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340v13 | why is it when i have to verify a card with my bank, they want all the same information a card thief would require? | It seems like there are better ways to verify this information. If I am a card thief, then this is likely the information I already have. Part of me, despite calling an official bank number, wonders if I'm giving someone information I shouldn't.
Edit --- to be clear, I mean they always ask for all the information you would need to use a credit card online, such as security codes, expiration dates, and the card number. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/340v13/eli5why_is_it_when_i_have_to_verify_a_card_with/ | {
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"Regardless of what information the bank asks for this will end up being the information the card thief wants.\n\nThe reason the card thief wants this information is so that they can give it to the bank and pretend to be you.",
"This is circular. The _reason_ the card thief wants it is because the bank uses it to identify you. They want to be able to pretend to be you.",
"Exactly...they are protecting your money, and their questions are hurdles you need to get past. One time I phoned my bank and the \"associate\" asked for account #, pin #, phone #, address and zip code, social security #, date of birth, driver license #, and several other questions I've forgotten. I appreciate their protecting my money, but when I was asked for my mother's maiden name, it was the last straw. I said, \"Never mind, thank you.\" and hung up so I could drive to the bank. "
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2mkbvr | how is it that games like lol and dota are still basically hacker-free, while cod games have hackers within hours after launch? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mkbvr/eli5how_is_it_that_games_like_lol_and_dota_are/ | {
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"Because of how the games process data. Most of WoW and LoL is processed on Blizzards and Riots servers. This means except in rare case exploits are just client side manipulations like botting. For CoD your PC or Console is processing most of the data so a hacker can much more easily manipulate the data on his/her side for very potent exploiting. \n\nNotice that the WoW/LoL model requires powerful servers which is why these games have monthly or pay models to provide the kind of upkeep to preserve this model of server based data. ",
"They are not hack free, the problem is that there is a big investment by the companies developing DotA and LoL to keep the problem mitigated. I'm not familiar with LoL but the way it works for Valve is simple, if you get caught running a hack they shut down your entire account, you lose all your purchased games. They also utilize a reporting system in-game, if a player gets reported enough they get put into a the low priority queue with other hackers and generally mean spirited players with long wait times to find matches. The only way to get out of the low priority queue is to stop being a douche.",
"If you play CoD on a computer the problem is that there are not dedicated servers for CoD. What that means is one player is hosting the game and the other players connect to that player. In LoL and DOTA Riot or Valve are hosting the game. What that means is in LoL or DOTA you are only getting access to the information that your charector relies on (what you can see in the game) and your computer knows nothing about where the players you can't see are. With CoD the player hosting's computer knows everything that is going on in the game.\n\n\nIf you play on a console there are systems in place that make it easier to play the game with a controller vs having a very precise mouse. One thing you get is autoaim. You generally don't notice it in game but the game corrects your aim a bit since controllers aren't that precise. To exploit this people have figured out how CoDs autoaim works and realised if you move the stick tiny amounts you will keep getting autoaim assists. Unscruppulous people have actually designed controllers that exploit that and send a signal to the playstation/xbox that says you are moving the stick tiny amounts when you physically aren't. These controllers also have things like a built in macro to go prone and adjust your aim to compensate so you drop to the ground every time you fire. ",
"Well 'hacker' isn't what you probably mean. Running an aim-bot that sees other plays and move the gun over them rapidly isn't hacking, it's just using an unauthorized 3rd party tool to replace player input. They haven't broken into the server or anything.\n\nAlso LoL and DOTA are far harder to make 3rd tools for that can replace skills. The overwhelming majority of what makes you 'skilled' at it isn't something easily replaced by a program. Being able to select a hero ability and clicking your target isn't hard, knowing when to use the ability is. Making complex decisions based on the current state of the game is really hard to define programatically. ",
"On mobile, s I'll keep it short. Fps games are a lot more prone to hacking because the client does more than in say lol. To get rid of the fog of war in lol requires you to get data from riots servers they simply won't give you. In cs and such, you have way more wiggleroom with what data you can modify and send the server.\n\nI can't explain really why though. But I guess it's because of the fast gameplay and varying other reasons where some calculations have to be made by your game.",
"You say \"basically hacker-free\", but both LoL and Dota have occasional instances where they have hacks or exploits that are abused until patched. \n\nI think the real difference here is that LoL and Dota are highly competitive with a huge MLG/etc scene where hacking is obviously not going to be presented. Simply put people care a lot more about their standing in those games, as if they have some glimmer of becoming famous. CoD hasn't been big on the e-sport scene for a long time and will certainly never reach LoL/Dota/SC2 levels of fandom.",
"Killing an enemy in a FPS is largely down to mechanical skill (aim) and a cheat can make you 'perfect' at that.\n\nKilling an enemy in a MOBA is down to descision making, not something a cheat can do better than a human. Not yet at least.",
"Hi guys. Software Engineer here. This might be a little bit more for 13 year olds than for 5 year olds but please bear with me. \nAbout 10 years ago I discovered hacking in Counter-Strike. I tried out a couple of different cheats and even managed to make previously detected cheats undetectable by the VAC system. \n\nCommon with almost all first person shooters is that hacking in them is a lot easier than with strategy games. For example, it is possible to \"hack\" games like Red Alert 2 by removing the fog of war or by increasing your money, but that'll usually only work if you are the host (and if you're not, you'll be getting reduced fog of war at best which is indeed some advantage but a really good player will always win against a lousy player with fog of war hacks)...\n\nBack to the main point, hacking in first person shooters is incredibly easy. It is trivial with today's technology to hook into the game executable, read the memory (and even modify it) and leverage that information to simulate mouse movements. What you really want to do (as a cheater) in a first person shooter is either see through walls or aim automatically. Aiming automatically is really easy when you have access to the memory, because you'll know the exact pixel coordinates of the enemy that your system is about to render and you'll know that you're aiming smack in the center of the screen (so (400, 300) if you're playing on 800x600 resolution), the vector that your mouse needs to travel is therefore **incredibly** easy to calculate, and moving the mouse is also really easy since these games run on Windows which uses the Windows API. \nNow the really interesting thing is wallhacking, your game client doesn't get the information about enemies until it becomes likely that you will have to render them soon. If you've ever tried to use a wallhacking cheat, you may have noticed that your wallhack doesn't show entities (players, grenades, barrels, etc) that are being clipped by the server (clipped in this case means not being rendered due to being obviously out of view). What some wallhacks do is try to guess where players are by trying to sound-spot them, some of you old-schoolers may recognize early stages of this kind of hacking as `step step step` as seen from across the map. There are also other details that can be considered but for the sake of explaining to a Layman I think I'll leave it at that.\n\nSo there you have it, and here's a short TL;DR: \n1. It's easier to hack in first person shooters than most other games **since the hacking happens on the client side**. \n2. Games like Dota and LoL (RA2 was used in my example) are difficult to affect on the client side to produce better results than a human player would. \n3. Hacking games is pretty much a solved problem, and it's very boring. If you're going to hack a game, you should probably stop playing that game and find something more exciting. \n\nGreat summary [here](_URL_0_).",
"There are three main types of hosting, peer to peer (your computer to another player's computer, most common on console fps's and ports, poorly supported games, etc) which allows hacking the easiest. It's very easy to run a cheat when the 'host' is some dude who doesn't even have control over being the host. You've seen this in CoD with migrating lobbies etc, every time the old host leaves it just pops you into a new session with a new host who is a player joined to that game.\n\nNext up the chain in security is client to dedicated server. This can be fairly secure but usually there is a lot of room for cheating on the players end and sometimes uncaught loopholes in game design or server communication that let cheats get through. Letting themselves lag, changing everyone's skins to bright pink so they're easy to shoot, removing map textures on one player's end, etc. Depending on the game some of these may be prevented/accounted for, sometimes not. BF3 had a ton of problems with this if you ever played it on PC, seeing people cheat was incredibly obvious and common (at least in my experience).\n\nThen we have what is called 'server authoritative', this is where the server basically does everything, makes sure your files are the correct size and are present (altered files to gain an advantage contain a different amount of information, altering their 'size' in bytes, giving them away), making cheating effectively hard to do. Basically, the server reads everything and then processes it, sending the info on what you see back to you and then your game client renders it. If something 'shouldnt be possible' like seeing through a wall, the server shouldn't let you do it if it is designed properly. LoL uses this kind of method along with a few other games, one of my favorites being MechWarrior Online (MWO)",
"I don't know about Dota, but half the top submissions in /r/leagueoflegends the past week has been about one hack/script or another.",
"There have been many hacks for LoL over the years - there was one just last week iirc. They get more severe punishments, partly because those punishments are available (nobody cares about getting their CoD rank reset because you can prestige anyway, it's designed to be able to earn it back reasonably quickly) and partly because people invest money as well as time into their LoL accounts.\n\nAlso if a hack is widespread enough the ranked servers get shut down pretty quickly and everyone is punished for a time, until the hack is patched/otherwise resolved.\n\nThis isn't the only reason of course.",
"LoL and Dota are strategical or tactical games. It's about conserving resources and using them at the right time.\n\nCoD is a twitch shooter, a third party plug would make it easier to hit people. But it isnt hard to hit someone in LoL or Dota, it's knowing when to use your ability, which ability to use after which other in whichever situation. I think It's also one of the reasons why LoL and Dota are still so popular, the sheer amount of variation in the gameplay.\n\nAlso Dota is free, so if you wan't to pwn people you can just create a new account and smurf.",
"Hello, a networking dev here. The main reason (there are many) why it is much easier to hack in games in like COD or CS:GO, is the amount of calculations offloaded to the client (the player's own computer) in these games as opposed to games like DOTA or League. \n\nSo say we have a dota esque game. The game only has a few calculations required, since there are little to no physics and every character has predictable movement pattern determined by the ai pathfinding. This is calculations simple enough that it can be run entirely on a dedicated server. So, thats what these games do, the server only takes input data from the client (clicks, keyboard etc), simulates the game, then send the client the results. The calculations are so simple, that the server can also afford to calculate what the players can see, and only sends what is perceivable by the player. \n\nIn games like call of duty however, there are so many more things to consider. Physics, for example is a huge factor here, since every computer must see the exact same physics reaction at the exact same time, these far more complex calculations must be run on the dedicated server, and takes up a lot of cpu time. Players also do not move in a predictable fashion, and the server have to refresh itself much more often to make sure player are feeling responsive and fast gameplay. There is also a high level of precision required, so things like bullets feels accurate and fast. In these circumstances, its impossible to have the dedicated server calculate every single thing. So, some calculations, like player movement, the player's orientation, and the player's health are mostly offloaded to the client, with the servers checking in once in a while. This allows hackers to intercept and decrypt these messages, then hooking into the game engine to manipulate it the way they want. Now, people might be wondering if we can do the same as in dota, where the server doesnt send data on players that are not shown. This can't be done, as how does one determine if a player can see another in a game? In fps games, there are areas where you can see the entire map, small holes in walls you can look though and much more ways that would break many of our calculations. It is not difficult to find an algorithm that can indeed accurately determine these things, but such algorithms would cost more than the entire game to run for one player. So, to ensure quality gameplay i.e no rubber banding, player popping from no where, lag etc, we have to make certain concessions that make it really difficult to prevent hacking.\n\ntldr: fps games takes a lot of calculations, so your computers have to do some of them. That also means you can change your computer so you hack. Not possible in rts games since these calculations are relatively trivial.\n",
"A big factor is monetization plans.\n\nF2P esports make their money by getting players to continually invest their game. Thus the dev continually invests in patching and fixing the game. The bulk of the dev team is dedicated to improving the game post release. A buggy game means they go under so they throw everything at not having a buggy game. Some are more successful at this than others.\n\n$60 retail games make their money on purchase and only a little bit more through DLC. Buggy games hurt but not as much because they already have your money. So after a game goes gold they put the majority of their devs to work on making the next $60 sequel so they can get your next $60. They will assign a small team to stay behind and patch the game but only for the launch window or a little while longer if they have DLC planned. \n\n",
"Because with a game like CoD the only thing stopping you from doing things like seeing people through walls is the fact that the walls are there. Go into the code and make the wall texture invisible or make the player textures always on the highest depth or something.\n\nFor Dota and Lol your computer is literally not given the information of where players are if they're not in vision, meaning there's no way to figure it out without hacking the main servers.\n\nYou can still get macros, which can be considered cheating. You can also get autoclicking based on colour patterns. But in most cases it not going to help you too much. The best you can do is say \"Use X spell on Y player when they come into vision\" but that'll hurt you more than help in a lot of cases.",
"They aren't basically hacker free, end of discussion.",
"There are more douchebags playing cod and less playing lol and dota",
"I play lol, and recently there are a lot of people using various hacks and as soon as riot release a patch for the hack, a new hack comes out. \n\nI feel it just may be harder to pick up hackers in lol because most people just assume the other person in just really good instead of using a script to have perfect combos.\n\nYou can also check out r/leagueoflegends and see how many post their are about recent hacks and exploits in the game",
"U really can't hack in dota. Everything covered by fog of war is not sent to your client, so there is no method to get the information. In CoD, you have all the information and the only thing stopping you from seeing them are the walls etc, so you can go to the code an turn the walls off.",
"i don't know about LoL, but HoN (and Dota2 for the most part as well AFAIK) only sends informations to the client that he is allowed to know about, so for example you get no informations about the enemies if you don't actually see them, therefore if you want to \"hack\" those informations, you would have to get access to the servers. \n\nIn Shooters the client knows about most of the enemies most of the time, because it's too hard to calculate server-side if you can see them or not, since it's not fogbased vision, but you have to check if any part of the player-model is sticking out somewhere, which makes \"wallhacks\" fairly simple.\n\nalso a big part is that in mobas aiming doesn't play such a big role as in shooters so there is hardly any point in \"aimbotting\" which is one of the biggest problems in shooters. The server really can't say what is an aimbot or what is normal key/mouse input... some aimbots may be very obvious and easily detectable, but there's a pretty huge area inbetween.\n\nAlso some clients can tell the server the positions they're at or simulate a higher speed than technically possible, so you can tell the servers some bullshit to make you go faster for example. such speedhacks don't work when it's all calculated on the server, but this is not really genre dependant...",
"Everyone here is forgetting how *visible* hacks can be. In an FPS, fine movements of other players can be observed in spectator mode. Things like \"aimbots\" are incredibly distinctive, even to an untrained eye. Wallhacks can also be obvious if the user isn't trying to hide it. The first-person view means many wallhackers tend to look in the direction of players they shouldn't be able to see.\n\nIn overhead games like MOBAs or RTS, the movements aren't fine enough for an observer to notice any hacks. And as other people mentioned, these hacks would likely not be mechanical in nature. Map hacks are the most likely hack you will encounter in these types of games, and they are very hard for other players to detect.\n\n*What about infinite money or ammo?* These things are usually tracked server-side. On a dedicated server, you would have to compromise the security of the server itself to change these values. However, Call of Duty is usually peer-to-peer. This creates an opportunity for an unscrupulous host to give themselves all the ammo they want.\n\nIn short, there may be many hackers in the MOBAs you mentioned, but you just don't know about them. ",
"For people saying there are or aren't hacks due to the skill required or that it wouldn't be as useful that isn't the real answer. If people can get any kind of hack or advantage they will.\n\nThe reason games like LOL and DOTA don't have as many hacking issues as COD is due to the way the game runs the online side of things.\n\nIn League of Legends the game is run entirely on their servers. The connection between you and them is entirely just your input and their feedback, you don't impact how the game runs though. You only get to see what they send you.\n\nThis also means that your connection only impacts your performance. The delay in your connection only makes your input and feedback delayed but has no effects on others in the match.\n\nIn a game like COD or most FPS and high fast paced action games having that kind of delay makes the game feel terrible to play. If when you input to move the joystick or fire your gun then you have to wait for the server to make the actions and update it for you, there would be a noticeable delay in what you do and what you see. To make up for this FPS games use a bit of calculated guessing to anticipate what players will do and how they will interact.\n > For example ABC\n\n > A is where enemy is on your screen, C is where they actually are so shooting at B will result in a hit averaging the two out. Not all games do this but some use this as a very simple explanation.\n\nHow this all relates to hacking, more of the game needs to be hosted on the client side and for some games like COD a single player may even be hosting the main connection. So a player with a poor connection may then have their character bounce around as the updates come in and the lag impacts all other players.\n\n**TL;DR The more data that is run client side the more hackers have to manipulate and work with.**"
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1ko2g3 | classical music nomenclature, such as what 'op.' is, how a concerto is different from a nocturne, why a piano trio usually is a piano and various stings, etc. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ko2g3/eli5_classical_music_nomenclature_such_as_what_op/ | {
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"Op. is short for opus - it's a chronological way of storing a composer's work by simply attributing a number to each piece. Several pieces in a suite can be numbered as Op. 32 no. 1 or 2 in order to keep them together. \nThere are many titles used for different types of pieces in classical music, there are probably reams of writing about them across the internet if you search for any given title. The two examples you give simply refer to the content of a piece.\nThe concerto - is a concert piece for soloist (and usually orchestra). It's often in 3 movements but these distinctions have become far less strict as 'classical' music has progressed.\nA nocturne - is a piece of music that depicts a night scene. It is usually exampled in the nocturnes of Chopin (rightly so imho), but it should be remembered that even Mendelssohn's 'A midsummer night's dream' is, by definition, a 'nocturne'. Let me know if you have any further specific questions.\nA piano trio originates in classical music a typically consists of a piano with violin and cello. These are just musical conventions - they sound 'good' and were therefore chosen for many compositions. You have to remember that during the classical period when the trio was popularised they weren't able to be as daring as the composers that would follow 100 years later - primarily because the audience were expecting a certain sound. "
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b9dz3j | when i’m at home and playing video games an hour feels like 5 minutes, but when i’m at work an hour feels like 5 hours. why is that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b9dz3j/eli5_when_im_at_home_and_playing_video_games_an/ | {
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"One reason would be you probably look at the clock a lot less when you are at home. \n\nIf I’m at work, and somewhere that I can’t see a clock, time passes pretty quickly. \n\nIf I can see a clock, I check it too often, which leads to the perception of time moving slower.",
"That's relativity. Either Einstein or people explaining Einstein's theory said, \"A girl sits on your lap for an hour and it feels like a minuter and if you put your hand on a stove for a minute and it feels like an hour. That's relativity.\" ",
"If you're playing a game all of your attention is (usually) focused on the game because its interesting or fun. However, at work your attention isn't as focused on work because its not as interesting so you have more attention on time passing."
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5z3kyd | typically, why do most abused children date abusive partners in their future? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5z3kyd/eli5_typically_why_do_most_abused_children_date/ | {
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"Lingering self-confidence issues often draw them toward partners who are more controlling, who are therefore more likely to abuse them. Once abused they are also less likely to report it or leave the relationship since this treatment has been somewhat normalized in their own mind, as such they are less likely to be shocked enough to take action. ",
"Conditioning to the environment in which they were raised. They may come to accept it as normal and comfortable. They might then seek that \"normal/comfortable\" environment in their adult lives.\n If two flower seeds are planted, one in the shade of the pine tree, the other in the open. Which one grows to its full potential?",
"If a teenager is vulnerable, like if they've moved out of their abusive childhood home and stay somewhere else, a lot of nice normal people will be friends with them, but not take advantage of them by dating and sleeping with them, because they know they're vulnerable and need to heal first, and to sleep with them would just confirm that that's all they're good for.\n\nThere are also people without morals though who will take them in, give them a roof over their head and say they'll always look after them, just so the teenager becomes attached to them. They'll spend so much time together that the teenager will lose any friends that they have, and any residual connection to the family, they spend all their time trying to make the homeowner happy.\n\nEventually the person looking after them will get tired of them and lose respect for them and turn abusive, emotionally manipulating like \"if you loved me you'd be happy with the current arrangement\". The teenager will feel like they have nowhere else to go because they'll lose the one stable relationship in their life, and don't have anywhere to run to, even if they did have family they've chosen this person over them so don't feel like they can go back. They might not have their own cash and just feel like they're not good enough for education or work, and all they're good for is sex.\n\nThis is a common path for teenage child abuse, and can happen both in straight and gay relationships. Even if the child got on with their parents, by choosing to date and eventually live with someone will drive their parents and friends away until they have nobody.",
"Source or is this just conjecture?",
"Citation needed? o.O",
"You stick to what you know. If this is how you grew up, then this is all you know of relationships and love, so you find yourself attracted to those type of people. When you don't know real love, it takes a lot more work to find it. ",
"Children who go through abuse usually end up repressing, suppressing, or using some other form of coping to \"get by\" in their environment. The problem is that we, as humans, are creatures of habit and will end up finding ourselves in similar situations in our lives. \n\nThe reason a past abuse victim, especially if it happened during childhood, would go to an abuser is because while their abuse is bad, the victim's brain is already set to deal with it because of past events. Usually the victim will end up creating a list of positives that outweigh the negative abuse going on. i.e. \"While he does get rough when he drinks, he also is really good at keeping the house clean.\"\n\nThis form of coping is common because children are not supposed to be exposed to such an adult concept. Doing so forces the child to use their already limited brain to try and cope and understand a very serious and complex problem. This tends to create unhealthy behaviors in exchange for surviving through the ordeal. It's why adults who went through abuse might have negative behaviors or act in certain ways. \n\nA good example is an adult who immediately becomes defensive when asked questions. If they suffered verbal and physical abuse for not answering correctly as a child, this fear of failure and not answering right can extend into adulthood where a simple question such as \"Why do you look so mad today?\" can set a person off the wall. \n\nAnd so, knowing that, try applying that logic to someone who may have witnessed an abusive marriage between their parents. They will grow up thinking that is such the norm, to be abused, because that was all they were subjected to as a kid. Being drawn to what is familiar isn't necessarily a good thing. ",
"I wouldn't say \"most,\" necessarily, but it is definitely a phenomenon.\n\nReason 1: An abused child learns relational and survival behaviours that are not attractive to healthy partners, and are attractive to abusive partners. For instance, placating, walking on eggshells, and so on. An abused child who carries those characteristics into adult relationships (instead of un-learning them in therapy) will have a dating pool dominated by abusive people.\n\nReason 2: An abused child knows how to navigate an abusive partner. It may be horrible, but it is understood and manageable. Whereas the ground rules of a healthy relationship may be unfathomable to an abused child who has not subsequently learned things like good boundaries. If your partner doesn't like what you're doing but responds by putting a choice on you (rather than forcing you to do what s/he wants), you might be quite paralysed by that, or misinterpret it as lack of love.\n\nReason 3: An abused child, unless they have a lot of therapy and help, is generally working at a disadvantage in the dating economy as an adult because they come with difficult behaviours and \"baggage.\" They may not have the option of a lot of healthy partners, and may choose an abusive partner as better than being alone (especially if they have been encouraged to view the abuser's abandonment, and therefore being alone, as the worst thing of all).\n\nThere are probably other permutations, but it basically comes down to survival behaviours that were appropriate in the abusive environment but are no longer helpful now, serving to deter or undermine healthy relationships and encourage unhealthy ones."
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7gtgqq | when doing heavy excersise\lifting, why do we stop breathing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7gtgqq/eli5_when_doing_heavy_excersiselifting_why_do_we/ | {
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" > When doing heavy excersise\\lifting, why do we stop breathing?\n\nTensing the muscles of the core will provide extra rigidity in the torso and can aid in whatever physical exertion you are attempting, but of course this makes it impossible to breath properly. It is a trade of breath for core strength.",
"This technique is called \"bracing\" in weightlifting. When lifting heavy weights, you want your core to remain stable, so that your back doesn't get twisted and thrown out. To do that, you engage your abs and back muscles to create a very solid core, and that greatly helps with protecting your back.\n\nHolding your breath creates air pressure in your abdomen, and this allows your muscles to press in against something, creating more tension and support than simply tensing those muscles would provide. If you look at professional powerlifters, they lift their heaviest weights with a belt on. That belt is tightened (not too tight! You still need some air) around the abdomen so that they can brace against the belt. With air pressure inside their body and the belt holding the outside, the resulting support is very strong."
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38sziq | why do people raise their right hand when they take an oath? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38sziq/eli5_why_do_people_raise_their_right_hand_when/ | {
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"Well, this is an interesting story. You know how we brand cattle? It's pretty much that. In Europe, 1600's, judges didn't have a way to keep track of who did what and got punished for what. So when criminals were given a light punishment, the judges would sometimes brand a letter on the convict's thumb to keep track of past crimes, so they could give a heftier punishment. Thus began the practice of raising your right hand so the judge can inspect it for any brandings. It evolved from there into what we have today.\n\ntl:dr Old filing system."
]
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||
2d8bqi | why do cats only meow at humans and not at other cats? | It seems like most "smarter" animals use some form of vocal communication amongst their own species, however domesticated cats mostly use this only when directed at their owners. Are they mimicking human speech when they do this, and why don't they find it beneficial to meow at other cats (except when fighting and maybe when in heat)? Dogs bark at each other all the time. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d8bqi/eli5_why_do_cats_only_meow_at_humans_and_not_at/ | {
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"Cats know how to comunicate properly without vocalisation, they just have to dumb it down to get their point across to humans",
"Because they want attention/food. They shouldn't normally meow past being a kitten but when they are getting babied/being looked after they don't have to grow up or fend for themselves. ",
"[Here](_URL_0_) is a brief article about cat noises emulating babies' cries to appeal to our mammalian nurturing side. Sneaky buggers!",
"Feline communication is almost exclusively through body language, but that doesn't work on humans.",
"Cats do use meows for communication, but it's generally restricted to between mother and kittens and stops once the kittens grow old enough.",
"My cats meow to each other all the time.",
"\nI've had cats meow at each other. I had a cat who was already pregnant move into my house. Like, she walked in the back door one night and said, \"Ooh! Roast beef for dinner!\"\n\nShe meowed at her kittens all the time. She also would grab an old shoelace in her mouth and make this weird yowling sound to get them to engage in play.\n\n--edit to add, they also yowl at each other. Remember the \"Oh Don Piano\" video?\n"
]
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1t7nx2 | why do elves, dwarves, orcs and goblins appear in most things 'fantasy'? why do they usually follow the same lore and where did they come from? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t7nx2/eli5_why_do_elves_dwarves_orcs_and_goblins_appear/ | {
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"Many of these creatures, specifically elves, dwarves, and trolls, originally appeared in Norse mythology. They were introduced to modern fantasy by Tolkien in Lord of the Rings and surrounding books.",
"A lot of modern fantasy follows ideas established by Tolkien and reinforced by Dungeons & Dragons as they where / are very popular. There is more variation prior to these franchises.",
"It is all about Tolkien.\n\nPrior to him, there were a mish mash of European folk tales, but elves and fairies were pretty interchangeable, as were dwarves, goblins, and trolls.\n\nTolkien was one of the first to take them out of fairy tales and put them into an insanely detailed, living, breathing world with millennia of history behind them.\n\nJust about anything definitive people say about these fantasy creatures stated with Tolkien, and were reinforced by later authors and fantasy rle playing games."
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8casel | why is it the faster we go in and vehicle or mode of transportation we get wobbly? | I just remember whenever I would skateboarding down a hill that the faster I would go the more and more unstable I would be | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8casel/eli5_why_is_it_the_faster_we_go_in_and_vehicle_or/ | {
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"text": [
"Because no matter what medium you're traveling on/in, there are irregularities and the faster you pass over/through them, the more quickly they displace you.\n\nThink of it like someone grabbing your shoulders and moving them back and forth. If they do it slowly, you dont feel much of an effect. If they do it quickly, your head will whip back and forth."
]
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5o33be | why do americans still refer to their presidents as leaders of the free world. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5o33be/eli5_why_do_americans_still_refer_to_their/ | {
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"It's primarily a military thing. The United States has a stronger military than all other free countries combined, and so a lot of the world depends on it for security guarantees. Presidents are commanders-in-chief of the US military, ergo \"leader of the free world.\" \n\nThere is also nostalgia involved for when the US led in other departments. It still overwhelmingly leads in a lot of technological and scientific fields, but the curve is flatter and no longer reflected in a political situation that is now radically retrograde.\n\nIt will be a long time, if ever, before any credible person again uses the term \"leader of the free world\" unironically to describe an American politician.\n\n \n\n"
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4l3z2q | why do you all of a sudden start busting to go to the bathroom when you near your home and not while out and about? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4l3z2q/eli5_why_do_you_all_of_a_sudden_start_busting_to/ | {
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"The same reason you cling to your blankie and not some random blanket from someone's house down the street. A sense of security"
]
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||
2xn1yw | why have i never seen an indian or chinese baby with down syndrome | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xn1yw/eli5_why_have_i_never_seen_an_indian_or_chinese/ | {
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"Because you couldn't be bothered to use [Google](_URL_0_)? That's Chinese conductor Hu Yizhou, and he has Down Syndrome, just in case somebody thinks I was making the inference based solely on his appearance. India even has their own [Down Syndrome Federation](_URL_1_) so it's not an unknown phenomenon to them."
]
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20lybi | why taking antibiotics long term does not lead to antibiotic resistance, but taking them for too short of a time (ie not finishing the prescription) does? | How is it that taking antibiotics for months on end does not cause more resistant strains of bacteria? For instance, in dermatological applications antibiotics can be prescribed for months at a time, but how does this not cause more scary strains of bacteria from forming?
edit: how about this, if taking them for months on end is how to truly get rid of an infection, then why aren't all antibiotics prescribed for 30+ days? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20lybi/eli5_why_taking_antibiotics_long_term_does_not/ | {
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"It's like weeding a garden.\n\nIf you don't get the roots out, the weeds come back.\n\nKill all the weeds and you keep a healthy garden, leave the roots and they come back.\n\nBut with anti-biotics it survival of the fittest, the most resistant survive the die off and re-populate with a more resistant strain.",
"If you take antibiotics for the prescribed period, it ensures you kill off ALL of the bacteria that causes the illness (even the ones that are mildly resistant), and dead bacteria can't evolve. This prevents these mildly resistant bacteria from living and having a change to evolve more powerful antibiotic resistance.\n\n",
"In response to your edit question, not all antibiotics are created equal. Some are much more potent and if taken too long (..or indeed any antibiotic taken too long) can obliterate your friendly bacteria populations and even harm your own cells.\nContinuing with the garden weed analogy, say you're just merrily splashing weedkiller all over the place - sure you're not going to have weeds left but you're not going to have grass left either. (Especially if you're using it after the weeds have already died!)\n\nLikewise the length of antibiotic course also depends on the type of infection you're trying to clear (and where the infection is). Some bacteria are hardy little buggers - TB for example - and can take years of treatment to kill, whilst other bacteria can be carried off after a fortnight.\n\ntl;dr: antibiotics aren't one size fits all",
"Antibiotics don't kill bacteria so much as it weakens them to your body can kill them.\n\nResistant isn't an all or nothing thing...some bacteria are less resistance, and they die first. Some are more, but not completely resistant so they still around longer. You want to keep using the antibiotic until your body kills those off as well, because if you don't, those are the ones that reproduce, then all of the bacteria will have a higher level of resistance. "
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132z0c | how is it possible to run 4 million volts of raw electricity trough a human body without damaging anything? | I recently saw a a performance of "Lords of Lightning" on [video](_URL_0_) and I really wondered how this is possible. How does it feel? Does it hurt or damage anything? (more info on the this act [here](_URL_1_)) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/132z0c/eli5_how_is_it_possible_to_run_4_million_volts_of/ | {
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"This is a bit beyond me, because I'm a computer engineer and not an electrical engineer, but I'll do my best.\n\nFirst, volts do not \"flow\". An electric current is electrons moving through something. A current is measured in amperes or amps. Amps are a measurement of how many electrons move through something per second. Volts are a measure of how much the electrons want to move, or how hard the electrons are being pushed. A good analogy is water in a pipe. Electric current, or amps, is just like water flow through the pipe. Volts is like water pressure, or how hard the water is being pushed through the pipe. The two are related, but not the same thing.\n\nThe reason these guys are able to do what they do is because the electricity is not actually flowing through their body. They are wearing metal mesh suits, and the electric current is flowing through those suits and *around* their bodies. This is probably happening due to the skin effect, because they are probably using high frequency alternating current.\n\nGoing back to our water analogy, direct current is like what you're used to with water flowing through a pipe. The water/electrons only ever move in one direction through the pipe/wire. With alternating current, the flow alternates direction. In other words, the electrons kind of slosh back and forth.\n\nImagine you have a setup like [this](_URL_0_). If you were to move one of those pistons up and down, the other piston would also move up and down. The water in the pipe between them would move back and forth. This is alternating current.\n\nAlternating current also has a frequency. If you move the piston up and down slowly (once per second) that is a low frequency. If you move the piston up and down quickly (100 times a second) that is a high frequency.\n\nNow, here's where the similarity between water and electricity starts to break down. Electrical current does not move through all parts of a wire evenly. The higher the frequency is, the more that current gets pushed to the outside of the wire. This is called the \"skin effect\" because all the electricity flows through the skin of the wire.\n\nNow let's put this all together in the context of the Lords of Lighting. They put on these metal suits and run high frequency alternating current in one arm and out the other. If you think of their arms as wires, all that high frequency electricity gets pushed to the outside of the \"wire\", or the metal sleeve around the arm. Since none of the electricity flows through the dude's actual arm, and only around it through the suit, the guy stays safe.",
"Think of voltage as ~~pipe~~ pressure, resistance as the size of the pipe, and water flowing through that pipe as current. The higher the voltage, the larger the ~~pipe~~ pressure, meaning more water (current) can flow through it.",
"Would a bullet going 500 km/h hurt you?\n\nIf it was a BB it would bounce off your clothes, maybe sting a little. If it was an artillery shell, you'd be a fine pink mist.\n\nThe same is true with electricity. Voltage is only part of the story...with amperage being the rest. 4 million volts at low amperage is a tingle. 4 *hundred* volts at high amperage is a human BBQ. \n\n"
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3y3t3r | why do we put so much effort in keeping certain species from going extinct and invasive species out of foreign areas when the more "natural" thing to do is let it happen? (read description for clarification) | Maybe this is more of a philosophical question, but it seems to me that the "natural" way of the world is change as well as survival of the fittest. Obviously we want to keep things that ensure human survival as well as a sustainable environment, but for example Pandas and English Ivy (Hedera Helix)? I just don't see the point other than preserving the past. Yes, this question is operating under the assumption that others think protecting endangered species and preventing invasive species is the "natural" way. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3y3t3r/eli5_why_do_we_put_so_much_effort_in_keeping/ | {
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"Endangered is one thing. And more so humans trying to take responsibility for their actions. Most animals that are really endangered, it's partially our fault. \n\nAs for invasives, the thing is, naturally it wouldn't have happened in the first place. How is a Python from Burma going to relocate to the Florida Everglades without human interference? (Funny thing is they are endangered in Burma, but super invasive where I live. Idk why we don't just ship em over). \n\nSo, short answer for endangered, guilty humans. For invasive, depends. \n\nEdit: I just want to reiterate I'm not like some tree hugger or human-hater that blames my fellow species for everything. Like I've seen other people say, it's hard to rule out what animal is genuinely endangered and which is our fault. ",
"The reason invasive species are a problem is they are unnaturally placed in a new environment. They thrive because they are no longer exposed to the predators, parasites, and diseases they would be in their native environment, and that gives them an unnatural competitive advantage.\n\n > I just don't see the point other than preserving the past.\n\nIt is much more than that. In the 1970s, Africa faced famine when the cassava crop was being wiped out by an invasive South American mealyworm. It thrived because the wasps that preyed on it were not present in Africa, and because of that, millions face starvation. You might call that a \"natural\" outcome, but it certainly is not a desirable one "
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13twev | how come an xbox, which features 6 year old hardware, can run modern games smoother than my recently built pc? | Among the Xbox's impressive specs are:
* 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM
* A 3.2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon
*And a 500 MHz ATI Xenos | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13twev/eli5_how_come_an_xbox_which_features_6_year_old/ | {
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"Most popular games come out on the Xbox 360, the PS3, and the PC. Out of the three choices, the Xbox 360 is the most popular and has the oldest hardware, so the games usually get designed to run really well on the Xbox 360 first. After the game is done, they really quickly make versions for the PS3 and the PC, then release them all together to sell to you. The game is designed specifically to run on your Xbox 360 in the first place.",
"Because it's not drawing as nice of graphics as your PC is drawing. For example, most games on the 360 are rendered at 720p, which is approximately 1 million pixels. A 1080p monitor has approx. 2 million pixels. So, right off the bat your PC is drawing twice as many pixels per frame.\n\nHowever, the biggest reason is that the 360 is a fixed platform. When a game studio is developing a game they know exactly what hardware the game will be running on. If the game runs slowly on the 360 then they can tweak the graphics to make it better.\n\nBut on the PC they are developing for a moving target. Your PC could be slower than the expected computer and the developer isn't going to spend time to tweak specifically for your setup. However, most PC games let you manually increase or decrease the detail to make it run smoothly. When you crank up the settings to max you are acting as if you have the fastest possible computer.",
"When you program a game, you have to plan for what machine it'll run on. If I'm planning on making a game on Xbox, I can do some fancy tricks to make the game look even nicer than the games that first came out, but if the game needs a higher spec than what the Xbox is built for I need to start again.\n\nSo how do I make games for the Xbox look newer while using old technology? Well I only have 512 MB of RAM, which isn't a great deal by today's standards, but how much of the RAM do I actually need to use? It'd be nice if I could just build my program without thinking about it, which is what people could do when it first came out, but nowadays if I want to make something that looks good I've got to be very spartan about how much of the Xbox I *really* need to do what I want.\n\nDoing this is called **optimization**, don't say in a hundred words what could better be said with ten! The drawback to doing this is at some point you've stopped cleaning your code, and have done so many optimizations that your game is 'built' for an Xbox. Is the Xbox bad at Graphic Card Input/Output?^1 Better send requests in bulk! However, this isn't always best for computers that *aren't* Xbox's, so you end up making your code slower for non-Xbox computers.\n\n^1 I don't know if the Xbox *is* particularly bad at this, just throwing an example"
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1606h8 | what happens when you're on a ship in the ocean and there's an earthquake below you? | Does the ship shake? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1606h8/eli5_what_happens_when_youre_on_a_ship_in_the/ | {
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"Does the ship shake? No. Water would not transfer those vibrations. \n\nHowever, depending on the type of quake, you could see some major waves or swells. \n\nEarthquakes are created when two plates either rub together laterally or if one plate slips under the other. The second case would cause the sea to drop, causing a mammoth disturbance on the surface. This concept was the basis for the Poseidon Adventure. "
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3ibrpd | why is the recommended pressure so small (to the point of being practically invisible) on my car tires? | The tire brand is typically written in giant raised letters highlighted with white paint, but the psi is a minuscule bit of raised black rubber mixed among a bunch of other mysterious letters and numbers. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ibrpd/eli5_why_is_the_recommended_pressure_so_small_to/ | {
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"Car tires typically only list a maximum pressure, which you should not be using.\n\nThe car itself lists a recommended pressure, typically on the driver's door or door jamb, as well as in the manual. This should be easy to find and read, and will list front/rear separately.\n\nTwo vehicles using exactly the same tires will have different recommendations based on their weight and purpose. You should always go by the manufacturer recommended pressure and not the maximum on the tire."
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48cqod | whats so great about the raspberry pi? what can you do with it?? | so the new raspberry pi 3 came out and I have no idea what you can do with it or what it does...
what can you do with it ?? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/48cqod/eli5_whats_so_great_about_the_raspberry_pi_what/ | {
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"It's quite a fun little computer for messing around with. Great for people who want to get into Linux or coding. Best of all, it's cheap.\n\nIt's basically a really small computer.",
"Everything a computer can. It's basically a cheap computer with decent processing power (though not as much as your average desktop PC). \n\nI use mine (1st gen Pi) to download torrents, watch movies, host a couple of small websites and store backups on an external drive I hooked up to it. People I know use it to play simple games (NES emulator, etc), control stuff in their home like lights and heating, and even to record/watch footage from their security cameras, and all that is still pretty tame compared to what I've seen people on the interwebz do with it. \n\nAs long as you're okay with using Linux there is a very wide range possibilities, for just €35.",
"Here's a few projects I've got on my TODO list involving Raspberry Pi's\n\n * 2 way mirror with a screen behind it running some kind of notifier app. I'm planning on using the RPi as the brain of the project since it's cheaper (and more flexible) than ripping apart an android tablet.\n\n * Sunlight simulator alarm clock. I've got one of these clocks (by Phillips I think?) and I really like it but it doesn't have very many customization options. The main feature I want is different alarm times based on the day of week which The RPi is probably over powered for this and I may go with something more like [this](_URL_0_) but for $35 it's not a huge price difference either way.\n\n * Automatic gardener that has sensors measuring the soil pH, moisture content, air humidity and temperature. The GPIO pins make it super easy to use lots of sensors and relays directly from Linux instead of needing an intermediate device.\n\nRaspberry PI will work well for projects that need software to run that controls low level hardware (switches, LED's, relays, etc) or ones that just need a tiny computer (file server, media center, etc) without spending lots of money.",
"The Raspberry Pi was created with the hope of a return to the halcyon days when kids learn't how to programme computers. \n\nA little history:\n\nIn the UK, where this project hails from, the British Broadcasting Corporation decided that they wanted to teach their viewers about computers. To accompany the TV programmes they commissioned the development of personal computer. This machine was designed mostly by two engineers who subsequently went on to design the ARM processor. As you can imagine, with such brains behind it, the BBC Microcomputer was an extremely elegant design and anyone (like myself) who learnt to program it was exposed to lots of useful concepts.\n\nFor a while Universities had a steady stream of students who cut their computer teeth in this environment, they understood machine code, structured programming, synchronised queues, event driven systems, computer graphics. Then gradually, as technology progressed, the students came knowing how to construct a spread sheet or build 3d models for ray tracing but lacked many lower level concepts of machines. \n\nSo what can you do with it:\n\nYou can play around with the Raspberry Pi and do what you want with it.\n\n[David Braben](_URL_0_) wrote a very successful computer game (Elite) for the BBC Micro in 1984 when he was an undergraduate student. He is one of the founders of the Raspberry Pi project ([read this article from the Guardian](_URL_1_))",
"I was about to ask this question also, then thought I should search first. I need it explained like I am truly 5, even some of these answers are over my head. \n\nSo you can use it as a desktop, you can hook keyboard and monitor up to it? Internet/ethernet cable plugs into it or it uses wireless? \n\nIf it isn't as fast/powerful as a desktop, how fast/powerful is it? Like if you basically just surf the internet is it ok, as long as you aren't downloading/streaming movies or playing graphics heavy games? ",
"It's essentially a full-fledged PC that costs $35. It's quite small physically and uses a relatively small amount of electricity. It has less computing power than a $1k desktop of course, but not as little as you might think given the pricetag.\n\nHere are some examples of what you could do with one:\n\n1. HTPC for watching downloaded/streamed movies on your TV, like a DIY Roku/chromecast/etc.\n1. Low-powered browser/email machine\n1. Home server (webserver, email server, network fileshare, download box (torrents, etc), backup box)\n1. Robot controller\n1. Home-automation controller or endpoint\n1. Myriad DIY electronics projects\n1. Gaming console\n\netc, etc. There are many possibilities. It's a nifty little device. It's not specifically revolutionary, it's just the right combination of hardware at a low price that can do quite a bit at low power levels. ",
"It's basically a 35$ dollar mini-computer that has great video processing power. You can plug it into a monitor, install an OS, and do whatever you want.",
"It's basically a cheap computer. It allows you to have a computer for cheap that you can use for menial tasks",
"I use an older version as a media server at home. All the user computers can access my library at all times - it's permanently on since it's not using much energy nor making any sounds.\n\nIt's also directly connected to a beamer, and kodi (_URL_0_) is running on it, so i can directly watch FullHD movies with it. All that for a few bucks.",
"its a small computer that is extremely versatile. \n\nfirst of all It has these pins on it , called GPIO pins(**G**eneral **P**urpouse **I**nput **O**utput) , which help you interact with the physical world , via leds , switches , displays , servos, sensors , etc , you name it , it can work with it. \n\nSecond of all, being a small form-factor computer , and being capable of running 24/7 without any sort of cooling makes it suitable for use in small-scale server operations, eg , a home media server or a small office server.\n\nThird of all , it is also powerful enough to emulate older consoles up until the PS1. This means you can potentially run more than 10000 games on it, and can handle HD video like a champ , making it great as a home entertainment suite \n\nFurthermore , It is capable of being used as a very rudimentary home computer, being able to browse the internet, edit documents , and do some light programming and gaming. \n\nLastly, it is a very versatile educational tool. It is a great way to get into programming , and interacting with the real world via code . Head on over to /r/raspberry_pi For more on this point , but you will find a wide variety of DIY projects ranging from simple LED arrays to Smart Mirrors. \n",
"Short version is that it's a general purpose computer built with cell phone chips so it's tiny and low power but very capable (like a phone) ",
"How hard and what would I need (besides the pi3) to run a little computer to websurf and watch movies. I know a screen/keeboard/mouse. What about an OS.. Does it some with a gui like lubuntu or something g like that? ",
"Pretty much anything you want.\n\nThe really nice thing about that sort of micro-computer is that it's cheap enough (they go as low as $5 or so) to use it for something stupid. If you've ever thought \"I should totally tie a computer to my cat and give it a twitter account\" -- you can do that for about the price of a large pizza and a few hours work.\n\nPersonally, I want to record what the temperature inside my fridge does over time. Because they are cheap and low power, I can dedicate an entire computer to that task for however long I want.",
"I use mine as a portable media server. This means that i can carry all of my movies AND a device to play them with cords in something the size of a small ziplock. \n\nIf I am somewhere that has a TV I can plug this in and have access to all my movies and tv shows I have on my harddrive. Don't have to worry about file-formats or transferring files or grabbing what I want to watch. it's all with me all the time in my bag.",
"It is a very cheap computer. Lots of friendly people are making stuff for it. \n\nYou can use it as a very basic console (play old games, watch videos)\n\nYou can use it for some PC-stuff (downloading, networks), so you don´t have to run your big, power hungry machine all the time.\n\nYou can UNDERSTAND Computer stuff with it because it has a good manual and lots of nice people to help you out.\n\nYou can EXTEND it to do anything it can´t do already, because it is well documented and lots of nice people will help you.\n\nYou can MEASURE or CONTROL real things, because it has a special port for sensors and motors.\n\nYou can MAKE things using it, because it is small, cheap and low power\n\nApparently most people think it´s awesome because it plays videos and retro games and looks nerdy. \n\nHowever, from the specs i don´t see the pi 3 to perform a lot better at these than the GBP 4 Pi Zero. Except availability seems to be worse for the Zero.\n\nNonELI5: Pi 3´s MultiCore CPU don´t help much with Emulation because it mostly emulates SingleCore consoles.\nVideos won´t get much better because it still uses the same GPU, just a little faster.\nAnother note to consider is that the 10000 Games are illegal if you don´t own them already for another system and watching legally bought movies on the Pi seems not entirely easy either."
]
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[],
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"https://www.particle.io/"
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Braben",
"http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jul/14/elite-dangerous-david-braben-interview-rasberry-pi-open-world-program-code"
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8rmtdl | why is it easy to drink 6 pints of beer but not 6 pints or even 2 pints of water? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8rmtdl/eli5_why_is_it_easy_to_drink_6_pints_of_beer_but/ | {
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"I think it's mostly psychological. As water is fairly tasteless, and beer is rich with taste. \nAnd in nature, (mostly) the food with more flavor has more vitamins and nutrition, so your body responds more positively.\n(Not a doctor or anything that has to do with anything at all)",
"You're not keeping track of your timescales\n\nYou might drink 2 beers in 20-40 minutes, that's pretty easy. You probably attempt to drink 2 pints of water in just a few minutes, that's a lot harder. If you instead had a liter water bottle(~2 pints) and drank out of that you'd find its actually not that hard to drink 2 pints of water in 20 minutes(note, i just did this over the last 20 minutes...)\n\nWhen you're talking about drinking 6 pints of beer, you're doing it over the course of a night out which may be a few hours which again makes it easier. Over a few hours you could easily drink the same 6 pints of water, provided you were just thinking about drinking water and not seeing how fast you could drink 6 pints of water."
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[],
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||
34hu0e | why do i feel like i'm going to pass out when i become too anxious? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34hu0e/eli5_why_do_i_feel_like_im_going_to_pass_out_when/ | {
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"When you suffer from anxiety, feeling faint is almost exclusively caused by hyperventilation. Also known as \"over-breathing,\" hyperventilation occurs when you breathe out too much carbon dioxide as a result of poor breathing habits.\n\nInterestingly, hyperventilation feels like the exact opposite – when you're hyperventilating, it often feels as though you're not getting enough oxygen. So those that are hyperventilating have a tendency to try to take even deeper breaths – breathing in more oxygen to compensate.\n\nThis makes it worse. The abundance of oxygen and the depletion of CO2 causes your blood vessels to constrict, which reduces blood flow to the brain. When your brain doesn't feel like it's getting enough blood, it prepares you for passing out, because the easiest way to make sure blood flow reaches your brain is when you're on the floor."
]
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[]
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||
69a4gm | why do some judges ask a person to pay more alimony/child support, than what they make in a month? or a extremely high % of what they make in a month? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69a4gm/eli5_why_do_some_judges_ask_a_person_to_pay_more/ | {
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"Can you actually provide a definitive, concrete example of this happening? I imagine that the courts would very likely reduce this type of situation as a mater of equity, as most if not all family courts consider income when awarding alimony and child support. ",
"A lot of it is based on previous employment. Say you had a job that made 6000 a month last year, well your wife and you split, and you get depressed and lose the job because of whatever reason. \n\nThe judge will assume that your previous income is your earning potential and charge accordingly. In most cases this is complete fudge nuggets for the father and he gets hosed on the arrangement. \n\nThis was probably *and i have no source for this* brought in because of some fathers trying to skip out on alimony by claiming a lower income immediately after a divorce just to stiff the wife while hiding their current income. ",
" > Why is it that you hear of (no so fringe) cases where a person,\n\nI've never heard of any. Can you link some?\n\nThe reason I have trouble believing that this is common is that courts don't want the father to go bankrupt paying child support (I'm just assuming the father is paying for the sake of simplicity). If the dad loses his house and job from having to pay child support, then he definitely won't be able to pay in the future so you cut off the entire revenue stream.\n\nIn many states child support is based on a percentage of the dad's income, so there's no way that could exceed his actual income since those states cap the total at some percentage less than 100. And I believe in every state the judge has discretion to make adjustments based on specific circumstances. There are also often special guidelines for high income and low income parents (as defined by each state).\n\nThe only time I can think of where it would make sense to order more child support than someone's monthly income would be if that person previously had a high income and the judge thinks they purposefully shrank it to avoid child support or if the person ordered to pay has a lot of assets, but no income (e.g., a retiree who owns a lot of real estate and has a whole lot of cash in the bank).\n\nAdditionally, you don't have to appeal if there's been a change in circumstances. If you lose your job or get demoted or something similar, you can ask the trial court to modify the order to take into account your new income. Similar, if you get a raise the parent who is owed child support can get the ordered modify to increase the monthly support.\n\nTo give a concrete example, child support in Texas is typically capped at 40% of the obligated parent's net income (20% for 1 child, 25% for 2, 30% for 3, 35% for 4, and 40% for 5+), which you can see [here](_URL_0_) in section 154.125(b).\n\nAs far as alimony goes, I don't know specifically since there isn't alimony in my state, but it stands to reason that it would follow similar guidelines.",
"Lawyer here.\n\nIn my state (and I would assume it would be similar in others), the amount of child support is given in statute, and is based upon the number of children. For example, for one child, it is presumed the correct amount of child support is 14% of the non-custodial parent's net income. Note that \"net income\" as used here is slightly different than the \"net income\" shown on your paystub. The judge has to make specific findings to deviate from the percentage.\n\nHowever, a judge may impute income to an individual. How? I had a client who divorced while he was in medical school. He went to medical school later in life, and he had been an EMT before going to med school. He wasn't working while going to med school, though. The judge found that he was capable of making an EMT's salary, even though the client had none at the time. So, he based child support off an EMT's salary. (This ultimately resulted in the guy having to drop out of med school).\n\nThe reasoning behind doing this is to deter people from deciding they just won't work in order to avoid paying child support or from getting paid under the table."
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"http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/FA/htm/FA.154.htm"
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ffw9dt | why can you "taste" certain foods after burping, even when it is hours later and you have eaten or drank several other types of food and beverages after eating the initial food? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ffw9dt/eli5_why_can_you_taste_certain_foods_after/ | {
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"Smell is a major component of how you\"taste\" foods. Food can stay in your stomach a long while, especially if you're having a hard time digesting it.\n\nGases from your stomach carry with it the smells of the food in your stomach when you burp. You smell it again, so recall the tasting of the food."
]
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2034wn | the genetics of blood types including the rh factor (positive or negative) | I'm pregnant and due in September. My blood type is B+ (my SO doesn't remember his, but he will find out soon) and I'm wondering what possibilities out baby's blood type could be. Everything I've looked up about it is very complex and I am just looking for the simplest answer. Thanks in advance! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2034wn/eli5_the_genetics_of_blood_types_including_the_rh/ | {
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"Without your SO's blood type the baby's blood type could be any of the blood types.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThis video should help explain everything easily. As for the Rh factor, being + is considered dominate so the baby be positive. ",
"There are three alleles for blood type. I^A (I'll use A for short), I^B (B for short) and i. \n\nalleles present | blood type\n:--|:--|:--|:--|:--\nAA or Ai | A\nBB or Bi | B\nAB | AB\nii | O\n\nSo the i allele (for O blood type) is the only recessive one. Without knowing if you or your SO are heterozygous (carrying two different alleles) and with what genes, it's literally impossible to guess what your baby's blood type could be."
]
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsHZbgOmVwg"
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|
44esiv | were the nazis aware of how evil they were? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44esiv/eli5_were_the_nazis_aware_of_how_evil_they_were/ | {
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"I believe some of them were. There was an experiment done by Stanley Milgram where one was ordered to test a \"participant\" then give \"electric shocks\" to them if they got a question wrong. They were more likely to do it if there was someone in the room with them, and even gave \"lethal\" amount of shocks. The \"participant\" was acting, of course. This helped to explain why some people do extreme acts when given orders even if they know it's wrong. Really fascinating. Here's the wikipedia on it: _URL_0_",
"They genuinely believed in it.\n\nEvil doesn't happen like in cartoons and movies, where people sit down and think \"Today I will be evil muhahaha!\" *mustache twirl*. Mostly, evil people seem excessively *normal*.\n\n[About Rudolf Hoss](_URL_4_):\n > In all of the discussions, Höss is quite matter-of-fact and apathetic, shows some belated interest in the enormity of his crime, but gives the impression that it never would have occurred to him if somebody hadn't asked him. There is too much apathy to leave any suggestion of remorse and even the prospect of hanging does not unduly stress him. One gets the general impression of a man who is intellectually normal, but with the schizoid apathy, insensitivity and lack of empathy that could hardly be more extreme in a frank psychotic.\n\nHoss was the one who introduced the method of using Zyklon B gas to kill prisoners in the concentration camps. Apparently he came to his senses later, a few days before execution. Still...\n\nAbout [Eduard Wirth](_URL_2_), a doctor who selected prisoners for horrible medical experiments:\n > . . Wirths was significantly immersed in Nazi ideology in three crucial spheres: the claim of revitalizing the German race and Volk; the biomedical path to that revitalization via purification of genes and race; and the focus on the Jews as a threat to this renewal, to the immediate and long-term \"health\" of the Germanic race. While Wirths did not absolutize these convictions in the manner of Mengele — they were in him combined with a strong current of medical humanism — his commitment to the Nazi cause was probably no less strong . . .\n\nAbout [Josef Mengele](_URL_3_) (who began the practice of experimentation on prisoners:\n > He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire ... And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay.\n\nEven after the war, as they rounded up Nazi leadership for trials, *some* of them looked back at what happened and realized what they had done. To the day of his death, Mengele always said that he had been doing the right thing all along.\n\nThey were people who truly believed that what they were doing was the right thing. They believed absolutely that whites were the master race, they believed that Jews were conspiring to keep Germany weak, and they believed that it was their *right* to inherit the Earth - a right stolen from them by, among others, the Jews. In their mind, they weren't killing innocent people, they were taking back what belonged to them and that those people were no better than animals and didn't deserve to be treated like humans.\n\nEvil also doesn't happen all at once. If you went back in a time machine and showed a German pictures of Auchwitz in the 1930s, they would be horrified, I'm sure. But it doesn't start with death camps, it starts with fear. Then you start [registration](_URL_5_), then [forced relocation](_URL_0_), then concentration, *then* death camps.\n\nAnd remember, we were [once headed in the same direction](_URL_1_), and it started with fear of Japanese living in the United States. Luckily, we didn't go very far with it.",
"It's good to keep in mind that only people who lose wars are villains.\n\nPlenty of people on both sides of war knew that if their side loses, they would be hung as war criminal for crimes against humanity. I mean, Nazis certainly did plenty of things to make it easier to portray WWII as good versus evil, but that only becomes relevant after you lose. So it's all the more important not to lose.",
"It probably depends on who you're looking at:\n\nThe Wehrmacht soldiers on the front, especially on the eastern front, were probably too busy to even think about the morals of what they were doing, and it's not like they had a choice anyway. \"Burn down this civilian building with the civilians still in them or I'll shoot you and have another soldier do it.\" doesn't really leave you much choice.\n\nHowever the SS was different, there's plenty of reports of SS soldiers reveling in the mass murder they commited on the eastern front.\n\nThe higher ups, the ones that didn't actually fight, really had to be aware of the atrocities they commited, they were the ones that ordered them in the first place. Though they were so misguided in their morals and so fanatic in their ideals that they still thought what they did was right for the world. **Evil people usually don't think of themselves as evil, they think of themselves as misunderstood and everyone else is just misguided and doesn't see the truth.**\n\nBut with all that said, you have to take one thing into consideration for the civilians and soldiers. Since around 1920 (so almost for 2 full decades before the war started) the NSDAP (the Nazi party) was conditioning the population that the Jews, and everyone not Aryan, were Untermenschen (subhuman). Everywhere you went there were special park banks for jews, special bathrooms for jews, etc. Kinda like the USA treated blacks for a long time, but even more extreme.\n\nSo for almost 2 decades the German population was conditioned to think of Jews and all the other \"unwanted\" people as not human, as vermin that had to be extinguished from the earth. The Nazis were fond of the idea of the \"unwanted\" being compared to ants and the like - and no human would every feel sorry for an Ant that he crushed beneath his feet.\n\nBack then you couldn't just go on the internet to make up your own opinion, you couldn't just read a foreign newspaper or even just switch the TV channel - there was only the news the government provided, and it was propaganda through and through.\n\nOf course not every German citizen bought into the propaganda, but a lot of them did, and once the Nazi party took command of the country the normal citizens didn't really have a choice - every dissident was jailed at best and killed on the spot at worst.\n\nOf course there was a (small) resistance movement, and lots of stories of people trying to help and hide jews, but when it comes down to it, the normal person will choose their own life over the life of their neighbors - so if a soldier knocks and says he'll shoot you unless you give up the jews, a lot of people will do that.\n\n--\n\nAnd to end this, some anecdotal evidence from my late grandfather: He had to fight the Russians at age 16 when the war was coming to an end. He didn't care of any of the propaganda, he didn't care for the war at all, all he wanted was for it to end and for him and his family to survive. He didn't hate the Russians, but he feared what they would do to him, and he honestly hoped that if he was taken as a prisoner after being shot in the leg and left for dead, that the US or UK forces would take him - the Germans knew very well that the English Allied forces were still humane, especially compared to the Russians who had been forced into the same frenzy as the Wehrmacht. \n\n",
"Of course they didn't.\nNazi has become a pejorative term when at the time, it was admired by many.\n\nMost of the German people were completely unaware of what the government was doing or they kept their mouths shut out of fear that their republic was becoming too authoritative. At the time though, they didn't get the relentless propaganda that the west did to fan the flames of war. Many in the west still remembered the \"great war\" and were unwilling to enter the conflict. It took a great deal of propaganda and coaxing to get the US into the war.\n\n Much like Bertha or Agnes were acceptable names in the past, conditioning and aligning them with unacceptable traits made them unattractive. This is the same as the Nazis and their symbol meaning \"good fortune and well being\". \n\nIf the American citizenry were paraded in front of the evils that the CIA has done, they too would consider themselves evil. If the Nazis had won the war, they would be righteous and just making what they did, necessary, regardless of how horrible it was."
]
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"http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/29/politics/donald-trump-immigration-plan-healthcare-flip-flop/",
"http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/george-takei-calls-out-donald-trump-for-japanese-internment-comments-w159401",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Wirths#Capture_and_suicide",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss#Capture.2C_trial.2C_and_execution",
"http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/11/20/donald-trump-says-hed-absolutely-require-muslims-to-register/"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
cl49zl | what is compartmentalization in psychology? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cl49zl/eli5_what_is_compartmentalization_in_psychology/ | {
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"Pretend your brain is a library- \n\nYou dont want all of the work problem books mixed in with the childhood memory books! \n\nSo, you make sure to organize your library and keep all the books where they belong- that way they dont cause a mess or problem and you can keep enjoying your library. \n\nBasically you keep your emotions and feelings in certain areas, that are usually less \"well traveled \" so that they dont interfere with your daily life stuff."
]
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||
a5rkqg | what is the difference between $5 department store headphones and $500 headphones? do they fundamentally have the same components inside or made with different materials? | I saw Bose Headphones from $300 to $500 but feel like I would be paying more due to the brand name | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a5rkqg/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_5_department/ | {
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"Build quality is a major factor, but really once you get past the $100-$200 range, any extra you'd be paying is for brand over quality. The \"cheap\" $5 headphones are probably fine for listening to streaming music from your smartphone, but would definitely fall into the \"you get what you pay for\" saying, as they're likely to not last very long. If you're particulary rough on your electronics, or lose them often, and constantly have to replace your headphones, you'd be better off finding a pair for less than $25 that you like than paying hundreds of dollars on a pair of headphones.\n\nAdditionally, the higher-quality headphones tend to have built-in subwoofers, and some even have a 3-speaker design with subwoofer and tweeter. Another contributing factor for price is active noise cancellation. Some headphones now are starting to include Dolby Atmos support, which provides not only left/right surround sound, but height as well.",
"The size, weight, shape, material, and electrical properties of the transducer inside the headphones make a big difference in the quality of the sound. Better made headphones will sound much closer to the actual recording than cheap department store headphones. \n\nProfessional headphones that faithfully reproduce music and also won't fall apart can be had for between $75-$100 USD. \n\nSource: Part of my day job is to record video and audio of large conference sessions. I need headphones that are very durable and also very accurate. ",
"Converting an electrical signal into a perfectly identical sound wave is difficult to do. As an analogy, consider having to trace over a squiggly line with a pencil freehand. Depending on many factors like your pencil grip and arm and body positions, and of course skill some parts of the line will be more difficult to reproduce than others especially the fine details. No matter how hard you try there will be significant imperfections that your eye is going to notice. The same goes for headphones. Material quality, driver design, and manufacturing tolerances among other things are going to effect how close the reproduction of the original audio signal will be. \n\nBringing it back to the line tracing analogy the comparison would look something like this:\n\n$5 headphones - Toddler tracing skill level\n\n$100 - high school art class\n\n$300 - college art student\n\n$500 - professional artist\n\nClearly there is diminishing returns but the differences are noticeable especially for people who listen to music seriously. Anyone who says the differences are negligible is wrong. Casual listeners may have a harder time noticing the differences especially at the higher end because they haven't trained their ear to the point where they are capable of noticing the differences. These people are blissfully ignorant. It's kind of how the average person can't tell that that guy playing wonderwall at a party has his guitar out of tune but it will stick out like a sore thumb to anyone with a little bit of a musical background. \n\nThe thing most buyers are unaware of is that the mainstream consumer headphone brands DO NOT give you your money's worth in terms of sound quality. For example if you buy a $300 pair of beats you are probably paying like $75 for the brand plus another $100 for the Bluetooth and noise cancelling features. So even though you're paying $300 you're really getting a sound quality that's closer to a $100 pair of wired headphones from a legitimate audiophile headphone company. This is the main reason audiophiles have such a distaste for brands like Beats and SkullCandy. I can't help feeling like people are getting ripped off by these companies when you can get a better pair of headphones for literally less than half the price.\n"
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34vef5 | can anything be 100% silent? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34vef5/eli5can_anything_be_100_silent/ | {
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"Sound is dependent on a medium. In outer space sound doesn't transmit since there is nothing to propagate the sound wave. Most of the movies have it incorrect... So you can be above absolute zero and still have no sound. But it you are in a medium that will, yes, everything has a sound "
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||
3myqxn | if all cells are made of lipid walls, what stops two cells from blobing into one when they collide? | Fats and lipids will combine with each other when they come on contact with each other like how water will with other water molecules, so why don't cells do this? And if they *do* combine, what dictates what it does?
Edit: let's assume that they are non eukaryotic cells of the same species so that intracellular membranes and different protein types aren't a variable. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3myqxn/eli5_if_all_cells_are_made_of_lipid_walls_what/ | {
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"It's because cell membranes aren't just made of lipids, they're made of **phospho**lipids. Phospholipids have the typical hydrophobic fatty acid tails that other fats have, but at their head, they have a very hydrophilic phosphate group. Stick a bunch of these phospholipids in water, and they'll naturally group the fatty acid tails together (to limit their exposure to water) and face the phosphate end outward like [this](_URL_0_) to form a bilayer with phosphate groups pointing both toward the exterior and interior of the cell. When two cells are next to one another, the phosphate heads of their cell membranes are what come into contact, and they tend to repel each other and not bond.\n\nLet me know if this was clear. ",
"To add to lollersauce914's comment, there are also a number of other things going on besides phospholipids. The cell wall includes a lot of embedded proteins that control the attachment of the cell to its surroundings and the transport of materials across the membrane. Most organisms also generate an extracellular matrix of one sort or another outside the cell wall. In the case of animal tissues, the matrix can consists of a complex array of proteins and polysaccharides (highly complex carbohydrates).\n\nAlso, the contents of the cell are not a free-flowing liquid that just blobs around, but a thick mixture of proteins and other biomolecules, cell structures etc. Eukraryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton, a network of fibers inside the cell, made of proteins, which the cells use to control their shape, movement, attachment etc.",
"Let's put this in more ELI5 context. You can imagine phospholipids like match sticks. In water (which humans are mostly made of) the wooden parts want to group together. The heads are more or less indifferent to eachother. Heads and tails repell. A container of pure phospholipids is therefore indeed a regular oily, pure liquid state substance, because there is no water to influence it.\n\nWhen a cell membrane is formed, two matchstick layers are made with all the heads facing one way and stuck together facing away from eachother (so the match heads are the outside faces of the wall and the wooden parts are all on the inside of the membrane)\n\nNow if two cells collide, the match heads will simply bounce off eachother like soccer balls. The force holding the tails inside the membrane is many times greater than outside applied force. Many. Many. Times.\n\nSeriously I can put e-coli bacteria in a centrifge at 20.000rpm and they stay intact.\n\nProteines in the membrane don't alter this property (save for a few exceptional cases like your immune system). At best, they can glue cells together, but due to the chemical stability of the membrane it is very hard to break - which is an essential step in merging.\n\nBasically it is like making paper. The soup you make it from will mix, but once you turn them into sheets you can't fuse them by simply stacking them. "
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4fy94e | why and how is it an accepted notion that in quantum physics, particles exhibit different properties when observed as compared to not being observed? | Is it not common logic to believe that anything will follow a common pattern, that has been previously observed, even when it is not observed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fy94e/eli5why_and_how_is_it_an_accepted_notion_that_in/ | {
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"This may be a better question for /r/askscience. But the basic answer is that no one is really sure why quantum physics works the way it does. We've got a good understanding of the general behaviors of particles, but there's no solid theory on why it's so counter intuitive to how anything else in the world works. To quote Richard Feynman, \"If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don't understand quantum mechanics.\"",
"As strange as it sounds, that's what we see when we do experiments. Sometimes particles behave like waves and sometimes like particles. One of the simplest experiments that shows this is [the double slit experiment](_URL_0_). Basically:\n\nYou take electrons and shoot them at a piece of metal with one small slit in it. Behind the slit you put photographic film. The electrons to create dots on the film, so they act like particles). There are more of these dots near the slit, but some are to the side, since the electrons can bounce off the edge of the metal slit.\n\nThen you make two slits. If you cover either one, you see the pattern above behind either slit. But if you leave both uncovered, you see an interference pattern, which is what you'd expect if the electrons were waves. Where the path through one slit to the film and the path through the other slit are the same length, then you see more electrons, but when the path through one slit and the other are slightly different, the two cancel each other out and you see no electrons -- since when high and low part of a wave meet you get no wave. Based on this the electrons act like waves.\n\nYou fire the electrons one at a time and you see the same effect. The electron is interfering with itself.\n\nThen you create a detector to tell which slit the electrons go through. You can do this by shining light past the slits and the light will scatter off an electron and create a flash. When you do this you see the flashes, but the interference patter goes away. Observing the electron has made it act like a particle.\n\nThen you try dimming the light and sending fewer photons. Now sometimes an electron sneaks past without being detected, and you see an interference patter from only these electrons.\n\nThen you try using lower energy (and therefor longer wavelength) photons. This has no effect until the wavelength gets so long that it can no longer detect and electron, and suddenly the interference pattern returns.\n\nIt isn't common logic, but it's the way the world works. In science experimental results win out over what makes sense.",
"'Observed' doesn't really mean 'seeing it with your eyes' it just means that something have caused the probability wave to collapse to reveal it's properties.\n\nA particle will exist as a wave, which has a certain amount of energy and frequency. While the particle is in this state there is an amount of uncertainty about it's properties, like it's momentum and it's position. However if we make more and more accurate measurements this wave collapses to reveal more information. So for example if we try to work out what the particles momentum is, we lose information about it's position. Like wise if we try to work out it's position we lose information about it's momentum.\n\nSo we have to make predictions about the probability that a particle will be in a certain position at a certain time because most of the time it is in the 'not observed' state. You can never know for absolute certainty where a particle will be until it is measured using probability. As the measurements get more and more accurate we can overtime workout where a particle will be.\n\nEdit. Heres an example but don't take it litterally:\n\nSomeone fires a bullet from a gun. If we stand back and try to watch the bullet, because it's moving so fast it's almost impossible to know exactly where it is an what type of bullet it is. If we had a super speedy camera, we could zoom in on the bullet, revealing more detail about it. However, because we have zoomed in, we have lost context about it's position. So you can imagine while zoomed out, the bullet is a wave, and while zoomed in, it is a particle."
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1wyslw | if i delete some files on flash storage (e.g a pen drive), how is the data still (partly) recoverable? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wyslw/eli5_if_i_delete_some_files_on_flash_storage_eg_a/ | {
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"Because you're not actually deleting the data, you're deleting the reference to the data.\n\nIf your drive is a library, you're removing the information that says the book is there, not the book itself.",
"Most OS's don't really delete files when you \"delete\" them. They merely mark the space as usable again if some other data needs to get written. Until the data is overwritten, there may be enough of it around to figure out what was deleted if someone can get a low enough level look at it.",
"The actual file isn't deleted, the operating system merely marks that space as being available for use. Free tools are available to recover \"deleted\" files - such as [Recuva](_URL_0_). Another tool by the same company - CCleaner - has a built-in tool that can securely wipe files from a storage device. Of course, there are a lot of other tools out there that can securely erase files."
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28ee69 | why do towels get rough when dried outside on a line? | When I dry the sheets, clothes, rags on the line, they're fine. But towels can never be dried on the line without getting stiff/rough. Why?! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28ee69/eli5why_do_towels_get_rough_when_dried_outside_on/ | {
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"Hard water deposits not being rubbed/softened by tumble dry action."
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9pjxtm | what is madness? | What also comes into this question also is the realities of mad people in our society. Do they see another reality apart from ours? Or do they just hallucinate? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9pjxtm/eli5_what_is_madness/ | {
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"Its kinda like asking “what is sickness?” It is not being well, with specific emphasis on mental state. “Madness” covers an enormous number of conditions with a huge variety of symptoms, and is not at all a strict of protect term.\n\nYou could look into different forms of mental illness, which may help narrow things down for you."
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2z4wq1 | why is shooting a deer in the head a bad shot? | I'm not a hunter, but I'm dating someone from a family of avid hunters, and I wanted to know why a headshot is considered a "bad shot."
I understand aiming for the lungs is a pretty much guaranteed kill, large area to aim for, etc.
Modern power rifles would have no problem getting a kill when hitting a headshot, so guaranteeing lethality isn't an issue, so why is the head considered a bad shot?
Edit: It was pointed out that I should differentiate between taking a headshot and making the headshot. I appreciate everyone's responses about the head being an unreasonable target because it's small. What I want to know is making the headshot - say I'm a decent marksman and know I can make the headshot, why are the other hunters going to be upset with me for downing the deer? (And thank you to those that have provided answers to this question as well) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2z4wq1/eli5_why_is_shooting_a_deer_in_the_head_a_bad_shot/ | {
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"If you strike a glancing blow to the head area or neck the animal is likely to survive in pain for quite sometime.",
"The head is a pretty small target compared to to the heart and lungs.",
"I'm no hunter but from what I've heard if you shoot a deer in the head it makes a huge mess out of the skull and brains (ruins it from being a trophy). Again, I'm no hunter so if someone knows better please correct me.",
"A small target like the head is a risky shot. Let's say you hit the deer in the jaw. Not a fatal shot. Now the deer runs off and can't eat or drink and dies a slow, agonizing death.",
"It is the same reason attempting to shoot a person in the head is a bad shot. (Assuming you are the general public, and not a navy seal).\n\nWhenever you are trying to kill anything, be it human or animal, with a gun or bow and arrow. There are 4 ways to kill that target in what is considered a humane fashion.\n\n1. Take away the targets ability to breath - puncture the lungs\n\n2. Take away the targets ability to pump blood - puncture the heart\n\n3. Take away the targets blood itself - puncture a main artery\n\n4. Disable the central nervous system or CNS for short.- This is a head shot, breaking of the neck, or spinal cord up high above the shoulders. \n\nIf you only have 1 shot to take. The central nervous system is the smallest target to hit. If you miss it, but still hit the animal, you can cripple it, but not kill it. (Look at gabby giffords, she lived through a head shot. She is all sorts of fucked up, but she is alive)\n\nIf you aim for the center of mass, that same one shot has the potential ability to hit the heart, lungs or an artery, or all 3 or any combination of the 3. Any 1 of the 3 will put down the animal in short order. And if actually happen to pull off a perfect broadside shot, you will hit the lungs, heart and an artery all in 1 shot. \n\n > Modern power rifles would have no problem getting a kill when hitting a headshot\n\nThat is simply not true. As a 17th century musket can do the same thing in the hands of a marksman. It always comes down to shot placement. Center of mass is a larger target than a brain. And technically speaking, you are not just trying to hit the brain, but a specific part of it. Hitting the medulla oblongata is the ultimate \"lights out\" sniper style shot that will disable the CNS as quick as you can snap your fingers. But with any head shot, If your shot placement is not dead on, all you will do is scalp a deer, but it will otherwise live. (or die slowly in pain and agony). But if your aim is center of mass, you can still have a good hit which equals a clean kill even if your aim is off, or the target moves. \n\nNext is training. When you are first taught to shoot firearms (if you are lucky) you are taught techniques that are reliable, and more importantly, repeatable. Center of mass is a larger target than the CNS. At any kind of distance, you are much more likely to be able to repeatedly hit that center of mass simply because it is a larger target. If you were trained to hit the smallest target possible, under stress, unless you are in the military and shooting tens of thousands of rounds a year, it simply isn't going to happen. Ones marksmanship would not be repeatable. \n\nAnd lastly there is what is tried, and what is proven. When taking game the whole idea is to cause the least amount of suffering to the animal. If you are a hunter, and your practices/techniques are shown to cause great pain or agony to an animal, then you are just a bad hunter. Over the course of the last few hundred years in regards to both firearm and hunting development. It has been proven that over the course of those hundreds of years that on average a center of mass shot is the most reliable and repeatable way to take game quickly and cleanly without causing any undue pain or agony to that animal. \n\nLast point. If an animal, like a deer, is dying a slow agonizing death. The body will secrete enzymes that do get into the meat, which can do anything from taint to destroy the flavor of the meat.",
"Because the chance to miss the brain is so great, the opportunity to maim or hurt the animal is also great. An ethical hunter wants to drop the animal as quickly as possible with as little pain to the animal as possible. That is accomplished with a lung /heart shot. I have no respect for a fellow hunter who drops a deer with a head shot. To me he is just showing off, with absolutely no regard for the animal which just gave up its life for him. ",
"It is like everyone is saying, the area to impact has a very small effective kill zone. I had an uncle try to kill with headshot once and shot the lower jaw off instead. Not only is the shot a hard one but the nature of the anatomy makes it difficult. The skull has only a few weak spots for a bullet to easily enter without deflecting. The bullet must impact at a perpendicular to the curved point on the skull to be most effective. The heart-lung area is the most humane aim point as the potential to disrupt blood flow and oxygenation will cause a quick death. It also has a bigger area and it is less likely there will be a miss.",
"A deer's brain is a target about the same size as its ear. Most of its head is its snout and jaw. Shooting an animal's face off will not kill it quickly.",
"Like everyone in the thread has already said, the possibility of injuring is much higher. I took this shot last year with a .270 and she went down but I had to finish her when I got to her. Messed me up some and I'll never do it again. But, another reason that I haven't seen is that, without a shot that opens the arteries you don't get good blood loss even after gutting. With out slitting the throat after that shot you leave a lot of blood in the animal giving it a less desirable taste. I did not let the blood and it was a lesser quality meat because if it.",
"When people think head shots, they think human heads with human brains in them.\n\nA deer's brain is about the size of a fist, which means most of what is in a deer's head is *not* brain. Hitting something that small from a distance is a tough shot for even a good marksman. Heart/lungs/arteries in the chest cavity in a much more likely kill.",
"People like to believe they are accomplished marksmen, in reality they aren't. A deer's head isn't that big, with a headshot, there is a high risk that a shot either result a complete miss, or an animal with it's jaw shot off that runs off and dies a slow painful death hours or days later.\n",
"I'm not a hunter so I'm really not qualified to answer, but if I were to just throw in my 2 cents.. Aside from not killing it swiftly, if you wanted to mount the head it would be difficult with the skull destroyed. ",
"In actuality the reason(s) are this. \n\n1. shooting some thing in the head is much harder then shooting some thing in the chest. \n\n2. Don't believe me? There is a term called buck fervor what that actually is, is adrenaline you get excited and you get sloppy shit happens. \n\n3. No matter what you aim at you have a chance at missing if you stop the heart the animal dies. If you shoot it in the head you may not actually kill it and it will bleed out or it wont. \n\nYes that's right shooting some thing in the head doesn't mean you will kill it. You could simply graze it etc.. \n\nSo if you shoot where you're supposed to ie, the heart even if you're shot is off a bit its going to empire because it will eventually bleed out. \n\nI've seen deer get shot right in the heart and basically do a flip and then die. \n\nI've seen em and I've shot empire and I've been off slightly and had to track em and most people end up having to track them a bit. \n\nHead shots in regards to animals are for city hunters and idiots. \n\n",
"As many have pointed out already, head shots are hard to do. The chances of missing and causing more pain are very high. You don't want more pain. Leaving aside the cruelty aspect, the meat tastes worse. \n\nBut you also want a clean kill that drains the blood quickly from the body. A heart/lung shot does this, especially one that knocks the deer down. Trust me, it is not an easy task to trail a deer through the woods by the blood trail, and what you find at the end is.... very sad.",
"Recently took a hunter's ed course (yes, they have those), so I'll give it a shot. \n\nThe head is a really small spot to hit, which means it'll be hard to hit it right. Even if you don't miss, the head also has lots of bones in it, which means shots won't hit as hard. Combined, it's very easy to hit a non-vital area, which means you might cripple the deer and cause suffering to it.",
"Something hunters want to avoid as well is the continuation of blood flow in the animal after the shot. After you take your shot, if the animal is struck, there is a huge release of adrenaline into the bloodstream. This adrenaline has been known to make meat more 'game' tasting, as well as make the meat tougher (rigamortis like effect) If you stop the blood flow with a successful shot to the heart, your harvest will be untainted from those two things.\n"
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4gb8yd | why can you see the dot of a laser when you shine it in the sky at night | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4gb8yd/eli5_why_can_you_see_the_dot_of_a_laser_when_you/ | {
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"The dot? Or the line? Because if you're pointing at the night sky, you shouldn't be able to see the dot unless I'm missing something. As for the line, well that can be a lot of things, but yes, I'd go with dust.",
"The only reason you can see laser beams in air is because of particles in the air. If the beam intensity is high enough then even the small percentage of the beam that hits microscopic particles and is bounced back to you becomes visible. When lasers are being used for display purposes they will usually have some kind of fog machine to make the beams easier to see.",
"If you see a line then the beam is bouncing off of dust and particles in the atmosphere. If you see a dot chances are you've hit a cloud."
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40s72i | why forward slash is two words but backslash is one word. | I don't know if we have many linguists on here but I figured someone may know. Bit of a dumb question but I'm just curious if there's a reason. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40s72i/eli5_why_forward_slash_is_two_words_but_backslash/ | {
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"Because its real name is \"solidus\" but that didn't catch on.\n\n\"Backslash\" as much of a descriptive term as it is a name. It's one whole word because we use \"back\" as a prefix a lot, in words like backdraft, backgammon, or backward itself. We don't use \"forward\" as a prefix too often; it's usually 'fore' in prefix terms (forecast, forewarn).\n\nSo because backslash is more common than solidus in use, and its logical opposite is forwardslash except that makes for a clumsy prefix, we use a space in there."
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2zdfli | why do water bottles have 2% calcium? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zdfli/eli5_why_do_water_bottles_have_2_calcium/ | {
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"Calcium is one of the minerals added to the water to improve its flavor. They add enough of it that it shows up on the nutritional information."
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4x1a85 | what determines what limbs will stop working after a spinal inury? | I've recently become friends with a person who is staying in a private hospital near my house and receiving physiotherapy.
He is paralysed from the abdomen down (due to a car accident). I've met many people who have had spinal injuries (through my dad's work) and so I got to thinking, why can some people move their arms and neck, and some have no movement in any part of their body whatsoever?
Thanks | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4x1a85/eli5_what_determines_what_limbs_will_stop_working/ | {
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"It depends where along the spine the injury to the spinal cord occurs. If the cord is damaged low down, then signals can still make their way from the brain to the arms, abdomen, and so on, but the leg function and other muscles below the damage may be impaired.\n\nTotal tetraplegia is usually a result of damage to the spinal cord in the neck or upper thoracic region.",
"Think of the spine as a highway and the signals as cars. \n\nIf you destroy an exit cars can't get to that place anymore. If you blow up a section cars can't get past the damage. "
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7pir1v | if media attributes a source anonymously, how does anyone know if that source is true and not just fabricated by whoever wrote/reported it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7pir1v/eli5_if_media_attributes_a_source_anonymously_how/ | {
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"You don't, which is why at the end of the day you're ultimately responsible for analyzing what you're reading objectively if you have any interest in getting as close to the truth of what's going on as you'll ever know.\n\nThis also means that just because a source is anonymous, does not make it more or less likely that the information is true/false/completely made up.",
"Credibility. Does the publication/journalist have a track record of reporting accurate information? This also comes down to the ethics of the journalist as well. Do they have a good track record of their sources reporting factual stories?\n\nIf it's fabricated, and it can be proved to be malicious fabrication, that's libel. If it's not malicious (they believed the wrong source), it's just bad journalism, and that person should lose their credibility.",
"ideally, the editorial staff will fact check the story and sources based on the reporters notes. Depending on the status, reputation and experience of the reporter more or less leeway may be given.\n\n\"Shattered Glass\" is a film (based on a true story) about a rising star reporter who begins to fabricate stories and sources - pretty good and interesting look into the industry and their process",
"Because generally speaking, an anonymous source is not going to tell you something that only they would know. They are telling you something that a *group* of people know -- it's just that they're the only ones willing to tell you.\n\nOnce the anonymous source contacts them, the journalist can then go to others around that group and say \"an anonymous source told me this, is it true?\" Now the group has to confirm or deny the information, on the record. Or the anonymous source may point you to other documents or proof of their claims, but make you promise not to say where you got them.\n\nA lot of times, other related people will flip to corroborate the information once presented with proof that you know. They'll often then ask you to keep *their* names anonymous as well, which is where you get the \"multiple anonymous sources say.\" Or they'll deny, but go out of their way not to deny *certain* details of the story, which is another tip-off.\n\nBy following this follow-up chain, you can usually figure out pretty quickly if this story is legitimate, or completely fabricated."
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5kdt4k | how do stars and planets emit radio frequencies without a radio tower - like what's the source and how's that different from our 'manmade' radio towers? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5kdt4k/eli5_how_do_stars_and_planets_emit_radio/ | {
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"Radio waves are just a frequency of electromagnetic radiation, far below the infrared.\n\nMany things are natural sources of radio waves. Think of them as either glowing or reflecting \"the color radio\" as opposed to \"the color green\" or whatever.\n\nIt's just that we didn't really notice all the stars and planets emitting these waves because we never aimed our receivers at them - we used the receivers and radio towers for the purposes of *radio*, which is why you think of it as *just* for radio. But it's more that the waves and the radio device were named for the same thing: radiometry.\n\n > The term \"radio\" is derived from the Latin word \"radius\", meaning \"spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray\". It was first applied to communications in 1881 when, at the suggestion of French scientist Ernest Mercadier, Alexander Graham Bell adopted \"radiophone\" (meaning \"radiated sound\") as an alternate name for his photophone optical transmission system.\n\nSo basically, radio is just a word meaning \"ray\". As in of light."
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bajyzx | how does exhaust affect engine performance? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bajyzx/eli5_how_does_exhaust_affect_engine_performance/ | {
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"I'm guessing you mean how can changing the exhaust system on a car increase performance? \n\nWhen combustion happens in an engine, fuel and air is burnt in the combustion chamber, this causes an expansion which pushes the piston down. This is what generates the power in a normal car engine. However this combustion of course results in leftover gas, which is the exhaust gases which have to be pushed out of the chamber so that new air and fuel can be sucked in. The power generated from the expansion is however also used for pushing the gases out and sucking in more fuel and air. In short, the output power is the generated power minus the work the engine has to do, this includes pushing exhaust out. \n\nA sportier exhaust system has less flow restrictions than a stock one, more flow in the pipes makes pushing exhaust gases out easier and therefore subtracts less power from the expansion. More airflow in the exhaust can be achieved by having straighter, bigger pipes and no muffler for example. Sorry for the novel but I hope it was easy to understand "
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15ieyg | how long does the earth have left before it becomes uninhabitable? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15ieyg/eli5_how_long_does_the_earth_have_left_before_it/ | {
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"Check out this Wikipedia [Future timeline of Earth](_URL_0_)\n\n* In about 600 million years the Sun's increasing luminosity begins to disrupt the carbonate-silicate cycle; Carbon dioxide levels begin to fall. Photosynthesis is no longer possible for the most part. ~99 percent of present-day species will die.\n\n* In about 800 million years, all photosynthesis becomes impossible. All multicellular life will die out.\n\n* In about 1 billion years, the oceans will boil away, leaving only single-celled life at the poles.\n\n* 2.8 billion years: The Earth reaches an average temperature of 147°C. All remaining single-celled life will die out.\n\n* 7.9 billion years: The Earth will be destroyed by the expanding sun (now a red giant).\n\n",
"As an addon to this, what's the worst case for climate change given another 100-200 years? "
]
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||
4tf4r7 | why rockets are sometimes launched at night? | I was watching the SpaceX video from last night's launch. What is the value of launching at night? It seems like the loss of visual contact would be a problem, wouldn't it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4tf4r7/eli5why_rockets_are_sometimes_launched_at_night/ | {
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"Rockets launch whenever is necessary to make sure their payload ends up in the proper orbit. Sometimes that's at night, and so they launch at night.\n\nRockets are actually a lot easier to spot at night, because they're spewing a giant stream of flaming exhaust out the back. A night launch is really a sight to see, you can continue to tell where it is when it's thousands of miles downrange. There's no need to see any of the details of the rocket's exterior while it's launching (and it quickly starts moving fast enough that it's not practical to do that from the ground), so that's not a concern.",
"temps, weather, orbital launch window, air traffic.\n\nvisibility is not significant. no ones steering the rocket from a ground feed video."
]
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[],
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3u9rd0 | why do some osx programs have to be dragged and dropped into the applications folder, while some have installer packages? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3u9rd0/eli5_why_do_some_osx_programs_have_to_be_dragged/ | {
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"Same reason why some windows programs are just simple exes and others require an installer\n\nThe ones that need an installer usually have some other dependencies or modify the system in some way.",
"On Mac OS X, most programs don't actually have to be \"installed\" to use them.\n\nDropping them into your Applications folder is a good way to ensure that they're in a typical place, and that other users on the same machine can use them - but it's not required. Anything that can be copied to the Applications folder could also be moved to your Desktop, or some other folder, and run directly from there.\n\nPrograms that need to be installed are ones that modify the system in some way - possibly installing some code that runs automatically on startup, or installing a new device driver so that the system knows how to talk to a new type of device when it's plugged in. Those require typing an administrator password first, then the installer copies those files safely, in a way that the system can safely uninstall if it fails or if you decide you don't want it anymore.\n"
]
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2d2v2j | why humans can walk up and down stairs without having to look down at them. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d2v2j/eli5_why_humans_can_walk_up_and_down_stairs/ | {
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"text": [
"Also, stairs are required to be a standard step height and minimum tread width. When you find non standard stairs you will look down, guaranteed. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
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||
199sb0 | how are the us and chinese economies linked? | And what would be the repercussions if one of them crashed | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/199sb0/eli5_how_are_the_us_and_chinese_economies_linked/ | {
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"How are they linked? \n\nWell quite simply trade, the USA imports around $400 billion worth of goods every year from China while it only exports around $111 billion. So every year the USA is on the bad end of a $300 billion deficit, which is not a good position to be in. To offset the trade deficit China purchases large amounts of American debt in order to keep the American economy relatively strong and the exchange rate where it is(the current exchange rates favors China). So what China is doing is sacrificing wealth now, in order to build it's economy on a much stronger footing for the future. \n\nWhat would happen if one would fall? \n\nEither country could survive a fall by the other but you must remember the fall of any major economy isn't going to be beneficial, hence one of the reasons China is investing so much in slowly waning the USA out of their number 1 position. China will be able to export to other markets around the world, and an American collapse will hurt but won't be devastating. and due to their centrally planned economy they have enough power to invest strategically. While on the other hand a collapse of China would cause significantly more damage to the American economy, America is not in a position to capitalize on Chinese manufacturing closing down while China can capitalize on the closure of US factories. Also a loss of Chinese investment would cause American borrowing rates to rise.\n\nBut all in all, neither economy will crash, the USA will get significantly poorer over the next 50 years but it won't be a set crash, while China along with Russia etc will continue to boom.\n\nSource: [WTO figures ](_URL_0_), double major in Finance and Economics, current position as a trader within a bulge bracket firm.\n\n"
]
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g2ei3o | if all the ants in the world came together to lift one two month old baby, would they be able to? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g2ei3o/eli5_if_all_the_ants_in_the_world_came_together/ | {
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"text": [
"Pretty sure if all ants in the world came together they'd be able to lift way more than just a baby"
]
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[]
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||
bx7g4n | why is it easier to see weak light, when not looking directly at it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bx7g4n/eli5_why_is_it_easier_to_see_weak_light_when_not/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Your peripheral vision is designed to see changes in dark/light while your central vision is designed to see color and detail. You can see dim lights better with your peripheral because that is what it’s designed to do."
]
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[]
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||
1rc8ba | why is it that whenever i am not suppose to or cant touch my face, it always starts to itch? | Why is it that whenever I am not suppose to or cant touch my face, it always starts to itch? Like if I am at work and as soon as I wash my hands and put gloves on, my face with start to itch and I can't scratch it because its unsanitary. It's like as soon as my body knows I can't or am not suppose to touch my face its like "Alright sweet he's not allowed to touch his face now, lets fuck with him now and make an itch on his nose" | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rc8ba/eli5_why_is_it_that_whenever_i_am_not_suppose_to/ | {
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"I don't have an answer for you, but can you imagine being an astronaut with one of those fishbowls on your head for hours at a time? Fuck, I get itchy just thinking about it.",
"You're nervous about it itching which causes a psychosomatic response that makes it itchy. I've heard of experiments where they gave people mild sedatives and they didn't get itchy faces when they carried things. The ones they didn't give sedatives to still got itchy. "
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3ymli5 | what prevents people with server access at a bank or payment processor to "spawn" themselves in money? | Besides federal laws existing, what would prevent someone from doing that?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ymli5/eli5_what_prevents_people_with_server_access_at_a/ | {
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"text": [
"Auditing. Lots and lots of auditing.\n\nIt may surprise you to learn that banks are super serious about money and keeping track of money. So if some money just randomly appears they get pretty suspicious.",
"Financial institutions have to balance their accounts on a daily basis (basically they take all the money that was in the bank at the start of the day, add all the deposits, subtract all the withdrawals, and then subtract the balance at the end of the day, and it all should net to zero), if someone just added money to an account then that balancing effort would be off by the amount that was added. It would be easy to run a quick audit on individual accounts to determine where the excess was coming from.\n\n\nLikewise if someone just created a fake deposit, the bank would notice when the supposed funds never showed up.\n\nSource: I work in operations for a large financial recordkeeper."
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6thaho | what the fuck happened/is happening at charlottesville ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6thaho/eli5what_the_fuck_happenedis_happening_at/ | {
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"text": [
"Group A protests for their more extreme conservative views.\n\nGroup B protests Group A.\n\nBoth Group A and Group B exchange inflammatory statements.\n\nBoth Group A and Group B might've engaged in physical altercations.\n\nPerson O accelerates vehicle into subset of Group B.\n\nEdit: spelling"
]
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3nun8f | quantum darwinism | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nun8f/eli5_quantum_darwinism/ | {
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"In Layman's terms, this is what the wiki sais:\n\nIn QM, the components of the universe exist in an unknown quantum state. Something causes these probability functions to leak information into our universe. This is information we can measure by using \"classical\" means (like a ruler, a balance, a volt-meter etc.).\n\nThe things we measure are relatively limited compared to the humongous amount of solutions (and thus variations of information) our probability equations produce.\n\nConclusion: something somewhere is on sorting-duty.\n\nThis specific theory sais that this \"sorting\" is the result of some variations being better than others. Like classical darwinsm it is like survival of the fittest, but then on a quantum level. As we see in nature, the possible outcomes, although large, are limited. Also we see these outcomes repeated over and over around us."
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5ijnqv | what technological advances would be needed to make a pharmaceutical cure for obesity/prevention of fat gain possible, and why isn't it possible? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ijnqv/eli5_what_technological_advances_would_be_needed/ | {
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"The problem is, if you binge eat and your body doesn't process it, you have to shit it out. If your body is just sending it on through you are going to shit RIGHT after you eat (or even before you're done), and it won't even look like shit but rather look a lot like what you ate. \n\nNow take a look at a big cheeseburger and tell me that can pass through your anus. Sounds uncomfortable at the least, also extremely unsafe.\n"
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1wlpuu | if quantum physics was created to deal with light, how can it be used with other waves/particles? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wlpuu/eli5_if_quantum_physics_was_created_to_deal_with/ | {
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"One of the key understandings of quantum physics is that light doesn't just act like a wave, it also acts like a particle. **It isn't really either one**, it just sometimes acts like them. It is something that we have a hard time understanding, because it doesn't act like things in the macroscopic world do. \n \nTurns out, it's not just light that is weird like this. The same is true of other subatomic particles. All of them. For example, the electron isn't really just a tiny little ball. It also acts like a wave sometimes, similar to how light does. Electrons can even interfere with each other."
]
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4fk36p | how does a smartphone keep track of a timer set when you restart or reset your device? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fk36p/eli5_how_does_a_smartphone_keep_track_of_a_timer/ | {
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"Two basic ways (phones, computers, etc.)\n\n1. a battery! there is a little clock with a dedicated battery.\n\n2. the network (cell network, internet, etc.) provides the time (time servers, domain controllers etc, for computers and the cell system for phones). \n\nthat gives you the current time. Then...the details of the timer you've set are stored on the device's memory. (e.g. started at 1pm finishes at 3pm.)",
"It depends from phone to phone (i think some blackberries have CMOS chips), but some keep a steady tiny charge running even when the phone is turned of or the battery is depleted (in that case it actually isn't, it just has only enough juice for that small charge) to keep the CPU running for stuff like keeping track of time.\n\nIt's not super precise, but it gets the job done through reasonably long inactivity.\n\nWhen the phone is on, it can use several ways to re-sync the time, either manually, through the cellular network it is connected to, through the internet via the NTP protocol or even GPS."
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e3vqc7 | when radio stations say they have 12 million listeners, how do they know? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e3vqc7/eli5_when_radio_stations_say_they_have_12_million/ | {
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"[_URL_1_](_URL_0_)\n\nThere are basically two methods:\n\n* Surveys. The company asks a representative sample of people \"which radio shows did you hear last week\"? A similar method is diaries, where each person in the survey keeps a list of every show they hear.\n* People meters. Each person in the survey has a special machine that tracks which channel they tune to. This was usually done for TV, not radio. A new method has a machine listening the whole time, and it recognises which show, song or advertisement is heard.",
"Howard Stern claims there's a device that one can set up on a highway overpass, that measures passing cars' antennae and can tell what frequency the radio inside is tuned to.\n\nThis was when he was still on radio, and people were ashamed to admit they listened to him.",
"I have heard that radio stations are now broadcasting inaudible tones that newer phones are able to hear and submit (to Nielson perhaps?).",
"In addition to some of the other points, most radio stations also stream online, and know exactly how many people listen via that method.",
"I actually thought they had some kind of computer program that could tell how many were on the channel at a specific time. \n\nSo An estimate basically! That's bollox.",
"They probably just take a map of their coverage and look at the population. I worked for a radio station that did this. They exaggerated every stat they could to make sales",
"Based on audience participation and statistics. When they have a call-in segment there is an assumption that let’s say 1 in 1000 listeners would call in. They can do the maths to assume relatively how many engaged listeners they have and can provide this information to advertisers for a revenue assessment.",
"I am a radio broadcaster for a living. It’s an imperfect science, but they are able to get a ballpark figure using two different methods depending on the market size.\n\nThe first method is called the diary method. This is used in smaller markets, but people volunteer and record who they were listening to, when, and for how long. Radio ratings work in 15 minute increments, the quarter of every hour, not rolling 15 intervals. Say you listen from the 13th to the 17th minute of an hour, the station listened to gets credit for the whole half hour of listening.\n\nThis gives an indication for not just CUME, which is “circulation” aka number of listeners, but also TSL (time spent listening) and is how overall ratings are generated. The real issue with this method is people often simply forget to record their listening habits into their diaries before submitting them back to the ratings agency, try and remember what they were listening to and fill in the blanks. However, for smaller markets, it’s the best method they have.\n\nI work in a medium market, but we broadcast into the largest market in my country and are the #1 station for our genre. We know this through PPM ratings. PPM’s or portable people meters are like Shazam’s for radio stations constantly picking up on radio frequencies. Far better than the diary method because whatever station the person is interacting with is constantly being absorbed by the meter. The same 15 minute interval rules apply, however the overall TSL data is far more precise. \n\nThere is one notable flaw with this method, and that is that people very often passively listen to stations they didn’t choose. I.e if you’re sitting in the dentist chair and they have some top 40 broadcasting that you wouldn’t normally listen to, the PPM still picks that up, same in retail stores, other peoples cars, etc. Even still, it’s the best method stations have for terrestrial radio (fancy radio industry talk for not satellite).\n\nMost if not all stations do also run digital broadcasts via say, the iHeartRadio app, and those give exact data on everything, but most listeners still access their content via a traditional radio.\n\nIf you’ve got any questions I’m happy to answer!",
"When I worked at iHeart they had the Nielsen reports that would come in. From what I remember there was a group of different people that were a part of the Nielsen family and had special devices that they would have to carry around to listen into the radio. I also believe they were sent surveys as well. This was in 2016, been out of radio since then but I'm sure it's still the same.",
"I'm not sure about radio, but it might be similar to tv. There's a company called Neilsen (Neilson?) who pays people to either keep a log of what they watch and when, or they hook up a device to your tv that tracks those things for you. The volunteers represent a certain area and the population within.",
"fka Arbitron ratings. (nka now Nielson Audio)\n\n[*Nielsen Audio (formerly Arbitron) is a consumer research company in the United States that collects listener data on radio broadcasting audiences.*](_URL_0_)\n\nI used to get them in the mail. They put a $5 bill in the envelope. When you return the completed survey, they send you another $5 bill.",
"* not radio but TV - when I lived with my parents, for a few years we used to have one of those audience meters at home. Took me a while to realize how unusual this was - people were surprised when I told them, and never met anyone else that had one. \n\nIt had a number of buttons with which you identified the family members watching at any given moment (each of them with a particular age and gender) and you could add guests too. \n\nWe didn’t watch much TV, and particularly me did so soooooo rarely, that one day we got a call from the meter company asking whether I still lived there. \n\nNowadays I’m 40, married and father of two. At my place the TV is connected to the computer and nothing else for around 10 years. Long live Netflix and company! No ads, no bullshit, I get to choose what to watch and when.",
"My daughter, wife, and I were paid by Arbitron to wear small, beeper sized devices that picked up the inaudible signals every radio and tv station transmits. The devices had motion sensors, so if you didn’t wear it a minimal number of hours you were dropped from the program. \nIt was more of a pain in the ass than it was worth.",
"First ever ELI5 I know about. I used to work for a company that processed uk radio data known as RAJAR. I now work for the company that produces the uk tv measurement audience. This is used to provide the data on channels, programs, sponsorship and adverts.\n\nRadio when I used to work at my previous company radio was definitely diaries and basically it an absolute joke. It was literally pen and paper if I recall. They may have updated it since but the radio industry buys into it and it's the currency. So if everyone is using it then it's a level playing ground. I expect the details of radio and how people are picked are similar to tv explained below.\n\nTV is meters and it's way way more advanced. There is a panel of people that are picked who meet a criteria. They have to meet a very specific demographic. Each person on the panel is given a weight. Imagine everyone starts at 1. If they are Male and there are lots of men in their area they are shown to be more in line with the area and so may be bumped up to 1.00001. Except they are between 30-35 which is over saturated so this would then bump them down again to 1. It's a sliding scale about anyway you can break down a person demographically. There final weight is then used to calculate viewing. This is based on the national census and scales up to the uk population. E.g. 1 person on the panel will be representative of 5000 people ( totally made that number up by the way but it's an example). For that particular show.\n\nNow we know who we can go onto how. Basically the home has technology in it that records the audio of what has been viewed this data is sent to us and we match it with what we have referenced. If the user has a sky box they encode all their channels so we know the exact channel and if its live or time shift and the date of recording etc. There is also water marking which surprises me as its cropped up lately on reddit as tin foil hat they are tracking us technology. Basically the channels are encoded with audio queue that are inaudible to humans but a machine can pick it up. Think of data hidden in the audio. This tech has been around for ages and used in many industries I believe\n\nAll of this results in us being able to tell what a household has been watching. It goes much much deeper such as the differences between live viewing and video on demand, timeshift on the day or something recorded up to 28 days previous, targeted advertising or viewing via online. Its a massive rabbit hole of data",
"Can someone give this person a medal?",
"I took part in a radio listening survey just a couple of months ago. A guy from the Ipso-Mori polling organisation knocked on the door and asked if I listened to radio and would I take part in a week long survey. \n\nHe told me which 7 day period to record my radio listening for and gave me the option of using a paper diary or an app. I chose the paper diary as I don't always have my phone with me. \n\nI had to record on a chart in 15 minute blocks what station I heard (putting \"don't know\" if I didn't know what station was playing), what type of device it was playing on, whether I was listening at home, work, in a vehicle or in a public place. The diary was well layed out making it simpler than it sounds to record my listening. \n\nI had to also complete a questionnaire gathering demographic information. At the end I got a text reminding me to leave the diary out for him to collect. \n\nI actually enjoyed doing the diary.",
"You're going to get a lot of fancy or technical-sounding answers to this, but as someone who worked in radio for years, I'm just going to tell you the truth, with no bullshit.\n\nThey don't know. It's a guess. And technically, it's not even their guess, but someone else's. Specifically, a company called Nielsen. You may recall the name from TV ratings, which they're more famous for, but they also do radio ratings. (Some of you who are older and know anything about this might instead remember the name Arbitron. Nielson bought out Arbitron near the end of 2018.) This is the only company doing such ratings.\n\nPretty much everything related to money in commercial radio -- and a great deal in noncommercial also -- is decided by these ratings. But there has never been any independent verification of their accuracy. And though I can't quote them publicly, I know of a number of anecdotes illustrating their sometimes astounding INaccuracy. Let's just say that a lot of jokes we used to make about Arbitron revolved around the common meanings of the word 'arbitrary'. As in, random, or guessing, or just making shit up.\n\nThe terrifying dark secret that everyone in commercial radio knows but is afraid to talk about is that the entire business model is pure voodoo. They don't really have any good idea how many people are listening, or who they are, or where they are, or when they're listening, or why -- pretty much every salient fact that would be meaningful to a radio marketing exec is mainly a mystery. Especially, where their money comes from. I mean, they know who's paying them (advertisers) and why (to buy advertising). But not where that money comes from. They know that it starts with someone buying a product or service, of course. But the relationship or connection between the person who made that purchase and the ratio station is a black box that no one can see into. If you've ever bought a Coke, then you've helped pay for thousands of radio stations you not only don't listen to, but have never even heard of, and likely never will. And the people on the other end of that, the radio execs accepting your money down the line, don't know you or understand you, and have no idea what ads, if any, might have influenced your choice."
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7nofy9 | what makes something microwaveable or non-microwaveable? is all food microwaveable? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7nofy9/eli5_what_makes_something_microwaveable_or/ | {
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"Yeah, all food is microwaveable (well, unless it has gold or silver leaf in it as some pastries may).\n\nNon-microwaveable cookware absorbs microwave radiation and so it'll get hot, and also prevent the food from getting hot. That's all.\n\nMicrowaveable cookware generally does not absorb much microwave radiation.",
"All food is microwavable and safe to eat if you cook it long enough. The only time it's unsafe to microwave foods is when they are packaged or held in something containing metal. \n\nCooking instructions will sometimes tell you not to microwave foods just because they might not taste good as compare to other cooking methods. Foods like pizza and fries won't crisp in the microwave, meats won't brown like they do on a pan or grill, and vegetables get mushy as compared to when they're steamed. It's usually more about flavor than anything else.",
"Microwaves work by vibrating water molecules which generates heat. If there is no water then it will not heat very well or at all.",
"It's usually the container that is or is not microwaveable, not the food itself. But some foods don't come out well. For example, if you have a day-old dinner roll and want to soften it to make it seem fresher, you can nuke it for just a few seconds, and that works, but any longer, and it will just turn to mush. Same with pizza, because of the dough. So the best method is to nuke your leftover slice for 30-45 seconds to soften it, then pop it into a toaster oven for a few minutes to firm up the crust again. \n\nSo for what ever reason, bread does not microwave well.",
"Also are all types of plastic containers mw friendly? I've got some containers that I use for food prep and they say \"mw friendly\" while others don't have anything written on them.\nI don't have containers with metal in them, just plastic ones.\nI've also always had this (irrational) fear of the plastic melting and mixing with my food on a microscopic level and I'll end up plastic poisoned. Can anyone confirm?",
"You can’t microwave foods that can accumulate pressure inside eg a whole egg, coconut etc they will explode ",
"I'm going to answer this as fully as possible, as, frankly, I don't think I see one covering all the bases.\n\nAll food is microwavable. One user suggests that bread can go weird if you microwave it too long, and eggs and a whole coconut might explode if you microwave them. Fair points, I suppose.\n\nIts mainly containers you have to worry about. A ceramic plate or bowl is safe for the microwave, unless it has gold/metallic detailing. A metal bowls/plates/pans, and aluminium foil are unsafe. \n\nGlass can be tricky. Some glass can shatter if it goes from subzero temps to hot temps in a short time period, so a room-temp glass plate would be okay, but don't take it out of the fridge and pop it into a microwave on high.\n\nPlastic is also tricky, it can melt in the microwave. Styrofoam melts immediately. Anything plastic you use as a plate/bowl in a microwave should be labeled/marked as microwave safe.\n\nI can't speak to the safety of items other than food and food containers. For instance, gasoline is probably not safe for a microwave. Aerosol cans are doubly not safe.",
"Metal is mentioned many times in these comments as a no-no but it's never mentioned *why*. What happens exactly when metal is microwaved?",
"It’s due to the particular quirks of the heat source and the container you use.\n\nMicrowaves heat food by vibrating atoms and molecules with electromagnetic radiation. Unlike a stove top, which typically heats a very conductive pan that then heats your food, microwaves try to heat the food directly. This causes some issues. \n\n1. Since metal containers don’t do well you tend to see plastic, paper and ceramic containers used in a microwave oven. These materials do not conduct heat very well, so whatever radiation they absorb decreases the amount your food is getting. So sometimes a food isn’t marked microwaveable because the container it is in will get too hot as-is. If you were to change the container it would be fine. It’s labeled non-microwaveable because of liability, not because physics says no. \n\n2. Most food heats in a microwave due to radiation vibrating water molecules in the water. This can produce steam, which is not vented by the food as it cooks can cause a big mess in your microwave. Heavy sauces and potatoes that haven’t been poked with a fork are common culprits. Again, microwaveable if you do it right.\n\n3. Some containers are known to leach chemicals or weird tastes into the food if cooked in the shipping container. For quality reasons food like this may be marked non-microwaveable.\n\n4. Microwave ovens emit radiation that has a wavelength of approximately 12cm. This means that little 12cm long waves of energy are bouncing around inside the oven. This creates areas where multiple peaks may converge or multiple valleys may converge. If a piece of food happens to be near where many peaks or valleys converge it will get hotter than the surrounding areas where waves somewhat cancel each other out more. This can contribute to small areas that are over cooked or undercooked. Bad news if the thing being cooked is raw meat because food thermometers tend to measure average temperature surrounding the probe. \n\nFun fact, you can actually calculate the speed of light with a little math, a chocolate bar and a microwave by measuring the distance between hot spots that just start to melt the chocolate and reading the frequency of the oven’s magnetron off the back of the microwave.\n\nTLDR; It’s because microwaves rapidly heat material using a very narrow band of electromagnetic radiation instead of conduction through a pan or convection by an oven.",
"Microwaving doesn't heat the food, it heats the water inside the food, so anything extremely dry will not work well in the microwave, Personally I can attest that you should never microwave poptarts.\n\nCertain materials will adsorb the microwaves and cause the container to heat instead of the food, if this continues long enough the container will get VERY HOT, possibly causing melting. This is generally the type of container that isn't microwave safe.\n\nMy mother once accidentally turned on our older microwave for ~4 hours (thought she was setting a timer for our turkey) it was an older non-turntable model with a glass plate at the bottom, it ended up melting a hole through the glass plate.\n"
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7yux9i | how do cuts on the inside of your mouth, on your cheek, tongue and lip not get super infected by all of our nasty mouth germs? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7yux9i/eli5_how_do_cuts_on_the_inside_of_your_mouth_on/ | {
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"I believe saliva has strong anti bacterial properties. One strong example of this is people who are prone to mouth breathing at night have bad breath a lot of the time. Mouth breathing causes the mouth to get very dry.",
"A big fraction of the germs that live in our mouths are commensal bacteria, which means we share common interest, we offer them the right temperature, nutriments and convenient humidity to live while they stop any infection from arising by other microorgnisms, this of course, is in case of a healthy body. If the commensal barrier is broken (for a general cause or local such as high and prolonged acidity) then we will see all sorts of chaos in that ecosystem. I guess we are on very fragile terms with the friendly bacteria.",
"Your mouth naturally has a lot of bacteria in it, but a good amount of it is helpful bacteria that keeps everything stable. The only real \"nasty mouth germs\" are other people's.",
"Actually it could but only if you have some kind of immun suppresent situation(like HIV in AIDS stage,organ transplant,corticosteroid usage)this kind of infection could even lead to rheumatic fever in heart(some of the mouth bacteria spesifically dangerous for heart).If you are a normal person you will be alright ",
"Dentist here who majored in microbio with a research background in antibiotic development.\n\nOur bodies and specifically our mouths have a tremendous amount of bacteria. The reason we don’t get infections (as often as we might think) is many fold.\n\n1- our saliva composition has components that actually destroy bacterial cell walls such as lysozymes and other anti microbial properties\n2- anywhere in your body you have a lot of foreign microbes and potential for infection your body has set up white blood cells and other protective cells. In fact your guts might as well be the demilitarized zone in Korea. \n3- The regenerative ability of your body is incredible and your mouth is incredibly fast at repairing its self with rapid cell division.\n4- when you are injured it triggers an inflammatory response (redness, swelling, ect) this is because your body opens up blood vessels in the area to bring in a swat team of white blood cells to clean up\n5-finally your body made it sensitive to touch in order to keep you from continuing to injure the area.\n\nEdit: I am leaving creative spelling.",
"(C’mon people, this is for a 5 year old...) \n\nTwo reasons: the inside of our mouths have a bunch of friendly germs that help stop some of the nasty mouth germs from hurting us. Also, our mouths are very important to us (we have to eat right?!) because of that, our bodies are very good at healing our mouths if we get hurt. In fact, the only part of our body that heals faster is our eyes - which makes sense because we need those a lot too!",
"Where do mouth ulcers fit in?",
"Surprise. You have nasty germs all over your body, not just in your mouth and your mouth heals the same way the rest of your body does.",
"I have a similar question\n\nyou know how sometimes when you wipe too hard and then your ass bleeds a little bit, how do we not get sick from shit essentially going into our blood stream?",
"Surgeon here. \n\nSure the mouth is cool....\n\nBut injuries to the anus and rectum rarely get infected either which is a more extreme version, as it is literally bathed in poop all day.\n\nExcellent blood supply likely plays the largest role in this. \n\nOccasionally it can get infected and we have to divert the stream of stool away using an ostomy, but generally don’t need to. \n\nAll those people getting hemorrhoids removed all get cuts in their anus and almost always heals well. ",
"Can someone Eli5 I get a giant canker sore every time I get a cut or bite in my mouth?",
"We have a good blood supply to the head and neck area. So things heal better. Spit in a leg wound it’s a bad infection. Even your own spit. ",
"Since most of the foreign matter that enters our bodies does so through the mouth, the mouth has evolved to become an infection-fighting *machine* when compared to the rest of our bodies.",
"So, we can and do get mouth infections. The reason you don't commonly get one is because the vast majority of bacteria are normal and healthy parts of our ecosystem. This is true of the mouth.\n\nRemember that your hands, arms, and body are covered in bacteria as well, and yet you don't commonly get infections, right? This is not because bacteria never touches your wounds, but because bacteria generally lives on and inside of us in a nice balanced ecosystem.\n\nBacterial infection occurs when a particular strain (usually one that we don't commonly carry) grows out of control.",
"1) protective oral microflora\n\n2) saliva has antimicrobial properties\n\n3) wbcs ( leukocytes ) are present in saliva",
"Because they’re OUR germs. They’re friends who help us out because we help them out by giving them a nice warm home. "
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1kalfa | antenna theory | How they work, why there are directional antennas, and most importantly how certain antennas can only be used with certain frequency ranges. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1kalfa/eli5_antenna_theory/ | {
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"Think of an antenna like a piece of water pipe. We can send a pressure wave into one end of the pipe, and it will flow through the pipe, hit the cap on the other end, and bounce back. \n \nNow, instead of doing that once, we can do it over and over, rhythmically. If the pipe length and the frequency of our cadence have the right relationship, we will create a [standing wave](_URL_0_), as the system essentially resonates. This creates a much stronger signal, as the waves going back and forth essentially reinforce each other instead of fighting against each other. It turns out that the length of the pipe needs to be 1/4 of the wavelength of the wave pulses, or certain multiples of that, to create a good standing wave. \n \nNow, forget the water. We're really doing this with electricity, and the oscillation of the electric field creates an emanating set of electric and magnetic fields...an electromagnetic wave. (That's what visible light is, when it is a frequency our eyes can detect. Radio waves are much longer wavelengths....more \"red\".) With a straight antenna, the wave emanates pretty much equally in all directions perpendicular to the straight antenna. \n \nIf the antenna has a funny shape, then the wave will interfere with itself, causing various areas of constructive and destructive interference, changing the radiation pattern away from a nice circular pattern. If we focus the wave by bouncing it off a dish, or use multiple antennas, we can also get different wave patterns. \n \nThe same thing happens in reverse. As an EM wave hits our antenna, it creates the same kind of oscillation in it. But if those oscillations are too far from a resonant frequency (wavelength), they will be very weak and difficult to pick up as the oscillations they induce interfere with themselves. We can also increase their strength by first bouncing them off a collection dish that focuses more of the incoming wave onto the antenna. \n \nWe can even do very fancy things for transmission with multi-antenna waves. By carefully adjusting the relationships between the different waves in the different antennas, we can make the radiation shape different, such as making it a lot like a straight beam aiming in a certain direction. By manipulating those relative \"phases\", we can re-aim the beam electronically, without physically changing anything! ",
"Remember the experiment you did back in grade school science class where you wrapped wire around a nail, then hooked the contraption up to a battery? You could then use your shiny new gadget called an [electromagnet](_URL_4_) to pick up other small metal objects, like paperclips and so forth. Pretty cool, right?\n\nWell, that's electromagnetism at work. Whenever a current passes through a conductor and electromagnetic field is setup around the conductor and can propagate through space as well.\n\nIndeed, that's what we're doing when we transmit radio waves. Generating an electromagnetic field along a piece of conductive material, generally a wire of some type to transmit or receive an [RF](_URL_5_) wave through space.\n\nOne of the interesting things to realize is that radio waves and light are the same thing, just different frequencies along the same [electromagnetic spectrum](_URL_1_). Have a flashlight around? I mean a flashlight that that throws a beam? Well, it's doing the same thing as a directional antenna. There's a bulb, emitting electromagnetic waves. A reflector that focuses that EM energy in a specific direction. And, if you have a somewhat more expensive flashlight the lens may provide even more directionality by being a director. When you look at a directional antenna, such as a [Yagi antenna](_URL_2_) you'll note that there are longer elements and shorter elements. The difference in length of the elements determines the directionality of the antenna. Longer elements \"reflect\" the electromagnetic waves, and shorter elements \"direct\" them.\n\nWhich leads to the idea of [resonance](_URL_3_), more specifically [electrical resonance](_URL_6_). Antennas must efficiently transmit or receive RF energy and in order to do so they must be resonant for the given operational frequencies. As a very simple example, if we desire to transmit a 10Mhz signal efficiently then our full-wave antenna must be approximately 30 meters long in order to be resonant at our chosen frequency. (It's really more nuanced than this, but this is ELI5). If we connect an antenna to our 10Mhz transmitter that is only one meter long the antenna will not be resonant and most of the energy we want to radiate as RF will be converted to heat and wasted. This means that the length of our antenna has a relationship to the frequency we are using. Longer antennae are required for lower frequencies and shorter antennae are possible at higher frequencies.\n\nIf you're really interested in geeking out with this RF stuff I would suggest you get your [Amateur Radio](_URL_0_) License!"
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2dz1cz | the purpose of a $1 salary | Just read that Mark Zuckerberg is on a $1/year salary....how and why?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dz1cz/eli5_the_purpose_of_a_1_salary/ | {
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"It's a tradition among the tech giants in silicon valley to have a $1 a year salary. \n\nThey own such a big share of the company they are worth billions so putting them on a $200k/year salary is stupid because it's in their best intentions to make the company work.",
"The $1/year salary is a little bit deceptive - CEO's that have that \"salary\" are actually (highly) compensated with stock options. Unlike cash salary, stock options value are related to the medium-long term performance of the company.\n\nSo taking a $1/year salary + lots of stock options is a symbolic gesture that the CEO is in it for the long haul and has a vision/belief in long term success.\n\nIt's a bit of a tradition in Silicon Valley, mostly to differentiate from the behavior of Wall St / blue chip type companies (where CEOs are perceived to be making greedy cash grabs).\n",
"Curious as to how the $1 salary is legal. Doesn't that run afoul of minimum wage laws? Sure a minimum wage X 2080 hours salary is basically the same as a $1 salary to guys this welathy but it would be more above baord on labour laws wouldn't it?",
"I'm certainly not familiar with the various income laws in the UK, US and other countries so feel free to correct me, but can it also be a tactic to avoid paying taxes? Maybe the taxable amount on a large salary is more than the amount on a \"$1\" salary and other various bonuses and options.",
"In Zuckerberg's case, he's been earning lots of money over the years and now he will only earn money through the increase in value of his stock or dividends paid out by his stock. Basically his interests are aligned with those of the shareholders. The Google owners have been doing it for years.\n\nOther CEOs earn $1 in salary, but many millions of dollars in bonuses or stock options each year. Larry Ellison of Orcale, for example, was paid $1 in salary, but when you throw in the stock options and bonuses, his actual compensation was $76M. As far as I am aware, the $1 salaries usually signify that they are getting other kinds of compensation. \n\nIn either case, the compensation is typically meant to be performance-based. The better the company does, the wealthier the CEO is. That means you don't have a CEO getting paid $10M whether or not the shareholders get a return. \n\nHere is an article that explains it all: _URL_0_",
"How does the salary actually work? I was employed by a company that had a $1/year executive. We were paid 24 times per year. So did he get 4 cents direct deposited every two weeks? And how did taxes/benefits/withholding work?",
"I had a professor back in college that made a fair amount of money from royalties for something he invented (a surfboard wax). He liked to tell the story that in his divorce his ex-wife got half his salary, but that the royalties didn't apply. So he had his salary changed to $1 and wrote her a 50 cent check once a year. "
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1p4ka3 | what was the appendix used for before it became obsolete? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1p4ka3/eli5_what_was_the_appendix_used_for_before_it/ | {
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"There's still quite a bit of debate as to its actual function and whether it's truly vestigial (obsolete). ",
"The current best theory is that it isn't entirely obsolete. It functions as a place where various microorganisms that live in your gut can survive even if you have diarrhea, or if you eat something that has antibiotic properties. Those microorganisms can be pretty important to proper digestion and good health (you don't want to have just any old random bunch living inside you), so having an internal refuge for them is useful.",
"In other animals, the appendix is elongated and contains enzymes to help break down the cellulose in leaves and other plant matter. Since raw plant matter is no longer a staple of our diet, selection has favored our appendix to grow smaller and smaller (if it were still large and functioning, it would consume precious energy for a process that was unneeded.)\n\nHowever, now it has reached probably the minimum size it will reach. It will probably never completely disappear because if it shrinks any more the risk of blockage, infection, and inflammation increases dramatically. It becomes a question of, \"which gives the organism a higher chance for survival, more available energy, or higher risk of infection.\"",
"supplementary material usually attached at the end of a piece of writing",
"Mammals have a dead end passage in their large intestines called a cecum. In many herbivores, the cecum is large, and is used to digest cellulose by allowing bacteria to ferment it. The appendix gives a place for the bacteria to hang out so they aren't flushed from the system.\n\nIn humans, the cecum is small and ineffective, so the appendix has lost most of its original purpose. What it currently does is a matter of debate, but the prevailing belief is it serves as a refuge for bacteria and other microorganisms that live throughout the digestive system.",
"My appendix was used to create a very bad day of pain, and then a several thousand dollar hospital bill...",
"\"Its major importance would appear to be financial support of the surgical profession.\" - Alfred Sherwood Romer and Thomas S. Parsons ",
"Mine just kind of...exploded.",
"I understand new research shows the appendix is actually used in newborns to produce antibodies for the first few days outside mother before rest of immune system ramps up."
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9ylmh3 | what factors contribute to whether you need to have a/some limbs amputated? is it damage to bones? muscles? nerves? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ylmh3/eli5_what_factors_contribute_to_whether_you_need/ | {
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"The major factors are necrosis and infection. If the tissue has largely died or has a very bad infection, then the person will almost certainly die unless you remove the limb in order to prevent the rest of their body from getting infected.",
"Catastrophic damage to bones and tissue (as in, they are smashed or otherwise damaged to the point of being just goo) will result in them amputating and saving as much as possible.\n\nDeath of muscle, and you have to cut away everything that died. That might mean an amputation, or just a big hole.\n\nBone cancer or some other bone death, and that's a reason to amputate.\n\nNerve damage, that I don't know about. There may be a reason to amputate for nerves. But I don't know of one.",
"If the limb is getting worse with no recovery in sight, and keeping it will cause a problem to the rest of your body, usually necrosis and rot being the problem. No matter how damaged the limb is, if it's in a stable state and having it is even a little bit better than no limb, there's not a reason to amputate. ",
"Med student here. Most of it has to do with the viability of the limb which is determined by the quality of the blood flow to the limb/extremity.\n\nMuscle, bone and nerve damage are like cutting leaves and flowers off a plant. Blood flow is like removing water. Without consistent flow the thing dies and/or cannot repair.",
"Give thanks for modern medicine. During the American Civil War, for example, if you got shot in an arm or leg, it was pretty much a given that the limb would be amputated."
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acqsj7 | when and how did greek/roman mythology slowly shift from a religion to mythology | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/acqsj7/eli5_when_and_how_did_greekroman_mythology_slowly/ | {
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"It happened as the people of those regions converted to other religions, primarily when they converted to Christianity. ",
"Probably only in earnest from the 5th century on as people who had living memory of pagan practices died off. You could make a reasonable argument that people who lived through Julian the Apostate's reinstitution of paganism in 361 & 362 may have lived on to as late as \\~450. Within another generation or two, so perhaps by 500 or so, there were probably very few who actually experienced Roman & Greek paganism firsthand. \nEdit: I'd also suggest that it didn't make that shift at the same time in all current/former parts of the Roman & Greek world. The shift to mythology probably took place much faster in places like Britain (which had been abandoned in the fourth century) and Dacia (abandoned in the third century) than it did in Hispania or Africa. \n",
"The only real difference between Religion and Mythology is a difference of semantics. \"Religion\" is seen as a civilized thing, which many well educated people will believe in. \"Mythology\" is seen as an archaic relic of the past, how could we possibly believe what those uneducated barbarians once believed?\n\nIn reality they serve the same purpose, trying to make sense of a large, frightening, uncaring world.",
"The answers here seem to be missing the mark somewhat.\n\nI understand what you mean by mythology vs religion, are these the guiding principles of the Kosmos or just interesting stories? When did the majority of people switch from thinking one way to thinking the other?\n\nThe unsatisfying answer is that there was no particular moment. However we have good evidence that upper class Greeks with leisure time already treated stories like the Illiad and Hesiod's Theogeny as half remember history, not necessarily to be taken literally. \n\nAs far back as the 6th century B.C. Thales was already looking for materialistic explanations for things. The classical era and afterwards (Plato and Aristotle's time) seems to have been a time when most upper class Greeks were at least agnostic about the Gods, it was probably best to observe the rituals and ceremonies but few aristocrats (that I have read) write about the Gods and the stories around them as though they were fact. Herodotus, Thucydides and others all mention a sort of passing belief in something more akin to Karma than direct divine intervention. Herodotus is willing to ascribe the misfortunes of armies to punishment from the Gods for their commanders' hubris, but he is also more than willing to question any and all of the specifics about the nature of the gods. I personally get the impression that he would have gladly accepted a materialistic explanation for the universe.\n\nBy the time the Romans adopted the Greek system it was already an archaic and somewhat (not entirely) foreign system. Aristocrats in Rome adopted Greek theology for the same reasons that they adopted Greek language, to take part in the majority culture of the wealthy Eastern Mediterranean. There is good reason to believe that Roman upper classes where very pious in the early republican period, however as the empire expanded and Rome conquered more Greek speaking and other peoples, they seem to have become more cynical. By the time of the empire new philosophical and spiritual beliefs had taken root and it was more likely to find a Stoic who believed in a sort of deistic \"prime mover\" type God in the Aristotelian model. \n\nAll of this needs to be tempered by the fact that we really don't know what the rest of non-aristocratic society thought about these sorts of things. It's obvious that there was piety, but what proportion of people took these things seriously and how many were just going through the motions is difficult to say. Mystery cults like the Eleusinian Mysteries attracted people from all walks of life, and were apparently absolutely earnest in their spiritual beliefs. However it is hard to say to what degree the Eleusinian mysteries actually shared a cosmology with more traditional Greek beliefs. While the Mysteries mention Orpheus, Persephone , Demeter and Hades, it seems likely that these characters where consciously used as metaphors for a more abstract idea of the universe and how it works. \n\nSorry if this was long-winded. I am very bad at speaking to 5 year olds.",
"Religions that have lost their followers are usually considered mythology if im not mistaken. Would apply here and in norse mythology at least."
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3ralyz | why do phones have enough battery to show you the picture saying that they're out of battery? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ralyz/eli5_why_do_phones_have_enough_battery_to_show/ | {
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"Because most cellphone batteries are Lithium Ion, and it will [hurt the battery's capacity to hold electricity](_URL_0_!) if you let it empty all the way. ",
"Modern phones don't let their batteries completely discharge. If they did, they wouldn't charge again and they would need to be replaced. I don't know the exact number, but I've heard that most phones will hold 10-20% of their battery in reserve even when at 0%.",
"Phones don't always go down to zero %. Often, they will reach about 5% but display it as zero. If you want to really have that picture go away, wait till your phone dies and keep trying to turn it on. After a while it will stop responding to your attempts and not function at all and you will have seriously hurt your battery!"
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4l2z29 | how do mobile devices charge while they are in use? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4l2z29/eli5_how_do_mobile_devices_charge_while_they_are/ | {
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"I see it says 2 comments but the comment section is empty. Anyone else see that? ",
"There's a circuit called a battery manager that takes input power at a specified voltage, and converts it to the charging voltage (4.2 volts for most lithium ion cells) and then provides the power to both the phone's circuitry and the battery. When the phone is unplugged the circuit 'connects' the battery to the phones circuitry.",
"Most fundamentally it's just that the source (informally a wall wart) is providing more power than is being consumed by the device, so the battery charges. "
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5a9quu | how pepe the frog went from "feels good man" to a conservative political symbol | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5a9quu/eli5_how_pepe_the_frog_went_from_feels_good_man/ | {
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"He didn't. Pepe is still just a frog meme. He's no more conservative political symbol than any other meme. He's more popular on 4chan than Reddit, and 4Chan is more alt-right than Reddit, so that could be why he got mixed up in this. Leave pepe alone!",
"There's actually a great [episode of Reply All](_URL_0_) that explains it. The tl;dr is this:\n\n1. Pepe became famous on a 4chan board that restricted people to posting any given image only once ever, across the entire image board. This led to people creating altered versions of Pepe that bypassed that restriction, and which became known as \"rare Pepes\".\n\n2. Pepe went mainstream, and 4chan got mad and decided to \"take Pepe back\" by being as racist and offensive as possible with Pepe memes, in order to make other people stop enjoying it. So lots of Nazi Pepe, Pepe lynching black people, etc.\n\n3. Fringe neo-Nazi-like people embraced this racist version of Pepe as legitimately representing their beliefs and opinions, not realizing (and perhaps not caring) that it was supposed to be mocking those beliefs in a way.\n\n4. Pepe thus becomes a political symbol of ultra-conservative racists/bigots, who just so happen to be a large segment of Trump's political base."
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5mkhth | how the "helicopter effect" happens in a car when you have a window open. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5mkhth/eli5_how_the_helicopter_effect_happens_in_a_car/ | {
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"Imagine the air entering your windows. It gets sucked in because you have compressed the air in front of you and it wants to expand. Nothing in nature is perfectly symmetrical so one side gets more pressure than the other for now. However, because of the shape of your car (it's not streamlined with your windows open), the air from the winning side ends up swirling inside your car. That creates a low pressure area toward the OTHER side. The winning side gets pushed out by the other side - which becomes the new winning side, does the same thing, and the cycle continues. You have just formed a \"[bluff body vortex shedding](_URL_0_)\" event.",
"Have you ever blown across the top of a bottle to produce a sound? It's that, just on the scale of a car. ",
"New cars are so aerodynamic that air slips past the windows over a very thin boundary layer. When you roll them down, air still slips past them, but the air moving past the open window creates a Venturi effect. This drops the pressure in the cabin very quickly. As soon as the pressure drops below a certain point, the Venturi effect breaks for a second and a slug of air gets drawn into the cabin. The sudden increase in pressure reestablishes the Venturi effect, drawing air BACK out of the car. This is cyclical and happens very rapidly. \n\nOld cars rarely did this because they were much less aerodynamic and had huge boundary layers. ",
"What I don't understand is that engineers can create an electric car that can operate almost autonomously with no sound, can drive 250 miles on a charge, and can outrace a Ferrari... \n\nBut modern automotive science can't stop the windows from wub-wubbing like an Apache attack helicopter? Why not?",
"It is called [Helmholtz Resonance](_URL_0_). This is basically where there is a low pressure area outside your car because the air is moving relative to the car which, according to [Bernoulli's Principle](_URL_1_), lowers fluid pressure. The air in your car wants to equalize with the lower pressure outside your car, so it gets pushed out. By the time the pressures have equalized, the air is still moving out due to its inertia, so extra air gets out. This creates a low pressure zone in your car and the reverse happens. It flows into the car, but too much flows in, leaving another high pressure zone in the car, and the cycle repeats. This oscillating high and low pressure happens tens of times per second, which we perceive as sound.\n\nSide note: u/fyrillin could be on to something with the bluff body vortex shedding. However, the reason I think he could be wrong is that I get this effect when only my sun roof is open. How could there be a winning side and a losing side if there is only one hole? It is similar to blowing on a bottle and making a noise, which is confirmed to use Helmholtz Resonance.\n\nEdit: I mixed up where the high and low pressure zones start. Fixed.",
"Just imagine what happens to a soda bottle when you pour the liquid out too quickly. It's starts splashing and pulsing as it comes out. The reason this happens is for the same reason your car \"flutters\" when you have only one window open. \n\nThe air only has one hole to go in and out of. So as air leaves, it creates a slightly lower pressure in the car which wants to pull air back in now to equalize. But it has to go through the same hole, and it can't be doing both simultaneously. So this switching back and forth between exiting and entering air creates the flutter sound you hear. \n\nIf you crack a second window, the air will have multiple entry and exit points and you will not hear the flutter :) ",
"I'm having trouble picturing this. Anyone got a video?",
"It was explained to me like pouring something out of a bottle too quickly. If there is only one entry/exit, then it \"blubs\". If you have another vent(second window open) it allows the air to escape through a different opening that it is being pushed into. ",
"I have no idea what OP is talking about. What's the \"helicopter effect\"? \n\nEdit: thanks for all the answers! I kinda know what y'all're talking about, I've only experienced it a couple times and only gently.",
"Have you ever blown across the top of a glass bottle to make it whistle? This is the same thing, only the person blowing is mother nature, the car is the bottle, and the whistling comes from your screams of agony.",
"Short story on the helicopter effect, and what kind of scumbags car dealers are. \n\nGot my first car a few years ago, excited as hell. Few days later I drive with the back window open and hear this awful whirring sound. What the fuck is wrong with my car?i thought it was something wrong with the back wheels or axles, because I only heard this when I rolled down the rear window. Finally, I take it to the local Didge dealer. They make me sign a thing saying I have to pay 200 bucks for the mechanic to look at it, whether they find anything or not. Like an idiot, I agree. Dude comes back and says the rest right axel is all rusted out, will cost 1000 to fix, and I'm like fuck that. Drive it all the way to the original dealer. Lady that heads the service department asks if I want to take a ride I her truck. She opens the back window and there's that same fucking sound! What? She explained the whole thing to me and I felt like a moron. ",
"You're sitting inside a giant whistle. As you know larger whistles produce lower notes. This whistle is so large the note is below the normal hearing frequency, so we feel it as the helicopter effect.",
"To piggyback of his question, why do I not remember this happening on old cars (pre-a/c)?",
"Hey I have a follow up question to this, is it the same reason the helicopter effect occurs when I get out of the shower?",
"Another Aerospace engineer here, gonna put this in the simplest terms I can, probably gonna get too technical (or not technical enough) anyway. It happens.\n\nWhen you have a flow going along an aerodynamic surface, the fluid \"sticks\" to the surface. Basically, drag (the easy kind to understand at least) happens when the flow stops sticking to the surface. Opening a window kinda ruins the aerodynamics, so you get fluid separation across the surface where the window was. Here's a quick gif of simple flow streamlines and some fluid separation that I did for a class. (Simple 2Dchannel Pouiselle flow over a hump) Right past the hump, you're getting that \"turbulence\" from the fluid separating, and it kinda pulses. _URL_0_ it's not exactly what's happening here, but it's a similar basic idea.\n\nWhen the fluid separates, you get a low-pressure zone, so the air inside the car rushes out. But if you've ever poured out a bottle of coke/beer/water, you'll notice that it has to \"glug\" to let the air in to replace the fluid that went out. The air in the car basically works the same way, and \"glugging\" air makes that sound (and it glugs a lot faster too). That's why opening a second window fixes this problem--air can go out and in more freely without occupying the same space. This changes the resonant frequency of the car (usually shifts it up higher with more windows open), so you'd have to change your speed (usually go a lot faster) to get the same effect again.\n\nSuper simplified, doesn't really cover the nuances, but it should get the basic idea across."
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5qhf9r | why aren't there more bruce lee/ninja fighters in us mma? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qhf9r/eli5_why_arent_there_more_bruce_leeninja_fighters/ | {
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"Basically the best martial artist in the world in a confined space is susceptible to a bull rush or equivalent. Without the space to manoeuvre they are vulnerable to very close quarter fighting."
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3x92og | how does the 3rd party doctrine not violate the 4th amendment? | How is it legal that the government can make requests for our data from mass media corporations and that not be considered a violation of our "papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures"?
How is the fact that the NSA collects millions of calls not an unreasonable search and seizure? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3x92og/eli5_how_does_the_3rd_party_doctrine_not_violate/ | {
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"The Third Party Doctrine has usually been justified on the basis that you have no reasonable privacy interest in information you're already passing off to other people. If you send a letter from to Johnny, the Post Office can't intercept it (without a warrant), but Johnny can give it to the police if he likes.\n\nThe problem with this idea, of course, is that we provide our information to others with a limited expectation of what they will do with it. Nor was the doctrine designed with the situation in mind where the government is getting a nearly live feed of *all* information, rather than making targeted requests. As more and more of our important \"papers and effects\" are on third-party private infrastructure, a change in interpretation or the law becomes necessary.",
"Lawyer here!\n\nThe short version is because the fourth amendment protects *your* person, house, papers, and effects. Once they transfer into someone else's property, they cease to be yours. They're *about* you, but not actually yours at that point.\n\nSo, let's simplify it: you hand me a letter to give to your girlfriend. You have put your trust in me. But you know it's a risk, that I *could* read it, or share it with someone, or even give it to the government. While it is a paper from you, once you give it to me it's my paper, and that is not subject to *your* fourth amendment protection.\n\nTo be frank: it's not \"your data\" it's Google's data which is about you."
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5v5w4h | how the society comes up with minimum alcoholic drinking age? is there any story from it somewhere? | Just curious if in the past people let kids drink alcoholic beverages and then something happened that led to the invention of minimum drinking age rule.
Or maybe people have the default idea that kids shouldn't have the alcoholic drinks. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5v5w4h/eli5_how_the_society_comes_up_with_minimum/ | {
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"In the US very few places had drinking ages until prohibition, when no one was legally allowed to drink. Once prohibition was repealed every state set their own drinking ages. Some chose low ages like 16, some chose 21 and everywhere inbetween. Most had them around 18 or 19.\n\nDuring the 1980s there was a major movement called Mothers Against Drunk Drivers that lobbied very hard to establish a drinking age of 21. The US government wrote the law such that the States still have the right to set their drinking ages however they want but if it is lower than 21 they do not get federal funds for road maintenance. \n\nNo longer having seniors and recently graduated friends able to get high schoolers alcohol greatly reduced the number alcohol related medical issues (both crashes and poisonings). Some studies show it to be a drop of up to 60%. It also helped people 19-25 and reduced their incidents by 40%. ",
"The drinking age in the US is 21 to keep alcohol out of high schools. Most of us were still in high school when we turned 18, so it would have been really easy to have a bunch of inexperienced kids drinking and driving. "
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1jwwx8 | . why all cell phone cameras make the 'shutter sound' and there is no option to turn it off? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jwwx8/eli5_why_all_cell_phone_cameras_make_the_shutter/ | {
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"You can turn it off on the iPhone. Mine is, anyway. Are you in Japan? I've heard it is not possible to disable that for phones sold there, but I'm not sure if that's accurate.",
"In some jurisdictions the shutter sound is a legal requirement to help prevent people from taking compromising pictures of unsuspecting persons without the victims knowing about it.",
"In a number of jurisdictions it's legally required that you make such a noise to let those around you know a picture was taken. It's easiest to comply with the law in such places by just having a mandatory shutter noise on the phone.\n\nThat said there are ways to turn it off with some devices, especially Android phones that are rooted and/or loaded with a custom ROM."
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bfuyp8 | can you explain the business model for professional sports like the nba and nfl? | Let's use the NBA as an example. Do each team pay money to the NBA, or does the NBA pay the teams.
Each team makes it's own money from ticket sales or do the NBA make that money?
Also is leagues like the NBA and NFL owned by an individual like big corporation like Disney does, or they a multi person owned corporation? Do team owners share in this ownership of the NBA? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bfuyp8/eli5_can_you_explain_the_business_model_for/ | {
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"NBA is technically owned by the teams. Teams earn by selling tickets and merchandise (jerseys etc) , so there is always an incentive to play well and win games. Successful teams will always have an easier time filling stadiums, selling Curry jerseys so on and so forth. NBA as a whole negotiates TV broadcast rights that bring in so much money that the salary cap goes up. There's also countless endorsement deals at every level which pads the bottom line. On a side note, there are smaller revenue streams like NBA TV, NBA branded stores and other licensing deals that allow the NBA a global reach. \n\nThe catch though is that not every team actually makes money. Especially holds true for the permanent dumpster fires."
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2tws6a | is there any data to support the notion that coffee is 'safer' than energy drinks? | From what I understand, the main beef with energy drinks is the sugar and the tendency to over-consume (ignoring the youth marketing thing). Whenever someone tells me energy drinks are bad and I press them for their argument I get "chemicals" as a response. Knowing that taurine is generally considered safe (and some claim it actually does nothing) and guarana is essentially a source of caffeine, is there really any weight to the statement "coffee is better for you"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tws6a/eli5_is_there_any_data_to_support_the_notion_that/ | {
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"I don't believe the question has much relevance. \n\nWhat does a mid-morning coffee have to do with someone slamming down vodka-RedBulls or JaegerBombs all night so they can keep partying, or 12 year olds getting buzzed on sugar and caffeine at lunchtime?\n\nEnergy drinks are marketed and consumed in a totally different way to coffee. People don't choose one over the other. "
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26y23d | why it is easier for me to drum my fingers from pinky to thumb rather than the other way around. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26y23d/eli5_why_it_is_easier_for_me_to_drum_my_fingers/ | {
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"Interesting. I'm the opposite and just assumed everyone else was the same.",
"Because you lack coordination.",
"Since it's the reverse for me, I'd argue that it's most likely habit. You strum that way more than you strum the other way, so the motion is more easily hardwired into your brain.",
"They're both easy. You're just used to doing it one way.",
"I suppose because that's how you close your fist: beginning witht the thumb would make no sense.\n\nAlso, i think when you grab things you begin to clutch with the pinky, because is more delicate and/or gives you a sense of how much pressure you'll need? Just guessing tho.",
"I think because the twisting motion you make when you move then from pinky to thumb is more natural. If you twist your wrist that way, you can easily turn your wrist 180 degrees, which may relate to it feeling more natural. If you try to turn your wrist the other direction, toward your thumb you probably can't twist at all. That motion is similar to the motion of your fingers when you drum them across. ",
"You have more control over your index finger and thumb than you do over your ring finger and pinky. This is due to just general use (pointing at stuff + thumbs are important) and because your ring finger and pinky share ligaments. When you drum from pinky to thumb, any irregularities in your drumming pattern can be made up for by your increased strength and dexterity in your index and thumb. Also, they *feel* stronger, so you *feel* like you're making a strong, good finish to the tap. However, when tapping from thumb to pinky, you're having to rely on your ring finger and pinky to execute the end really well, which they are not equipped to do. You're putting the spot light on them, and they just aren't ready for that yet. They're nervous and inexperienced.\n\nTl;dr: try pinching someone only using your ring finger and pinky.",
"The nerves that control your middle finger and ring finger are connected in your hand past the connections with your other fingers. Your ring finger will more naturally move after a movement by your middle finger but is slower and more awkward the other way around. Basically, though you have separate digits, the machinery to move them hasn't fully evolved to make them separate in control. \nEdit: this can be taught away with practice, but your pointer finger will alway be more adroit than the ring finger (barring injury of corse)",
"Hold all your fingers up, and curl your middle finger towards your palm. You shouldn't be able to keep your ring finger straight. Now if you curl your ring finger, your middle finger won't move as much. Basically, this is because the tendons in the two fingers are connected, and your ring finger depends more on your middle finger than the other way around.\n\nSo, if you were to drum your fingers in slow motion, notice that when you place your ring finger down, your middle finger will only decline slightly. If you do it the other way around (i.e. middle finger first), your ring finger should decline much more. I'd imagine this is what leads to the difficulty in drumming your fingers from thumb to pinky: you would require some extra coordination and timing to do it this way.",
"It's not, you're just doing it wrong and/or trying to hard."
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36tec0 | how is sepp blatter still the president of fifa? | Sepp Blatter is the most powerful man in the sports world. The scandals and corruption surrounding FIFA during his reign as president are pretty well-documented. It seems to me that many people, inside FIFA and outsiders alike, would like to see a change in leadership. So how is it that he has been able to stay in power since 1998? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/36tec0/eli5_how_is_sepp_blatter_still_the_president_of/ | {
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"When was the last time the CEO of Bank of America/Target/Walmart got impeached?\n\nIt's a corporation, not a government. If he wants to stay President, unless he does something that puts him in jail, which he could still stay president, there's nothing forcing him to leave.\n\nThe whole FIFA thing is a crockpile of shit",
"Each participating country gets to cast exactly 1 vote for the FIFA presidency and Blatter has used his position to re-distribute funds from wealthy countries to poorer ones, which are generally less concerned with potential human rights violations, etc. Those countries support Blatter because they need the money.\n\nHe hasn't exactly been bad for the coffers of FIFA's wealthier countries either."
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1t67vk | why does moderate consumption of alcohol boost your immune system | Explain these study results to me like I'm 5: Moderate ethanol consumption results in higher levels of antiviral cytokines and an expression profile of microRNAs linked to CD8 T cell differentiation.
edit: Full study abstract: _URL_0_
I will speak with the authors tomorrow and hopefully be able to post their ELI5 explanation!
**
edit 2: BASICALLY she said that alcohol modulates the expression of genes related to the immune system according to dose. Antibody titers (levels of concentration?) and T-cell response increased significantly.
This study will hopefully lead to a greater understanding of the immune system and help those who typically have low response to vaccines, i.e. elderly and infants. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t67vk/why_does_moderate_consumption_of_alcohol_boost/ | {
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"For anyone to answer this you need to link the journal. Frpm what you have said I would guess that moderate levels of either alcohol or the products released into the blood stream on alcohol metabolism have an effect on microRNA expression, and the microRNA(s) expressed cause CD8 cell differentiation. \n\nSO you don't know what microRNAs are? They are small (micro) pieces of RNA, which is a type of nucleic acid - you've heard of DNA? RNA is like DNA's speedy little cousin - it is a mobile copy of DNA. \n\nRNAs are usually used for making proteins coded by DNA, and RNA is the go between - it travels from DNA in the secluded nucleus to a 'transit point' between the nucleus and the main body of the cell (cytoplasm), called the endoplasmic reticulum. This is where it is 'translated' from RNA into the building blocks of protein - amino acids. \n\nHOWEVER.... microRNAs are not used for this at all. They are much smaller than protein-coding types of RNA, and float around affecting how much RNA is made and how many proteins are then made from that RNA. So basically they go around regulating protein expression. \n\nIn this context 'moderate ethanol consumption' causes the types of microRNAs to be made that cause a type of immune cell to differentiate (develop, or change in this case) into a mature immune cell that can fight viral diseases. \n\nAntiviral cytokines are really simple - antiviral is the obvious - attacks viruses, and cytokines are simply cell (cyto) signalling molecules, which means that cells need them to send signals to make sure that the individual cell, and other cells in that organism know what they should be doing. So these 'antiviral cytokines' are released when a cell realises that the body is being attacked by a virus, and wants to start an immune response to kill those motherfuckers. \n\nHope I was helpful!"
]
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63s4r6 | how do trade agreements work? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63s4r6/how_do_trade_agreements_work/ | {
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"Without trade agreements:\n\n- Country A and Country B both grow lots of wheat.\n\n- In order to ensure their farmers are kept in work, both countries impose tariffs on imported wheat - if a baker wants to import wheat, he has to pay a tax which is (high) proportion of the cost of the wheat he's importing.\n\n- This encourages bakers to use home-grown wheat, and keeps the local farmers in business\n\nWith trade agreements:\n\n- Country A doesn't have the right climate for growing bananas. Country B *does* have the right climate.\n\n- So country A says to Country B: \"We'd like to cut the tariffs on bananas we import from you, and that will give extra work to your banana farmers. But what are you going to do in return for us?\"\n\n- Country B replies: \"Well, our car manufacturing market is non-existent, so if you ensure that your people can import our bananas cheaply (i.e. with low tariffs), we'll ensure that our people can import your cars cheaply too, and keep all your factory workers in business.\"\n\nIn practice, there's a lot more to it than that. Because if you're going to import something in large quantities from another country, then there needs to be some agreement between the countries about the *quality* of the product. For example, if you wanted to import bananas from a country, then before you reduced the tariffs on bananas you might insist that the country passes a law that guarantees all bananas are disease-free and grown without using dangerous pesticides."
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e5otaa | what is the psychological reason candy companies make products containing different colors even if there is no change in flavour? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e5otaa/eli5_what_is_the_psychological_reason_candy/ | {
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"text": [
"Variety and bright colors can attract the attention as well as convey flavor. Testing has shown that the color of food can convince people that it is a different flavor than what it actually is. Furthermore, people have an expectation that certain foods are a certain color. If they’re not it can be off putting."
]
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[]
] |
|
7d14k2 | either the universe continues indefinitely, or it has an edge somewhere, both boggle the mind to imagine, which is correct? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7d14k2/eli5_either_the_universe_continues_indefinitely/ | {
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"We may never actually know!\n\nFrom our position in the universe, there is a distance away from us that is expanding away from us so quickly that no light (and thus no object) could possibly reach Earth. That distance defines the observable universe, and that is much smaller than the size of the universe itself.\n\nThis isn't just a \"we can't see past this boundary right now\", this is \"it is physically impossible to reach this boundary from Earth... ever\". So the takeaway is that it *literally* doesn't matter whether or not the universe is infinite beyond that point, because it will *never* affect us in any way.",
"Sort of like finding the edge of earth, no matter how far you travel, you’ll never find an edge for earth and you might even end up where you started. ",
"If I blow up a balloon it's expanding in the air, in my city, in my state, in my country, on Earth. So what's the universe expanding into? Nothingness? ",
"No one knows. But since you say that both options are mind-boggling, I'll try to deboggle you.\n\nInfinite: because of the speed of light limit, it doesn't matter what's happening very far away - at least not for a very long time. Each part of the universe is doing its own thing, so it doesn't make much difference how many parts there are.\n\nHas an edge: you're made of a huge number of atoms. You think of yourself as a single being, but you know that if you perturb your atoms too much, they will rearrange themselves to the point that you will no longer exist, even if they still do. At the edge of the universe, there would be physical laws (called boundary conditions) governing what would happen to the atoms there. Maybe they'd bounce off the edge. In that case, you would bounce off the edge, or go splat, depending on how fast you were moving. Maybe they'd bounce back as antimatter. In that case you would explode. Maybe they'd just disappear. There are a lot of possibilities, but it isn't fundamentally different from hitting anything else.",
"While it is impossible to confirm, to the best of our knowledge the universe is infinitely large.\n\n > [We now know (as of 2013) that the universe is flat with only a 0.4% margin of error. **This suggests that the Universe is infinite in extent;** however, since the Universe has a finite age, we can only observe a finite volume of the Universe. All we can truly conclude is that the Universe is much larger than the volume we can directly observe.](_URL_0_)",
"There's a third option of finite but closed, and so without edges. Like the surface of a balloon. ",
"In a way, maybe the universe is round/spherical ? Maybe if we go far enough, at some point we'll be back to the start. We used to think that earth was flat and that we had to explore its infinite lands. Well, turned out it was round the whole time."
]
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"https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html"
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2bdmcq | what kind of device or technique do radio stations use to get immediate access to almost every song and/or sound effect? | I'm not a big radio listener, but use services such as Spotify on more of a daily basis. But even on the Spotify library which currently has over 20 million songs (or more) doesn't have every popular song.
It would be interested to get an explanation from someone who works in the radio business or just knows more than I do. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bdmcq/eli5_what_kind_of_device_or_technique_do_radio/ | {
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"I don't remember the exact numbers, but nearly every radio station in America is owned by a couple companies. It's really, *really* not just a patchwork of independent stations like the old days.\n\nSo they have control over millions of listeners and are able to get direct access to content from the major labels as soon as possible. It's all digital these days, so I imagine they just have private FTP servers or some other way to download the new stuff and get told when new things are available. They definitely don't get sent actual CDs or anything by people signed to major record deals.\n\nSpotify actually has to pay people to get to use their songs and negotiate terms of agreements, whereas radio stations can just get it all for free (besides the ASCAP and BMI licensing fees they pay once a year) and play what the home office has decided is \"hot\" today. It's led to an over-streamlining of popular music, where every top 40 station in every major city in America is on the exact same playlist, that didn't exist when every DJ had the freedom to control their own playlist.\n\nAs far as sound effects, promotional drops \"Hey this is Usher and you're listening to...\" and the like, those are usually paid for in some way by the company that owns the radio station, and there are services that just offer sound effects, news bits, and things like that to radio stations."
]
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[]
] |
|
az5k7e | why does deleting system32 brick a computer? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/az5k7e/eli5_why_does_deleting_system32_brick_a_computer/ | {
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"System32 contains most of the Libraries and System files that the operating system needs to function.\n\nFiles like DLL's that contain functions called by various applications including the OS itself. Drivers to make hardware function, most of the built in Windows applications and utilities, control panel applets, the command processor, explorer (the windows GUI), and various other critical parts to the OS.\n\nDeleting the system32 folder would be like ripping out half the engine in a car and wondering why it won't start."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
1rikg6 | the constant controversy surrounding the canadian seal hunt. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rikg6/eli5_the_constant_controversy_surrounding_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cdnm49m"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"They're fuzzy and cute. That is all."
]
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||
y7zys | why does ziti taste so different from spaghetti? | Spaghetti for dinner? That's okay, I guess. Eh. Oh! Mom is out of spaghetti noodles, so she used Ziti instead! Yay! Ziti tastes so much b-
...It's the same thing.
Same pasta. Same meat. Same cooking process. Just different shaped pasta, of the same brand, from the same ingredients.
What the heck?
Is my brain interpreting the taste as radically different just because of the texture? Is there truly a taste difference at all? Is texture enough to create flavor preference and make you think you're tasting some other flavor sensation?
D: | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/y7zys/eli5_why_does_ziti_taste_so_different_from/ | {
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"I can't really accurately answer this question, because it's *your* personal preference, and I can't explain that - just like I wouldn't expect anyone to know why I like the mango-flavored Odwalla drinks and not the strawberry-flavored ones. (Both are insanely delicious, but the mango one just really hits the spot, I don't know why!)\n\nThere is a difference in thickness, which could have something to do with it. Ziti have to hold their tube shape, whereas spaghetti are thin and made to flop about. There's probably a texture difference that your tongue appreciates, because of that. You may also have spaghetti often, and ziti not as often, which could make you favor the rarity of ziti. Ziti often have ridges as well, which helps the pasta hold sauce on its surface easier than the slippery surface of spaghetti, so you may feel you're getting more flavor per forkful than when eating spaghetti (though the ridging has little to no effect on chunky sauces, as far as I know - little ridges can't hold *that* much). There's a lot of different possibilities.",
"Think of it this way - the difference between ziti WITH lines and ziti WITHOUT lines is huge, right? Without lines is more \"slippery.\" So even though they might taste the same, you experience it differently because of the texture. People, sometimes without realizing it, have very strong opinions about texture - some people prefer their pasta \"al dente,\" others boil the crap out of it for twenty minutes and like it that way. \n\nLots of other foods are popular because of their texture - some people love marshmallows and other hate them - and it's not usually the flavor that's the deciding factor. Some people like bananas mushy. There's only so many flavors for candy, but a huge variety of types of candy. People have ferociously strong opinions on how \"done\" their steaks and cheeseburgers should be; some people even order pizza rare or well done. There's like twenty ways to prepare a potato even though \"baked\" and \"mashed\" pretty much taste the same without seasoning. It's all about texture preference. \n\n(Also, ziti -with lines - is also better at \"holding\" the pasta sauce - so it will have more of the flavor of the sauce in it.)"
]
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ekadbs | how do they craft a perfume, and then how do they decide whether its for men or women? whats the chemistry behind it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ekadbs/eli5_how_do_they_craft_a_perfume_and_then_how_do/ | {
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"There is no chemistry behind deciding if a perfume is for men or women. It is entirely artificial. \n\nLike basically everything that's divided in men/women and isn't used with your genitals. And even then it doesn't automatically follow that penis=man and vagina=woman, but that is an entirely different discussion.\n\nAs for authentic perfume crafting: I'm not sure about that. I know that in classical times they soaked rose leaves in water or alcohol to extract the perfume. And especially the alcohol works well with lots of other well smelling plants (like lavender, or rosemary, etc). But that is not the same as how it is done currently as that is a very expensive and labour intensive process.",
"To create a perfume you need to be able to extract or create a scent, create a medium to carry that scent, a method to apply that scent and to make sure it doesn't immediately dissipate.\n\nScents are usually essential oils. You can obtain or create essential oils from natural sources through methods like pressing, crushing, dissolving, distillation and so on. If you know exactly what chemicals create a scent, you can also create synthetic scents in a lab. In other words, you can quite literally take something like a pleasant flower and crush, dissolve, boil or otherwise extract the oils that carry its scent.\n\nEssential oils are pretty powerful so you dilute them into a medium that will allow the user to spray or dab some onto their skin and make it stick. Usually alcohol. Alcohols evaporate fast so dabbing some on your skin won't leave a wet spot as the alcohol evaporates but leaves the scented oil.\n\nAs for what makes a male or female perfume, that's really just psychology, stereotypes and a whole lot of marketing.\n\nThings like flowers, candy, cookies and other sweet things are often associated with women. And so their scents make a good basis for feminine products.\n\nMen are often idealised as tough, rugged, hard-working, adventurous and so on. Lots of male scents try to invoke that with scents that are reminiscent of the ocean, mountains, woods. Sharp scents, spicy scents and so on.\n\nIf you look at perfume commercials you'll notice that advertising rarely describes the scent itself. They usually try to sell you an idealised image. Do you like this rugged man sailing his ship? Are you enticed by this cosmopolitan woman in her perfect gown? Now you can smell like them.",
"As others have said, there is basically nothing scientific for the assignment of a perfume to a gender. As for the chemistry :\n\nAlcohol (we usually mean ethanol by that) is an excellent solvent for many things that are similar to alcohol and is therefore very useful for organic chemistry (chemistry of C-H binds). Many compounds that we recognize as characteristic smells are very similar to alcohol (esters). \n\nSo by immersing animal materials, flower petals and other good smelling things in a bath of alcohol, we often can leech out these compounds because the compounds want to be in both the alcohol and the material until they are roughly equally in both. We call this process extraction. \n\nMaking coffee is another form of extraction. Making decoffinated coffee beans is much fancier but follows very similar principles that I outlined here. Alike seeks alike in chemistry: we call the preference of one material to interact with another selectivity. \n\nDifferent compounds might need other solvents or other processes though. Extraction is useful because it provides very mild conditions for volatile materials like the good smelling stuff you want to extract. \n\nKeywords for further research: extraction, esters, ethanol, diffusion\n\nI am really hitting the limit of what is possible with an ELI5 level explanation here. This is extremely broad strokes."
]
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[],
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9v9l40 | does niche have different meanings when pronounced nitch va kneesh? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9v9l40/eli5_does_niche_have_different_meanings_when/ | {
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"It's not pronounced 'nitch'. It's always pronounced 'kneesh'.\n\nIt generally means 'a small space'. This can literally be a small space (a niche in the wall), or a figurative small space (a niche specialisation).",
"It's usually pronounced neesh (seeing as it's basically a french word which english adopted, like cafe), though there may be a very few cases (like ecology) where it's pronounced differently just by tradition more than anything else.",
"Americans tend to say \"nitch\" while Brits tend to say \"neesh\". It means the same thing - a small area, whether that be ecological or personal (\"Sally has found her niche\") or otherwise.",
"It has the same meaning, but pronouncing it the way it should be pronounced implies that you know about other languages, while saying \"nitch\" implies that you're American."
]
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3z1qqz | what about the molecular structure of an object makes an item edible? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3z1qqz/eli5_what_about_the_molecular_structure_of_an/ | {
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"Our bodies have stomach acid to break down materials to smaller bits and specific enzymes to digest many common biological molecules, We can absorb certain bits from the food to use. What we can't use, or just didn't because of imperfect efficiency, gets deposited out the other end. Anything that has these molecules we need, can be broken up by our digestive system to move through it, and isn't otherwise hazardous is edible. There are things without anything that we can use, but nothing particularly hazardous, that just passes through the system, like many diet sodas and fake sugar (the point of fake sugar is that it tricks our taste buds into thinking it is high-energy sugar, but our bodies don't have the right things to absorb it).\n\nSo basically all the things you get from food have specific mechanisms to absorb it."
]
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[]
] |
||
cdvrdh | why couldn't a currency-less world where you barter for everything ever work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cdvrdh/eli5_why_couldnt_a_currencyless_world_where_you/ | {
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"\"I need shoes.\"\n\" Ok what do you have to swap for them?\"\n\"Umm I can paint, work the cash register, clean. Or do you want a TV?\"\n\"Nah I don't need any of that stuff\"\n\"Oh\"\n\nIt would be far too complicated and difficult",
"The brilliant thing about money is that it is a resource everyone wants [and that's only because other people are willing to trade goods/services for it], which eliminates the hassle of individuals trying to find things that one person has to offer in exchange for a good/service from another person.\n\nMoney is also very portable and doesn't go bad.",
"After a while, people would realize that it's hard to attribute some value to an item in a way that can be easily compared to another item. In order to fix this, they might decide to choose some object or material to define as a central point for valuation. For example, you might end up saying \"my cow is has the same worth as 500 grams of gold,\" so that someone else can know that they can either offer you 500 grams of gold, or something else with the same value. Since you can't always expect someone to want the thing you have, it'll become normal to just use gold to exchange for goods and services. Because of this, you might want to have some sort of central authority that verifies the purity and weight of pieces of gold. That authority, in order to make things more efficient, may start issuing prefabricated disks of gold in standardized sizes, so that you can quickly measure out known weights of gold for payments. Since gold is a dense metal, it may eventually reach the point where you no longer want to carry around lots of gold discs to be able to make purchases. In this case, the central authority might start issuing paper documents that may be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold, which gives the paper document a value equivalent to that amount of gold, allowing it to be used in place of gold for payments. Then, the economy might expand to the point where it's no longer possible for the central authority to store enough gold to back all of their paper documents, so they stop offering the trade of a paper document for a set amount of gold, and leave the paper documents to have the value that the population believes it to have. This will cause the value of the paper document to drop, since it no longer has any real value besides the paper itself, but as long as the population has confidence in the value of the paper documents, they will maintain a usable value.\n\nThis is why currencies have existed since the dawn of human civilization.",
"One simple example: A farmer can only barter their crops at harvest time.\n\nThere aren't enough things a farmer needs at harvest time in order to \"spend\" their crop, so once they've got everything they could possibly want, they just have to give the rest of the crop away for nothing in exchange. And then they spend the rest of the year with nothing to barter.\n\nSo they don't do that. They invent some sort of fiat currency, *sell* all their crop for that currency, and then spend the currency throughout the year."
]
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4molrx | do those himalayan salt lamps and the ocean air really have more negative ions? if so, what about them supposedly makes you feel better? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4molrx/eli5_do_those_himalayan_salt_lamps_and_the_ocean/ | {
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" > Do those Himalayan salt lamps and the ocean air really have more negative ions?\n\nNot really.\n\n > If so, what about them supposedly makes you feel better?\n\nSupposedly? I dunno. Magic, junk science, whatever woo the seller decides to make up. \"Negative ions\" do not have any proven health benefits.",
"No. They look cool, and you can get a nice placebo effect from them, but that's about it. None of those \"salt rooms\" have any proven medicinal effect, either. "
]
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||
2aydgm | what is actually happening when you hear interference from a mobile through a speaker of some sort? | Just curious as to why, no matter what the volume is on my radio I can always hear the 'beeping' from my phone. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2aydgm/eli5_what_is_actually_happening_when_you_hear/ | {
"a_id": [
"cizzrx6"
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"text": [
"Any time a radio device is heard on a speaker it is because the high-frequency carrier is being \"filtered out\" and instead the baseband frequencies (those that are audible to us) are being picked up and amplified by the audio circuit you are listening to.\n\nIn normal operation radio systems the carrier frequency is high enough for us humans never to notice whatever modulation is being applied to it. However in close proximity other wires and electronics can pick up this signal and remove the carrier leaving the audible bits for us to hear.\n\n---\n\nImagine you have a lady singing in a high voice. But she's not just singing a single tone - but singing \"WHOOP WHOOP WHOOP\". The note she is signing is high - but imagine you have some sort of filter on her voice and all you hear is a gruff \"WHOOP WHOOP WHOOP\" being spoken. Similar kind of thing."
]
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7rjj12 | when you read that flu has killed otherwise healthy people, what are the symptoms that actually take them out? are they drowning in lung fluid or exhaustion from coughing, or what? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7rjj12/eli5_when_you_read_that_flu_has_killed_otherwise/ | {
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"A few ways. The flu can cause intense inflammation in your lungs and you can die from respiratory failure. That's the most direct way (along with heart or organ failure, also brought on by inflammation). \n\nBut the flu can kill you by making you susceptible to other bad stuff, too, because your body is weak and slow from trying to fight off the flu. In fact the most common way to die from the flu is to get it and then get pneumonia as a result. that's how the elderly usually go when it happens to them. ",
"When a strain of the flu becomes a pandemic (like the Spanish flu in 1918, which killed an estimated 50-100 million people), it can apparently trigger an autoimmune response in healthy adults, potentially killing them. AFAIK, the details are not fully understood, but a suspect is what's called a cytokine storm (sp?).",
"Child neurologist here - \n\nRarely flu can cause acute necrotizing encephalopathy (..which in other words is melting away of parts of your brain!) in kids who were completely normal and healthy before they got the flu. \n\nPlease get your flu shot! ",
"Not a medical professional, but my understanding from working in nursing homes and hospitals as a social worker is the people with dementia (including from Alzheimer's) and strokes can't swallow well anymore and get pneumonia a lot easier, then can't fight it off well and the rest of the body and organs can't function as well leading to death. Also respiratory failure of course, just adding a bit from what I have worked with. It was so sad to see families want to put feeding tubes in when late stage dementia impaired swallowing and eating, not wanting to realize that you can get pneumonia from your own spit going the wrong way, and you just stuck a tube in them to prolong this last stage of their life. ",
"My sister died from the flu. She had a weak heart from past drug use. The flu infected her lungs which put a strain on her heart. She went and took a hot shower which caused a heart attack. "
]
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98voh1 | what is the minimal theoretical speed at which a meteorite can enter the earth atmosphere? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/98voh1/eli5_what_is_the_minimal_theoretical_speed_at/ | {
"a_id": [
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"11.2 km/s\n\nThis is the escape velocity of the Earth. Anything not in a stable orbit which is traveling less than that would have fallen inwards towards the Earth. Anything new that enters Earth's gravitational sphere of influence will accelerate up to at least this speed before hitting the atmosphere"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
nahvf | state machine design pattern | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nahvf/eli5_state_machine_design_pattern/ | {
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"text": [
"What, specifically, are you asking about? Would you like to know what a finite state machine is? Or are you interested in designing your software to work like a finite state machine? Or are you asking about [this paper](_URL_0_)?",
"What, specifically, are you asking about? Would you like to know what a finite state machine is? Or are you interested in designing your software to work like a finite state machine? Or are you asking about [this paper](_URL_0_)?"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://oot.zcu.cz/NET_2006/Papers_2006/short/B31-full.pdf"
],
[
"http://oot.zcu.cz/NET_2006/Papers_2006/short/B31-full.pdf"
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] |
||
3q821n | when you have a drink on an airplane, and the plane banks, why does the liquid stay level with the plane and not level with the earth? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3q821n/eli5when_you_have_a_drink_on_an_airplane_and_the/ | {
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"text": [
"Okay little buddy. Let's try this. Next time we turn in our car tilt your glass until the water is level in that glass. That's the angle the plane is turning!\n\n(I'm an airline pilot and a dad)",
"Here's a neat video that shows pouring tea while rolling the aircraft: _URL_0_\n\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw2qPLEgKdQ"
]
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||
1pasqq | why does base ball have umpires and every other sport have referees? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pasqq/eli5_why_does_base_ball_have_umpires_and_every/ | {
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"text": [
"couldn't tell you but baseball isn't the ONLY sport with umpires. Here in Australia we prefer to use the term umpire over referee so you have a basketball umpire, an AFL umpire, a cricket umpire. They're exactly the same thing anyway so why does it even matter? It's essentially aubergine vs. eggplant. ",
"Tennis and Australian Rules Football also have umpires"
]
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[],
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||
3c89nu | why hasn't the u.s. been invaded in hundreds of years? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3c89nu/eli5_why_hasnt_the_us_been_invaded_in_hundreds_of/ | {
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"text": [
"Geographic isolation. Any countries big and powerful enough to do it are on the other side of the planet. Getting their troops and weapons and other things requires to execute the conquest of another country would be a monumental undertaking. ",
" > \"The Americans are truly a lucky people. They are bordered to the north and south by weak neighbors and to the east and west by fish.\" - Otto von Bismarck (attributed)\n\nSimply put, geography. America's geostrategic position is superb. It is bordered by the Atlantic and the Pacific, oceans which even in the modern era it is hugely difficult to move troops across in quantity. Furthermore, it has generally been non-hostile (and in the modern era, even friendly!) to its neighbour Canada in the north and Mexico in the south. Add to this a vastly superior population from which to draw troops compared to either country, and resources, and America is effectively unassailable."
]
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[],
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bfxz9t | why do marvel movies (and other heavily cgi- and animation-based films) cost so much to produce? where do the hundreds of millions of dollars go to, exactly? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bfxz9t/eli5_why_do_marvel_movies_and_other_heavily_cgi/ | {
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"CG is very expensive. CG artists are specialists and in high demand. Making a big budget CG blockbuster like an Avengers film employs hundreds of them for years. The personnel costs alone are crazy.\n\nActually rendering all that CG also eats up a huge amount of time on very valuable, very powerful computers.",
"First thing is actors take a lot of money. Then, for cg heavy work, there are several people doing one single element going from concept, modeling, texturing' rigging, animating, lighting, environement, digital matte painting, paint & roto and compositing. All of those are jobs done usually by different individual... without counting the production/support team that manages the asset and production. Or even the shooting crews.\n\nSo for, let's say a space ship, you have weeks or months of very specialized work. When you consider stuff like Avengers, there are dozens of individual elements in shots with their unique characteristics. This gets expensive very fast.\n\nSource: am a visual effect artist on movies",
"During the credits pay attention to the different CGI studios. For captain marvel I counted around seven different companies doing CGI. It's a very rough estimate but I think it gives a good sense of scale. There are hundreds of people involved just in the CGI and each of those companies has to turn a profit too.",
"In addition to what everyone else have said, new CG techniques were often developed on the fly specifically for that film instead of recycling techniques from other films. Inevitably, this takes a lot of computing time with expensive equipment to test and experiment.",
"100 CG artists * $125,000 * 1 year = $12.5M easy if they nail if the first time. Which they won't. Then add producers, project managers, leads, storyboards, etc. \n\nYou get to $25M to $30M in CG real fast if you look at the math.",
"The credits literally show the hundreds of people involved in just the CGI. It’s crazy how much time and manpower it takes to add all these effects.",
"i am creating low quality cgi on an avarage computer. 25 seconds of a movie takes 4-5 hours to render. if you activate shaders like ambiant occlusion it will be 1.5 as long. most of my movies are without mirror effects. in the real world you have got millions of reflecting surfaces and each one of them will ruin the reality effect in a movie, if it works wrong. and this is only one of the many effects that make such movies expensive.",
"It been already said but A list actor price are nuts. Say you want to make a iron man movie the lead actor wants his £20m. You have to pay him as he is the face of the franchise. Now try do that in avangers with multiple film franchise all with lead actors wanting major cash. Non of them are going to turn up for small change.\n\nEffects are only as good as the budget. You can make the same plot for very different sums of money in terms of effects. When you have the budget you just show more to the audience. Or do it better, more realism etc.",
"1. CGI studios.\n2. Actors.\n3. Other support crew.\n4. Movies are made by a temporary company. The company is set up not to make money. All the profits go to people, the parent company, and buying property/items. Since the temporary company doesn't make money they don't pay any taxes to the government. So the more money spent by the temporary company the better.\n5. Marketing. Thought this money is often not included in the money to make figure.",
"Generally pay is very good for technical and support crew also. A sound recordist would make around £500 a day. Crews would be massive on films like this. The crew cost total at the end when you factor in how long they take and reshoots would be massive on top of cgi, actors etc.",
"Lots of different studios will work on different parts of the film. like i remember some behind the scenes thing for Ironman 1, this one studios’ entire task was the 5-10s scene where he oneshots a tank that knocked him out of the sky and walks away. Not even the whole sequence, just the part where he fires his own missile, turns and walks off. \n\nThen another studio did the HUD for the suits, another one did Stark’s holographic interface for his workshops, yet another did Iron Monger chasing the SHIELD agents... etc. \n\nLots and lots and lots of studios, or lots and lots of individual teams within some of the bigger studios.",
"It's not just paying the salary of animators etc. They also pay for engineers etc to research NEW ways to animate things.\n\n\nWhen it comes to something cutting edge realistic, It's not JUST putting more compute power into it. You are running physics simulations that need to be so precise they require a lot of very well paid and very smart engineers to come up with ways to make things run smoothly. \n\n\n & the other comments here too",
"I work in film and have a VFX degree and here's how it goes:\n\n1. About half the money, give or take, is for above the line talent. So you have your actors, directors, producers, ect. They get paid in a percentage or in absurdly high amounts for films. These people are also accommodate on set so production has to rent out luxury campers to house them for weeks or months at a time when on location. Then they need to hire drivers and trucks to move those campers. Top tier stars can make demands on top of that. I saw Jim Carrey's camper once and it had an entire astroturf lawn on top of it, with a picnic table, with a vase with flowers on it. Don't ask me why he wanted it, he just did. Those costs are in addition to percentages given to the talent directly, which can be millions each for an A list celebrity. If this is a movie like Infinity War you have multiple guys like RDJ and Cumberbach and like four guy named Chris who could carry a blockbuster on their own and want to be paid like it.\n2. Actors who aren't the main cast still have to show up and get paid. Every random dude you see in the background is an actor who's in it to get paid. If you see a big crowd shot of like 500 people that means that's 500 people who had to show up, go through makeup and costumes, and be accommodated and then be paid.\n3. What you have left over has to pay for production. At minimum it costs like thirty thousand dollars a day just to hire people to actually operate the cameras and set up lights and they usually work 12 hour days and have unions that demand good rates including overtime. This is a very basic cost for a minimum crew for a single day where you get maybe a few minutes of footage done. If you have those big 500 background days you need people to get people to manage those people. If you have complicated shots you need more people for that.\n4. If you're out on location you need to pay the people who own that property. This can cost millions in and of itself if you need time and they know you have money. You also need to pay an entire team of people to show up and get the location ready, which means emptying out whatever furniture is there and replacing it with your own stuff you have to buy. These people are probably also working heavy overtime and have a union demanding pay accordingly. If you decide that isn't worth it then you need to get a studio and build the entire fake set from scratch, or pay a company to recreate it with CG, which isn't cheap either way.\n5. This doesn't count the cost for pre and post production, which is two thirds of the process. You have writers, editors, storyboarders, previz, color grading, foley, and a dozen other departments that have to do work before or after the actual shoot. CG comes here in various phases and obviously isn't cheap. On a Marvel movie if you sit through all of the credits you'll usually see like 8 other companies contracted out to do this and that and if you actually follow through and look up those companies they have big impressive shot breakdowns of what they did and a crew of a hundred plus people who may or may not also be credited.\n\nIf you sit through the whole credits of a Marvel movie you probably have thousands of individual names and there are probably three digits worth of people who didn't even make that list. Those guys don't work for free. This shit ain't student film.",
"Everyone's answer here is more or less about CG. And while I truly tried explaining this like you were five, that's pretty difficult lol..\n\nSo I'll do a very general breakdown for you.\n\n**Development Salaries** (Writers, Producers)\n\n**Pre-Production Salaries** (storyboard artists, director, producers, writers, pre-vis artists, location managers, SFX supervisors, legal, etc etc etc etc)\n\n**Pre-Production Materials/Misc Costs** (office supplies, gasoline, office rental, vehicle rentals, insurance (multi-hundred million dollar plans), etc etc etc etc.)\n\n**Production Gear [Grip and Electric]** (stands, lights, stingers, dollies, expendables (consumables like tape and gels), clamps, etc etc etc.\n\n**Production Gear [Camera]** (Cameras, lenses, kits, AXS, etc etc etc.)\n\n**Production Costs [Production]** (trailer rentals, office supplies, location permits, talent insurance, production liability insurance, location insurance, etc etc etc)\n\n**Production Personnel** (Literally EVERYONE, and this also includes people who are doing post-production while shooting is still going on)\n\n**Post Production Salaries** (Editors, CG Artists, SFX artists, Post Production Supervisors, Foley Supervisors, ADR Supervisors, Computers and various equipment etc etc etc etc etc etc etc. This list is often longer than any of the previous lists)\n\nThese budgets can range anywhere from very little to over 400million dollars on a modern day scale. P & A (Prints and Advertisements) often cost just as much as the production itself, but it's never an \"official\" figure in the public budget. Therefore, a 400m budget blockbuster will likely cost upwards of 800m.\n\nAt the end of the day, some movies can have between 10,000-20,000 or more different unique people working on it. If each of these people are getting paid five digits, sometimes more, sometimes WAY more, it's not hard to get to 200, 300, 400m dollar budgets.",
"Have you watched many \"making of\" videos? The scale of the operation for these movies/TV shows is INCREDIBLE!",
"Back in Avengers 1, the most CGI heavy scene was a Hulk fight scene, it took 7 hours to render a single frame.\n\nIn a single frame, there was the raw footage that has to be composed, green screen that has to be chroma keyed, parts have to be rotoscoped, CGI models to be made, rigged, UVed, textured, animated, particles added, hair and cloth simulated, physics applied to damage, lighting adjusted, blur and focus adjusted to fit the camera settings, colour graded, and many more processes involved before rendering and edited into the final cut.\n\nIn this single frame that took 7 hours, it involved the work of hundreds if not thousands of cast and crew, each experts in their field and have to be paid accordingly.",
"When you think about a movie getting made, you probably have an image a bunch of an actors on a set and a director yelling “action.” That is just the factory floor part of the process and it represents a TINY sliver of time and money for everything that must happen to make a finished movie. From start to finish, a typical movie takes about 7 years to get made, though Marvel’s got it down to 4-5 years per film because they plan things out so far in advance. \n\nA typical high end “tent pole” movie has a production budget of about $200,000,000. Every movie is different, but typically breaks down like this:\n\n30% — “above the line” expenses. These include, in order of most expensive to least expensive:\n-cast + fringes \n-producer’s fees (the people or person who spent years, sometimes decades, getting every thing in order)\n-Director’s fees + fringes\n-chain of title (all the licensing fees and legal expenses to get permission to use the intellectual property of others.)\n\nexcept for Robert Downey (who now gets $20mil per Avengers movie), marvel stars actually don’t make as much money as you’d think. The headliners (Thor, Bruce banner, capt America, etc...) get about $2-5m per headlining movie or avengers appearance. But here’s the thing: there are a LOT of characters in marvel movies! Even fees paid for cheaper cameo appearances add up quickly. Movie stars aren’t expensive because they’re greedy assholes, they’re expensive because you have to outbid whatever other producers are willing to pay them. \n\nOh, and guess what? For every $1 you pay an actor, you have to pay an additional $0.33 in union fees and taxes (we call these “fringes”). Same goes for your director, who will command a fee from $3-10m. \n\nSo what if you do a deal with a star actor for $3m and change your mind, or your financier wants somebody different, or that actor gets caught up in some kind of scandal and you don’t want them in the movie? You still have to pay them the full amount even if they don’t do shit. This is called “pay or play” dealmaking and it’s unfortunately the new normal. \n\n30% — “below the line”, development, and physical production expenses. In order most to least:\n-Sets/props/wardrobe (called “Art department”)\n-Special Effects (not to be confused with visual effects)\n-Production management\n-Writers, script development, visual development, fringes\n-Lighting and electrical\n-Camera department and cinematographer \n-Extras and “under five lines” cast\n-Crew & production staff\n\n10%— insurance, studio overhead, and legal. \n\n30% — “post production”... or, everything that turns hundreds of hours of footage into a finished product. In order:\n-visual effects (CGI, etc...)\n-Editing\n-Post production management staff\n-Music licensing (pop songs heard in movie, etc...)\n-Color correction and mastering \n-Score and orchestration \n-Sound and dialog editing (sound effects, etc...)\n-Sound mixing\n-Final authoring. \n\nAll of this gets you a MOVIE, but if you want to distribute the movie to theaters, run ads, make a trailer, promote the movie, build promotional tie-in campaigns with McDonald’s, etc.... you need another $100-$150m. (This is called “P & A” and it’s separate from the movie’s reported budget.)\n\nAlso notice how little the Visual Effects budget is compared to the fact that 80-90% of all shots in a Marvel movie require some kind of visual effects work. This is one of the reasons why VFX artists are the most demanded individuals in the industry, and yet they continue to get screwed over financially. They come into the picture at the very end when the project has already gone way over budget and spent most of the money. \n\nAlso not included in this breakdown are the salaries and expenses of all of the studio heads and executives not covered by studio overhead. \n\nTl;dr effects-driven movies are fucking crazy expensive because they have an absurd amount of moving parts and failure points across many many years of development and production. \n\nSource: I’m a DGA director and PGA producer.",
"Cast salaries can total 50-100 million if it is the Avengers. Scarlett Johansson and Robert Downey Jr making 20+ million (depending on box office) adds up. The lesser characters are usually taking home 2-5 Million.",
"It's kind of bizarre to me how some marvel movie that will be forgotten in a few years costs probably about as much what it will cost to restore Notre Dame.",
"Actors and actresses cost\n\nCG graphics\n\nMarketing\n\nAnd Hollywood math. Movies cost a lot and despite billions its a loss for write offs",
"TL;DR -- because in heavily CGI films, every frame is a painting. Worse, it's a painting that moves, and people's eyes have millions of years of evolution to make them really good at catching visual discrepancies even when they're not looking for them, so you have to spend a lot of time getting everything just right.\n\nLonger version:\n\nThe cost of a big action movie can be broken down into three parts:\n\n* the people you see\n* the stuff you see\n* the stuff you don't see\n\nSo Infinity War cost $300 million. We'll just say they're roughly equal, which isn't too far off for a lot of movies. That means:\n\n* $100 million for the specific actors (they can ask for a lot because they're the most recognizable thing about movies)\n* $100 million for all the people's time and effort it takes to make the things you see go from \"I can tell what's happening\" to \"wow that seems realistic\" to, even better, not really noticing the CGI at all, even when you know it is CGI\n* $100 million for all the camera equipment, computers, studios (I mean literally studio, the place where you film something), travel, and other things that you never see in the film but which have to happen so that people can shoot the scenes and then make them better.\n\nBig action movies are really popular, so all three of those cost more, although for different reasons:\n\n* Actors who have made a name for themselves or who are doing a sequel can charge more for action movies, and film companies will pay it, because everybody agrees it's more likely to be a success than if it was a different actor.\n* Audiences expect big CGI movies to impress them (particularly sequels), so, whereas some movies try to set up FX scenes to make the effects easier (like with standard tricks of camera angle and editing), big CGI movies set up scenes to make the effects *harder*, which also makes them more expensive. For example, think of when Thanos first shows up in Infinity War. This is a really important scene because it introduces a giant purple guy who isn't real, and if he looks fake then the whole movie will suffer. The filmmakers wanted to make Thanos look and *feel* real, so he's introduced with a difficult and expensive shot: a long-take where the camera pans from a real-life person (Loki) to Thanos, he picks up a real-life person (Thor), carries him around and drops him, and then the camera pans back to the real-life person (Loki). Human eyes and brains are really good at picking up subtle differences in what they see, so this kind of shot takes a ton of work to make it look real -- everything from making Thanos's movement line up with the real-life person he's carrying, to making his body move like a real person with real gravity and real mass, to making sure the ambient light affects him the same way it affects the real person and the objects around him, so he is in the same color palette with the same lighting sources. For a shot like this, it takes a lot of time to plan it all out, film it correctly (it's really problematic if you messed up the filming and need to do it again later), and then work out the details. It'll never look and feel real unless a whole team of people spend days making every detail work. The computers help a lot, but someone has to keep messing with a thousand little details by hand for every single frame.\n* Of course, a shot like that couldn't happen if we didn't have a big studio, with a ton of staging equipment, and a ton of expensive cameras (and microphones and light sensors and stuff like that), and all the people brought there with airplanes and cars and put up in hotels and with food for all of them plus the people who take care of all that stuff. And then we couldn't do the effects to it later without a completely different place that was filled with also-expensive equipment, like big powerful computers with lots of big screens and specialized computer software.\n\nCould this be done more cheaply? Perhaps, but not easily so. Think of, say, Neill Blomkamp, a writer/director who opened his own studio with his own exceptional FX team. He made District 9 with $30 million, and he figured he could make a feature-length version of Firebase for the same. That is probably as efficient as a CGI-heavy film could go and still look not just good but *impressive*, and that's not nearly as \"big\" a movie as Infinity War (in terms of numbers of famous actors, size of 'set piece' action sequences, etc) and involves a whole lot of things in his favor, including his own unusual talent to work in good FX with a modest budget, solid actors willing to work on a new property for a comparatively reduced fee, and total integration of the studio and FX work. And if he made it and it succeeded, you can guarantee any sequel would cost even more, because actors would be able to demand more and because he'd try to make it more impressive, as described above.",
"I work in this industry so I can help answer. \n\nThe largest portion of the money goes towards actors (not CGI, like most of this thread is stating). If you take Infinity War for example, an estimated 300 to 400 million budget, the actors take home (reported estimates) approx. 184 million. Factor in every single other person on set, vehicle rentals, re-shoots, food, hotels, flights, trailers etc. and that number easily climbs to over 200 million.\n\nSo you have less than 45ish% of the budget reserved for post production. Now when you consider how extensive the CGI has to be in these movies, it's a steal. Artists can be expensive. Compared to actors though, they're plebs.",
"This may get totally buried but this is a really valuable link that shows movie credits with salaries for a hypothetical $200 million film... _URL_0_",
"On top of CGI & superstar actors, lots of money, like 30% goes to marketing, ads, campaigns etc",
"As people say, CGI is expensive and some redditors have explained a lot, but I want to add that a lot of that budget goes on marketing and promoting the movie. If you are going to invest so much in a movie, you want to be sure people will see it and that implies you have to get people talking which costs a lot (not just classic ads, but all types of promotion).",
"Have you seen the low budget CGI films?",
"People, that’s where the money goes. You need a lot of artists, animators, sets, composition artists (they’re the ones that blend the cg with footage), editors. You’re having more staff on those teams and you’re paying them for more hours, they are paid with money, that money comes from the budget.",
"Well about $80 mil goes to Robert Downey Jr alone not to mention the insane expenses of visual effects. Just an episode of family guy costs $2 million to produce so you can imagine something with as realistic effects as Infinity War is going to be way more spendy.",
"Animation guy here, an average film has about 1200 shots, a blockbuster action film can have 3000. On Dr Strange I worked on 7 shots for about 6 months. And that’s just animation, after I’m done it goes to cfx, vfx, lighting, render, comp etc. The studio I used to work for has hundreds of people employed over various projects. Say theres 500 employees getting an average of 4k a month, that’s 2 million a month on wages alone. CG is expensive, film quality work doubly so.",
"i mean have you ever tried to work with those animation programs? XD"
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6xurlc | " why a gdp growth of 0.5% per year isn't good enough? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6xurlc/eli5_why_a_gdp_growth_of_05_per_year_isnt_good/ | {
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"The population growth is marginally higher than that. All things being equal, if you want to maintain everyone's quality of life then it must match the population growth. If you want the middle class to make more money, you most increase it higher than the population growth rate, if more people go to xollege and you want their investment to be worthwhile you most increase it faster than that. ",
"* Inflation is higher than 0.5%.\n\n Real gross domestic product growth is negative.\n\n* Population growth is higher than 0.5%.\n\n The gdp per capita is shrinking.\n\n* Other countries have higher gdp growth.\n\n You are falling behind compared to other countries."
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12mqdi | how money in digital form can have value | Aren't they just... numbers? How can you trade numbers? How do you moderate such a system? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/12mqdi/eli5_how_money_in_digital_form_can_have_value/ | {
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"The exact same way that paper money has value.\n\nIf everyone agrees that the numbers are worth something, and will do work or provide goods for those numbers, then they have value."
]
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|
a3561d | how do you refinance a car? (usa) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a3561d/eli5_how_do_you_refinance_a_car_usa/ | {
"a_id": [
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"Just go talk to a loan officer at your bank and they will help you understand your options. If your current loan is from a different bank/lender, you will have to call them and have them send you a \"10 day pay off\".. which is just a statement of the amount your new loan would have to be in order to pay off the previous balance including interest for the next 10 days. "
]
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[]
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