\nIt should be noted, however, that in the period when a company is going from being two guys in a garage to making their first billion, they are STILL almost-exclusively run by geeks. Think Apple, Microsoft, Facebook. And these guys *usually* don't make 1:390, but a LOT less. Then at some point, the business infrastructure they've built forces out the geek founders and replaces them with generic MBA suits.\n\nToday, executive pay is typically set by a board of directors. And who sits on these BoDs? Executives of other companies, who all realize that if they jack up the pay for the company they're on the BoD of, that raises the pay bar for everyone, including themselves.\n",
"I read that this is only true if you compare fortune 500 CEOs to average workers. If you take all CEOs the ratio is more like 1:3. This is cherry-picked propaganda. ",
"It's kind of like why top professional athletes are paid so much. There are hundreds of millions of people who can do basic entry level jobs. On the other hand, the number of people who can throw a football flawlessly or effectively lead a billion dollar corporation can probably fit in the room you're sitting in.",
"Simplest way to explain it is when their compensation became tied to stock options instead of salary.",
"When companies began offering stock options as compensation to everyone except the non-C-level employees. ",
"I keep reading 'race to the top'. I would argue that it is in fact a labor force wage to the bottom.\n\n\nUnions and collective bargaining are weaker than they were 30 years ago, even though productivity is up.\n\n\nPeople work longer hours, even though wages are stagnant.\n\n\nAutomation, outsourcing and contract work cut costs and increase company profits.\n\n\nAnd the minimum wage has not kept up with inflation at all, regardless of cost of living, which in turn shifts some of the burden of compensating employees to the taxpayer.\n\n\nSo basically, more money is being made than before, and less is being spent on employees than before. So who pockets the gains?\n\n\nCEOS and shareholders. \n\n\nThis explains why the stock market is thriving, which it wouldn't be if ceos were pushing the limits of what companies could pay. And it explains why the 1% is crushing it---they are ceos and shareholders.\n\n\nThe idea that it's just healthy competition for genius CEOs is naive/propaganda.",
"The wages of workers used to grow at a consistent pace with the market, since the market was fairly consistent in population, until the 1960s/70s. \n\nIn the 1960s you had 2 large groups enter the workforce at a much higher rate: women and immigrants. Also, in the 60s you had the expansion of transportation, later the development of remote work via the Internet/increased communications. With these two factors, you have more people entering the workforce, while many jobs were being sent oversees. \n\nWhile these two factors working against the worker, production was still increasing year after year. With companies sending work overseas(cost effective), women entering the workforce(lower wages than their male coworkers) all while production rates still rising, this means more profit. \n\nWhat did they do with the extra profit? Most companies sent them upwards, some spread them across their employees. As wages stay stagnate, the job market becoming more and more competitive, this allows the company to keep the workers at the lowest possible cost, while pocketing the profits. Some profits are invested back into the company towards expansion, innovation, etc. \n\nTL;DR: profits kept rising while the wages stagnated, CEOs and other higher ups kept the change. \n\nEdit: immigrants weren't flowing in as heavily as said earlier, it was pointed out it was rather a constant. ",
"Very few pure socialist countries exist but most have a great medium that has parts of capitalism and parts of socialism. The happiest countries in the world such as Norway, Finland, Sweden are mostly what's known as democratic socialist. I'd say Germany belongs there too but am not certain! Unlike us also most other industrialized countries offer some great maternity and paternity leaves with pay. Not to mention their minimum wages leave the middle class making either a little under or over 100k a year unlike the 39k we get here. \n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_",
"Isn't unregulated capitalism great?\n_URL_0_",
"One reason that I've thought about (but not really confirmed) is the explosion in the size of revenues. If you think a CEO salary of 1% of revenue isn't a high number you're probably right, but nowadays 1% of Walmart's revenue is about $48 million. As companies grow larger and larger the numbers do as well. Now you have \"consultants\" who go to monthly meetings and get paid $1 million a year. When you're throwing that much cash around, $1 million a year is like paying someone pennies for expert advice. \n \nAnd the fact is once you're at that level you pretty much can't lose. Even if you don't perform you'll most likely have a nice golden parachute waiting for you. The successor to Softbank in Japan was recently paid over $100 million as a signing bonus before he'd done anything. A hundred years from now kids could be sitting in a college class saying, \"Yeah, last century there was a big company that my Dad ran into the ground but he pocketed so much money none of us will ever have to work again.\" To get that much money up front means performing becomes irrelevant, and that will most likely be the next step in the process.",
"One issue is the way that the stock market works.\n\nLet's say that Company A has been consistently making 1 billion dollars and they're doing fine.\n\nHowever one year, they make 2 billion. Everyone is impressed that they doubled their profits and buy a shit ton of stock.\n\nNow next year they're looking to make 3-4 billion to keep the \"growth\" (this is the devil's word). They make 2.5 billion that year.\n\nEven though 1 billion was fine, and 2 billion was amazing, this 2.5 billion is now a disappointment. Everyone starts talking, people start selling stock, and there is doom and gloom all around.\n\nSo what you see is that companies can never really say \"ok we had a good year lets take care of our employees.\" They are constantly having to grow, because the people that buy the stock that year are always looking for more money. When originally 2 billion was great, 2 billion now means that people lost money.\n\nThere are companies like McDonald's that make billions and billions, but they really cannot grow any more. There is a McDonalds on every corner, every person in existence is aware of the company. Therefore the only way they can increase profits are to keep wages and production as low as possible.",
"nobody mentions globalization....the skills to be CEO of a truly multi-national entity are immense",
"I didn't continue from my M. Phil. in Strategy because I felt being a business professor wouldn't create strong enough real-world impact, but I can at least contribute here:\n\nSo in corporations, you have managers that run the operations of a firm on behalf of the shareholders, who own the firm but do not manage it. To hold the managers accountable, shareholders have voting rights on the board director elections and other administrative decisions. Problem is, most Western corporations are dispersedly held. That means that SO many people have voting rights in the company, that no one shareholder can exercise enough power to 'police' the managers. This is known as 'managerial power theory', where managers have the power to benefit and govern themselves instead of being checked by shareholder voting rights. So coming to CEO pay, or formally 'executive remuneration', agency theory, the most famous theory in management, holds that a contract is supposed to include enough incentive-based pay (based on company stocks, company performance, meeting targets, etc.) to keep the CEO's interests aligned with shareholder's interests. In other words, the CEO has a stake in seeing the company perform well, since it will boost his own compensation; hence, shareholders need not worry. However, because of 'managerial power theory', CEOs don't need to worry about being checked by the shareholders. Their main concern is to exercise influence over the board directors, who collectively decide the CEO's pay. Unfortunately, most board directors care more about being favored by the CEO and keeping their prestigious board directorship rather than speaking out against the CEO. Board-directors who do try to police the CEO are generally socially abandoned by other elites in the management world, so there is a psychological incentive to renege to CEO demands. These are a few main reasons why CEO pay is so high. I can go on and on, but I'll just end with this and let anybody ask questions. Hope that helps! ",
"To the OP, no one working anywhere on this planet at any job is worth a $100 million dollars. I don't give a fuck if they eat sand and shit gold, no one should be paid that much money.\n\nThe reason is simple, in order for that person to make a $100 million, other people have to make a hell of a lot less. There is simply no one person in any organization worth 300x as much as any other.",
"Is this inequality considered new? From what I understand the Carnegies, Rockefellars, Vanderbilts and Morgans individually had more wealth than anyone could possibly dream of today. The US government were getting loans from these guys. ",
"Used to be 10,000x in the 1800s. Then the anti-trust laws of the early 1900s were enacted. Standard Oil was broken up in 1911. FDR enacted the \"socialist\" polices which lead to workers unions and a middle class. Then time passed. Regan \"busted\" the unions. The Bush family and their cronies pushed through, and now in 2015, the pendulum has swung back completely, and the economic divide has become a grand canyon yet again. \n\nSolution? Workers unions. Enforcement of corporate taxation. Enforcement of anti-trust laws. Method? Abolish all forms of lobbying. Reform gerrymandering. Elect another \"socialist\" FDR as president. ",
"It's not that hard of a concept to understand with globalization. Same input from workforce yet 1000x the market. ",
"\"Some years ago I gave a talk to a group of businesspeople — I don’t remember the occasion — and afterward, during the drink and mingle part of the event, had a conversation about executive pay. Quite a few of the businesspeople themselves thought that pay had grown excessive, but what has remained with me was the explanation one guy offered, more or less seriously: it’s all the fault of Monday Night Football.\n\nHis story went like this: when games started being televised, the financial rewards to winning teams shot up, and star players began being offered big salaries. And CEOs, who watch a lot of football, noticed — and started saying to themselves, “Why not me?” If salaries were set in any kind of competitive marketplace, that wouldn’t have mattered, but they aren’t — CEOs appoint the committees that decide how much they’re worth, and are restrained only by norms about what seems like too much. Football, so my conversation partner averred, started the breakdown of those norms, and we were off to the races.\"\n\nSource:\n_URL_0_\n\nI should make clear that it doesn't seem to be the case that Krugman believes this is the explanation. ",
"A big factor is WHO sets the compensation. It's members of the board. Who makes up members of the board? It's often people who are other CEOs right now, have been CEOs in the past, or might be CEOs in the future. So there is a \"fox guarding the henhouse\" element to runaway CEO pay. ",
"When management teams, made up of managers, decided that instead of investing in employees and their general subordinates, it was better to drive innovation by paying each other higher and higher salaries.",
"The documentary on Netflix called Inequality for All does a great job of explaining this and how it's linked to other problems. ",
"When singers, actors and sports stars made mega millions just because they are good at it. It's just ridiculous how much celebrities make for just acting,singing/playing ball. CEO's are like superstars in the business world.",
"Unrelated and yet so similar: Q: Who decides how much of a raise a congressperson or senator recieves? A: The congressperson and senators.",
"The average CEO only makes ~$200,000. The 300x figure is for huge fucking companys that hire hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands+ of employees. ",
"First, the size of company is bigger now. Managing 50.000 people would be paid more than 50. A lot more.\n\nSecond, a lot of CEO nowsaday are better than the past. They study about management, human resourse, even a little about psychology. They save a lot more money for the company. I think if a guy can save 3millions per month for a company, they can let him have 1.5 millions.\n\nThe overall income of worker are increase too, so I think it is a good deal.\n\nAnd remember, it's not the gorvement who pays the ceo, the company pay them. It's their money, they can do what they want.",
"Many companies allow the CEO to 'buy in' huge amounts of stock at a fixed rate. For example, a new CEO may pay $1,000,000 of their own money into the company for which he is working. In exchange, he gets the option to buy $1,000,000 of shares at a fixed rate. This incentivizes the CEO to work hard to make the business very successful.\n\n\nOften times when a CEO takes a job and things don't go well you'll hear public outrage at how said CEO came in, sunk the ship and walked off with several million dollars.\n\n\nThat several million often belonged to them in the first place, but they had given it to the company to purchase stock at a certain price. I believe they can get that money back if they step down before certain things have come to pass.",
"It used to be if you robbed too egregiously from the working class, Teddy Roosevelt's corpse would claw its way out of his mausoleum and beat the ever living shit out of you. \nAll attempts to restrain him having failed, in 1969, the apollo 12 mission successfully deposited the irate husk of our 26th president on the moon, paving the way for the explosive growth of income inequality seen in the the last fifty years.",
"When they started managing 15 times more people?",
"Because our corporate masters are extracting wealth from the middle class. Unions are all but gone and they've long run off with all the fuckin money.",
"On top of many of the good answers in this thread, I just want to add that companies have a much bigger reach now and can make a lot more money. A company like Apple can sell their computers and phones in China and all over the world very easily. A company like Facebook can easily offer their product all over the world to the point where there are actually a billion users. \n\nWhen a company is that enormous, they are willing to pay up for a very high in demand CEO who costs a lot. And that CEOs job is extremely important, that person is making executive decisions for a massive company.",
"After the 2008 financial collapse. They saw an opportunity and took it. They're also really picky when hiring since there are so many jobless looking for work. ",
"I am not sure of the details, but Clinton changed some policy and stock options were the workaround. I did a search -- bloomberg details the change\n\n_URL_0_",
"Some quick checking of public records, and math, tells me our CEO only makes 133x what I make. I am the 2%! \\o/\n",
"And that is why the CEO of Frannie Mae was able to still get a bonus of $4M while losing 98% of the share value in 2008....what a world.",
"It takes a lot of money to motivate the immoral predatory behaviour that CEO's need to chase profit and growth at any cost. ",
"The CEO can have a lot of influence on the operational efficiency of a company. That is to say, the CEO may have a lot of influence on the bottom line (profit). Levels of profit tend to influence the market value of a company. Shareholders own the market value and can generally decide who the CEO is. Companies offering high relative compensation tend to retain and attract CEOs that can increase the market value of their company. The amount a CEO is compensated is a function of the amount of profit they bring in. Profits have increased substantially in the last 50 years, driving the uptick in CEO compensation.",
"Fun fact: the last time wealth inequality in the world was at the same level it is today was in 1929. Nothing went wrong that year, amirite?",
"CEO is like a quarterback. He can turn a team around and the best ones everyone wants. \n\nBefore it used to be the owners and directors who got all the money, now the CEO gets much more as well.",
"Who cares? Seriously. If all CEO pay was suddenly cut by 300 and the remains were divided equally between all lesser employees it would not make any significant difference.",
"Most of the comments here aren't true at all. You have to understand firstly and foremostly that money is a possession in the United States, and that property is 9/10th's of the law. CEO's tend to have either created their company, built the(ir) company up, or have a unique relationship with the founder; and are usually indispensable in the companies success. So ultimately what you are asking is \"why does the guy who built the company chose to give himself a sizable portion of those earnings\" and the question falls flat on its face. I am a social progressive with substantial education and training in entrepreneurism. The problem is, most social progressives look at the \"problem\" from the wrong perspective. Think about it this way, if you had 100$ and you wanted to give 20$ to one friend for being that REAL homie, and you wanted to give 1$ to another friend because you were nice enough to pay for his vending machine chips, would you consider yourself evil? Well neither do CEO's. They go out of their way to make sure they follow the law, and they go out of their way to make sure that their most trusted and influential employees make more than their peers. However, because the American ecosystem has allowed their businesses to take advantage of economies of scale, they have DECIDED to cut more of the excess off the top in order to bolster their own living. The contention here is that, guess what, nobody gets to tell you how to spend your 100$ dollars correct? It doesn't matter what anyone says, it doesn't matter what anyone does, it doesn't matter what anyone thinks. That 100$ is yours. So when your friend comes crying that he you only gave him 1$ for the vending machine when you gave Jimmy the straight Homie 50$, you say to him... tough luck. And that really is the moral of this story. Wealth isn't something that a democratic majority gets to chose to steal from someone else in order to make their own lives better, because \"life isn't fair\". The common usage of the phrase \"distribution of wealth\" confuses those of the average intelligence that \"wealth is distrusted\", but it isn't. It isn't a card game where we go \"one for you, and one for you, and one for you, and one for you\". It is something that you agree to earn based of a contract that you've signed. Well guess what, some people sign bigger contracts for bigger amounts. So while it is typical to pretend like A CEO shouldn't be paying himself 5 million when his employs get 50k. The fact is, it doesn't matter. You. don't. get. to. chose. what. other. people. do. with. the. money. they've. made. based. on. the. contracts. they've. signed. and. neither. do. they. to. you. That isn't to say that you can't respect a CEO who pays himself 1 million a year and raises all of his employees salaries, but to think that you deserve more of someone else's money because you're bitter at how much more they make, is your problem and your problem alone. Best case scenario, you wage more taxation on them. ",
"There is a very good book explaining this in detail, but which isn't complicated called Indispensable and Other Myths by Michael B. Dorf, see my review: _URL_0_\n\nIt started with the economists Michael Jensen and William Meckling in the mid 1970s. They produced an extremely influential paper that argued that CEOs needed to get their pay tied to company performance to align themselves with the interests of the shareholders. Only problem was that this idea was based on flimsy evidence at the time and has never since been proven. Yet the intuinitive appeal was so strong that this idea soon spread to the boardrooms.\n\nSo starting from the 1970s the boardrooms hiring CEOs became convinced they needed to provide stock incentives, options etc to get CEOs to perform. This is what has been driving CEO pay ever since combined with Reagan in the 1980s basically saying greed is good, so the social norms working against this was eradicated.",
"There was actually an interesting piece on BBC Radio 4 yesterday that discussed this topic. I'll post the link below.\n\nIt seems there are two elements to your question; why are CEO salaries so high, and why is there such a large differential between regular employee's salaries and their CEO's.\n\nThe first point, of why their salaries are so high in the first place, has already been covered by others. In essence, it's a combination of a high demand job in low supply, coupled with the fact that their salaries are now made public. There's leverage for the CEO not only because the job is in high demand, but also because they can use another CEO's higher salary as justification for their own.\n\nThe differential, and why this has increased, is a much more interesting question in my opinion. The short answer to this is that as companies continually strive to appease shareholders, they've been stripping away anything and everything they can to optimise their business. One of the best ways of doing this is to get more out of your staff for less - i.e., give someone more responsibility for less money. The piece on R4 used Whitbread as an example, who own Costa Coffe (a cafe chain). They've essentially stripped out all middle management, leaving only a core strategic team of less than a hundred to manage ten's of thousands of employees.\n\nMore and more responsibilities are being pushed down the chain, and for very little extra money. This means there's a big grouping of salary at the lower end, a huge gap, and then the salaries for the strategic management and CEO. This differential is also compounded by the fact that the job market is pretty tough globally, so people are forced to take that low paying yet demanding job. Hey, it's experience.\n\nAnywho, i recommend you give the Radio 4 episode a listen;\n\n**The New Workplace - BBC Radio 4**\n_URL_0_ (skip to 9:47 mark)",
"Strictly my opinion, \nIn the past, CEO compensations were a strictly private information for public ( meaning publicly traded on Wall street) corporations. As such , CEO didn't have knowledge of what other CEO were making.\nA new rule was introducewd to make this information available to shareholders and it became available for other CEO's to see.\nCEO and Execs acted like 5 year old kids since then. \n*\"But Mom, if Little John is making 500K a month ? Why can't I have 500K a month ?\"*\nThis has led to a rapid increase of not only CEO's but also Executives of public and private companies to attract and retain those *\"talented\"* Executives.",
"Sometime around the time of Reagan and Thatcher a powerful new idea took hold in the public mind: trickle down economics. In short the idea is that by making the rich richer, we all benefit. This was to be achieved through deregulation (aka \"cutting the red tape\"), privatisation, and tax cuts for the wealthy. \n\nThis had the side effect of reducing employee's power and increasing corporate power. The result was that corporations and those in charge of them could negotiate deals that were to their advantage, and employees were powerless to stop them. \n\n Rather than admit that trickle down doesn't work, its adherents try to deflect blame: immigrants, automation, women working outside the home, and globalisation are favourite targets.",
"**From the point of view of one of the more controversial economists, Steven Landsburg, in his famous book The Armchair Economist. It is also very interesting reading, and makes a lot of sense in a way that makes you hate yourself. Why do we pay CEOs so highly?**\n\nWhy are executive salaries so high? Why do stockholders approve annual salaries in the vicinity of $40 million for some of the highest-paid corporate officers?\n\nHarvard economists Michael Jensen and Kevin Murphy recently examined this issue and were led to reformulate the question to something more along the lines of \"Why are executive salaries so low?\" More precisely, Jensen and Murphy found evidence that executive salaries are tied only very loosely to corporate performance, so that on average an executive who saves the company $1,000 receives only a $3.25 reward. Their research, reported in an unusually broad spectrum of publications ranging from the abstruse Journal of Political Economy through the Harvard Business Review and Forbes, concludes that performance incentives are woefully inadequate and that much of the problem can be traced to insufficient upward flexibility in executive wages.* They have argued that stockholders might be far better off paying salaries that were higher on average but more closely tied to accomplishments. Rewards and punishments should both be greater.\n\nIt seems to me that on this issue two outstanding economists have lost their economic bearings. The Jensen-Murphy theory is that by not tying compensation more closely to performance, stockholders are making a bad mistake.+ Even in a world where people make bad mistakes constantly, no economist should ever be satisfied with a theory that something happened because somebody erred. The game is to assume that human behavior serves human purposes and to attempt to divine what those purposes might be. To the stockholder, the executive is just another employee, and like any employee he must be prodded to perform. One area where a little extra prodding might be called for is in the area of risk taking. Stockholders are generally favorable to risky projects with high potential rewards. The reason for this is that stockholders areusually well diversified. If the project fails, your stock could become worthless, but that is a risk you might be willing to take if that stock represents only a small fraction of your entire portfolio.\n\nExecutives, by contrast, typically have large parts of their careers riding on the fortunes of a particular company and accordingly tread gingerly when risky projects come their way. From the stockholder's viewpoint, this is bad behavior and should be discouraged. The most direct form of discouragement is to monitor the executive's behavior and punish excessive caution. But if the stockholders were going to monitor every executive decision, they wouldn't need to hire an executive. In practice, stockholders don't have enough information to enforce their preferences directly. This observation might go a long way toward explaining the uncoupling of rewards from performance. When the president of IBM undertakes a project to develop an inflatable full-sized computer that can be folded and carried in a shirt pocket, and when the project fails and loses millions, stockholders are unable to distinguish between two theories. One theory is that the idea was asinine from the outset. The other is that the project was a sensible risk that happened to fail. Because the first theory might be correct, they want to fire the president. Because the second might be correct, they don't want to punish him too severely—that would send the wrong message to future presidents. So failed corporate officers are retired with enormous pensions. That practice is often derided in the popular press as a simple failure of common sense, but the economist's insistence on looking for method within apparent madness yields more insight than the journalist's resort to ridiculing that which he cannot immediately understand.\n\n\nThe tension regarding risky projects might also help to answer my earlier question: Why are executive salaries so high? Remember that stockholders want executives to take more risks. One way to encourage a person to take risks is to make him wealthy. Other things being equal, multimillionaires are a lot mellower about losing their jobs than people who are worried about how to put their children through college. If you want your corporate president to be receptive to the inflatable computer project, you need to encourage that kind of mellowness. A high salary helps a lot in that direction.\n\nThe general level of executive salaries is as much a topic of journalistic scorn as the \"inadequate\" punishment of failed executives. I am appalled by the anti-intellectualism that underlies such scorn. All that separates us from the beasts is our ability to wonder why things are as they are. In the realm of economics, the answer to why often begins with the observation that information is asymmetrically distributed. The executive knows his own basis for making decisions, but stockholders can only guess. They are forced to mold his behavior through imperfect incentives. There are good reasons to think that a high salary, through its encouragement of risk taking, is a component of the optimal incentive scheme. This is hardly a complete analysis of the problem, but it is an indication that analysis is possible, and worth pursuing. \n\n\n**TLDR: Shareholders have a large amount of money, they invest comparatively small amounts into each company. Shareholders want to encourage CEOs to take risks to make large profits. CEOs are adverse to risk because failing once can ruin their entire career. Wealthy people are encouraged to take risks. Therefore stockholders pay CEOs very, very much.**",
"This is too late and this is not really an ELI response but have a read of [the agency problem](_URL_0_). CEO pay is usually set by the Board of Directors who often can form implicit agreements with the CEO in you-scratch-my-back-now-i-scratch-yours-later deals that are contrary to the interests of the shareholders.",
"unrestrained greed after fall of communism, before that there was a sort of balance between making money and social good, downvote away\n\ngeophilosophy, world philosophy",
"1. Smart CEO will keep changing companies for more salary. Probably not the cause of the company success but hard for next company to argue. So they pay him more. Doesn't really matter if they do a good job, company just needs to be move profitable.\n\n2. They are the fall guy when company does poorly. So they are paid well, shit happens, they 'resign' to save company face. \n\nyes some CEO take little to no pay and make there money on company stock. That's how it should be, but its hard to reverse that office culture.",
"I'm no expert, but I think that the company's are worth more now and they have to hire more employees. My guess is that companies that may have been smaller before have grown larger, thus more income for the CEO. Employee discounts didn't rise to the same extent because they have to hire more people. Also the value of those companies is rising faster than the minimum wage. I'm no expert but that's what I think ",
"Hi there, let me try. Executives of Fortune 500/S & P 500 companies actually have much of their compensation tied to stock performance. Upon every year an executive \"achieves\" company goals, they are then considered for added bonuses. These bonuses normally may include restricted/unrestricted stock options and corporate perks. When an executive executes these stock options, they will then hold more stock and earn income on their holdings. This means the majority of their income will be comprised of earnings on their shares (as stock price goes up, and they sell stock, they realize greater income). As capital gains on stock are not taxed as highly as regular income, and actual labor income is taxed at a higher rate (~30%), they make more income. Additionally, most executives won't just go walking around with cash in their pockets, they will reinvest their earnings on income either back into the company or into their own portfolios. This will amplify their earnings even more. As they now might be a shareholder in another large company where they get paid a substantial dividend (also taxed less). In essence, if you earn an actual wage in this country you are at a disadvantage because you are in the worst tax bracket; however, if you hold a portfolio of securities and your compensation is in stock, bravo! Your marginal tax rate is far lower than 30%. Hence, why executives earn more. And currently, as the stock market continues its exponential rise, earnings of executives will also continue to rise at a constant rate. I hope this helps!",
"OP if you want the ELI university student version check out Dr. Richard [Wolff's Capitalism hits the fan]( _URL_0_) fair warning it's a 90 min lecture but it's also sort of the most important issue of our time.",
"I always say that the soviet union collapsing is the worse thing that could have happened to the American working class. For years our system had to prove it was better and offered more opportunities to the average person because there was one big competitor. If you look at the 50s-80s they were for the most part the best times to be middle class in America. Once that wall fell there was no worry about Communism becoming a big thing, thus workers no longer needed to be treated better than anywhere else. ",
"Its all really as simple as it can be, we like asigning special qualities to people instead of settling to it just being luck. And then reward it with a shit ton of money so that those people seem to have mystical and divine status.\n\nRead \"fooled by randomness\" and \"thinking fast and slow\".",
"I really wish people would stop going to movie theaters to kill people, and just go to the homes of the billionaires and slaughter their entire family with a note saying \"should have paid us a bit more\" and \"this is what you get for taking over our government with your corruption\"\n\nIf only the bloods an crypts would stop killing each other and start taking on the real problem... \n\nI don't know why poor people kill each other when the rich are clearly at fault.\n",
"It seems as though as companies got bigger, the CEO role (1 job) went up in compensation, as the standard every day role (1000's of jobs) instead went up in number of jobs, rather than compensation. ",
"Around the same time that union membership shrank. [Check out this chart for reference.](_URL_0_)",
"Meanwhile, the average American is having trouble paying off mortgages and putting food on the table.\n\nSYSTEM REBOOT?",
"Unfortunately I see a lot of misleading information. It's real simple. The truth is that it is \"Pay & Compensation\" for the S & P500 corporations.\n\nAll you need to know is that CEOs are compensated by salary and stock. \n\n[Here](_URL_0_) is an image of the ratio in question.\nTo those who study the S & P500, it should look very familiar. In fact it looks like an exact copy of the [S & P 500 Index](_URL_1_)! Because it is.\n\nA CEO is usually compensated by stock options and shares. Some CEOs are paid less than their secretaries but are given shares of their company. So as the S & P goes up, so does the value of these stocks. CEOs are enticed to join a company by the amount of shares they get. It's a self fulfilling reward for doing a good job and punishment for a bad job.\n\nBTW - This does not represent CEO's outside of the S & P500 (which is most of 20,000+ American Businesses).\n"
]
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[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/CEO_pay_v._average_slub.png"
],
[],
[
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[
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[
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[
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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/CEO_pay_v._average_slub.png",
"http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2014/05/20/shareholders-approve-jamie-dimons-74-percent-raise/",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/NYUGDPFinancialShare.jpg/350px-NYUGDPFinancialShare.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
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[
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[
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[
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],
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[
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[
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],
[
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],
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[
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],
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[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/TZU3wfjtIJY"
],
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[],
[],
[],
[
"http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/17603/one_chart_shows_how_unions_redistribute_wealth"
],
[],
[
"https://c.o0bg.com/rf/image_1920w/Boston/2011-2020/2014/10/26/BostonGlobe.com/Business/Images/ceopay2graf.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Daily_Linear_Chart_of_S%26P_500_from_1950_to_2013.png"
]
] |
||
1xgbpx | why don't our immune cells or macrophages simply engulf cancer cells before they form tumors? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xgbpx/eli5_why_dont_our_immune_cells_or_macrophages/ | {
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"text": [
"They basically do, all the time. You have special cells that basically shoot a protein bullet into bad cells that are infected with a virus or are cancerous. Your body will remove many, many cancer like things form your body over your life, even if you are cancer free. \n\nThey problem is that it's hard for your immune system to figure out what is cancer and what isn't. Cancer cells show some signs of being different but mostly they are just your cells. They are much more similar to you than say a bacterial cell is so your gun wielding protector cells have a hard time figuring out what to kill. \n\nSometimes your body doesn't recognize a cancerous thing quick enough and it grows too large so that your immune system can't deal with it anymore. That's when you get a tumor that you or your doctor notices. "
]
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[]
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||
m48ne | log & lb (natural log) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m48ne/eli5_log_lb_natural_log/ | {
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"text": [
"I think you mean ln instead of lb. \n\nAnyway, start [here](_URL_0_) and let me know if you have questions. ",
"I think you mean ln instead of lb. \n\nAnyway, start [here](_URL_0_) and let me know if you have questions. "
]
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jkfif/eli5_natural_logarithm/"
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jkfif/eli5_natural_logarithm/"
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||
7teuw5 | how did they manage to melt gold in ancient rome? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7teuw5/eli5_how_did_they_manage_to_melt_gold_in_ancient/ | {
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"Smelting metals actually predates Ancient Rome, metal smelting goes back more than 8000 years (so about 6000 years before the founding of Rome). The bronze age is so named because of the ability to make and use metals like bronze.\n\nyou can melt lead & tin in an open fire. For copper or gold you need a furnace or kiln which people already had plenty of. \n\nAlso gold can be found in veins or nuggets and hammered without even needing to be melted."
]
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[]
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||
2igksy | why is it that after we drink something, we can hear it in our stomachs when we move around? | For example, I just had a gulp of water then did sit ups. Someone explain?
Edit: What happens to the beverage? Does it just sit there? Break it down...I've been curious for a while. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2igksy/eli5_why_is_it_that_after_we_drink_something_we/ | {
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"I'm not sure what the mystery is. You've gulped down some water. So you probably have some air and water in you. When you move, it sloshes around. This produces sound, and your body is not fully soundproofed, so you can hear it.\n\n > Edit: What happens to the beverage? Does it just sit there? Break it down...I've been curious for a while.\n\nMaterial you ingest is mixed around in your stomach into a thick goo called chyme. A sphincter in your stomach opens, allowing the goop into your small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed out of it. This gradually reduces the material to a more solid stuff, called feces. Small movements mix the substance and gradually advance it into the large intestine. Once there, the body primarily focuses on claiming what water it can from it, absorbing it into your body. The rest is what you expel into the toilet as poop. \n\nThe beverage you drank would have eventually been released into your small intestine and mixed with the rest of this chyme. "
]
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[]
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|
32qjex | why are female insects bigger than male ones and why do some species eat the male after mating? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32qjex/eli5why_are_female_insects_bigger_than_male_ones/ | {
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"It's all about energy. It takes little energy for a male to produce offspring. He simply donates his DNA and then his purpose is fulfilled. This is also why females will eat the male. More energy and nutrients for her offspring.",
"Females need a lot of room for their egg-laying organs - these take up a lot of room in bugs, and makes the females much bigger than the males.\n\nThe eating thing is about energy - females use a lot of energy laying hundreds of eggs at once, and eat the male (whose job is now done) to keep themselves alive. They can then protect the eggs and offspring. From an evolutionary perspective, one dead male could mean a hundred living babies, so it's a good trade-off for the species."
]
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[],
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54p33l | in huge fires in jungle, why does the smoke seem to be moving very slowly towards sky from some far place? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/54p33l/eli5_in_huge_fires_in_jungle_why_does_the_smoke/ | {
"a_id": [
"d83rhiu"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Because you are so far away. What appears to be only a few feet in a second is actually hundreds of feet. It's like the space shuttle. You can watch it going up and it doesn't seem like it's moving multiples of the speed of sound."
]
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[]
] |
|
1wji4i | if html is just a markup language, how come html5 can do 3d, video, audio and even sophisticated games? | It seems like everywhere I look, there's an amazing site proudly displaying how it was made with HTML5. I mean, look at these things: _URL_1_
Or this: _URL_0_
BUT: wasn't HTML just a markup language, and "not really a programming language"? (As I've witnessed several programmers say.)
What gives? How and why HTML5 can do what previous versions of the same "language" could not even think of one day being used to do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wji4i/if_html_is_just_a_markup_language_how_come_html5/ | {
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"All the work is actually done by the web browser. The HTML just \"marks up\" what video is supposed to play for example and the browser plays it. The browser renders the 3D, plays the audio.\n\nAnything that needs to be controlled pragmatically is done with JavaScript that's included in the HTML document. JavaScript is a programming language. But you're always basically just telling the browser what to do.",
"So basically you've just answered your own question. HTML5 is not the same thing as html vanilla through 4.1. Its a completely new thing.\n\nI'm gonna write you a fucking book about how every last fucking thing in the web word works. Which will answer to an incredibly full degree any further questions you are going to have after you read the TL;DR im also going to write you right here right now so you can get your answer with out having to stay up till 3 am looking for it in my long mtf response.\n\nTL;DR: HTML 5 is a programming language to a degree in the way that HTML 4 and previous were not. HTML 5 was invented to replace flash. Because flash sucks balls. Essentially HTML 5 just Combines the programming and graphical abilities of flash. Into the existing structure of HTML so that you have get all your website design needs done with 1 language. Which will be supported on any device, in any browser on any computer anywhere ever. Without developers having to go to extreme lengths to support it. Which is what they have to do with flash. Suffice to say, if you were to make a list of every command you can introduce with HTML 0-4. It would be like say 1000 commands. HTML 5 would have something like 100,000. Plus the ability to program. Plus the ability to animate graphics, plus the ability to etc etc etc. \n\nEssentially we call it HTML 5 because because its the next progression of the HTML linage. However, if we compare the evolution of HTML to the Evolution of man. Vanilla HTML (the first) is a single celled organism. HTML 2, is a multi Celled organism. HTML 3-4 are bacterial and algae respectively. HTML 5 is a cybernetic robot injecting heroin into its eyeballs while telekineticly ripping atoms apart with its mind.\n\nDoes it belong in the same group at HTML 4? No. We could have easily not called it HTML 5 and instead called it. Lasper. or something random. That way you wouldn't equate Lasper to the HTML line of languages. HTML 5 has its origin in HTML but its basically a completely different thing. Which just kept all the functions of the former.\n\nBEGIN LESSON OF ALL THINGS INTERNET.\n\nBefore html5. Your basic structure was. HTML to call to content. I.E. \"Load an image.\" \"Show the following line of text 'xxxxxxxx' and then have a link to another page\".\n\nBasically its just a soup of whatever content you want. \n\nThen you have CSS. CSS tells there webpage where that content goes and how it is displayed.\n\nI want this image to go here and be this size. I want this link to be purple. I wan this text to be italic. I want the website to show up in the center of thew page and leave a 15% screen real estate margin on each side.\n\nThen you had JavaScript. Javascript is a powerful client side Scripting language which allowed you to add interactivity or dynamism to pages which didn't require any calculation or storage of variables on a server.\n\nSo with javascript you could make an ordering menu for a pizza shop. Which would then e-mail the order to the store's delivery queue account.\nYou could make Those image galleries that load images up semi full screen when you click them, and darken the area outside of the photo. It's a powerful tool but it can't do advanced operations which require programming functionality.\n\nThen you have PHP. PHP can do everything javascript can do but requires you to know how to manage a database. Normally people use MySQL in conjunction with PHP. With php you can basically do anything to a webpage that isn't graphical. I.E. you can't draw a convincing 3D character with php. PHP basically just upgrades your Pizza order menu to accept credit cards, you can perform intense functions, take and store variables. I.E. a shopping cart. Which will save your account info for the next time you come back to the website. (Where as JS would forget everything every time you left that specific page.) Also, you can have a whole account system and content management system with php. Instead of loading up text documents and messing with the code to change your website. You can program an interface with php so that you can edit a website graphically. The best example I can give you is WordPress or Tumbler. You don't need to know a thing about making websites to use WordPress. There are option boxes, menus, text boxes. You just fill it out. pick a theme and away you go. All of that is php, and the php then knows how to write the HTML/JS/CSS and whatnot for you.\n\nThen you had DHTML. DHTML is pretty legacy but it is still important. As javaS. and php evolved, people started leaning away from DHTML. But it has features. Initially identifying which browser your visitor was using was done with DHTML. Ever notice how pop up windows are kind of like a mini web broser. But a lot of stuff is stripped out? For instance. If you took this tab, and made it its own window. Then you scaled it down to the size of a pop up window. The Address bar, book marks bar, forward and backwards button, scroll bar and eveyrthing else you have. Maybe a yahoo search bar (lol as if). Well all of a sudden there is no room for the content of you add and all you have are the navigation elements. BOOM DHTML. It can tell a pop up window to not have any of those things. Just a bare bones window with a close button. (And 19 \"are you sure you want to close this window\" warning messages annoying you while russian trance plays in the BG.\n\nAdditionally, when you are on spotify, or grooveshark, or w.e music website you use. When you try and close that window by hitting the x of your broswer window. Sometimes you will get a message. \"This website is currently playing music are you sure you want to close?\" That is all handled through DHTML.\n\nThats the core. Then one day a company called Macromedia invented a software called FLASH!. Flash was amazing. Because it combined the flashy (starting to understand why its called that now aren't you) graphics, interface, and interactivity of a program you run on your computer with the advantage of being able to access it through a web page instead of having to install a program from a CD-R.\n\nEveryone went nuts for flash. No more boring grid layout websites with images and links. Now you can have shit animated everywhere and can interact with it. Flash uses its own language called \"Action Script\" its very similar to PHP but instead of having anything to do with websites. It's all about animation and buttons and flash stuff.\n\nWow the internet is perfect right? Wrong, in order to use flash. You have to do what? I bet everyone knows. Download that god damn latest version of the (now adobe) flash player. W/E i could give a fuck, i don't mind downloading a free application in order to access all this amazing content. \n\nSo there you are. Happy with your new interactive websites. Playing your favorite flash game when suddenly. Adobe has a bad business deal with a partner. In their anger they decide flash will no longer support all the cool features which makes your game awesome. \n\nThe cool thing about all of the languages I explained to you before FLASH and AS is that they are open source. You can get in there and muck around and create whatever you want. Learn how use them and the sky is the limit. Well with flash the sky is pretty high. However, Adobe has some restrictions. Are you a talented motherfucker? Can you program the equivalent of Photoshop, release it as a free online flash program? All of a sudden now all you have to do as a graphic artist is go to _URL_0_. No point spending 500 bucks on photoshop anymore. Except oh wait? You mean lots of the programming functions required to make all that work arent available with flash? Noe wai.\n\nAlso, remember how you had to install flash player? You never had to install HTML player, or JavaScript Player or etc etc etc.\n\nWhats it doing anyway. Well it has certain permissions. It can access files on your computer. Important fucking files. If I was an asshole. I could write a flash program which would say. \"Push this button for free tits\". ..And now you have a virus. Or, that credit card info from your amazon account just got e-mailed to me.\n\nThe big problem is maybe there is some guy. Let's call him Steve. Steve doesn't like to be told what he can and can not do when he makes websites. Steve really doesn't appreciate the though of 1 company alone having complete control or say over this product everyone wants to use.\n\nLets also pretend that Steve has his own company. Let's call it something random like ..Apple Computers. Maybe Steve also sells phones. Some sort of iPhone thing. Maybe steve finds out that the reason windows and android phones are so vulnerable to attack is because people can use flash to access their texts and banking information and you name it.\n\nSo maybe Steve decides his company (apple) is going to make a phone (i) that doesn't allow the use of flash. Because he doesn't want phones freezing up. Or seding your data to people.\n\nBut wait. Flash has become so ubiquitous. How can we still use the internet the way we are used to, from our phones without flash? Well maybe steve decides he's gonna fund research into a new technology. Hypothetically were gonna call it HTML5. Which is what I would call it if any of this was happening in the real world and wan't just a story I was inventing right now. \n\nWe're gonna make a language. Which mimics the functionality of flash. But has the versatility and \"sky is the limit\" openness of all the web languages. Also, we're gonna make it so it naively interacts with all of those languages so you don't need to download any player.\n\nAnd there you have it.\n\nEDIT: I surly don't deserve gold. I'm glad you enjoyed reading my rant."
]
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"http://www.polygon.com/2014/1/27/5336758/how-an-rts-is-seeking-to-change-browser-games-forever",
"http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/best-html5-websites"
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4cxjvg | if radio waves dissipate and aren't able to be separated from background noise after a small distance traveled (a couple light years), what's the point of seti? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4cxjvg/eli5if_radio_waves_dissipate_and_arent_able_to_be/ | {
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"Kind of complicated to explain. Basically what you say is true of earths basic radio communications. Since we aren't looking to blast our signals in any particular direction, they get really quiet, really fast.\n\nOn the other hand, a focused signal can travel very far depending on how much power is used to send a radio signal.\n\nThe premise is that extraterrestrial life has similar or better technology than us (and we can detect \"earth like\" or \"possible life\" planets in the galaxy), that they would detect that Earth is earth-like, and would blast it with radio signals to see if we can receive and respond to them.\n\nSuch a radio blast, if enough energy were used, could easily travel a few hundred light years, but its still a very narrow window that we are looking at to try and detect alien life.",
"Whether it can be heard over the cosmic background noise is something that could be debated and is not given as a certainty. \n\nThe ability to pick a signal out of noise isn't just a matter of signal to noise ratio. It's also a matter of modulation, signal complexity, what kind of noise, what kind of device is doing the receiving, and other factors. \n\nIf a radio source were omni directional, it would take immense power to be heard at a distance, but if you aimed a directional array at a part of the sky you though likely to have intelligent life, it would go much farther with less power. Think of it as using a laser pointed at the neighborhood of a distance city, vs a candle. \n\nThe ability to pull a signal out of a noisy background can be broken down into a math problem and the simpler the radio transmission is, the more likely it can survive significant degradation. For instance a simple spark gap type of radio wave, which is itself just a burst of noise, could get another civilizations attention just by turning off and on at regular intervals as a kind of beacon. It wouldn't encode any information but because it's so simple, it would be easy to reconstruct even in a noisy part of the sky. \n\nThe very strength of the broadcast is the thing most likely to get it flagged for investigation as it would increase the difference between signal and noise. Think of it like this, the galaxy is pretty bright, but that doesn't stop us from seeing individual stars, because the star is brighter than the background. The quality of the star light is also different from the quality of the background light so we can use things like filters to peak behind dark parts of the sky, or image them in infrared or xray to see behind the dust. \n\nThe frequency of a broadcast would be similar to this, with very low frequencies traveling incredible distances and penetrating dust pretty well, and if the frequency is in a part of the noise spectrum where there are gaps, it will stand out better. \n\n\nIn any case, in general there are a lot of reasons why we might be able to pick up an alien broadcast and the cost of running SETI is minimal compared to the benefit and profound change for humanity at making first contact. It would change our place in the universe to know we aren't alone. It's one thing to guess we aren't the only intelligent species, and it's a very different thing to know it. "
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d76ns2 | why are neodymium magnets so strong when neodymium is not a magnetic element? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d76ns2/eli5_why_are_neodymium_magnets_so_strong_when/ | {
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"Magnetism comes from the poles of atoms oriented in the same direction. Traditional iron magnets are made of iron atoms, which loosely orient in a direction. However adding neodymium forces the iron into a fixed structure, with almost all the atoms are oriented more efficiently. So the new crystal structure amplifies the magnetism of iron as neodymium magnets are made out of neodymium/iron/boron.",
"Neodymium magnets are actually a mixture of neodymium, iron, and boron in a ratio of 2:14:1 atoms, so neodymium magnets are mostly iron. However this mixture can be better than iron at making magnets for a few reasons. Neodymium has more unpaired electrons than iron whose spin can align with the magnetic field so you can put more magnetic field through Nd2Fe14B before it starts fighting back. (The boron is needed to hold it all together.) Also that specific ratio corresponds to a regular pattern of atoms or crystal lattice. Normal iron magnets are made out of a ferrite crystal lattice. The Nd2Fe14B lattice is ... oh god, it's a [complete mess](_URL_0_) but it's kinda layer-y if you squint. These layers prefer to magnetize in a specific direction which is good for us. When you make a permanent magnet, you apply a strong magnetic field and try to essentially freeze the magnet's crystal lattices all in a direction so their magnetic fields add instead of fight each other, so the fact that this lattice has such a preferred direction makes this work especially well.",
"Neodymium IS a magnetic element, it's just not a ferromagnet. When people think of magnets, they think of ferromagnets. In ferromagnets all of the magnetic moments (magnetic poles) on the atoms are aligned in one direction, and so you feel a strong positive magnetic force on one end, and a negative force on the other. In fact you can have antiferromagnets, where all moments are facing in opposite direction, and paramagnets where all the moments are spinning and have no order. In both of these cases the bulk magnetic field is close to zero. Pure neodymium is a paramagnet, but adding it to the other elements in a neodymium magnet forces it to align like a ferromagnet. Neodymium also has something known as anisotropy which means it's more easily aligned in one direction, but in elemental neodymium the temperature is too high that it destroys any order and is a paramagnet.",
"Magnets have many small ‘arrows’, Neodymium ensure the ‘arrows’ point towards same direction.",
"When neodymium is whole, it's in a happy and stable state. When you cut it into smaller segments, like magnets, it gets separation anxiety and seeks to attach to other similar parts, so it becomes magnetic.",
"Imagine a very very wide road and traffic can go in any direction. If a lot of traffic goes in one particular direction, a magnetic field is induced. When you add neodymium, you give lanes and directional constraints to the flow of traffic, which increases the flow of traffic in the direction which will induce a magnetic field. \n\nThink of neodymium as a road divider or several blocks of stone set to distinguish lanes. You can't drive on them, but they are used to facilitate driving.",
"Neodymium **is** magnetic, it just has a Curie temperature well below room temperature. The Curie temperature is where the atoms get so hot they no longer hold still enough to maintain a permanent magnetic field. Neodymium alloyed with iron results in magnets that are stable well beyond room temperature. \n\nAlso, when elements combine, they can gain new properties. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases, but water is a liquid. Neodynium, when alloyed with iron and boron, creates a brand new atomic structure that is particularly good at holding a magnetic field."
]
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aq1e81 | when we completely close our eyes, are we actually seeing the inside of our eyelids, or is our sight just "turned off" somehow? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aq1e81/eli5_when_we_completely_close_our_eyes_are_we/ | {
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"When you close your eyes no actual signal is being sent from the rods/cones of the eye. So in simplest terms your second assumption would be most correct. \n\nTo think of sight in a different way first assume the sight is the absence or presence of light. The brighter the light the larger the signal. The dimmer the light the dimmer the signal. So absence of light no signal would be sent.",
"Shine a light at your eyes while they’re closed. What do you see? That’s your answer. "
]
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4ojp1s | someone please explain this maths equation to me? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ojp1s/eli5someone_please_explain_this_maths_equation_to/ | {
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"This one is a bit subtle.\n\nYou know how dividing by zero breaks things:\n\nIf you don't: read the next paragraph. Otherwise skip over to the explanation at the end.\n\nSo you know you can do division by repeated subtraction, right? So to get `6÷2` can be done by subtracting 2 until you get 0, and then counting the number of times you subtracted 2. (In this case 3...obviously). But what about dividing by 0? Well, you can subtract 0 from any number all you like and never make it any smaller. That means that trying to divide by zero can't be answered, and that anything that relies on dividing by zero is broken.\n\nSo where's the divide by zero? Well, on the second to last line you have: `2(a-b) = (a-b)`. But on the first line you have `a=b`. That means that `a-b=0`! To get from `2(a-b) = (a-b)` to `2=1` you divide both sides by `a-b`, which means you've divided both sides by zero, and the maths just breaks."
]
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dt4ku6 | how does wine produce a wide variety of flavor descriptions like berries, apples, grass, wet stone, etc..? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dt4ku6/eli5_how_does_wine_produce_a_wide_variety_of/ | {
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"The variety of the grape produces the most substantial difference in taste. For example, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinor Noir taste completely different. Second, the soil the vine is in plus the fertilizers can influence the taste. Finally, the growing conditions factor in - grapes grown under \"stress\" (like windy, a little cold, minimal water, etc) are more highly prized for their flavor.\n\nAs to the descriptions you mentioned - this is how people who are \"into\" wine try to describe the taste of the end product. It's usually done in terms of other tastes that people are familiar with. \n\nYour post is marked Chemistry. I know that people have run wines and liquors through liquid chromatography and other analytical tools. I don't know whether or not you can compare a wine to blueberries or wet flint. I suspect that would be a major math issue.\n\nIn short, this is really around people trying to relate tastes in terms of other things people might know."
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5ufluq | how exactly do planes compensate for the curvature of the earth when they are flying? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ufluq/eli5_how_exactly_do_planes_compensate_for_the/ | {
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"Aircraft don't move quickly enough for the curvature to be significant over the minor corrections just to maintain level flight. If the aircraft is kept level it is following the curvature already.",
"Planes just need to adjust 12.5 centimeters for each KM they travel. (8inchs per mile in retard units).\n\n12.5cm in nothing since planes do 1KM in 4 seconds.\n\nI have a friend how is a Pilot, I don't think they take the Earth's curvature into consideration because 12.5cm is 0,0125 % of a mile and there is other stuff like weight-shift inside the plane and Air currents that can influence the flight pattern harder than the curvature.\n\nAlso planes have Altimeters (altitude meters), digitals and analogs ( Pitot's tube) inside so they know where they are. They can always ask for ground control to tell them the position and fix that mid-flight",
"They control their flight by aerodynamics, and the atmosphere of course curves with the Earth. So when a plane is 'trimmed' for straight and level flight it will automatically follow the curvature of the Earth.\n\nAlso a plane isn't a dumb object, it's being actively controlled by a pilot or an autopilot, and they will use either their eyes or instruments to determine the orientation and height of the plane compared to the ground and make control inputs to maintain that straight level flight.\n\nEDIT PS: If a plane went fast enough that the Earth's curvature would be significant, it would simply fly as though it weighed less than its true weight.",
"Air pressure predictably decreases with altitude. Planes measure their flying altitude using this air pressure and math. \n\nIf they are cruising along at 1000ft, flying literally flat, the air pressure around the plane would decrease as they were respectively further from the ground, reducing it's lift. The plane \"falls\" back to a level 1000ft from the ground, so the air pressure says constant. ",
"Planes **DO NOT NEED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE VERTICAL CURVATURE OF THE EARTH WHEN MAINTAINING ALTITUDE**. Everyone telling you they constantly adjust down a little bit is wrong.\n\nThe Earth is curved, as is its atmosphere. An aircraft determines its altitude based on atmospheric pressure. Therefore, we do not define \"level flight\" as being tangential to the Earth's surface, but rather as being an altitude relating to a specific atmospheric pressure. Therefore, if the plane is trimmed for level flight it will ALWAYS remain at the same altitude above the Earth.\n\nPicture a plane flying [perfectly level above a point on a curved globe](_URL_0_). In your question, you're assuming the plane flights horizontally (the first image in that link). However, this would only be the case if there were no atmosphere. A more accurate visualization is to rotate the Earth beneath the aircraft (second image). You see how the surface of the Earth directly below the aircraft is at the same location? Because the atmosphere moves with the Earth, THAT is level flight.",
"The same way absolutely everything else does.\n\nThere's two ways you need to compensate. One is flight path and the other is altitude.\n\nFlight path is easy. Instead of using flat maps, you use great circle routes. North of the equator, the fastest way to reach a target due east or west of you isn't to go due east or west but to take a more northeast path. This depends on distance, something diametrically opposite would have a great circle route through the north pole. \n\nSouth of the equator it's the other way.\n\nAs for maintaining altitude, the plane has to deal with two factors: gravity and curvature of the earth. The former is causing the plane to veer downwards and the latter is causing it to veer upwards.\n\nWell, as it turns out, gravity is a LOT more of a factor than the curvature of the earth!\n\nSo, like every other object travelling over the earth, it doesn't have to compensate AT ALL for the curvature, because gravity has already done that. It just has to compensate for what's left of gravity.\n\nAnd sometimes gravity's effect and the curvature' effect are equal. We call that an orbit."
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8shj2a | how do teams qualify for champion's league? | Europe has so many major and minor leagues. Can you explain the qualification process to someone who knows next to nothing about how football is organized? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8shj2a/eli5_how_do_teams_qualify_for_champions_league/ | {
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"Top 3 or 4 teams finishers from each country leagues qualify.\nThe league rating (I think) of a country allows how many clubs can qualify from a particular league. \n4th (last/final) spot/finisher in the league needs to play qualifiers and win to qualify into the group stages or else they play Europe league.",
"Teams are qualified per country, with the top 1-5 teams per country each year performing a round robin tournament to determine the final contestant lineup.",
"Most leagues in Europe have automatic qualification (top 2-4 teams), other leagues need to qualify via playoffs. England (the Premier League); for instance, have 4 guaranteed spots. \n\nThe other way to qualify for the Champion's League is to win the Champion's League. Chelsea won the Champion's League in 2012 so they took the Premier League's \"4th spot\" in the 2012/2013 season despite finishing below 4th place. This caused Tottenham (Chelsea's greatest rival) to be pushed out of the CL the following season despite finishing 4th.",
"A full answer is complicated. On a basic level, a certain number of slots are awarded to each league. Some of these slots are \"Automatic\" slots that immediately put a team into the group stages, others a qualifying slot that put teams into a short two-leg knock-out tournament that takes place before most of the European leagues begin for a spot in the real thing. In addition, the winners of the Champions League are guaranteed a place in the group stages, and the winners of the second-tier competition the Europa league are also given a place.\n\nAs you observe, though, Europe has a variety of different leagues, each operating at a different level. How do you decide how many slots each country gets? Welcome to the UEFA Country Coefficient.\n\nThe Coefficient is supposed to be a ranking of the quality of leagues, and it is determined by the performance of teams in UEFA competitions over the past five years. Two points are awarded for each win in European competition, one point for a draw. bonus points are awarded for reaching the later stages of competition. Then, the total of each country is divided by the number of clubs that participated that year (from that country).\n\nSo, right, you use that to rank all the leagues in order. The top four leagues get 3 automatic slots, and 1 qualifying slot. Currently, that's Spain, England, Italy and Germany, and that's unlikely to change in the short term. As you move down the rankings, proportionally less places are awarded, until you get to the 53rd ranked league, Kosovo, who get one single slot into the earliest section of the qualifying competition."
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3kvjo4 | what do bees and wasps do when they come back to find their nest destroyed? | Are they just like "fuck man, not again"? What do they do after? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kvjo4/eli5_what_do_bees_and_wasps_do_when_they_come/ | {
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"They will begin building another one, but without a queen, it is my understanding that they die.\n\nFrom a practical perspective, this is why it's best to spray in the late cool evening, when the largest majority of the wasps are at home",
"Don't kill bees please. Call up someone to move the hive, wasps on the other hand can go to hell.",
"There are lots of different pollinator insects, including pollinator wasps. So don't kill bees, wasps, ants, butterflies, flower beetles, and moths that are outside not bothering anyone. ",
"I'm a beekeeper, so somewhat qualified talking about bees, but I have no idea how wasps react to that situation. That said, if you take the hive away, one of two things will happen. \n\n*If there is another hive nearby and not a lot of bees from their own hive around (aka they feel alone) they will try to get invited in the other hive and become a member of that populace. They kind of beg their way in.\n\n*Else they are going to sit on the spot where the hive was and wait for some time. After a while (depending on weather and such) they will try to create a new hive. Because a queen is missing, one of the workers will try to be a queen. She will not be able to create new workers from her eggs, only useless males. After a very short period, all bees are dead.\n",
"They become 浪人. They will restlessly roam the earth until they find a hive that will accept them. ",
"Somewhat related: to avoid wasp nests on or around your home: spray overhangs and crevices with WD40. Source: I tried it. I was getting a nest or two a day from hornets, yellowjackets, and wasps all around my home. I sprayed the entire house (basically) with WD40 in June and have not seen a single nest all summer. Give it a try!",
"Claim off their insurance?",
"Wasps nest last year we had to have removed. That night, about a dozen wasps clustered around the spot where the nest was... Next day there were around 8. Within a few days they drifted off until only 1 wasp remained and he gave up. Don't know if they died or just flew off to start new colonies."
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j9b5m | this semicolon joke | _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j9b5m/eli5_this_semicolon_joke/ | {
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"A misplaced semicolon in C++ can often cause the entire program to not work, so you have to sift through lines and pages of code looking for one semicolon that's out of place.",
"This is a guess but basically. ';' is used to separate different statements in a computer program source file. When you compile a program from a source code file the compiler will check the file for errors before compiling. compiling is basically turning the programming code words a human types into a machine understandable form. \n\n For various reasons finding the error in the code is not always easy. The compiler usually tells you what line in the filei *it thinks* the error is on but very often the error is no where near the line. AFAIK forgetting to use the ; is one of the more common ways of generating an error at compile time.\n\nC++ was created in 1983 and until today presumably missing the ; at the end of a statement is the most common cause of error.\n\n",
"In C++, missing semicolon makes things not work. You have to find where you had missed typing one in. It's also, like _the_ most usual mistake one does.\n\nEdit: I mean, that programmers are practically all the time just searching for ; and not doing actual coding. That is why it's the hide and seek champion. (not really true, but that's the joke)",
"A misplaced semicolon in C++ can often cause the entire program to not work, so you have to sift through lines and pages of code looking for one semicolon that's out of place.",
"This is a guess but basically. ';' is used to separate different statements in a computer program source file. When you compile a program from a source code file the compiler will check the file for errors before compiling. compiling is basically turning the programming code words a human types into a machine understandable form. \n\n For various reasons finding the error in the code is not always easy. The compiler usually tells you what line in the filei *it thinks* the error is on but very often the error is no where near the line. AFAIK forgetting to use the ; is one of the more common ways of generating an error at compile time.\n\nC++ was created in 1983 and until today presumably missing the ; at the end of a statement is the most common cause of error.\n\n",
"In C++, missing semicolon makes things not work. You have to find where you had missed typing one in. It's also, like _the_ most usual mistake one does.\n\nEdit: I mean, that programmers are practically all the time just searching for ; and not doing actual coding. That is why it's the hide and seek champion. (not really true, but that's the joke)"
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1q10b9 | how far are we of a manned mission to another planet? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1q10b9/eli5_how_far_are_we_of_a_manned_mission_to/ | {
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"current space agencies don't have the money. it's just that. give nasa a trillion dollars and they can make it happen.\n\nbut what benefit would it be? especially when alot of the country is going down the drain."
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5nc2au | what is apple cider vinegar good for, tastes awful. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nc2au/eli5_what_is_apple_cider_vinegar_good_for_tastes/ | {
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"I use it to attract and trap those fruit flys that float around my kitchen. It smells like trash so they enjoy it. Works pretty well.",
"It's often used in pickling. Also in salad dressing, and a spoonful in certain baking recipes makes the baking soda fizz up to leaven them. Add a spoonful to a cup of milk as a buttermilk substitute for pancakes and biscuits.\n\nBut in most cases you can substitute another kind of vinegar if you prefer. Rice vinegar has a much lighter taste, for instance, and balsamic vinegar is sticky-sweet. Just be careful to use a vinegar with enough acidity if you're making pickles or canning, or it won't properly kill germs."
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4bmdd3 | how money got the way it is | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bmdd3/eli5_how_money_got_the_way_it_is/ | {
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"1 - The primary reason for gold's value is that it's rare. There are other factors that play into this, from its instrumental uses to speculators buying gold as an investment, but that's really the major one.\n\n2 - We used to use precious metals instead of paper and coins. However, if you want to pay for something in gold, you have to have it weighed, assessed for purity, etc. It takes time. Some people began just going to goldsmiths who would assess these traits and assign a value, and they gave the owner a ticket to claim the gold again at a later time. You could then take the ticket and give it to a merchant, who could go and claim the gold later. It was easier and faster. That's the basis of paper money.\n\nCoins came about as specific, certified denominations of metal for trade. The authority backing the coin certified the purity and weight, and because the metal itself was made of precious materials, its worth was intrinsic to the coin itself. It was standardized unit of worth.\n\n3 - It's hard to say where \"money\" comes from because the word means different things in different contexts. If you're talking about physical items that can be traded for goods and services, most money comes from governments. They reserve the right to print paper currency and mint new coins, and they do keep making more and more.",
" > Why gold is valuable\n\nBecause we say it is valuable. It's shiny, rare, mallable and we quite like it. It doesn't really have any practical uses for it at the time it was discovered (albeit it is very useful now) but it, like gemstones, was a handy medium of exchange\n > Why we now use paper and coins instead of gold or bartering\n\nBartering is just a bad system to begin with; but imagine carrying around a purse of gold lumps each of differing sizes and shapes. it's going to be fairly heavy and clumsy and you have to agree with your shopkeep that this bread is in fact worth this lump and not that lump. So what you do is you give the government/ a bank your gold and it in turn gives you light and easy notes saying \"This slip can be turned in for X amount of gold\" which creates a standard of value.\n\n > Where money comes from and why we can't just print more of it\n\nThe government prints money and puts it into circulation. The reason why we don't print as much of it as we want is because that causes hyperinflation, making the money printed worth less than the paper it is printed on; which isn't optimal. ",
"Gold is shiny, obvious, very limited in quantity, and has limited use outside of a medium of exchange. There's dental and circuitry and stuff but that uses tiny, tiny amounts compared to the total supply. Ultimately though there's no real reason to use gold. We could use anything else or nothing at all. It's arbitrary.\n\nPaper money in the West started out as banknotes, which is basically an IOU from the bank that issued it. A ten dollar banknote could be redeemed at the bank for ten dollars worth of gold, and since that trust exists that it can always be redeemed, you don't actually have to. It's essentially worth ten bucks in gold and can be exchanged in lieu of gold.\n\nBarter was never really a widespread thing. The economist story of barter to gold to debt (paper money essentially represents debt) is a fiction used for convenience. Barter when it existed was mostly used for inter-community trading (between two tribes for example) and had a strong undercurrent of hostility.\n\nUS banknotes come from the federal reserve, though they're no longer tied to a value of gold. \n\nWealth, on the other hand, the ability to buy things, comes from economic activity. You take a hundred bucks worth of supplies, spend a few man-hours working on it, and come out with a product worth 150 bucks. Wealth.\n\nYou can just print more of it, and people do it all the time. It's just that printing money doesn't increase the total amount of wealth. It just dilutes it. When you print money, what you're essentially doing is taking a portion of wealth from every dollar in the economy, and putting that wealth into new money. \n\nPrinting money devalues all the money currently circulating. If this is done recklessly, the value drops so fast that bad things happen to the economy. If your hundred bucks will be worth 80 tomorrow, you're not gonna save, you're not gonna invest, you're gonna spend it as fast as you can. In extreme situations (hyperinflation) your money becomes worthless before you can get home from work. People's savings evaporate and they start wanting to put people's heads on stakes.",
"I think there's one feature about gold that makes it so valuable that I'm not seeing listed yet. Yes, it's rare and yes, it's pretty, but there's one other thing that makes it a good currency: it is (mostly) chemically inert. What's that mean? It doesn't rust. It doesn't corrode. You probably know from firsthand experience that copper and silver tarnish over time, and in the presence of some chemicals copper can even turn green. A sample of gold can be handled and passed around and exposed to all kinds of environmental conditions without decaying, corroding, or even changing its color. If I buy a piece of gold, I can be confident that the shine and color and luster and ductility will be the same 30 years from now as they are today."
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8rpbng | why does blood clot if you remain motionless? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8rpbng/eli5_why_does_blood_clot_if_you_remain_motionless/ | {
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"Blood is 2 parts; plasma (mostly water) and cells (mostly red blood cells). In the plasma there are some proteins called 'clotting factors'. \n\nNow, when the flow is normal, the lining of vessels *prevents* the cells from contacting with it, thus not clotting (because one way of forming clots is damaged vessels). \n\nIf remaining motionless as you mentioned (let's say someone stayed in the hospital for some time, the doctor tells the patient to move not to form clots after he's in home), blood flow becomes interrupted and slow; sluggish; grouping cells together; damaging the lining (endothelium) and collecting the factors. All leads to form clots. "
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3ca787 | how can some people think my sister and i look identical and other say we don't even look related? does this mean everyone see's things differently? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ca787/eli5_how_can_some_people_think_my_sister_and_i/ | {
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"Everyone can notice small things that are similar while others may not even notice them at all. But, while everyone can notice the differences in your features compared to (in this case your sibling) others in your family it all comes down to genetics.\n\nYou and your sister are both from the same parents (presumably) so you both come from the same group of potential gene makeups. There's only those rare cases that anomalies could occur to cause something wild to happen.\n\nUnrelated to the explanation: during middle school I was always able to be recognized as my sisters brother just because we looked the same, even though we were 2 years apart. Genetics can suck. But now that we're older, we don't look alike at all any more."
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3bdnff | what is the current state of afghanistan? what has the u.s accomplished/not accomplished? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bdnff/eli5what_is_the_current_state_of_afghanistan_what/ | {
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"That's a really complex question, but I'll try and answer it for you.\n\nThe US has removed the Taliban from power, although they're still a very dangerous threat for the nation, with an estimated 20000+ members. Since 2001, over 5 million Afghanis who fled the country due to the dangers of living under the Taliban have returned. In 2011, over 8 million Afghani children were attending school (including over 3 million girls) when in 2000, there was barely 1 million attending school (with less than 500k being girls). Health care in the country has improved drastically, with the amounts of lives saved by improved healthcare estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands. US is currently training the Afghani Army to be able to handle it's own domestic and foreign security, so that US/ISAF forces aren't responsible for their protection.\n\n**However**, the Taliban are still a very real threat for the Afghani people, and that's evident by the Taliban being responsible for 75% of the 3000 civilian deaths in 2013. There's still over 2 million refugees in various parts of the world, majority being within Pakistan. Because opium grows so well in Afghanistan, a large number of farmers grow it. US hasn't found a way to convert these farmers to other crops, and doesn't want to just destroy the crops, out of fear the farmers will turn to the Taliban to protect their fields. So as a result, opium production in Afghanistan has increased to the point it now produces some 90% of the world's opium. \n\nSo the people's daily lives have been improved greatly, but there's still **a lot** to be done, and plenty of dangers for the people."
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8f81kd | how does money laundering work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8f81kd/eli5_how_does_money_laundering_work/ | {
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"To be short , someone makes a “business” and claim to make **X** amount of money, but in reality they are making wayy less than that . Now you claim your drug money came from the business , so you have a clean paper trail accounting for the money you made .",
"There are different schemes for laundering money of varying complexity, but the basic idea is you take money that you obtained illegally and pass it around to make it legitimate. A simple way to do this is buy a business and use the dirty money to make purchases at that business. Then if the IRS asks where you got that money, you can show them your business and that businesses finances. ",
"Image finding a ton of money like 5 million dollars. If you were to go spend it Uncle Sam would notice and start wondering where you got it and why he didn't get his cut. So to avoid questions from Uncle Same you would open a business and take your dirty money and put into the business as if people were buying stuff even if you haven't had any customers. So that there will be a paper trail, and when Uncle Sam looks he sees you have a business and it makes money. ",
"So let’s say you have a good amount of illicit income like selling drugs, guns, sex trafficking, hitman, whatever. Now you can’t really live a lavish lifestyle without throwing up some red flags. Like where do you get the money to buy these nice cars, houses, pay taxes on these things etc. what you do is you have a front such as a car wash, laundromat, somewhere you can really fake profits (it has nothing to do with actual cleaning of money, it’s cleaning the paper trail). So how is the government gonna know if your laundromat has 10 or 50 customers each day? Basically you fake your dealings to have clean money to spend.",
"You take an enormous amount of illegal cash and spend it at a business you own. The traditional business of choice was a laundromat (hence the name), but any heavily cash based business works. They have too many customers that just hand over cash to be expected to know where it all came from so it is the perfect place to make your illegal money suddenly appear in a legal way.",
"Just another more detailed example, I know a person who does construction cost estimating who had done small \"washes\" for people. (Laundered small sums.) If they have 5k, he might bill them for a few jobs he estimated, which is a job that only involves labor, and if he was ever questioned, he has legitimate estimates he could produce to show as the work he performed. He has a business set up as his own company with himself as the sole employee which isn't strage for an independent estimator. He deposits the checks he received or cash as payment for the job, accounts for it as business income then slowly over the next few weeks withdraws money from his business account as his pay or business expenses or whatever. Eventually he gets the cash back and returns it minus his cut. \n\nEdit: gives the cash back either as payment for services or some other business transaction. ",
"Previous post: _URL_0_\n",
"Just to add on a bit more that people didn't cover\n\nIf you have a ton of money and decide to use a mostly cash business to make it seem legit, you can still get caught.\n\nFor example, if your laundromat's utility bill for electricity or water is extremely low compared to the booming business you're supposedly doing.\n\nOr the water bill for your car wash is low or the same as other car washes, and you claim to take in a ton more money, without having high ass prices\n\nOr your pizza joint/sandwich shop has few expenses for bread, toppings, etc., but supposedly is selling all these pizzas made from nothing\n\nOr they check with your supplier of dough, and see that your figures are wildly different\n\nOr your bar doesn't buy much alcohol, yet somehow sells a ton of drinks. They aren't that watered down!\n\nSo while the process is simple, you can still be caught easily too.",
"I saw some answers that are good but didn't see any I liked or that cover some of the other aspects.\n\nThere are a few different types of money laundering, mostly depending on what you're doing with the money.\n\nThe first is disguising the source of the money. This is used when you sell something illegal, drugs are a classic example. The money is converted into cash somewhere, the cash is then spread out to avoid triggering investigations, and then all that money is deposited in a centralized receiving account. Simple examples of this are things like someone else posted about the construction contractor that bills for work not done. Mid-sized examples use night clubs and bars, places where mark-ups can vary widely and cash is king, this allows the club to mark as sold thousands of drinks, entries, or sometimes even entire full night events that never actually happened. I expect that right now there is a rise of using cryptocurrencies to do this because the volatility can hide a lot of bad things. For large accounts the money generally goes international using a large number of international transfers to hide the money source, the money then goes through a combination of the large and small areas to reach the goal. \n\nFor even larger amounts you build something. Say a large building or complex of buildings in a really tacky gold color. Everything is built super cheap, but for some reason buyers pay over market rate, and your investors somehow make massive returns. You then brand yourself as a real estate genius thinking you're amazing at making deals, when really you're just the patsy.\n\nThe second reason is to hide the destination of the money, this is actually how some of my clients paid me, even though everything I did was legal. For this the business will often generate a fake theft. \"Someone\" skimmed the money coming in, embezzling it, the money finds it's way into a duffle bag, and that duffle bag of cash is used to pay people. This is the same basic method that is used to pay people under the table. For larger amounts a charity is setup, the company makes donations and the charity sends the money along. In my case I eventually worked through a family trust account, my clients hired the trust, the trust paid me, this is so much easier than trying to find a way to deposit a duffle bag full of cash without raising suspicion. Since my work was legal I didn't bother laundering, but my clients thought I was laundering through the trust.\n\nThe third category is simply to disguise what you're actually doing, and this can often be legal. Maybe you need to pay a pornstar to not tell everyone you like to be spanked with a magazine. For this you generate a false business. An intermediary consultant is hired, the consultant is paid an exorbitant rate, usually many times the normal going rate for their work, the extra is paid out. This leaves clean hands for the person paying and the recipient knows exactly where the money came from. Like I said this can sometimes be legal, sometimes it isn't.",
"Let’s start with $100,000 in illegal drug money. I get a loan so as not arouse suspicion and start a business. As the business goes, I put in some extra money in sales that never happened and say they happened. As time goes on, you sweeten your periodic sales with your drug money until you launder or clean all 100 grand with your fake stated sales.\n\nAt the end of it, you’re left with clean money that you can spend as you see fit, say buy a house and then a car and then all the furniture and appliances you need and then pay off your utilities for a year all in the same day, (though it’s definitely unwise) and no one can say anything because your business records and personal records say you made that money.",
"A lot of people are mentioning businesses, but that's usually for low-level, small time crime. Let's say someone makes $100k, but also makes $50k illegally somehow on top of that (maybe selling something illegal on the side), this is common with EU truckers for example, who often smuggle cigarettes on top of their normal stuff across borders. Now this $50k is 100% illegal income, they can't really pay taxes on it otherwise the government might ask questions (how did you make $150k when every other trucker made $100k?). You can't really spend the $50k, because again, the government can be like (you made $100k, how did you spend $150k last year?). So some of them open up mostly sham businesses that they don't care about, like a small coffeeshop, and then claim it makes $50k when in reality it makes way less. A single coffee shop making $50k is completely reasonable and nobody will ask questions. Boom, now this truck driver can use his illegal money.\n\nHowever, for wealthy, more impactful people, it's different. Somebody worth millions of dollars, suddenly opening up chains of businesses and ensuring each one of them lie about their income is a nearly impossible thing to pull off, especially in the EU. So, one way wealthy people money laundering is through 'fake' purchases that don't raise suspicion. Let's say I'm selling you $5m worth of illegal goods. You can't give me that money in cash as a gift, otherwise I'd have the same problem as the trucker earlier. So I sell you something else. Like a stupid fucking painting that's worth nearly nothing. And you buy it. Boom, you get your goods, I get my money, and the stupid fucking painting was the middleman to make it a legal transfer of money. You can replace the painting with anything, even businesses or houses or whatever. (I'll sell you the title of this shitty, crumbling business for $5m). There's other ways as well, including putting the money into Bitcoin, withdrawing it in foreign banks that have little regulation, claiming it came from investments, etc.",
"You are rich drug lord and earn millions of dollars.\n\nYou want to buy a house and fancy cars, but you need to pay through a bank.\n\nYou can't deposit more than $10000 without drawing suspicion on where the money comes from.\n\nSo you start up Mattress Firm, a scam mattress business with rip off $3000 mattresses that sell to 1 out of 100 suckers.\n\nBut you tell teh IRS that you sell hundreds of mattresses every month, making millions.\n\nNow you deposit those millions, thats where they came from!",
"There are many ways, but many people have covered them.\n\nSometimes, where I'm from, it's as simple as putting the money into poker machines, redeeming the cash and then claiming you just get lucky via gambling. It can be super hard to prove otherwise. ",
"So in breaking bad they laundered money by making sales of carwashes that never happened, up charged ones that did but have them the basic carwash. All these sales turned the drug money into clean legit money. ",
"You stole $5 from Mom. Mom will definitely know if you buy something from it. You tell Mom you walk the neighbor's dog for the weekend. You walk the dog, earn $5. Tell Mom you earned $10 walking the dog.",
"Imagine a scenario where you were given a large sum of money, but it wasn't a gift from a rich uncle or something.\n\nOr, more likely, you find yourself having to handle a large amount of money on an ongoing basis [ex. you're a spy, or sell drugs, or something]. This works whether someone is paying you [drug lord scenario], or you are paying someone else [you screwed a pornstar and are buying their silence].\n\nThe mob made this a science, though there are a lot of ways to do it.\n\n * Step 1: spend a few hundred setting up the paperwork for a business selling food, or doing drycleaning, running a casino, or renting apartments. Or whatever, but those are the easiest.\n\n * Step 2: hire a buddy who's in on the game to manage the business for you. Cut them in for a percentage.\n\n * Step 3: fake sales. If you bought an apartment building, set up fake accounts in a few of the units, rent the rest for real. Move the empty units around occasionally. If unit 1 is empty right now, move someone in after the person in unit 3 moves out. Keep unit 3 empty in real life, but occupied on paper. You can even furnish it and throw things around once in a while if you want it to look occupied.\n\n * Step 4: Ditto for a pizza joint, casino, or used car sales. A few real clients and a lot of fake customers. It helps a lot if you're bad at paperwork and records, or if no paperwork is necessary.\n\n * Step 5: A laundromat is useful because there isn't even much to track in terms of inventory, if an investigator shows up to ask questions you just say \"the customer brings their own soap, I just keep the machines running!\". A casino is useful because large amounts of cash comes and goes, and there is no way to prove a particular round of poker did or did not happen--it's just a line entry saying \"so and so lost $5000\", if that.\n\n * Step 6: Take your real money from your fake clients that was earned via a real business to the bank and call it good. Vary the amounts slightly, but keep them within the bounds of what an actual business of that sort would have to do in terms of cashflow in order to stay open, but not so much that it looks suspicious.\n\n * Step 7: count your Benjamins, pay a little tax, be the rich uncle.",
"Money laundering is taking dirty money and making it clean. The idea is to hide the dirty money as \"legitimate\" income from a clean source. \n\nPretend you are a criminal trying to launder your money. Open a legitimate business. Don't waste your money on advertising, quality equipment, or a good location. You only need it to be good enough that it attracts enough customers to make it seem like you're not doing anything suspicious. Once you've got that covered, you start claiming that you're doing more business than you really are. You claim more customers than you actually got, with the income you claim is from these fake customers is in reality from your illicit doings. Now you've got clean money that you can give to a bank, use on a credit card, or (and this is a very important step) pay your taxes. Al Capone wasn't convicted of most of his crimes, it was the tax evasion he went to prison for.",
"There's a gas station across the street from me that has literally never changed it's gas price since I moved here in August. Never see anyone buying any snacks or drinks there. Sometimes I buy cigarettes but like 50% of the time they're just out of them. Totally convinced it's a front.",
" Ok suuuper simplified. There are three phases: \nPlacement - getting rid of dirty cash by depositing it in an account, taking it to a casino, buying money orders etc. \nLayering: this is what most people think of when they think laundering. In this phase you're trying to obscure the source by converting the forms of monetary instruments. You could open up a front business, or even buy a life insurance policy, cancel during the trial period and ask them to mail you a refund check that appears clean. Lots of things you can do here. \nIntegration: by this point it's hard or impossible to tell dirty money from clean, so you go ahead and buy yousself something nice. Maybe a condo or cigarette boat. ",
"There are tons of random stores near where I live where in years I have never seen an actual person go into those places. Once in a while you can see luxury cars parked in front. These stores are places like a cabinet outlet, office chair outlet...etc... prime real estate locations too. I looked them on on public records turns out they're owned by different LLCs who are under an umbrella Corp. I have no idea HOW or WHY these places are still operational and why IRS has not caught on.",
"Is there a good free introductory course on forensic accounting?",
"Money laundering is disguising where you get your money from. \n\nSay you grow drugs and sell them to a dealer. You live in a fictional world where you, the only drug farmer grows all the drugs and sells them all to a dealer, who is the only dealer and sells them all to customers. \n\nSo, you're making a fuckton of money, and according to the government, don't have a job (or if you have one, you make $50k a year and spend 50 million). The government won't be happy if they find out, because you're not paying income tax, and also committing crimes. You need to make it look like either A: you're not spending the money that you're spending or B: you're getting their money from a legitimate source, like a job that you have or a business that you own. \n\nThe easiest ways are to either open a bunch of fake businesses, and then have a lot of fake transactions as income, or to just move it around in really complicated ways until nobody can see the original source. \n\nThe second method is easier to explain. Checks and wire transfers clearly show the original bank and account, so a dedicated law enforcement official can backtrace them with a warrant (or not with the patriot act). So, you need a transfer that they can't backtrace and also can't say is illegal. Typically this is either a wire from a country that won't cooperate and tell them who sent the money, cash deposits, or money orders deposited and paid for with cash. This is why the US government requires banks to fill out a currency transaction report for any customer who exchanges, deposits, or withdraws more than $10,000 in cash in a given day. It's also why people scrutinize transfers from the Cayman Islands and Switzerland so much. The cash deposits thing is obviously much simpler, a cash deposit is inherently untraceable (assuming you can't just match amounts). This is why some banks (like Chase/JPMorgan) require you to give them ID when you deposit cash into your account, or just won't let you put cash into someone else's. \n\nThe first method is more difficult. Say you open a chicken shop. You have 10 customers per day, who spend $10 each on a bucket of chicken. Well, you're a money launderer so all of a sudden, your accounts book says that each client spent $100 on chicken. Or, maybe it says you had 1,000 customers who each spent $10. Either way, you are now taking in cash that you didn't actually earn from chicken, and did earn from drugs. Since you own your chicken shop, you pay taxes and that money is now yours to do what you want. Or, you can then do method one to be extra sure the feds can't find out how you make your money. \n\nHope that works guys, I tried. I'm a bank teller so I can answer any questions you have about currency reports or some basic questions about the other parts of this. ",
"The entire province of British Columbia has been used for money laundering. Casinos, real estate, supercars, it's stuff bought with grey- or black-market cash, no questions asked, and it's unclear at this point how complicit the former government was in the expansion thereof. \n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n",
"Financial crimes investigator here. There are three main stages to effectively launder money: placement, layering, and integration. \n\nBasically, dirty money stemming from drug sales, prostitution, illegal gambling, etc. is deposited into a bank account as cash. Deposits will be kept below $10k in order to circumvent the filing of a Currency Transaction Report. The money will also likely be deposited at many different bank branches using several different individuals (\"smurfing\") in order to avoid suspicion. That money will then be moved to a number of different deposit and investment accounts and can also be used to pay bills and fund regular living expenses. After the money is moved to external accounts, it can be withdrawn again as cash (clean bills from a bank branch/ATM) to purchase more drugs. Additionally, debit cards and personal/cashier's checks can be used for further living expenses as well as the purchase of luxury items like cars and property.\n\nIf the launderer is smart, the banks where his money is stored will never see the whole scope of the activity that's occurring and will likely not look into his activity too closely. ",
"Not a full answer by any means, but I can give a quick and easy example which I have first hand experience with: \n\nI used to work in a high street bookmakers (a sports betting shop in the UK, which are very common here but as I understand it not very in other countries). \n\nWe would often have the following problem: \n\nPeople would come in and put dirty money in the betting terminals, place a few very low risk bets to feign legitimacy, and then print off a value ticket and claim it at the counter. This way they now have clean money from behind the counter, as well as a receipt to \"prove\" where it came from.\n\nIt was a bit problem for a while, and also very difficult to spot at times (though, very obvious at others).",
"Money laundering is how you make ‘dirty money’ (money from crime) look ‘clean’ (from normal, legal means).\n\nThere are three stages, or processes to go through:\n\nPlacement - getting the money into the financial system. This can be through using a ‘front’, businesses that deal in high cash volumes are used this way, e.g, tanning bed shops, laundrettes, taxi companies.\n\nLayering - This is moving the money round different accounts and different banks multiple times to hide the original source of the funds. (There is a growing trend of criminals using innocent, cash strapped people to help them with this - the scam is they transfer a sum of money too you and transfer a portion of this somewhere else)\n\nIntegration - the last stage is getting the money back out the other end, more often than not this is through buying assets such as luxury items and property.",
"If you're actually looking for an easy way to clean your dirty money OP, then I recommend gambling with it. Most slot machines are programmed to provide a set return over time (usually 70 to 80c per dollar spent in them, which is why they're so profitable since the house is essentially making 20 to 30c per dollar gambled) and while you're ultimately losing 20 to 30% of your money, you are able to claim the rest as legitimate winnings. ",
"Here's some other ways that people have used in the past: antiques,real estate/property or art. Have item worth x, and sell it for 10 times its actually value (usually a third party working for you.) This now takes an illicit revenue stream and makes it clean. People who launder money lose a percentage of their money, but now have a legit source of income. Cash businesses (construction, a restaurant/bar, gambling). Same concept. The benefit being once you have a large amount of money that checks out, you can invest more in your self. Buy restaurant (legit), have someone run it and just fudge the numbers to show an increased amount of customers etc. The restaurant may be legitimately profitable in itself and the extra money can now be expanded on more of the same franchise. More businesses=more potential viable income (both legit and illegitimate).",
"Worth noting, given who the President is:\n\nThe major problem with money laundering isn't the concept, it's achieving any sort of volume. Lots of businesses can safely launder $5000/month, but if you've got $20 million to launder it would literally take the rest of your natural life to do it. And while it's possible to expand the scale to more businesses, each one increases the risk of getting caught. Plus, you then have a lot of overhead to have to manage. \n\nOne of the best ways of laundering a lot of money quickly is (or was; they're pretty sharply watched now) casinos. Customers buy chips, but they don't have to spend them in ways that are accounted for. So if you have a willing casino operator willing to wait cover for you, you can move hundreds of thousands per month, instead of just thousands. \n\nThis is one of the reasons Atlantic City used to be a thing, but has now kind of decayed. The New York mob needed a place to launder money, and casinos return a nice profit to boot. But once the mob was broken, things began to decay. The heyday was in the 80s...when Donald Trump was up to his eyeballs in the place. If he wasn't involved in laundering, he's the only one. \n\n",
"Lets say you have a car wash that you want to launder money with. You could write down that you took in more customers than you actually did, creating fake income. That fake, or extra income, is where you put your dirty money to make it \"legitimate.\" Basically, in the books you make your company seem like its doing better than it actually is. ",
"You get money from something illegal, the tax man sees your money and says \"hey, where'd you get that money?\" And then you're busted and get in trouble. \n\nBut if you have a business, you can lie and say \"tax man, I got this money from my business!\" No more trouble. \n\nBut tax man is smart. Tax man knows all the businesses and how much money each one usually makes. He says \"Show me every single time your business made money, and from where, and ill add them all up. If there's lots left over, you're in trouble\".\n\nSo you need to lie more, and write down people who didn't buy things at your business, so you can tell tax man that the extra money you got from illegal stuff came from them.\n\nBut if you tell tax man your lemonade stand made sixteen million dollars last month, he can figure out that you lied to him, and you still get in trouble. \n\nSo you need to be smart too. You need to own businesses that can make lots of different amounts, a few thousand one month, many more thousand another month, even of you didn't do anything illegal. Tax man might believe you if you say the money came from there if it's a believable amount. \n\nBut what if you do LOTS of illegal stuff and make LOTS of illegal money? More than any lemonade stand would ever make? Well, you need to buy lots of businesses with lots of different money amounts, an write down lots of imaginary people in all of them. Sometimes tax man will try to find the imaginary people, so be careful. \n\nBut wait, what if you don't HAVE lots of businesses to write fake people in? You only have a lemonade stand, and you did SO MUCH ILLEGAL STUFF that you know tax man is going to get you and tell the police, what can you do? Well, there are some big smart people in suits who already own lots of businesses and are very very good and writing down fake names, you can go to them and say \"please make my money look like it came from your businesses\" and they will say \"ok, but we get to keep some of it\". And that is money laundering. \n\nThis is why [HSBC bank are bad bad evil people](_URL_0_), because they are some of the big smart people in suits who do this to help very nasty people who do nasty things to nice people. ",
"Money used in crimes like drug trades is risky to use because it is hard to explain where it came from and can easily be traced back to a crime. For this reason, many criminals go through the process of money laundering. Typically the \"dirty\" money is taken and made to look used if necessary (ex. Has been printed) by putting it through a washing machine. The money is circulated into the economy where it is then taxable and legal by using a front business (can be any business) and adding extra expenses to the accounting of the business. Example is if you own a bar you can pay for new construction. You need 20 feet of carpet but you bill for 40 feet and take your dirty money, and circulate it into the economy by putting it into the business. ",
"Hey I did two dissertations on money laundering, I’m gonna keep it as simple as possible. \n\nThe goal of money laundering is to place cash in the financial system with the goal that that illicit money will emerge clean. Actually, part of the reason why it is called laundering, as years ago laundromats were used frequently as a front, because they were a cash incentive business. (Fun fact) \n\nAnyway, so there’s three stages of money laundering; placement, layering and integration. \nPlacement: placing the money into the financial system. \n\nLayering: this is essentially creating complex transactions to create distance from the original source of money. Some methods of this include making small deposits of money in various account. \n\nIntegration: money has emerged clean into the financial sector.\n\nThis is the most simplistic version of money laundering that I can explain to you. But with developments in crypto currencies and mobile e-money the face of money laundering and terrorist financing is changing. Any other questions please feel free to ask and I’ll do my best to answer them. ",
"I'm going to give a more in dept explanation, since I work at the Federal Prosecuting Office in Brazil \\(MPF, roughly the same as the US Attorney in the USA\\), and one of our most important and common line of work is combating corruption and money laundering.\n\nMoney Laundering can happen in any number of ways, but, in a simple way of putting, it's the act of taking money from ill\\-gained origins, that you can't declare, and \"clean it\" \\(hence launder\\) so you can \"attest\" for a legitimate source.\n\nYou can have it in any number of ways, from passing it through shell companies that you or an associate owns, and registering as gains for that company, getting the money as dividends at the end of the fiscal year, to using offshore accounts and sprinkle your gains with the money that you take from there and declare it in a feasible way, as, for instance, gains from an investment in the capital market overseas.\n\nThe main difficulties posed in money laundering are always about the quantity. You cannot launder a huge amount of cash without raising suspicion. For instance, imagine you have a Gym that you use to launder money, and that gym has the capacity to serve 1000 people per month, with would total a revenue of 100.000 \\(at 100 a person\\). You won't be able to launder a million bucks through that shell company without raising some flags at the Tax Office. That's why, usually, money laundering is made using several sources, companies and offshore accounts.\n\nIn a more modern notice, Bitcoin is one of our newest and hardest challenges to crack. Since the one and only commandment of money laundering investigation is \"follow the money\", when someone converts the illicit money to Bitcoin, we cannot follow it any longer, and it can pop up anywhere else, and be tagged as investment results in Bitcoin, since you're not obligated to register how much you've invested in. This way you can pick 20 million bucks, put through Bitcoin, get 20 shell companies to revert 1 million each and tag it as investment revenue, making it impossible to trace how much you actually invested in, and rendering any speculation about the feasibility of the result moot.\n\nAnd this are only the \"big fish\" ways of money laundering. Once, we had a case where a gang would extort money out of bank employees, through a phone call, saying that they were outside the bank with guns, and if he didn't proceed to transfer the money to several accounts, he would kill him. That money would be transfered to people who didn't had any thing to do with the crimes, but were always poor and lacking formal education, and were offered 200 bucks to let them borrow the accounts. Than, they would proceed to take the cash, and flag it with gains in an informal \\(and illegal\\) game in Brazil, called \"Jogo do Bicho\" \\(animal's game in a free translation\\).\n\nAnother clever way that we had seen to launder money was Politicians going through some churches that relied heavily on donations from their followers \\(I say relied, but I mean demanded\\), and they would donate to the church in anonymity, and getting it back \\(with a fat percentage being kept for the church as a tax\\) as Camping donations.\n\nI hope I helped clear how money laundering works, and provided you with some real world examples of it.",
"Mandatory, sorry for format due to phone.\nI am a Anti Money Laundering Analyst.\nSo, there many ways to launder money, the most basic one is: banks have a rule that you have to report all cash deposited or withdrawn over 10,000.00 so a crimimal that wants to get 100,000.00 into his/her account goes and makes a lot of deposits of varying amounts under the 10k mark. Thats how the stupid ones get caught, because we have computer programs looking for that. \nAnother more complicated technique is: a bad person with a lot of money creates multiple \"shell companies\" which are fake companies that do not have a physical location and only exist to make some transactions seem legit. So the bad guy/girl hires people, usually called smurfs, to go make the under 10k deposits mentioned before into a shell company's account, gathers a high amount of money, leys say 250k and then makes a wire or check to his/her account with an apparent legal reason. Lets say the shell company is a flower shop, so the check might have a memo sayin \"flower shipment\" now the bad guy has 250k clean, that the bank thinks is business related. \nSo, now that i explained the basics, the pro launderers do this 2 steps multiple times, through multiple accounts and make sure that the money goes through multiple banks in different countries. This is because the United States banks can freeze assets but only if they KNOW the money comes from criminal activity. But if they see a nunch of wires to your account from flower shops and your account says \"flower seller dude\" well all they have is a suspicion and no facts. So boom! ALMOST clean money. \nThere comes the last step, they buy cars, houses, jewelry or many valuable things with this clean money. This is tp ensure that the assets cannot be frozen, because if the banks are noticing all of these they might already be paying attention to your account, so assets make sure that they can sell then at any moment and havr a clean bill of sale to show a bank or goverment to say \"this money is not from criminal activity, this was from a car/hour/jewelry sale i made!\".\nSo, sorry for the explaint it like im 5 made for advanced 5 year olds. The steps of money laundering are 1. Layer the money into the banking system in small payments to pass umoticed. 2.send through accounts to hide the origin of that money and make appear legitimate 3.purchase real good to guarantee safety for later amd Boom! Mr drug dealer has good bought legally that the goverment or banks dont know came from bad stuf.\nAll of this things are required because your corner drugdealer cant just show up with 100k to buy a house because he will ha e to make a report amd the IRS will find out... even if legal, keeping large piles of cash is cumbersome and will raise flags when you buy jewelry, cars, houes or anything big.\n\nI will try to respond to questions because i know i got carried off at the end.",
"So, let's say you tried stealing fractions of pennies from a company by always winding down and depositing the remainder into your own account. Now, your software working buddy misplaced a decimal point (always happens) and you have a very noticeable chunk of money. Now, you could ask an ex crackhead who's selling magazines about money laundering. No info there. You could choose to give the money back. Or you can ask Reddit and learn to launder. \n\nIdeally, you'd want to have this setup before you come into money that needs laundering. Using a service based business allows you to conceal actual sales and costs. Saying that you made more legally allows you add cash flow from illegal transactions into a legitimate business. ",
"This is more of a funny story but an interesting example nonetheless.\n\nThere was this guy who made drugs for a coffee shop (which is kind of normal in the netherlands) and he had a lot of illegal cash. He put it all (~€10000) in a trash bag, handed it in at the police station and said he found it at a local market. Now the rule is that if nobody picks it up within 2 weeks, the person who found it now owns it. Of course nobody is going to the police station asking for a trash bag with 10000 euro, thats like the craziest thing ever so he got to keep it.\n\nHe succesfully white washed 10000 euro using the police xD.",
"There are a thousand different ways to launder money, but there are three basic categories.\n\n1). Fake cash\n2). Fake assets \n3). Fake people or businesses\n\nSo, \"fake\" cash just means that you fake cash transactions...either partially or in total. You run a front business such as a bar, restaurant, anything that makes actual sales and you stuff the income statements with sales that didn't happen. You could create entirely fake transactions or simple gross up the price after the fact on the things you actually did sell. You also stuff if with fake expenses so you make no money on paper and pay no taxes, but that less \"laundering\" and more just what most legitimate businesses do. Obviously his works well with businesses that could conceivably do a lot of cash business.\n\nSo, \"fake\" assets are thing you buy with legitimate money, then sell for a fake profit, where the profit portion is the illegal money being cleaned. Here you need a knowing counterparty to go along with the transaction or the counterparty needs to anonymous and untraceable. They assets can also be products or services that are sold to someone outside the view of legitimate oversight (ie foreign or other) or procured from someone or somewhere outside legitimate oversight.\n\nSo, fake people or fake companies are entities which are behind some type of impenetrable veil (eg foreign state). You simply transport the cash to on of their locations and \"invest\" it in your legitimate businesses for use.",
"I work at a bank and had to describe this to a class of new hires. Best way to describe it is using the Breaking Bad example. \n\nYou make your money illegally, in keeping with the analogy we’ll say it’s from selling drugs, so you can’t put it in a bank because banks have regulations that will flag your account quickly for money laundering, but you also can’t just keep piles of cash around as someone is bound to steal it. There’s a reason banks ask for your employment details and your income information, and they have special things like “free checking account if you have a direct deposit”. This is make it easier to catch money laundering. If you open an account and just start shoving millions of dollars into it, the bank is immediately going to think something fishy is going on. \n\nSo you buy a car wash. You charge $20 for a full wash. When you do your books for the day, let’s say you had 20 cars truly come in for a wash. So truthfully, you made $400. But, you put in the books that 50 cars came in for a wash that day so you can actually deposit $1,000 into the bank account and make it appear legitimate. Sure, $400 of it is legitimately earned money, but the other $600 is the money you made from selling drugs. ",
"Pay cash for parts, and used cars... fix the cars, sell them on the books. Now you have a legitimate income and the government doesn't give a shit where the parts came from or how much you paid for the used cars.",
"Money laundering is when illegally obtained money is put through various cash flow channels to make it appear as though the money was legally obtained. \n\nFor example, a drug dealer cannot deposit $50,000 per month into a bank account each month without incurring a severe risk of being caught. For example, the bank is required to report certain money transactions to the government. The bank is required to report interest on the account to the IRS for tax reasons. When it comes time to file taxes, the IRS will notice a person who is making $600K per year, and interest on that money at a bank, yet receives a tax form from that person indicating that the person is not employed (hard to say you're a drug dealer without going to jail). \n\nSo, one way that drug dealer might deal with the problem is as follows: They might, for example, setup a neighborhood pizza shop. The dealer will setup a legal company, set himself as the owner of the company, and \"pay\" the pizza business with drug money (as if it was revenue from making and selling pizzas) to make it look to outsiders that the pizza business was selling pizza and making money. \n\nThen, the drug dealer could legally pay tax on that drug money, once it appears as revenue to the pizza business, and then pay himself a salary with the profit. \n\nOnce illegal money (from drugs) now looks like revenue to a legal (and thriving) pizza business. The drug dealer's salary is explained, the source of the money is explained, and the drug dealer can fly under the radar without the IRS immediately seeing something shady. The drug dealer now has an explanation for his expensive house, car, and other goods - he has a successful pizza business. \n\n"
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"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/globe-investigation-into-money-laundering-in-bc-real-estate-will-lead-to-new-rules-ag-says/article38018921/",
"https://www.thestar.com/business/2018/03/28/vancouver-supercar-dealerships-next-target-in-bc-money-laundering-crackdown.html",
"https://globalnews.ca/news/4087440/money-laundering-crackdown-bc-budget/"
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"https://www.google.co.uk/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/17/hsbc-executive-resigns-senate"
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4uw457 | how does obama or any president really affect the economy? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4uw457/eli5_how_does_obama_or_any_president_really/ | {
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"The President can approve or veto certain bills that go through congress that tax c\nertain things or (less less sure about subsidies) he can approve/veto subsidies for certain industries or companies. Additionally the president is the one who nominates the chairman for the federal Reserve which indirectly influences; required reserve rates (the amount of money the reserve has to keep on hand), the bonds that the government issues, and the interest rate on government loans. Thx high school econ...",
"Indirectly and slowly.\n\nThe President gets to make lots of appointments of officials. Those officials then have the ability to create or delete, enforce or not enforce an endless array of regulations. In this way, the President can significantly influence how the economy operates, by making more or less paperwork, imposing more or fewer hurdles to trade, and by favoring more heavily or less heavily entrenched powers in a given industry. \n\nFor example, the FCC can make it easier or harder to start or grow a new cable company/internet service provider/cellphone service provider; the FCC can impose more or fewer limits on the behaviors of the existing providers, etc. There are thousands of such agencies.\n\nThe President can sign or veto bills passed by Congress that can change how the economy operates in myriad ways, including by increasing or lowering taxes, banning or taxing certain kinds of behaviors or certain kinds of trade.\n\nThe President chooses who sits on the Supreme Court, subject to the approval of the Senate. The Supreme Court regularly rules on important cases which affect all aspects of the economy, and a President's appointments last a lifetime. In many ways, this is the President's most influential power, since the effects are irreversible for decades.\n\nFinally, the President oversees negotiations on all sorts of topics with the heads of other states. For example, the Trans-Pacific Partnership was negotiated primarily by Obama and his administration. A different President would have negotiated differently, or favored a different outcome. The Senate has to approve the result before it becomes effective, but the Senate doesn't get to negotiate the terms -- just vote yea or nay.\n\nNone of these change the economy overnight. It could take years for a President's actions to fully play out in the economy, which makes it notoriously difficult to prove empirically which policies led to what outcome.\n\nReagan's choices are still impacting the economy in material ways. As are the choices of both Bushes and Clinton. Obama's choices are really only started to have a major impact in the last couple of years, and will continue for decades."
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k5sxt | what happens internally when someone gets shot? what really kills someone? | I've been watching Westerns all day, and I've become curious about what happens when a bullet enters the body. Do organs rupture? Is there massive internal bleeding? What makes the difference between someone living and dying?
Thanks ELI5! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k5sxt/eli5_what_happens_internally_when_someone_gets/ | {
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"1) entrance wound, source of blood loss\n\n2) permanent bullet path, a corridor of destroyed tissue usually a little wider than the bullet\n\n3) temporary wound cavity, splash effect expands an area for a split second (banana to football sized) the organs in this area rupture, the blood vessels thrombose (clot up and stop working)\n\n4) Hydrostatic shock may occur, where the wound channel sends a shockwave of pressurized blood through the system causing immediate loss of cosciousness or death.\n\n5) bones are broken and parts of these bones fly througout your body creating many smaller wound paths\n\n6) exit wound, a source of blood loss\n\n7) material such as clothing and dirt is sucked into the collapsing wound path leading to infection.\n\nroughly 80% of people shot in the torso with a handgun live\n\nroughly 20% of people shot in the head with a handgun live\n\nPeople rarely die quickly or quietly.",
"Also, the type of bullet greatly affects the wound it inflicts. For example, in a revolver you could choose a rounded tip or hollow-point cartridge. In situations of self-defense, a hollow-point bullet is usually selected as the hollowing causes the bullet to expand once it enters soft tissue, causing more damage, and generally will not carry through an object. The military, on the other hand, does not use hollow-point cartridges because of the damage it causes to tissue and the difficulty of surgical removal. Militaries agree to use bullets that cause less damage. \n\nYou can read more about it [on wikipedia](_URL_0_). ",
"Bullet wounds that are most quickly fatal are typically ones that hit arteries. Arteries are like pipes that carry blood through your body. When one of these are broken/ripped open, the blood doesn't really clot. This means blood doesn't get to vital organs such as the brain (especially the brain).\nEventually, this can lead to shock (someone stops responding, and their body doesn't act right in many ways) and can kill you.\n\nOrgans do not rupture typically, but they are LACED with arteries and arterioles(little arteries) which can be torn when shot, and that means these organs are also not getting vital blood. If they are vital organs such as the liver, spleen or kidneys, this may eventually lead to death.\nThe difference in dying all comes down to shot placement, projectile power and time.\nIn essence, survival comes down to luck and proper treatment, but proper treatment does not always lead to survival.",
"I love it how in Westerns, when a person is shot from a distance, he immediately falls on the ground, there's no struggling whatsoever, once a bullet enters your body, be it head or arm, instant death occurs. While in reality, a person shot from a gun from a long/medium distance, could easily stay alive for some time. ",
"1) entrance wound, source of blood loss\n\n2) permanent bullet path, a corridor of destroyed tissue usually a little wider than the bullet\n\n3) temporary wound cavity, splash effect expands an area for a split second (banana to football sized) the organs in this area rupture, the blood vessels thrombose (clot up and stop working)\n\n4) Hydrostatic shock may occur, where the wound channel sends a shockwave of pressurized blood through the system causing immediate loss of cosciousness or death.\n\n5) bones are broken and parts of these bones fly througout your body creating many smaller wound paths\n\n6) exit wound, a source of blood loss\n\n7) material such as clothing and dirt is sucked into the collapsing wound path leading to infection.\n\nroughly 80% of people shot in the torso with a handgun live\n\nroughly 20% of people shot in the head with a handgun live\n\nPeople rarely die quickly or quietly.",
"Also, the type of bullet greatly affects the wound it inflicts. For example, in a revolver you could choose a rounded tip or hollow-point cartridge. In situations of self-defense, a hollow-point bullet is usually selected as the hollowing causes the bullet to expand once it enters soft tissue, causing more damage, and generally will not carry through an object. The military, on the other hand, does not use hollow-point cartridges because of the damage it causes to tissue and the difficulty of surgical removal. Militaries agree to use bullets that cause less damage. \n\nYou can read more about it [on wikipedia](_URL_0_). ",
"Bullet wounds that are most quickly fatal are typically ones that hit arteries. Arteries are like pipes that carry blood through your body. When one of these are broken/ripped open, the blood doesn't really clot. This means blood doesn't get to vital organs such as the brain (especially the brain).\nEventually, this can lead to shock (someone stops responding, and their body doesn't act right in many ways) and can kill you.\n\nOrgans do not rupture typically, but they are LACED with arteries and arterioles(little arteries) which can be torn when shot, and that means these organs are also not getting vital blood. If they are vital organs such as the liver, spleen or kidneys, this may eventually lead to death.\nThe difference in dying all comes down to shot placement, projectile power and time.\nIn essence, survival comes down to luck and proper treatment, but proper treatment does not always lead to survival.",
"I love it how in Westerns, when a person is shot from a distance, he immediately falls on the ground, there's no struggling whatsoever, once a bullet enters your body, be it head or arm, instant death occurs. While in reality, a person shot from a gun from a long/medium distance, could easily stay alive for some time. "
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lmhri | what makes ssds so special? (and expensive) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lmhri/eli5_what_makes_ssds_so_special_and_expensive/ | {
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"A normal hard drive uses platters to store data (like a CD or DVD).\n\nAn SSD uses flash memory (like what's inside your camera or phone).\n\nAn SSD can read and write files a lot quicker than a normal hard drive and will actually last longer. They do not generate any heat and they can be physically any size.\n\n",
"An SSD stands for \"Solid State Drive\", which means there are no moving parts. This has several benefits:\n\n1. No moving parts means less noise\n1. No moving parts reduces mechanical complexity. The simpler something is, the less likely it is to break. SSDs tend to be a LOT sturdier than hard disk drives. You can toss them around and it'll still work fine.\n\nOther than benefits gained from lack of moving parts, an SSD also has some other qualities:\n\n1. Very very fast read speeds compared to harddrives. Random read speeds can be comparable to low end DDR3s. So buying SSDs are *almost* like buying 64 GB+ of RAM. This means booting your operating system, loading programs, etc all tend to be very fast.\n1. Not much difference in sequential read speeds. As compared to random read speeds. Hard disks do a good job at sequential reads, but fails miserably (compared to SSDs) in random reads.\n1. Durable but has limited \"write cycles\". An SSD will fail after writing to it some number of times (a huge number, but still not infinite). In theory a HDD will outlast an SSD because HDDs do not have finite write limit. However in practice, HDDs will almost definitely fail before SSDs do because of environmental factors.\n\n\n",
"_URL_0_\n\nThese people explained it pretty well.",
"Imagine a classroom. The teacher wants Billy the Bit to give his speech. In a traditional hard drive, the teacher has to first look around to find Billy, then walk over, wake him up, and tell him to give his speech. With a SSD, the teacher calls on Billy and he immediately stands up and gives his report to the class from his desk. ",
"A normal hard drive uses platters to store data (like a CD or DVD).\n\nAn SSD uses flash memory (like what's inside your camera or phone).\n\nAn SSD can read and write files a lot quicker than a normal hard drive and will actually last longer. They do not generate any heat and they can be physically any size.\n\n",
"An SSD stands for \"Solid State Drive\", which means there are no moving parts. This has several benefits:\n\n1. No moving parts means less noise\n1. No moving parts reduces mechanical complexity. The simpler something is, the less likely it is to break. SSDs tend to be a LOT sturdier than hard disk drives. You can toss them around and it'll still work fine.\n\nOther than benefits gained from lack of moving parts, an SSD also has some other qualities:\n\n1. Very very fast read speeds compared to harddrives. Random read speeds can be comparable to low end DDR3s. So buying SSDs are *almost* like buying 64 GB+ of RAM. This means booting your operating system, loading programs, etc all tend to be very fast.\n1. Not much difference in sequential read speeds. As compared to random read speeds. Hard disks do a good job at sequential reads, but fails miserably (compared to SSDs) in random reads.\n1. Durable but has limited \"write cycles\". An SSD will fail after writing to it some number of times (a huge number, but still not infinite). In theory a HDD will outlast an SSD because HDDs do not have finite write limit. However in practice, HDDs will almost definitely fail before SSDs do because of environmental factors.\n\n\n",
"_URL_0_\n\nThese people explained it pretty well.",
"Imagine a classroom. The teacher wants Billy the Bit to give his speech. In a traditional hard drive, the teacher has to first look around to find Billy, then walk over, wake him up, and tell him to give his speech. With a SSD, the teacher calls on Billy and he immediately stands up and gives his report to the class from his desk. "
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2ii4lm | why do some games have major issues with screen tearing while other games at the same frame rates do not? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ii4lm/eli5_why_do_some_games_have_major_issues_with/ | {
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"The simplest answer - Not all programmers are created equal. Nor are all 3D Modelers. Nor are all drivers/hardware.\n\nMore complex answer: Your question is vague. Which games are we comparing? I mean, are we talking Candy Crush Saga compared to Shadows of Mordor, because the answer lies simply in sheer volume of work being laden on the processor. And that is actually the root of the problem. I assume you're referring to similar games, we'll go hypothetical and use CoD and BF (not implying either one performs better than the other, just using similar games with similar things going on and similar computations to perform to render similar images onto a screen)\n\nSo, imagine someone is braiding a bunch of strings together. Each string represents an available processor core that can solve difficult math equations one at a time, but really really fast. To make the braid right, each string has to be wrapped around the other strings in a very precise sequence. If one of the strings gets ahead of itself in the order, you end up with a small flaw in the braid, but as you keep braiding the strings you can correct the sequence without too much difficulty. But if one of the strings just stops for a few seconds, while the other strings keep going, that's going to create a funky looking braid.\n\nNow imagine that some of the strings are dependent on other strings having completed their step in the sequence. So we've Red, blue, green, yellow, purple and orange with some rules. Green can't go if red didn't go, but will keep going if blue didn't go. Purple can't go if yellow or blue didn't go, but it doesn't care about green or red being stopped. Orange can only go if all the others have actually gone. These may seem like silly rules, but they represent how things like the physics calculator and the artificial intelligence and the screen-renderer can be dependent on each other working perfectly in sync.\n\nSometimes, because of theincredibly massive number of calculations that have to be done with only miliseconds to do them in, and the fact that the data is still hindered by passing through all the physical connections that get information from RAM to your CPU/GPU to your monitor/speakers/RAM/etc., one of these threads miht take longer than it should, or take its turn out of order. \n\nExcellent programmers prevent this from happening in some cases, but even then the best of programmer's might be building their game with AMD chip in mind and might use certain data management tactics that Nvidia doesn't like...it doesn't mae it incompatible, but it might not play nice 100% of the time, either. \n\nSo, to boil it all down: With an extremely large number of variables (different programmers writing code expected to work on tens of thousands of differently configured machines, built from parts that have differing levels of perfection:flaws) you are going to have varying results. "
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3du4j0 | why fast food restaurants don't put their drive thru menus earlier in the line. | I think about this every time I go through- by the time I get to the menu, I have to hem and haw and hold up the line trying to quickly pick what I want. Inevitably, I pick the wrong thing because I had to choose so quickly. Doesnt it make more sense to have the menu back a bit so you can choose by the time you get up to the speaker, thus allowing for people to have figured out their order BEFORE they go through? I would think this would also inhibit customer anger, because people back further in the line would be more focused on what they are going to eat instead of why the line is taking so long... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3du4j0/eli5_why_fast_food_restaurants_dont_put_their/ | {
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"Most fast food restaurants believe that either you already know what you want or that you'll get something because you're eating there.",
"I think this way your more likely to pick a \"value meal\" which they make more money than if you just choose the precis you actually want. No resources to back it up but seems like the cause to me jmho ",
"Customers who don't know what they want before they arrive are a tiny percentage of their business.\n\nPeople working fast food for the first time are often shocked at just how many customers are there at the same time practically every single day.",
"Fast food would make a lot less money in general if people had more time to think about their choices."
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101l8t | why do tabs run slower after being inactive? | I have a bad habit of having way too many tabs open at one time, most of which I tend not to use. After I keep a tab open and decide to reopen it much later, the tab runs much slower than everything else. Even if I refresh the page, go to a new page, or anything else, the formerly inactive tab stays slow for a good amount of time. The tabs that I use often and keep switching to stay running fast. Could anyone explain why this happens? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/101l8t/eli5_why_do_tabs_run_slower_after_being_inactive/ | {
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"Perhaps you're using all of your RAM. If you view the windows activity monitor, does it show that you're using space in your swap file? And how much of your RAM is being used?\n\nWhen you're using a program, it stores all the data it's using in RAM. This is extremely fast memory, so when you're working with the data you aren't constrained by the time taken to read it from the hard drive.\n\nHowever, if you open lots of programs (or do lots of things in one program...like lots of tabs), you might run out of room in your RAM. In general, your operating system will move some of the stuff you haven't accessed for a while on your hard drive instead, but that is *much* slower to access. When you try to use that tab again, you'll experience a delay as its read from the hard drive back into RAM.\n\nI'm not sure if that would account for all of your symptoms, but it seems at least plausible. Do you use chrome? That uses a separate process for each tab, so the processes would be competing for memory. The ongoing slowness could be explained by having to make space in your very full RAM for the new data."
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2rb70n | biologically, why are sweeping views aesthetically pleasing to humans? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rb70n/eli5_biologically_why_are_sweeping_views/ | {
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"I assume that by \"biologically\" you mean that you believe we experience sweeping views as pleasing _innately_? \n\nIf so, a natural desire to achieve a vantage point where we can see threats and opportunities easily would result in an increased likelihood of survival. It would therefore be advantageous that we'd have a positive experience with such a view."
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3hsl4x | why do televisions/computers/phones have specific pixels project the color black, instead of just turning off? | Couldn't it potentially save energy (battery life) if specific pixels were turned off instead of show black?
Also, the black that computers portray is never as dark as when the screen is off. If certain portions of a screen were turned off, wouldn't it reveal a more "true" black?
This also goes for widescreen playing films/TVs. Why not make the border turn off instead of project black? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hsl4x/eli5_why_do_televisionscomputersphones_have/ | {
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"Um, they don't have specific pixels that display black. Where you see black, all three pixels (red, green and blue) are in the opaque state.\n\nsome light from the backlight (which is not controllable on a per pixel basis - the whole backlight is one big light) leaks through, which is why it isn't dark black.",
"Ltd screens just have a backlight, pixels themselves can't turn on or off. Plasma or OLED screens, that is what they do. "
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rc0u6 | why do all camera's require a bright flash to take photos at night? while our naked eye can see in dim light just fine. | When I look around at night, I can see alright. But when I take a photo, it looks all dark. I understand we have pupils to help control incoming light. Why haven't we developed a camera that can do something similar? Without requiring a bright flash. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/rc0u6/eli5_why_do_all_cameras_require_a_bright_flash_to/ | {
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"keep the flash off and turn up the exposure. your pic will look better than if you took it with a flash.",
"A few reasons:\n\n* Our eyes are quite sensitive. On a good day they can detect a single photon.\n* Our eyes are open for a long period of time, and your brain does a good job of collecting information over that time. A hand held camera shutter is only open for 1/30th of a second or less, usually.\n* Camera sensors are getting better. My camera is quite sensitive and is very good at taking photos in dark situations. For example, [here is a video I took](_URL_0_) in very very dark conditions. There was a dim red light illuminating the scene. I converted the video to black and white because it looked better."
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f0mt0a | if our brains are built to crave and reward consumption of sugar, why do so many people "not have a sweet tooth"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f0mt0a/eli5_if_our_brains_are_built_to_crave_and_reward/ | {
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"Im not sure if this helps but some of us lose the sweet tooth. I used to love sugary things but suddenly found myself disliking it and wanting bitter foods like 100% cacao chocolate bar.\nI dont enjoy ice cream as much as i used to now. \n\nHope someone answers it with a better explanation!!",
"We humans are genetically built to crave sugar, AND fat because it helps ensure our survival. However, modernized nutrition has taken things over the edge. Instead of enjoying a delicious naturally sweet fruit, we drink soda at concentrations hundreds of times higher in sugar. Sugar is considered one of the most addictive substances on the planet. And just like other addictions some take on too much, while others can control our desire. And in some cases others are repulsed by the fake sugary substances of modern chemistry. It's all personal preference.",
"Everyone has a point where they find things too sweet, that point is just a little different for different people. Also, very sweet things have properties, like stickiness or a persistent aftertaste, that are beyond what we are programmed to seek out and some people don't care for. Our desire for \"sweets\" was more about preferring carrots over turnips than liking glazed donuts and candy canes.",
"What you crave is the energy source for the brain which is glucose but you dont have to eat sugar or sweets to get it for example potatoes are full of it(kind of). From this point on it is mixed with my opinion to so you can take it with a grain of salt but here goes 1) childs and slim people active people love sweets because they dont really eat enough to sustain the energy for the brain needed to function so the brain secrates mediators to crave 2)the receptors in the tounge that respond to sweet may overreact to less in some people which can be explained with genetics 3)the change from loving as much to not so fond of can be explained with the combination of the first two as well as the excess glucose is turned to fat and the body limits the intake so that it doesnt remain in hyperglucozemi(high blood sugar) so glucose is mobilised from blood be it to transfer to cells turning to glukogen porhibit intake or turn it to something different",
"Willpower. Which eventually leads to sugar to be so sweet I can't take it and it just tastes bad. \nI don't drink soda, don't eat candy, pretty much avoid as much sugar as I can. \n\n\nIf I ever drink a mouth of soda I feel like me teeth are being tortured and shortly after I am on \"speed\". :P"
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709nit | why is it easier to drink a large volume of liquid than to eat the same volume of food? | It's fairly easy for most people to chug a 21 oz bottle of water, but restaurants can offer a challenge of a 21 oz steak and be relatively certain most people won't finish it within a time limit. Why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/709nit/eli5_why_is_it_easier_to_drink_a_large_volume_of/ | {
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"A 21 oz bottle of water isn't the same measurement as a 21 oz steak. This is due to the confusing terms in the Imperial measurement system that has ounces and fluid ounces. They measure different things. Fluid ounces are a measurement of volume (how much space something takes up) and regular ounces are a measurement of weight (how heavy something is).",
"Since the liquid is fluid, it is easier to completely fill the stomach. Think of it as a balloon. More water can fit in a balloon than, say, French Fries. Your stomach is just a balloon.",
"Liquids are rapidly absorbed and quickly enter your bloodstream from your GI system. Basically if you drink a tall glass of water, within a matter of minutes it will no longer be in your stomach whereas food needs to be digested/broken down before being absorbed and sent around the body.",
"The stomach can stretch to store up to 1.5 liters (50 oz). However, it communicates trough your bowel with a sphincter (a valve), the pylorus, which usually is really lightly open.\n\nBasically, fluids stay in your stomach for a brief moment, then they pass trough the pylorum and go to your bowel, which has much more capacity and can filter out water to send it directly into your bloodstream.\n\nPretty much every solid food instead contains proteins so it needs to stay into the stomach for a while, which produces substances that break them down. Since proteins are generally what makes food solid, once you break it down it becomes fluid and can pass trough the pylorus. Protein rich fluids like raw eggs or milk clot up once they mix with the acid in your stomach, so they are treated like solid food (however milk contains lot of water, so you can still chug a lot of milk).\n\n\n\n",
"A 21 oz bottle of water isn't the same measurement as a 21 oz steak. This is due to the confusing terms in the Imperial measurement system that has ounces and fluid ounces. They measure different things. Fluid ounces are a measurement of volume (how much space something takes up) and regular ounces are a measurement of weight (how heavy something is).",
"Since the liquid is fluid, it is easier to completely fill the stomach. Think of it as a balloon. More water can fit in a balloon than, say, French Fries. Your stomach is just a balloon.",
"Liquids are rapidly absorbed and quickly enter your bloodstream from your GI system. Basically if you drink a tall glass of water, within a matter of minutes it will no longer be in your stomach whereas food needs to be digested/broken down before being absorbed and sent around the body.",
"The stomach can stretch to store up to 1.5 liters (50 oz). However, it communicates trough your bowel with a sphincter (a valve), the pylorus, which usually is really lightly open.\n\nBasically, fluids stay in your stomach for a brief moment, then they pass trough the pylorum and go to your bowel, which has much more capacity and can filter out water to send it directly into your bloodstream.\n\nPretty much every solid food instead contains proteins so it needs to stay into the stomach for a while, which produces substances that break them down. Since proteins are generally what makes food solid, once you break it down it becomes fluid and can pass trough the pylorus. Protein rich fluids like raw eggs or milk clot up once they mix with the acid in your stomach, so they are treated like solid food (however milk contains lot of water, so you can still chug a lot of milk).\n\n\n\n"
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azvtg0 | how does the sound of a language/dialect change so much over relatively small amounts of time? | Saw a post with a new clip from Alabama from the 50's and realized how different the dialect is compared to now. Started down the rabbit hole of old video clips and realized that the accents and dialects in the videos aren't ones you really hear commonly these days.
What causes the change in a language's/region's accent or dialect? Is it just the commonness of media so we hear more dialects so they become more similar? Is it just a normal expected occurrence? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/azvtg0/eli5_how_does_the_sound_of_a_languagedialect/ | {
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"Everyone watches tv now, and has since the 70’s. Hence, dialects have softened and altered."
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3ep4fm | why do some businesses fight the unemployment claims of fired employees? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ep4fm/eli5_why_do_some_businesses_fight_the/ | {
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"The business has to pay into the unemployment every year. And it goes up with more former employees claiming unemployment. \n\nAs for fired employees, I'm not sure. Hopefully someone else can provide that information.",
"Unemployment is an insurance program. Employers pay unemployment insurance on every employee they have. \n\nIf an employee leaves on their own accord, the employer no longer has to pay unemployment insurance on that employee. \n\nIf an employee is laid off, or otherwise let go through no fault of their own, the employer still has to pay unemployment insurance on that employee until that person finds another job. \n\nIf an employee is let go because of a fault of their own, the employer does not have to pay unemployment insurance on that employee. \n\nIf you get fired you probably did something wrong and don't deserve unemployment benefits. "
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bkpb9s | why is receipt paper always made from plastic? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bkpb9s/eli5_why_is_receipt_paper_always_made_from_plastic/ | {
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"The paper (always as a roll) is not made entirely of plastic, it is coated by plastic. \"Writing\" is done by heating certain spots of the plastic coating to turn them black (other colours are available). That is called \"thermo printing\".\n\nNote that there are receipt printers with normal paper that is written on by punching needles with ink on them onto the paper. These are called matrix printers or other names."
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1jgrjv | why is australia so against refugees or asylum seekers? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jgrjv/eli5_why_is_australia_so_against_refugees_or/ | {
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"text": [
"Our politicians are old. Our old people are incredibly racist."
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e9z2zn | why does your speech slur when you're drunk? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e9z2zn/eli5_why_does_your_speech_slur_when_youre_drunk/ | {
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"Because alcohol is a depressant and affects your body as such, which includes slowing down/impairment of basic motor functions like speaking.",
"Alcohol is a depressant drug that works in areas of the brain that control motor functioning and language functioning (secondary motor cortex and Broca's area). \n\nFun fact: People who are proficient in more than one language typically slur their words less."
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5oabk6 | why does the tsa get so anal about liquids like shampoo and mouthwash and moderate how much you can have in them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5oabk6/eli5_why_does_the_tsa_get_so_anal_about_liquids/ | {
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"Because they can be used for a chemical or bomb attack on a plane. Lots of dangerous things can be made to look like shampoo, lotion, or mouthwash. ",
"EOD guy here (Explosive ordnance disposal AKA: Bomb Squad) Binary Explosives. Two different liquids can be stable while separate, but once combined become extremely sensitive to heat, shock, friction. \nThis is one of the main reasons why they limit the amount. "
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1i3ftf | eve online. i've heard all the excel jokes, but how does the game actually work? | I know EVE is a super complicated space MMO that involves both economics and battles. And I've read a few stories about things that have happened, like the recent expensive ship that got destroyed, or the guy that clicked a wrong button a few months ago and ended up losing another expensive ship. But that's about all I know. I want to know everything about the core mechanics of the game that can be explained in a few paragraphs. How does the game *actually* work?
How do players make money in the game? How do corporations work? How does money in the game translate to real money, and how is that any different from gold farming in any other MMO, or the auction house in Diablo? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1i3ftf/eli5_eve_online_ive_heard_all_the_excel_jokes_but/ | {
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"It's really no different than an any other mmo. In Eve however, characters level up in real time, the market system is huge and dynamic. If one item is worth 10 isk (in game money) in one solar system, it may be worth more or less, in others. So I can buy cheap mineral in solar system A. Put it in a ship and take it to solar system D and make money. Also Eve allows for things to happen other MMOs would consider unfair. While traveling a pirate can rob my ship, blow it up, etc... This is okay. Guilds (called corporations in game) can be infiltrated by spies through the use of alt accts. Private contracts can be formed for almost anything. Entire areas of the game are controlled by players, both good and bad. Giant wars are fought over resources. Assassinations occur. Heists are allowed. The isk in game can of course be translated in real money the same as other games, but in eve you can use it to buy \"pilot's licenses\" which give you game time. These licenses can be bought, sold, traded, and even destroyed all in game. Meaninga regular player in Eve can transfer his in game money into licenses and play the game for free. I probably missed a lot. But I hope this helps.",
"The game is essentially a space combat simulator, with a complex economy. There's no fixed 'class', but your characters learn skills that can work well with other skills (so some people are good pilots, some are good traders, etc).\n\nPlayers can create (complex) guilds called Corporations. Guilds can band together to form alliances, and can go to war with each other.\n\nOne set of skills helps people become better at harvesting raw materials. Another set of skills help people to build building better and bigger things: almost everything in the auction house is built by players. Heck, there's a set of skills for creating *contracts* for negotiating trades. Like I said, a deep game.\n\nEverything takes real-world time. Learning a skill isn't a grind: You tell your character to start hitting the books, and they learn over time. Same with manufacturing, mining, etc.\n\nThe brilliance is that EVE's hired a financial guru that's got credentials good enough to be hired by real-world countries to help oversee a country's finances. He's monitored and tweaked the economy, and they've opened up a way for players to exchange between in-game cash and real-world cash without crashing the economy. This means players can associate real-world dollar amounts to in-game finances.\n\nAll of this is driven by complex algorithms, which ends up making it a math-heavy game. But there's plenty of people that hop in, join a PvP clan (like the Red Team or Blue Team -- great for newbies), and just like going on big raids together against real-world opponents.\n\nThen there's the whole 'hundreds of people at once' true big-scale battles, people that make their money by trading from one district to another (and take risk going through dangerous space), etc. etc. Or, I was finding fun setting up planetary mining operations and checking in every few days to collect the goods. Lots of different ways to play the game.\n\nDisclaimer: I played a few months here and there, and this is vastly simplified. Feel free redditors to correct/elaborate/reduce my comments. :)",
"Everything? yeesh...thats a tall order.\n\nOk, for starters...its an MMO, you create an avatar, you \"level up\" by training skills, which train in real time. Think of it like a real life learning process...the more difficult the skill, the longer it takes. Just like if you want to learn to ride a bike, you can learn it in a few days, but to drive a space shuttle, its going to take you years and years. Same with EVE...to fly simple stuff only takes hours (real time) of training, but flying the really cool and large stuff will take you months and months of training skills.\n\nAnd, just like other MMOs, you set yourself up with \"Gear and Weapons.\" Except your \"gear\" is not swords and shields, but ships, which you deck out for a variety of things: combat, exploration, mining, freighting cargo, etc. And unlike most MMOs, your \"gear\" is not static...you dont raid some boss and get to keep your gear forever, anyone can destroy your ship at any time (for the most part), which brings us to the most important aspect:\n\nThe Economy. Everything in EVE is centered on the in game economy, the market. You buy/sell/trade ships, ammo, parts, and tons of other stuff. It runs exactly like a real world market does. \n\nCorporations are just like \"Guilds\" in other MMOs, just groups of players teaming up to take on the EVE Universe together. They run just like most corporations do: a player founds one, and becomes CEO, recruits members, they may pay taxes to give the Corp money, Corps can declare war on one another, form alliances, etc. \n\nPeople make money in a variety of ways. There is PVE: you can fight pirates and even \"Raids\" to get money from missions and salvage. You can become a miner, providing (and selling) the raw materials needed to manufacture everything. You can be a manufacturer, building ships/ammo/parts, etc for others to buy. You can work the market like in real life: buying stuff for low, selling it high. You can transport peoples goods from place to place for a fee. You can become a bandit, preying on the weak, and holding them ransom. You can engage in Wars with other alliances. You can become an explorer, seeking out rare loot and locations. So many options.\n\nAs far as the real world money goes...you cant \"Make\" it in game...that is not allowed. What confuses most people is when they hear something is \"Worth\" real money, they assume that real money exchanges hands. Ill explain this in the post below.",
"Eve is a paid subscription game like WoW. Eve Online runs on money. Money is called ISK in the game. You can buy a month of Eve game time in the form of PLEX and sell it in game. The cost of PLEX in USD is constant. The cost of PLEX in ISK is determined by the player selling the PLEX. You have a direct ISK to USD conversion rate based on how much PLEX is sold for in game on average. That's how they know what a ship costs in USD.\n\nISK is earned in a myriad of ways. They almost all revolve around space ships and the fittings around them. You can mine the resources to build ships. You can manufacture the ships from the resources. You can blow up NPC ships and subsequently loot the wrecks. You can blow up player ships and loot the wrecks. In a nutshell,you either A) make stuff that blows shit up B) blow shit up with stuff someone else made or C) Go out and find valuable stuff. There are so many ways to make money that books about making money in Eve can and have been written.\n\nEve is divided into solar systems. Some of these solar systems are more profitable to be in than others. The fighting in the game you read about is usually over control of a solar system so that corporation or alliance can use it to make money.\n\nThe actual in game economy is **a market sim from hell** with almost no rules. There is no comparison to any other game's economy or even another existing market simulator. Really, it's /r/outside > Eve Online > Everything else. Period. \n\nEve's economy is different from other MMO's with regards to item *loss*. In Diablo or WoW, if you die you don't lose anything. Well, maybe a little money. You don't lose the items you're carrying, or your armor, or your weapon. In Eve loss is a little more real. If the ship you're flying is blow up, you lose it. You lose what it was carrying, what was attached to it, and you lose the ship itself. Almost all of these items were built or acquired by players, and represent a huge undertaking.",
"\"Welcome to EVE capsuleer!\n\nYou're now one of the most powerful entities in this galaxy, a wanderer through the stars, immortal, limited only by your own ambition. All you need now is a ship.\n\nHave this one! It's free. It might be small, it might be weak, it might not do much, but at least... oh fuck it, it sucks. But it's free, that's something, right? In this galaxy, money is everything, and nothing comes free.\n\nYou want a better ship? Two things you'll have to do before that can happen...\n\n* You need money.\n* You need skills.\n\nLet's start with money. Plenty of things you can do for it! Use that dinky mining laser we gave you on your free ship to go collect some raw building material from that asteroid over there, sell it to someone else who actually knows what and how to build something. Maybe mining is to dull for you though... There's some enemies of the state hanging out over by that planet, why don't you go shoot some. The police will give you some money for your trouble! Shooting people is dangerous though, maybe something more intellectually stimulating is for you. There's some archeological ruins floating in that gas cloud over there, why don't you take this nifty hacking device, see if you can crack them open, and maybe you'll get lucky and find something valuable inside. Sell it to someone who knows how to use it, get a nice chunk of change! \n\nIf none of this sounds fun to you, that's all right, plenty of other ways people get money. There's a sucker born every minute, con someone else into giving you money. Try your hand at manufacturing goods, some ammo for peoples guns is an easy place to start! The open market is filled with opportunities, make a spreadsheet to find and exploit them, and become a wall street tycoon. The universe is rife with goods, but not always in the places people need them to be. Fill up your cargohold and let other players pay to you be a space trucker! Other players have lots of money, try attacking them and ransoming their ship! Try not to get blown up while you do that though...\n\nStill nothing striking your fancy? I give up, check out this infographic... _URL_0_\n\nSo you're making some money now, that's good... but all these things are hard to do in that dinky little ship we gave you. Want to fly a better one? Got the money? All you need now is skills!\n\nPurchase a skillbook from one of our stations, plug it into your head, wait x-amount of hours, and ZA-ZING, you know something new! It doesn't require effort, you don't even have to pay attention. Just wait x-hours and the knowledge will finish assimilating itself into that implant-filled piece of meat you call a brain. Teach yourself how to pilot a specific spaceship, how to fit a shield, how to operate a type of gun, how to navigate faster, how to use better scanners, anything you want!\n\nSo it's been a few weeks, you bought a newer and better ship from another player (who manufactured it themselves) on the open market, you know how to fly it, you're making plenty of money... but space gets lonely. You might have had a run in with a player trying to blow you up, or extort you for money, and he was probably better equipped and trained than you. It would be nice to have some friends who could back you up next time. \n\nTime to go to the recruitment channel! There are as many types of corporations in EVE as there are things to do, each filled with other players working together to accomplish their own goals and find their own dreams. Join a manufacturing corp with other players, mining and processing huge amounts of minerals, making spaceships and their parts for the masses. Get into a corp that has built a strong relationship with the NPC corporations, and use their NPC contacts as a source of information on missions you'll be paid for. Fly with a roving band of pirates eking out an existence on the fringe of NPC controlled space, scavenging what scraps they can from the unwitting prey they trap in their nets. Join one of the null-sec power blocks, monolithic organizations run by players who have cast off the rules and restrictions of NPC controlled space to control their own frontiers of huge space, huge profits, and huge risk. Beware though, they don't take kindly to strangers, and will shoot you on sight if you aren't allied with them. \n\nThe galaxy is your oyster. Work with, compete with, fight with, and fly with your fellow capsuleers and make yourself bloody fucking rich. Don't forget to have fun!",
"The other answers here are excelent, but I'd like to touch one thing.\n\nThe Excel jokes are mostly because spreadsheets present a ton of info in a compact and understandable way. \n\nIF you're interested, [Here](_URL_2_) are some videos from the latest CCP FanFest. Some highlights you might like in regards to your questions. (They are easy an hour/video though)\n\n[EVE Economy](_URL_0_)\n\n[Merging Economies](_URL_1_)"
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