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a5j1ef | how do throwing knives always contact the surface with their sharp edges? is it that easy? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a5j1ef/eli5_how_do_throwing_knives_always_contact_the/ | {
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"They don't, that's why it isn't easy to throw them. You have to calculate the rotations, spin distance and so on\nIf you watch amateurs their knives bounce of the target quite often due to them not yet having the experience to throw them correctly all the time",
"It takes a fair amount of \"in your head math\" to get the throw just right. After a lot of practice you can do it semi instinctively but you are still calculating the rotation and speed and distance of the throw. This is one of those things that you really need to practice at if you want to be even halfway decent at it.",
"They don't. It's up to the thrower to figure out how hard or soft to make the throw to ensure you hit blade first. That requires knowing the weight of the knives and well balanced knives make it a bit easier but it'll mostly be a lot of practice with those specific knives so you know how hard to throw. "
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e63lm3 | why do movie cams (the ones recorded in theatres and put on torrent sites) seem like they're always small and blurry low-quality video files, even though camcorders have improved massively in the last decade? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e63lm3/eli5_why_do_movie_cams_the_ones_recorded_in/ | {
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"Because it is illegal to capture the movie and pirates tend to use very small cameras to not get caught and a small camera has worse video quality. Also why should any pirate buy an overly expensive camera? It is not like they are making money with it if they are uploading it to torrent.",
"Taking a fancy schmancy camcorder into a theater is a real easy way to get caught and ejected (and possibly arrested). As such, those people who bootleg movies do so in as discreet a way as possible. \n\nMost of the time that means recording with a small inconspicuous handheld device, (most often a phone). Phones can take some pretty good video, BUT generally they require good lighting to do so. If you've ever been in a movie theater you probably know that \"good lighting\" is not high on the list of \"things found in a movie theater\". So the video as a result is lower resolution. Additionally, the small microphones in a phone can't accurately capture and reproduce the 8.1 Dobly Surround Sound experience, so the audio is pretty flat and crappy on playback by comparison to the source.",
"What the other people said...plus the fact that the video is likely compressed to save space. Turns out when you are giving away a product for free, you probably arent shelling out on hosting costs.",
"A lot of them are shot on phones or small consumer grade camcorders, which have small sensors and thus terrible low light performance. Small sensors can't capture as much light as larger ones. Better performing cameras with larger sensors and better lenses would be hard to hide in a theatre."
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ckkmfe | why south park hasn't been drowning in lawsuits for the entirety of its existence | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ckkmfe/eli5_why_south_park_hasnt_been_drowning_in/ | {
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" > but they've used the likeness of hundreds of celebrities over the years without their permission.\n\nParody, it is fair use. They have no grounds to sue.\n\n > Seems like no other show could get away with this...\n\nThey could, they just don't.",
"Satire is subjective interpretation and protected by free speech. South park can mock whoever they want as long as they're not making false or damaging accusations. \n\nIt doesn't fall under slander/libel/defamation because it's not a an intentional smear attack or knowing falsehood, it's mostly a mishmosh of public knowledge and common opinion. A newspaper can't be sued for saying \"townspeople convinved trump and kanye are gay lovers,\" but they could be sued for claiming false evidence to try and establish that truth",
"Satire is protected use, and their disclaimer at the start of the show makes it 100% clear that it's absurd satire, nothing more. Family Guy has similar moments on occasion, etc. South Park is just more consistent.",
"I had a professor in college who represented the what what in the butt guy, he sued south park. And south park won the case for being a parody [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"First amendment plus fair use rules. They have very good lawyers and they play with the line but rarely cross it. \n\nThe Supreme Court has taken a very robust view of the right for satirists to use obscenity for purposes of humour. In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell they famously argued that saying Jerry Falwell had sex with his mother on the toilet was protected speech since robust political discussion can only happen when speech is protected even when outrageous and false, since to do otherwise might have a chilling effect on all speech.",
"If I remember correctly, Scientology did try to sue and harass them after they talked about the cult in the show, but fortunately they did not manage to find anything to latch to.",
"Basically, First Amendment.\n\nSatire/parody is specifically protected, also.\n\nAnd, it is almost impossible to win a libel case in the US. In the US opinion is not defamation.",
"SNL, Key and Peele and every other skit based show does this too. They work on those shows because they’re parodies, which just wouldn’t work on most other shows. \n\nFor example, a fake Brad Pitt walking into the bar on How I Met My Mother just doesn’t do anything especially if it’s a no-named actor. Ben Stiller playing Tom Cruise on Celebrity Jeopardy from SNL works.",
"It’s Family Guy I wonder about... they’ve done Disney a few times who are fiercely protective of their brands.",
"They parodize everyone, which is what makes it work. They covered it in the two parter Cartoon Wars episodes. Either everyone is fair game or no one is, and by going with everyone, I think it insulates them from backlash from those being parodied. And I would consider it a badge of honor to be parodied by SP.",
"Shows that have mocked celebrities don’t get sued because by suing, you bring attention to the show and the parody. \n\nSometimes it’s better to be a part of the joke, rather than be a joke. \n\nAlso, fair use/1st Amendment\n\nAmerican Libel and Slander laws are really ambiguous and hard to prove.",
"They have been sued by Tom Cruise and the church of scientology. There's a reason you don't see the Tom Cruise packing fudge episode anymore. There's a couple other episodes that have been taken out of circulation. I think Trapped in the Closet is another one.",
"There was only one episode they did where they were actually worried about being sued, it was teh scientology episode, and for that one all the credits went to \"john\" or \"jane\" Smith."
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7ct9mb | why do most hallucinations instigate fear to the person suffering from it? | For example (sorry if the example is poor, but hopefully someone can get my point): most Schizophrenics see things that look threatening or hear voices that tell them to hurt themselves or just say horrible things that scare them. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ct9mb/eli5_why_do_most_hallucinations_instigate_fear_to/ | {
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"Believe it or not it's actually influenced by the culture you are in. The eastern world, Asia, India etc...voices and hallucinations are nice and kind and encouraging for the most part, here in America they are harsh and mean. It's an environmental thing."
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37j6vt | how do subs like /r/shitredditsays and /r/bestof remain unpunished when they brigade with downvotes/upvotes, isn't this against reddit's rules? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37j6vt/eli5_how_do_subs_like_rshitredditsays_and_rbestof/ | {
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"It is but I imagine it would be difficult to hand out punishment in a fair way. Up/down voting is anonymous to everyone except the web designers."
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8290nc | how do banks make money by giving away free money for switching to them? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8290nc/eli5_how_do_banks_make_money_by_giving_away_free/ | {
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"Generally the promotional deal is tied with some conditions. \n\nThey may give you £200 for opening account, but it will require you to keep a minimum balance - that is well above the 200 (most likely). And with that money, they'll offer other people loans while paying you a really bad rate, so they'll make a profit. ",
"Well, they've been doing offers like that for years, so it must work.\n\nThe idea is that while they will lose money on most people switching, they'll make a lot of money on a few others. People tend to go to their bank first if they want to borrow money. One loan and they get that money back.\n\nAnother thing to note is that FirstDirect, which was the first bank that came to mine when I read your post, isn't free. They charge you £10 per month if you don't have a certain amount of money in your account, or you don't have a loan with them. So they get that money back eventually, either through the fee or through using the money in your account to loan out to other customers.\n\nFinally, they're banking (no pun intended) on the fact you won't change banks when the year is up. The reality is that most people are lazy, so it's a reasonable assumption to make. Some will switch, sure, and they're losses. But overall, they'll make money from it.",
"Generally these \"really good offers\" come with strings attached. Maybe they have high minimum pay in amounts (if you are required to drop at least 2k into the account or pay £15 in account fees every month that adds up), or maybe they have \"switch and stay\" requirements where you need to hold your account for at least a couple years or they take the money back. Maybe those accounts have really high overdraft fees, or maybe they have all three (a quick online check suggests that many of these offers do have at least one of these countering factors applying to compensate the bank).\n\nAs such it's generally a good idea to look at the whole picture first, the vast majority of these are not of the \"oh I'll just keep switching back and forth every year without putting anything else in the account and roll in free money\" type of bonuses.",
"It's called a \"loss leader\", which is a product sold at a loss just to attract customers. Will all those customers stay and become profitable for the bank? No, but enough will that the average profit per customer will exceed the loss in \"giving away\" money. So overall even though on an individual basis the initial transaction is a loss for the bank, the collective transactions and continued business from all the customers is profitable.",
"First Tennessee Bank in Knoxville, TN did this to college students \"$100 free for starting new accounts\", tag-lining itself as \"the official bank of the Vols\". I feel this was 100% predatory on young, naive college students. Most every student that I was friends with who banked there, including myself, had frequent over draft charges. I was a dumb college kid on my own for the first time and like many of my cohorts, I didn't always keep track of my finances responsibly - I think they took advantage of this situation and made fortunes. They actually recently settled a lawsuit for their practice of how they assessed overdraft fees deceptively. This was done essentially by paying multiple small transactions first AFTER clearing the largest transactions regardless of the order they were charged by the account holder. And they did this in order to charge you multiple fees for the small transactions rather than one fee for a large transaction that would have overdrafted your account resulting in just the one fee. The fees were $35 per overdraft item. So you could have overdrafted by $50 dollars, one being $45 that you bought today and having five at $1 each that you made the day before, and they could charge you six times in overdraft fees. They made so much money doing it too. Randomly, about a year ago (many years after having this account), we got a letter in the mail to add our names to a list for retribution if the lawsuit settled against First Tennessee. I went ahead and filled it out and sent it back. Several months later a check showed up in the mail a for about $120 with a letter that said it was from the lawsuit settlement. That's nothing compared to the amount of money I paid in overdraft fees to that place and nothing that actually caused any financial grief for them to pay it I'm sure, but it made me feel good knowing something did happen about it. About halfway through college, a friend's mom took me to her small credit union and helped me set up an account. I've had that same account now for about 11 years. I'll never bank with a large bank again because of that experience with First Tennessee. \n\nEdit - responsibly"
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a4h1p3 | why does internet speed fluctuate? i.e., why does it go from 25 mbps to 30 mbps? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a4h1p3/eli5_why_does_internet_speed_fluctuate_ie_why/ | {
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"Side question: Why does my computer lie to me and tell me I have full connection yet I can't load any web sites?",
"Along with what others have mentioned, error correction plays a large role in it. We don't often think about the physical reality of data transmission, but on a very basic level it's actually electrons (or, increasingly, photons) zipping along the surface of a wire and it turns out a lot of things can happen that keep them from reaching their destinations in a timely fashion. The actual electric signal that makes it to the far side is generally pretty beat up by the time it gets there, and one of the biggest hurdles to developing reliable digital communication was developing a good system of error correction and redundancy (i.e., transmitting the same thing numerous times so that enough of it would arrive intact that it could be pieced together). And although we've solved that *enough* to rely on digital communication, it still interferes with those communications enough that it can affect how quickly something comes across the wire. It's also random enough (technically *chaotic*, not random) that its effects appear as apparently random fluctuations of throughput.\n\nAs a side note, when you read stories about people developing \"a faster Internet,\" that's generally what they're working on: better error correction schemes that allow the same datum to be transmitted with less redundancy, ultimately allowing us to transmit more data per unit time. "
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ktae4 | why i can never sleep sitting down or at noon but put me in an uncomfortable seat around 12 in class and i'm out like a light. just can't keep my eyes open. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ktae4/eli5_why_i_can_never_sleep_sitting_down_or_at/ | {
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"Because you are more bored than you are in your daily life. If you were extremely bored sitting in front of a tv at noon, you'd probably move on to something more interesting. However, in class you are stuck, as such, if it is boring your mind begins to shut down and you sleep. ",
"Because you are more bored than you are in your daily life. If you were extremely bored sitting in front of a tv at noon, you'd probably move on to something more interesting. However, in class you are stuck, as such, if it is boring your mind begins to shut down and you sleep. "
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3exmzu | how do they find where an internet submarine communications cable is damaged? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3exmzu/eli5_how_do_they_find_where_an_internet_submarine/ | {
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"If the undersea cable is fiber optic, they can shoot a laser beam down the cable, and at the cut, some of the light will be reflected back. Based on how long it takes for the reflection, they can calculate where the cut is. \n\nThis device is called optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR, and you can read more about it at _URL_0_\n\nSorry I don't know how a cut in copper lines is located."
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w8jj6 | what are the implications of earth's rotation being 23h 56m? | A day is defined as the time it takes Earth to complete one rotation, just as a year is defined as the period of time it takes Earth to complete a revolution of the sun. However, one revolution takes 365 and a quarter days, hence leap years. But what about leap days? Why don't they exist? Why doesn't the extra 4 minutes eventually add up and cause a day of complete darkness? What trickery is going on here? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/w8jj6/eli5_what_are_the_implications_of_earths_rotation/ | {
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"the sidereal day is 23:56, the solar day is 24:00",
"[This picture](_URL_1_) explains pretty well. A 'solar day' is 24 hours, and this is what regulates our day/night cycles. This is why we don't have issues with those extra minutes adding up. \n\nThe 23:56 hour day that you're referring to is the [sidereal day](_URL_0_), which is based on the time it takes for the earth to rotate once relative to distant stars (instead of the sun), and is useful for astronomy. "
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55dg48 | why dose it always look like construction workers stand around doing nothing | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55dg48/eli5_why_dose_it_always_look_like_construction/ | {
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"Many construction tasks require a range of skilled trades and numbers of people but not all are needed 100% of the time. Sometimes the carpenter has to do some task which then allows the concrete worker to do their task and then the carpenter moves on to another. Or the laborer brings materials to the workers and waits to see what they need next. Sometimes the electrician needs some plumbing moved or some carpentry (framing work) work done so they can proceed with their task. On some small jobs people who are not in one skilled trade or another but are generalists can do the whole thing but on larger jobs like you are probably thinking of - during the time you drive or walk by - some trades may be waiting on the other trade to finish up their task so they can safely proceed.\n\nThis is also true with road projects in some cases where the staffing might be for the most dangerous or difficult part of the work - but then during other times some of the workers are just waiting to be called into to help again. ",
"I've definitely also wondered this and after working on a construction site, I think I finally have some theories\n\nA lot of construction depends heavily on an order of operations: one company puts up the drywall, another team joints the drywall, another paints the wall. Project managers, rather than send too few people and risk not getting the job done on time, tend to send more guys than necessary and sometimes earlier than they need to to get the job done. This results in groups of guys waiting for another trade or company to finish their work before jumping on it. \n\nOther times, you might just be catching them on their mandatory break. Some companies/unions require their workers to take breaks every couple hours to ensure that they can't be blamed if something goes wrong of overworking their workers.\n\nFor example, sometimes in roadwork (I assume that's the most common type of construction people you would see), you have a very short timeline to get the work done. And at some point during this work, you need 5 people's labor for a certain task. But for most of the time, you honestly only need one or two workers going at it at once. And sometimes the commute between this job and another you might want the 4 other guys to work on its an hour or more away. You'd rather send all 5 guys, get the job done all in a day rather than have work freeze midway because they need more people.",
"You know when you sit at your desk browsing reddit?\n\nits that, if you had HiViz Yellow Jacket and stood around the office when you are goofing off, then you would stand out as well",
"Electrician apprentice here. Been doing a lot of underground work, and I can say that a lot of our standing around is a result of running into an area where other contractors are working, or the foreman read the prints wrong and we have to go back and dig a large portion of earth up to lay more pipes, that we just buried and packed down tightly so you just stand there tired and irritated for a moment. Also if you hit another pipe while digging you have to locate the people to check it out then before burying some pipes it has to be inspected so you have to guard it so other contractors don't drive their bulldozers over the trenches or you'll have to dig it all out again. There are lots of reasons why it looks like people are just standing around, it takes a lot of coordination between the contractors so that everything is done in order.",
"Unlike many service jobs, construction is where several people of different trades work on a common project. Something like fast food, it doesn't take very long to train someone to work the cash or how to cook burgers. While usually the cashier takes orders and waits for the cook to prepare the order, it's not uncommon for someone to switch tasks to help out when it gets busy. \n\nIn construction, each trade takes years of training and certification for things like electrical or welding. It's also unreasonable to ask a plumber who may be charging $100 an hour to waste his time to move some material or other basic labour because his rate doesn't change when he is not plumbing. \n\nYou also have different companies working together. The guy driving a dump truck delivering gravel doesn't work for the construction company, he works for the delivery company or gravel supply company. If he arrives with a load and they are not ready for him yet, he's going to stand around waiting until they are. ",
"There may be an answer here: _URL_0_\n\nBut I think the gist of it is that construction is a lot of \"hurry up and wait\" work. You get your work done, then you're standing around waiting for something to arrive, or a piece of machinery, etc.",
"I work in municipal tree maintenance, and much of the time while work is being done to a tree by the gentleman up in the bucket truck; the rest of the crew must be a safe distance from the tree while it's being pruned, cut, etc. so they either direct traffic or just stand there until it's their turn to jump in and clear the debris. Without them cleanup would take an excessive amount of time, but with all the debris being directly in the drop zone they just have to sit on their hands until they get a safe opportunity to jump in and do their part. \n\nAlso some companies have rules where you have to have a number of breaks if it's over a certain temperature and you're doing manual labor, if conditions are hazardous, so on and so forth. \n\nEDIT-added a thing. "
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zxj4t | why can car rental places discriminate by age? | 23 year old here. The only milestone I have left to look forward to is turning 25 and either being able to rent a car or rent one without an inflated rate.
I understand WHY the companies restrict or charge more for younger drivers, but what I don't understand is how it isn't an open-and-shut case of age discrimination since it isn't based on the the renter's abilities or record.
How is denying service or charging a different rate for drivers under 25 not the same thing as a restaurant refusing service to an elderly patron because he's more likely to have a heart attack while eating there? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zxj4t/eli5_why_can_car_rental_places_discriminate_by_age/ | {
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"As with most things in life, the exact legal standard is a grey area. In nearly every law that seeks to eliminate discrimination there are exceptions, and this is the case with car rental.\n\nIt is clear that not renting a car to someone simply because they are under 25 years of age (but they have a valid driver's license, or are an adult over the age of 18) is a form of discrimination. The question is: Is it sometimes OK to make exceptions in the law when there might be clear reasoning for doing so?\n\nIndividuals under the age of 25 are vastly, vastly more likely to get in car wrecks. The insurance companies would love to rent to people under 25 - the problem is, when they do exactly that, their cars end up getting totaled. It makes it difficult or impossible for the company to turn a profit. Insurers will refuse to insure the rental fleet, because they have reams and reams of data showing that people under 25 will wreck these cars, and the insurers will be on the hook for the costs. So the rental car companies and insurers go to the lawmakers and say \"Look, this just isn't feasible. We need an exception.\"\n\nAnd the lawmakers see that as reasonable, so they grant an exception. Usually. Like I said, it's a grey area. New York is the only US state that forces rental car companies to rent to someone over 18 but under the age of 25. Other states' lawmakers have agreed to provide more leeway to the rental company and their insurers.\n\nSimilarly, under the Americans with Disabilities Act, you're generally required to construct new buildings so that they are handicap-accessible. But of course, there are exceptions - if the building is older, it would likely be far too expensive for the owner to remodel the building to come into compliance. So they get an exception.\n\nTLDR: Try not to think of discrimination laws as absolutes. Exceptions are everywhere because of reality.\n\nEDIT: Take a look at the example you used about elderly having heart attacks at a restaurant, and compare it to the reality of the car rental companies. Your example doesn't stand up to a \"real world\" probing. There's no research data that suggests elderly people have heart attacks in restaurants more frequently. And it certainly doesn't happen often. How would this affect these businesses in any financial way, or their insurers? Difficult to say, at best. Lawmakers would not be likely to grant an exception.\n\nBy comparison, there is an incredible amount of research data showing accident rates of various age groups. This information is regularly measured by many groups including the federal government. The economic impacts on these companies is directly measurable and is huge.\n\n",
"It is an open-and-shut case of age discrimination, but not all discrimination is illegal--and this particular type of discrimination is perfectly legal. \nAge is not a so-called \"protected category\" under the US Constitution, like race or religion, so there is no constitutional problem with age discrimination, just as there is no problem with discriminating against people who choose to dye their hair green, or tall people, or who own horses. If you think about it, this makes sense. We draw arbitrary legal lines about age all the time. If we can't discriminate on the basis of age, we can't have a minimum drinking age or maximum age for the draft, so we'd have six year olds getting drunk and smoking while we'd be sending 87 year olds to their death in basic training. Heck, the constitution itself discriminates on the basis of age by setting minimum ages for political offices.\n\nThere is a federal law that prohibits age discrimination, but only in the context of employment, and it only protects people over 40. Some states have laws that offer a little more protection, but even the most protective states limit this to the context of housing and employment."
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4czrby | is there something keeping track of money in banks? what stops them from creating money in an account? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4czrby/eli5_is_there_something_keeping_track_of_money_in/ | {
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"Yes, all the transactions must match between the accounts. When you first create an account, it's balance is zero. Thereafter whenever the balance changes, there must be a complete record of where the money was from or where it was going.\n\nThis isn't just a single system, though. There's multiple redundant systems that make sure that all transfers work as intended, be it domestic payments or international payments.\n\nWhat stop you from creating money in an account is this whole guarding system of transactions, plus these are heavily scrutinized by the bank itself as well as the governing bodies. Each and every transaction has to be trackable.\n\nThe \"money out of nothing\" thing isn't the only reason for this, though. It's used to prevent money laundering and terrorist funding as well.\n\nSource: I'm a programmer at a bank.",
"The bank has to hand over money- paper money, or deposits at another bank- if somebody wants to withdraw it. Why would a bank create bogus debts for itself to be on the hook for?\n\nI mean, they do- when they lend someone money, they just credit his account. But there's a natural limit to how much the bank is willing to do that (ie, how much money they're willing to lend), and they're not doing it in secret.\n\nSomebody besides the bank could try to break in and change the bank's records, but that's just traditional fraud. It's the bank's security team's job to keep it from happening."
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1zjtx5 | when a player gets injured in the nba, what happens to his salary? does he still get paid out the full amount? | For example, Kobe Bryant has only played six games this season but his salary is 30 Million plus. I don't really think it's fair to pay him that much money without him actually working for it. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zjtx5/eli5_when_a_player_gets_injured_in_the_nba_what/ | {
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" > I don't really think it's fair to pay...\n\nSince when did your concept of fairness enter into the equation?"
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5cucz4 | why are 'tupperware parties' still a thing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5cucz4/eli5_why_are_tupperware_parties_still_a_thing/ | {
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"You aren't alone. It's a weird phenomenon. I had an invite to one as well and to me it seems like one of those pyramid scheme \"businesses\". I can go and buy pretty similar stuff for about half the cost at target or something. I can't imagine a yoghurt container has changed technology wise in the last 30 years.....\n",
"Tupperware traditionally relied on marketing through \"Tupperware Parties.\" They attempted to sell through distributors - Target in the US, and Superstores in Canada - but saw this method result in lower sales. Parties are still a thing because there is a demand for the product - Tupperware lasts longer and is more sturdy than most brands I see in my local Wal-Mart. My parents have owned the same Tupperware going on 3 decades - nothing I've bought from a store has lasted nearly that long. When people want a product whose primary distribution method is through parties, they throw Tupperware parties. Is it a little weird? Sure. It's not normal nowadays, but that's how they've traditionally done business, and it's worked for them so far.",
"Tupperware does tend to be higher quality than the generic crap you buy from a supermarket.\n\nI've still got some my mum bought over 40 years ago.\n\nWhilst they no longer hold the patent on some of their older designs, there are some designs that they still hold the patent over, meaning that that 'really cool' design that works so well, and is easy to clean cannot be bought from anyone except Tupperware.\n\nFurthermore, as has already been pointed out, Tupperware relies on direct marketing as their main avenue for both sales and advertising."
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5hdukk | how does anxiety stop someone from being able to work or function like a normal person? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5hdukk/eli5_how_does_anxiety_stop_someone_from_being/ | {
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"When I deal with anxiety in a non productive way, the inaction is due to feeling that the inaction is better than the sure outcome of feeling worse when I fail. Or that the outcome has to be worse than doing nothing. Anxiety has a variety of causes and comes with a myriad of symptoms.\n Overcoming that can be extremely difficult for me and others. Through a combination of medication and realizing that for a majority of daily issues the results of my actions will not be the worst case scenario. I have found that I actually enjoy solving problems. \n Reaching my goals has even more weight knowing that the effort it took to reach them was that much harder. This is not true for everyone. It just worked for me. ",
"Anxiety affects everyone differently, but for me it's a plague of the what if's. My biggest fear is looking out of place in society or being unprepared for something. So say, for example, I need to drive to the store. What if I forget my wallet? What if I lock my keys in the car? What if I get the wrong items? What if I get in a car accident on the way? What if I forgot my phone? What if my car broke down on the side of the road? What if I'm mugged? All the bad things that could happen, no matter how plausible, pile up and start to look like reality, until going to the store seems like a massive challenge. At night, I can't sleep because I'm running over everything I said or did during the day and thinking about all the bad things that could result from them. It becomes easier to isolate yourself, and avoid any situation that could cause consequences, including work. Not to mention the panic attacks- that fear that can grip you at any time and make you unable to breathe, make your heart rate go up. A full-blown panic attack is comparable to the terror of leaning over the edge of a cliff. When you get one it's hard to do anything but curl up on the floor and wait for it to pass. Anxiety is a debilitating illness. Please be kind and understanding to anyone struggling with it.",
"Imagine you're taking your calculus test when suddenly and inexplicably, you're covered in spiders. They're crawling into your sleeves, they're in your hair, they're brushing against your eyelashes, there's a leg in your mouth. You can feel a thousand little legs working their way across your skin.\n\nBut you have to focus on your test. You're expected to do just as well as the people who were not covered in spiders.\n\nImagine if every time you leave the house, there's a wasp there waiting for you. As soon as you step outside he starts to harass you. He buzzes around your head. You cannot escape it. You run but it just follows you, landing on the side of your neck or on your cheek every now and again. You're expected to ignore this wasp and carry about your business as if it isn't there. Maybe you'd be better off just staying inside where the wasp doesn't bother you.\n\nSpiders and wasps induce anxiety in perfectly normal people. For some people, the exact same feelings are induced by harmless things or even nothing at all. It's distracting. It's stressful. It's exhausting. And it absolutely will have an impact on your ability to focus and succeed.\n\nEDIT: Woo hoo! I've been gilded! Thank you! I hope I've helped someone get a little more insight into what someone they love is dealing with.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Anxiety is a little like your body's immune system.\n\nWhen you have an allergy it's sort of like your immune system has decided something boring (dust, cat spit, Mitch McConnell's face) is actually a dangerous invading force and responds as such.\n\nAnxiety is your brain's normal response to dangerous situations. Sometimes, though, your brain has decided something boring (driving, social interaction, Mitch McConnell's face) is actually something dangerous and responds with a wonderful cascade of stress hormones.\n\nJust like with allergies, different people's anxieties can be more or less severe. While I can usually muddle my way through a stressful social encounter without freaking out too much, some people will literally hyperventilate at the thought of talking to another person. No fun!",
"For me at my worst it basically completely froze me in place, and anytime I would try to do anything I would get intense feelings of wanting to run away and hide. (Agoraphobia) I knew in my head it was stupid, as basic things that couldn't even hurt me shouldn't provoke such a reaction. when I did try as hard as I could to do things, I basically could only accomplish very little, as it was extremely energy draining. Went on like this for a few years before I was finally able to snap out of it a bit with marijuana and LSD ( would not recommend but I exhausted all my other options.) I still shake a lot like I'm scared/nervous, but the mental blocks don't take the forefront of how I think anymore. (Anxiety was a 10, now it's a 5-6) so a am able to start enjoying life. Also over thinking shit way too much. I feel like I overanalyze so much that I can never make decisions. ",
"My anxiety/panic are weird. My outward symptoms are fairly low key... I'll be antsy, sweat a bit, I struggle to answer basic questions or keep a train of thought. Usually brought on by large crowds, or formal settings. (Especially business like encounters. Appointments, going to the doctor or therapist etc) \n\nIf my anxiety progresses enough, my brain will turn off. My body goes on autopilot. I will be able to hold basic conversations or basic tasks... but I will \"wake up\" after an undetermined amount of time and not remember much. \n\neverything I've described above are my body's way of preventing a full blown panic attack. If I can't get put of the situation, or if something else happens to jolt me further... i hyperventilate, and it's almost like a seizure. Body tense... can't speak... a jittery stuttering mess. Unstoppable tears and rarely... but sometimes... screaming. \n\nI function pretty well with meds. But I can certainly see how someone wouldn't be able to work if their anxiety/panic go Untreated. ",
"My son has anxiety and for him it's like sitting down to take a test. There are maybe 50 questions, but each question has several steps that you have to go through to get the answer, so maybe 150 steps in total. \n\nThere is just so much to do that it's overwhelming and he can't choose where to start. He's so worried about getting everything done that he can't get started and everything comes to a stop and his brain locks up.\n\nIn his case the anxiety is caused by sheer load of work to do, which prevents him from doing anything. ",
"my anxiety leans more towards the physical effects. When it gets bad I have a weird out of body feeling, I get light-headed and very dizzy, my vision becomes blurred and I'm hyper-aware of my heartbeat. My throat feels like it swells up and I have a hard time swallowing. Its very bad when it happens when I'm driving, idk if its over stimulation or what, but sometimes I have to pull over and gather myself. Just the other day I was sitting on the couch just fine, and out of nowhere a rush of adrenaline surged through my body and my heart began pumping very hard and fast as I fixated more and more on the weird sensations going through me. I have been living with this since I was a kid, and can control it farely well, but at times it gets out of control and I have to remove myself from the room at times. This can be very hard to live with at times because for me it happens randomly out of the blue. ",
"Speaking from my personal experiences, it tends to weigh my mind down. It feels like a weight is placed on my conscious. It results from imperfections in my routine typically. That is, I may decide to floss this morning, but I forget. At some point I realize I forgot something, but I can't place what, because I didn't put a lot of mental effort into it in the first place. This starts a chain reaction, I worry because I forgot something, and that weight is on my mind so I can't focus on getting everything else right. Inevitability, I will make another mistake, which adds to the anxiety.\n\nI've taught myself how to cope and reduce it, but I've ultimately accepted this is how my brain works, so I have to just deal with it. Sometimes it builds to an anxiety attack, but I've learned those pass with time. My brain eventually \"resets\" the anxiety. To answer your question, this \"weight\" on my mind takes a lot away from my ability to not only focus, but be able to enjoy and engage in what I am doing.",
"It is being in a constant state of 'fight or flight'. \n\nEvery thought, decision and action happens in a state of stress. Every one. Constantly.",
"I'm not representative of all people with anxiety but here's my experience.\n\nYou know when you worry about something and get butterflies in your stomach? Imagine it's a butterfly bomb going off and you're not just feeling uneasy, you're about to vomit all of those butterflies and inside your head time has slowed to a crawl while everything around you is simultaneously moving too fast and feels totally overwhelming. Suddenly you lack the words to speak, feel like throwing up, and just sorta shut down.\n\nA lot of people who experience anxiety regularly may recognize their triggers and/or be able to manage the symptoms. Then there are people like me who have no idea when it's coming and get blindsided because there are no clear reasons why it happens, it just does. So there's the obvious problems like job interviews, meetings, etc. where this impacts the ability to do a job. There's also the possibility of the butterfly bomb kicking off nausea which feedback loops great with anxiety so you haven't eaten in three days now and have no energy to do anything but curl up in the couch and wait for it to pass.\n\nIt doesn't only make day-to-day interactions a struggle, it can make every aspect of your personal life at home hell as well. I've been dealing with mine for six months now and besides being unable to handle a job for half of that time I've also lost almost 20lbs at this point. Sorry if this is more of a rant but I figured a firsthand experience might provide a good answer.",
"One fun manifestation is physical sensations which somewhat mimic a heart attack. All day. Every day. You know you aren't having a heart attack, you're young and reasonably healthy. But maybe. You don't know. Your chest hurts, your arms tingle, it's hard to breathe, and maybe you're pretty fucking dizzy. All day. Every day. Are you dying? You're fucking dying. You're not dying, stupid, get on with it. But are you SURE you're not dying right now? Yes. No. Yes. No. Etc. All day. Every day. There's only so much time to get stuff done, and obviously this shit eats up more than its fair share.",
"Weird psych fact: non-human animals display anxiety, too. If you take a rat and teach it to press a lever for food, it will press it a lot. Every time you put it in the box, it will press the lever. This is kind of like someone going about their day like a \"normal person\": we do our jobs to get food and stuff.\n\nLet's add another part to the experiment: a red light that we can turn on and off. If we turn the light on, the rat doesn't seem to care; he just goes about his day, pushing the lever and getting food. The light doesn't mean anything to him yet.\n\nNow, let's add in one final part: after the light has been on for a full minute, we then turn the light off and give the rat a shock. Basically, the light being on means that a shock is coming.\n\nAt first, the rat's behavior doesn't change. He doesn't like the shock, and he jumps when it happens, but he keeps on pressing the lever and getting food. After more and more trials, though, he learns what the light means: you are going to be shocked, and there's nothing you can do about it. Over time, turning on the light causes him to press the lever slower and slower, until eventually he stops pressing it altogether.\n\nOkay, so what if we take away the shocking part, so that the light doesn't mean anything anymore? Eventually, the rat goes back to normal, but it takes a while. For a time, whenever the light is turned on, he slows or stops his lever-pressing.\n\nThere are a couple of important things to keep in mind. First, the rat can't avoid the shock. No matter what he does, as soon as the light turns off, he gets shocked. If he learns that some sort of behavior avoids it (like, for instance, a platform where he can be safe), he will choose to do that whenever the light turns on instead. Second, people aren't rats. Language and culture can make humans do weird stuff that other animals simply don't do. Third, this experiment doesn't explain **why** anxiety happens, just **how** it works. Why is a trickier question, and behavioral psych doesn't like to talk about those sorts of things very much.\n\nHowever, the experiment, which has been conducted and verified numerous times across many species since the 1940s, is helpful when thinking about how to help people with anxiety. A psychiatrist or therapist could help a person identify their own \"red lights,\" help a person find \"safe platforms,\" or help a person unlearn the \"red light-shock\" relationship.\n\nSource: a behavioral psych class. The original experiment (which used tones, not lights) is:\nEstes, W. K., and Skinner, B. F. (1941). Some quantitative properties of anxiety. *Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29,* pp. 390-400.",
"The first thing to address here is that Anxiety is not simply a way of thinking or misinterpreting reality. You cannot reason away someone's clinical anxiety. It is a state of mind that is induced without conscious consent from the victim. \n\nAt least in terms of social anxiety, anxiety can make the victim feel as if the only way to survive life is to withdrawal from society. When every social interaction you have leaves you feeling certain that you're hated by everyone, an embarrassment, and/or the target of a nefarious scheme; you tend to do poorly at any activities that involve other people and most of the time outright avoid them altogether.\n\nGeneral anxiety and other forms of anxiety are best understood, IMHO, by remembering times of intense anxiety in your own life and imagining what it must be like to feel that way uncontrollably in Everyday situations. Ever had a nightmare where you're being hunted or stalked? Ever played Five nights at Freddy's? It's like that but it varies in intensity and happens uncontrollably throughout your life. Can you imagine trying to troubleshoot a computer issue while feeling like that? How about focusing on a mundane work conversation? It interferes with everything because it is your body's fight or flight response, you feel like something of monumental importance is eclipsing everything in your life. \n\n",
"\nOne of the most frustrating things about having anxiety is that we fully recognize how illogical it is to be afraid to go to the store to buy some milk, or meet a friend for coffee, or call and make a doctor's appointment, etc. But despite knowing that logically things will most likely be fine, it doesn't stop us from going into fight or flight mode. So performing everyday tasks can be like having to walk through a lion's den full of very hungry lions while trying to convince yourself that the lion's aren't going to eat you. Some days you can do it, and some days the lion's scare you away and you can't leave your house, or your bedroom. \n\nAnytime I'm on the subway and the lights flicker for a second, or the train stops momentarily in the tunnel, I immediately start to panic thinking \"THIS IS GOING TO TURN INTO THE MOVIE 'DAYLIGHT' STARRING SYLVESTER STALLONE!!\" \n\nAlso anxiety is usually comorbid with other mental illnesses like depression, ADD/ADHD, and OCD. So it's likely that someone with anxiety is dealing with more than just anxiety (which on it's own makes life very difficult). I promise you it's a package deal that is WAY worse than any of your cable provider's bundle plans. ",
"I read something similar to this once and I'll never forget the accuracy.\n\nImagine sitting in a chair. \n\nImagine tipping back in the chair so you're balancing on its back two legs.\n\nNow imagine that you leaned back just a hair too much, and the chair is falling backward and you're flailing your arms.\n\nYou KNOW you're going to fall. You can't see what's behind you. You feel like you need to do something (flail your arms, kick out your legs, etc) to break the fall, but you know it's not going to work.\n\nThat's the idea of the feeling, but now imagine that it's constant. Hours of that \"falling\", pit-of-the-stomach feeling. Combined with chills, intestinal cramps, nausea, etc.",
"The mental exhaustion translates to physical exhaustion and I'm constantly trying to conserve energy for my basic functions while my life crumbles around me. I look at the mess and want to deal with it, but it feels so insurmountable that I don't know where to begin. I don't have the stamina to do constant life maintenence so things get done in bursts where I can focus solely on what needs to be done. If I get interrupted, it's very hard to get started again. I feel like my adrenaline is constantly flowing and my hair is falling out. I'd love to just sleep forever. Yet when I try to sleep, my brain won't stop trying to solve every single problem I currently have so it takes forever to even fall asleep. I'll probably die from stress related to sleep deprivation. ",
"You ever have a job interview? We you nervous and feet awkward? Now take that but for every aspect in life.",
"When I have a panic attack my heart races, my limbs start to go numb, and I am convinced beyond all rational thinking that I am going to die very shortly. You can know that it's all in your head but adrenaline is a very powerful drug. \nThere have been times during a panic attack that my blood pressure has dropped to a dangerous level and I it was all I could do to remain conscious. \nNow imagine you know that's in store for you if you let a small amount of anxiety get out of hand. It's very difficult to focus on anything else when you're trying to mentally control your anxiety. \nJust my experience though. Everyone has different experiences with anxiety. ",
"I am diagnosed with social anxiety. My anxiety makes me think that every single person I see or meet thinks I'm a disgusting person. It makes me think that the absolutely worst will happen at all times if I am not with people I'm comfortable with or if I'm not in my home. I have to get myself prepared for several days sometimes to go outside and go grocery shopping or to do simple errands. I have to give myself at least one day a week where I don't have to venture outside. It's exhausting and makes me feel so helpless. I also just recently moved from KS to CA, that has made my anxiety 1000 times worse. Also, it effects me psychically, when I'm out alone my vision gets blurry, my eyes water, I get hot flashes, my chest feels like it will cave in, my mouth gets dry and sometimes I shake or have to look over my shoulder constantly. I have to talk to myself in my head the entire time, telling myself that it won't be too much longer and I'll be inside my house where I'm safe or I have to kind of pinch my self to keep myself focused on the task. My anxiety really only flares up when I'm alone, if I have one person with me that I trust it doesn't happen as easy. \n\nI've also had anxiety/panic attacks that have put me in the hospital for momentarily passing out while driving twice due to crying so hard. I also give myself an asthma attack along with my panic attacks from breathing so rapidly. I shake violently and began to have thoughts of I am dying or I want to die right now. I also have a fast heartbeat and my heartbeat during an episode like this has almost reached 200, it usually beats around 155. I'm glad to say I haven't had one in about 9 months but I always know it's a possibility. \n\nMy anxiety defines me right now and I would give anything to feel like a normal person. I would give anything to enjoy my every day life. ",
"I have anxiety to the extent that I am too afraid to even respond to this, for fear that my response will be rendered useless and inadequate by the other responses here because not even my description of having anxiety is going to be able to measure up to the focused, dedicated and heartfelt ones that have already been posted. ",
"Please be mindful of ableism. People with anxiety *are* normal. They are normal people who *have* anxiety. It's just like people who wear glasses. They are normal. But they can't see as well as well as people with 20/20 vision. ",
"I have Generalized Anxiety. \n\nTo me it's strange. I'm not always anxious about anything special (or at all) but it seems to just be my default setting. I have anxiety meeting new people and take a long time to get comfortable with them. I'm usually worried I'll say or do something wrong/offensive/disturbing and people will be offended and judge me. I don't really have friends. \n\nIt also causes PVCs which, in turn, make me extremely fatigued. Of course they get worse the more anxious I am. \n\nThe most recent anxiety attack I had was basically pain throughout my entire body. Everything hurt. It was a 9/10 on the pain scale and wasn't a 10/10 only because I've never had kidney stones or given birth. It hurt so much I couldn't talk. It lasted for hours. \n\nI have missed many days of work due to this. Luckily I have a great employer and supervisor so I won't be fired. I don't get paid for the days I miss and have used as much vacation time as I can but it still doesn't make up the money I'm out for all the days I've missed. \n\nEDIT: Forgot to add that I also have OCD that comes as a great package deal with the anxiety. I have OCD in the form of dermatillomania. I compulsively pick at my skin when I'm anxious. My cuticles are a mess and I've picked them lower than they should be, like a person bitting their nails to the quick. I also pick bumps and imperfections, usually on my legs and (unfortunately) my face. Because of this I don't wear shorts or go to the pool/swim with my family at the lake because I'm ashamed of how the scars look.",
"I had have panic attacks from anxiety. You would experience all the symptoms of a heart attack and more. Imagine the terror you would feel jumping out of an airplane, and then realizing out the parachute doesn't work. All those same thoughts about dying any minute come out during a panic attack. And this happens at any time, day or night, for no apparent reason at all! Imagine laying on the couch and watching whatever show, then all of a sudden you feel like you are actually dying, you can't sleep because your heart is racing, but you have to be up early for work/class/jazz/etc. But the worst was while driving, I couldn't tell you the number of times I had to pull over because I thought I was about to pass out. \n\nIt's not fun but it's thankfully gone. ",
"Whenever my anxiety gets the best of me (happens at random times about a variety of things) I just can't seem to think about anything but that. It's like I can try so hard to push it out of my mind, but it's eating away at me and I almost can't physically focus on anything else, and I end up googling questions for 3 hours to try and make me feel better.\n\nIt is truly awful. Especially when people who care for you ask how they can help, and you just don't even know. I've yet to really find anything that eases my anxiety except for time, but I express a lot of my anxiety through anger, which leads to excessive amounts of guilt after the whole ordeal has happened - wondering why everyone you've put through this hasn't left you already, which is, again, more anxiety. A vicious cycle.",
"Personally, I function fairly normally with my anxiety. It is not mild by any means. I had a panic attack once a day for 2 months straight, my panic attacks convinced me I was dying or would die that day. My brain sends the adrenaline and it's over, no amount of rationalizing can make the adrenaline move faster through your system. When I say I function fairly normally it comes at a price, I have obsessive worried thoughts while going through or preparing for mundane tasks like taking the bus or train and walking to the store so it generally takes me longer than it would anyone else to work up to completing a task or goal. My anxiety heightens with things like job interviews, to the point that I don't want to even apply for a job. Necessity is what forces me through these things, I will become homeless if I don't have a job so I muscle through the anxiety and go to the interview. Outwardly I come off as very sociable and even outgoing. Inwardly, I spent all night and every second before that anxiety inducing interaction in fear and full of worst case scenario thoughts, to the point that I rehearsed any possible reaction to any possible situation. I think some people with anxiety are able to seem like normally functioning people but what goes on behind the curtains is a mess and by no means easy to work through. I have bad days or weeks where I can't leave the house or my bed, if I do leave, it's because I absolutely have to. My anxiety also comes with depression, knowing that what I think and feel is not logical and is slowing my progress in my career, education or life in general, gets to the core of me and sends me into a cycle of self hatred and that in turn will cause me to be more withdrawn which causes the anxiety to worsen. It's a nightmare for me and I know it is for many many others. We feel so alone in these moments of fear and exhaustion. If you don't have anxiety try to be understanding to loved ones who do. If you do have anxiety and need to talk someone who has experienced it, you can reach out to me. I will listen. "
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b3t76h | why do many modern cars have a headlight that turns off when the turn signal on that side is activated? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b3t76h/eli5_why_do_many_modern_cars_have_a_headlight/ | {
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a417u0 | why do people put their money in a trust? do you not pay tax from it (if not why)? can you take it out at any moment? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a417u0/eli5_why_do_people_put_their_money_in_a_trust_do/ | {
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"Some trusts receive tax benefits, and this can be a motivation. Some trusts allow you to take out money, many do not. It depends on the terms of the trust, and terms can be wildly different. However, protection of one's money/assets is usually the biggest motivation.\n\nMoney in a charitable trust must be used for charity. Land in a wildlife trust must be used as a wildlife preserve. Money in an irrevocable trust must be given to the beneficiary. By putting your money & assets in a trust, you're safeguarding an intended purpose for that money & assets.\n\nIf you have private debts, debt collectors cannot seek to seize money from a trust, because that's not your money any more - it belongs to the trust.\n\nMoney in a trust is fairly private; since it's not yours, it's not included among your assets and generally not listed during probate, bankruptcy, etc.",
"Imagine you are a wealthy person with children and you want to leave your children with enough money that they will be comfortable in their lives (which is a reasonable enough thing to do). Just giving them the money means it's their money now, and they can do whatever they want with it.\n\nBut say one of your children makes poor decisions and isn't good with money. You know they'll just spend it on drugs and stupid investments like that friend that invented this great new app that makes fart noises and they just need a few thousand dollars to get started. So you still want to give your child money, but you also don't want them to be able to do dumb things with it. And you know that you are going to be dead eventually (or you're dead now and this is all written into your will) or for some other reason you are unwilling or unable to deal with them asking every time they want something. Maybe you just know you're easily emotionally manipulated and feel bad every time they ask for money, so you give it to them.\n\nSo instead you put it in a trust. The money is held by a third party (typically a bank) and that bank controls exactly what happens to the money, according to rules you write down for the trust. So if your child (or whoever the beneficiary of the trust is) wants to use the money, they can have access but they have to follow the rules. The trustee might have a lot of discretion about it, or a little. So your child goes \"I want money\" and the trustee says, \"For what?\" and the child says, \"I want to invest in this fart app!\" and the trustee says, \"Um, nah. No money for you, sorry.\" Or the child says, \"My car broke down and I need a car to get to my job or I'll lose my job!\" And the trustee says, \"Yeah, that's a good use of the money. Here.\"\n\nOr the trust says, \"Here's a big pile of money but you can only have it if you get a college degree.\" So the beneficiary can't touch the money until they graduate, but when they do it's all theirs to do whatever they want with it. Or it might have an age stipulated, or some other rules deciding when they can have the money.\n\nSo a trust is a way for you to control money to give to someone else, by asking someone else to hold onto it and only give it to that person under specific circumstances.",
"There are different types of trusts, but the main purpose is to control access and create a layer of protection for assets.\n\nFor example, a trust may outline who can access funds, how often, what amount, for what purpose, and what age, etc. So maybe parents set up a trust that prevents their children from inheriting all their money immediately in the case of untimely death, but pays out $X amount for specific uses until a certain age. Maybe it pays them $5000 a year for spending money until they turn 18, covers all college-related expenses, and then they get all the money at age 35. \n\nThe only tax benefit is in the case of giant estates that would be subject to the estate tax.\n\nIt can also create an arm's length ownership of assets, so, as the example my estate planning attorney gave, it would protect assets in the case of personal lawsuits against beneficiary. Say my son inherits my estate in a trust and gets sued, it can't be considered assets to cover a judgement."
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35zbyc | stack vs. heap | My current major is computer science and I am stumped with this concept of "Stack vs. Heap" in memory. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35zbyc/eli5_stack_vs_heap/ | {
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"The stack and the heap are two different regions of memory your program can access. The main difference is how they're managed.\n\nThe Stack is memory that's managed (to some degree) for you. When you declare a variable from within a function the memory for that variable is allocated from the stack. This allows the memory to automatically be returned (deallocated) when the function returns. \n\nThe heap is memory that is NOT managed for you. When you malloc something you are taking a chunk of memory from the heap. It will last forever until you explicitly free it.",
"A stack is a very simple data structure - imagine a literal stack of books. You add the first book, simple. Then you add another book - it will now be the top one. Add a third - it is now on top. If you remove an element (pop it from the stack), it will by default return the top element - so the element that was most recently added. \nTL;DR the stack is a data structure that works by the \"last in - first out\" principle. \n\nA heap is a completely different structure. It is based on a tree structure - meaning you have a node, which can in turn have child nodes, and so on (I'll stick to binary trees, because they are somewhat easy to understand - in that case, every node can have up to 2 child nodes.) \nSo a heap is a special form of a tree that sticks to a certain property - as an example, in a \"max heap\" the keys (values) of the parent nodes are always higher than the keys of the child nodes, with the highest key being the root node. Of course, since we said that in a binary tree, every node can have a maximum of 2 children, at some point it will be necessary to reorganize the elements - for instance, if you add a key that is higher than every key so far, or one that is higher than every node with less than 2 children... so you will need to reorganize the tree in order to find a place for the new key that follows the \"child key < parent key\" rule. \n\n**Edit**: Nevermind, overread the \"in memory\" part. \n\nIn that case, the stack stores the local variables, the return address, and other data relevant for the current \"layer\" of your program. For instance, you are in the main method of your program, which is the current layer on the stack. It contains all the variables you declared in the main method, etc. \nIf you were to call another method in, say, line 10, a new layer will be added to the stack as soon as you enter that method - it contains all the local variables of that method (which means you do *not* have access to main's local variables anymore, they are in the layer below) and the information that after finishing, you will need to return to line 10 in main. When the called method is done, its layer is removed from the stack, main's layer is now the top one again, and the program returns to line 10 in the main method. \n\nThe heap is an area of memory where you can allocate memory and more or less use it for whatever you might need it. If you were to specifically save variables to the heap, they would be globally available. Generally, you are responsible for how you use the heap and what you use it for. \n\nImportant differences: each thread has its own stack, while the heap is available globally. The stack is also used for temporary variables, while the heap basically doesn't unallocate unless you specifically do so (failing to do so is what memory leaks are, basically). The stack gets created and exited with its thread, the heap is allocated at application startup, and is reclaimed by the OS when the program exits. ",
"Roughly speaking, stack is where static memory is allocated from, heap is where dynamic memory comes form.\n\nStatic memory is the computer knows you are going to need before the program runs. These are typically variables you declare:\n\n int i = 0;\n char n;\n\nDynamic memory is used for data you allocate:\n\n linkedList list = new linkedList;\n\nMemory from the stack is always managed by the language automatically. You can get in trouble if you have too many variables or very deep recursion, but in general you don't worry about running out.\n\nThe heap to some degree is managed by the programmer. You have to ask for it to be allocated, make sure you don't try to use it before it is allocated, and depending on the language, explicitly deallocated it, or least give a hint you are done with it.",
"When you hear people referring to \"the stack\", they almost always mean the call stack. The call stack is essentially a special region of memory that's allocated to the process. It's used primarily to implement functions, hence the name.\n\n I'll use C as an example language here, because it's well known and relatively simple. For the processor architecture, I'll use x86 (32 bit). Similar principles apply elsewhere, but the specifics will be different.\n\n x86 processors have several registers for dealing with the stack:\n\n* ESP - the extended stack pointer- points at the current top of the stack. The **push** instruction writes a value to the address pointed to by ESP, and *decrements* (under x86 the stack grows downward) the value in x86. The **pop** instruction does the reverse - it reads the value pointed to by ESP and then increments it.\n\n* EBP - the extended base pointer. This points at the start of the current *stack frame* - which is the space on the stack that is allocated to the current function.\n\nWhen a function is called in C, first the arguments are pushed onto the stack. Then, the *instruction pointer* is pushed onto the stack. This is the address of the next instruction in memory, and it's needed when returning from the function. Execution is then transferred to the called function. In x86, the **call** instruction pushes the current instruction pointer onto the stack and then jumps to the address provided in its argument. \n\nOnce inside the called function, the first instructions executed are what is known as the *function prologue*. The purpose of the function prologue is to set up the stack frame for the function. The first thing that happens is that EBP - the base pointer - is pushed onto the stack. EBP. This is because the function should not alter the value of EBP, and so it needs to be able to restore it when execution finishes. \nNext, the value of ESP - the current top of the stack - is loaded into EBP. EBP now points at the start of the stack frame for this function. The function arguments are below it (at a higher address, because the stack grows downward), and they can be accessed with code like:\n\n mov eax,[ebp+0x8]\n\nThe final thing that needs to happen in the function prologue is to allocate space for local variables. This is done by subtracting a constant value from the stack pointer (ESP).\n\n\nAfter the function has done it's work, there is a function *epilogue*. The job of this is to restore the functions stack frame to the state it was before the function executed. The first thing that happens, is the stack pointer is loaded with the value of the base pointer. This pops all the local variables off the stack. Then, the value of the old base pointer that was pushed onto the stack during the prologue is popped off and loaded into ebp. This is because the calling function must not find it modified -otherwise, when it tried to use it, it would be pointing to the wrong thing. Finally, the return address is popped off the stack and control is transferred to it. In x86, this is accomplished with the **ret** instruction. The C calling convention dictates that it's then the caller's responsiblility to remove the function arguments off the stack. In other languages, this is part of the function epilogue.\n\n\n\n\nSo if we had this C function:\n\n int add3(int x,int y,int z)\n {\n int sum=x+y;\n return sum+z;\n }\n\nThe corresponding assembly might look like this (not: this is entirely unoptimized in order to demonstrate the point and isn't what would be expected from a modern optimizing compiler):\n\n _add3:\n ;Function prologue\n push ebp ;Save old base pointer\n mov ebp,esp ;Set base pointer to start of stack frame\n sub esp,0x4 ;Allocate space for 4 bye local variable\n\n ;First line: int sum=x+y;\n mov eax,[ebp+0x8] ;First argument is at ebp+8, after the old base pointer and the return address\n add eax,[ebp+0xC] ;Add second argument to first\n mov [ebp-0x4],eax ;Save result in local variable - a real compiler would skip this and put the local in a register instead\n \n ;Second line: return sum+z;\n mov eax,[ebp-0x4] ;Load value from local - totally unneccasary because that value is already in eax\n add eax,[ebp+0x10] ;Add third argument - the C calling convention places the return value in eax so there's nothing more to do\n\n ;Function epilogue\n mov esp,ebp ;Sets the stack pointer to the base pointer, popping all locals off the stack.\n pop ebp ;Loads the previously saved old base pointer off the stack, so the calling function will not find it modified.\n ret ;Pops the return address off the stack and transfers execution to it.\n\n\nTo call it, you might have:\n\n push 3 ;Arguments are pushed onto the stack\n push 2\n push 1\n call _add3 ;Function is called, eax now contains the value 6\n sub esp,0xC ;Arguments are popped off of the stack\n\n\n\n\n\nBy contrast, the *heap* is memory allocated to the program by the operating system. It's not to be confused with the data structure called a heap. A program requests memory from the OS using a system call; on Linux, it's **sysbrk**. Unlike stack memory, pointers to the heap are not invalidated when the function returns. However, you must remember to release the memory back to the OS when you're done with it - failure to do so results in a memory leak, and your program will steadily consume more memory until it crashes. In C, you allocate memory with malloc(), and release it with free().",
"char Name[50]; // Stack\n\nchar *Name = new char[50]; // heap\n\n\nIf you are programmer, that should be enough ELI5."
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4hvbn1 | what is the difference between rubbing alcohol and drinking alcohol | EDIT: to specify I am asking mainly about the chemical difference. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4hvbn1/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_rubbing/ | {
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"First, all alcohols are poisonous; ethyl alcohol (booze) is just the least poisonous, and our bodies are able to clear it out before it kills us, unless we try very hard.\n\nRubbing alcohol is either a different alcohol (commonly isopropyl alcohol), and/or it is \"denatured,\" which means that something vile has been added to it to make it taste bad and/or be more poisonous.\n\nYou really don't want to drink rubbing alcohol.",
"Rubbing alcohol is [isopropyl alchohol](_URL_1_), while drinking alcohol is [ethanol](_URL_0_). They are not the same chemical, and have different effects in the body. The only similarity is that they are an organic molecule with an alcohol group (COH).",
"Rubbing alcohol is typically [Isopropyl Alcohol](_URL_1_). \nDrinking alcohol is [Ethanol Alcohol](_URL_0_). \nAn alcohol is a molecule that has a bit that is an oxygen and a hydrogen atom ( hydroxyl group)stuck to a carbon atom with stuff on it. \nIn both cases the carbon atom is stuck to other carbon atoms and hydrogen, but the two have different shapes and different numbers of hydrogen and carbon atoms. \n\nBecause of this, Isopropyl alcohol is not safe to drink, in addition Isopropyl is also made in chemical reactors, as opposed to drinking ethanol which is made using microorganisms.",
"ELI5: Rubbing alcohol (isopropanol) has an extra carbon. You metabolize (digest) it differently than drinking alcohol (ethanol). That's why you can drink one but not the other.\n\nOther answers here are (more) correct, but this is the most ELI5 answer.",
"The carbon structure (chemical shape) is different in isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) such that when an enzyme in your body called alcohol dehydrogenase (big molecule that does things) metabolizes it (breaks it down) it changes it into molecules that react with our bodies in harmful ways. The whole deal is that ethanol (drinking alcohol) goes through less harmful intermediates as it's metabolized. If you want to see the chemical structures of each, Google isopropyl alcohol and ethanol.",
"Ethanol has 2 carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogens with a hydroxide group at the end, isopropyl alcohol has 4 carbons in a T-shape surrounded by hydrogens and a hydroxide group.",
"The alcohol we drink is ethanol. It is a byproduct of the fermentation of various foods (corn, potatoes, rye). It comes from the reaction between sugars and yeasts/starches. It is a 2 carbon alcohol. \n\nRubbing alcohol, which is usually isopropyl alcohol, is a 3 carbon alcohol. \n\nAnd while I'm at it, methanol is a single carbon alcohol. \n\nThere is also denatured alcohol, which is essentially ethanol that has been poisoned as a deterrent to drinking it. \n\nAlcohols are chains of carbon atoms with 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to them. So, Methanol has one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms and one hydroxyl group. Ethanol has two carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms and one hydroxyl group. Isopropyl alcohol has 3 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen, and one hydroxyl group.\n\nRubbing alcohol isn't as toxic as methanol, but it is still toxic to people. It metabolizes to acetone (nail polish remover). ",
"I'm not sure about a chemical difference between the two, but I have a friend that owns a vodka distilling company. He distills enough ethenol that he sells half of it to the medical industry which use it to sanitize implements and such. He just then adds water to his half to proof it to 80 and bottles it up."
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203ffq | why is the duration of an average menstrual cycle 28 days, almost a lunar month? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/203ffq/eli5_why_is_the_duration_of_an_average_menstrual/ | {
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"There's some evidence that menstrual cycles are regulated by exposure to light at night. From an evolutionary perspective this makes sense, since it would cause all the women living in the same place to be fertile and infertile at the same times as each other, reducing the chances of missing out on all the good baby-makin' because you were in an infertile phase while everyone else was fertile."
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bsu6oy | after eating spicy food, why does breathing-in cool my mouth, but breathing-out burns it more? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bsu6oy/eli5_after_eating_spicy_food_why_does_breathingin/ | {
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"The air you breathe in is cooler than the air you breathe out (usually). So when you breathe out you're blowing hot air, which obviously is not as good as getting cold air.",
"most spicy foods work by activating a receptor that reflects heat. Imagine if there is a thumb print machine and the thumb that opens it is heat, the spicy food has capsaicin which also has the same thumb print. Basically activating the sensor. When you breath in, the air in ambient which your body is used to. But when you breath out it comes out around 30 degrees C. Which is going to trigger the censor which is partially opened by spicy foods."
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9axy2c | what happens in our body when we vomit , and how do we vomit? | also the consequences | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9axy2c/eli5what_happens_in_our_body_when_we_vomit_and/ | {
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"Your body takes a series of specific actions to prepare for vomiting and then to actually vomit:\n\nFirst your mouth fills with spit to protect your teeth from the acid & you take a deep breath (to keep from needing to inhale while vomit is in your throat and sucking it into your lungs). Then the muscles that move digesting material through your intestines reverse, pushing the contents of the upper intestinal tract back into your stomach. The pressure in your thoracic cavity lowers creating low pressure in your esophagus while your abdominal muscles contract , increasing abdominal pressure. Then the esophageal sphincter opens up and stomach contents shoot from the high pressure stomach to the low pressure esophagus and out your mouth like opening a bottle of pop. Repeat until stomach is empty.\n",
"anyone who has authority to speak on this issue, I also wonder: though this is a terrible thing to say and to put into practice, does this have any role in weight loss?",
"Your abs make your stomach go squish and the rest of your muscles conveyor belt the vomit out.",
"The pre vom saliva tastes different than normal saliva. What's in it? Something to counter the acid?"
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aeph1b | why are customs able to charge us for opening our items? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aeph1b/eli5_why_are_customs_able_to_charge_us_for/ | {
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"Custom will charge you for the value of the item, not because they opened it.\nFor some goods you must pay a tax on them, so that's what you most probably had to pay. ",
"ask the customs department of the country in question, or lawyer in that country. Different countries have different laws. \n\nTry r/asklegal",
"ask the customs department of the country in question, or lawyer in that country. Different countries have different laws. \n\nTry r/asklegal"
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26riwm | why isn't aids eradicated from the world if there is a patent for the cure for aids (u.s. patent 5676977)? | I just recently learned about this and I don't understand how AIDS is still a problem in the world if we have indeed developed a cure.
Source: _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26riwm/eli5_why_isnt_aids_eradicated_from_the_world_if/ | {
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"Because that patent is a crock of shit? The patent office doesn't check if the thing actually works before granting the patent.",
"As far as what I understand, Tetrasilver Tetroxide is what is used, and unfortunately the company does not have FDA approval, nor are they seeking it out. I don't know much about this, but my guess is that since they have a patent they charge an unreasonably high amount, and without FDA approval its spread has been prevented.\n\nI hope somebody else who knows more on the subject finds your question!",
"Unfortunately there is no easy answer to this. Nonetheless, I've tried to simplify the answers to the best of my ability.\n\n* There is no cure for HIV/AIDS. That patent was filed in 1996 when scientific research was still floundering and to this day there is still no \"cure.\" This is because the virus is highly adaptable and mutates at an alarming rate.\n\nThere are treatments that can prolong a patient's life and suppress virus count within the blood, but there is no full cure, although there is a treatment that can be given within 72 hours of exposure that will almost always prevent HIV infection as well as another that can be given to infants born of infected mothers. However these are preventative measures at best. There have only been two individuals \"cured\" of HIV/AIDS to this date, called the [The Berlin Patients](_URL_0_), and the methods by which they were cured were highly unconventional. \n\n* Why is there no cure for HIV/AIDS? Well, the bad thing about viral infections are that they are generally more difficult to treat than bacterial infections. This is because viruses, by most textbook definitions, are only pseudo-living.\n\nThey have their own DNA and the ability to reproduce, but can only do so in a host cell. Bacteria on the other hand, are their own cells, and can be targeted quite easily with antibiotics. In most cases, the human body can recognize the foreign nature of bacterial cells and eradicate them on its own. If the immune system cannot, then we prescribe antibiotics to equip the immune system so that it may fight off the infection.\n\nViruses, however, live in the body's own cell and can avoid detection, since the human body is disinclined to attack itself. This means that the only ways in which to stop viral infections are to:\n\n1. Stop them before they attack so that the body cannot become infected\n\n2. If infected, stop the spread by blocking the virus' mechanisms\n\n3. Let them run their coarse\n\nPoint 1 is the ultimate goal of the HIV vaccine, point 2 is the goal of an HIV cure, and point 3 will lead to AIDS/death. We have made much progress in the past decade, but even if a cure is found, there is still the matter of navigating regulations.\n\n* The time it takes for a drug to successfully hit the markets is substantial. This is because there are multiple phases within the process that can hinder progress, including but not limited to in-vitro trials, animal testing, human testing (this part is very, very tricky), and FDA approval.\n\nA drug can fail at any one of these steps and stymie. For every one drug that makes it through, X have failed in the process, where X take up a substantial portion of the funding. Companies indubitably want to ensure that they can turn the profit, but this is not guaranteed.\n\nAlthough the U.S. is pretty strict on its patents, other countries are not and there is nothing stopping other countries (i.e. China, Russia) from taking the methods and creating their own version of the same drug.\n\nThis is why most of the new antibiotics that hit the markets nowadays are merely analogues of old drugs; they are substantively easier to research and design (meaning they take less money) and so pharmaceutical companies and the research industry do not \"lose\" as much if other countries steal the secrets.\n\nNaturally, this is an oversimplified view of the problems plaguing HIV/AIDS research (and drug research/industry in general), but hopefully this can help you gain a better understanding of where things are and why they are so. \n\n",
"From [the patent itself](_URL_0_):\n\n > The present invention relates to the employment of **molecular crystals** as anti-AIDS devices, but more particularly to the molecular crystal semiconductor **tetrasilver tetroxide**...\n\nFrom [RationalWiki](_URL_2_):\n\n > There is no convincing evidence that Tetrasil is good for AIDS or cancer, though the very little research which has been done on it suggests that Tetrasil has antimicrobial properties in vitro and may be effective for wounds and ulcers.\n\n > ...\n\n > One wonders why nature-inclined people buy this stuff in the first place, since, by alternative medicine standards, \"tetrasilver tetroxide\" should be a horrible, synthetic chemical; Tetrasil doesn't come from plants or animals, and it's certainly not natural. The only difference between Tetrasil and pharmaceutical drugs is that Tetrasil isn't FDA-approved. The popularity of Tetrasil among alternative medicine users is probably due to the earthy, back-to-nature marketing scheme used by companies selling it. It may also have something to do with the fact that Tetrasil creams usually include things such as jojoba and essential oils (which is somewhat like adding green tea to cortisone, but whatever), or with the use of colloidal silver.\n\nFrom the [Snopes message board](_URL_1_):\n\n > As soon as I spotten Dusenberg's name in the links, I knew we were dealing with fringe science. These hucksters tack \"TETRASIL is currently sold without FDA approval as a no-claim product\" in an effort to avoid the FDA approval process, and then make treatment claims for the product: \"treat a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal and other skin conditions\". Sorry, but any firm that doesn't want to prove that their product works and won't hurt me in the process doesn't get my business.\n\n > ...\n\n > Chemical Names:(Common Name, Synonym, Trade Names)\n\n > CAS REG. NO. 1301-96-8\n\n > CAS REG. NO. 155645-89-9\n\n > DIVALENT SILVER OXIDE (SILVER II OXIDE)\n\n > SILDATE\n\n > SILVER OXIDE (AG4O4)\n\n > SILVER(II) OXIDE\n\n > TETRASILVER TETRAOXIDE (AG4O4)\n\n > ...\n\n > It is legal to use it in the US--it has been registered since 1996 by the US EPA as a pesticide to disinfect swimming pools and hot tubs. You can buy it as SilSpa and SilDate. That means the registrant had to prove it controls bacteria in pools & spas, as the label claims. The label also talks about not drinking the stuff. \n\n > Controlling bacteria in water is a far cry from curing AIDS in people. I found a lot of good studies where silver oxide is being evaluated as a surface coating on medical devices, such as urinary catheters, and may be a good disinfectant for that.\n\nIt doesn't seem as though this substance would be a viable cure for HIV or AIDs.",
"There's hundreds of patents for mechanisms to create flying cars and mine still drives on the ground."
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"http://msgboard.snopes.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=76;t=001200;p=1",
"http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Tetrasil"
],
[]
] |
|
23dklk | the difference between the deep web and the dark web? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23dklk/eli5_the_difference_between_the_deep_web_and_the/ | {
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"text": [
"The deep web is hard to find with conventional methods (such as search engines), whereas the dark web is impossible to find with conventional methods.",
"The **Surface Web** is anything that a search engine can access. Search engines rely on pages that contain links to find and identify content. \n\nThe **Deep Web** is anything that a search engine can’t access. \n\nThe **Dark Web** then is classified as a small portion of the Deep Web that has been intentionally hidden and is inaccessible through standard web browsers.\n\nThe most famous content that resides on the Dark Web is found in the TOR network. The TOR network is an anonymous network that can only be accessed with a special web browser, called the TOR browser. This is the portion of the Internet most widely known for illicit activities because of the anonymity associated with the TOR network.\n\n[Here is an illustration.](_URL_0_)",
"The Deep Web is basically just stuff on the Internet that's hard to find if you don't know how.\n\nThe Dark Web is basically a bunch of people who said, \"Screw you! I'll make my *own* Internet! With Blackjack! And hookers!\" and then actually did it.",
"Come on, guys. Paste them links here.",
"The deep web is made up of .onion sites, which require an onion browser to access. If you type a .onion URL into your average web browser, say Chrome or Firefox, you won't be able to reach it. These are accessed by different routing protocols than your average .com site so that access to them is difficult to track. These sites are also not indexed by search engines, so navigation around the deep web is difficult.\n\nThe dark internet refers to sections of the internet that are physically no longer reachable. Protocols have changed a lot in the last few decades, and so networks that run on old protocols aren't compatible with the internet as it exists now. Wikipedia lists the .mil domain as an example of the dark web. This is not to be confused with the darknet.\n\nThe darknet is a form of networking in which outside access is limited by design. This can be done through encryption, physical isolation, etc. Like the deep web, it can be difficult to track users. Connections on this form of networking are made between two (or more) trusted clients directly, and do not utilize a central server like the internet we all know and love. "
]
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"http://i.imgur.com/zduHvcz.jpg"
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||
1l2l3d | how do cloud-based storage services prevent loss of data? | It seems most higher end cloud storage services don't lose data, or at least from googling I haven't seen a complaint of such. How is this possible? I assume their harddrives would fail at greater rates than those of the general population.
Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1l2l3d/eli5_how_do_cloudbased_storage_services_prevent/ | {
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"text": [
"Redundancy. If you pay enough, they can backup your files on multiple servers, simultaneously. If one server harddrive is badly damaged, they still have it on another one, with the exact same data. You can do this in your pc as well, its called a RAID array. (Redundant array of inexpensive disks). "
]
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[]
] |
|
3y6rtz | when your xbox one restarts itself, how does it turn itself on when it's turned off? | I've always wondered this | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3y6rtz/eli5_when_your_xbox_one_restarts_itself_how_does/ | {
"a_id": [
"cyb0gt2"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"There's a piece of hardware called NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory). This is RAM that holds its information even when it's off. I won't go into detail, but the NVRAM will execute the BIOS and run the boot routine. [This is basically the process.](_URL_0_)"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lgk5e/eli5_how_do_computers_restart_themselves_after/cv63rd1"
]
] |
|
562f5e | - why is my stuttering (and other's) contagious? | Why is stuttering for some people contagious? It's not just me, I've met quite a few people that stutter and have the same experience.
I've been told this over a thousand times and have witnessed it ten fold more. Why?
I don't have a horrible stutter but occasionally I'll just go to say the word and nothing will come out or I'll stutter and elongate words sometimes.
I have some lengthy intellectual conversations with people and it happens almost every time. Similar to how you can 'catch' someone's accent if you're around them and talk to them for a while.
Temporarily of course is what I mean.
tl;dr - Why is stuttering "contagious" like accents? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/562f5e/eli5_why_is_my_stuttering_and_others_contagious/ | {
"a_id": [
"d8frpot"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"It sounds like you're referring to speech errors. The act of talking is really involved: your mouth parts have to coordinate with each other in complicated movements that your brain is planning only seconds in advance. On top of that, your brain has to go through all these information processes of decoding, retrieval, and encoding for you to talk. Lots of things can go wrong. When you talk for an long time at once, not only is there more opportunity to notice/make speech errors, but your brain and mouth gets more tired and so you make more mistakes.\n\nWhen you hear someone else's speech errors, it \"distracts\" your brain and can also influence your speech processes, which can lead to you making more mistakes because you get distracted, or copy the mistakes you hear.\n\nNow, to my knowledge, actual speech disorders (stuttering, aphasia, etc.) are NOT contagious. Though, you miiiight unconsciously mimic a person with a speech disorder, but that wouldn't be anything different from your example of picking up someone's accent. I doubt it, though."
]
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[]
] |
|
fud2xy | what is respectability polititcs? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fud2xy/eli5_what_is_respectability_polititcs/ | {
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"text": [
"In essence, it is the idea that a marginalized minority group could achieve equal standing with the majority group simply by “playing nice” and behaving in a manner that’s acceptable to the majority. You can often see this displayed when members of the majority group say things like, “I just don’t know why [insert minority group] have to be so obnoxious/loud/aggressive/mean about [insert minority group’s complaint]” or criticize a particular group’s method of protest as being disruptive or over the top.\n\nMany people take issue with the notion that if you are nice to someone who has more social power than you, that they will be more apt to grant you social rights and privileges. Others feel that adhering to particular norms around what is a “respectable” form of protest will make others more willing to listen to your side of the story."
]
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[]
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||
1xhoxi | what is microsoft access, exactly? and what is it (or what are some of the major things) that it does? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xhoxi/eli5_what_is_microsoft_access_exactly_and_what_is/ | {
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"text": [
"Access is a database. Databases are sort of like more useful versions of Excel spreadsheets, where you can filter the data you're working with and create reports in specific ways depending on the task at hand.\n\nThe difference between a database and a spreadsheet is that you can have large amounts of info in the database, but you can make it so you only are looking at what's important, rather than having to scroll over a bunch columns to find what you're looking for. The sorting on a spreadsheet is also generally more limiting than what you can do with filtering and sorting options in a database. It's almost like: spreadsheets (Excel) are 2 dimensional, while databases (Access) are 3 dimensional.\n\nDatabases are everywhere in business. Some examples: stores use databases to track inventory and sales; websites keep track of customer data; libraries usually have powerful databases keeping track of and making search engines for their catalogs, as well as patron data including fines, etc. \n\nMS Access is a consumer-grade database, probably good if you have data to keep track of that seems too complex for an Excel spreadsheet or that you need to look at in ways that the Excel options limit you. Another off-the-shelf database program to compare with would be Filemaker Pro. Or maybe on the very consumer-grade level, Bento (if that still exists?)"
]
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[]
] |
||
3z6vic | how do spark plugs break car windows while rocks can't? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3z6vic/eli5_how_do_spark_plugs_break_car_windows_while/ | {
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"text": [
"concentration of force.\n\na nail can break a window. a palm doesn't, even if there's more force applied. "
]
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[]
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||
1p51e5 | how the expanding universe edge can travel faster than light. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1p51e5/eli5_how_the_expanding_universe_edge_can_travel/ | {
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"I want to preface this by saying I am not an astronomer, but I read a lot of science books including astronomy and cosmology, so I will take a stab at it.\n\n1. Edges of the universe is a misnomer. There really isn't an edge to it at all, to the best of our knowledge. There are many different theories as to the shape of the universe. Some think that it is a 4 dimensional donut shape, but getting into that will violate the \"like I'm 5\" aspect.\n\n2. Instead, think of the Universe like the surface of a balloon. There are no edges. We don't know if it loops back around or not because the universe if so big, and parts of it are so far away we don't know what's going on. \n\n3. Imagine you are travelling along the surface of this balloon at the speed of light. It will take years and years to get anywhere. Now imagine that the balloon is expanding. It's not actually expanding from any one point, it is simply expanding EVERYWHERE. In the short term, we don't really notice because the expansion is so small it is immeasurable. But to something that is 1 million light years away, we can see it receding. To something that is 10 million light years away, we can see it receding faster.\n\n3. Now imagine you are back on the balloon. Items that are 1 mile away are suddenly 1.001 miles away. In just one second. So items that are 10 miles away become 10.01 miles away in just one second. The speed of light is just under 200,000 miles per second. So a distant object that was 200,000,000 (two hundred million) miles away, is suddenly 200,200,000 miles away in just one second. It didn't necessarily move, nor did you. But it's position *relative* to you changed 200,000 in one second, which more than the speed of light.",
"It's a popular misconception: relativity says that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.\n\nThis is not what relativity says.\n\nI like to use an analogy with a common motor vehicle (car). Setting c = 60 miles per hour.\n\nRelativity does not provide you with an absolute reference frame, so while it is true that you can not exceed 60 miles an hour, it isn't really an interesting statement in the framework of relativity. What is true that you (in your car) and your friend (in his car) can speed away from each other faster than 60 miles an hour. (Presumably you could observe 119.999 mph velocity between the two of you).\n\nThis statement is correct and meaningful in the framework of relativity, but it is still unsatisfying. I don't want to have to account for two people's motions, I want to make a simpler statement! I don't want to have two complicated reference frames. And so **here it is**:\n\nWhile you are in your car, waiting to leave your neighborhood or a parking lot, you will never see any car go past your nose (your car's nose) at faster than 60 mph.\n\nThis what we really mean by not exceeding the speed of light.\n\nI'm sure someone else will address the other inconsistencies in your question (the misuse of the word 'edge', determining if you are talking about receding velocities or expansion of space, or both, etc...).\n",
"In short, nothing is *moving* faster than light. \n\nIt's more like additional space is *appearing between objects* at such a rate that the distance between said objects is increasing faster than light. But, in that scenario, nothing is moving. "
]
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ch4o08 | why americans are more used to air wents on a floor for heating their homes and europeans are using radiators and floor heating? | English is not my native language, I hope I expressed myself clearly enough. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ch4o08/eli5_why_americans_are_more_used_to_air_wents_on/ | {
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"text": [
"We do also have floor heaters and radiators if it’s an older home, but since have moved to forced air systems. Cooled and heated air can move through the same vents to get to the rooms from the unit. Since the units are usually in the basement imagine the system being a trunk of a tree, and the vents are the tips of the branches coming off of it.",
"American buildings do use floor heat some, but air conditioning is much more common in the US which makes forced air more practical."
]
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[],
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|
37qjz9 | why is my dominant hand different depending on the activity? for example i eat and write left handed yet my right hand is dominant for everything else. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37qjz9/eli5_why_is_my_dominant_hand_different_depending/ | {
"a_id": [
"croz39s",
"crozgqk"
],
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2
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"text": [
"Welcome to the mutant club. I'm lefty for all micro tasks, righty for macro tasks, and ambi for anything involving feet or medium tasks.",
"Me, too... write, eat, throw a ball left handed but swing a bat, play golf and other full arm tasks righty. And scissors! Hated the green safety scissors so I learned to use my mom's righty big scissors and can only use right handed scissors."
]
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[],
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||
15zuq7 | what happens to houses when the owner(s) pass away? | When a house is already paid off and the owner(s) pass away, who gets the house? Assuming the owner(s) had no one in their will, of course.
On the flip side, if the house is still being paid off, what does the bank do with it exactly? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15zuq7/what_happens_to_houses_when_the_owners_pass_away/ | {
"a_id": [
"c7rewzo"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"The house goes to the next of kin, and if they don't exist, the state.\n\nWhoever gets the house is still responsible for the mortgage. They can continue to pay it off, or sell the house use the proceeds to pay off the bank."
]
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[]
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|
c3718c | a common model for gravity’s effect on space is a sheet of elastic material with some stuff put on it to make wells and such. but how does that apply in 3d? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c3718c/eli5_a_common_model_for_gravitys_effect_on_space/ | {
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"The math gets really complicated in 3D. But the gist of it is that objects with mass bend space around them, thus establishing an attractive gravitational field",
"The whole \"rubber sheet\" model is effective for the limited number of dimensions that we can visually represent. If you wanted an accurate representation of the effect of some mass (e.g. a planet) on spacetime, you would need to make in at least four dimensions (three for space, one for time). The problem is that we cannot draw a truly four-dimensional (or *n*-dimensional) picture - we exist in and directly perceive three spatial dimensions, while time is perceived as sequential differences.\n\nThe solution? We exclude something. In the case of a drawing like \"the Schwarzchild radius of a black hole,\" this looks like a \"bottomless\" funnel around an infinite mass. In the rubber-sheet depiction, it appears as a depression in an otherwise flat surface. Trying to add dimensions simply does not work - even if the underlying physics is true for the additional dimensions - and so to represent a system completely we need multiple such reduced depictions.",
"You need to visualize this model from directly above then you don’t see the bend but a flat surface from your point of view. \n\nImagine never being able to move your head, you will be perplexed about how these objects orbit when they should travel in a straight line. What’s going on? First, your 2D version of Newton will talk about this thing call mass and gravity and most people are happy. But then 2D Einstein comes along and says “Nein. The surface is curved into a third dimension. Look. Here is a piece of string. It is 1D. It is straight. But now I put a weight on it and it bends and everything falls into it. Great right? But now you have to blow the dimensions up. It’s hard too because we are trapped in two dimensions and our space curves into a third. Wunderbar!”\n\nNow *we* need to pump up the dimensions by one. We expect things to travel in a straight line in our 3 dimensions but lo and behold it doesn’t as it travels around the planet/star/big thing. \n\nYou can’t look around and see the curvature in four dimensions because you’re trapped in these 3 dimensions but you’re sure can see the effect (you’re feeling it now).",
"I appreciated [this video](_URL_0_) that explores visual metaphors for gravity."
]
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4uq2kf | why was dolly aging premarutely, and why are it's current clones (all four of them) healthy? what's the difference between them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4uq2kf/eli5_why_was_dolly_aging_premarutely_and_why_are/ | {
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"text": [
"Dolly didn't \"age prematurely\", that's a myth. She died due to a lung disease.\n\nThe disease was not genetic but possibly caused by Dolly needing to sleep indoors for security reasons. This would explain why the clones don't have the disease. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
4jdmpi | what happens an hour or two after you're found guilty of a crime -- do you just 'go right to jail?" | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jdmpi/eli5_what_happens_an_hour_or_two_after_youre/ | {
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"Seriously depends on the severity of the crime, disposition of the judge, that kinda thing.\n\nFor non-violent felonies where the convicted is not considered a flight risk (think white-collar crime here), the court may allow the convicted several weeks to get their affairs in order before reporting to jail.\n\nOtherwise, whatever police agency works at the courthouse (typically sheriffs) would take you directly to their local jail until you could be transferred to the prison system. Unless there are good reasons not to, the court would likely allow you a few minutes to say goodbye or whatever.\n\n"
]
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||
cku398 | how do cars monitor tyre pressure? my x-trail has a tyre pressure display that is very accurate. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cku398/eli5_how_do_cars_monitor_tyre_pressure_my_xtrail/ | {
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"text": [
"Exact method varies by vehicle, but they usually have a tire pressure sensor inside the tyre which communicates back to the car's computer wirelessly.",
"Most, if not all, cars manufactured after the year 2000 employ something called TPMS (Tire-Pressure Monitoring System), which relies on a couple different kinds of sensors to report tire pressure to the car's central computer. There are two types of TPMS in use: *direct* and *indirect.*\n\nDirect sensors, as the name implies, directly measure air pressure using pressure sensors embedded either in or near the wheel.\n\nIndirect sensors, by contrast, can't directly measure pressure, but instead typically look at angular velocity as reported by anti-lock braking systems; an underinflated tire has a smaller diameter and so rotates faster.\n\nDirect sensors are more accurate, but are more difficult to change; indirect ones are far more customer-friendly, but they can only measure relative pressures, so they're less accurate and need to be \"trained\" when you do anything to your tires."
]
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jotxr | why does extremely short contact with a hot object burn your skin? | I guess what I'm asking is why do your skin cells die instantly when they come into contact with something hot (e.g. metal at 100 C)? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jotxr/eli5_why_does_extremely_short_contact_with_a_hot/ | {
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"Think of your skin as a force-field on a space ship. It can take hits from lasers and missiles and mitigate them pretty well. When a huge torpedo hits the shield (hot metal), it damages it to the extent that it needs time to repair. (The hot metal transfers a large amount of energy very quickly to the skin because all that heat energy wants to escape into something at a lower temperature). The shield is split up into layers and compartments (cells). When one layer is damaged, another layer moves up to protect it. \n\nLets just say this shield sends feedback to the ship whenever it gets hit (nervous impulses). Your hand shield just took a huge hit from touching the stove. Your body immediately sends machines to repair it, these machines release a chemical (histamine) that causes more machines to flock to the area (increased blood flow). This causes the shield to swell (inflammation), which can actually damage it. \n\nThe shield can handle lasers all day (minor irritants, radiation, and temperature changes) because it has time to repair itself. This shield has tons of machines working day and night to keep it in good shape. However, the sudden shock of a huge torpedo (hot stove) releases so much energy so quickly, that the shield cannot repair itself at the same rate as the damage. \n\nAlso keep in mind that cells are mostly water, so energy in the form of heat can radiate through the cell very quickly, however these cells have taken on the role of being your body's force field, so the stove does not damage anything important. \n\nIt also takes a large amount of energy to repair your skin force-field, so your body uses the pain of the experience to remind you never to touch that hot stove again. \n\nMaybe next time that huge torpedo will be picked up on radar and get shot down before it reaches your shield. ",
"also, much of the damage is not from the dead skin, but from your body's reaction to the dead skin. this is why after you burn yourself, 1 second later, you wont even notice that much of a difference on your skin. but 10 minutes later, your skin will get all throbby and red and stuff.\n\nthis is because when your skin gets burned, your body sends white blood cells to eat up all the old skin. body also sends other cells to cause blood vessels in the area to expand, so more blood and cells can get to the area (kind of like construction work). other cells also go to the area to demolish the old buildings and put up new roads and stuff.\n\nbasically, it's like if one building falls down, it's not too bad. but then for weeks later, there's construction work around it. that is why it ends up being all messed up and painful for longer than a few seconds.",
"Think of your skin as a force-field on a space ship. It can take hits from lasers and missiles and mitigate them pretty well. When a huge torpedo hits the shield (hot metal), it damages it to the extent that it needs time to repair. (The hot metal transfers a large amount of energy very quickly to the skin because all that heat energy wants to escape into something at a lower temperature). The shield is split up into layers and compartments (cells). When one layer is damaged, another layer moves up to protect it. \n\nLets just say this shield sends feedback to the ship whenever it gets hit (nervous impulses). Your hand shield just took a huge hit from touching the stove. Your body immediately sends machines to repair it, these machines release a chemical (histamine) that causes more machines to flock to the area (increased blood flow). This causes the shield to swell (inflammation), which can actually damage it. \n\nThe shield can handle lasers all day (minor irritants, radiation, and temperature changes) because it has time to repair itself. This shield has tons of machines working day and night to keep it in good shape. However, the sudden shock of a huge torpedo (hot stove) releases so much energy so quickly, that the shield cannot repair itself at the same rate as the damage. \n\nAlso keep in mind that cells are mostly water, so energy in the form of heat can radiate through the cell very quickly, however these cells have taken on the role of being your body's force field, so the stove does not damage anything important. \n\nIt also takes a large amount of energy to repair your skin force-field, so your body uses the pain of the experience to remind you never to touch that hot stove again. \n\nMaybe next time that huge torpedo will be picked up on radar and get shot down before it reaches your shield. ",
"also, much of the damage is not from the dead skin, but from your body's reaction to the dead skin. this is why after you burn yourself, 1 second later, you wont even notice that much of a difference on your skin. but 10 minutes later, your skin will get all throbby and red and stuff.\n\nthis is because when your skin gets burned, your body sends white blood cells to eat up all the old skin. body also sends other cells to cause blood vessels in the area to expand, so more blood and cells can get to the area (kind of like construction work). other cells also go to the area to demolish the old buildings and put up new roads and stuff.\n\nbasically, it's like if one building falls down, it's not too bad. but then for weeks later, there's construction work around it. that is why it ends up being all messed up and painful for longer than a few seconds."
]
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5tpm64 | why is gmt the international standard time? | I assume it's mainly to do with British colonialism and wanting a standardised time across the empire which can be compared back to the time in the UK, is it that simple or is it more nuanced? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5tpm64/eli5why_is_gmt_the_international_standard_time/ | {
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"Pretty much \n\nThe current time zones were established way back in the late 1800's\n\nGreenwich was chosen for two main reasons\n\n1. Britain had a LOT more ships at the time and these ships were already using the Greenwich meridian as their standard.\n\n2. Greenwich had one of the best observatories at the time and was the best equipped for accurate observations. ",
"In the 1700's, England was a huge deal in terms of navy, and in general as a world superpower. They made a bunch of maps. A lot of countries made different maps that had different meridians, but England was a big deal as a trading partner, so most of them just adopted England's meridian. Made mapmaking easier and more consistent. England had a huge observatory in Greenwich, so they used that as the base of their meridian (line from north to south pole). It was made official in 1884. The International Meridian Conference took place to establish an internationally recognised single meridian.",
"Because longitude can't be measured accurately without a precise clock that works on a sailing ship. The British Government proposed a very large prize in 1714 for solutions to the problem. (£20,000, which is £2.61 million today) Spain also offered prizes, but not as much. In order to give out such large sums fairly, the Board of Longitude was established in Greenwich based on recommendations from the likes of Sir Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley."
]
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g1v9yi | how does the global economy lose money? how does the earth lose money? where does it go? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g1v9yi/eli5_how_does_the_global_economy_lose_money_how/ | {
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"Money is a measure of value.\n\nThe value of things changes based on how many people want them, and how much those people will pay for them. Value is not a \"thing\" that has to go somewhere. People can want a widget one day, and not want it the next.",
"The interesting thing about money is that you can have it, without actually “having it”. For example if I have $10,000 in my bank account, the bank recognizes that I have that much money but they don’t actually keep $10,000 in a personal box at all times. Instead they are regulated to keep a percentage of that money on hand and are authorized to loan out the rest! The idea is that at any given time all the people won’t need their money withdrawn at once so they essentially keep enough to cover regular withdrawals and use the existing money to essentially “create” more money on the form of loans. Now that $10,000 becomes way more because it’s still $10,000 in my bank, but also could be loaned as $8,000 to someone else.\n\nOnce you understand this principle you can understand that most money doesn’t actually exist as fiat currency. Most of the global markets are built on debt and multiply out the system I described above over and over again. \n\nThe other principle is that the price of markets and stocks are set by what people will pay for them and they are based on future value. People make the mistake of thinking that if they own $10,000 of Apple stock on market value that they are worth $10,000. In reality, you only get the value for the stock when it is sold. The price is set by speculation. The current price of the shares, are not reflecting the fiat value of that stock, they are accounting for future growth.\n\nSo this brings us to your question about global markets... when the economy “loses money”, it hasn’t really gone anywhere, it’s more so that people have reduced their future speculative outlook of that asset. And since the money didn’t actually exist to begin with, the market goes down without it really going anywhere. \n\nPeople perceive that the economy “loses” money because they have made the mistake of thinking that they are worth the current share price of their stock. But remember the value is only what it is sold for!",
"A lot of what we call \"money\" isn't actually money. It's *credit*, which means an IOU from somebody.\n\nA $20 bill in your hand is money.\n\nA bank account with $20 is an IOU from the bank.\n\nLet's imagine 1000 people each have $1000 in money, as in each person has 10 one hundred dollar bills in their wallet. Then each person puts their $1000 in the bank, and over the course of a year, on average those people don't put any money in or take any money out.\n\nAfter one year, does the bank still have $1 million in its teller drawers and vaults? Of course not. They kept maybe $100,000 cash on hand to pay people who come in and ask for money, but the remaining $900,000's been loaned out to 9 people who each bought a house for $100,000.\n\nIn place of the $900,000 worth of cold hard cash, the bank has mortgage documents signed by those 9 people. Each person promised that in exchange for $100,000 cash from the bank to buy a house today, they'll make monthly payments over 30 years that will total $150,000. Those documents could be worth $1,350,000, assuming everybody pays their mortgage.\n\nThere's still only $1 million of actual *money* in this imaginary economy. $900,000 is in the pockets of whoever sold the houses, $100,000 is in the bank vaults.\n\nBut in addition to the $900,000 in hundred dollar bills outside the bank, there's $1 million in bank deposits. The 1000 peoples' $1000 bank deposits aren't fully backed by $1 million in hundred dollar bills, they're backed by $100,000 in hundred dollar bills plus a bunch of IOU's from people who might or might not pay the bank $1,350,000 over the next 30 years.\n\nIn uncertain times, banks stop loaning out as much money, meaning the bank's stack of IOU's starts to decrease and their stack of cash starts to increase, as people pay their mortgages. It's a cautious rational way for each bank to act, but when every bank does this at the same time, it starts sucking credit out of the system, both in terms of the overall amount of IOU's from banks to customers (bank deposits), and in terms of IOU's from customers to banks (the ability of people and businesses to get loans). This throws the economy seriously out of whack.\n\nIn normal times, newly printed money is injected into the economy by having the Federal Reserve buy IOU's. In the 2008 financial crisis and the current coronavirus crisis, they're [printing a lot of money](_URL_1_) and using it to buy more risky IOU's than usual.\n\n[Here](_URL_0_) is a fantastic explanation video.",
"This happens more severely in a large economy, but let’s scale it down. Take the argument of net worth based on ownership of a business. If you own 50% of a company worth $1 million, your net worth is at least $500,000. No physical money there for you, but you have created the value in the economy.\n\nLet’s say for simplicity, the earth has 100 people on it. 99 of those people have assets (house, car, bank accounts) that are worth $100,000 each. And they make their regular income of whatever. GDP is irrelevant to this. If you create a business that is so successful that someone would be willing to buy it for $1 million (and you own half of it), even if no one has that money to buy it, you are now worth an extra $500,000. Also, the economy now “contains” an extra $1 million dollars for that company existing. \n\nSo now instead of 100 of the population adding up to a 10 million dollar economy($100k Times 100 people), now its an 11 million dollar economy, because you’ve created an extra million dollars of value within it. \n\nPeople go on to normalize the fact that someone controls all of that, and stops caring if they cared in the first place. 5 years later, you shut down your company for whatever reason. The company is now worthless. Money did not physically disappear, however, you did just wipe out nearly 10% of the world’s net worth with no replacement. VALUE disappeared. That’s how you can lose “money” in an economy that works on the net worth of people and business.",
"Well, you paid a dollar for that burger. Where does the burger go? Is it worth a dollar once you're done with it? No? That's where the wealth and value goes. It literally disappears, gets used, or can be generated from nothing.\n\nFor a lot of wealth, it's tied to something people own. Like shares of stock. They THINK it's worth thousands of dollars IF they sold it. But the crash happened, and now nobody is willing to pay for it. That's how wealth disappears overnight. \n\nAs for physical money, every year some bills get worn out. People can send bad bills to a bank, and the bank sends it to the big bank, where they shred it. They also print new paper money and mint coins.\n\nAs for digital money, the vast bulk of all the dollars, they get introduced into the economy in the form of debt. So a bank will take out a loan from the big bank and get a million dollars. These dollars never existed before. They're new. But it's a loan, so the bank has to pay it back with interest. For every dollar they borrow, they have to repay, plus a little. That's not balanced. That keeps going on and on, which is why \"the world is in trillions of dollars in debt\".\n\nIt's all a bunch of smoke and mirrors, and it's an absolute racket by the banks. But it keeps the economy moving, people working, and at the end of the day people believe in it."
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4hkmct | how do credit card companies benefit from cardholders who pay on time, who don't need to pay late fees? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4hkmct/eli5_how_do_credit_card_companies_benefit_from/ | {
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"Every card transaction involves a small fee (usually 1-2%) that is charged to the merchant.\n\nSo even if you never pay a cent in interest the card company isn't going to lose money on you so long as you regularly use your card."
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3cz0an | what happens to an insect when it's permanently separated from its colony/hive? | For example, bees/ants that get locked in cars and travel hundreds of miles to find themselves displaced, do they just become rogue insects that stop living for their collective? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cz0an/eli5_what_happens_to_an_insect_when_its/ | {
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"An ant that gets separated from its colony will search for its sisters. Largely that will involve walking in random directions until she finds, or fails to find a scent trail. If it fails to find a scent trail that will lead it home it will likely die of old age or exhaustion. \n \nUnless it encounters another colony. If that happens it will be viscously dismembered and consumed by the other colony. \n \nUnless it's an Argentine ant. Then it may join the other colony. But they're weird. \n \nIn the off chance it does find its own colony, it may still be viscously attacked if it has been gone too long. Ants recognize each other through scent, and if it's lost the scent of the colony, it will be treated as an intruder. \n \n \nBees will be a little different, but only because bee keepers usually set up their hives so that workers may be accepted into new hives. \n \nOtherwise the same sort of thing would happen to the bee. Most likely she would fly around randomly looking for landmarks until she died of exhaustion. \n \n(Edit: Just a little fun trivia: If two ants get separated from the colony they may end up following each other in circles until they both die of exhaustion. Which would at least be really entertaining to watch. \n \nAnd speaking of entertaining; dead ants produce a specific chemical that tells their sisters to move them to the graveyard. If you isolate that chemical and paint an ant with it, its sisters will pick it up and take to the graveyard. They'll just sort of dump her in a pile of dead ants and she'll get up and walk away. But the next ant she encounters will pick her up and take her back to the graveyard. At which point she'll try to leave again. Her sisters will continue to put her in the graveyard until she's able to clean herself off.)"
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d1e74d | what happens to insects after getting off our cars finding themselves kilometers far from their nest? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d1e74d/eli5_what_happens_to_insects_after_getting_off/ | {
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"Other than bees and wasps, the vast majority of insects don't have a 'home' so it literally makes no difference for them, since they have no home to go back to.\n\nThose insects had been randomly flying around at point A, and will continue to randomly fly around at point B.\n\nWhat might make a difference is if the weather conditions were very different, especially when it comes to wind and cold.",
"A lot of insects count their steps, fly in a specific pattern, or use the sun to know where they are. These methods usually rely on them knowing where they began, ended, and how they got there. So if they don't know where they ended or how they got there, they have no idea where they are.\n\n(This is just what I remember from high school bio. Please correct me if I'm wrong)",
"Things like ants, which really do have nests, are basically just kind of fucked, having no way to get home.",
"Well, in one case, they provided evidence in a murder case.\n\nNo link, sorry, but a guy rented a car and developed an alibi by saying that he drove to visit someone in another state at the time of the murder.\n\nOdometer showed that he did drive the requisite distance, but forensic entomologists showed that the bugs on his radiator and windshield were ones present in a farming area where, it was learned, he drove in circles to rack up miles.",
"A honeybee will search for another hive and petition to join. If denied....She will simply hang out until the hive pheromones attach to her and she is accepted by the others. Once accepted, she will start doing jobs just like at her previous hive."
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1tbz4e | why do men have adam's apples and women don't? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tbz4e/eli5_why_do_men_have_adams_apples_and_women_dont/ | {
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"Both sexes have it, it's just usually more prominent in men than women. ",
"Men and Women both have Adam's Apples. You just don't tend to see women's because it is smaller. The Adam's Apple is designed to protect the Larynx and vocal chords. Men tend to have a larger Larynx (and a deeper voice, so larger vocal chords) than women, so their Adam's Apple must be larger to protect it. ",
"I'm anything but a scientist, but i think it has something to do with hormones as well. Men produce more testosterone which promotes bone and cartilage growth. Due to this, higher-T males tend to have squarer jaws as well as larger noses and Adam's apples. I could just be making all this up, though, I really have no idea what I'm talking about.",
"Follow up question. Why do men have larger larynxes? Is it because we are overall larger, or is there an evolutionary benefit for a deeper voice?",
"It's actually a hormonal thing. The cartilage that's in front of your vocal chords is enlarged by testosterone in males. What's testosterone doing around male vocal chords, you ask? Well, during puberty, testosterone triggers male vocal chords to lengthen, causing the male voice to become more deep. \nThis is why Adam's Apples \"sprout\" during puberty. Women's voices also deepen as they go through puberty, and through similar triggers, but not as much as male voices, so the Adam's Apple on a woman is not very prominent. ",
"They do! I call mine eve's peach.",
"Fun fact: Vocal folds is a more accurate term than vocal chords. They are actually folds of tissue in your throat, not chords in any way. \n\n\n_URL_0_"
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4ipspk | why do we shake our heads after being a bit woozy from a hit to the head? isn't the brain hitting the inside of the skull the cause of the injury? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ipspk/eli5_why_do_we_shake_our_heads_after_being_a_bit/ | {
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"As /u/Forestman88 said, balance and equilibrium are a function of your inner ear; however it's not the 3 bones (malleus, incus and stapes) that are responsible, it's the [semi-circular canals](_URL_0_). These are 3 tubes which are at right angles to each other and filled with fluid. Inside each are motion detecting cells that relay information to the brain regarding head position."
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1jxv06 | how does the styrofoam cup with coffee brew times on it work? | I tried Google and all that popped up was about saving the universe. I'm a bit confused with why people write times on a styrofoam cup and place it upside down on the coffee maker. Is there anything extravagant to this? Or is it just a sign? (New to Reddit) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jxv06/eli5_how_does_the_styrofoam_cup_with_coffee_brew/ | {
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"It is two cups. The top cup has an arrow pointing down.\nThe lower cup has the clock.\nTwisting the two cups... or rotating the top cup to make the arrow point at the correct time allows coffee drinkers to see when it was brewed.\n\nEdit: I'm not sure if you were looking for more than that? Because there really isn't anything special too it other than it was a nifty idea.",
"Have an upvote for the bravery to ask."
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2o7qya | why are pet hedgehogs so popular in the uk but almost unheard of in the usa? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2o7qya/eli5why_are_pet_hedgehogs_so_popular_in_the_uk/ | {
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"American here. I think of a hedgehog as a wild animal. I know they CAN be kept as pets, but my brain puts them in the category of 'wild animals that are probably more fun on the internet than in your house,' with squirrels, small pigs, and descented skunks. ",
"I've seen pet hedgehogs in the US. Cute little buggers. They aren't legal in every state, though.",
"Hedgehogs are not native to the Americas, so there is less awareness of them than in the UK and Europe.\n\nAlso, being an non-native and potentially invasive species, many states and provinces have laws restricting them.",
"Ever heard of Sonic?\n\nMy guess is that they're not native. Go to South East Asia and visit a market there, you'll see fruits you've never heard of.",
"Are they popular as pets in the UK? First I've heard of it."
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59465i | how trans-atlantic and trans-pacific internet cables were built and how they are getting fixed when damaged? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59465i/eli5_how_transatlantic_and_transpacific_internet/ | {
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"After fabrication, the cable is placed in a massive spool which is then loaded onto a boat for laying.\n\n[Here's](_URL_0_) a neat GIF that's been posted on Reddit a couple times showing how the cables are laid.\n\nThe cables do not often get damaged because they're at the bottom of the ocean, but damage sometimes happens as the result of Earthquakes.\n\nWhen this happens, the point of damage is first located, then a ship is sent out to hoist the damaged section out of the ocean, where it is then replaced.\n\nThe cables are fiber optic, which means they transmit data in the form of light. To locate the damaged section, a pulse of light is sent down the cable. The pulse will bounce back after hitting the damaged section. The time between when the pulse was sent, and when it was received can then be used to determine the approximate location of the point of damage."
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17erv8 | how does everything exist without breaking the law of conservation of energy? | Science explains how and why everything is energy and it makes perfect sense to me. I also feel I understand energy is neither created or destroyed, it just changes form. But what I don't understand is how is it possible that we and all of the universe exists without breaking the law of Conservation of energy? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17erv8/eli5_how_does_everything_exist_without_breaking/ | {
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"That sort of goes to the origin of the universe, which we are not entirely certain of at the moment. The prevailing theory (Big Bang) essentially postulates that all the energy in the universe was contained into a singular point.",
"As much \"positive\" mass fluctuated into existence, the same amount of negative mass did. It all evens out so conservation is conserved.",
"We don't yet know the answer to this question, but we have *plausible* hypotheses.\n\nThink of the number zero. Zero is nothing, right? You can't possibly get *anything* out of zero.\n\nOn the other hand, you can represent zero as \"1 - 1\" or \"2^2 - 4\" or \"999 - 998 - 1\" or in an infinite number of other ways. In other words, you can get something out of zero - so long as the total balances out to zero.\n\nThat's the current picture(though I will stress, this is not yet solid science, it's just plausible) - that you have all the matter in the universe, all the energy and matter(the \"1\") balanced out by its negative gravitational energy(the \"-1\") and some other things, so that the total energy in the universe adds up to zero.\n\nNote that this is somewhat of a simplification, but it should get the picture across. I will stress for the third time - we don't know yet, there's no solid science, just plausible hypotheses."
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85cium | how do movies get away with filming in the middle of london or busy cities? are they shut down for a set time, and if so, how long for? how does it affect the everyday running of the city? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/85cium/eli5_how_do_movies_get_away_with_filming_in_the/ | {
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"I lived in Pittsburgh when they were shooting one of the Batman movies. They blocked off whatever section of streets they needed for the day, sometimes days. Buses would be rerouted. Foot traffic would not be allowed through. You'd have to fight with a production assistant if you needed to get in the area to go to your job. Huge pia, but the city loves the extra revenue having all those people in town brings and the publicity attached to such a big feature film.",
"I live in Chicago, which has been a common site for movies being filmed... the tend to film the downtown scenes on weekend mornings when the central business districts are pretty desolate anyway. And yes, they will block streets, re-route buses, etc. to accommodate.",
"I work in the film industry. \n\nBig budget movies and Tv shows ($20m+ budgets) will pay police and cities to close down whatever we want. With enough money we can shut down anything for any length of time. All the people you see on camera are extras at the average rate of $100/each per day. 200 extras is a good number to make a city block look full but 50 could do it if you are smart about it. \n\nLower budget movies will just gorilla it and go shooting. Sometimes with general permits to shoot in the area but not close streets and sometimes with nothing but a friendly producer to get us out of trouble. The opening scenes of 28 days later were shot gorilla style.",
"They shoot Homeland here on a regular basis. They are pretty good about not causing too much of a problem for too long. They have been shooting here for the past year."
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3qdu90 | the political storyline of the phantom menace | I understand the big plot points, and I understand Anakin's story and whatnot...but I find myself getting lost when trying to follow what's going on with the trade blockade and the actions of the senate and all of these details. Help? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qdu90/eli5_the_political_storyline_of_the_phantom_menace/ | {
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"Palpatine wants to be chancellor. He manipulates the Trade Federation into blockading and invading Naboo, which causes a crisis in the Senate. Queen Amidala travels to the Senate to sort things out and, seeing that the current chancellor is weak and unable to decisively deal with the situation, initiates a vote of no confidence in him, removing him from office. A vote is held in the senate to elect a new chancellor, which Palpatine wins, presumably due to sympathy votes since Naboo is his own home planet.\n\nAs for the Trade Federation's capture of Amidala and Darth Maul's hunt for her and the Jedi, both of which happen at Palpatine's orders, well... I'm not surprised if these are what you find confusing. Palpatine's entire plan hinges on the queen making it to the Senate to plead for its help and subsequently removing the current chancellor when said help isn't forthcoming, yet he does his damnedest to try to stop her. That's just a poorly written plot, I'm afraid. I'm sure there's some kind of fanwank justification for it in the expanded universe, but in the context of the movie itself it makes no sense."
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3oghx4 | why are mma fighter told not to blow their nose when in a fight? | I have always wondered why the coach is always shouting at them not to blow their nose if the player gets hit in the face and is all swelled up. Saw one of the players actually blow his nose and what happened was that his entire face swelled up. Why's that?
Edit- Link to the YouTube video for the same
_URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3oghx4/eli5why_are_mma_fighter_told_not_to_blow_their/ | {
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"[because if you break your nose, your eyes will swell up](_URL_0_)",
"A lot of the blood vessels in their face will be broken after a good punch to the face. However, it will take time for blood to actually leak out and cause lots of swelling.\n\nBlowing your nose causes an increase in blood pressure, which means a lot of blood comes out of all those now-torn vessels. End result is your face very quickly swells up.\n\nEdit: /u/tywkblogger has a more correct explanation for the sudden swelling that fighters can experience below.",
"When you break your nose there are a ton of fluids that build up in your face as part of the swelling process (swelling being primarily your body's natural way of puffing up and limiting motion when you break a bone).\n\nBlowing your nose may seem instinctive, especially when your airway is blocked with blood, but this creates sinus pressure which increases swelling. The sinus passages pass pretty close to your eyes (I don't know if you can blow air out your eyes as well, but if you remember trying in childhood you can definitely force air out of your tearducts).\n\nBlowing your nose when it's broken virtually guarantees the area near your eyes will swell up, and can swell them completely closed which blinds a fighter.",
" > After a fighter’s eye and the face around it have been properly tenderized by a four- to five-ounce MMA glove, the blood vessels – especially the veins – are damaged. Some of the veins are completely torn and some are just leaky. This vascular injury and direct trauma to the soft tissue causes the puffiness, swelling and the very familiar “mouse” under the eye. The acts of blowing your nose, grunting, straining during exercise (commonly lifting weights), pushing for a bowel movement, etc. increases venous blood pressure. This physiological event is called a Valsalva maneuver. Unfortunately, increasing the venous blood pressure (by blowing one’s nose) after the soft tissue surrounding the eye has been damaged causes a rapid loss of blood from the leaky veins and profound swelling, which results in a closed eye.\n\nI know this explanation might be a bit confusing for some but this was the best i could find considering the situation I'm in right now. Please do tell me if this was not a sufficient answer and I will try to find a better one later on when I'm free.\n\n[Source of quote.](_URL_0_)",
"I forget who was fighting but recently there was a guy in the UFC that got his nose broken in the first round. He blew his nose as soon as that round ended and his eyes were swollen shut almost instantly. ",
"Its usually in the case that the fighter has broken their nose, and there is pockets of blood built up in your sinus'. Basically blowing the nose at that point you will flush all the blood from the pockets causing it to fill into pockets below your eyes and swell. Which in most cases also gives the appearance of two black eyes.",
"If you're nose is busted up with a lot of burst blood vessels etc and you blow it, both of your eyes are going to swell up very quickly. A good example is Eddie Alvarez in his fight with Gilbert Melendez back in June, he blew his nose in between rounds and 60 seconds later he was having a very difficult time seeing anything Gil was throwing at him.",
"Fuck, this happened to me once. \n\nI was sparring the previous day and I got a solid hook in my eye. It hurt, but there was no swelling. \n\nThe following morning, as I was washing my face, I blew my nose and my eyelids inflated. My eye was shut. \n\nI was mortified. I never knew this was possible and I got so scared. I didn't know how to fix it. \n\nThis happened due to a fracture in the orbital bone, and air flew into the hole. \n\nIt took a week for the eye to come back to normal and I was scared of blowing my nose for a while. :)",
"Not my video, but this is what can happen when you blow your nose.\n\n_URL_0_",
"The only thing separating your nasal passage from the tissues around your eyes is a paper thin layer of bone. If this gets broken (which is easily done by punching someone in the eye) AND if you then blow your nose, air can escape through the broken bone into the tissues around your eye, causing it to swell up and block your vision. If your vision is impeded enough by eye swelling, the doctor can/should stop the fight. \n\nThe best example of this I've seen is at the end of the first round of the Gilbert Melendez vs Eddie Alvarez fight in the UFC earlier this year. Alvarez blows his nose walking back to his corner at the end of round one (iirc) and his eyelids blow up like a balloon. ",
"It's so that you don't insufflate your face with air and then not be able to see from the periorbital (around your eye) swelling. Small fractures in your sinuses can lead to a way for the air to escape to the subcutaneous tissues of your face.",
"The top answer is incorrect. During a fight, there's a good chance that your facial bones will be broken... as a result, AIR can pass through them. If your maxilla, frontal bone, or nasal bone are broken and you blow your nose, you will literally INFLATE your face. This isn't a huge deal, unless it blinds you during the fight by swelling your eye shut. \n\nFYI, this happened to me taking an elbow to the face in training. I blew my nose in front of the mirror when I got home and literally watched the left of my face blow up like a balloon. My mom and I were NOT on good terms at the time, and I was still immediately in her room begging for help like a little whelp... kinda funny.\n\nThe air itself will make its way out of your head, but oddly enough it takes on kind of a 'crunching' sound when you push on it for the next few days. Before you know it, you're back to being a normal funny looking fighter again.\n\nSadly, I was not able to bring myself to fight knowing that my facial bones were in some way shattered... so I pulled out of the upcoming match. What a wuss ;-)",
"A broken nose/broken blood vessels in nasal cavity give you the strong urge to blow your nose. Blowing your nose would cause severe swelling closing the airway. Breathing through your nose is the most efficient delivery method for oxygen to the lungs. If you are breathing through your mouth you are more prone to getting winded, leading to exhaustion. Also you are more susceptible to being knocked out or having your jaw broken with an open mouth. ",
"Clots. If you blow you loosen the clots and the blood starts flowing. you don't want that. Then it's out the nostrils and down the throat. Swallowing blood easily makes one puke.",
"If they break your nose your first reaction is to blow out. So he reminds you not to do that. If you do your eye will balloon up",
"Emergency physician here. Most of the answers here are omitting an important point: the increase in blood pressure does cause more bleeding, however a more important reason is to prevent infection. Fighters often develop small cracks in the bone that separates their sinuses and their orbit (eye socket). Blowing their nose increases sinus pressure and forces air and often bacteria into the space behind their eyes. This will cause swelling, but can also lead to bacterial infection of the space, and potentially spread of that infection to the brain.",
"When a fighter is punched in the eye, there is a chance the orbital floor will be broken. This opens a passage between the eye socket and the sinus. If at this point you blow your nose, the eye socket will fill with air causing extreme double vision. Making it next to impossible to fight. ",
"Be me, 5-7 years old, stamp on my dads face, rupture all his sinus tubes. he blew his nose, face swelled. He had to see a maxillofacial specialist to make sure there was no major damage. ",
"Did OP just answer his own question? lol",
"Happened to a teammate of mine in college, fractured his face playing rugby, sneezed, and his whole head blew up like a balloon. ",
"There's a lot of mis-information here, as an MMA enthusiast and doctor, I'll try to clear things up.\n\nThe bones that make up your skull form sinuses - hollow areas that are interconnected and filled with air. Sinuses allow our heads to be light - something especially important in an evolutionary context given our upright posture.\n\nThat said, the \"llightheadedness\" of sinuses provide comes at a cost. Infectious can spread through these areas (think \"pink eye\" from a sinus infectious).\n\nIf there is a fracture in one of these sinuses (not just the \"cheek\" sinus - ie the maxillary sinus but also the paranasal sinuses), air can travel freely. \n\nBlowing your nose leads to a massive pressure build up (the pressure that expels snot out of your nose is now being transmitted inappropriately, and air will escape any which-way to equalize that pressure). \n\nThe concern here is a compromise in the sinuses, leading to air escaping around the eye (peri-/retro- orbitally). This can lead to massive swelling quickly that could 1) lead to an early fight stoppage 2) compromise a fighter's vision\n\ntldr: trauma to the face can compromise the air ducts in your face, and when blowing your nose, air will then escape into the wrong place to equalize the pressure - it's mostly air.",
"The reason that blowing causes the swelling is that the swelling is actually... Air!\n\nIt's a condition called a [subcutaneous emphysema](_URL_0_), or a collection of gas under the subcutaneous layers of tissue. It's more commonly seen over the chest following trauma(where air escapes from the lungs into the tissue), or over limbs affected by gas gangrene(where bacteria produce gas that collects below the skin).\n\nThe blowing would force in pockets of air under the skin, and cause the swelling. Not blood/fluid/anything else. This is more common over the face because of the number of sinuses present in the skull, which may become fractured. \n\nEdit: I think I'll pre-empt some questions here... The reason for air collecting around the eyes is the fact that the periorbital tissues around the eyes are very loose. It is easiest for air to escape into these regions. In a similar vein... (haha, see what I did there? med school pun.) edema from renal failure tends to show up in patients as periorbital puffiness. ",
"Orbital fractures (bones surrounding the eye) are commonly fractured and allows air to communicate from the sinuses to the orbit. Blowing your nose can cause large amounts of air into the orbit which can cause many problems. When we see an orbital fracture, we always prescribe medication that dries the nasal mucosa so that they don't need to blow their noses ",
"_URL_0_\n\nBecause of this!",
"The short answer is if you've broken your orbital socket you will inflate your upper eyelid like a balloon and totally close your eye.\n\nDue to the nature of fighting you take a fair amount of blows to the face, this can cause swelling and production of mucous / snot which blocks your nose.\n\nNow if the orbital socket is also fractured, usually just below the eye and right where the edge of the nose meets the face, and you try and blow the snot out your nose; the pressurised air breeches the fracture rather than blowing out the snot and travels along underneath the eye socket, continues up around the outside of it and inflates the eyelid like a balloon.\n\nIt actually sounds and feels pretty cool when you do it to yourself, if a bit surprising if you aren't expecting it.\n\nWhen a fighter looks like they've got a broken nose the corner is pretty safe to assume that it's blocked and given that there's more than the usual facial trauma already there's a chance that their orbital socket is broken too, so they implore the fighter not to blow their nose.",
"Because if you Crack a bone in your face it can fill with air and leave a huge air pocket on your face. Used to box. Happened to my cousin one time. Looked like quasimodo",
"If you want to see a perfect example of why you shouldn't blow your nose in a fight, watch the Alvarez v Melendez fight which happened earlier this year. ",
"This happened to me once. Playing football and my brother took out my legs going up for a pass. I landed directly in my face (don't worry my neck broke my fall). I literally saw stars. Kept playing and thought nothing of it. I went home and blew my nose and my woke right side of my face blew up. After cat scans it was found that when I landed on my right side of my face (mostly my eye) the pressure that was put on my eye blew out the thin orbital floor. When I blew my nose air leaked from my sinuses into my eye and spread throughout my face. ",
"Don't know if this is related but I once broke my eye socket . After the blow I had a nose bleed and instinctively blew my nose , what I didn't know tho is that I had blew a massive pocket of air behind my eye :/ . My eye was closed for a week and every so often was queefing :( wasn't fun ",
"It's to prevent air from blowing into various places such as the eye socket. The walls of the eye socket are very thin and can easily blow out. Below is your maxillary sinus and nasal passages. The eye socket wall is easily blown out due to the pressure from a punch to the eye. Blowing your nose can drive air into the socket if the socket wall is fractured from a punch.",
"Broken orbital bone. Case in point Mr Koshceck\n\n_URL_0_",
"Most fighters are told not to blow their nose because it can cause swelling around the eye. Heavy blowing can lead to the eye swelling shut, and in some cases, cause the eyeball itself to shoot out of the fighters head at speeds reaching up to 80mph. Possibly injuring a bystander.\n\nFun fact, this is also a last ditch effort some fighters use to distract an opponent during a match.",
"Slightly off topic but until now I've really never thought much about mma at all soooo\n\nHow do the fighters lessen or prevent the spread of disease or infection when covered in so much blood? Like I'm a nurse, we \"suit\" up in full PPE when there is even a risk of coming into contact blood or bodily fluids, but these guys just bleed, spit and mucus all over the place.\n\nSorry to change topics :-) ",
"Because [this](_URL_0_) can happen, watch his eye after he blows his broken nose.",
"The main reason fighters (patients) are instructed to not blow their nose after sustaining trauma to the eye/nose region is to prevent tissue emphysema. Most of the bones in a person's mid-face (orbits/nose/sinuses) act like shock absorbers to protect more valuable tissue like the brain. Hence, the bones of the maxillary sinus, orbital floor are very thin. Some are 0.65mm. Most people who sustain this type of trauma are placed on what's called \"Sinus Precautions\" meaning to avoid blowing their nose for 4-6 weeks. \n\nIn the case of Eddie Alvarez, you can see some initial swelling around his left eye, meaning he possibly sustained a minor fracture of his sinus or orbital floor. Once he closes his left nostril and blows, the air has nowhere to go but up through that minor fracture and now has tissue emphysema and increase swelling; leading to a decrease in vision. \n\nSource: Am a facial trauma surgeon at Level I Hospital",
"Because your blood is clotting in the nose, and if you blow it, it will remove the clot and flow.",
"look up Eddie Alvarez when he got beat up by Cerrone. He blew his nose, and his eye inflated. \n\nHere is the video of his eye inflating. So gross. _URL_0_",
"[Because it's much more alpha to shoot the blood out of your mouth towards your opponent, just ask Robbie Lawler](_URL_0_)",
"I always wondered how guys can get punched in the nose like that (usually at least a few times over the course of a several hundred punch bout) and either not suffer--or not be bothered by--a broken nose. As someone who has broken his nose a couple of times, I cant fathom this. ",
"_URL_0_\n\nvideo of eye swelling when ufc fighter lightly blows his nose.",
"Am I the only on extremely annoyed by the use of the word 'player' here?",
"This is why. \n_URL_0_\n\nThis is what happens when you blow your nose with a broken nose. ",
"_URL_0_ Found the answer on Google in 10 seconds ",
"Hematomas too. I have a hematoma on the inside of my left nostril from a bloody nose that i tried to blow out. Former amateur boxer",
"wellll all i know is when i did it it FUCKED my face up my something about the pressure it like blew out the side of my nose to my eye and everyhting was puffy and my nose was cushing and it was fucking horrible.",
"I am so late to this dance, but here is why you don't blow your nose during a fight!\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSource: Former MMA fighter/Trainer.",
"Iv'e heard if you have a broken nose and you blow your nose it can push the blood into you cheek/eyes and make them swollen. Don't forget most fighters are going on pure adrenaline and don't know when their hand, nose etc is broken "
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bjdly4 | why does the injecting of local anesthetic hurt so much? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bjdly4/eli5_why_does_the_injecting_of_local_anesthetic/ | {
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"Permeability of the active compound. Compounds with poor permeability essentially make their aqueous environment more viscous.\n\nImagine injecting certain anesthetics as injecting maple syrup that makes you feel no pain once it permeates to your nerve endings. It would take a while for your blood and fluids to thin out the maple syrup, so you'd essentially have a mini cramp until either that happened or your nerve receptors were properly bound to"
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biej9f | for universities/companies that do educational studies on the effects of hard drugs like cocaine, where do they get legitimate and legal cocaine from to do them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/biej9f/eli5_for_universitiescompanies_that_do/ | {
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"Some companies are allowed to produce illegal drugs for research purposes.\n\nIn my country, researching illegal drugs requires you to obtain permission with our Medicines Agency which has control over all medicine in the country, including illegal substances, and then you would find someone who has the right to manufacture those drugs for research purposes, with oversight being done by the Medicines Agency.",
"From the pharmacy. Cocaine is a legal schedule II drug, used by ENT doctors as a topical anesthetic and vasoconstrictor for example. Your local CVS might not stock it, but the pharmacy of a research hospital probably will, or at least can get it by arrangement.\n\nIt is also possible to get schedule I drugs (no accepted medical uses) for research purposes, but it is much more cumbersome. There are labs licensed by the DEA to produce and handle them, and you can get special licenses through the DEA to do research with this supply."
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4c3kmk | why are women so mistreated in india? | I'm a guy, but, my female friend says that women in India are mistreated a LOT. Rapes are very often and many people stare. She went to India last summer, and many people called her a "gori". People also stared at her and gave her shit for wearing jeans and drinking, yet her brother got off free. Please enlighten me as to why are women so mistreated in India? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4c3kmk/eli5why_are_women_so_mistreated_in_india/ | {
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"In reality the better question is why are women treated well in the developed world? For practically the entirety of humanity women have been mistreated. Only the very very recent history has this changed.\n\nWhy has this been the norm through history? Good question I'm sure nobody can answer.\n\nWhy has this changed? Capitalism and technology has brought society's development up and that brings equality. ",
"I've worked with many people from India and one is actually my business partner. I've known since him for about 7 years. Never once did I hear him or anyone else from there degrade women in any way. I know him well too, and he comes to the US at least 5 times a year. They are good people",
"Gori means 'white female'; it's not a derogatory term. Of course you could use it in an derogatory way. A white male would be called 'gora'. The word adjective for the adjective white is 'goro'. The -i suffix makes it female, the -a suffix makes it male. \n\nSecondly, rapes happen because people are poor and criminals can get away with it easily. You can say there may be a culture of victim blaming - I'll say there definitely is one in India, as with most conservative societies; we even see it here in the US - but mainly the problem is the criminal justice system is shit and the police are corrupt/don't give a crap; as with most poorer countries. \n\nPeople were probably staring because she was a exotic i.e. white woman who they aren't used to seeing. \n\nWearing jeans, I don't know why Indian people would give a shit about western women wearing jeans; and jeans is pretty popularly worn in large cities. Again, jeans weren't commonly worn by women in the west either until post 1950's. \n\nDrinking, has to do with social mores. Conservative society, etc. Think about how women who drank would be perceived in the US in the 1900s - not very well, until the whole 'flappers' thing happened in the 1920s. \n\nAgain, I wouldn't say they are mistreated - but there is definitely a lot of societal and marital abuse. They are expected to act differently, i.e. as mothers, wives, and daughters, and usually the older the woman is the more respect they garner (matriarchy). ",
"I was gonna put some statistics here but then the egos of first world countries would get hurt."
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2dgzaw | why are people upset over facebook messenger | I can understand some people are upset Facebook did some kind of study on people's emotions, but why is Facebook Messenger suddenly in the news? Is it somehow more insidious than any other Facebook app or general mobile app? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dgzaw/eli5_why_are_people_upset_over_facebook_messenger/ | {
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"it's simple, I shouldn't have to switch applications to check my messages. It's hard enough dealing with the unstable Facebook app. The fact they want us to use a second is absurd. ",
"Because it is Facebook! *Dun-dun-dunnnn*!!!!\n\nSeriously, they are trying to believe that it is some sinister plot by Facebook to take over your phone. But if you actually look at it, it has all the same permissions as any other messenger app",
"It annoys me because I barely use Facebook as it is; requiring me to install two applications to use it (when it has been perfectly fine as one application) is a nuisance.\n\nSome of the things it does are neat, but I don't feel that it needed to be a dedicated app. As a software engineer, I can appreciate why they did it; they want a dedicated dev team to work on it. However, as a consumer, it's mildly obnoxious.",
"Don't know about others but my reasoning is that Facebook has a bad history of changing its privacy agreements and hiding them. So what is an approval for an innocent reason ( like mic for typing) can be changed to something beyond what I agreed to ( mic records ambient sound when typing status update). \n\nBottom line, I don't trust facebook"
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64677y | how is sweetness measured? | When they say an artificial sweetening agent is 4000 times as sweet as sucrose, is the scale based on a taste test or is there a chemical that is responsible for the sweetness (like the Scoville heat scale)
If it is actually a taste test, how/who is responsible for deciding the exact value of how much sweeter it is. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64677y/eli5_how_is_sweetness_measured/ | {
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"Sweetness is measured relative to sucrose. So a solution of Sucrose is 1.0, another solution with the same concentration of fructose is about 1.7. \n\nThe scoville heat scale is also based on a taste test. _URL_0_"
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5r1s74 | everyone says it but what exactly is unconstitutional about the us temporary travel ban? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5r1s74/eli5_everyone_says_it_but_what_exactly_is/ | {
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"Absolutely nothing.\n\nA Federal judge struck down part of the ban, but it was do to violations other than constitutionality.\n\nThe simply truth is, visas may be denied or revoked at any time, and for pretty much any reason:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n > (g) Nonissuance of visas or other documents\n\n > No visa or other documentation shall be issued to an alien if (1) it appears to the consular officer, from statements in the application, or in the papers submitted therewith, that such alien is ineligible to receive a visa or such other documentation under section 1182 of this title, or any other provision of law,\n\n\n > (i) Revocation of visas or documents\n\n > After the issuance of a visa or other documentation to any alien, **the consular officer or the Secretary of State may at any time, in his discretion, revoke such visa or other documentation.**",
"It's less \"unconstitutional\" and more \"illegal\" because congress passed The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. This says you can't ban immigrants purely on national origin. If they're not immigrants (refugees could fall under a different classification), there is some area for the executive order, but a total ban would go against this law. \n\nLikely there will be a re-wording of things to get what Trump/Bannon wants.",
"It's not certain that the order is unconstitutional; only a federal court can decide that.\n\nHowever it appears most observers who say it is unconstitutional say it's a violation of the First Amendment's \"Establishment Clause\" because it discriminates against Muslims and favors Christians.\n\nOf course Trump would return that the ban doesn't affect all Muslims; it only affects nationals of certain countries that happen to be Muslim-majority.\n\nAnd that is only the constitutionality of the order. It may be in violation of other existing laws like the Immigration and Nationality Act.",
"The establishment clause forbids making **any** law with regards to an established religion. According to SCOTUS in Larson v. Valente, \"the clearest command of the Establishment Clause is that one religious denomination cannot be officially preferred over another.\"\n\nAlso in Epperson v Arkansas, religious favouritism was also banned despite some fig leaf claims that it wasn't really about religion.\n\nSo it comes down to, since the wording of the ban affects muslim majority countries rather than muslims directly, is this enough of a pretence to defend the law?\n\nIt might be, but other laws that have pretended to being doing XYZ while actually treating religions in a discriminatory fashion have been struck down before.\n\nBasically it's contestable legal question if this ban is in effect a \"muslim ban\" (which would **definitely** be unconstitutional)."
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5nhjyy | why are some people's sneezes really violent while others are barely audible. | I am referring to the natural way people sneeze, regardless of social conditioning. I for example, sneeze very violently and loudly no matter how much I try to control it. Other people I know are able to sneeze soft and quietly. What is it that accounts for these differences? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nhjyy/eli5_why_are_some_peoples_sneezes_really_violent/ | {
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"I'll take a stab at it. It's partly due to biology, like the volume in one's lungs, one's nasal cavity, how strongly one experiences the itchy feeling of a sneeze, etc... but more than any other thing, how you sneeze is due to social conditioning.\n\nIf you were conditioned to minimize your sneezes into the most timid, silent things as a kid, then that's probably how you are as an adult. If you thought it was cute to do a little hiccup giggle thing as you cover your face and flutter your eyes, or manly to roar and blink furiously, or < whatever > to sneeze a certain way as a kid, then you probably sneeze that way as an adult. And that makes up the biggest difference for why some people sneeze violently and others seem hardly effected by a sneeze. ",
"There's certainly a combination of variables. \n\nSocial circumstances can affect how obnoxious we are willing to be with our sneezing, or coughing. Either trying to be obnoxious or trying to be stealthier and more controlled.\n\nThen there's the threshold or subjective sensations your body feels when it wants to sneeze. We all feel subjective amounts of tickling on our bodies, the same is true of what our nose can take before it has to release itself. Stuffy nose, runny nose, foreign particles caught in nose hairs, etc. All affect what has to be discharged and how aggressively. \n\nI have read that muting sneezes is bad for you because it's very easy to rupture blood vessels, especially in your eyes. Definitely not a good idea.",
"Your questions refers to a violent sneeze and a loud sneeze, which are two different things. Others have discussed the reason for a violent sneeze. \n\nHowever, the noise we make when sneezing is entirely social. We mimic what other peoples sneezes sound like, or at least what we think it should sound like. More than likely if your parents yell loudly when sneezing, you probably do too. \n\nSo what sound does a deaf person make when sneezing? Nothing. They don't make a sound. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nEdit to add a link.\n\n",
"What I don't understand is why some people have to yell/scream when sneezing. I get the large volume of air movement, but what does that have to do with your vocal cords??\n\nCan't we just inhale deeply and sneeze? ",
"It's learned behaviour. Listen to deaf people sneeze sometime, they're quiet as fuck.\n\nPeople who sneeze obnoxiously loudly do it because they've learned to sneeze obnoxiously loudly, just like people who fart really loudly on purpose."
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3m1ctu | it is now speculated that martin shkreli was trying to short his stocks. as the ceo of the company, how is this not considered insider trading to make decisions that will impact the price of the stock right before shorting his shares? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3m1ctu/eli5_it_is_now_speculated_that_martin_shkreli_was/ | {
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"It would be considered insider trading and be illegal, which is why the SEC is investigating him and his previous company."
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3cmjfk | how can a link to a youtube video on reddit have 4,000+ upvotees, while youtube says the video only has 1,000 views? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cmjfk/eli5_how_can_a_link_to_a_youtube_video_on_reddit/ | {
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"View counts are delayed to prevent people from figuring out what truly counts as a \"view\", so that it's hard to design algorithms for artificially inflating view count. Likes and dislikes are not delayed however. So in your example, the video does have at least 4,000 views, they just haven't shown up yet. ",
"It is a youtube algorithm thing.\n\nThe person has to view some part of the video to count it as a proper view and it is a bit delayed.\n\nThe counting/updating of views on the less viewed videos works in batches, not on a 1by1 basis, they arent updated in real time, but every x hours/ y minutes. Its an efficiency thing.",
"The YouTube's view counter gets delayed when you hit a certain amount of views and the definition of a view gets changed.\n\nBefore 300 views all times someone visited the page count. After 300 views it gets delayed and changed and nobody has idea what it is pretty much, afaik if you don't watch most of the video it doesn't count, YouTube provides stats for the video makers so they know at what point in the video the audience stops watching and can fix that to get most play time.",
"[Here](_URL_0_) is a video that explains it thorougly. ",
"Yeah,since youtube is blocked in my work and reddit is not.I just read the comments of the video post and guess what happened in the video and upvote the post if i am entertained."
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c1p4ce | why does the method of cooking change the taste of food so drastically? | Things like tomatoes and onions taste completely different when they are boiled, versus when they are fried or baked. I would just assume that, providing the food material reached a comparable temperature (for instance boiled at 100C or baked at 100C), the food taste would be comparable, but it still tastes completely different. What factors are responsible for this difference? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c1p4ce/eli5_why_does_the_method_of_cooking_change_the/ | {
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"When they are fried they are infused with the oil you fried with, when boiled they are more filled with water, when baked they are as they are minus the burnt juices (speaking of onions as the example given)",
"The flavor in food comes from compounds. When you apply heat to these compounds, they break down and change. \n\nAs the other fella mentioned, when you fry something it is being infused with the fats that you fry it in, but the same principle applies. You are changing the structure of the compounds that produce flavor, thus, different flavor.",
"There are several factors that come in to play.\n\nThe first is that the temperature makes a difference- baking is usually done at a temperature above boiling. (around 180C as opposed to boiling at 100C), and pan frying actually subjects the food being cooked to even higher temperatures just at the surface (assuming you have a pre-heated pan and oil in it- if the food has a lot of water in it, the pan actually holds around 100C under the food as the water in the food boils off)\n\nThe second is the cooking medium- in an oven, it's air, and it usually removes water. When boiling, it's in water, and that actually adds water(and will also allow some other flavors to escape into the cooking liquid). When frying in a pan, the oil used to cook will also flavor the food to some extent, but it will often remove less water than an oven.\n\nThe third is sort of related to the other two, which is seasoning. When you boil something, you can't really season the surface because it will wash off, so you have to season the water- usually with things that dissolve in and mix with water, like salt. When you bake and fry, you can put all sorts of seasonings on. When you fry, the oil in the pan will have an effect on many spices, which have flavors that are drawn out and activated by the oil."
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92wfjj | why are restaurants kitchen countertops always made of stainless steel | I always wondered what's the benefit. More hygienic ? More durable? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/92wfjj/eli5_why_are_restaurants_kitchen_countertops/ | {
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"Durable, easy to clean, resistant to corrosion from aggressive cleaning substances and against oxygen and heat.",
"Easy to clean and maintain. Functional. Longevity is assured. Standard. Can be customized to a desired size.... ",
"Non porous therefore easily cleaned and less chance of bacteria growing in crevices or porous material.",
"Stainless steel does not rust. Its resistant to strong cleaners and is easily cleaned. It's also very durable. Wood is porous and soft. Stone tops are porous and expensive. Laminate tops are cost effective but scratch easily. Stainless steel is the most durable and cost effective material to use for commercial applications. ",
"It's a superior food contact surface to other options in pretty much all respects. It's relatively inexpensive, can be easily sanitized, doesn't chip, break or suffer cuts, and it's immune to damage from hot pans. ",
"It’s basically indestructible, it’s relatively cheap, it’s easy to clean/ sanitize... basically the perfect combination for a restaurant kitchen. "
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ji0y9 | i know i'm late to the party, but why did we bail out banks instead of relying on the fdic? isn't that what it's for? | I'm not good at US politics or economics, but I do have growing interests in both (as, from an expat's perspective, both seem to be headed down the toilet). I asked myself this as I was getting something out of the fridge, and I couldn't come up with a good answer. Can someone help me? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ji0y9/eli5_i_know_im_late_to_the_party_but_why_did_we/ | {
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"These are two distinctly separate things.\n\nThe FDIC is something that makes sure that NO MATTER WHAT, if you have a bank account that is $250,000 or less, they will back that for you if something happens to the bank. This is so people have confidence in their banks and that if small banks go under (or are robbed, etc.) they are protected.\n\nWhat we did in the bailout is buy what are called toxic assets. A toxic asset is an asset (something of value) that has lost its worth. With the case of the 2008 crisis these toxic assets were in the form of mortgages on houses that were bundled up and sold out to people, countries and companies. What started to happen, however, is people couldn't pay their mortgages and these bundles of mortgages became worthless. Banks were relying on these to make money, and held many of them and considered them money. When they became worthless, the US gov came in and BOUGHT them, with the hope of saving the worth of the company, at the expense of the taxpayer.",
"The root of the problem is that banks don't just have a big safe with everyone's money. A (VERY) simplified model: you and ten other people each give the bank $10,000, then the bank turns around and lends $90,000 to somebody else to buy a house. This is fine as long as: \n\na) Everybody doesn't try to get their money out at the same time. If all ten of you go asking for your $10k back at once, the bank won't be able to pay you and it will run out of money entirely. This is called a run on the bank.\n\nb) The person they lent $90,000 can pay them back. This is part of what happened in the mortgage crisis--the banks had lent a ton of money out to people who they didn't realize couldn't pay them back, and so they suddenly didn't have any money.\n\nThe FDIC is pretty simple--it says \"You can put up to $250,000 in a normal bank account (savings, checking, etc.), and even if the bank goes out of business or runs out of money the government will make sure you get your money back.\" This works to prevent a run on the banks--if everyone isn't worried about losing all their money, they won't try to take all their cash out at once and the bank won't fail.\n\nThe problem that happened with the mortgage crisis wasn't that everybody was trying to take money out, it was (again, VERY simplified) that people couldn't pay back their loans and thus the banks were running out of money. The FDIC doesn't guarantee that banks won't lose money, it guarantees that people who put their money in certain bank account won't lose money.\n\n**TL;DnR: The FDIC makes sure you don't lose all your money in your savings account. It doesn't just give banks money to keep them from failing.**\n",
"These are two distinctly separate things.\n\nThe FDIC is something that makes sure that NO MATTER WHAT, if you have a bank account that is $250,000 or less, they will back that for you if something happens to the bank. This is so people have confidence in their banks and that if small banks go under (or are robbed, etc.) they are protected.\n\nWhat we did in the bailout is buy what are called toxic assets. A toxic asset is an asset (something of value) that has lost its worth. With the case of the 2008 crisis these toxic assets were in the form of mortgages on houses that were bundled up and sold out to people, countries and companies. What started to happen, however, is people couldn't pay their mortgages and these bundles of mortgages became worthless. Banks were relying on these to make money, and held many of them and considered them money. When they became worthless, the US gov came in and BOUGHT them, with the hope of saving the worth of the company, at the expense of the taxpayer.",
"The root of the problem is that banks don't just have a big safe with everyone's money. A (VERY) simplified model: you and ten other people each give the bank $10,000, then the bank turns around and lends $90,000 to somebody else to buy a house. This is fine as long as: \n\na) Everybody doesn't try to get their money out at the same time. If all ten of you go asking for your $10k back at once, the bank won't be able to pay you and it will run out of money entirely. This is called a run on the bank.\n\nb) The person they lent $90,000 can pay them back. This is part of what happened in the mortgage crisis--the banks had lent a ton of money out to people who they didn't realize couldn't pay them back, and so they suddenly didn't have any money.\n\nThe FDIC is pretty simple--it says \"You can put up to $250,000 in a normal bank account (savings, checking, etc.), and even if the bank goes out of business or runs out of money the government will make sure you get your money back.\" This works to prevent a run on the banks--if everyone isn't worried about losing all their money, they won't try to take all their cash out at once and the bank won't fail.\n\nThe problem that happened with the mortgage crisis wasn't that everybody was trying to take money out, it was (again, VERY simplified) that people couldn't pay back their loans and thus the banks were running out of money. The FDIC doesn't guarantee that banks won't lose money, it guarantees that people who put their money in certain bank account won't lose money.\n\n**TL;DnR: The FDIC makes sure you don't lose all your money in your savings account. It doesn't just give banks money to keep them from failing.**\n"
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6bu5tj | why does facebook need two apps, one for messenger and one for general use? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6bu5tj/eli5_why_does_facebook_need_two_apps_one_for/ | {
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"And one to track pages. One as their own photo messenger. One for selfies. One for one type of video. One for another. One for work chat. One for work. One for the list of all 17 Facebook, inc. apps in just the iOS app store, 16 not counting F8 which makes some sense. Back to 19 adding Instagram's 3 apps.\n\nThey have a problem.",
"Because messaging used to be a secondary product. The primary Facebook usage used to be the status updates, commenting and the stuff. People were active Facebook users who went to a website, entered their passwords and logged in, played games - and then, used the messaging function at the bottom right. The rise of IM services like WhatsApp made people realize that it was far easier to just message without jumping through all those hoops. Not to mention, Facebook isn't as exciting or popular as it was 5 years ago. It isn't an organic network of friends like it said on the cover. It is mostly an RSS feed of your favorite bands and shows and people. People don't post anymore. Nobody is going to all that trouble of logging into the entire Facebook (both the website and the app) just for messaging which is just text. \n\nThe competition started including additional features like stickers, calls which was not possible to include inside the Facebook app. So they made the smart choice of making it a seperate app that allows them to use it as a distinct developement platform for making bots, turning into a money transfer service, and a formidable communications app in itself. One tap and you cut directly to the chats. No noise like status updates and comments here.",
"It doesn't need two apps, it's for convenience. We used to message people through one Facebook app which was very cluttered with status updates, all sorts of drop down options and a chat box at the bottom. \nHaving a dedicated messenger application and a dedicated app for scrolling was all about convenience.",
"Also it allows you to deactivate your Facebook profile whilst maintaining access to Facebook messenger and all of the contacts that go with it. ",
"Apps on the Google Play store are only allowed to be so big (50MB or 100MB, maybe more now, plus some expansion files).\n\nBy having two apps, Facebook can use twice the space."
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d4uds2 | how is it that northern alaska has 22 hours of daylight in the summertime? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d4uds2/eli5_how_is_it_that_northern_alaska_has_22_hours/ | {
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"The Earth is tilted on it's axis. During Northern Hemisphere summer the North part of the Earth is tilted towards the sun. That means that at the pole the sun never goes down for a few months.",
"The tilt of the earth’s axis, and the way the sunlight hits the northern latitudes. [pictures will help explain](_URL_0_), but the basics are that the earth leans. That lean sometimes makes one end of the earth get more sunlight during a chunk of the yearly revolution around the sun, and sometimes less. When the lean faces one pole toward the sun, the parts of the earth nearer the poles get substantially more daylight.",
"[I find a diagram really helps here.](_URL_0_)\n\nBecause the Earth is tilted, if you're close enough to one of the poles the sun will always be visible no matter how the Earth rotates. If your latitude is high enough (like say if you were standing at the north pole) the sun would never appear to set while your hemisphere is tilted towards it (aka in summertime). This is the same reason days are longer in the summertime, even below the arctic circle."
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86blg1 | why can we make machinery with extremely precise movements, but not robots that walk realistically? | Was browsing /r/mechanical_gifs and this occurred to me.
Factory line machines seem capable of insanely accurate and exact movements - surely achieving believable and organic looking walking in a robot would simply require the correct combination of well timed movements. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/86blg1/eli5_why_can_we_make_machinery_with_extremely/ | {
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"Factory line machines generally deal with precise, unchanging patterns of movement. The devices come in in the same way. They're moved in the same way. They leave in the same way.\n\nWalking has to deal with terrain, which can vary in elevation, height, traction, slope, all sorts of things. You could undoubtedly make a robot that walks beautifully across a precise, featureless, flat terrain. Making one that can handle any old stretch of ground is much harder. ",
"They are making robots that can walk very stable. You can kick them without them falling over.",
"The difficult part of walking isn't the precision of the movements, it's knowing what movements to make.\n\nAssembly line robots have the advantage of knowing exactly where the thing they are supposed to cut/bend/move/rivet is going to be, exactly where the screw holes are, and so on. Most of them don't even have any sensors, they just know that the work piece is going to be in position X, because the system holds it there. And the ones that DO have sensors (for example, a robot that picks up objects from a moving conveyor belt and puts them in a box) still have it easy because the things they are picking up all look alike, and they are on a background that makes them stand out.\n\nIn other words, assembly line robots can do what they do with great precision because every part of the process has been designed around them, to make it easy for them.\n\nFor a robot, walking around in an un-controlled environment is much more difficult. There are a million different floor patterns, and some of them might confuse the robot into thinking that there's an obstacle there. Balancing is hard, because the robot has to figure out exactly how to balance right *in that moment*. An assembly line robot has had its movements planned out for it ahead of time, because those are the only movements it will ever need to make. A walking robot needs to be able to balance itself correctly under a huge variety of different circumstances.\n\nThe bottom line is that assembly line robots are barely even really robots. Everything they do is planned out carefully by engineers. If you had a team of engineers to plan out a robot's every single step, then sure, it could probably walk great. But figuring out how to do those motions on the fly is WAY harder. Walking may not seem like a challenging task, because you do it without thinking about it, but actually, that's just an indication of how fucking amazing your brain is. Your brain does a lot of work behind the scenes to let you walk without thinking about it. ",
"Well, let me pose you a question: how do you think humans walk? \n\nPerhaps you could say that the brain tells a bunch muscles to flex or relax at certain points so you can walk. But it’s not that simple. If that was all your brain was doing, no human would ever be able to walk. \n\nA good way to look at it is from the perspective of a baby: they are extremely wobbly initially. Their brain is learning what muscles allow the baby to stand and learns how to voluntarily flex/relax them. But this isn’t enough to be able to walk realistically.\n\nThen it must learn how much of each muscle they need to flex/relax. When you flex your bicep, you can decide to flex only parts of it or all of it. For every single movement and position in space, your brain must learn how much of each specific muscle to flex/relax. But this is still not enough to be able to walk realistically. \n\nCalculating all that is nearly impossible for your brain because of how precise it needs to be. In fact, it doesn’t exactly precisely command all this to happen from the outgo. Your brain tell your body the general layout of the movement. Your body does the planned movement, and then your body sends feedback about its position, its balance, etc back to the brain. Your brain needs this to fine tune the movement. Your brain is getting a continuous stream of feedback from the body during any movement, and it will correct any inaccuracies. Of course, this is again all trial and error by the brain. But.... this is still not enough to be able to walk realistically. \n\nYour brain must get information of it’s surroundings and the situation you are in and plan your movements accordingly. You ever wonder why we don’t trip whenever we go uphill? It’s because the brain noticed there was a slight incline, processed the information, and estimated how our body should move to respond appropriately. And your brain does this for everything. \n\nPerhaps if you do all this you can walk like a normal person, but I’m sure I am missing something the brain is doing behind the scenes. \n\nNow, imagine getting a robot to do all this. \n\n",
"\"Realistic\" walking isn't about well-timed, precise movements. Walking is smooth, fluid, natural, random, and filled with about a thousand unconscious tiny movements, half of which are bits of \"body language\". When we walk, there is always attention paid to the environment and to the people around us. Making eye contact, avoiding eye contact, slumping your shoulders, puffing out your chest, etc. ",
"I would say it’s the same reason that it’s easy to get a computer to multiply very very large numbers together but ridiculously hard to get them to have a preference between orange juice and apple juice.\n\nBecause of how computers are made we have to give them exact inputs and we receive exact outputs. Not really a great explanation but maybe it helps your understanding?",
"We do not walk in a stable manner, we're constantly falling and catching ourselves.\n\nBetween muscles, bones, nerves, clothing, and the environment, there's a massive amount of variables in play. Every millisecond matters, as your center of gravity and inertia is constantly changing, requiring different corrections (and those corrections, in turn, change your center of gravity and inertia as well!) Any slight change in speed, angle, ground cover, wind, or loading, requires a compensating change.\n\nIf a compensating change doesn't occur, something known as a \"compounding error\" occurs. EX: Lean too far forward, but didn't step far enough to compensate, which means you're tipping even further forward the next step and eventually falling. If you watch videos of walking robots, I'm sure you've seen this happen.\n\nPoint is, you're not repeating a correct and well timed movement, you're creating a unique movement each and every step you take. The hardware to measure it accurately and instantly, the mechanical parts to actually perform the movement, and the software that brings it all together is something that has proven very difficult to bring together.",
"How are you on *reddit* asking this question?\n\n[Boston Dynamics](_URL_0_) my friend\n\nHome of the coolest, most unsettling, most human like robots you'll find around!",
"Off topic: Is walking on two legs really the most efficient way for robots to maneuver around? Or is it because of the resemblance to humans that has made it the norm to design robots that way?",
"Walking is dynamic instability at its finest. If you stopped an assembly line machine instantly it would be fine because while it's movement is dynamic, it is still stable. If you could magically freeze someone mid stride they would fall over immediately because while walking we're always unstable. \n\nAnimals capacity to process constant feedback, make macro and micro adjustments, and their near instantaneous nature is amazing. We're only now getting to the point where we're able to design systems to mirror that dynamic instability. I've been following the company at the link below for years.\n\n_URL_0_"
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2f0184 | how do decontamination procedures work for places like the cdc with people in contact with highly infectious diseases? | Seeing these "showers" to decontaminate the person involved, I find it strange on how and what liquid is used to cleanse and decontaminate the person with diseases and infections that aren't known or have a cure for. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f0184/eli5_how_do_decontamination_procedures_work_for/ | {
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"Pretty sure a lot of it is made of chemicals like bleach that virtually nothing can survive anyway.",
"There are some microorganisms that are tougher than human skin. Pretty much any bacteria that forms an endospore will be able to survive anything that we could safely expose a human to. This is the reason autoclaves (which are giant ovens that clean with high temperature and pressure) need to be used in hospitals and labs. If someone is going to be in contact with a highly contagious virus or bacteria (i.e. SARS, Y. pesti, etc.) they wear a biocontainment suit. These suits are what you commonly see on TV and protect the person's skin, airway, and mucosal membranes. These suits can be cleaned using harsh chemicals and then autoclaved to destroy all life. ",
"If you get to the point where an infectious agent is in contact with your skin and you need to decontaminate, then someone has badly screwed up. Your first line of defense is avoiding contact using physical barriers (e.g., gloves, shields on equipment), and biological safety cabinets (which suck contaminated air away from you). \n\nIf you do get splashed, then it's just lots and lots of soap and water to physically wash away any bacteria/virus on your skin. \n\nIf you're thinking of people in protective suits being sprayed with a portable sprayer, like you see in TV reports on Ebola, then yes, they may use stronger agents since it's not in contact with skin. However, even then it's mostly a case of physically washing off any contamination.\n"
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2ea0sg | what is the origin of "america will not negotiate with terrorists" and why do we have this policy? | What do we have to lose by negotiating? I don't think people will start thinking we're soft... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ea0sg/eli5_what_is_the_origin_of_america_will_not/ | {
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" > What do we have to lose by negotiating?\n\nThis can be seen as incentivising such activities. If you can kidnap Americans and get $100 million dollars out of it, it's a lot more attractive to kidnap Americans than if you can kidnap Americans and America blows up your house with you and the Americans inside.\n\nBasically the idea is that if you negotiate with terrorists, you might save someone in the immediate negotiation, but are putting future peoples at greater risk. Now the terrorist knows kidnapping them can earn him money, freedom for compatriots, etc.",
"That's exactly what they will think.\n\nAs soon as you pay the ransom for one person, all the other terrorist, cartels and criminals will begin to assume that they can get away with it as well, and do the same.\n\nIt doesn't help that people are rarely released if you give in to terrorists demands, they are normally killed anyways.\n\nIt's that way with most countries.",
"I don't know the origin, but I understand the reason: if you negotiate with terrorists you're pretty much legitimizing terrorist blackmail, or at least opening the door for people to think they can get use the threat of terrorism to negotiate.",
"Aside from what other people have said, there's one more reason. You never really know who you're negotiating with. Terrorist networks don't have a strict hierarchy. All it really takes to join, for example, Al-Qaeda, is that you make a public announcement that you're now part of Al-Qaeda. It's not like they're going to sue you for copyright infringement. \n\nFor the most part, these organizations are autonomous cells without any real authority over each other. Even if the US did want to negotiate with terrorists, we'd basically be limited to small, one on one negotiations. It might work with ransoms, but it'd be completely useless for achieving any strategic objectives. \n\nWe see this all the time with Israel and Palestine. It doesn't matter that Israel and Hamas make ceasefires and treaties. There's always going to be somebody in Palestine who decides to act on their own, and then the whole thing goes to hell. \n\nThat siad, the US *does* actually negotiate with terrorists. Just not to the extent that they'd negotiate with actual countries, like Iran. ",
"Negotiating gives the appearance of legitimacy to the party that is being talked with. America tries very hard to not recognize these groups as legitimate actors and in almost all circumstances will only talk with these groups through intermediaries. \n\nThe United States also will not pay ransoms for its citizens as they feel payouts will only encourage more kidnappings. Al-Qaeda, who runs a very profitable kidnapping and ransom ring, chooses to target citizens of countries who will pay out instead. Americans understand that unless a Special Forces team can find and rescue them, help is not coming. ",
"The movie Air Force One had an example of this. The President negotiated with terrorists and all they did was turn around and demand more. \n \nThere was even a nice quote too; If you give a man a cookie he'll want a glass of milk",
"Imagine you have a child who throws temper-tantrums to get what he wants. If you give him what he wants whenever he throws a temper-tantrum, it'll encourage him to throw more temper-tantrums in the future. Now, replace the child with a terrorist and the temper-tantrum with an act of terrorism.",
"* guy gets kidnapped\n* USA pays ransom\n* terrorists like money, kidnap ten more guys\n* profit",
"Lots of people have said why but not when it started. I can't be the best source here, but I believe it was the Barbary Wars which started back in 1800. \n\nThe Barbary pirates would kidnap European's and American's and enslave them, while the US had only put aside so much money per head, I think it was like 40k USD at the time. The pirates asked for more money and the US refused, using the pretext everyone else has explained for \"why\". I think Barbary asked for 300k or something equally large in comparison. Not everyone agreed with this choice, but we stuck by it and went to war with the Barbary Coast. It was a big deal at the time as it was the US's first overseas war as a country and we did quite well. \n\n[Would you like to know more?](_URL_0_)"
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40w9y3 | why do you get a tingly sensation on parts of your body when you lose track of a spider/insect you are trying to kill? | By tingly sensation I mean like the spider is crawling on you while you are trying to find it again. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40w9y3/eli5_why_do_you_get_a_tingly_sensation_on_parts/ | {
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"Take a moment and pay a lot of attention right now to your body. I bet somewhere there is a tingly sensation. Your shirt across your back. A draft over your arm hair. But your brain filters those out as unimportant. Until you tell your brain to help in the search for the critter then all those little things seem very important"
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7lss8a | how come it seems there's much more coexistence in the ocean when compared to land | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7lss8a/eli5_how_come_it_seems_theres_much_more/ | {
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"Squirrels hang with birds, but fish will get the fuck out just as fast for a shark as they will for a bear.\n\nIts just confirmation bias, there isn’t a larger degree of coexistence in the ocean vs on land. Animals are comfortable with things that dont kill them, and not comfortable with things that do."
]
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d4nxd5 | cortisol and inflammation | My reading has indicated that A. Trauma and toxic stress cause dysregulation and sensitization of the stress response system which results in an increase in cortisol, B. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid, which is an anti inflammatory, and C. The findings of the ACE’s study seem to indicate a link between inflammation with the likelihood of developing any number of physical health problems later in life. So, if there’s an increase in cortisol, why is there an increase in inflammation if it’s a steroid? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d4nxd5/eli5_cortisol_and_inflammation/ | {
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"Yes, it is an anti-inflammatory--but when levels are raised pathologically for a long time, you get a lot of compensatory mechanisms like downregulation of receptors and binding to alternate, pro-inflammatory receptors.\n\nThis is a good summary:\n_URL_0_"
]
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a7wpdh | why in videos do some lights appear as flashing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a7wpdh/eli5_why_in_videos_do_some_lights_appear_as/ | {
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"I'm not sure if this is what you meant but for example TL lights actually do flash, but so fast our own eyes wont really see it. When you film, however, the framerate of the camera may not be in sync with the flashing of the lights, which make you see it on film.\nIt's kinda the same as when you film an old tv screen. ",
"The lights actually flash - they turn on and off 50(EU) or 60(US) times per second.Your eye can't notice that because of the eye's stiffness but camera can see that.\n\n\nNote: they don't actually turn on and off like they would when you use switch - they do it in a sine wave, so they are constantly diming and going back up"
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5nx2s4 | why do people who haven't had a great education and on low incomes vote for parties on the right when most of the time their polices are against them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nx2s4/eli5_why_do_people_who_havent_had_a_great/ | {
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"Rural farmer types tend to vote right, working class union members tend to vote left, Jews in Miami tend to vote left, poor black inner city folks tend to vote overwhelmingly left. \nYour statement doesn't really apply because education and income are too broad of factors to generalize how they will vote. Got to get more specific if you want to draw stereotypes."
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28o5x6 | taylor's law and series | I understand that it is used to find the general shape of a curve at a specific point. What is the law and what does it say?
I was also confused how you apply the law and formula to an actual problem. for instance: how do you get 1-x^2/2!+x^4/4!-x^6/6!... from cosx? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28o5x6/eli5_taylors_law_and_series/ | {
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"I assume you mean *Taylor's Theorem*, which is part of calculus. Taylor's theorem is a way of expressing a function that is differentiable n times in terms of a polynomial. \n\nWhat this means is that if the function you have, say cosx or sinx, has certain properties allowing it to be differentiated a certain number of times, it can be written in terms of a polynomial of the same order. I.e. if you can differentiate something n times, you can express it as a nth order polynomial - ax^n + bx^n-1 + ... cx + d.\n\nHowever if it *cannot* be differentiated an infinite number of times the polynomial you get will have a certain error, which can be calculated a number of different ways.\n\nIf it *can* be differentiated infinitely many times, it (usually) gives an infinite series which describes the function exactly.\n\nAs for how to do it, you pretty much follow the formula. [The definition in this article is pretty simple to follow](_URL_0_)\n\n\n\nHowever if you still can't do it, try youtube for video examples or ask here again. Also you could try /r/learnmath \n"
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8wm40f | i’m terms of planets, are gas giants literally just giant balls of gas? | I know that there are gas giants and rocky planets, but are gas giants made of only gases or is there still a heavier/molten core like the Earth? If they’re just gas, how does each type of planet form? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wm40f/eli5_im_terms_of_planets_are_gas_giants_literally/ | {
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"The answer to this, as far as I know, is still not really known. One of the purposes of the Juno probe was actually to answer this exact question. Since Jupiter is so huge, that means that the pressure at the core would be enough to solidify certain elements (for example, the core of Jupiter might be a chunk of solid, metallic hydrogen) but these effects also have to compete with other effects such as heat and chemical composition. So it is possible that these planets have solid surfaces, but they would be so deep down, it becomes very hard to study.",
"I can’t say for sure, but what I was taught in school is that they have very dense/metallic cores ",
"Yes, they have metallic cores and liquid mantles.\n\nThe \"liquids\" inside gas giants are exotic supercritical fluids compressed by the immense heat and pressure, and at the center there are relatively small (earth sized) cores of rock and metal.\n\nWhether the core forms first, simultaneously, or is gathered from impacts later isn't really known. The formation process of gas giants is a bit of a mystery.",
"Maybe. It's difficult to know, but they likely aren't entirely gaseous. In the case of Jupiter and Saturn, they're hypothesized to have a dense core made or rock and/or ice. This is surrounded by a mantle of metallic hydrogen. That's hydrogen that has been compressed so much that it takes on properties similar to a liquid metal. These are estimated to be about 78% of the planet's radius. Helium and neon fall as rain in these regions. The atmosphere above these layers is mostly hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of other common compounds like methane and ammonia.\n\nUranus and Neptune are a bit different, as they're smaller. They too have rocky cores, but with a mantel made of ammonia, water, and methane ices instead of metallic hydrogen. Their upper atmospheres are made of hydrogen, helium, and methane. ",
"I heard the Electric Universe Theory the other day and that theory has an interesting take on the cores of stars and planets. I'm not a scientist so I may not be getting the details correct. So if you're curious look it up. I think it had to do with there being a plasma in the center of stars and planets and that when certain wavelengths of energy interacted with that plasma, then somehow Einstein's equation gets reversed and the energy becomes matter in one form or another. Which implies that the planets are actually expanding. Very interesting stuff, granted I have just started looking into it and haven't heard all sides of the argument so I don't know if there is a big glaring problem with that theory or not. But it has certainly caught my attention, mainly because I've always wondered about the diameter of the planet changing over time simply because of how deep we find fossils. How did that much material get piled on top of those critters? And if it's like that all over the world wouldn't that mean the Earth gets bigger over time? Look up Wal Thornhill for a better explanation of that theory. ",
"They have liquid lower, and solids below that, it under the extreme pressures you will get liquid and possibly solid oxygen, nitrogen and others."
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2ukay8 | why is there so much effort to push women into science and math, but not construction and welding? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ukay8/eli5_why_is_there_so_much_effort_to_push_women/ | {
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"Math and science lead to (presumably) nicer jobs and lifestyle. ",
"It's not really about equality but more along the lines that we need the best minds not just the best men working in stem(science technology engineering and math) fields where as we don't need the best minds to do construction or welding ",
"As much as people enjoy the thought of perfect equality, there is also a certain reality we must contend with...that women (on average) are not as strong as men. This is just a fact of anatomy, and by no means sexist. This means that men will usually complete a higher volume of work in labor-intensive jobs than women. Therefore, there's really no sense in trying to push women into jobs that require heavy lifting, fast-paced, continuous labor, or all-around \"rough conditions\". \n\nThis is the same reason why there are no women (that I know of) in Special Forces and such military groups. Women are certainly *allowed* to apply or join, but it is plainly impossible for women to keep up with the ridiculous amount of physical fitness those kinds of soldiers need to maintain. \n \nBack to your question though. Anyone can do math, engineering, physics, etc. if they put their mind to it. But things aren't so equal when performance is based on your body instead.\n\n**Edit:** I realize OP's question is not based on \"brute strength in the workplace\" but I believe the general factor of \"some hard labor may be required\" keeps most women from entering into a particular field like construction. Even some construction managers worked their way up from the entry-level jackhammer position.",
"Depending on where you are, this isn't necessarily the case. Here in Ontario, the government just finished a pretty big campaign encouraging women into the skilled trades. ",
"For the same reason we push everybody to go to college, social status. I know some pretty good female welders.\n\nSTEM jobs are both respected and essential, and if women are underrepresented, for whatever reason, it would be wise to reach out to the other half of the population to find the best candidates. Same reason we should encourage more men to become elementary school teachers. ",
"With one of the iron worker unions I was involved with for a short time, you got a big bonus if you referred a woman or minority who got hired into the apprenticeship. But nobody is going to push really any kid to become a construction worker or welder unless it is kind of a family trade. You can make some damn good money as an iron worker though.",
"While as a whole men are stronger and therefore usually better suited for manual labor, working with numbers or computers is all about brainpower, something found as much in women as in men. There's definitely a \"boys' club\" feel to a lot of geek circles, though, and women are seen as less competent or intelligent.",
"When's the last time you heard about an acclaimed welder on national TV? "
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4yhsir | why is that there are laws against holocaust denial, yet people still speak in defence of the british, and their concentration camps in south africa? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4yhsir/eli5_why_is_that_there_are_laws_against_holocaust/ | {
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"\nCould you link to a source for someone speaking in favour of the British use of concentration camps during the Boer Wars? The history books on that period that I've read (a long time ago when I was at school) were quite damning of them. ",
"The word concentration camp has some very strong connotations with the NAZI concentration camps, the British ones in South Africa were very different both in form and function, I will write up a more detailed response later, only saw this two minutes before going to work!",
"The WWII 'concentration' camps had mechanisms devoted solely to the wholesale, efficient extermination of huge numbers of people. The British camps didn't, and weren't designed to exterminate. That's a pretty huge difference...",
"The Boer war was one of the first examples of guerrilla warfare, where the line between combatant and civilian is often blurred because one or more of the belligerents are not an organised fighting force like an army, but are rather drawn from the civilian population. \n\nThe British during this time were not sure how to deal with this new phenomenon, and concentration camps were one of the ways they tried to deal with the problem of every civilian being a potential combatant. Sadly, it ended in catastrophe, but this was not the original intention. This does not mean that what they did was not bad, but people are generally more sympathetic to the fact that most instances of guerrilla wars throughout history have also featured atrocities and accidents of a similar nature, e.g. the Vietnam war. There is an attitude that recognises that terrible things are often done in the pursuit of warfare, and while these acts are widely condemned they are not particularly unique and it is difficult to suggest that one is worse than the others.\n\nThe Nazi genocide of the Jews and other victims of the holocaust is really staggering in both its scale and its mechanised and finely planned out approach to killing. This, and other events like the Cambodian genocide, rape of Nanjing and the Bosnian war are typically set apart from other instances of wartime atrocities because of their specific intent to kill and the particularly sadistic way in which they were done.\n\nSo basically, people 'defend' the British while condemning the Nazis because what the British did is not really unique in its ruthlessness or how horrific it was. While it was unquestionably bad, many countries have engaged in similar behaviour, and there are few countries for whom you could not turn around and point the finger back at them. The Holocaust on the other hand was really quite extraordinary in its brutality and specific intention to exterminate people, and there are few parallels to it in history."
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7d9uge | in music why are b# and e# notes skipped in a scale | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7d9uge/eli5_in_music_why_are_b_and_e_notes_skipped_in_a/ | {
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"Because an E# sounds functionally the same as an F-natural.\n\nMajor scales go tone-tone-semitone, right? If you start on C-natural and start playing up the scale, D is a tone higher than your starting note. E is a tone higher than your D. F is a semitone higher than E, a smaller step.\n\nThere ARE scales that include an E#. When you write a scale, it must contain at least one of every note - one A, one B, one C, etc - so there are scales out there that would use E# to fill their E slot in that written scale.\n\nBut if you had two musicians and said to one of them “play me an E#” and then told the other one “play me F”?\n\nThey’d sound as though they were playing the same note. It would be written differently, but sound the same.",
"B sharp and E sharp aren't skipped. It's a lot easier to visualize on a piano. \"Sharp\" is up one key and flat is down one key. That is why say A sharp and B flat are the same note. One note up from B is C. C and B# are the same note, as are B and Cb, E# and F, and E and Fb. \nAs for your other question, it's a bit unclear but I think I get what you're asking. Everything sounds out of place/in place depending on what scale you are playing. All scales are based on intervals. A major scale is a whole step (two keys on a keyboard), whole, half (one key), whole whole whole half. If the scale you are playing is for instance in A major, C# and D fit into the scale while F# and G do not. Your ear automatically adjusts to what key you are playing in. ",
"Because B# is C and E# is F. They are found in scales though, such as C#. I'm not sure why exactly there is no note between them, but looking at a keyboard, you can see that B/C and E/F are right next to each other. \n\nI'm not sure what you mean with the second part of your question"
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41uuf0 | why do they call it elevator music if there never really is any music in elevators? | I have never heard music on an elevator but yet they call music that when say a company puts you on hold and they play instrumental music, they call it elevator music. Why is this? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41uuf0/eli5_why_do_they_call_it_elevator_music_if_there/ | {
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"In some old buildings they do have music in the elevator still. It was always cheesy inoffensive \"muzak\".",
"The answer's pretty simple, [it **used** to be played in elevators](_URL_0_), but has been phased out as we've gotten more comfortable riding in little metal death traps.\n\n > As skyscrapers began popping up in urban areas around the world, the necessity of elevators shot up. As the story goes, early skyscraper denizens weren’t totally sold on this idea of getting into a tiny box and being pulled up a very tall shaft. To help calm riders’ nerves about getting into elevators, building owners would pipe in soothingly bland music, and soon “elevator music” became shorthand for any boring, non-threatening instrumental music.\n\nThe real question is why muzak is primarily known as \"elevator music\" considering its also used in malls, department stores, restaurants, telephone hotlines, workplaces, and even the freaking White House back in the day. I'd guess it was because:\n\na) your mind is elsewhere when you're out shopping or eating. In elevators, you don't really have anything to do but wait and take in your surroundings, music included. Mall music goes in one ear and out the other, but you actually listen to elevator music.\n\nb) It's use in elevators was more common in New York City, where most of America's media is based. The use of the phrase in TV, movies, print etc. then spread to the culture at large.",
"it was much more common in the late 50's-70's to hear background music in elevators. that was where it got it's big start, hence \"elevator music\". \n you still hear it in some stores, offices/waiting rooms, and other places like \"hold music\". as /u/slash178 mentioned it was often referred to as muzak (after the company producing/selling it). at the time, muzak was mostly soft, instrumental light jazz or orchestral versions of popular tunes."
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2tofym | what do world leaders get up to after they step down? how do they sustain their living after retirement? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tofym/eli5_what_do_world_leaders_get_up_to_after_they/ | {
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"0) most politicians are already quite wealthy before they got started in politics (JFK was worth a $1 billion because of his family inheritance).\n\n1) they get a very generous government pension\n\n2) they write their memoirs, which generally nets them at least a few million in advance fees (Tony Blair got 4.5 million pounds)\n\n3) they get speaking gigs around the country, the fees for one appearance alone can be north of $10 thousand\n\n4) They consult for industry/lobbying/diplomacy groups, some end up as university professors/regents, some start their own charities (Like Jimmy Carter and Habitat for Humanity)\n\n5) Sometimes, the current regime will use them as diplomats--like the time Clinton went to negotiate for the release of the journalists in North Korea.\n\n6) A lot of them do experience a drastic reduction in living standards after they leave office--Prime Minister Kim Campbell of Canada went back to being a college professor, and no one heard of her since.",
"People do different things. But lets just say that if you have \"The president\" in your CV, you don't have to worry about unemployment."
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6oj5bj | what makes it more advantageous for one parasite to be fatal over one that is symbiotic and preserves the host? why aren't they all symbiotic? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6oj5bj/eli5_what_makes_it_more_advantageous_for_one/ | {
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"If they can reproduce and make more of themselves, it really doesn't matter if the host dies or not. Since that has no bearing on the survival of parasites, they're not going to all evolve to be the same.\n\nNow, if a parasite always kills a host before reproducing, it's probably not \"designed\" for that host (and I'm not using that word as meaning intelligent design or anything like that).",
"Being symbiotic and not fatal to a host may be evolutionarily challenging. It could entail not reproducing as quickly as possible, or not taking advantage of resources that it otherwise could. Depending on how the parasite spreads, overwhelming and killing the host may be a perfectly effective way (other hosts passing by the dead host may be good enough).",
"If a parasite was symbiotic then by nature it would stop being a parasite. A parasite takes from the host without returning any benefits for its presence.. Its sole purpose is to multiply, by the time the host dies it will have multiplied and spread and whatever happens next is irrelevant.. Good example of this in humans are the diseases such as dementia and cancer. They are so prevalent because they occur at a stage in our lives where we have already had kids and passed on our dna.. These diseases won't be slected against because they don't prevent breeding. Same for the parasites. "
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20ka14 | how are internal bleedings diagnosed and treated? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20ka14/eli5_how_are_internal_bleedings_diagnosed_and/ | {
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"It's diagnosed by having symptoms, such as large unexplained bruises around the mid section, coughing, vomiting, urinating, or defecating blood, and a distended belly.\n\nThey treat it by draining the blood out, possibly giving a transfusion and going into surgery to stitch up the source of the bleeding.",
"It is definitively diagnosed through an ultrasound. The doctor will use the ultrasound to look for fluid where it doesn't belong. Treatment varies based upon where it is and how severe it is. If it is minor, a wait and watch approach may be appropriate. If it is life threatening then surgical repair is needed. \n\n"
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19zkb1 | dune by frank herbert | I've just finished reading Book 1 of Dune, which concludes shortly after Duke Leto's death, and I've found myself with more questions than answers.
I'm going to continue reading, but I can't help but feel that I am missing something. If there are any fans of the book here, please take a look at my questions and tell me if they are eventually answered, because I am quite confused.
Why does the Emperor want Leto dead in the first place? From multiple accounts, it seems they are (were?) good friends. I'm guessing political intrigue, which is the most sensible, but this never gets touched on! I have no idea what is behind the motivation of the central plot of Book 1.
More importantly, why is the Emperor so invested in Leto's death that he is even willing to commit Imperial troops? From what I understand, the Great Houses and the Emperor are two separate and powerful political bodies right, so what is so important that he is willing to put his personal stamp on the death of a leader of a great house?
What the heck is spice?
What exactly happened in the Buterlerian Jihad?
Was the Bene Gesserit actually able to implant the entire workings of a religion into Fremen culture?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19zkb1/eli5_dune_by_frank_herbert/ | {
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"Read the wikipedia artcles on the Dune universe, they cover all those topics and much much more.",
"The major parts of the economy in the Dune universe is controlled by one super-corporation called CHOAM (Combine Honnete Ober Advancer Mercantiles) which in turn is ruled by the Emperor and the Great Houses (through the Landsraad). \n\nHouse Atreides is up-and-coming in the Landsraad and the Emperor feels threatened and recruits House Harkonnen to make a indirect power-grab of CHOAM and through that the spice trade.\n\nThe importance of spice is two-fold: the most popular use is to become very old so it's used by the rich (such as the Great Houses) and commands a very high price. The Bene Gesserit also use it as a means to delve into past memories of their ancestors.\n\nThe original series is a bit vague on the Butlerian Jihad but the aftermath basically boils down to \"We relied too much on computers a long time ago and it ended badly and we will not do that again\".\n\nPossibly slight spoiler, the Bene Gesserit doesn't implant \"entire workings\" but more of a framework to further their own future interests.\n\nI think I've been a bit vague but that was on purpose. Please read the rest of Frank Herberts Dune novels. Frank Herbert wrote \"big\", there where wheels within wheels and deep plots but the characters motivations are still central. \n\nThere are many like me that feels that the prequels and sequels that his son Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson wrote aren't that good. Basically it goes from \"what, that can't be right?\" to \"wtf, this is what you came up with as an ending???\" for the last book.",
"Lots of questions here, so I'll try to answer them as best I can. I'm not an expert, so I apologize to the purists for any errors.\n\n**The Emperor and Leto**\n\nThe Emperor and the other Houses are indeed to two separate entities. The other Houses could certainly overwhelm the Emperor if they all worked together. Now for them to work together, they all need a leader to unite behind. The Emperor thinks that man is Leto Atreides since he's quite popular with several of the other Houses (except the Harkonnens, who everyone knows are long time enemies of the Atreides).\n\nSince the Emperor can't risk the Houses rising up, he needs to dispose of Leto. But if he openly attacks him, then all the other Houses will certainly be pissed and attack the Emperor. So instead, he devises this plot where he has Leto run spice operations on Dune. This looks like a very generous gesture on the Emperor's part, but he also secretly equips the Harkonnens to invade Arakeen and destory the Atreides. The other Houses will just see it as part of the ongoing blood feud.\n\n**Spice**\n\nSpice is a drug that can make you live longer as well as give you some \"second sight\". The Spacing Guild's navigators take spice in excess, which gives them the ability to safely navigate space. Without spice, there are no navigators. And without navigators, there's no space travel. No one travels in space without the guild. So clearly, interstellar commerce would be seriously screwed without spice.\n\nLater in the book, you'll learn where spice really comes from.\n\n**Buterlerian Jihad**\n\nMy knowledge of this is sketchy. Several thousand years before Dune, there were computers and AI. However, there was a large movement against all automatons. I'm not sure what triggered that event, but the end result is that groups like the Bene Gesserit and Spacing Guild popped up. Since there were no more computers, the mentats, who are essentially human computers and master strategists, filled that role.\n\n**Bene Gesserit/Fremen**\n\nI always viewed this as missionary work on the Bene Gesserit's part. They have a religion, and they want to spread their message. Catholic missionaries managed to pull this off (though not always successfully) in the New World."
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52rvto | how do the blind learn to read braile. and is it harder for a blind person to be hired? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/52rvto/eli5_how_do_the_blind_learn_to_read_braile_and_is/ | {
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"Based on my job (service coordinator for children with disabilities), I can answer the first question: there are schools specifically designed for children who are blind. Teaching braille is part of the curriculum, just like teaching to read by sight is part of the regular school curriculum.\n\nAs for your question regarding hiring, I imagine that the research has been done, but I am not familiar with it.",
"Braille is much less commonly used these days, since text-to-speech technology is so widely available. Most of the visually impaired adults I know don't bother with it or know it. I imagine it's different for children who are blind from birth, though."
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6ci6nb | what does dj khaled actually do when he is part of a song? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ci6nb/eli5_what_does_dj_khaled_actually_do_when_he_is/ | {
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"He's a producer, so he's made the beat, and all the other instruments. A lot of producers come up with hooks/catchy repetitive bits of a song/chorus.",
"He puts the people together, makes the beat, yells \"WE DA BEST\" and collects the check. The producer can be contracted by an artist to create the beat and oversee mixing it and getting the levels right, in DJ Khaled's case he's usually putting these songs together with all-star lineups on his own.",
"He is not a producer, his \"skill\" is getting these artists together and coming up with the idea or structure for the song. ",
"Like others have said, he's not only a producer but he also sings/raps sometimes. Here's an example of [it](_URL_0_)."
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3lpzpu | if a company makes a large donation in my name, do i recieve the tax break for it? | For example, I win a sweepstakes for $25k donated to a charity of my choice, who gets the tax break, myself or the company putting on the sweepstakes? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lpzpu/eli5if_a_company_makes_a_large_donation_in_my/ | {
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"text": [
"You didn't actually donate any money, so you won't get the receipt, so you don't get the tax donation. Sorry, but you can't game the system that way."
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6ipmjz | why is it common to begin a conversation with the word "yeah"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ipmjz/eli5_why_is_it_common_to_begin_a_conversation/ | {
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"Yeah I see this a lot. I think it is a way to make the other person feel like they were listened to, because it affirms what they said before moving on to new points, but the irony is I hear it most often from people who were just waiting for their turn to speak and I rarely feel like they were listening at all.\n\nThe best is \"yeah, no, absolutely\". This absurd yes-no-yes has become more and more popular recently. ",
"It's a verbal tick. It's the sound your brain makes when it's thinking. Kind of \"ummm\" is a pause. ",
" I love using this as a method of trying to get into a conversation mainly because if you just showed up it's easy. For example if two of my friends are talking and I want to join in I could easily listen for a minute, get an idea of what their talking about and than once they ask another question or come to a good stopping point I can come into the conversation. \n\nExample-\n\nFriends are talking about their vacation and then I show up\n\nFriend1- I hate it when sand gets in your sandels when your at the beach.\n\nFriend2- that's the worst\n\nMe-yeah it happens to me al the time\n\nFriend1 and Friend2- oh hey\n\n*Sorry that example was kinda cringey"
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70otp7 | why are the germans considered the "bad guys" of wwi if they were only defending their allies who were attacked by the serbians? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70otp7/eli5_why_are_the_germans_considered_the_bad_guys/ | {
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"I really suggest watching The Great War series on Youtube if you want to learn more about WWI, they have a good episode about the lead up to WWI\n\nWWI wasn't nearly as clear cut on good guys and bad guys, it was a battle of the alliances. The reason you may think of the Germans as the \"bad guys\" of WWI is because the France, Britain, and the US were allied and fought against them. Germany also made significant gains into French territory early in the war making them more of an aggressor than the Allied Powers who were initially pushed back, but they weren't really \"the bad guys\" in the sense that the Nazis were in WWII, they were just the enemy.\n\nWorld War 1 was a war of over confidence. Everyone was looking for an excuse to fight and test out their new weapons, and everyone thought the war would be over by Christmas. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand just provided a nice excuse to start the war everyone wanted.",
"As i understand it, because they lost. They were certainly militaristic as a nation, but so were all european powers. It's certainly arguable that the escalation of a local conflict to a continent wide war was the fault of the british and french.",
"How did attacking *Belgium* contribute to the defence of Austro-Hungary? It didn't. The Germans had long been planning an invasion of France - the [Schlieffen Plan] (_URL_0_) - and had spent years in an arms race with Britain in particular, preparing for it. The border with France became heavily-fortified from both sides, so the plan took the German Army through Belgium.\n\nWe call Germany the bad guys because they didn't have to invade Belgium: they chose to, despite ultimatums from Britain. They wanted to implement the Schlieffen Plan quickly and take over France, before a potential invasion by Russia from the East. The Dan Carlin podcast already mentioned describes some of the tactics and weapons used in Belgium: there was an element of \"we've paid all this money for this stuff, let's give it a workout\"!",
"Prior to German violating the neutrality and sovereignty of Belgium it was a small regional war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. Their actions are what triggered the network of alliances and turned it into a world war. It was this violation of neutrality to preemptively attack France that is why are are primarily seen as the bad guys. \n\nThey also invented gas chemical weapons, and had a habit of shooting prisoners of war after they surrendered. "
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1s34ls | why does sleep heal pains and aches you had the day before? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1s34ls/eli5_why_does_sleep_heal_pains_and_aches_you_had/ | {
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"The rest gives your body time to heal itself through natural processes that take place inside of the body."
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2skn3g | how are any gun control laws constitutional? ie, banning felons, mentally ill, etc | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2skn3g/eli5_how_are_any_gun_control_laws_constitutional/ | {
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"Being a criminal eliminates many of your constitutional rights. \n\nBeing mentally ill is a matter of public safety and trumps individual rights as well. "
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3s6cpv | the differences between norway, sweden, and finland for someone looking to move there. | Hi! I'm thinking cultural, governmental, education, and employment comparisons of each country. I know this is a HUGE question, so any feedback is appreciated. I'm looking to move there after graduate school, so I'm interested in things that would be important to know about living there as a foreigner. All I know is that their health care is great, education is top notch, and its cold as ****. Help! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3s6cpv/eli5the_differences_between_norway_sweden_and/ | {
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"Are you from an EU country? If not, you might want to start by looking into visa and residency requirements. I've heard its fairly difficult if you're coming from somewhere else.",
"One difference is that the Finns have an incomprehensible moon language that nobody else speaks, while Swedish and Norwegian are fairly similar to other Germanic languages.\n\nThat said, English is widely spoken all over Northern Europe."
]
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3mn6ig | when volkswagons stock is plummeting, whos buying all those shares that people are selling for lower prices? | To explain what I mean easier, a stocks price goes down when the seller is willing to sell lower, but if the buyer knows the stock is going down, why would he buy it? So whos buying all of them? (I mean "whos buying" as a means to the whole market, not a specific person") | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mn6ig/eli5_when_volkswagons_stock_is_plummeting_whos/ | {
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"Just because a stock goes down today, doesn't mean it's going to go down tomorrow. People who are buying it believe that the market overreacted (it went down too much), and the stock will end up going up. \n\nHere's an article about BP in 2010, after BP was in the middle of the Deepwater Horizon issue. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nYou might ask who was buying then, but that was literally the day before it hit rock bottom and started rebounding. If you bought it that day and sold it a year later you would have nearly doubled your money.\n",
"The goal is to figure out when the stock is going to hit bottom. We all know VW isn't going out of business. Its stock will go back up, that's pretty much guaranteed (the timeframe is unknown though).\n\nIf you can buy it before it starts going back up in value, that would be a great short-term investment. If the stock went down 10% and rebounded in a year, that's a 10% return on investment in a single year which would be really great as an investment."
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|
okpf1 | how was the metric system defined? | I mean, how do we know that 1 meter is 1 meter and 1 liter, 1 liter? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/okpf1/eli5_how_was_the_metric_system_defined/ | {
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"A liter is a cubic decimetre (10x10x10cm) of fresh water at fridge temperature. A meter used to be part of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole but has since been redefined to (ELI18) the distance light in vacuum travels in 1 ⁄ 299,792,458 of a second.",
"It all comes down to the measurement of the meter, everything else can de derived from meters (together with seconds, degrees celsius etc.).\n\nSo where did this meter come from? Well, there were many original ideas for the definition, read about them in the link below. Eventually they made a \"prototype meter\" which is basically a stick that they decided to be one meter long, and that all other meters should be based on this stick.\n\nRead about it here: _URL_0_",
"A very, very good book about this is \"[The Measure of All Things](_URL_0_)\", describing what early scientists went through to define the meter (which is the first metric unit), and why. The meter was finally defined late in Louis XVI's \"ancien regime\". Although Louis himself saw the benefit and supported the effort, the concept was itself a pretty revolutionary idea -- up until then, most trade units were established through royal decree, and changed from place to place and from regime to regime. Many, many lengths were considered before the meridional definition (one 10-millionth of the semimeridian from the North Pole to the Equator, through Paris) was adopted. Even that rather precise definition wasn't particularly useful at first because the length of the meridian was only known to within a few percent. In order to measure the length, a whole new science (*geodesy*) was invented, and two stout heroes of Science (or, rather, Natural Philosophy, as it was then called) set out to measure the distance across France and Spain -- from Dunkirk to Barcelona -- as precisely as possible. \n\nThey did it by the method of similar triangles -- the idea was to generate a grid of precisely measured triangles from mountaintops along the whole way, and then measure the length of one particularly-easy-to-measure valley (well, OK, \"not-quite-as-insanely-difficult-to-measure valley\") by marking off ohnes with a temperature-compensated ohne-stick, and infer from that (via \"simple\" proportions) the length of every side of every triangle in the grid. From that, they could extrapolate the length of the meridian (by measuring the latitude of the top and bottom of their path across France), and from that determine the true length of the meter. All that is hard to say, but still harder to do, considering the hundreds triangles had to be measured using heavy brass instruments made by hand and carried up mountains again and again, the immensely complex three dimensional analytic geometry had to be carried out without calculators by candlelight with dip pens, and much of the mathematics we take for granted now hadn't been invented yet.\n\nTwo teams set out from Paris -- a guy named DeLambre led the one to the north, and a guy named Mechain to the south. They both had amazing adventures, since they set out in the spring of 1789, each with a tall stack of sealed envelopes from Louis XVI explaining their mission. That turned out to be a disadvantage around midsummer of that year, for reasons best left as an exercise for the reader.\n\nThe story is amazing. It involves scientific lectures delivered to illiterate peasants bearing pitchforks and torches; corrupt revolutionary officials trying to fence priceless, hand-made instruments; intrigue between professors and their assistants; optical measurements made from peak to peak directly over the heads of soldiers in pitched battles on the valley floor; prisons; escapes; new mathematical techniques; court intrigue; fudged data; malaria; and doomed love. \n\nIn short, the meter did not just come to be, it arose from a bloody, romantic, amazing adventure carried out against the backdrop of the French Revolution. You should read the book. It rocks.\n"
]
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|
5peee2 | why do stitched up wounds hurt when they heal? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5peee2/eli5_why_do_stitched_up_wounds_hurt_when_they_heal/ | {
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"The day after surgery the incision is just a cut held together with thread. It is still a cut, of course it is going to hurt! Stitches don't magically instantly heal things."
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cnq7lq | how come during a good thunderstorm you can actually feel the thunder rumble your house? | Having a thunderstorm right now and it let out a good crack, I could feel the vibration. So yeah let's hear it | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cnq7lq/eli5_how_come_during_a_good_thunderstorm_you_can/ | {
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"Lightning causes a very loud sound. Sound is just vibrations moving through the air. If the lightning strike is large enough and close enough, there will be enough vibration to shake the house once it reaches you",
"Lightning makes the local air get very hot, which results in a sudden expansion of that air, pushing against the air around it, and collapses again. This manifests as a shockwave. The vibration doesn't just propagate through the air, but also objects like your house, windows, even you, vibrating them.\n\nThe reason it seems to last for a while, even though the bolt is nearly instantaneous, is because the bolt is also potentially *very long,* spanning miles. \n\nThe light itself is so fast that by the time you see the nearest part of the bolt, the light from the farthest part of the bolt is almost past you. \n\nSlow old sound, on the other hand, is much slower. So there's potentially a significant amount of time between when sound from the closest part of the bolt reaches you, and sound from the furthest point of the bolt. And the whole time in between, vibration from the length of the bolt is passing and rattling your house.",
"Sound travels through materials (air, water, wood etc.) by shaking them back and forth. \nA sound source shakes the air, the air shakes your eardrum, your brain interprets the signal from the shaking eardrum as sound. Small, rapid shakes are perceived as being higher pitched than wide, slower shakes. \n\nWhen the shakes are wide and powerful such as the bassy rumble of thunder, even your skin can sense that it’s being shaken, not just your sensitive eardrum. In addition, the rumble can even get the ground shaking so you can feel it through your feet too.",
"Lightning is extremely powerful. It heats up the air it travels through to temperatures much hotter than the sun (Lighting: 30,000 kelvin, Sun, 5,778 kelvin). This creates a massive shock wave as the heat immediately dissipates into the atmosphere. Bombs also create shock waves, so imagine it like a bomb going off. That shock wave is going to shake things, like your house."
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1utxll | why is pizza (and other dairy products) so popular if lactose intolerance is so prevalent? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1utxll/eli5_why_is_pizza_and_other_dairy_products_so/ | {
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"It's not *that* prevalent. Most North Americans can digest cheese.",
"Because pizza is delicious and lactose intolerance isn't that prevalent. ",
"Lactose intolerance isn't prevalent in the Western world. Even if it somehow came to be, I would eat pizza anyway. :)",
"For one, the vast majority of the population of the Western nations such as the USA have no problem digesting dairy products. Secondly, a lot ... I used to be lactose intolerant from birth until my mid-teens (lactose intolerance is something that can come or go at different points in a person's life), and I could drink milk, eat cheese, eat ice cream, etc. with the help of a dietary supplement.",
"Well I can't speak for other dairy products but cheese, generally, is relatively free of lactose. If you're looking at pizza specifically mozeralla has most of the lactose poured off when it is being made:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe next category of cheese are your aged cheeses: Parmesan, cheddar, things like that. As a general rule the more aged a cheese is the more the lactose breaks down and is therefore not in the cheese itself:\n\n_URL_2_\n\nAs for high lactose products such as whole milk, ice cream, etc the amount of intolerance varies. Sure you'll see headlines like \"65% of adults can't digest lactose\" but that doesn't mean that they become ill or gassy, just that they have a reduced ability to break it down.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nHope that helps!\n",
"Lactose intolerance that actually causes symptoms is not prevalent in the US. ",
"Because it's worth it",
"Lactose tolerance is pretty common in Europeans, and consequently many European cuisines rely more heavily on dairy (it's a pretty good source of protein). Many popular American foods (like pizza) came to America with European immigrants and gained popularity.\n\nAnother aspect is that lactose intolerance is not a binary thing, it varies in levels - for some any dairy product will cause immense stomach pain for days, for others a mild stomach ache at most and only certain products.\n\ntl;dr: The majority of the American cuisine originated from European societies who are much more lactose tolerant and use dairy everyday. "
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"http://www.chow.com/food-news/53922/why-can-lactose-intolerant-people-eat-some-cheeses-and-not-others/"
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