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8qtpjd | why does depth of field become more narrow with an increase in format? | Ex: 35mm compared to say, 4x5 or 8x10, DOF is noticeably shorter (or more narrow) on larger formats, even with equivalent focal length lenses.
* I understand how this can be controlled with aperture, but that is not the intended question.
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8qtpjd/eli5_why_does_depth_of_field_become_more_narrow/ | {
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"The relevant factor to depth of field is the actual focal length, not the equivalent focal length.\n\nTo shoot on a larger format, you need a longer focal length to get the equivalent framing.\n(eg. 100mm lens on a FF still camera matches the field of view of a 50mm lens on a micro 4/3 camera. So in common photography usage you might call the 50mm m4/3 lens \"100mm equivalent,' comparing it to the standard of full frame).\n\nBut the way the optics work, the equation for depth-of-field uses the actual focal length measurement in mm, not the 'equivalent'.\n\nSo if you shot a head-and-shoulders portrait with both cameras from the same distance, with your 50mm FF lens on your 5D and a 100mm m4/3 lens on your GH4, both at f/2.8 and at ISO 200, your 5D's picture would have almost exactly half the depth-of-field of your GH4's picture.\n\nI say 'almost exactly' because the actual full equation that incorporates the frame size on the imaging plane very slightly attenuates the effect. For practical purposes it is half.",
"The equivalent lens aspect of your question is the catch. \n\nIf you put the same exact lens in front of two different sensors of varying sizes the depth of field doesn't change... Some might argue that the \"acceptable sharpness\" might alter your perception of what is \"in focus\". In this case the shot size would be altered by the size of the sensor... effectively cropping the image circle which zooms in on the sharpness quality of your lens and may result in \"acceptable sharpness\" changes. You can account for this on some depth of field calcs with CoC number.\n\nLets ignore CoC and acceptable focus stuff and just imagine you wish to match shot sizes of two different sized sensors from the same camera position. In this case you must use a wider lens for your smaller sensor to equal the large sensor shot size. Different focal length lenses have different depth of fields at the same distance to subject.\n\nAlternatively if you were to use the same lens on the mixed size sensors you would have to move the camera back on the smaller sensor camera to achieve the same shot size... This results in your subject being further away and if you check any depth of field chart they will certainly increase in depth of field the further away your subject is.\n\nThis is why you get shallower depth with larger formats. So with smaller sensors you either need to move back and refocus or use a wider lens... Both options add depth of field.\n\nThis all assumes the F-Stop is set the same in all my scenarios.\n\nHope this is clear enough. ",
"By equivalent focal length I meant to refer to the fact that larger formats require longer lenses. 50mm on a 35mm format = 80mm on 120 format = ?? on a 4x5 format, etc. \n\nIn other words, if these factors are \"equalized\" (each uses its own 1:1 lens, same aperture) by what means is the DOF more narrow on the larger format. I have seen some 8x10, for example where the eyes are in focus, but the nose is barely. \n\nIs this simply the result of the optics of a longer lens (even though the focal length might \"equal\" 1:1 on that particular format)\n\nDamn I hope that makes sense."
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3ewifd | why do most video players have a notification when switching to full screen mode to allow or exit full screen mode at the top? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ewifd/eli5_why_do_most_video_players_have_a/ | {
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"It's to stop sneaky hacking that creates a full screen version of your desktop so that they can fiddle around with it and steal information without you knowing. It's not the video player, by the way, it's the browser (chrome for example).",
"To prevent the application from going full screen , spoofing desktop and intercepting your data.\n\nThe reason that it gives you an option to exit, is that a website can go full screen without providing an easy way to exit it, they do not have to include any controls when in full screen mode.",
"This is a browser feature and is to do with user experience and accessibility. In the event a user is unaware what has happened to their computer the video site informs them of what has happened and let's them take action if it was unintended.\n\nTl:Dr for people who don't know how to get out of full screen mode"
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5h2y3b | why can't we all just get along? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5h2y3b/eli5_why_cant_we_all_just_get_along/ | {
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"Because people have fundamentally different values and principles based on how they were raised and what their life status is. Possibly also their genetics. Sometimes the principles are contradictory, and that creates conflict.",
"There are so many people in the world who all believe such different things and want to live such different lives that it's hard for everyone to agree on the best way to treat one another. \n\nSome people like to talk to everyone, while others want to be left alone. Some people want to do things or say things that others don't want to see or hear.\n\nPeople who grew up one way, with a strong belief in what is right may want to change the world in ways that others don't agree is right. That leads to conflict with others who don't feel the same way. Even though everyone wants what's best for themselves, we don't agree on the best way to accomplish that. \n"
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3c92ag | why does gta still continue to use fake names for vehicles yet games like gran turismo, forza, and need for speed have been using manufacturers names/vehicles for years? | I assume it has to do with licensing and what not but why doesn't Rockstar acquire it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3c92ag/eli5_why_does_gta_still_continue_to_use_fake/ | {
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"GTA is a not made to be a reality game while Gran Turismo,Forza,_URL_0_. are reality based,therefore GTA did not seek licensing agreements.\n\nI found a link to a page that describes it in detail _URL_1_",
" > Real car companies don't want their brand associated with things like running over hookers and what not.\n\n\nThat is actually untrue.. Rockstar has stated several times that they had no problems whatsoever with car companies allowing their names to be used. They even went further on to say that several car companies actually wished that Sony/Rockstar would use their names due to the massive following of the GTA franchise and would be an easy way to establish brand recognition.\n\n\nThe real reason (according to Rockstar) is that almost the entire game is based on some form of satire and to them it was just another way to keep the game satirical and original."
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b9p6lh | which industrial processes can not be done with electricity as power-source? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b9p6lh/eli5_which_industrial_processes_can_not_be_done/ | {
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"The industry of generating electrical power itself does not have to rely on electricity to start the generation of electricity, but it does help.\n\nThis methods vary but can be a number of means such as mechanical, chemical, or nuclear. \n\nElectricity can be used to help such as providing lights for workers working on the equipment, or powering a heater warming kit on a diesel generator in a cold environment but in and of itself is not necessary to function in a basic system."
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8ebfdy | why does striped clothes seems to "blink" when you look at them for a moment? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8ebfdy/eli5_why_does_striped_clothes_seems_to_blink_when/ | {
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"When your eyes scan something they move in small jumps called saccades, not smoothly. For something with stripes, this can get confusing, by locking onto one then jumping to the next, but that seems like the first so it's not clear that whether you've moved to a different one or not.\n "
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405yic | why do ordinary cars not have those useful, black "heating stripes" in their windshields? | They melt frost so quickly from the back window, they don't really obstruct vision either, I don't see a reason why car manufacturers don't include them in the front. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/405yic/eli5_why_do_ordinary_cars_not_have_those_useful/ | {
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"Because ford own the patent of having this in the windscreen. You will see them on their high end cars. Even carried along into jaguar when they used to own that",
"Windshield installer here, mostly this comes down to price, some windshields are heated, most common ones are Toyotas. But the heating elements are at the bottom of the glass under the wiper blades, they can't run the lines like in the back window up front because it would obstruct the driver's vision.\n\n\nOn some exotics like lotuses, there are millions of tiny microscopic lines in the front Windshield that heat it up but can't be seen unless you look closely. I think high end land rovers have them too.\n\n\nPS that lotus Windshield is almost 10 thousand dollars installed."
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flwa96 | why can't you see pixels on a phone screen as easily as you can on a monitor? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/flwa96/eli5_why_cant_you_see_pixels_on_a_phone_screen_as/ | {
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"Say you have a phone that is 1080p and a monitor that is also 1080p. You have the same number of pixels, but they are closer together on the smaller screen of the phone.",
"The size of the display and the resolution.\n\nA phone screen is typically 1080p or higher now, same with most monitors. \n\nMobile display density is a lot higher, while monitors are typically not as high.\n\nIf a display is 1080p, its 1920x1080, equating to just over 2 million pixels.\n\nIf you stuff all of them onto a phone, itβs going to be a lot sharper.\n\nImagine taking a chunk of play doh. \n\nMake it roughly the same size of your phone screen, and itβs going to be a lot dense and thicker.\n\nMake it the same size of your monitor display, itβs going to be thinner.",
"Put simply: they are smaller\n\nMonitors are made to be seen at a distance greater than you typically use the a phone screen at, large things far away look like smaller thing closer to you"
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fg86e9 | what is the, if there exists any, the science behind the human fascination with serial killers and crime shows? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fg86e9/eli5_what_is_the_if_there_exists_any_the_science/ | {
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"Humans want to see consequences to actions that they understand are deviant and are curious to the the thinking behind their \"logical\" thinking (i.e., planning, motivation, efficacy, etc.)",
"In the true/oft-neglected-but-intended format of this sub:\n\nDid you ever steal a cookie from the cookie jar? How tasty did it taste? Tastier than an unstolen or maybe even earned cookie? Yes?\n\nThen imagine instead that you were able to steal every cookie in the jar and that they all tasted good, but then less and less good as you move on, eating every single cookie you can get your sweet little five year old hands on/in/around. \n\nSuddenly that last cookie doesn't taste as good and then the only thing tastier than the first cookie might be the baker-type-person who baked the first cookie. Then before too long you're out there eating bakers.\n\nIn terms of serial killer docs, the viewer (you) loves cookies. You can almost imagine killing for a cookie in the most unfortunate of times. But here is a man killing for cookies left and right, which is gluttonous and gross but you can almost relate. So you do relate, watching these shows every night, with an ever-dwindling tray/bag of Chips Ahoy: saying \"yuck\" and \"yum\" at the same time.",
"Humans are information addicts. We thrive because of our big brains and innate curiosity.\n\nCrime shows tick multiple boxes for why they get a rise out of us. On one level, we're fascinated by learning about dangers. Because learning about someone else's death or the killers and predators that stalk us, might provide us with information that will help us prevent our own death.\n\nAlong the same line, surviving danger gives us a rush. It's the hormones that make us alert and jittery to help us deal with danger. After the danger passes, those hormones don't immediately disappear. So we feel giddy, giggly, energised.\n\nThat's why we like horror and scary stories. We get that \"I survived the danger\" rush without the actual danger.\n\nYour physiological reactions don't really differentiate between factual and fictional danger. That's why things like movies, books, tv, theatre etc. can move us."
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15xjfw | difference between wma and mp3 | I here a lot on music subreddits everyone downloading WMA's instead of MP3's. Whats the difference? Where does everyone manage to find all their music again in this format? Is it really a big difference? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15xjfw/eli5_difference_between_wma_and_mp3/ | {
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"Never heard of people being into wma files... but I'll answer anyways.\n\n > Whats the difference? \n\nwma and mp3 were competing formats in the 90s and early 2000s. Mp3 was the standard, and wma (made by Microsoft) was being pushed as a better format. MS claimed wma was superior to mp3 and produced CD quality audio at as low as 64 kbit/s (bitrate). Mp3 format \"cd quality\" was at the time 128, so being able to cut the harddrive space needed in half was huge, storage was expensive. But basically this was BS, wma format did not produce cd quality audio at that low bitrate and it never caught on.\n\n > Is it really a big difference?\n\nMostly No. Let me explain. \n\nWhile wma doesn't produce cd quality at low bitrates, it does better than mp3 when below 128. At 128 or above there is no reason not to use mp3 as mp3 can be made superior. As storage space is now cheap and available, we no longer care about lower quality music to save space.\n\n128 or above use mp3, below use wma. But for music you should not be under 192 anyways, so wma is worthless.\n\nThere is a WMA lossless format as well, but it is inferior to other alternatives as well.\n\nIf you're wondering, many tests have show the optimal music rate is 192 VBR mp3 encoded with LAME (aka alt preset standard). Anything more is almost always indistinguishable, less is sub-par quality.\n\nAs for format usability, everything plays mp3, most stuff also plays wma, but why the hell do you even take a chance with wma when you can just make a better mp3 file?\n",
"There is nothing wrong with wma, there's nothing really special about it either. It's just microsoft's in house format.\n\nThe iTunes store sells aac files which is the successor to mp3, and is supposed to be better but.... \n\nI used them for a while and then went back to mp3 for 2 reasons, compatability and metadata support. Almost everything under the sun plays mp3's, no worries about that (unlike wma). \n",
"mp3 is a way to store music efficiently, by throwing out frequencies you will not hear anyway (because they are either out of range, or obscured by other sounds). and it's licensed by Fraunhofer Institute. \n\nMicrosoft had to pay for having mp3 support in windows, and that is why it's not put into most major linux installations by default. similarily for other software developers that have software dealing with mp3 files.\n\nWMA is a similar technology, and i would assume Microsoft wanted to have their own audio codec, so that they could skip on mp3 licensing, or lock people down to using Windows and their products (and also include some kind of DRM in their audio files).\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_"
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3#Licensing_and_patent_issues"
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64npbb | why do frisbees fly better spinning than not? | I'm not really sure and I'm curious to find out, btw this is my first time here, so sorry if I did anything wrong | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64npbb/eli5_why_do_frisbees_fly_better_spinning_than_not/ | {
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"the spin keeps the orientation of the disk, otherwise it would flop around which would be bad. so the spin is nescessary for the gyro effect to keep them stable in that aerofoil airplane wing angle.",
"The spin stabilizes its direction (prevent it from flipping over) due to *angular momentum,* which means that spinning things are harder to throw off course than non-spinning things. \n\nBy staying at the right angle, it can fly better. Unlike a helicopter, the spin itself doesn't cause the Frisbee to fly."
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m9ip1 | the process of getting a book published | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m9ip1/eli5_the_process_of_getting_a_book_published/ | {
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"First, the author writes some or all of a book. The author submits the work to various publishing companies looking for one that likes it and will buy it.\n\nIf a publisher likes the book, they will make an offer to the author to buy the book and pay royalties on sales of the book. Once an agreement is reached, the author must finish writing and editing the book if it's not done yet. Then, an editor who usually works for the publisher will also read through the book and suggest corrections and changes.\n\nOnce the book is completely edited and finished, the publishing company will begin preparing the book to be printed and sold. This includes typesetting (arranging words, pictures, page numbers etc. on the pages), deciding on a catchy title, hiring someone to design a cover, writing the summary that goes on the back, and getting the book reviewed by critics so they can have quotes about what a great book it is.\n\nAt some point, the publisher starts contacting bookstores to let them know about the new book and ask how many copies the bookstore will buy. If the book has been marketed and hyped up, or is by a famous author, bookstores might buy a LOT of copies, assuming that they'll be able to sell them all. It's possible this way for a book to be a \"best seller\" in the newspaper the same day it comes out, because that's based on how many copies the bookstore buys, not the customers.\n\nFinally, the books are printed and shipped to the bookstores. Sometimes this is handled by a separate printing and distribution company or multiple such companies. Now it's up to readers to notice the book and purchase it!",
"You also have to be very fortunate to get even an audience to get your book read. A friend of mine just got a book published, and it took him a long time and more than a few friends in the business internationally to get it published. He also is only getting a flat fee, his book could sell a billion copies and he's only going to get that fee, though now he would have some credibility as to his ability to write a book that can sell and get a better deal next time around.",
"First, the author writes some or all of a book. The author submits the work to various publishing companies looking for one that likes it and will buy it.\n\nIf a publisher likes the book, they will make an offer to the author to buy the book and pay royalties on sales of the book. Once an agreement is reached, the author must finish writing and editing the book if it's not done yet. Then, an editor who usually works for the publisher will also read through the book and suggest corrections and changes.\n\nOnce the book is completely edited and finished, the publishing company will begin preparing the book to be printed and sold. This includes typesetting (arranging words, pictures, page numbers etc. on the pages), deciding on a catchy title, hiring someone to design a cover, writing the summary that goes on the back, and getting the book reviewed by critics so they can have quotes about what a great book it is.\n\nAt some point, the publisher starts contacting bookstores to let them know about the new book and ask how many copies the bookstore will buy. If the book has been marketed and hyped up, or is by a famous author, bookstores might buy a LOT of copies, assuming that they'll be able to sell them all. It's possible this way for a book to be a \"best seller\" in the newspaper the same day it comes out, because that's based on how many copies the bookstore buys, not the customers.\n\nFinally, the books are printed and shipped to the bookstores. Sometimes this is handled by a separate printing and distribution company or multiple such companies. Now it's up to readers to notice the book and purchase it!",
"You also have to be very fortunate to get even an audience to get your book read. A friend of mine just got a book published, and it took him a long time and more than a few friends in the business internationally to get it published. He also is only getting a flat fee, his book could sell a billion copies and he's only going to get that fee, though now he would have some credibility as to his ability to write a book that can sell and get a better deal next time around."
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2jo603 | why does it seem democrats support higher taxes, but republicans support lower taxes? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jo603/eli5why_does_it_seem_democrats_support_higher/ | {
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"That's a fundamental difference between fiscal left (Democrats) and right (Republicans, Libertarians). Left = bigger government, more regulation, more services, more taxes required. Right = lower taxes, lower regulation, requiring smaller government and fewer services.",
"There are two classes of thought behind this.\n\n* Raise taxes higher on the \"rich\" to pay for social and infrastructure (Socialist/Democrat)\n* Lower taxes rates, which will allow people to spend more. More money spent in theory generate more total tax. (Conservative/Republican)\n\nIn practicality, it is more complex than the far left and the far right realize. Probably somewhere in between."
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6esf2m | why universal theme park has marvel rides if disney owns marvel | Doesn't that just seem weird? Aren't they in direct competition with each other? Why would Disney allow Universal to continue making money off their own property? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6esf2m/eli5_why_universal_theme_park_has_marvel_rides_if/ | {
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"Do they? I've never been there so I don't know. But if they do have them then it's likely the same reason Fox has X Men and Sony has Spider-man. Licensing. ",
"Because those rides and characters were purchased by Universal before Disney made deals with Marvel. Disney did not get the rights to those things when they got Marvel. ",
"Back in the 1990s, long before Marvel was acquired by Disney, they signed an impressively tight contract with Universal for the rights to the characters in use within theme park attractions. The contract limits the use of the characters on the east coast of the country to Universal Orlando with even tighter restrictions within a 60-mile radius of the Orlando parks. The contract does have a few stipulations, like ensuring upkeep of the rides, but overall is definitely more favorable to Universal than Marvel. \n\nSince that initial contract, Disney has bought Marvel, pumped millions of dollars into it and made it one of the most popular brands in modern film history. With billions of dollars in sales annually Marvel has proven to be a cash cow for Disney. The company, long known for its theme parks tie-ins, has already announced a ride in Hong Kong along with a small exhibit at Disneyland in California. While Marvel is slowly but surely being rolled out into the Disney parks globally back here in Florida, that airtight contract from the 1990s still blocks them from building anything at their most popular resort complex. \n\n_URL_0_\n"
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3mq8ph | what is briny water, in relation to the mars discovery? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mq8ph/eli5what_is_briny_water_in_relation_to_the_mars/ | {
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"Briny is an adjective meaning highly salty. On Mars, pure water would immediately evaporate due to the really low air pressure. However, salty water is less prone to boiling away or freezing than pure water. Extremely salty water is the only water that can exist as a liquid on Mars' surface."
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3orcyl | if a girl's body is "ready" to give birth once they start getting their period, why is it considered dangerous for people to do so at a young age? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3orcyl/eli5_if_a_girls_body_is_ready_to_give_birth_once/ | {
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"It's 'ready' in that it is biologically possible. Pregnancy/Birth can be dangerous or even deadly even for an adult woman. Being young can increase the risk of a variety of complications for both the child and parent. ",
"Just because you're physically able to do something doesn't mean its not dangerous. It is considered dangerous because the risks are much greater than a pregnancy in a physically mature woman.",
"It is only \"ready\" to do so in the pure basest of forms. She can become pregnant. However, that early in puberty girl's bodies are far from fully developed. The biggest issue is that their hips still need to grow wider.\n\nPregnancy at a young age therefore comes with high risks of complications, and even death for the mother.",
"A woman's eggs are technically ready to be fertilized once she starts menstruating (and therefore a pregnancy can potentially occur), but that doesn't mean her body is fully ready to support a pregnancy at that point. Parts of the body will still not be fully developed for years to come and during that time there is a high risk of birth defects and other pregnancy-related health issues.",
"Keep in mind too, women in developed countries are fertile younger than we used to be.\n\nThe age of menarche (a girl's very first menstrual cycle) has declined by a couple years since we start having data on that sort of thing. It's now around 12 and a half in the US. It used to be more like 14/15.\n\nIt's still not entirely safe for a 14/15-year-old girl to be getting pregnant, but it's a lot safer than a 12-year-old doing so.",
"Sex itself is not dangerous after puberty, physically. But it can have severe psychological impact if you aren't ready. Just think about how having sex affects you and who you're with even as an adult.. then think about applying that to the mind of a very young teenager. That rarely goes well. \n\n"
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8fuynp | why do formula 1 drivers keep their tires warm during a safety car? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8fuynp/eli5_why_do_formula_1_drivers_keep_their_tires/ | {
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"text": [
"So the car can grip the road better. The tyres are constructed to work more effectively at a higher temperature. "
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3tn898 | microeconomics. | Can someone explain it to a literal five year old? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tn898/eli5microeconomics/ | {
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"Say you have 20 people who like ice cream by a varying amount. Person #1 is willing to pay $1 for a cone, person #2 is willing to pay $2 a cone because he likes it a bit more, person #3 is willing to pay $3 a cone because he likes it even more, all the way up to person #10 is willing to pay $10 a cone because he loves ice cream.\nThis is your demand curve. If ice cream is $10, only one person will buy it. If ice cream is $9, two people will buy it. If ice cream is $8, 3 people will buy it, etc.\n\nNow we need suppliers. Supplier #1 can make ice cream really cheap and will sell it for $1. Supplier #2 can only sell ice cream for $2 and stay in business. Etc. all the way up to supplier #10 who won't sell ice cream for less than $10. This is our supply curve. If ice cream is selling for $1, then only one person is willing to make it. If it's selling for $2, then only 2 people. If it's selling for $10, then all 10 will sell it. This is our supply curve.\n\nNow we have to see where supply meets demand (which is $5). If the price is $6, then 6 people will be willing to make it, but only 4 will be willing to pay for it. If the price is $4, then 4 people will be willing to make it, but 6 people will be wiling to buy it. So the magic price is $5 where 5 people are willing to make it and 5 people are willing to buy it. "
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882zih | why is texas so conservative compared to some other southern states? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/882zih/eli5_why_is_texas_so_conservative_compared_to/ | {
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"Texas isn't that red any more, largely due to the demographic shift. For national level elections like president and senators, the state is only weakly right-leaning.\n\nMost of the county and state level reps are Republicans because the demographic shift is concentrated in a few cities, leaving the other counties dominated by older, whiter, more conservative voters.\n\nThis is a problem the Democratic party faces in almost every state, not just Texas.",
"The multiple large cities is the primary cause. The progressive population concentrates in the major cities (at lest some of them) and the rest of the State which is rural or smaller towns and cities is conservative. \n\nAnd we are not actually hard right. We are moderately right. "
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38k0o8 | why people get happy when there is water on another planet, isn't it possible that aliens could live without water? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38k0o8/eli5_why_people_get_happy_when_there_is_water_on/ | {
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"Life **as we know it** is much much more likely in the presence of water. Could life exist that is nothing like what we know? Sure it could ... but we wouldn't know what to look for, and might not even recognize it as life if we found it. So we use life as we know it as a criteria for what to look for which increases the likelihood of actually finding it. Otherwise we'd just be fumbling around in the dark with no search criteria and no clue if we'd found anything. ",
"We can divide up all possible life into two categories: life that needs water, and life that does not need water.\n\nWe know the first group exists, because we, and all other life on earth, are part of that group. The existence of the second group is pure speculation. So while no one denies the possibility of the second group, it makes a whole lot of sense to focus on looking for the type that we know CAN exist."
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athffn | if earth and every planet is falling towards our sun, and our solar system is falling towards our galactic center, where is our entire galaxy falling towards, and if it isnβt falling, what force is holding it up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/athffn/eli5_if_earth_and_every_planet_is_falling_towards/ | {
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"There is no force holding anything celestial up. It is merely floating in a vacuum, space. Gravity is the force binding everything together, which is ultimately responsible for the current shape of the galaxy",
"The OP is correct in using falling as relative between the two objects. The earth βfallsβ towards the sun, just is going too fast and so always misses. The Milky Way, as far as I understand, is falling towards andromeda galaxy, eventually to βcollideβ and become a big super galaxy. Any one galaxy is always attracted to a bigger one nearby, these form clusters, and clusters of galaxies are attracted towards each other, too. It gets pretty meta.",
"The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are falling towards each other due to crash in a few hundred million years. \n\nThey are also falling towards the shared centre of gravity of the Laniakea supercluster. \n\nThe entire observable universe seems to be moving in the same direction, but it can't be falling towards anything as gravity from beyond the edge of the observable universe can't have reached here yet. "
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3szbn4 | why are people so politically charged? | What is the psychology behind people going on political rants, specifically on the internet? Why do they feel such a connection to one side of the political spectrum?
How does yelling at someone who feels differently about you convince them to believe what you believe? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3szbn4/eli5_why_are_people_so_politically_charged/ | {
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"To me, having some political stances is better than no stance. \nWe need to stop voting based on who has a chance to win and start voting based who isn't lying.\n\nMinisters like Harper, Carson, Clinton and other flat out lying and trying to cover their lies need to be gone before being head of their party.",
"Mostly because our lives are directly impacted by who our government officials are. In America we vote to have Laws passed, therefore everyone who votes whether they are for Or against this law they are all entitled their opinion. Some political views such as abortion are extremely heated, and both sides do have valid arguments that's why there hasn't been a final law written on this subject. Hope that helped a little I'm sure there will be better answers but that's my best shot at the moment.\n\nEdit: Also to hit the point on racial issues. Sometimes when people openly say racist things some people have the urge to give them their own opinion as well. If you are going to post something offensive and it happen to be taken racially. I feel like most people try to give that person a point of view that will perhaps make them not feel so hateful. The wrong way to handle this is to just let that person get you angry and fall in their trap.",
"Tribalism. It's about belonging to a group. Most people adopt whatever opinions their \"team\" supports, and perceive any attack on those opinions as attacks on their peer group. Humans are social animals and we came to dominate this planet due to our ability to form tight social bonds, but sometimes it goes bad. ",
"People want their ideas to survive, and survival for ideas means you spread and defend them. If someone is loud about theirs, and you're not loud about yours, yours are less likely to survive. That causes debates.",
"Because its easy to counter one to one than to debate on exigency of any action or omission by any side of political spectrum\n\nI guess we have limited our arguments to 'with us or against us' rather than on the roads we travel ( or path or methods).\n\nIdentifying why, what ,how ,when, is difficult than by who, for whom",
"Because it's something they have so little control on, they need to feel like they are doing what they can to exert more control over it. If someone has a lot of money and a law is passed that causes them to lose a lot of it, they will likely feel a lot of animosity towards the people that supported the law because they are on some level responsible. By trying to aggresively change the minds and discredit the debates of people that go against them, they hope to influence the outcome of government more in their favor, even if in reality the effect is quite minimal in many cases.",
"It involves spreading the word. We get this from our association with religion where we are told to go out and acquire more believers. The definition of \"evangelize\" is to convert or seek to convert (someone) to Christianity. Being a predominately Christian nation we took this to the max. by applying it to politics because those involved sought to create a utopia that reflects their values. And to a certain extent it is imbedded in the formation of our nation which in itself could be looked at as a utopia. Thus, as the nation evolved and aged it adapted to changes in society that no longer reflect such a narrow view of society. The word \"conservative\" means holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion. Its not a Republican or Democratic thing. Both can be conservative. Yet the utopian seekers laid claim to the name Conservative."
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eb9ou0 | why does it hurt more to drink cold water after having menthol of some kind? can it actually hurt the throat? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eb9ou0/eli5_why_does_it_hurt_more_to_drink_cold_water/ | {
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"Menthol actually activates the same receptors in your mouth and throat that sense cold, and it sticks to these receptors for a while. So everything cold that you drink or eat afterwards seems even colder. When things are very cold the cold sensation becomes painful. So a drink that is normally pleasantly cold may feel uncomfortably cold if you've just had some menthol before drinking it."
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ag5ryd | headphone specs often include impedance and sensitivity. what do they mean, and how much does it affect my listening experience? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ag5ryd/eli5_headphone_specs_often_include_impedance_and/ | {
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"Sensitivity tells you how much sound they'll develop for a given amount of power from the source. If you're plugging into a mains powered amp that has plenty of power, poor sensitivity won't affect your listening experience. You can just turn the volume up. But if you're plugging into a miniaturized battery powered device, sensitive headphones will let you keep the volume down to preserve battery life, and still have plenty of volume.\n\nImpedance has to do with how much current they draw from the amp. Or, in other terms, how much power they draw from the amp for a given volume setting. High impedance headphones will draw less power - and be proportionately less loud - than their low impedance counterparts. Given equal sensitivities, you can turn low impedance phones up louder before the volume control tops out."
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wrkz2 | diff between having an engine at the front or the back? | Effect on force/speed and also on steering/navigating. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/wrkz2/eli5diff_between_having_an_engine_at_the_front_or/ | {
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"It doesn't make much of a difference, apart from weight distribution (the engine is one of the heaviest part of a car).\n\nIt's important not to confuse having the engine in the front or back of the car, with having front wheel drive or rear wheel drive. This has a huge impact on steering and sliding (over ice, for example).\n\nObviously, if you have rear wheel drive AND the engine in the back, you will have more weight on the wheels and less chance of your propulsion wheels slipping.",
"While there is more to it than just engine position, such as drive train, weight distribution, power to weight ration, etc I will try to make it super easy to understand\n\nPicture yourself pushing a cart through a supermarket. When you are pushing it from behind, you get great amount of force on the back wheels, but often if you push to hard, you can lift the front wheels up, causes you to not be able to turn.. This would be an example of an RR setup, or Rear engine, Real wheel drive configuration. This would be found in something like a VW Bug \n\nNow imaging that same cart, being pulled from the front, most of the weight is on the front wheels. This provides greater traction, but also has issues. Such as: if you lose traction on the front wheels, you lose power.. This is an FF setup. or Front engine, Front wheel drive. Such as a Honda Civic.\n\nA bike, for example would be an example of Mid engine, Rear wheel drive. Where the engine, you, is in the center, Your power is pushing through the rear wheel. you have good traction up front for navigation and good traction in rear for power. Cars like the Porsche 911 or MR2 are examples of an MR configuration. While they have a great weight an power distribution, they still deal with slippage. If you lose traction in the front, you cannot navigate as well, if you lose traction in the rear, you lose power.\n\nA FR or front engine rear wheel drive setup like that in a Mustang or AE86 have the engine in the front, with the rear wheels propelling the car. This allows for good traction in the front, while pushing the car. To prevent traction from leaving the back of the car, you will often see race cars with wings or spoilers in the rear to help push the back wheels down. \n\nLastly there are 4wd and Awd. These typically ten to have a front engine design, but can also use any variation from above. These setups allow power to all wheels at all time (4WD) or alternate between the wheels, providing power where there is more traction (AWD). An example of a 4wd would be that of a Ford F150, where an AWD would be an Impreza or Lancer Evo (or GTR ).While this provides the best traction and powering through turns, it puts more stress on the engine to turn all 4 wheels and more weight on the car with the added equipment. \n\nSpeed is usually determined more by horsepower and weight ration rather than engine position. A 300hp car that is RWD will usually have the same speed as a 300hp AWD car. The difference is off the start. A RWD or FWD car will usually burn out, or spin their wheels before they gain traction, while a AWD car will usually gain traction right away and shoot off the line. The RWD or FWD car, however, could weigh less than the AWD car and actually be much faster. Power to Weight is really what determines speed. More weight = better traction but less speed. Less weight = Better speed but less traction.\n\nI know this is wordy, but I hope it helps! "
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2fvx4t | why children will sometimes intentionally aggravate their parents to the point where they lose their temper. | This is not a glimpse into my personal hell. My kid is generally good. But there are times when she intentionally goads me or her mom into losing it. I know she's doing it so can generally mange it but I'm left at times wondering 'why are you doing this?' | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fvx4t/eli5why_children_will_sometimes_intentionally/ | {
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"Children (and people in general) keep trying to find the boundaries of what is acceptable behavior.\n\nIf no boundaries are presented, the child will keep pushing until he or she reaches a boundary. In this case, when the parent loses it.\n\nThe trick seems to be to set firm, reasonable, boundaries at a point which doesn't involve anybody losing their temper.",
"Three reasons in combination: young kids can become frustrated at their lack of control, they haven't developed the ability to analyze the longer-term impact of their actions, and they are still learning how to use and handle emotions rather than have those emotions use and handle them. \n\nSo younger ones can get really wound up until they essentially have a meltdown - a temper tantrum - where they lose control of their emotions entirely.\n \nWhen they get older, rebellious kids can shut down when they perceive an injustice or an unfair situation, taking this frustration out on their parents either as the authority figure that's imposing the unfairness, or as the closest person that the kid can lash out at to expend some of their emotional energy. Sometimes it's outright belligerence, sometimes it's more subtle and manifests as goading or pestering as in your case. \n\nThe kid feels they \"win\" if they manage to make someone else unhappy, even if they \"lose\" in the longer term."
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255fjj | are there any other countries similar to north korea in terms of seclusion and secrecy? | North Korea seems to be unique in the way it operates with so much propaganda and brainwashing. Plus the death camps and famine that are occuring. Are there any countries similar in any way to North Korea? I have to believe that propaganda is happening elsewhere but are there other places where they kidnap their own citizens and throw them in modern day concentration camps for speaking out against the government? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/255fjj/eli5_are_there_any_other_countries_similar_to/ | {
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"Turkmenistan is pretty bad, especially under their old leader Niyazov. He did really crazy stuff like renaming the months after his family members, writing a book and forcing everyone to memorize it (as well as forcing all mosques in the country to place it next to the Koran), totally cutting off pensions to the elderly for no reason (Turkmenistan should be super rich because of oil and gas, but he kept the money for himself and his crazy projects) , closing down all the libraries, basically banning the Internet and the list goes on and on. And he created a repressive spy state which did such wonderful things as boil people alive. Things have gotten better since he died in 2006 but it's still hardly a model democracy....",
"In the words of the United Nations Commission of Inquiry, North Korea has \"no parallel in the contemporary world\".",
"I believe propaganda exists in pretty much every country. This in itself isn't a huge problem though.\n\n > other places where they kidnap their own citizens and throw them in modern day concentration camps for speaking out against the government?\n\nOh yes. Perhaps not concentration camps, but there are plenty of countries where you can get an unfair trial, imprisoned or killed for speaking out agaisnt the government.\n\nSyria [\"Syria's authorities were among the worse violators of human rights last year, jailing lawyers, torturing opponents and using violence to repress ethnic Kurds, Human Rights Watch said on Monday.\"](_URL_0_)\n\nBahrain [\"Serious abuses included denying defendants the right to counsel and to present a defense, and failure to investigate credible allegations of torture and ill-treatment during interrogation. \"](_URL_2_)\n\nIran [\"At least 40 journalists and bloggers were in Iranβs prisons at time of writing\"](_URL_1_)\n\nMany other too, but I'm only familiar with the middle east. Libya and Egypt were similar until the uprising in 2011.\n\n",
"*Best Korea\nFTFY"
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"http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/24/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE70N5S620110124",
"http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/iran?page=2",
"http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/02/28/no-justice-bahrain-0"
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4qz2ed | at fast food drive thru places where they have multiple lanes for ordering, how do they know which car is which when they get to pay/collect food? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qz2ed/eli5_at_fast_food_drive_thru_places_where_they/ | {
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"Generally, the order in which the orders are placed will be the same as the order the cars pull up to the window. As soon as your order is complete, you'll be pulling forward, and therefore next in line. If two finish at the same time, there is a camera that can identify which car pulled forward first."
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8dj0nl | how do people raise money by walking across a country/cycling around the world/ climbing mount something / go q month without eating chocolate for charity | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8dj0nl/eli5_how_do_people_raise_money_by_walking_across/ | {
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"They use it as a publicity stunt to get people to donate to their cause. Itβs rarely very effective compared to say, just working your actual job and donating the money yourself. ",
"It's basically the same thing as asking all your friends for money, except the idea is that you're saying \"if I ride my bike across America, then will you donate a pledged amount to this charity?\" \n\nThe idea is that you're doing something hard or complicated, and in return/as a \"reward\" of sorts, your friends give to charity. In real life you could just give to charity, or ask your friends to, and not ride your bike across America at all. The bike riding is in no way integral to the process, it's just an excuse to ask."
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f4lhbb | how is it animals, specially predators, have such strong muscles? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f4lhbb/eli5_how_is_it_animals_specially_predators_have/ | {
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"Besides natural selection, an interesting thing about evolution is that the more an organism depends on a certain organ the more that organ develops in order to meet the needs. Predators like lions and cheetahs have strong muscles and bite forces because they depend on the muscles so much. \nA great way to understand this is to observe how working out affects us. Say you started to lift 1.5kg dumbbells everyday. It would be hard at first, your arms will feel like jelly after the workout, but after a week or two it gets easier. Why? Because your muscles have developed more to meet the demand. The result you've got stronger muscles now. Same goes with the jaws, when you're a child you're asked to eat all sorts of things that are good for you, because when you chew different textures of food, hard and soft, your jaws develop more stronger. \nAnimals exhibit such strength from millennia of evolution. Their lifestyle hasn't changed as much as human's have, they still hunt in the wild, and to do that they need strong muscles.",
"Imagine how good your muscles would need to be if you had to walk for miles all day every day to possibly get food. And you had to chase your food down instead of getting it out of the refrigerator.",
"their lifestyle involves constant exercise to survive and the weak ones die of starvation \n\nthink about when people lived as hunter-gatherers a long time ago. Their day-to-day routine would have made them on par with today's olympic level athletes because their daily routine involved constant exercise.",
"Thinking back a fair way now, as it was explained to me at the time... in evolution there has to be a choice between gross musculature ie apes and bears and lions etc that are really strong and have lots of twitchy muscle fibres... and humans that can make very fine and controlled movements, requiring a very different type of muscle fibres.\n\nBasically apes can smash stuff like the Hulk, but Banner can use tools to create a Gammer Radiation Emitter.\n\nSo over time, as humans learnt how to create weapons, evolution took as down the \"fine motor skills\" path rather than the \"tear the head right off of an elk\" path.",
"Evolution. Humans basically evolved to fill the niche of endurance hunting. We persue prey so relentlessly that it effectively dies of exhaustion. Such an approach requires muscles tuned for endurance not strength. In addition it favours those who are more intelligent."
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qh8h4 | what this company actually do? _url_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qh8h4/eli5_what_this_company_actually_do_httpwwwndscom/ | {
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"They sell software that makes delivering paid TV channels to customers safer.",
"They are primarily a technology provider for cable/satellite TV services.\n\nSo let's say you're starting up a new cable TV service. You've got the programming deals in place, you've strung up all the cables around town, and you've contracted with hardware suppliers like Cisco and Motorola to provide the servers and set-top-boxes that will run on your network.\n\nYou still need the software that will run on those boxes. Software like the electronic program guide, security software that makes sure customers can only view the channels they have paid for, software to manage channel number allocations, software to report which channels the customer is watching (for ratings purposes), etc. That's what you go to a company like NDS for.\n\nTheir biggest business is in the security software that prevents you from watching channels you haven't paid for. That platform, called VideoGuard, is used on a number of cable and satellite TV platforms around the world, including Cablevision (NY, NJ, CT), DirecTV (North and South America), Sky TV (British Isles, Germany, Italy, New Zealand), Star TV (pretty much all of Asia) and a bunch of others.\n\nIf you are on one of those services, chances are your cable box requires a smart card to view channels. NDS makes that smart card."
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5jvaqo | why is isis so hard to find and defeat? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jvaqo/eli5_why_is_isis_so_hard_to_find_and_defeat/ | {
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"You can launch as many air strikes as you want, eventually you're going to need a ground army to go in and flush them out. The ground forces that have been battling ISIS for the last four years are a combination of other revel groups, Kurdish militias, and the Iraqi and Syrian Armies. The Syrian Army is the only one in that group that even resembles a legitimate fighting force with armored units, artillery, and well trained officers. Even then they've been weakened by years of fighting, and they weren't a first rate military to begin with. ISIS has never had to deal with a first world Army like the US, Russia, China, the UK etc.",
"Because unless your willing to kill countless innocents \"which let's be honest would do nothing but give Isis more power.\" They can just stay hidden until they do something. They're not a nation or a people, they're members of a somewhat loosely organized group with a common goal.",
"Because they have no trouble intermixing themselves with the local population (and you don't want to kill women and kids in the process of obliterating ISIS, do you?), because they are just one of the many rebel groups in Syria, because the in-theatre actors are either other rebel groups or poorly-equipped, understaffed, worn-out militaries of Syrian and Iraqi governments, and because the density of fighting is very low: it's two huge countries with a relatively low amount of people chasing each other.\n\nThe two out-of-theater actors are also of little help. The US-led 65-country coalition wants to avoid a ground deployment (the Persian Gulf members of it are already too bombing the Yemeni rebels), and have very poor intelligence capability, so their airstrikes generally return with their ordnance unexpended - or they just \"accidentally\" bomb Syrian government troops instead. Besides, the Saudis and Qataris have pretty much built ISIS, being fellow Wahhabis, so they aren't exactly a huge help. And Russia has been too busy butchering Al-Nusra (Al-Qaida in the Levant) militants in Easter Aleppo to pay much attention to ISIS."
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9ph5cq | why does a passing vehicle's sound go from a high to a low note | For example it always goes "Weeeee oooooohhhh" why does it not sound like "Oooooooh weeee" | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ph5cq/eli5_why_does_a_passing_vehicles_sound_go_from_a/ | {
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"It's a doppler effect. Sound is higher when the wavelengths are shorter, so when the car is coming towards you it pushes the air towards you and gets a boost and it is shorter. \n\nIt's lower pitched when the wavelengths are all stretched out, and when it's moving away they stretch out because it's running away from you ",
"Doppler effect. \n\nThe sound waves pile up in front of the car. Because the waves are so close together, the frequency is higher. Thus, as the car approaches, the pitch is higher.\n\nThe sound waves are spread joy behind the car. Because the waves are further apart, the frequency is lower. Thus, as the car leaves, the pitch is lower.\n\nImagine dragging something across the surface of water. The water in front is higher than the water in the back. Sound waves do the same thing.\n\n_URL_0_",
"For simplicity's sake, let's say we're standing two feet from a straight road with that car on it.\n\nThe car always goes \"Weeeee oooooohhhh\" because the car's velocity toward you always goes from positive to negative. If he repeats in reverse, his velocity towards you still goes from positive to negative.\n\nWithout actually changing the sound at the source - that's cheating - the car would have to drive away from you, into a wormhole, and end up behind you to go \"Oooooooh (wormhole) weeee\". Or drive from you around a whole race track or something to end up on the other side.\n\nSlightly related fun fact: we imagine the Doppler effect is the strongest when the car is near us, but it's actually the strongest when the car is far away. We just don't notice it because the *change* in the Doppler effect is the least at a distance, so the sound seems to stay the same; this *change* is what is striking about cars passing us, as that is where the *change* is maximized.",
"Think of the sound waves as the waves created by a boat moving through the water. The bow waves are more compressed than the waves at the aft section of the boat. The forward motion keeps the waves at the front 'compressed' but the waves at the aft section are free to have a greater wavelength (no force driving the compression). It's a bit simplified, but for the purpose of providing a visual with the other explanations, it will suffice.",
"As others have stated, this is a result of the doppler effect. \n\nThe reason for this is that sound has a speed that it will *always* travel at through a given medium. So if you take a sound emission, say a siren on an ambulance, and look at it as is sits still you could draw circles radiating outward from the point of origin. It would look like a bullseye. Now, when you introduce motion to the siren, you do not change the speed at which the sound can move in the air. This results in the ambulance chasing after the sound that it already emitted, as well as running away from the sound in the direct that it is coming from. So you end up taking that bullseye with uniform sound and skewing it. T[he center ring moves in the direction of motion and all the other rings follow suit.](_URL_0_) Since sound is just a series of pressure waves moving through the air as some frequency, the fact that they are building up in the front makes the pressure waves come in higher frequency. More pressure waves per second means a higher pitch. The converse happens in the rear. You end up decreasing the frequency of the pressure waves which lowers the pitch.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBonus fact: This is why sonic booms happen. See how those rings are bunching up in the above link? As you increase your speed, this effect is following suit. If you get to the speed that sound travels at in air (mach 1) you will be producing sound and the sound in front of you will have nowhere to go. Instead of it being a wave that continuously moves forward you just make one, bigger and bigger wave at the front of you. Once you exceed the speed of sound all of the sound you emit will be behind you. "
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9odel3 | what would a bank gain from putting my money in a savings account vs. a checking account with them? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9odel3/eli5_what_would_a_bank_gain_from_putting_my_money/ | {
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"Savings account generally imply you are going to leave it in there for extended periods, giving them more capital to loan and gain additional funds from. ",
"You're limited by how many transactions you can make with a savings account, whereas most people are constantly adding and removing money from checking.\n\nBanks need a certain amount of what's called liquidity - cash on hand, available to lend or pay out. Having lots of stable savings accounts allows the bank to maintain a constant level of liquidity, which makes their business a lot safer.",
"Here in South Africa, savings accounts have higher transactional fees but pay out higher interest.\n\nSo swiping your savings linked card or using the atm costs more money than on a current /cheque account. But you gain more interest on a positive balance. \n\nNow the bank wants to make money and if you only open a savings they lose by paying higher interest, but win because you use the card day to day and pay fees.\n\nIf you take out a current for day to day use the bank scores on paying lower interest.\n\nIf you take out a savings and a current the bank scores by having you pay 2 account fees.\n\nSo basically you get choice to feel empowered, but the bank takes your fees anyway. "
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2pwva9 | what actually happens to your body when you get kocked out? how does it happen? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2pwva9/eli5_what_actually_happens_to_your_body_when_you/ | {
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"If you get hit really hard in the head it causes your head to accelerate, and your brain along with it. Your head then hits the inside of your skull and can bounce around (not like a tennis ball obviously, it's pretty firmly attached, but enough to cause problems). The trauma to the brain causes lots of neurotransmitters to fire at once, and your brain gets overloaded and temporarily shuts down conscious information processing to make sure vital systems can keep going and to conserve energy to repair the damage later."
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1sbvy2 | what happens to all the single-use throwaway accounts on reddit? | Do they ever get recycled?
How many of the registered users of Reddit are throwaways? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sbvy2/eli5_what_happens_to_all_the_singleuse_throwaway/ | {
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"They don't get recycled--there would be no point and it's not worth the risk since it could be a security issue if someone used their real information to register for a throwaway. "
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278koq | what does a president do all day? | Do they just stamp papers all day with an official POTUS stamp or do they attend meetings with other leaders or what? Do they get days off? Are they allowed to go anywhere without security? Questions like that. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/278koq/eli5_what_does_a_president_do_all_day/ | {
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"Dude, have you not seen the West Wing? He has loads of clever and inspirational and witty conversations and then falls short when it comes to actioning anything worthwhile.",
"The White House posts his schedule every day\n\n_URL_0_",
"Meetings. His entire job is nothing but meetings. Meetings all day, every day.",
"If sometimes we get tired of so many meetings, I can not imagine presidents. ",
"What if it's the president of Burkina Faso? What does he do?",
"So maybe I'm just drunk, but where does the President get to bone his wife? How far away are the Secret Service (and other important people) during sexy times? Just my drunken ramblings.\n\nEDIT: Do sexytimes show up on the schedule?",
"Talk to congress (like a boss)\n \nApprove VETOs (like a boss) \n\nLead the country (like a boss) \n\nRemember birthdays (like a boss) \n\nDirect senators (like a boss) \n\nMy own bathroom (like a boss) \n\nMacro-manage (like a boss) \n\nPromote Democracy (like a boss)"
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btxiij | is the fastest sperm to reach and fertilise the egg necessarily the fittest or healthiest? if not, what usually determines its success? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/btxiij/eli5_is_the_fastest_sperm_to_reach_and_fertilise/ | {
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"Luck, a hehehehehell lot of luck. The first ones to reach the egg usually die penetrating it.",
"Mostly luck. It's not necessary fittest or healthiest of all, because most sperm cells aren't lucky by definition of luck. A group of sperm cells will move together and many of them should die out just to make path to their target easier for other cells. \n\nBut to fertilize the egg, they should be healthy enough and to complete some \"checks\". That is like a basic check that their DNA is not damaged badly, under the point when cells become unable to do it's job, but not enough to ensure that DNA don't have any mutation - they almost certainly will have some minor mutations.",
"As others have said, it's luck.\n\nCarrying an extra X chromosomes, female sperm are slightly heavier and thus a little bit slower. However they live slightly longer. Becoming a girl or a boy depends slightly on the timing of ejaculation vs ovulation.\n\nIf she already ovulated, boy is slightly more likely, if she will ovulate in 2 days, girl is slightly more likely.\n\nBut it's mostly luck, the sperm right behind you might have had another gender than you. Consider that if you ever feel like arguing abortion rights, women sexuality, why women should earn less or other nonsense like that. Less than a second difference and that could have been you.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEDIT: Due to genetic defects, 60% of conceptions will spontaneously abort. Even the winner could be so flawed that they don't make it past the first few cell divisions. Luck is more important than anything.",
"Actually, the first sperm cells to reach the egg don't fertilize it. Usually it's one of the last sperm cells that do. The membrane of the egg cell is quite strong and the first wave of sperm cells weaken it so the last ones have a chance to penetrate it."
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awwxua | the different kinds of bbq across the united states. how do they differ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/awwxua/eli5_the_different_kinds_of_bbq_across_the_united/ | {
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"It's all about the meat and the sauce. There are dozens of varieties, but the four major ones are:\n\nCarolina Style: Pork, basted with either vinegar-based sauce (North) or Mustard-based sauce (South)\n\nKansas City: Pork or beef, dry rubbed, sauce (tomato-based) served on the side\n\nMemphis: Pulled pork sandwiches and ribs.\n\nTexas: All about the beef, usually brisket. Sauce is very much optional."
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4z1utt | why were computers not considered commonplace in households until windows 95? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4z1utt/eli5_why_were_computers_not_considered/ | {
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"It happened to be good timing with the internet becoming more well known. You had a GUI based OS, you didn't need to know DOS. Also, that was when computers started really coming down in price.\n\nWhile I had Windows 3.1 at home, I was using my unix shell account at school to get on the internet starting in 1993 since I didn't have a modem yet. At least by 95, you had Netscape 1.1 which was a big deal because you could start using JPGs for images (before that it was 64-color gifs, not the animated type, and bitmap files which were huge to download). Having an image with more color and 10% of the size of gifs were a big deal when you were on a 14.4 modem.",
"Cost.\n\nWindows 95 was present, but not the reason. The marketplace had two niches before 1995, the \"toy\" computer from Commodore or Tandy and the \"experimental gismo of the future\" like a Mac/Lisa. Businesses were still using big computers that cost > $100K, so the futuristic $5K computers were too expensive for anybody without a big technology interest (cars were also $5K in this era). The < $500 toy segment was only for kids with deep pocket parents. No niche was going to make big sales.\n\nIn the mid 1990s the PC clone market brought $1K computers that really did something useful. That's a price-point where you can get a lot more sales, and those clones used Win95.",
"You're implying there's a connection to the release of Windows 95 and the increase in home computer ownership where there may not be one.\n\nDid you know households with computers in them comprised 15% of the US population going into the 90's? I would say they were already pretty common. This number doubled to at least 30% according to [this data](_URL_0_) by the end of the 90's. So I think the correlation you draw does not imply causation, rather, computer usage in the home increased above a perceptible threshold (20%?) where they start to be noticeable. \n\nAll of this talk of perception is highly highly relative to where you live. In parts of the world, everyone in university in the late 80's and early 90's had a Mac! I would say the Mac was more influential to bringing the computer into the home than any Microsoft software ever was. The Mac was simple, one button, etc. I'm not a shill, so I'll leave it at that. The rise of Windows as the dominant operating system on most computers in the world is a different story however. I recommend watching any of the numerous documentaries about this out there."
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2thad7 | how can we use telescopes to see into the far reaches of space, generating massive resolution images, yet we have to send a spacecraft like dawn to see a white spot on ceres? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2thad7/eli5_how_can_we_use_telescopes_to_see_into_the/ | {
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"The things that we can see far away are **very** big and **very** bright.\n\nYou can easily see a billion burning candles arranged on a hilltop miles away in a pitch-black night (seeing another galaxy filled with billions of stars), but good luck seeing a discolored spot on a grain of sand 10 feet away by the light of a single candle at night (Ceres illuminated by the light of the sun).",
"Those massive revolution pictures you see are of unfathomably massive objects. Take the famous [Pillars of Creation](_URL_0_) photo taken by Hubble, which is something like four light years across (and is a composite of multiple pictures).\n\nCeres itself is less than 600 miles in diameter, ten billion times smaller. If the Pillars were the size of Earth, Ceres would be less than 100 nanometers across. That's smaller than a typical Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It's easy to see why you would need different equipment to take photos of those objects."
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2280u7 | what do we know about what goes on inside of other planets in our solar system? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2280u7/eli5_what_do_we_know_about_what_goes_on_inside_of/ | {
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"Not a whole lot of direct study. We can make some measurements - for example, we know their mass and size, so we can calculate their density, which tells us something about what they're made of. Saturn, for example, is very light - less dense than water - so it can't have much of a solid core, if it has one at all. Earth, on the other hand, is very dense because of our solid iron core.\n\nMost of what we know about Earth's interior is from studying the waves from earthquakes as they pass through it. There were even a few nuclear bombs detonated to create controlled vibrations for study. But those observations aren't available on other planets, so our information about those interiors is mostly educated guesses."
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1psljm | - where do "royals" obtain their original claim of "royalty" from? | If I declared to everyone that I was God's chosen representative on earth here to rule over everyone, they would lock me in a cage.
Why do we treat these people differently? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1psljm/eli5_where_do_royals_obtain_their_original_claim/ | {
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"Well before the Enlightenment, everyone just agreed on whatever the Church told them.\n\nThe Church and the royals worked together, so the people never really questioned their leader much.\n\nJames I was the first (no pun intended) to declare \"divine right\", which is the idea that God placed the monarch on Earth specifically to rule his subjects. And his subjects were placed on Earth specifically to be ruled.",
"From stabbing people with swords who disagreed.",
"If you're able to find it, David Starkey's 'Monarchy' is a great series. It takes you all the way from the beginning up to the current Queen. The series has actors in period costumes acting out key points and was more interesting than reading it from a dry history book. I've learned a LOT from it that was never taught in school. The host's explanations are easy to follow and tells why freedom of religion was so important in the United States, for example. (Several civil wars from people trying to impose their form of religion, ending with the killing of a king around 100 years before the founding of the US, as one example.)",
"I own some nice land and people are willing to work on the land in exchange for me allowing them to live there. I decide to dedicate a lot of these people to being able to defend this land from other people who want to take my land from me. Eventually, I become friends with some people who own land near mine, but they don't have enough people to afford to protect themselves, we enter an agreement in which I protect their land too and they give me a portion of their resources. Sometimes I don't like my other neighbors but I like their land, so I use my big army to take their land and either keep it for myself or give it to a friend of mine under the condition that they consent to a similar arrangement as my other friends. Now, I won't live forever, but I love my kids, so I give them my land when I die and they continue the agreement with my friends and their kids. Sometimes I meet someone who, like me, is protecting their friends but could use a little help doing so. They enter a similar agreement, but I hold them in a bit higher regard because they're protecting their friends. After enough time the hierarchy of the agreement I made gets solidified in law and whoever is sovereign (they protect other people, but don't have someone protecting them) is king. My family retains the title of \"King\" until some filthy peasants start thinking they can run things better than I can. I tell them God says I should be in charge (makes sense, since if I shouldn't be in charge, God would take it away from me). Eventually, they don't buy it. They fight me for control over the government (which is my property, handed down in my family for generations!). They beat me and have the choice of either killing me and my family to prevent them from taking back what's rightfully theirs or if they like me, then they keep my family around, but take away our control over the government. We retain some of our land and wealth but we answer to the peasant-run government. Eventually the peasants forget how we became royalty in the first place. ",
"People got power through whatever means. Usually a combination of charisma and martial force.\n\nThen these people claim a god given right to rule over people. Some people believe this, others don't. Regardless, there isn't really much ability for people to object. Eventually some of the disbelievers will decide to believe.\n\nThe royal line then propagates under the claim that royalty is an inhereted trait, or at least is passed down through generations in some way.\n\n____\n\nEventually, there might be another claimant to the throne who is not a direct heir. A combination of the previous method and claiming some blood link to the original royal line is used as justification.\n\n____\n\nAs for why royalty exists today? A combination of tradition, power, and in some places oppression.",
"* Big tough guy takes over, says he is in charge, protects people from other big tough guys.\n* Big tough guy gets old, and wants his son to take over, gives him responsibilities, and people get used to listening to junior. Dad also takes care of any potential rivals to junior.\n* Dad dies, junior takes over unchallenged, because dad set him up, and because not he had all of dad's wealth\n* Generations pass, now there are a bunch of juniors running things things at various levels who want to keep it that way. They aren't as big and tough as the first guy, so they invent this idea that they are naturally better than regular people and should rule by divine right, and they call this idea nobility.",
" > If I declared to everyone that I was God's chosen representative on earth\n\nWell no one of any importance believed that bullshit back then either. The Papacy crowned kings on behalf of God only so long as 'God' got handsome collection of gold in exchange.\n\nMonarchy is just pre-capitalist rich people picking someone to be in charge. You don't have to be the biggest land holder, you don't have to be the richest, but you have to be the one that most of the money will go along with. \n\nThe Roman empire (yes those guys) had emperors before Christianity not long before, but before. The first guy was basically born rich, ambitious, and a competent leader, he threatened the (Roman senate) and got himself made Emperor. When christianity came into being the Romans used that as an excuse to justify their own emperorships (where applicable). And the tradition stuck\n\nBut if you trace any of the European monarchs back, they're all from very long lines of variously rich people, and when I say long lines, I mean > 1400 years sort of long. The upper classes of countries- not just europe, this applies to asia as well, live separate lives from the rest of us. They have they money, and the means of production (land), they intermarry, and when it suits them they add one of us common folk into their ranks either through marriage, buying a lordship or doing something awesome (like defeating Napoleon). They used to even have their own separate law system.\n\nSo why do they still retain the right to a portion of leadership? Well just because capitalists have started taking the leadership spots in wealth doesn't mean there aren't a lot of aristocrats still around. Wealth is represented in politics, whether you like it or not. \n\nMost of us have constructed government systems that necessarily require a monarch, and without one you end up with governments that can fail, hard - see Germany, France, the US, Russia, Italy, Greece etc. That isn't to say those governments are perpetually complete failures, they certainly aren't, but a lot of things have broken in those countries several times that have required major reforms (the French are on Republic version 5, the germans try and forget about Republic 2.0 which was the Nazis, the US still has government shut downs etc.), those of us with constitutional monarchs particularly look at all of the changes republics have had to make, and still have to make and figure its not worth it - there would still be a bunch of rich families buying politicians. At least in a system that is explicitly aware that it is happening you can explicitly act on it. Everyone else keeps pretending everyone is equal because some rich guy paid millions for ads telling them they're equal. \n",
"Just because some watery tart threw a sword at them. "
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k1hsr | antitrust lawsuits | This thought was sparked by the US Govt. filing an antitrust lawsuit against the AT & T and T-Mobile merger. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k1hsr/eli5_antitrust_lawsuits/ | {
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"Let's say you have two companies selling apple. Now both companies will sell apples at a good price, let's say that price is $1 an apple. If ether company was to raise their price then they'd sell less apple cause who would want to buy an apple for $1.50 if they could buy an apple for dollar.\n\nOne day the head of one company is talking to the other company and is like. \"You know what... if we both sold apples for $1.50 then we'd both make more money. What if we both come to agreement and say we will not sell an apple for less then $1.50.\" The owner of the other company say \"Why stop there let's make it $2.00\"\n\nGeorge find out about this. George has a apple farm way, way,way out in the country but it was always too much work to bring the apple into the city to sell. To make any money he would have had to sell his apple $1.25 and no one would have wanted to buy them... But now that Apples are $2.00 it's worth his wild. \n\nThe other companies aren't happy about this. So they buy the road that George has to use to get his Apple to the city. They charge a Apple toll of $1 a apple to any apple that goes down the road... Now George can't make any money and the other companies are still making twice as much as before. \n\nAntitrust lawsuits are all about promoting competition between companies. If a company has no competition it's often called a monopoly. If a company has a monopoly then people are forced to buy from them, and the company can charge whatever they want and people have it pay it.\n\nAT & T bought T-Mobile not because they needed it to provide better service but to prevent them from loosing clients to T-Mobile and so they'd have more control over the market. Some people said it would be to much control and that's what the lawsuit it about. ",
"Let's say you have two companies selling apple. Now both companies will sell apples at a good price, let's say that price is $1 an apple. If ether company was to raise their price then they'd sell less apple cause who would want to buy an apple for $1.50 if they could buy an apple for dollar.\n\nOne day the head of one company is talking to the other company and is like. \"You know what... if we both sold apples for $1.50 then we'd both make more money. What if we both come to agreement and say we will not sell an apple for less then $1.50.\" The owner of the other company say \"Why stop there let's make it $2.00\"\n\nGeorge find out about this. George has a apple farm way, way,way out in the country but it was always too much work to bring the apple into the city to sell. To make any money he would have had to sell his apple $1.25 and no one would have wanted to buy them... But now that Apples are $2.00 it's worth his wild. \n\nThe other companies aren't happy about this. So they buy the road that George has to use to get his Apple to the city. They charge a Apple toll of $1 a apple to any apple that goes down the road... Now George can't make any money and the other companies are still making twice as much as before. \n\nAntitrust lawsuits are all about promoting competition between companies. If a company has no competition it's often called a monopoly. If a company has a monopoly then people are forced to buy from them, and the company can charge whatever they want and people have it pay it.\n\nAT & T bought T-Mobile not because they needed it to provide better service but to prevent them from loosing clients to T-Mobile and so they'd have more control over the market. Some people said it would be to much control and that's what the lawsuit it about. "
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kfd21 | why can't we recreate dinosaurs just like in jurassic park? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kfd21/eli5_why_cant_we_recreate_dinosaurs_just_like_in/ | {
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"To create clones you need to take the nucleus of a cell of one animal and place it in an egg without a nucleus of the same species. This is then given to the female and is grown in the normal fashion. Blood (in human's certainly) tends not have cell nuclei, hence it wouldn't be possible for humans. Even if you were able to get the cell nucleus from the blood of an animal trapped in sap for millions of years you wouldn't have an empty egg to put it in, nor would you have a mother capable of hosting it for long enough to harden and form a foetus.\n\nIn 5 year old speak - imagine you have one of those cars that you pull back, let go and they shoot off into the distance. You could take out the little motor of that car, but you'd need another little car that was almost identical to put it in to make it work. Not only that, but you'd need the exact same colour of carpet to pull it back on for it to work too.\n\nIt's been a while since I was 5.",
"I read in a dawkins book that there's just no way the DNA could survive so long. Even enclosed in amber and mosquito bodies.",
"I highly recommend watching the TED talk by Jack Horner: [Building a Dinosaur From a Chicken](_URL_0_)",
"Did you even see Jurassic Park?! THATS WHY. It was a documentary.",
"Because dinosaursβ¦ uhβ¦Β had their shot. They had it, and it wasβ¦Β uhβ¦Β 65 *million* years ago. Trying to throw humans and dinosaurs back togetherβ¦ wellβ¦Β the kind of control that would take, drunkenAmoebaβ¦Β it's notβ¦Β uhβ¦Β it's not possible. Chaos theoryβ¦Β which shouldn't take much explanation if you're five becauseβ¦ uhβ¦Β when you're fiveβ¦ wellβ¦ *everything* you do has unexpected consequencesβ¦Β hehβ¦ says you can't because if you do then *velociraptors will eat your face.*\n\n(As I think about it, explaining things to a movie audience isn't actually much different from explaining things to a five year old in the first place.)",
"To create clones you need to take the nucleus of a cell of one animal and place it in an egg without a nucleus of the same species. This is then given to the female and is grown in the normal fashion. Blood (in human's certainly) tends not have cell nuclei, hence it wouldn't be possible for humans. Even if you were able to get the cell nucleus from the blood of an animal trapped in sap for millions of years you wouldn't have an empty egg to put it in, nor would you have a mother capable of hosting it for long enough to harden and form a foetus.\n\nIn 5 year old speak - imagine you have one of those cars that you pull back, let go and they shoot off into the distance. You could take out the little motor of that car, but you'd need another little car that was almost identical to put it in to make it work. Not only that, but you'd need the exact same colour of carpet to pull it back on for it to work too.\n\nIt's been a while since I was 5.",
"I read in a dawkins book that there's just no way the DNA could survive so long. Even enclosed in amber and mosquito bodies.",
"I highly recommend watching the TED talk by Jack Horner: [Building a Dinosaur From a Chicken](_URL_0_)",
"Did you even see Jurassic Park?! THATS WHY. It was a documentary.",
"Because dinosaursβ¦ uhβ¦Β had their shot. They had it, and it wasβ¦Β uhβ¦Β 65 *million* years ago. Trying to throw humans and dinosaurs back togetherβ¦ wellβ¦Β the kind of control that would take, drunkenAmoebaβ¦Β it's notβ¦Β uhβ¦Β it's not possible. Chaos theoryβ¦Β which shouldn't take much explanation if you're five becauseβ¦ uhβ¦Β when you're fiveβ¦ wellβ¦ *everything* you do has unexpected consequencesβ¦Β hehβ¦ says you can't because if you do then *velociraptors will eat your face.*\n\n(As I think about it, explaining things to a movie audience isn't actually much different from explaining things to a five year old in the first place.)"
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33x7do | sd cards | multipart question (poor formatting because I'm mobile)
1. SD cards, a very small piece of plastic with a few grams of metal, is extremely expensive. whats the raw cost of an SD card (the price of the plastic + metal), ignoring everything else -surely the price is extremely small, and manufacturing these on a large scale should be eady, surely the price would be less than what it is?
2. A modern SD card can storeup to 500gb, my clunky hard drive weighs a decent amount and is quite big. If you out all the actual data storing parts of an sd card and laid them together in the same volume as a hard drive, you'd have .....a lot
Please forgive my ignorance and answer my questions with patience! Thank you! Apologies for my stupidity | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33x7do/eli5_sd_cards/ | {
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"You are right the plastics bits and the copper contacts that make up moth of the SD card that you can see have a negligible price. They are not worth much.\n\nThe actual flash memory itself inside the card is what makes up most of the price. It consists of stuff like silicone and metals and other stuff that doesn't seem to be to expensive (there are some that uses titanium which is expensive but they only use it in minute quantities).\n\nthe trick is that when you say that your SD card stores 500GB that means that it stores (roughly) 500 billion bytes or 4 trillion bits. There has to be structure inside the SD card to store every single of these bits (actually more due to error correction etc). These structures are incredibly fine (they might be on the scale of 40 nano-meters where 1 nm is a billionth of a meter).\n\nThe trick is not the raw materials but getting the stuff in the right shape down to a scale that is a thousand time smaller than the width of a human hair. This is not easy and a lot of very expensive research had to be done to figure out how to get it right and some extremely expensive machines have to constructed and kept running to make these things.\n\nThe price for current solid state storage is actually pretty cheap if you have been around for a few years and remember how much more expensive everything used to be.\n\nThe thing that you are proposing with the harddrives is basically what a [modern SSD is](_URL_0_). the tiny black chips here contain (sort of) the same sort of things that are in your SD card.\n\n"
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1oaldb | if a bank goes out of business and i happen to have a mortgage with said bank, what would happen? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1oaldb/eli5_if_a_bank_goes_out_of_business_and_i_happen/ | {
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"They would sell your debt to someone else as a way of paying off their debts, and now you owe your mortgage to some other entity.",
"Essentially, the debt they have on you is an asset, in much the same was a copy machine or the office desks are an asset. If they go bankrupt, they don't just burn the building and walk away, they sell their assets (Xerox machines, mortgages, etc...) for as much as they are able in an attempt to satisfy THEIR creditors"
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1imlbm | the difference between poisonous and toxic things | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1imlbm/eli5_the_difference_between_poisonous_and_toxic/ | {
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"The term poison refers to any substance that is harmful to your body if consumed. Toxin is a specific branch of poison, defining naturally created poisons. For example, many household cleaning substances are poisonous, but are artificially made and are not toxins.\nHere is the Article my information came from: _URL_0_"
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3xa2bb | how did futurama win 6 emmys but got canceled twice? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xa2bb/eli5_how_did_futurama_win_6_emmys_but_got/ | {
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"Being a good show doesnt mean a lot of people like it. A show may have great acting, amazing plot, good dialogue, etc., but the genre/premise/etc. may just not interest people. My father doesn't take animation seriously, he would never watch Futurama, no matter how much he would like it if he did. \n \nThere are a lot of shows people praise, but the premise of some are of just no interest to me, that doesn't mean I can't acknlowedge it's a good show. \n \nEDIT: This is now my highest comment/post, which was unexpected.",
"Most movies that win oscars don't make that much money either. awards doesn't mean popularity. That being said it will go down in history as being one of the best shows ever, along with scrubs ",
"Because it was expensive to make. \n\nWhat is better?\n\nSpend $1000 and make $10000 (so you keep $9000) or spend $10000 and make $18000 (so you keep$8000)?\n\nSince money is all that matters, the first option is much better even if it's not as good a show and liked by less people.",
"The *only* reason shows exist is so companies can sell ads that play during those shows. They can charge more for the ads when more people watch the show. The quality of the show has nothing to do with how many people watch it.\n\n(We are now living in an exciting time for TV in which companies are figuring out that they can make money without showing commercials, but that's a new thing that's irrelevant to why Futurama kept getting canceled.)",
"Because tv show ratings are still based on the system widely known for being hopelessly outdated and inaccurate: the Nielsen ratings ",
"Television shows stay on the air because they are successful, not because they are good. \n\nFuturama got canceled. Two and a Half Men was still the #1 show with Ashton fucking Kutcher.\n\n\nA great example would be the old Sci-Fi channel's show Farscape. Excellent show. One of the best science fiction shows ever made. But it was expensive, and the execs at the network didn't believe they could expand its audience any further, so it was canceled in favor of higher margin programming. Television networks run on money, not on quality. If both money and quality intersect (like the case with most HBO shows, for example), it's more of an exception, rather than the rule.\n\nSuccess, more often than not, means appealing to the broadest audience possible, and that often means a lower common denominator.",
"Grew in popularity, dropped in popularity, canceled.\n\nCult status, grew in popularity, dropped in popularity, canceled.\n\npretty much how it went.",
"You know how some shows are popular with certain kinds of people? Like computer geeks like Mr. Robot more than average, comic book fans like Agents of Shield more than average, college students like Archer more than average... Well, the people who select entertainment to give out awards are just a different group/subculture, and they can like stuff regardless of how popular or unpopular it is with the general TV watching audience.",
"I believe I had read somewhere that Groening went through hell to get Fox to put it on the air, and they kept putting it in terrible time slots. Poor and irregular scheduling to make room for sports or other events would make even dedicated viewers stop tuning in.\n\nEDIT: Wikipedia was my source, as a college student that's good enough for me.\n\nEDIT 2: Forgot the r in Groening ",
"Oh my god. Dude. I've been searching for the name of this show for so long. No one I asked had heard of it. I tried to look it up but the only thing I could remember is that it had a robot in it. I'm gonna try to watch every episode now. I just need to know if it's on Netflix.\n\nEdit: It is on Netflix, people!",
"The easiest way to explain it is this: Numbers.\n\nYou don't win awards based on how many people watch the show. You win awards based of what other people in the industry think of your show. If you have shitty viewer numbers, you will be canceled.\n\nIt sucks to be that way since I liked stuff like Jericho and Pushing Daisies and Wonder Falls, but they just didn't have the numbers backing them.",
"Here's what no one is saying: because it was EXPENSIVE. Futurama, if I remember correctly, cost upwards of a million dollars per episode. That's a LOT of money to recoup with advertising, so it's easy to see how even a really good show might still lose money for the network. ",
"Originally because FOX didnt know what the fuck they were doing.\n\n\nThe first and foremost cause of FOX refusing to order new episodes after four production seasons is attributed to the price of the show and its decreasing popularity. Despite Futurama's pilot episode, \"Space Pilot 3000\", being the most watched pilot episode on FOX when it aired,[3] the show had been decreasing slowly in popularity over time, and FOX was disappointed in the show, which they had assumed could gain a popularity like their other show, The Simpsons, and even within FOX, arguments arose regarding whether they had kept Futurama alive for too long.\nHowever, despite FOX's own disappointment with the show, FOX themselves were to some degree responsible for the decreasing viewership of the show. Indeed, its popularity had not gone down, but rather the amount of viewers it had, as the show had moved to a less popular timeslot since \"I, Roommate\". In addition to the less popular timeslot, it was also highly unstable, as FOX would often put off an episode for another event, e.g. sporting or news reports. This made new episodes highly unpredictable for viewers.\nIndeed, FOX's unstable airing eventually led to the airing of five broadcast seasons, rather than the four produced.[4][5] Not only were episodes aired out of order, but examples like \"The Route of All Evil\" had to be pushed back two entire seasons.[6] This unpredictable nature, the unpopular timeslot eventually lead to the demise of the viewership and the show's popularity in terms of numbers.\nDespite the fact that \"Space Pilot 3000\", the pilot, was a very popular pilot episode in terms of viewership,[3][7] as well as the second episode, \"The Series Has Landed\",[8] whose popularity was attributed to the Sunday line up it was in, with the lead-in show of The Simpsons as well as X-Files after the show, FOX decided to move the show to its Tuesday line up instead, beginning with \"I, Roommate\", which as expected hurt the show's ratings.[9] And the show continued to dwell on these ratings for four broadcast seasons.\n\n[Source](_URL_0_)\n\nTLDR- FOX kept changing the timeslot and playing things out of order, saw loss of veiwers as loss of populatity.",
"Because you don't get emmys for ratings, and that's what decides if a program stays or goes. ",
"Most likely because lots of the jokes went straight over plenty of people's heads. You had to have at least a high-school grasp of math and science to understand many of the more subtle jokes, and this is in a country where people are proud of not understanding science. \n\nIt makes me so sad that one of the most intelligent and funny shows I've ever seen was canceled because not enough people were smart enough to get it.",
"I seem to recall Futurama was a hotspot for drama. Fox wanted more control over it and the producers wouldn't give it to them. This led to shitty time slots, which led to a dwindling audience, which led to Futurama getting canned for the first time.\n\nThat led to the direct to DVD movies, three of the four being extremely good and one being just \"eh,\" which wrapped up the story the way they wanted.\n\nThe show was picked up again because of the popularity of said movies. It went for two more 26 episode seasons... That is a crapload of episodes! Shows fade away eventually and it stopped bringing the audience it used to.\n\nI'm in hopes of it being picked up again though. I love Futurama.",
"I think part of what turned people off is that it is an adult cartoon popularized at the same time as Family Guy, which the more conservative consider a rather crass and offensive show. However, Futurama was wrongly grouped with FG. For anyone that follows the story line, it is apparent that it has one of the most heartfelt plots with developed relationships. I mean, final season, Fry and Leela, so fucking sweet. ",
"Fox sells advertising, not good feelings. They didn't profit enough so they tried other things.",
"Bender's Big Score explains it pretty well in the [first couple minutes](_URL_0_).\n\nSome executives failed to recognize Futurama's (potential) success and importance and instead compared it to other shows that were running at the time and did better. Not because the other shows were better but because they created better revenue thanks to the common joe watching and eating them up. In the end for most executives it's all about money, not content.",
"I had the chance to ask Matt Groening a similar question back in early 2013 (so it hadn't been cancelled for the second time yet). Here's the ELI5 version of his explanation for the first cancellation.\n\nThe network let Groening pretty much do what he wanted when he created the Simpsons because the cartoon-for-adults thing was new, and the studio wasn't sure how it would work. When he made Futurama, the format was pretty established, so the studio wanted more say. Groening didn't really like this, so he fought with the studio. To punish him (in his view), Fox moved Futurama to a really bad timeslot. (Early evening on Sundays, I think? Basically sports often pre-empted the show). Fewer people watched because of the bad timeslot, and the show was expensive to make, so Fox eventually cancelled the show.\n\nSource: Asked Matt Groening about how Futurama came back during his panel at the UCLA Law Entertainment Law event in 2013.",
"Because Fox is full of idiots, have you seen what they call news?",
"As others have said it is never about quality but more about profit. \n\nIn the case of Futurama, though, Fox executives did not understand the appeal of the show at all and seemed to assume it would be a clone of the Jetsons back when they greenlit production. They talk about it to some extent in the DVD commentaries. The execs at FOX had very little say in the content of the show so they gradually killed its following by shifting its timeslot wildly and routinely changing broadcast dates with almost no warning. It was actually the highest rated FOX pilot in history and one of the top rated shows in its original timeslot, matching The Simpsons with its second episode. The show then abruptly changed timeslots, where it was still one of the highest rated shows on TV. Imo it was a corporate power play similar to what they did to The Critic, which was actually INCREASING in viewers when it was cancelled. \n\nThe comedy central one seemed legitimate, though. Ratings were dropping and costs were still high, meanwhile the episodes didn't seem nearly as tightly written. ",
"[The same way Arrested Development got fucked by FOX](_URL_0_)",
"I will admit to being a hard ass most of the time, but Futurama has moved me to tears repeatedly with episodes like Jurassic Bark and Game of Tones. This show deserves awards.",
"Most people like really dumb shows. It doesn't take a lot of neurons firing to watch DWTS.",
"Just because a shows good doesnt mean people will watch it. \nSame goes for the inverse. Look at big bang that shows awful and has so many viewers and is always on",
"Top comment is wrong. Futurama got killed because the president/CEO of Fox at the time hated the show during its first run and believed different shows and a different format would be a better direction for the network. Additionally, there was some push back from writers when said pres. and other execs tried influencing the show's writing too much. The people in charge didn't like that so that added to its cancellation.\n\nAs for the Comedy Central run: The old writers (or most of them) could not be brought back onto the show because they were involved with other projects after the almost 10 year gap of the show's hiatus. The writing suffered outside of the mini-series format because Comedy Central gave a hard lined budget for Futurama and the writing team was either shrunk and/or good talent could not be secured when the show was brought onto a full season schedule. The show suffered from bad writing and a target audience having aged and moved on and no longer caring about an old cartoon show.\n\nFuturama was an exceptional case in all honesty and did not suffer the typical fate of many critically acclaimed shows that go unwatched. It's all available to read online if anyone's interested, but I'm positive I'm too late in posting and top commentor's misinformation will still win out.",
"It wasn't The Simpsons?",
"Didn't really get to scroll through all the comments, but some people have touched pieces of the answer.\n\nAnswer: Because the Emmys (like the Oscars and the Grammys) aren't a people's choice or popularity contest. Members of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences cast votes for their favorites. Members are all creatives professionals in the industry. So while this means that Futurama may be loved by the creatives in the industry (who are more the creatives than the executives), it didn't get the type of ratings, or portray the correct viewpoints of the main sponsors on said network.\n\nA lot of networks have established partnerships with certain ad buyers for seasons or shows, Annheiser-Busch being a goliath with lots of ad money to throw around. They may just not like a specific show's tone or audience and not buy on during the Upfronts. Shows like that don't tend to last very long.\n\nRemember, all of those major award shows are held and voted on by their respective academies. So the next time you see something win and you're like \"I have no clue who/what the hell that is even!?\", it's because it's not a people's choice award.",
"Remember that family guy bit when they came back from being cancelled, where Peter announces to the Family they've been cancelled, and they'd only be able to come back if all these shows Fox were introducing got cancelled, then proceeds to list off like 50 new shows that cancelled between Family Guy's Season 3 and Season 4?\n\nYeah, turns out american TV just really likes cancelling things.",
"I liked futurama, but it's not exactly the show you would put on when friends ask to watch something funny (unless you know they're into shows with a similar style of humor such as Archer/Bojack Horseman). It definitely takes a bit of time to get into before you start liking it, and it takes much less time to watch less than an episode and say \"this is stupid.\"",
"Capitalism. Awards are a measure of quality, while ratings are a measure of monetizable popularity. Since money rules, ratings determine a show's fate and awards only matter if they increase popularity. ",
"No correlation between Emmys and ratings.\n\nI am surprised there are so many comments. The answer is that simple.",
"TV shows live or die by ratings. The smarter, better, more niche a show is, the more likely its audience are downloaders and not tune-inners. \n\nHence those audience don't feed the ratings machine. That's why so many smart, high concept ambitious shows get shitcanned after season 2 or 3 but we're on season 800 of Dancing with the Stars. ",
"well to not answer your question...\n\nthese questions are seeming more and more like they are being asked by actual people of that age",
"Awards mean critics like the show.\n\nRatings mean the public watches the show, and that advertisers pay a lot of money.",
"Emmy's =/= viewers. Quality =/= advertising dollars. \n\nAt the end of the day, quality shows get cancelled because enough people aren't watching them, therefore the network can't meet their goal in advertising revenue. \n\nHannibal is a great example. It had universal critical acclaim and was one of the best shows on TV; unfortunately enough people didn't watch it to justify it's existence. \n\nSometimes this comes down to what network a program is on as well. A show like Futurama can have a successful run somewhere like [AS], but fail on Fox. The average viewer of adult cartoons on Fox is looking for something like Family Guy - something more risquΓ©, with teenage humor and plenty of fart jokes. \n\nA show like Hannibal could have been a huge hit on AMC, FX, HBO, or Netflix. It was way too artistic for NBC.\nSadly, they can replace an amazing show like Hannibal with *yet another* procedural Law and Order/CSI-InsertCityHere reitteration and get better ratings. \n\nWe determine this. If we want this to quit happening then we need to demand quality. A good start is by supporting and sharing great programs. \n\nEdit: typo\n",
"People are slow, it took years for us to catch on to hiw brilliant it was but by then it was already cancelled.",
"Because many corporate executives are stupid monkeys who think that they need to stamp their newly acquired authority on everything around them and dismiss and destroy what the corporate executives before them did, in favor of the new and better things the new corporate executive thinks are cool.",
"Being cancelled twice means it got reinstated at least once, as far as I'm aware not many shows come back like that. ^^^Don't ^^^listen ^^^to ^^^me ^^^I'm ^^^hungover",
"One Word. Fox. At least for the first cancellation. They have a terrible track record of killing off great shows.",
"Hello mastercard? I'd like to pay my debts with emmys",
"Revenue(ratings and ad potential) - cost of production. The reason bad shows survive is because they are cheap to make. Futurama wasn't cheap to make.",
"How did you make it through one day of high school and not learn that popularity has no connection with quality.",
"Technically the show has only technically been cancelled 1 time, there was just a long gap between when fox ended it and when Comedy Central decided to create new episodes (signed the contract). I also suspect much of the delay was due to Cartoon Networks contract to rerun the original series for about 5 years.\n\nWhen the show came out in 2009 by Fox it did well at 1st, but as many shows do the formula was not enough to keep that audience for the 3rd season. So Fox did not continue it\n\nLater Cartoon Network picked it up for reruns, due to the following that did watch the reruns, some movies were made (not in theatre but direct to video). This ran until their contract expired in 2008\n\nComedy Central picked it up and wanted to turn the movies into episodes plus more. So they set an agreement with Fox (who still owned the rights) to do new episodes so another 2-3 seasons in all.\n\nAfter those finished they decided to do a season 7, however that did not quite keep the rating needed, and ended up being the last season.\n\nThere has always been a strong cult following, and there may be attempts to revitalize the series\n\n\nAs far as Emmys and other awards, it seems the Awards do not always reflect he popularity overall, and do have a tendency to give awards to niche shows/movies.\n\nFuturama will be around for a while (no new series at this time), however in order to make new episodes a new direction may be needed as the existing story has been run out for the most part.\n\nFamily guy would be a good example of the show that survives multiple cancellations.",
"There's not exactly a strong correlation between quality media and popular media. That's why the argumenta of \"opinions are never wrong\" and \"it's good if people think it's good\" have never been more than childish nonsense you learn in preschool. It's frustrating. It prevents people from realizing they can separate their own biases from their objective evaluations of things. For example, I know Survivor is probably fake and often terribly stupid with only a few redeeming qualities (occasional clever strategic plays, a couple of tense tribal councils a year and some good challenges). It's not a high quality piece of television. But I love it. The vast majority of people seem incapable of doing what I just did. Admitting that something they enjoy isn't good just because they enjoy it. \n\nI know this is tough for some people, but the Big Bang Theory is unoriginal, repetitive, poorly written, simple humor played out by a bunch of mediocre actors and one solid one. That doesn't mean you can't enjoy the show. It doesn't mean it can't be your favorite. It does mean that it isn't a high quality show. \n\nOn the opposite end, Futurama is incredibly smart, well written, clever and often original humor voiced by an incredible cast. You're still allowed to dislike it, as many clearly didn't, which is why it got cancelled despite being good enough to win awards. ",
"It's because people like my wife refuse to watch anything outside of their comfort zone. I had a hard enough time to get her to watch The Shawshank Redemption, let alone Futurama. ",
"Emmys are given for quality work that is impressive from a talent perspective. \n\nAiring a show is based on money, so cancellation is also based on money.",
"Oh sure it was good, but after about the 3rd Emmy everyone was *Groening*.\n\nI'll see myself out.",
"They don't base show cancellations on Emmys. It's based on viewership. That show 30 Rock won every award but could not buy an audience. Remember critics usually have far different taste than the general public. ",
"1. It was smart, and well-written.\n\n2. It bounced around days and times like madness during its entire run.\n\nBoth combined to create a toxic situation in the hearts and souls of a mostly American viewership.",
"To quote another Groening show: \"Too smart for the corndog crowd, too dumb for the bagel bunch.\"",
"Because good things aren't always enjoyed by most... I mean it's like why is pop so ...popular. ",
"Or how you pay for HBO and they cancel Carnivale, Deadwood and John From Cincinnati in the middle of the story. ",
"Oh silly, that's like asking \"why did Firefly get canceled???\" \n\n\n*cough cough Fox cough*",
"Nobody watching critically acclaimed show = no money = no season renewals. That's about as ELI5 as one can make it.",
"The biggest problem was that Fox put it on at 7pm, so it was constantly getting pre-empted by football that would always run late",
"I remember regularly looking forward to a new Futurama on Sunday at 7PM only to have the football/baseball/ANY game run into that timeslot and they wouldn't show it. Fox gave Futurama a terrible time slot and aired it irregularly, then they were shocked when it didn't do well.",
"Please forgive me here, I tread lightly on reddit in this area.. but I know people are going to wax poetic about how america doesn't understand quality or it's all about the benjamins or some kind of crap like that.\n\n***For the record, I love Futurama, I still watch the episodes over and over.***\n\n\nFuturama's 6 emmy's:\n\nOutstanding Voice-Over Performance - 2012\n\nOutstanding Animated Program - 2011\n\nOutstanding Voice-Over Performance - 2011\n\nOutstanding Animated Program (for programming less than one hour) - 2002\n\nOutstanding Individual Achievement In Animation - 2001 \n\nOutstanding Individual Achievement In Animation - 2000 \n\nTwo are for voice over.. this is not a testament to the show, but to a particular person, Maurice LaMarche is an excellent voice actor.\n\nThe others are all in a very limited field of candidates. It is not like 'Best comedy\" or \"Best film\" where there are literally hundreds of potential and worthy candidates. The field was very small and one has to win.\n\nI am not saying this to take away from the achievements, but to put it into perspective. If you had an emmy for the \"best bag of something\" and 10 entrants all presented 10 different bags of different kind of shit, one bag of shit would win. (*this is essentially what happens in the \"best comedy\" category lol*)\n\nAgain, I am NOT saying Futurama was a bag of shit, far from it, I am just saying.. *someone has to win* and Futurama had the \"best episode\" in the years that it won. \n\nAn Emmy means virtually nothing. So that is why it can be cancelled and still win an Emmy. Emmy < > ratings.\n\n",
"Futurama post not in /r/futurama? Yesssssss. Let's get those ratings up! On Netflix!!",
"Because of the morons at the Box network. Torgo's Executive Powder anyone?",
"How is this really a question? This is a one-line answer, truly ELI5 answer:\n\nBecause an award is not money."
]
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2yimbh | why is the letter the 47 republican senators sent to iran today such a big deal? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yimbh/eli5_why_is_the_letter_the_47_republican_senators/ | {
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"Well, for one there is the [Logan Act](_URL_0_)\nAnd then again, aren't we all getting a little tired of the Republican's shit?",
"Negotiating with foreign powers is the job of the executive branch (president and Department of State). The Senate is only supposed to ratify foreign treaties.",
"Essentially the Republicans are telling Iran that any nuclear agreement made with the Obama administration will be deemed null and void after the next US election (presumably if the Republicans win a majority).\n\nWhat is so serious is that The Republicans are trying to undermine the government in the most flagrant and nihilistic manner possible. This is unprecedented and in many countries this might have been regarded sedition or even treason.",
"Beyond the comments provided, I'd like to posit that the letter is, in fact, not a big deal. It's rather political posturing. \n\nAs one commenter rightly noted, the Executive Branch is charged with foreign relations. The letter authored by electees of the Legislative Branch is, in diplomatic circles, useless as it does not represent the intent of the Executive Branch's implementation of American strategy. Only the Executive Branch executes American foreign policy. \n\nAnd I write that as a right-leaning pinche Mexi border taco-sucking bitch who also likes sous vide and tempura-crusted-pork-belly-a-la-Corsicana, but despite my poverty-stricken, clueless roots Iβm right about the role of the Executive Branch to implement foreign policy. And the idiot Congresscritters who signed onto that letter are all wrong, and dumbass pinche tools of their own K Street betters."
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fvx8n5 | how do companies like gm and apple quickly pivot to making new products like masks and ventilators? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fvx8n5/eli5_how_do_companies_like_gm_and_apple_quickly/ | {
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"I think itβs not so much that they switch to manufacturing masks and ventilators, they just have them already and are donating them. At least for apple and other big tech companies, their factories are big clean rooms, so they have plenty of masks already."
]
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5d6nuu | what would happen in the usa if someone tore a ligament (such as acl) and didn't have health insurance? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5d6nuu/eli5what_would_happen_in_the_usa_if_someone_tore/ | {
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"You would have to pay out of pocket. Usually if you don't have insurance, you may be able to negotiate the costs with hospital to lower the amount due. \n\nGenerally, hospitals will charge more for procedures and hospital stays if a patient's insurance company is being billed. Hospitals will never receive the full amount that is billed, so they will increase the reported price of the procedures. If you are paying cash out-of-pocket, they may give you the prorated amount that they would expect to receive from insurance companies."
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3iuk49 | why do people who have sex in movies/shows smoke after it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3iuk49/eli5_why_do_people_who_have_sex_in_moviesshows/ | {
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"text": [
"It's TV trope, but based on reality. Back when I was a smoker the most enjoyable cigarettes were after sex, after a good meal, and when drinking."
]
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1st22j | please explain fetal alcohol syndrome (many more-specific questions herein) | I am a new teacher in the far north (Alaska), in a village where FAS is supposedly pretty commonplace. I understand some basics of FAS (the mother drinks during pregnancy, child is born with cognitive disabilities), but there's a lot that I don't know, or know how best to deal with. (As much as 35% of the kids at our school receive special education services, and many due to FAS; veteran teachers estimate the "suspected FAS" is much higher, up to about 75%.)
- Is there a huge variance in how FAS can affect people?
- Is there a very broad spectrum of disabilities/disorders that can result?
- Do we still label kids "ADD/ADHD" (and medicate accordingly, when appropriate) if they have FAS and exhibit behaviors/tendencies common to those things?
- Can FAS include physical handicaps (unrelated/not directly related to brain function) or "deformities" (for lack of a better word)?
- Can things that a person suffers from as a result of FAS be passed on from parent to child?
- What happens to the parent(s) of children who are officially "diagnosed" with FAS?
- Are there any good "popular science"-style readings (the more, the better!) about FAS that you might recommend? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1st22j/eli5_please_explain_fetal_alcohol_syndrome_many/ | {
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"Wow. Four months ago. Still, I think I can add a bit to this, and hope you will see it.\nMy mother has grown up with FAS. I don't expect anyone in her family would admit it, but she has the classical facial features (you are probably acquainted with these now, but if not, google fetal alcohol syndrome features or signs and look at the images). She has the odd ears, and the small head, the flat lip, the little, shifting eyes. She also has always had terrible anger management problems, is possibly bipolar, and, again unadmittedly, shows certain hard-to-define cognitive and emotive deficiencies. As in, she doesn't understand complicated things and shuts off. She is also cold, and simultaneously unable to manage everyday life without high drama over every single thing. \nThat said, she finished high school and worked as a secretary for thirty years. So she did function. She also drank quite a bit. She is now 86.\n \nMy grandmother got pregnant by \"the wrong kind of guy\" in 1926, at the age of 17. Before the shotgun wedding, which took place two months before the birth, the best I can figure is my grandma (a spoiled girl who styled herself a flapper) must have got drunk day after day, possibly attempting to abort. Or else, just being herself. So my mom has classic FAS features and personality, but her siblings don't. \n\nAnyway. Just wanted to say, it is a broad spectrum, and some of those kids will probably do okay despite it. For some it really won't be catastrophic.",
"1 & 2) It is a spectrum disorder ranging from mild to severe impairment, there is a broad and relatively unknown list of disabilities/disorders (by relatively unknown it is undetermined if some disorders children develop could be related to FAS or not when the mother admits to alcohol use during pregnancy). This is a newer thing, drinking in pregnancy is only more recently designated as \"Bad\". \n\n3) Having ADD/ADHD: this is more complex from the perspective of treatment medications are meant to treat symptoms, it is not \"treating\" the ADHD just managing the symptoms of it. Medication with comorbidities ( FAS/ADHD/ADD) is normal. You are more so labeling the symptoms they are presenting which is an acceptable way to convey what is going on with the child. \n\n4) These are primarily related to brain function, poor control physically/ abnormal development due to these delays could cause what you would call \"deformities\". There are a few marked physical characteristics that are usually facial but basically anything related to poor nutrition during pregnancy can cause a host of physical deformities this isn't just due to \"FAS\" this is the combination of poor nutrition resulting in poor fetal development. Lack of folate could cause neural tube defects or other growth issues (body grows unevenly, chest is larger than arms, enlarged kidneys, the list goes on) Physical handicaps could include:\n \"Examples include delay in walking (gross motor skills), difficulty writing or drawing (fine motor skills), clumsiness, balance problems, tremors, difficulty coordinating hands and fingers (dexterity), and poor sucking in babies.\" ~ source: _URL_3_\n\n5) FAS isn't passed from parent to child as in the parent suffered from FAS and now the child will have it inherently. ADHD/ADD and some of the disorders related to FAS are known to be familial, which just means that a child of a parent who has ADHD or ADD is more likely to have a child with ADD/ADHD. \n\n6) Upon birth if suspected, due to lack of prenatal care and other issues with the parents a child might be monitored. CPS may be called later on (the child will be usually delayed on the growth charts) if they don't make improvements. FAS can happen from a range of things, it is not always the parents \"fault\" unplanned pregnancies, dependence, all of these things can't be punished necessarily. Nor should they be, FAS can come from continued alcohol use throughout pregnancy or use during the first trimester. If continued issues arise with the heath of the child and lack of care, obvious neglect then steps might be taken. \n\nGood References:\n_URL_2_ \n_URL_0_\n_URL_1_\n\nI would suggest treating children with FAS as any child with learning disabilities. More than likely different types of teaching styles and stimulation will be necessary to get through to the child. ",
"Different races have different tolerances for alcohol, and this affects FAS. ",
"Read \"The Broken Cord\" by Michael Dorris, if you haven't already. A bit out of date but a good story nonetheless: the condition hasn't changed. The takeaway message that I got was that FAS (as opposed to fetal alcohol EFFECT, FAE, which is less serious and probably your \"suspected FAS\") is not the result of a glass of wine with dinner and shaving a few IQ points off the child. It's more like bottle-of-Popov-a-day, to the point where the kids are often abandoned or taken away due to neglect. ADD/ADHD are things that happen to healthy kids who have a little trouble in school: FAS is a catastrophe.\n\nPassed on: well, it's caused by behavior not genetics: but alcoholism has genetic and cultural precursors which would inherit. And I can't imagine the child in *Broken Cord* having the wit to contracept, or a girl in his condition to stay sober, so it would tend to perpetuate."
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"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974016-overview",
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"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/diagnosis.html"
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1u8mrr | what is nsa doing with my information? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1u8mrr/eli5_what_is_nsa_doing_with_my_information/ | {
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"It's collecting metadata (data about a conversation, not the conversation itself) into a big database so that, if the need ever arises, they can analyze that data to see who you might have conversed/connected to, or if you yourself were connected to someone.\n\nThat data would be analyzed to extract patterns and see if there are further areas in which to follow up for additional intelligence.\n\nAFAIK most of the data just sits there doing nothing until there's a reason to investigate and see where it goes. ",
"Most likely, absolutely nothing. Your information is sitting on a server somewhere, and will not even be read before it gets deleted, due to there being too much to store. \n\nHowever, this isn't defending the NSA's actions. Let's say a nice middle eastern man moves into the apartment next to you. The NSA has decided to investigate him. They discover he is your neighbor, and now they look at all your data to determine if you contacted him before he came into the country, whether you emailed him at all, whether or not you have any mutual friends or contacts. Such actions are insane breaches of privacy, all because some guy moved in next to you. \n\nThat is why \"I don't have anything to hide, let them snoop\" is a terrible defense of their actions. "
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4e8r2j | how and why we feel the emotion, "boredom" whenever we aren't doing anything? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4e8r2j/eli5_how_and_why_we_feel_the_emotion_boredom/ | {
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"Well I dunno about you but if I'm not on ADHD meds I feel bored damn near constantly. Like painful, unbearable boredom.\n\nSo... in light of that, I'm going to go out on a limb and say when you're sitting around doing nothing your brain is most likely not got a lot of dopamine action going on? And since most brains aren't too keen on that sort of situation, they'll likely try to bring this issue to your attention by telling you you're bored, which would seem to be brain-speak for \"there ain't enough dopamine in here, do something about it\". You feel a powerful urge to find something to do. If you succeed in finding something you gain a nice dopamine rush and boredom abates. If you don't succeed boredom continues until you find a way to fix the problem.\n\nOr if you've got bad enough ADHD you just run around like a lunatic trying desperately to find anything in the world that'll make the ants-in-your-skin mind-numbing boredom stop but nothing'll work for long because lol your brain is broken.",
"There may have been people who didn't feel boredom but the people who did feel boredom would have had an evolutionary advantage in that they would have been more likely to be out being productive, inventing new tools and alike. As a result they would be more likely to live longer healthier lives, their offspring would be more likely to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than people who were just happy to sit around and do nothing.",
"Probably because Blue Bell can't seem to get their act together. How long can it take to get Moo-lennium crunch into my local Kroger? "
]
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||
c1b99f | the differences and processes of rom and ram | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c1b99f/eli5_the_differences_and_processes_of_rom_and_ram/ | {
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"Rom - read only memory. The chip is programmed once, usually by using a writing voltage that is high enough to βburnβ the bits in. \n\nRam - random access memory. You can read and write to it. Writing doesnβt burn bits in, each bit is just basically a capacitor that temporarily stores a charge."
]
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[]
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||
9pcvff | why do car commercial disclaimers at the end always play so fast that you can't even understand what they're saying? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9pcvff/eli5_why_do_car_commercial_disclaimers_at_the_end/ | {
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"text": [
"Because the company is legally obliged to include the message but doesn't want to spend ad time that they pay for on legal requirement that doesn't help woth the sales. So they keep it as fast and short as possible. "
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48ratj | radio waves allegedly detected coming from another galaxy. how long ago are they likely to be from? | So I already looked up this part: radio waves travel at the speed of light.
If the waves are traveling at light's speed, does that mean that they are from a time that is how ever many light years away they are (divide by the speed of light, already in the formula)?
So does this mean that if they are coming from a civilization, that civilization existed that many years ago?
Or are these radio waves somehow contemporaneous with us?
And why does ELI5 sometimes disappear from reddit? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/48ratj/eli5radio_waves_allegedly_detected_coming_from/ | {
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"Radio astronomer checking in:\n\nYes, radio waves travel at the speed of light (radio waves ARE light, just lower energy than visible light), so the travel time is equal to the distance in light-years. Radio waves from a galaxy 10 million lightyears away will take 10 million years to get to us, or conversely we are now observing radio waves (and other light) created 10 million years ago in that galaxy.\n\nRadio waves from galaxies has been picked up for decades: it's completely natural (or rather, if there is any artificial radio emission, it's much much weaker than the natural emission). There's a couple of different physical processes that produce natural radio emission, so we can use measurements of radio emission in galaxies to understand what kind of physics goes on in those galaxies. For example, I work on studying magnetic fields in interstellar space by measuring radio emission that's been created/influenced by magnetic fields in our Galaxy or other nearby galaxies."
]
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1244rk | marginal cost | I have the definition as: increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output. But how exactly does this work? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1244rk/eli5_marginal_cost/ | {
"a_id": [
"c6rzoib"
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"text": [
"There are some business costs that don't depend on how productive you are. Even if you produce absolutely nothing this year, you still have to pay for building space and air conditioning and stuff.\n\nBut there are some costs that *do* depend on how productive you are. For instance, if you're building shovels, you need a certain amount of wood and steel per shovel you make. If you make more shovels you buy more, and if you make fewer shovels you buy less.\n\nMarginal costs are that second kind."
]
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6sz4ln | - why does water bead up where i wrote on a dirty car, and why does it take so long to disappear? | Today, I wrote "Hail Satan" on my mother's car that is covered in dust. She promptly sprayed it with the hose to clean it off, but nervously joked that it really was Satan immediately after the water beaded up and spelled it out again. She tried scrubbing it and spraying it, but it kept coming back (after about 4 cycles of that, it finally disappeared). Why did the water bead up there, and why did it take so long to disappear? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6sz4ln/eli5_why_does_water_bead_up_where_i_wrote_on_a/ | {
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"Oil from your skin and the fact that dust is abrasive when you write with your finger on dust it scratches the paint/ clear coat.",
"This is due to a phenomenon called surface tension. The most economical position for matter to be in is that with the least surface tension. For an amount of water, this is a bead. The surface of a car is coated in tiny particles, dust, pollen, smog etc, and these particles interact with the water, to spread the water out. Think about dropping a drop of water onto a paper towel. It instantly spreads out, because paper is made of cellulose and the -OH groups attract the water just like dirt on a car. If you wash and wax a car, you remove these particles that attract water and the water beads up, because the greatest interaction with the water is to itself, so surface tension is light and it forms a ball. Now when you take a dirty car and write \"Hail Satan\" on it, you remove enough of these particles that were once evenly distributed on the car hood, so that there are not enough of them to grab the water in the path of your finger. The water beads up."
]
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7mglm5 | why does produce from farmerβs markets cost more than organic produce from a grocery store if the middlemen are removed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7mglm5/eli5_why_does_produce_from_farmers_markets_cost/ | {
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"In countries like the USA (where labor is costly), farmer's market stands are not cost-efficient. You have a whole person or two, putting in 4-6 hours of work, just to sell a couple of hundred dollars worth of produce.",
"Produce from a real farmer's market is likely from a small, local farm. A lot of the organic produce at grocery stores [still comes from giant corporate factory farms](_URL_1_) just like the conventional produce, they just follow the USDA organic regulations. \n\nHowever you should still check that the farmer's market is a certified producer-only market. Otherwise it may actually just be [the same produce as the grocery store](_URL_0_) (bought from the same wholesalers) with a higher markup at a kitschy stand.",
"basic laws of economices 101 - supply vs demand...local producers at a farmers market are not selling truck loads of produce, they are selling bushel loads wchich costs more per volume..so you are getting fresh local produce and helping them make a few bucks (they have to rent that space too!)...so buying from a farmers market really has nothing to do with organics nor price - you are helping out a neighbor.... "
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"http://www.tampabay.com/projects/2016/food/farm-to-fable/farmers-markets/",
"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/science-sushi/httpblogsscientificamericancomscience-sushi20110718mythbusting-101-organic-farming-conventional-agriculture/"
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58yqjf | whΠ°t nutrΡΠ΅nts dΠΎΠ΅s ΡΠ°rtΡlΠ°gΠ΅ nΠ΅Π΅d? | For repairing itself | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58yqjf/eli5_whΠ°t_nutrΡΠ΅nts_dΠΎΠ΅s_ΡΠ°rtΡlΠ°gΠ΅_nΠ΅Π΅d/ | {
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"The non-essential amino acids proline and glycine are building blocks for cartilage. Your body can synthesize them, but dietary intake from gelatinous meats will likely aid in your body's ability to heal. A study was done which used radioactive dye on gelatin, which was then fed to rats with damaged connective tissue. Imaging showed that the ingested gelatin was sent to the site of the damaged tissue.",
"Cartilage is made out of mostly proteins (collagen and proteoglycan) by cells called chondrocytes.\n\nWhile I don't know a ton about the biochemical process by which it forms these proteins, like all other cells it needs at least two things to synthesize proteins: energy in the form of ATP (which it gets by metabolizing glucose and other molecules that we get in food) and raw materials in the form of amino acids (from digesting proteins or our body's own synthesis)"
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2pzf0t | if orangutans share approximately 97% dna with humans, why do they look so different than humans? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2pzf0t/eli5_if_orangutans_share_approximately_97_dna/ | {
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"The other 3%.\n\nAnd really, they don't look all that different from us. Sure, if you had 100 humans and one orangutan in a room, the orangutan would stand out; but if you had 1000 animals of all types, the orangutan and the human would look practically identical. Squid, cockroaches, snakes, and hummingbirds are all much more different from humans than orangutans are.",
"We have ***a lot*** of DNA. We have somewhere between 20,000 and 25,000 protein coding sequences which is still 1.5 percent of the total genome, and the entire genome is over 3 billion base pair long(the sequence of adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine)!! From human to human, the variation is only roughly .1 percent-ish, and look how different we are. Also, percent similarity is fairly dubious. Things like chromosome length, surrounding genes, methylation, etc are all things that influence what a DNA sequence actually does. "
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662wro | $ vs. Β’ | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/662wro/eli5_vs/ | {
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"To avoid ambiguity, although it isn't always the case that the main currency symbol goes in front. In many languages, it goes at the end regardless.\n\nHaving it in front is useful for two purposes, however. Firstly, it helps prevent people from adding digits to the front of the number (for example, turning 23.50$ into 523.50$; note that the decimal points prevents people from just adding to the *end* of the number, as well) and secondly, when reading, it provides context for the number before it appears, so a reader can immediately recognize that it is a currency amount that is about to appear. This is especially useful in English because we say \"$1.25\" as \"a dollar twenty-five\" or \"one twenty-five\" rather than \"one point two five dollars\".\n\nBut, as I said, some languages *do* have the currency symbol appear *after* the number, instead. One potential reason for this is when making a ledger. You can put the item first, then the price right-aligned, ending with the currency symbol. That way, all the currency symbols (and the decimal points) line up on the page, no matter how many digits are used for each line on the ledger."
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1094s1 | what should i be looking for when i'm reading nutrition facts? | What's considered healthy? Which fats do I not want? How much is too much? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1094s1/eli5_what_should_i_be_looking_for_when_im_reading/ | {
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"The most important fact you need to know: **Serving size** \nAnd also the \"Number of Servings\"",
"The actual nutritional content depends on what you want to focus on. \nFor example, if you want to prevent high blood pressure, then you need something with low sodium content. The lower the percentage, the better.\n\nSpeaking of percentages, they're usually based on a 2000-calorie diet.\nIf something says \"Sodium - 17%\", it means that if you consume 2000 calories in day, 17% of your sodium intake of the day comes from one serving of this product. \n\nRegarding fats, you don't want ANY Trans Fat. Trans Fats = BAD!! Nowadays a lot of companies have realized this and don't have any trans fat in their food. The good fats are polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats. Saturated fats are not good (but its hard to find food without saturated fats). ",
"Try to avoid any trans fats. The trans fats should be listed at 0 grams.",
"If you want to eat healthy, you need to jettison the idea that food is healthy or not healthy.\n\nYour body needs things to survive. It needs some amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, et cetera. \n\nHow much you need depends on your fitness and health goal(s), your particular body type and your activity level. If you get too much, you might gain weight or become sick, and if you get too little you'll lose weight or get sick. \n\nWhat you do is figure out the amount of each of those things that you need. You then read the nutrition label to determine how much of each of those things you get from that food, and whether it fits into your nurtritional needs or not.\n\nIf, say, you've only had 300 calories today, you could have a 1500 calorie piece of cake and be under a 2000-calorie daily goal. If you've already had 1000 calories, today, though, the cake will put you over.\n\nIt's not a question of whether the food is 'healthy'. It's a question of whether the food fits your nutritional needs at this time.",
"The important things to go to:\n\nServing size - you have to know the amount of food we're talking about. Alot of times one bottle of soda for instance will say in this 20 ounce bottle is 2 serving sizes then give you the information for just one serving size. Of course you're going to finish the bottle in one sitting, so make sure to double the numbers.\n\nNext: calories. Calories are directly related to weight. Muscle is heavier than fat, yes. But a low calorie diet will help you lose fat and thus shed weight. You want about 1600 calories in a day. For your metabolism to continually be stimulated try to divvy these up into 200-400 calorie small snack/meals. But I don't have time for that personally. \n\nAfter that, I like to look at the sugar content. One teaspoon has about 4.2 grams of sugar. So if that soda has 44 grams of sugar, imagine eating 10 teaspoons of sugar, just right then and there because that's what you're doing.\n\nSometimes I look at fat. I know fat and carbs are important to some people but most of the things I get don't have that high fat content. The gov recommends that you get 65g of fat so keep that in mind.\n\nAnd finally I look at protein, sodium and whatever vitamins it might have. Sometimes they artificially put in vitamins so it'll have 10%. That's meh. If it has 25% or even 50% that's a really good source of that vitamin. I'm on a high sodium diet so it's important to me to get the saltiest. And protein, you want to try to get 50g a day, it builds muscle. \n\n**TL;DR:** What you look at is largely based on your specific needs. But everyone should keep an eye on their serving size, caloric intake, fat and sugar. "
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b4100l | why/how does the gas released by freshly cut onions clear the nose and sinuses when ill? | Some clarification: In my family when we have a cold or a more severe illness involving a blocked or runny nose or pain in the ear canal, we cut up a big onion, roll it up in a thin linen cloth and hang it around our neck with the use of a safety-pin. The onion needs to be refreshed every 8-12 hours for the effect to last.
It works wonders, but I can't explain it.
\*Sidenote: You barely notice the smell when wearing it since you grow accustomed to it, but the entire house will smell of onion, which is not as enjoyable for anyone else walking around. But it works wonders, so we accept the smell (don't go out into public wearing the onion though, have mercy on the world). | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b4100l/eli5_whyhow_does_the_gas_released_by_freshly_cut/ | {
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"This \"gas\" (actually a volatile liquid) is called syn-propanethial-S-oxide. It is an irritant that affects the mucous membranes and tear glands to secrete a lot of liquid. This liquid washes out any hardened snot that might be stuck to your mucous membranes."
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1ir9r3 | can anyone recommend me some eli5-like books on finance/money? | I don't really know anything about financial terms like pensions, credit, equity, assets, trusts, etc... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ir9r3/can_anyone_recommend_me_some_eli5like_books_on/ | {
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"The dummies books are great, they have them on financing and all of those topics you talked about and they'll walk you through how to do those things. \n\nSource: success in several investments from reading those books"
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2eyhce | when i'm on a cell phone, and i can hear the other person crystal clear, but they say the quality is so bad on their end that they can hardly understand me, what's going on? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2eyhce/eli5_when_im_on_a_cell_phone_and_i_can_hear_the/ | {
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"Cell towers have more power than a phone, so \"tower to phone\" is more reliable than \"phone to tower\". For example, if you are close to your tower and the other person is far away from their tower, they can hear you fine, but their return signal may have trouble reaching the tower.",
"Cellular uplink and downlink work on two fairly widely spaced radio frequencies. It's very possible that there is RF interference on only one of the frequencies, causing uplink or downlink specific interference. ",
"Do you have your finger over the microphone hole? I was doing that when I got my new S3.",
"Something I finally know.\n\nThere are a couple of reason but the most common one and the one we are still trying to figure out is multi link (im going to come back and correct this I dont remember the name off the top of my head). What basically happens is the your phone sends out a signal, but it sends it out in all direction and the signal bounces all over the place. When the signals bounce they will take different paths before the get to the tower. Since they took different paths some paths are going to longer than others. The signal arrives at different times and at different parts of the signal and sometimes they cancel each other out. This is also the reason why you can have full signal, walk a couple of feet and have no signal.\n\nHope this helps. I'm drunk.",
"Ok, here it goes. Apologize for the length but see if this makes sense. Spent years in finance and engineering in Top 5 cell company. Much of this is simplified per ELI5 - can expand on a particular area if requested.\n\nYour cellphone company has competitively bought the right (from the FCC) to use radio frequencies (RF) in a certain metro or rural area. There are only a limited amount available for cell phone companies to buy. More frequencies cost millions but each pair of frequencies can carry the voices of 16 / 32 / 64 conversations depending upon the technology choices (read - trade offs) they have made in engineering and how much they want to spend on an area (read - potential revenue = investment) - and nowadays how much priority they have given delivering data to a smart phone (internet streams) over delivering your traditional voice call. With technology this differentiation between voice and data is fading but still there right now.\n\nA cellphone network looks just like a huge bee's honeycomb covering your state. Rural areas the cells are huge - covering miles - while in the city they are small (even as small as a block) - in order to carry more customers. Keep in mind, the larger the cell the more work your phone has to do to reach it - battery life (read - customer experience) counts. \n\nA tower in the center of one of the hexagons (one \"cell\" on honeycomb) will have three pairs of mouths (transmit) and ears (receive) - each one covering 120 degrees of the circle (360 degrees divided by 3) This enables me to use three different groups of RF signals and only having to invest in one tower. Building towers is expensive - sometimes we would do them at night on a Friday so neighborhoods would have difficulty stopping us via gov't entities. The large boxes at the bottom of the tower are full of hot equipment that must be continually air conditioned. As a network I want to minimize the investment in building the network (towers, air conditioners, generators or batteries) and will therefore make one tower into three with this 120 degree coverage splits. Now, trying not get complex but I cannot use the same RF in the cell next to me - I have to skip one honeycomb cell so the signals don't conflict. It is this reuse of my frequencies and the number of conversations I want to carry that dictates everything.\n\nImagine New York City - they literally have cell phone towers that cover a block or building (meaning low power) so that they can skip a block and then use the same frequencies all over again. Remember - this is about capacity and what they call blocking. Meaning - if try to place a call and it takes awhile - that is blocking - the system cannot find a free pair of RF for you to use and is waiting for someone to hang up. Lots of small cells equals lots of frequency reuse and lots of capacity - but also means lots of bucks. \n\nNext tower you see - take a look and see if you can spot the three sides of the tower at the top. Usually pairs of antennas. Often a tower will have multiple sets on it - the cell company that owns the tower (at the top) and others competitors that rent space on the tower (usually lower down.) Won't go into frequency strategy in this post - but know that just like an AM/FM radio the frequencies are different between the carriers and don't conflict with each other in a direct way. The lower down (renter) signal will not travel as far but that may be ok as the rental user may just be seeking to fill in a gap - in a valley or area with lots of buildings. Hospitals were always the worst - nearly impossible to get a signal inside with the shielding from X-ray / MRI equipment etc. Radio frequencies cover an area a little bit like swiss cheese - there are little holes everywhere where the signal gets lower (you see it as less bars on your phone - if carrier & handset maker are being truthful). With a strong signal your phone is doing less work - better battery life. With a weak signal - your phone is pumping out the power - less battery life. \n\nOK - now to the question - why is the quality different?\n\n There is a building somewhere (perhaps multiple) called Master Control (sounds like TRON). All calls go to this building (super fast) and either leave and enter the old Bell system to go to someones wired home or business (or other cell carrier). If you are calling mobile to mobile within the same carrier - it won't leave the building (if same city) and go right back out to the towers. Here is why this is important - the cell tower is minding its own business - sending out (talking) a greeting to any cell phone in the area. It does this on a control channel that is super strong. Every cell phone is always talking to three cell towers (if possible) via the control tower - your phone is constantly checking to see which of the three signals is strongest. Often you are moving so it moving between towers as well. Even if you are not talking but the phone is on - it is using this control channel to simply know where you are in the event someone calls the system with your number - it will know how to find you. This control channel also has a 140 character empty space (way way simplifying here) which is where text message move. This is why a text will go through (robust control channel) even when a phone call will not (no frequencies available.) If you are ever in trouble and limited time or battery to communicate - use text messaging to increase the odds of communication.\n\nNow the Master control is connected to all of the towers in an area via fiber (buried) or microwave dishes on towers (little salad bowls pointed sideways) connected via line of site to another microwave dish on another tower. When you dial the phone it is using the control channel to see if there is a pair of RF available for your use. If there is then it reserves those for you. Once it completes the other end of the call - as in someone answers - then it opens up those RF channels for talking and listening at the same time (called full duplex). Now if you are moving - then Master control is looking at all three towers to see which signal is getting stronger (the one you are moving towards) and is getting ready via the control channel to reserve another set of frequencies and hand you off between towers - give you to the next one. These are the occasional clicks you might here during your conversation. Now during a conversation the handset manufacturer put a chip inside your phone to smash your voice down to the minimum quality in order to help the carrier put as many people on a set of frequencies as possible (remember the 16 / 32/ 64) the more you compress the crappier it sounds. \n\nTo answer the question very directly - you may be on a non congested well engineered cell that is not forcing your phone to compress aggressively. While the recipient of your call is on a crappy cell with too many people on it. You hear fine but the other person is getting something awful. Now if that other person just moves around a little they may actually be moved to another cell and get an entirely better quality.\n\nTo add complexity - sometimes the carriers are in negotiations at their HQ about carrying each others data or voice in exchange for coverage in another city somewhere. Sometimes the engineers take it personally and raise the signal levels so high that it obliterates the other carriers signal - (kind of like a giant air horn going - forces the phone and system to do so much error correction (work to try and find your signal) that your voice on the other end sounds like you are talking underwater. Not that this ever happens :)\n\n",
"I call this phenomenon \"Every phone call I've ever had on TMobile.\" Data is pretty good, but voice is just terrible, even in spots on their map where it's supposed to work. ",
"There are essentially two signals at hand here. There's the signal you send - which the other person receives, and there's the signal the other person sends - which you receive. Your signal might be extremely weak and obfuscated, but enough to pass the reliability checks, they then only hear parts of what's spoken by you. Their signal might be extremely strong, then you then hear all of what's spoken by them.\n\nIn the end this is rolled up into one signal while on the towers, but for explanation purposes explaining two signals is better.\n\ne: for clarity there are two signals here, those being - you to the tower, and them to the tower. When on the tower traveling over the network to the tower sending it to whichever phone, it's essentially one transmission.",
"Your microphone might be gummed up. Check your phone specifications to find the microphone and see if its got stuff in it. I've had to clean my microphone hole a couple times now.",
"Other than cell signal strength, the other factors are the phone hardware itself and the bandwidth available, which ties in with signal strength somewhat. If your phone has a crappy microphone, crappy noise cancellation software/hardware, or crappy speakers and earpiece, these will all effect sound quality. \n\nIf you are in a 2G only area like the boonies or some almost dead zone, even with a strong 2G signal, you will only get 2G speeds and bandwidth. Since your audio conversation is purely a digital signal, with low bandwidth/speed the audio will be very compressed and low quality, making it sound hollow/garbled/electronic/monotone. People use to review cellphones by judging how close to landline quality the voice call was. Nowadays, they far surpass any traditional landline in call clarity, because the higher bandwidth/speed networks allow for higher quality and less compressed audio with higher bitrates, unless you are in a 2G zone of course. Fast smartphones can also deal with compressed audio of higher complexity that yields higher quality with a lower bitrate. \n\nI can cause a significant drop in audio quality on my phone if I go to network settings and drop it down from LTE to 2G/GSM only (people do this to save battery). Everyone I talk to sounds like muffled crap. Then I switch it back to LTE and it is very clear and distinct.",
"Do you have a phone with a flip over cover? If so don't cover the back of your phone with your case when you are talking on it. It blocks the noise cancellation mic, plus it can create a channel for the audio from your voice to travel up to the noise cancellation mic, thus subtracting your voice from the signal making you sound very muffled to the person on the other side.",
"I scanned the responses, but didn't see anything that holistically addressed your question.\n\nI think the ELI5 answer is there are *a lot* of asymmetries in the link. (i.e. the paths to and from the phones can be very different.)\n\nAs /u/haemaker mentioned, the uplink and downlink transmission powers are different, which can very understandably make it where you can hear someone, but they can't hear you (or, on their link, they can hear you, but you can't hear them).\n\nAt a hardware level there can also be asymmetries (e.g. your microphone isn't working, or your phone's cell chip works better for rx than tx).\n\n/u/Rideyourownride's post was a bit too long for an ELI5, but (s)he mentioned a couple good points: the link provisioning or compression levels are asymmetric (e.g. the choices your carrier makes given the available resources breaks the connection -- often because the uplink and downlink use different frequencies).\n\nAs /u/alliefm the cabling can make a difference. Nowadays most stuff is digital (though even then cabling *still* certainly makes a difference), but essentially the paths the voice data takes can be different (on a network level it can literally take *very* different paths, e.g. being routed through Austin vs. Memphis).\n\nMore advanced MIMO technologies can also asymmetrically affect links, as it means that multiple people can be sending/receiving simultaneously, and who you are paired with (or other factors) can also assymetrically affect link quality...\n\nSo, tl;dr is that the \"uplink\" and \"downlink\" aren't \"reciprocal\", and shit on every level can asymmetrically affect the quality of that link.",
"Give it up bro, she's just not into you. :)",
"Your thumb is over the microphone.",
"They don't like you and manufactured a reason to end the call quickly.",
"That person may not want to speak with you. I've used \"bad line\" on my probation officer many times.",
"They don't want to talk to you.",
"This person has no interest in talking with you and is giving you this creative excuse ",
"Yeah, a really simple explanation is that you're not talking into your phone properly. I spend a lot of time talking to people on their mobiles and I'm continually saying to them \"I can't hear you, can you please talk into your phone\" and they readjust and say \"sorry, is that better?\" and it usually is. \n\nFor some reason people tend to think that mobiles work like microphones and that if you're talking somewhere within it's environs then it broadcasts you. Not so. You have to talk into the mouthpiece precisely if you want the other party to hear you.",
"They're lying. They don't want to be on the phone. \n",
"Lots of technical explanations here on cell towers and signals. But I have also found another reason for this that is surprisingly common. The microphone on one of the phones is bad or partially busted, so the other person hears very poor voice. ",
"You annoy them, and they want to get off the phone",
" They are lying to you trying to get off the phone. Shut up already. ",
"There is also the option that there is dust clogging up your little microphone hole on your phone! If people are constantly telling you that you sound like your down a tunnel this is probably what is happening!!",
"Its because they dont like you and want to get off the phone with you :/",
"they are trying to get you off the phone",
"It depends on the scenario. \n\n1. Are you calling mobile to mobile in the same city served by the same switch? i.e. Verizon to Verizon. If so call quality mostly depends on the RF conditions and the equipment servicing the call.\n\n2. For all the remaining scenarios (mobile to land, Verizon mobile to Sprint mobile) your call will likely go over T1 trunks. These T1 trunks are generally run through 1 or more other Telecom companies before getting to the other end. For example a Verizon mobile calls a Sprint mobile. The call goes to the Verizon cell tower. From there it goes to the Switch which routes it over a T1 trunk through a Telecom (Charter, CenturyLink, etc) to the Sprint switch which sends to their cell tower and then over the air to the Sprint mobile. In this case the call quality depends on the RF conditions on the Verizon side, the quality of the T1 lines and the noise environment around the between Verizon and Sprint and finally the RF conditions on the Sprint side.\n\n\nAs you can see the second scenario has a lot more points where noise can be introduced.",
"The tower's signal is getting to your phone just fine. Your signal from the phone isn't hitting the tower.\n\nSee, the biggest problem with cell phones isn't how well you get the tower; but it's the other way. Compared to the tower; your phone is pumping out about as much power as a hamster wheel. It's such a small sliver of signal that it gets lost, easily; on the way to the tower. The towers have special antennas designed to make this work. \n\nSo, your phone sees the towers almost all the time. It's the towers that can't see your phone. You can hear someone fine because the tower puts out a lot of power. Your phone doesn't, so the transmission gets garbled.\n\nEveryone else gave the stupid answers I've ever heard. You people have no clue how your technology works.",
"OP, they just aren't that into you.",
"I'm a cell phone refurbisher and I can tell you with certainty the answer. We used to have to give some testers a voice recorder with voice commands on it to test mics... Because of heavy mouth breathing. The wind from you nose or mouth is causing the mics noise reduction to cut in and out. Try using a headset with a mic that dangles away from your windy face holes.\n \nI guarantee this is the only accurate answer.",
"Your microphone might be blocked. ",
"They don't want to talk to you. ",
"This is an important question that has been bugging me for far too long."
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20keib | what does the chipset on a motherboard do and how does it work? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20keib/eli5_what_does_the_chipset_on_a_motherboard_do/ | {
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"It manages communications between the CPU and the RAM and peripheral boards.",
"It lets the \"brain\" of the motherboard - the central processing unit or CPU - talk to all the other components of the motherboard like the memory, peripherals (disk, monitor, keyboard) etc. \n\nIf the CPU is the brain of the computer then the chipset is the rest of the central nervous system. "
]
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[],
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3aclf8 | do animals feel growth pain? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3aclf8/eli5_do_animals_feel_growth_pain/ | {
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"[They do](_URL_0_), if they have rapid enough growth like larger dogs. Since most of our pets don't have such rapid growth (cat, birds, fish), presumably they don't feel any pain. "
]
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[
"http://www.labbies.com/dysplasa.htm"
]
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||
4r3bak | can you increase the speed of sound by using different gasses? | Is there a gas that moves quicker than Co2, or is the movement of gases by pressure waves a constant force? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4r3bak/eli5can_you_increase_the_speed_of_sound_by_using/ | {
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"The speed of sound is increased if the density of the gas is lower. For example, in helium, the speed of sound is 1007m/s at atmospheric pressure and 20Β°C, almost three times as much as in air. In a heavy gas like xenon, it's only 178 m/s.\n\nThat is because the less dense gas is easier to push, while the force created by the pressure doesn't change.\n\n"
]
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|
1baxy4 | why progress bars always hang on 99/100% | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1baxy4/eli5_why_progress_bars_always_hang_on_99100/ | {
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"Progress bar values are basically made up by the developer. For some things they work pretty good. If you are downloading a 100MB file and have finished downloading 70MB then saying you are 70% done is pretty easy. For things like installing a game, where you have a huge number of files of different sizes it gets a little trickier, and for some things you can't really know ahead of time how long individual parts of the process will take, so you are really just guessing. This is why you will get stuck on a random number like 37% for a while, the instantly jump to 52%.\n\nNow in all cases though, developers will often have some sort of main execution section and when they finish that they are \"pretty much done\". So they set the progress bar to 99% or 100% and then they \"just do some cleanup\". Where cleanup are some usually small tasks they need to complete to really be finished with everything. Sometimes the developer simply underestimates exactly how much stuff they need to get done with (just this one more little thing, then I'll be done...) or he has to wait on the OS for something that takes some time he didn't account for. If they were expecting the main work to take a significant amount of time, then maybe this cleanup really is 1% of the total time, but if the main work gets done fast it appears to lag here. There is also a \"watch pot doesn't boil\" effect since you are just waiting for that final %.\n\nTL;DR Because the percents are made up by programmers, and programmers are bad at estimating how long things will take"
]
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[]
] |
||
3iax2q | why don't we have solar powered phones? | A phone that runs on energy from the sun the way solar powered calculators do. No solar powered phone chargers, an emergency phone that never needs a phone charger and runs purely on solar power. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3iax2q/eli5_why_dont_we_have_solar_powered_phones/ | {
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"text": [
"Solar panels don't generate nearly enough power. Solar powered calculators only take a tiny amount of power compared to a phone."
]
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[]
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|
6bh372 | why do we use implants for breast enlargement instead of something biological like stomache fat? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6bh372/eli5_why_do_we_use_implants_for_breast/ | {
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"Fat is a living tissue. Transplants of living tissue are more expensive and have higher risk of complications. Implants are biologically inert and relatively easy to implant.",
"Might also have to do with the structure of the breast and how the added fat is stored, stomach/thigh fat is used in Brazilian butt lifts (makes bum bigger) so obviously fat transplants can work ",
"This actually is a thing, but you have to use large amounts of fat as not all of it \"takes\" and has arguably more complication potential than implants (though it also produces ~~better~~ more natural looking results than implants). The Wikipedia page for \"Breast Augmentation\" (won't link because I'm not going to go there on this work computer...) has a rather large section devoted to the method you should check out.",
"This is a thing, relicating the fat and 'sculpting' the area youre taking fat from with liposuction, they then sterilize the fat, and reinject it but into the breasts this time. The only issue is that a lot of the time the fat will be reabsorbed and the procedure has to be re-done. No gangreen or completely disgusting affects unless its done improperly/with insterile equipment."
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1gbcgw | i want to understand important nutrient information. | I'm overweight, I don't want to be. Aside from calories, I don't know what cholesterol, carbohydrates, etc. are and what roles they play in maintaining health.
I have focusing issues, so reading up on this stuff through wikipedia has yielded nothing of value. Simplified answers seem to be my only choice. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gbcgw/eli5_i_want_to_understand_important_nutrient/ | {
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"Carbohydrates are sweet and starchy things, examples are: sugar, flour, bread, rice, corn, etc.\n\nFats are oils and greases. If it makes your fingers a little greasy when you touch it, it's probably got a LOT of fat in it.\n\nFor weight loss, it's pretty simple. All you want to do is emphasize green vegetables and lean meats, and de-emphasize fats and carbohydrates. I don't mean cut them out completely, just try to limit them."
]
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12gb7c | how did the uk nhs system work, what did the recent reform bill do to the system and what are the reasons for it? | I'm struggling to understand - I hear a lot about 'privatising' but can't really see how it works - why is competition good in healthcare sector? Pros & cons? And if it is really as bad as everyone says it is, why did the government implement it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/12gb7c/eli5_how_did_the_uk_nhs_system_work_what_did_the/ | {
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"There are some [great articles about the NHS reforms](_URL_2_) at the British Medical Journal's website.\n\n > And if it is really as bad as everyone says it is, why did the government implement it?\n\nMany [politicians](_URL_3_) and [peers](_URL_1_) held shares in private healthcare companies before pushing through the privatisation of up to [49%](_URL_0_) of the NHS.",
" > why is competition good in healthcare sector?\n\nEssentialy it's not, but we have lots of people who give lots of money to the people who run our country and then by chance the people who run our country decided that they have the same beliefs as the people who gave them the money.\n\n > And if it is really as bad as everyone says it is, why did the government implement it?\n\nBecause when they stop running the country they can now go and get very nice comfortable jobs which pay them millions of pounds per year in the companies which all their friends who run the healthcare companies own.\n\nAlso, it's worth noting that the changes aren't UK wide. I live in Scotland, and the people running things here decided that reform sounded like a bad idea, and so haven't undergone the reforms that have taken place in England. This means that the nature of the NHS in England and Scotland has diverged to a very large degree.",
"Okay. Lots of questions and I think I can answer them all relatively simply, at least I'll have a crack and see how I do. If I'm not clear, please ask me again.\n\n > How did the UK NHS system work?\n\nJust to be clear, the bill hasn't come in yet, so I'll answer this for right now. Right now the government gives Β£105 billion to ten primary care trusts (80%) and to some other strategic trusts (20%). Managers in these trusts then allocate the money to different hospitals, GP surgeries and other services based on local requirements and incentives. \n\n > What will the recent reform bill do to the system?\n\nIt will change the way it works so that small groups of GPs (local doctors 'on the front line') will have a budget for their area and use that to commission services from hospitals and service providers on behalf of their patients. It will also allow for more charities and companies to purchase areas of the NHS and run them for profit. \n\n > What are the reasons for it?\n\nDepends who you ask. There's a big push for austerity and cutting out all those managers should save some money, but then all the doctors commissioning the services will need managers because they're all full time doctors. Privatising some areas and incentivising them better may make them for efficient. The Conservative government likes the idea of localism. So if one area if very well off and the main problem is cancer and another is not well off and the main problem is drugs, they don't want a detriment to the well off people. \n\n > Why did the government implement it?\n\nThe reasons I've given above.\n\n > Why is competition a good thing? \n\nIn theory a government body hasn't the same incentives as a private company does. If an NHS trust is losing money (which most are at the moment) a private company would find that unacceptable, whereas the NHS trusts might just ask for more grants. The idea is a private company would increase efficiency and create innovation. Whether you believe that opinion is well grounded is up to to you. It also creates less liability for the government and it takes some heat of them. If private sector workers strike it's not as bad as if public sector ones do. \n\nI hope that makes sense and isn't too longwinded. \n\nedit; I accidentally a word",
"A good chunk of the Conservative party are largely opposed to the NHS and would prefer an American-style insurance system, though most won't say that openly 'cos it'd be political suicide. Instead they're trying to do it gradually by pushing through these reforms which get private sector firms into the system, as well as making the government-run portion less efficient to make the private sector look like a better alternative.",
" > ELI5: How did the UK NHS system work\n\nThere is no UK NHS. There are two, \"England and Wales\" and Scotland. Both run separately. Scotland decided it didn't want the reforms.",
"A pro and a con, both opinions:\n\nThe NHS is a bit of a dinosaur. It's been around for a long time without significant change to structure and management, despite a great deal of change in medicine and the population of the UK during that time. The argument has been made (including by some strongly in favour of the NHS) that reforms are a foot in the door on the way to significant changes to the bureaucracy of the NHS. Essentially, it's a way for the government to gain some control against a cabal of senior NHS staff, some of whom have their own agenda for keeping things the same. The NHS could run more efficiently and cheaply if it was restructured completely, and this is the beginning of a path towards that. \n\nOn the other hand, it can be said that the NHS, though not without it's flaws, is run for the people. A business will always be run for profit. Side effects of profit motive include showing preferential treatment to richer members of society, and perhaps more dangerously, acting to please the patients, rather than acting for their best interests. This could include an excess of unnecessary prescriptions, and the pandering to the potential dangerous whims of clients in an age of dodgy 'Web MD' diagnoses. There are many who are afraid that opening the door to reform is the beginning of the end of free healthcare for all, and will usher in an era of exclusion that plays into the hands of big pharmaceutical companies. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/reality-check-with-polly-curtis/2012/jan/19/health-bill-private-patients",
"http://socialinvestigations.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/nhs-privatisation-compilation-of.html",
"http://journals.bmj.com/site/nhsreforms/index.xhtml",
"http://theglobalawakening.wordpress.com/2012/09/17/mps-financial-links-to-companies-involved-in-private-healthcare/"
],
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6y6ey2 | how do physicists "solve" equations? | I was watching Interstellar the other day and Michael Caine's character is tasked to "solve gravity." The work was a huge equation on a bunch of blackboards. They talked about running iterations and that it only has to work once. What does that mean, how does one solve those science equations like E= mc^2 ? Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6y6ey2/eli5_how_do_physicists_solve_equations/ | {
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"Solving an equation is where you know the equation in one form, and want to rewrite it to another form, so it's easier to calculate the value of one of it's variables.\n\nIn your example of E = mc^2, say you know the energy E and the speed of light c, but want to know what the mass m is. You can rewrite that equation to E/c^2 = m. You have now 'solved the equation for m'.\n\nI'm not sure of how this fits into the context of the math in the movie - given that Hollywood is known to take liberties with scientific terminology - but that's what solving an equation means.",
"It depends on the equation. Note that it is also important to *derive* an equation, that is to come up with one that accurately models or predicts something. The equation you posted is trivial to solve. Take a mass value and multiply it by the speed of light twice. But deriving it, coming up with it, was more difficult.\n\nMany equations in physics are not so simple. Many are a type of \"differential equation\". These equations equate the rates of change of a function, constants and variables with each other. For example, you can model an oscillating spring. Its length is proportional to its acceleration, the velocity's rate of change over time. This is a differential equation. An early physics student would be tasked with finding a function that outputs a position at a given time. The equation was derived by Newton, Newton's second law. It can then have values substituted in for different situations, like a spring, and be solved.\n\nThe equation for gravity was derived by Einstein. It is a very complicted differential equation known as a field equation. It contains tensors which are a compact way of writing lots of information. It's basically a set of equations combined into one equation of tensors. It is very hard to solve. After Einstein derived it people began to try to solve it in different scenarios. The wierd affects gravity has on time is found in those solutions. The description of a black hole is found in a solution with particular values.\n\nNote that there are two ways of solving equations like this. Analytically and numerically. An analytic solution is an exact solution written down relativley simply. You can plug the solution into the equation and get an exact equality. But not all equations can be solved analytically. Some we dont know if an analytic solution exists, others have been shown that an analytic solution certainly doesn't exist. When this happens we can turn to a numeric solution. A numeric solution gives an approximate answer. Something like, the solution is bigger than 1 but less than 2. These numeric solutions usually get more accurate with more calculations being done. This is when we turn to computers. They can calculate very fast and hone in on a very accurate approximation. From bigger than 1 but less than 2 down to 1.4999999 plus or minus a small bit. "
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dhognl | why do nuclear explosions take the form of a shroom? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dhognl/eli5_why_do_nuclear_explosions_take_the_form_of_a/ | {
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"It's because of the air rise up. The center of the explosion is really hot, so the air expanses and it become lighter than the cold air above, so it starts rising. Then it drags the cold air around the explosion inside. \nWhen the hot air gets higher, it starts to get cold, it stops rising and spread out like a mushroom while the base is dragged in and up by the cold air.",
"Yes. But it's not just nuclear, any sufficiently big explosion is going to look like that. But aside from nuclear that's just volcanic explosions or explosions of whole munition warehouses. \n\nExplosions start out as a sphere of hot gas, the effect of the rest of the atmosphere moving back in shapes the smoke and debris into mushroom - the original sphere moves up forming the cap because it's hot, air rushing in from all sides shapes the stem, the ring is formed by the vortex from the updraft along the stem.",
"Yes, they do look like that (you can find lots of videos of nuclear tests on YouTube) and it's not just nuclear explosions - volcanic eruptions and large conventional bombs can also produce a mushroom cloud.\n\nThe shape forms because the explosion heats the air, and hot air rises, drawing the smoke upwards. But the rising air column is slowed down by friction with the cooler air around it, so as the air rises it starts to curl back on itself, forming a mushroom shaped cloud."
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1ex4rb | difference between several types of transistors? | What is the difference between MOSFET; PMOS, NMOS and BJT's?
What to they do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ex4rb/eli5_difference_between_several_types_of/ | {
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" > What is the difference between MOSFET; PMOS, NMOS and BJT's?\n\nFET transistors operate on electrical field, which because you're 5 we're going to just say is the same thing as voltage. Basically, with a MOSFET, it's the *voltage* between \"gate\" and \"drain\" that allows (in the case of N-channel) or chokes off (P-channel) current flowing through the transistor.\n\nBJTs are different than FETs because they act like they're controlled by current, rather than voltage. The amount of current flowing through the \"base\" of a BJT mostly determines the current that ends up going through the main body of the transistor.\n\n > What to they do?\n\nThey allow (or disallow) electrical current to flow. Really, that's it.\n\nNow, there is more than one way to do this allowing/disallowing. But, since you're 5, we won't get into the differences between saturated switching and linear circuit architectures."
]
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5onq5y | why do we have two lungs instead of one large lung? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5onq5y/eli5_why_do_we_have_two_lungs_instead_of_one/ | {
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"Redundancy. \n\nIt's an evolutionary advantage to be able to lose one lung, one hand, one kidney, one teste and still function. The energy needed to run two smaller v one large is basically the same. \n\nYou hear about people with a collapsed lung living. You don't hear about people with two collapsed lungs living. "
]
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||
dc2nh0 | joint cracking | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dc2nh0/eli5_joint_cracking/ | {
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"While still debateded, but we do know that carbon dioxide bubbles form in the joint cavity fluid, which then as you move your joint, would sometimes collapse.\n\nWhen the bubbles pop, you hear that distinctive pop noise. And bubbles don't form at a moment's notice, it takes time for the bubble to form which is why you can't repeatedly crack.\n\nAs for arthritis, they haven't found a medical connection yet.",
"It's the forming of bubbles by a process called cavitation. Basically you're making the volume of the joint larger, but the amount of gas/fluid/tissue stays the same so the pressure reduces. Because of this, it forms bubbles a little similar to the way soda forms bubbles when you open the cap. Then these bubbles pop making the noise. Unfortunately this doesn't really explain why you can't do it again immediately, as presumably the gases are still in the same area.\n\nCheck out the [wikipedia article](_URL_0_), it has some good explanations.",
"So question to supplement...\n\nWhy having never popped some joints, now starting popping, and now HAVE to pop? Is the initiation of popping the joint a self-driving long-term condition. Or was it just inevitable to need to alleviate the pressure as age continues? \n\n(i.e. I used to not be able to pop my neck. Now, early 30's, I HAVE to pop my neck several times a day to alleviate pressure. Did I bring this on?)"
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dd20xu | how does augmented reality work? looking for more of the technical aspect. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dd20xu/eli5_how_does_augmented_reality_work_looking_for/ | {
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"By sampling a 3D space in the real world using an array of sampling technologies it simply places digital assets within a virtualized space of matching proportions in a convincing manner creating the illusion the object is physically present.\n\nIt's just showing the user a digital copy of the environment with assets placed within it and.setting the walls and sampled objects from the real world to be transparent allowing you to see the real world behind it through the glass eye peice the digital image is bieng projected onto"
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5um071 | why do elevators decide to wait at the floors they do? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5um071/eli5_why_do_elevators_decide_to_wait_at_the/ | {
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"Most wait at the floor they are left. But some might be smart as to go back to the ground level so people can get to their workplace quicker and have to wait less to fetch one.",
"The simplest solution is to have elevators wait whereever they were called last. \n\nSome controllers are smart enough that they can be configured to move empty elevators around to prevent having multiple elevators waiting on one floor, and to minimize the wait time on high-demand origin floors. The exact algorithm varies between manufacturer and individual installation\n",
"Elevator algorithms are a common topic in computer science.\n\nThere are different strategies. The simplest is for them to stay on the last floor they delivered to until called. Another is to have a default floor to return to (often the lobby).\n\nAnother possibility is to change the resting floor based on time of day -- in an office building, having the resting floors be higher up makes more sense as most of the traffic will be going down. Or the algorithm can get even more sophisticated, constantly updating its database with deliveries by floor, and by weight, and staging the elevators based on historical trends for time of day and demand for each specific floor.\n\nThe more floors (and elevators) that you have, the more worthwhile a sophisticated algorithm becomes. In a three story building, you can get away with the elevator remaining where it is. In a 50 story building, you'll want a more intelligent system."
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6z1t2f | how do we not notice rubber on the roads if tires slowly wear down on them? | Why can't we take our hand, touch the road, and feel rubber? Might be a silly question, but this question got me thinking in the shower this morning. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6z1t2f/eli5_how_do_we_not_notice_rubber_on_the_roads_if/ | {
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"The quantities are super small and it doesnt stick to the road so well. If you put your hand to the road you may feel dust, and that dust is at least partially rubber.\n\nIf it helps you can visualize them more as smaller versions of that residue left over from using an eraser.",
"The tiny grains of rubber leave the road in two ways. \n\n1. They are washed away by rainwater, ending up wherever the drains or ditches near the road lead.\n2. They are carried away by the wind. Buildings right near very major roads often end up with a fine layer of rubber and dirt on them.",
"If you go to a race track you will notice it a lot more, on the daily drive they slowly deteriorate and get washed away by the weather and cleaners."
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4bpsmf | in every crime show it's a different profession investigating and solving crimes. who actually does it in real life? | Like CSI vs SVU | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bpsmf/eli5_in_every_crime_show_its_a_different/ | {
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"When crimes are investigated there are different professions involved. \n\nThere are your standard beat cop who is the first to respond. Then there are specialist cops called detectives who are assigned depending on the type of crime. These would be the division that deals with homicides, or in the case of SVU deal with rape and assault. \n\nCSI is dealing with the scientists that collect and process evidence for the police department. ",
"Police detectives.\n\nEvery department will be a little different about how they operate, but detectives are the ones who investigate most serious crimes.\n\nA lot of larger departments will have specific detectives for different crimes. For example; homicide detectives, sex crimes detectives, auto theft detectives, etc.\n\nAlso keep in mind that most of those shows are pure fiction and take a *lot* of liberties in portraying policework.\n\nSource: Am police."
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aj3a1z | why is stagnant water unsafe to swim in? | So I saw a TIL post about a sea that is mostly stagnant, making it very unsafe to swim in (there was a comment about it). Why is that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aj3a1z/eli5_why_is_stagnant_water_unsafe_to_swim_in/ | {
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"Bad things grow in stagnant water like bacteria and parasites. If you get into the water, thereβs a good chance theyβll get into you...",
"In stagnant water all kinds of interesting biological phenomena are developing. They are also developing in flowing water, but usually much slower. \nThese include algae that you can entangle in, algae that are toxic for humans and amoeba (for example naegleria fowleri) that can cause all kinds of illnesses. \nAdditionally stagnant water collects all kinds of stuff over time (opposed to flowing water where everything is just washed away) that can harm you (like many chemicals). \nStagnant water can also collect minerals over time and build up much higher concentrations than flowing water. This doesnβt sound too bad until you consider, that many minerals (like chalk) can change the pH of water. To test this effect (I do **not** recommend this) you can just put soap on your skin and let it sit there for a few minutes. Soap is alkaline (like chalk dissolved in water) causing skin irritations. \n \nIn the western wold most lakes and ponds are additionally either privately owned or in some kind of protection zone. \nA good rule of thumb is here: do you see any sail-, paddle-, surf- or what-so-ever-Clubs using the water for sports? Then itβs probably safe to swim in there. \n \nDisclaimer: please do not swim in lakes, ponds or any other form of stagnant water. It can be highly dangerous. "
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1gw5ru | how do politions who aren't in power get paid? | More looking at the UK here, but I'm happy hearing from any country. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gw5ru/eli5_how_do_politions_who_arent_in_power_get_paid/ | {
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"They are paid for public appearances, become paid lobbyists, do work like writing books or editorials in papers, work for political organizations, etc etc. There are a lot of positions in politics that don't necessarily involve public office. \n\nEdit: In the US at least. ",
"In the US, most people that get into national politics have plenty of money when they start. Once you have money, you make money from investments and whatnot - you don't have to actually work to make money.\n\nThat's the difference between the rich & the rest of us."
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1yzl36 | i know this has been asked before, but i still can't wrap my head around it. minimum wage. | [This](_URL_0_) article states that if minimum wage had kept up with inflation, it should be roughly $20 an hour.
[This](_URL_1_) says a minimum wage hike would destroy jobs.
So, my question is this. If minimum wage had kept up with inflation, would small business owners even have a business in the first place? Or would they have adjusted accordingly? And what happens if the fed/state government all of the sudden decide to jack up the minimum wage to reflect actual cost of living?
I'm just confused, because it seems like every other day there is a pro and con argument about why it is good or bad.
Edit: The google link said inflation for HP, and it's been a while since I read it. Ignore my question on that one. So lets go with productivity like I should have said instead of rushing. [Article](_URL_2_) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yzl36/eli5_i_know_this_has_been_asked_before_but_i/ | {
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" > had kept up with inflation\n\nNo... The study says that minimum wage would be $20/h if it had kept up with an increase in *GDP*, not inflation.\n\nMinimum wage is based on the market value of unskilled, easily replaceable labour. GDP increases because of improvements in technology, automation and management, while the value of manual labour is basically the same as it was in the sixties. If anything, improvements in automation should decrease demand for unskilled labour, shifting the market price even lower.\n\nMoreover I'd advise you to take everything written on huffington post with a sizeable grain of salt, since it's one of the more biased websites on the internet - eg. look up neutral sources/commentary before you come to conclusions about what you read there.",
"It's a complex issue and hard to study by it's nature, so nobody really knows if increasing the minimum wage is beneficial or not. Here's a ELI5 explanaition of both sides:\n\n**Against**\n\nRaising the minimum wage raises makes the profit margin for businesses with lots of minimum wage employees smaller since it raises their costs. So they can either choose to hire fewer people (which would hurt their ability to run their business) or eat the loss and hope it doesn't drive them out of business.\n\nA minimum wage increase kills jobs in two ways. Firstly, but discouraging hiring by making it cost more. Secondly, by increasing the cost of doing business, which will cause businesses to close down, which means the people who worked there are now without a job.\n\n**For**\n\nThe purpose of the minimum wage isn't meant to increase jobs, it's meant to provide a wage that people can live off of. I've been to a factory in China where they had dorms on site for the workers to live in. A minimum wage prevents that type of situation.\n\nIn addition, a minimum wage hike only effects some businesses. I work at a bank with over 3000 employees, and I would be surprised if a single one makes minumum wage. \n\nThat brings us to the argument that minimum wage actually increases jobs. My bank is more profitable when more people have more money, because those people will put more money in their accounts and get more loans. \n\nThis is the case for just about every business, and the core of a lot of liberal economic policies. Poor people are much more likely to spend any money you give them than rich people are, so when you give poor people money it goes right back to businesses. McDonalds may have to pay their employees more, but they also get more money from customers because suddenly people have more money.",
"Economics is sometimes called the \"dismal science,\" and it kind of fits because it's modeling such a complicated mixture of things that beyond the most simplistic transactions it's extremely difficult to get anything really right. This doesn't stop people from trying but there can be many, many competing models and it may be that none of them are right.\n\nBasically, for an employer to take on an employee, the employee must cause them to get enough additional \"utility\" to offset their wages. I say utility and not income because take a corporate janitor: they don't directly increase the revenue of the company, but having a clean office makes other workers happier, more productive, and less likely to quit.\n\nIf you increase the minimum wage, this increases the minimum utility a person must provide in order to earn their wages and thus be employable.\n\nLet's take the example of a fast-food worker. Say you sell hamburgers for a dollar, and they cost you fifty cents to make which means for each burger you get $0.50 profit (the source of these numbers is thin air, by the way, it's just an illustrative example), and minimum wage is the current US minimum wage of $7.25/hour. This means that the worker must sell at least 15 burgers per hour more than you would without them in order to be worth their wage.\n\nNow say minimum wage goes to $15/hour, like some people are asking for. To keep things simple, we'll say you don't have an increase in costs (but you probably would because of rising wages along your supply chain). If you keep the price of a burger the same, the employee must now sell at least thirty burgers per hour more than you would without them in order to be worth their wage. Can you be sure that would happen? Do you have the customer base to do so?\n\nOr, you could increase your price to $1.50 so they only have to sell 15 burgers per hour to be worth it. But many customers may be unwilling to pay the extra price because $1.50 is more than a burger is worth to them. So is the loss in sales worth paying that employee?\n\nMaybe you can take a loss in profits. How much are you willing to lose? You have to pay yourself, most businesses will want to reinvest so they can expand, and let's face it, almost everybody wants to make as much money as they can.\n\nOr... you can find a way to get rid of the employee without taking much of a loss in sales. Maybe you can get one of those fancy touchscreen ordering computers to replace all your cashiers, and have your customers input the orders themselves. Maybe it's too expensive when you only have to pay your cashiers $7.25 an hour but when it goes up to $15/hour it becomes the cheaper option.\n\nAgain this is a simplistic model. There is generally disagreement on which will be the options taken, by how much, etc., which is why you get people arguing about if a minimum wage increase is a good thing, how many people will lose their jobs..."
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"http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/04/17/the-record-is-clear-minimum-wage-hikes-destroy-jobs/",
"http://www.epi.org/publication/lagging-minimum-wage-reason-americans-wages/"
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1exukz | up arrow notation like in graham's number. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1exukz/eli5_up_arrow_notation_like_in_grahams_number/ | {
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"It's a way of describing very big numbers using repeated exponentiation.\n\naβb is the same as writing a^b. 4β3 = 4^3 = 64.\n\nNow it gets complicated. aββb is the same as writing aβ(aβ(...aβ)) so that you have b amounts of a's, which as the same as writing a^a^a^... so that you have b amount of a's in that stack. So 4ββ3 becomes 4β4β4 or 4^4^4 or 4^256. That number is equal to 13407807929942597099574024998205846127479365820592393377723561443721764030073546976801874298166903427690031858186486050853753882811946569946433649006084096. You can see how this is useful for large numbers already. That number 155 digits long.\n\nThis pattern repeats as you add more arrows. aβββb is the same as writing aββ(aββ(...aββ)) so you have b amount of a's. So 4βββ3 becomes 4ββ(4ββ(4ββ))). This means you have 4^4^4^4... so that you have 4ββ3 (or 4^26 or that giant number above) 4s in that stack.\n\n**Edit for a simpler way of looking at it** \n\nIn the same way multiplication is repeated addition (4Γ3 is the same as 4+4+4) & exponentiation is repeated multiplication (4^3 is the same as 4Γ4Γ4), up arrow notation is repeated exponentiation (4ββ3 is the same as 4^4^4 ).",
"So you and your two friends are eating goldfish crackers like [these](_URL_0_). You decide that you should each get 10 crackers.\n\n10 crackers for 3 people:\n\n > 10 + 10 + 10 = 30\n\nThere's got be a quicker way to do that though. If you have 10 added 3 times, that's the same as saying there are three tens. So let's write it as:\n\n > (3)*(10) = 30\n\nMuch nicer. But really, when you think about it, 10 goldfish crackers really isn't that many. (those things are addicting!) At the risk of your friends not being your friends anymore, you must increase the number of goldfish.\n\nLet's say you take a vote and decide each person should get ten times (or ten 10s added together). But just to be safe (you like having friends) you make it ten times *that*:\n\n > (10) * (10) * (10) = 1000\n\nNot very pretty. Let's write it as:\n\n > (10)^3 = 1000\n\nOr maybe we'll use the up arrow:\n\n > 10 β 3 = 1000\n\nNow 1000 goldfish may seem sufficient but without friends you might do something silly like discuss Knuth's arrow notation on the internet. If three times ten is just repeated addition, and ten raised to the third is just repeated multiplication, maybe you should try repeated exponentiation!\n\n > (10^10^10)\n\nThat seems like a solid number of goldfish to keep your friends. But the math isn't pretty anymore. Let's use the arrows:\n\n > 10 ββ 3 = 10 β 10 β 10 = 10 β (10 billion) = A LOT of goldfish\n\n > That's a one with zeros after it for about 10^10 digits!\n\nSince your already wiping out Pepperidge Farm's entire supply, might as well up the demand even further. Goldfish *are* delicious....\n\n > Can we do 10 βββ 3? Of course we can. I happen to like goldfish.\n\n > 10 βββ 3 = 10 ββ 10 ββ 10 = 10 ββ (10 β 10 β 10) = ...\n\n > yikes. 10 raised to the 10th power... 10^10^10 times.\n\nI don't think you have enough friends to eat that many goldfish crackers....\n\n\nEdit for formatting.",
"When you multiply two numbers (m x n), you're really just adding m to itself n times. For example:\n\n* 4 x 3 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12.\n\nThe Knuth up-arrow notation was developed to make very large numbers easy to deal with. To get to Graham's number (3 β β β β3), let's first look at what an exponent is. m^n is (just like multiplication) m times it self n times. \n\n* 3^3 = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27.\n\nThis is what the m βn represents:\n\n* 5^3 = 5 β3 = 125\n\nSo now, there is a symbol that represents doing the 'lesser order' operation a number of times. Let's go one step further. Just as m βn is m^n, m β βn taking m to the power of it self n times. This is known as tetration. Put simpler:\n\n* 2 β β3 = 2^(2^2) = 2^4 = 16 = 2 β2 β2\n\n* 3 β β3 = 3^(3^3) = 3^27 = 7625597484987 = 3 β3 β3\n\nNow is when this gets a bit more tricky. So we know that each arrow represents a iteration of the previous arrow operation. The next step in the arrow notation is m β β βn. This is m tetrated to itself n times. \n\n\n* 3 β β β3 = 3 β β3 β β3 = 3 β β (762559748498) = 3^3^3^3... 762559748498 times= a very big number we'll call VBN.\n\n\n\nGraham's number is defined as 3ββββ3*. This one is even more tricky than the last to explain without getting bogged down in notation. I'll do my best though:\n\n* 3ββββ3 = 3βββ3βββ3 = 3βββVBN = 3ββ3ββ3 ... VBN times. \n\nIn this example, what we'd do is calculate 3ββ3 = n, then do 3ββn = m, then 3ββm = k until we've done that VBN times. \n\nSorry if this doesn't actually explain what Graham's number is, but you hopefully now appreciate just how big it is!\n\n*EDIT: This is incorrect, see Quaytsar's comment below for the definition.\n"
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3am0f5 | why are car colors so dull? | Very rarely do you see bright reds and blues on cars. Why is it that cars are mainly fifty shades of gray? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3am0f5/eli5_why_are_car_colors_so_dull/ | {
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"Neutral colors are going to appeal to the widest audience. Bright colors can be found but they're the exception to the rule - most people tend to gravitate toward something more subdued. ",
"I see a fair amount of brightly coloured cars. Sure, the majority are probably shades of grey/black but in my experience I see a wide variety of colours",
"Grey is a very easy color to keep looking clean. Extremely bright and/or extremely dark colors show dirt, salt, etc a lot more than medium tone colors. Additionally, not everyone wants a car that stands out. There is a perception that bright colored cars like red/yellow are more expensive to insure and are meant for people who want to look sporty or race.",
"/u/stumblepretty has a good answer. On top of that consider this: bright or more active colors have a limited range of other colors that they will work with and it is very easy to find conflicting colors. This creates a high probability that you will cross paths with a vehicle that will be painfully contrasting to you. Some of this relies on color theory and some on psychology.",
"Cost and convenience, mostly.\n\nIt kicked off with the Ford Model T. It was only available in black. It was an un-offensive and low-cost color. Kept production simple. And it made the repair of the cars easy, no hard to get parts as all of them were black. However, black cars are probably the hardest to keep looking good. Every bit of dirt and every tiny scratch shows. \n\nNext came white. Super cheap paint. Looks professional. Mostly done for the manufacturer's sake as white paint is a pain to take care of. It did hide scratches well though. In Japan, white is still very popular as some believe white cars to be lucky and safe. Otherwise, white is usually a premium option and comes as a fancy pearlescent color. \n\nToday, silver is king. This time, it's mostly to appeal to the consumer. Again, it's an inexpensive paint. Has a neutral, blend-into-the-crowd color that still looks fancy and high quality. Easy to maintain, doesn't really show scratches or dirt. Accentuates and adds depth to today's body styles, making the body look more dramatic then they are. ",
"Fashion changes. People find different things to be beautiful or desirable in different times, car colors included. You might come up with different practical reasons why subdued colors are better, but in the end I don't think it matters. Bright colored cars will probably come back to fashion sooner or later. ",
"Even Audi, BMW, and Mercedes offer bright reds and blues on all their 4 door saloon cars. It's just that grey is more popular with buyers. Audi even offers a sky/baby blue and also a cosmic blue with matte finish. Mercedes has had a 'designo' range of factory colours since 1996",
"Because people are equally dull and boring. Look at motorbikes; rarely anything other than super-silly paint jobs. Because bikers aren't as dull ;)\n\n[Kwak](_URL_5_)\n\n[Suzuki](_URL_1_)\n\n[Yam](_URL_3_)\n\n[Honda](_URL_0_)\n\n[KTM](_URL_2_)\n\n[Ducati](_URL_4_)",
"It took months to find a used car for my wife. We had the make and model picked out, but it couldn't be black, white, or grey/silver. We'd have taken red, blue, orange, yellow, etc. Finally found an orange one. Looks great next to my bright blue car. "
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3wlky8 | why are asians discriminated against in college admissions, and how extensively are they put to a disadvantage? also, why are people okay with putting asians at a disadvantage, but not african-americans or hispanics? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3wlky8/eli5_why_are_asians_discriminated_against_in/ | {
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"there are statistics that show that Asians generally test higher, so if there was no checks you'd have extremely high percentage of Asian students compared to other nationalities. They're not put too much at a \"disadvantage\", its mostly just to even out demographics. \n\nAfrican Americans and Hispanics are statistically going to be on a lower socio-economic scale so they'd have less help with school, so they generally test lower on average. Again, if there were no checks you'd see very little representation of these races in higher education. \n\nKeep in mind, this is just the argument for affirmative action, not my opinion on the issue. ",
"from what I understand Asians are not a \"protected\" class or minority in the higher educational system. Asians don't count toward a school's diversity ranking or help a school reach its diversity quota for \"protected\" minority races or groups. Admitting an Asian is the same as admitting a white person. I think the same goes for Indians (India not Native Americans). I don't know if the discrimination is based on the number of Asian student applying for admission from abroad as well as those applying from the U.S. it could be because admissions breaks things up by race an Asian would be competing for a certain number of spots with thousands of applicants while an African American is competing for the same number of spots with a smaller pool of applicants. Suppose there are 1000 non-protected applicants (Asian/white/Indian) for 100 open spots. there are 25 spots reserved for protected classes (African-American/Latino) for which there are 100 applicants. (I'm making up the numbers for easy math). for a non-protected applicant to be admitted they would need to be in the top 10% while for a protected applicant to be admitted they would only have to be in the top 25%. if any protected class applicant was in the top 10% of the non-protected class applicants they would be given one of the non-protected spots and the requirement for the protected 25 spots would drop. this is how it was explained to me. It could be wrong. I don't work in education or admissions. ",
"Asians make up around 6% of the US population but account for 20 - 40% of college students in America. As a result Asians are vastly over represented in Universities and thus don't need protection like other minorities which tend to be under represented. Many people look at how well Asians are doing in getting into universities and figure since they are over represented it is merely \"correcting\" the situation to cap how many get in. \n\n"
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5vp2dc | how does something like the james webb space telescope cost $8 billion? | It's really hard to comprehend this amount of money and how it would be spent. Has any similar project released easy to understand details about how the money is spent?
Even saying something like "$50 million to build the mirrors" doesn't help me understand. That's less than 0.7% of the total, but I still think "wow, why does it cost so much?"
I'm not suggesting that it's too much money, it's just very difficult to comprehend where it is all going. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5vp2dc/eli5_how_does_something_like_the_james_webb_space/ | {
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"Who made it? A huge team of NASA engineers working for years and years to develop technology never seen before. These are real smart dudes who don't work for chump change. ",
"It will be lifted to a very high orbit. Resupplying the ISS cost about ten thousand dollars a pound. It will need stabilizing so may well include a generous amount of rocket fuel. There is a good estimate of what the final weight will be. \n\nEveryone at NASA is paid a good wage. It is a government agency. So the budget swells. \n\nA similar telescope could be constructed some other way for a much lower price. Part of the price is extensive testing. It will be in an inaccessible orbit. The Hubble was useless until it was repaired which was only possible in low Earth orbit.",
"Most of the money is for the development of completely new and unique components. When you push way beyond what has ever been done before, there are no factories making the components you need -- you must have each one custom designed by excellent engineers, and (for space mission) manufactured flawlessly since repairs are not realistic."
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40awj7 | if evolution promotes survival, why do living things die naturally | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40awj7/eli5_if_evolution_promotes_survival_why_do_living/ | {
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"Evolution promotes survival of the species, not of individual organisms. \n\nIf anything, a species being immortal would be an evolutionary disadvantage as you are guaranteed to run into overpopulation and the subsequent exhaustion of resources.",
"Evolution promotes an individual's survival long enough to reproduce: once you've popped a few sprogs out and raised them to adulthood, you are surplus to requirements.",
"Evolution doesn't exactly promote survival. It promotes having more surviving decendants. Essentially evolution is best summarised as \"the genes of the organisms that have the most surviving ofspring become more common in the next generation than those that have fewer surviving ofspring.\"\n\nIf building a body that lasts comes at the expense of having fewer surviving ofspring then evolution will favor a body that doesn't last."
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2pfdxq | how does my dog have a habitual schedule daily but doesn't understand time? everyday he knows when his dinner should be made by messing with his bowl or making noises around 5 o'clock. but can't tell the difference between 3 days or 3 hours? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2pfdxq/eli5_how_does_my_dog_have_a_habitual_schedule/ | {
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"How do you know that he can't tell the difference between 3 days or 3 hours?",
"Just as animals in the wild having sleeping, eating, and mating schedules, so does your dog. He knows about the time he supposed to be fed. Or maybe he just tells you when he is hungry. My dog will whine if I forget to feed him in the mornings, which is rare, but he still knows he wants to be fed. He has a concept of time, just not as sophisticated as we revolve our lives around time. ",
"Like humans, pets have internal rhythms. If you eat at the same time every day, you can, in essence, \"train\" your body to be hungry at that same time. Dogs are usually on a pretty strict schedule - wake up, eat, poop, play, pee, play, pee, play, eat, poop, play, pee, sleep. \n\nWe guide them through their days and they learn the patterns. Their bodies grow adjusted to rhythmic feeding schedules, and so they become aware of their hunger around the time they are to be fed.\n\nJust because they can't read a clock doesn't mean they can't sense the passage of time."
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1k2w30 | differnt blood types and their impact. | Do certain blood types affect our overall well-being?
Or perhaps it means we're more likely to be affected by some medications ? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1k2w30/eli5differnt_blood_types_and_their_impact/ | {
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"Human blood falls into the catgories of A, B, AB, and O depending on the presence of certain markers on the red blood cells known as antigens. These antigens allow the body to recognize and distinguish its own cells form foreign red blood cells as part of our immune system. This occurs as each antibody is grouped with an opposite antibody contained in the plasma of the blood (ie blood type A would have B antibodies, B with A antibodies, AB with neither antibody, and O with both antibodies). They work in a lock and key fashion in which if an antibody is able to lock with an equal antigen, then an immune response is triggered (as it implies the presence of foreign red blood cells). This has major implications as to who can safely transfer blood to each other with A being able to recieve blood from A and O, B from B and O, O from O, and AB from A and B. Now getting to your questions, i myself dont know specifically if blood type has an impact on health, though i can see a lot of articles pop up on google. "
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9oraac | how are we able to make decisions if everything follows the laws of physics | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9oraac/eli5_how_are_we_able_to_make_decisions_if/ | {
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"The idea of free will is sort of up for debate in my mind. If our thoughts, and therefore our decisions, are nothing but complex chemical signals in the brain, then they were predetermined by the thoughts that came before them, and before those, and the chemistry that happened in the womb to form the brain and the first thoughts, and all the physics and chemistry that happened before that all leading up to the current moment. Everything, including the birth and death of every star, planet, creature, and thought, was predetermined by the directions each subatomic particle flew in at the moment of the conception of the universe. Quantum uncertainty may play a role in free will, but nobody really knows right now."
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9wvjib | why would there be a primary within the same party of the incumbent president seeking a 2nd term? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9wvjib/eli5_why_would_there_be_a_primary_within_the_same/ | {
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"Cause maybe the party doesn't want the incumbent again or believes someone else has a better shot of winning."
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3vcta7 | who invented the thumbs up compliment? and how long has it been around? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vcta7/eli5who_invented_the_thumbs_up_compliment_and_how/ | {
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2
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"text": [
"One popular explanation is that during the height of the Roman empire, Gladiators would turn to the guests of honor on whether or whether not to kill their opponents or beasts.\n\n The thumbs-up, or thumbs-down would symbolize the weapon coming down, or staying above the defeated combatant's head.\n\nAlso, it also comes from the fact that during the Dark ages, personal seals were marked down using the thumb, so a thumb itself would represent agreement and trust.\n\nIt was probably popularized during the second World War where there are reports of both American and Chinese fighter pilots using it as \"okay, ready to go\" or as sign of respect respectively. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
3uiv7o | why do credit cards give airline miles? | As opposed to some other benefit? Airline miles seems like an oddly specific item to benefit; are they trying to promote international travel for some reason or? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3uiv7o/eli5_why_do_credit_cards_give_airline_miles/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxf7hhu",
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],
"score": [
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"text": [
"You don't have to use AirMiles or whatever reward points on just air travel. You can often use them for car rentals, hotel stays, electronics you name it. Or if you have AirMiles but want some other reward points, sites like _URL_0_ let you exchange them.\n\nThey're encouraging you to SPEND more because they make money off of 1) transaction fees that are paid for by the vendor (ka-ching!) and 2) your credit card interest. The more you spend, the more transactions and more interest they get from you. \n\n_Hrmm, I only need this small thing. But if I get this slightly larger more expensive thing I get 100 bonus AirBucks! Woo!_",
"For medium and upper class consumers, the largest market for consumer credit cards, airline fares are not only often some of the larger purchases they make in a given year, but also they're quite regular (e.g., Christmas holidays, weddings in spring, and summer vacations). Airline miles are thus a large incentive to own and use that card more frequently. ",
"The biggest credit card spenders are business travelers with expense accounts. That expensive business class ticket? They buy it. $15 hotel wifi? No problem. Expensive meal at a restaurant? Bring it on. They spend all that money on their credit card, and the company reimburses them for it. Plus they get to keep any airline points. \n\nCredit card companies and airlines have realized this. They realized that if business people are going to be taking expensive fares and often, they want to hook them on their airline and card. The best credit cards and airline perks go to these spenders because once they get status on one particular airline or card, they're hooked. They might even take more expensive flights (and charge the client/business) in order to get points on their airline/card.\n\nThis business traveler is the target market for both credit card companies and airlines (and hotels to a lesser extent.) That's why they tend to link them together."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"points.com"
],
[],
[]
] |
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