q_id
stringlengths 5
6
| title
stringlengths 3
296
| selftext
stringlengths 0
34k
| document
stringclasses 1
value | subreddit
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 4
110
| answers
dict | title_urls
list | selftext_urls
list | answers_urls
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2xpc47
|
could we recycle all the plastic that we have made and never need to use oil again to make new plastic for future products?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xpc47/eli5_could_we_recycle_all_the_plastic_that_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp2726b"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You can typically recycle plastic without limit if done properly.\n\nThe only restriction in your idea is setting up a renewable energy grid with enough ouput to run the recycling plants. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2bnqtf
|
how come baby apes seem to get around on their own (their neck doesn't need support, they cling to the mother, etc), while human babies are so fragile and weak?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bnqtf/eli5_how_come_baby_apes_seem_to_get_around_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj74k0j"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"Please search before submitting, this is one of the most frequently asked questions on the subreddit.\n\nIt's because we have two things working against us developing fully inside the womb. We have a large brain (and therefore large skull) and we walk upright. Both of these require bone structures that would make it impossible for us to be born via the relatively narrow birth canal.\n\nThis means that we are born less developed and our skeleton finishes fusing and fitting into place once born. Hence why babies have soft spots, and considerably more bone pieces.\n\nThe weak neck is just a side-effect."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2vbmt0
|
when i look at lights, then look away and blink rapidly, i can see the shape of the lights in my line of vision for seconds after?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vbmt0/eli5when_i_look_at_lights_then_look_away_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cog7c5a"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"It's a phenomena called photobleaching.\n\nThe photoreceptors in your retina, the cells that sense light, are like little batteries filled with light-sensitive proteins. When light hits the photoreceptor, some of those proteins undergo a reaction that starts the signal to your nerves that detect light. \n\nIf the light is bright, this is known as photobleaching as you deplete a large amount of the light-sensitive proteins. The photobleached proteins will regenerate back to the light-sensitive proteins with time. Depending on the lighting conditions (our eyes can sense from starlight illumination to direct sunlight illumination), a small or large percentage of the proteins are photobleached at one time. Cone cells that sense color regenerate in roughly 1 minute. Rod cells that are more sensitive to black and white take roughly ~10 minutes to regenerate which is why it takes so long for your eyes to adjust in the dark. \n\nWhen you photobleach a large amount, sometimes, the regeneration of those proteins accidentally triggers a response to your brain that you see something. This is why the shape of the lights sometimes has a \"color.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2a5b54
|
how do municipal water supplies filter water?
|
We buy water bottles from Aldi and words on the label claim the water inside is from a municipal water supply from Kentland, IN and is filtered through reverse osmosis, ozonation, and 'advanced filtration'. My real concern is that this water may be the same as tap water in that county. Thanks in advance.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2a5b54/eli5_how_do_municipal_water_supplies_filter_water/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cirphjz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"municipal water system can use many different types of filters. \n\nSome use rock, sand and anthracite(coal) for filters, \nReverse osmosis is rarely used\nNano tubes are the new thing. Tiny porous tubes you pump water through. \nFabric/paper cartridge filters are also used. \nIon exchange is also used but more for decreasing hardness of water\n\nIt all depends what you are trying to filter out, iron,bacteria,salt, leaf bits\n\nReverse osmosis is a very good filter but it takes a lot of energy and it also removes a lot of the minerals. The minerals makes it taste good.\n\nOzone is a sanitizer. Its a lot like chlorine and kills any bugs in the water. It also oxidizes iron that is dissolved in the water making it turn into rust and settle out. \n\nAdvanced filtration is usually ion exchange, to make the water softer. Other types can be cartridge filters or nano tubes. \n\nAfter the water is filtered chemicals are usually added to change the ph and to keep water mains from cording. \n\nBottled water is usually filtered a lot better and doesn't have the bad chlorine taste. It usually tastes better because more minerals are added for taste. In public water supply is taste is one of the last things worried about. \nBottle water also doesn't contain chemicals like phosphates which help slow pipes corroding\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
do6bhv
|
market saturation
|
I've been in Hanoi, Vietnam now for a couple of days, how is it that they can have street after street with nothing but the same type of vendor on it. None of them seem to be doing anything either. Whether it's metallurgy, or clothing, or anything in between.
Meanwhile, in the UK where I'm from, having two shops of the same nature becomes competition or over saturation. So if anyone could ELI5 for me that would be great! Thank you.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/do6bhv/eli5_market_saturation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f5kt6zm",
"f5l5155",
"f5mcbmr"
],
"score": [
2,
4,
4
],
"text": [
"I’m going to say it’s about information and data. \nIn less developed countries and back in old times before people had data. You would go to the market towns / districts that you knew were famous for specific products or services. \n\nIf you need a hammock, you’ve gotta go to the hammock district. \n\nAfter more people have phones and information at their disposal - they are able to easier locate services and businesses can afford to relocate to areas that aren’t synonymous with that service or product.",
"There's a very simple economic model that's often used to describe why similar shops often end up right next to each other. \n\nThink of the market as a line that runs from 0 to 100. Customers are evenly divided along the line and will go to whatever store is closest (or flip a coin if two stores are equally close). You're trying to open a new store, but you already have one competitor, located at, let's say, 72. Where should you put your store? \n\nOne intuitive answer is to put it \"somewhere else\" to avoid competition. Perhaps halfway between 0 and your competitor, so at 36. With that positioning, you get everyone from 0 to 64. However, you could do much better. If you placed your store at just a little less than 72, you would get everyone from 0 to 72! The best way to compete on location is often to have the exact same location as your competitor. \n\nThis model gets much more complicated when you're talking about an actual city, but the general principle often holds. The best way for a new business to get customers is to position itself wherever those customers were already going. Importantly, all these businesses being on the same street is still competition whether you're in the UK or Vietnam. \n\nYou might also be thinking about the phenomenon where, e.g. two stores from the same company (like Starbucks) are very close together. That's often what people refer to when they talk about \"oversaturation\" because Starbucks indeed has an incentive to evenly space its shops, unlike a bunch of shops that are in competition with each other. The main reasons this will sometimes happen are:\n\n1) That area is too busy for one shop to serve all the customers, and opening a second made more sense than expanding the first. \n\n2) The company acquired a competitor who was already operating in that area and converted their store to one of their own (this happened recently with mattresses). \n\n3) The two stores are franchises of the same brand name. The two franchise owners do not coordinate and are kind of in competition with each other. (this happens all the time with 7-Eleven)",
"It's quite simple. The most profitable solution is to keep your opponent close. Think of it this way, say you have a two mile beach with two ice cream stands. The best way to set things up for everyone is the two stands each one mile from each end. Each stand gets the same number of customers and everyone only has to walk a maximum of a 1/2 mile for an ice cream. but say then that someone moves towards the center just a little, automatically more customers go to the stand that moved, and less to the other. but the other stand could retaliate by moving as well and so on and so on, until eventually the two ice cream stands are right next to each other in the center of the beach. This is the most profitable solution for both stores, because in this position, nobody can improve their position"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1lp3ga
|
where do governments keep their money?
|
Money goes into the government from businesses for income tax, and out again for all sorts of expenses but where does it sit in the intermediary time?
I suspect that there isn't simply an "Income Tax" account at Commonwealth Bank, so do governments have their own registered banks on the world trade list? Would there literally be accounts with large sums of money in them anywhere, and who is in charge of actually managing those accounts?
Australia in this case, but other countries would be interesting as well.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lp3ga/eli5_where_do_governments_keep_their_money/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc1dwf0"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"In Australia they have a accounts at the Reserve Bank of Australia. You will sometimes receive cheques drawn on these accounts."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
59oqu0
|
how did we know that mt. everest was the tallest mountain before we had tools like gps?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59oqu0/eli5_how_did_we_know_that_mt_everest_was_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9a3xhz"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"before GPS we used trigonometry! (actually GPS uses trigonometry too.)\n\nTo calculate the elevation of a mountain, scientists would measure the distance between two points on the ground and then measure the angles between the top of the mountain and each point.\n\nTo carry out these measurements, surveyors must identify a horizontal surface using a level (which, like the kind at a hardware store, relies on a trapped air bubble that, under the influence of gravity, slides closer to or farther away from a central region as it tilts). From there, surveyors eye the summit and measure the angle with the assistance of a glorified, highly accurate protractor — a telescopic device known as a theodolite. With two angles and one side of a triangle, trigonometry reveals the lengths of the other sides, and thereby, the height of the triangle (the mountain).\n\nWelsh surveyor and geographer Sir George Everest used just this repetitive technique to measure the height of the world's tallest mountain located in the Himalayas in the 1840s. Of course, one measure could be mistaken, so teams of geographers calculated the dimensions of the mountain from myriad different stations at the base of the mountain, averaging out the heights calculated with many, many triangles.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2a3z8v
|
would using shampoo all over my body - not just my hair - get me just as clean as using soap?
|
I typically have some leftover shampoo in my hands after scrubbing my hair, which I then use to lather the rest of my body. Does this get me just as clean as using soap would? Why or why not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2a3z8v/eli5_would_using_shampoo_all_over_my_body_not/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cir9n9a",
"cir9ty1",
"cir9xtm"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Generally speaking, yes. They all contain surfactants (the stuff in soap that cleans). I don't even bother buying body wash anymore, just big bottles of shampoo.",
"Yup. Been doing that for ages as I hate the way bar soap makes my skin feel and can't be fucked to buy shower gel when I have perfectly good shampoo already.",
"Technically, the shampoo is a soap (chemically a detergent), which works the same as a soap, although most shampoos are milder than soaps. So, __yes__ the shampoo will get you as just clean as the soap would do."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
253ssh
|
why do many children hate eating their meals?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/253ssh/eli5_why_do_many_children_hate_eating_their_meals/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chdez8g",
"chdfl4o",
"chdgi5j",
"chdkk1f",
"chdlfsh"
],
"score": [
18,
4,
14,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"They have no choice in what to eat. Imagine if I handed a random meal to you and said \"Eat this. I don't care if you don't like it, would prefer something else, or aren't really hungry right now. Eat.\" You wouldn't be thrilled if this happened every meal.",
"Depends on the age. Some kids just are not hungry and dont want ti eat. \n\nOthers have experienced hostility at the dinner table and now associate dinner with feeling bad. \n\nOr your cooking sucks. ",
"It may have something to do with children having more/more sensitive tastebuds... adults tend to like well seasoned foods and their bodies have grown accustomed to processing more herbs and spices, which is often not the case with children. Try mild, but flavorful (fats, light salts, mild/sweet herbs like basil), and fewer bitter herbs/greens (Brussels sprouts/kale) or spicy or pungent spices like peppers or garlic... stick to fruits, root veggies, try variety of textures... try raw, lightly cooked, and well cooked vegies and or veggie pastes mixed into pasta sauce or rice...",
"Often it's a first point of assertion as they start to grow up. It's something they can say \"no\" to in an attempt to exert control over their surroundings. In this sense, often, it has nothing to do with the taste of the food.",
"Kids have about 10,000 taste buds. Adults have about 5,000 functioning taste buds. So what may taste great to you is essentially twice as sweet, twice as salty, or twice as bitter for kids. Imagine eating something with double the onions or garlic. Or twice the sugar or herbs. Or twice as fragrant or pungent. It would be gross. That's why the stereotypical little kid foods tend to be on the bland side, like grilled cheese, graham crackers, milk, bananas."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
43mf9h
|
why everyone is making a huge deal about john scott?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43mf9h/eli5_why_everyone_is_making_a_huge_deal_about/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czja14s"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"For the last couple of months fans could vote for which players make it to the NHL all-star game (that was played tonight). John Scott, who is 33 years old and arguably the worst player in the NHL and had spent most of this season in the AHL (developmental league for the NHL), received the most fan voted than any other player in the league to attend the all-star game.\n\nSince then, there's been a lot of controversy and talk that the league was trying to block him from attending going as far as, what's being theorized, forcing his old team (Arizona Coyotes) to trade him to the Montreal Canadiens. What makes this trade worse is that his wife is currently 9 months pregnant with twins and can't join him in Newfoundland (Montreal's AHL team). Just a few days ago John Scott released an article on The Players Tribune telling his story and putting the league on blast. This Article has went all over social media and really made Scott a really likable guy.\n\nTonight he scored two goals in the all-star tournament and he was named the tournaments MVP. He receiving a standing ovation and \"MVP!\" chants from the crowd, and two other players (Brent Burns and Joe Pavelski) who used to play with him in San Jose, lifted and carried him on their shoulders.\n\ncredit to /u/Colon-Dee\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9rf11m
|
ethernet cables and what they do.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9rf11m/elif_ethernet_cables_and_what_they_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e8gdm1m"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Ethernet is the most common _wired_ networking technology. \n\nWhen you want to connect one or more computers together as part of a network, you need a *router*. A router does just what it sounds like -- it _routes_ traffic around a network or between networks (like, say, your home network and the Internet). \n\nThere are two ways to connect a computer (or other device, like a phone or tablet or printer or refrigerator or whatever) to a router: wireless or wired. \n\nWireless networks uses radio signals to send information between the computer/device and the router. The advantage of wireless is ... well, no wires!\n\nWired networks use a particular kind of cable -- an Ethernet cable -- to send information between the computer or other device and the router. The advantage of Ethernet is it is much faster than wireless connections. \n\nEthernet is not the only standard for network cables, but it is *by far* the most common worldwide. \n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2fhica
|
how can someone who donates a kidney for transplant live with one kidney while the person with the failed kidney needs two? why not just remove the failed organ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fhica/eli5_how_can_someone_who_donates_a_kidney_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck98pmn",
"ck98qi4"
],
"score": [
12,
7
],
"text": [
"The recipient does not have one working kidney and one bad kidney. They have two bad kidneys.",
"People who are kidney transplant recipients are in a position where both of their kidneys are failing, or have already failed, and they require dialysis to survive. If you have one perfectly good kidney left, and it's not on track toward failing, then you won't be on the list to receive a transplant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
924lnd
|
why is it enjoyable to be indoors while it’s raining?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/924lnd/eli5_why_is_it_enjoyable_to_be_indoors_while_its/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e330jej",
"e330m9g",
"e330ve5"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"When it rains, it's \"dark and cloudy\" outside. The sun being out produces hormones in your body that make you feel happier and ready to work and start your day. If you block the sun, those hormones don't produce as much as if the sun were out. This is also the same reason that states like Seattle have statistically higher depression rates.",
"white noise is relaxing - it raises the threshold of your hearing so you are less distracted by minor noises like the ones your body makes.",
"Listen to the rhythm of the falling rain, pitter patter..... If that won’t relax you......wait, it will.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2qr231
|
with how popular comic book characters are in the media, why do so few stores sell comic books?
|
If I can go into any Wal-Mart in america and buy a t-shirt or coffee mug with the Superman logo on it, surely they would make a fair bit of money putting the books in the store, too.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qr231/eli5with_how_popular_comic_book_characters_are_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cn8p9x7",
"cn8xzf7"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"A lot of people like the characters but have no interest in comic books. They like the character because of the movies, and want merchandise. Comic books don't really count as merchandise, they're a form of media. It's the same concept as a movie adaptation of a novel, people love the movie and want merchandise, but only a small subset want to buy the book it was based on.\n\nedit: grammar",
"Historically, comic books were sold in drugstores, mom and pop stores, newstands (were they sold newspapers), toy stores and convenience stores. With the advent of direct sales, those usual venues declined as the comic book store became more specialized, in \"standard\" comic books (Marvel, DC, and whoever else was in the market), underground comix, and stuff that was made more for the adults, in either artwork or content.\n\nWith Wal-Mart, magazines that aren't sold are sent back to the distributor. The same was said for comic books, but with the direct sales model, someone had to eat the cost of the printing, distribution and returns of stuff that didn't sell. With the direct sales model, a comic book store will order 10 copies of a slow seller, 100+ of a hot seller. This controls costs and gives those who care a fairly accurate gauge to their profits. Another benefit is independent companies don't spend funds unnecessarily or can allocate funds more prudently.\n\nBack to Wal-Mart, buying a product with something that identifies it as a \"Batman\" cup, a \"Spider-Man\" action figure or a \"Mickey Mouse\" sweatshirt is due to licensing. In the case of comic books, products outside of comic books needs to be handled by licensing rights which allows a registered trademark (Batman, Spider-Man, Mickey Mouse) to be put on a cup, sweatshirt or other item. For Wal-Mart to stock that stuff, the buyer (local? district?) needs to purchase goods from wholesalers to stock their shelves/stores. That's why a movie released in the summer can capitalize on the success of the movie by selling toys for Christmas."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
aaw9u3
|
what is the sound you hear when you put a clam to your ear?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aaw9u3/eli5_what_is_the_sound_you_hear_when_you_put_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ecvgb21"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"This comes from Wikipedia \n\nThere is a popular folk myth that if one holds a seashell—specifically, most often, a conch shell—to one's ear, one can hear the sound of the ocean. The rushing sound that one hears is in fact the noise of the surrounding environment, resonating within the cavity of the shell.\n\nHope that helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4ngnlg
|
can clouds/ air escape the earth's atmosphere due to earth's rotation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ngnlg/eli5_can_clouds_air_escape_the_earths_atmosphere/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d43ot0s",
"d43yly0"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Not due to the rotation, but some atmosphere is constantly leaving the planet because it is energetic enough to achieve escape velocity. ",
"No, for the same reason you don't fly off the surface of the Earth when you stand near the equator. Earth rotates at about 1,000 mph near the equator but in order to be flung off into space Earth would have to rotate at around 17,500 mph at the equator. That's approximately the speed at which satellites in low earth orbit travel to not fall out of the sky."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
10f4lb
|
water- cooled pc's
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10f4lb/elif_water_cooled_pcs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6cx7rv"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The chips in your PC are ultimately lots of tiny machines performing many operations per second. Each operation isn't perfectly efficient, so a small amount of energy is lost as heat each time. With so many operations per second, and so many individual machines in a very small space, this ends up being a significant source of heating.\n\nNow, if the heat can't be transported away fast enough, the circuitry may burn, or melt, or generally get damaged and stop working. That means the heat has to be transported away fast enough that the stable temperature is safe for continued operation. This is what the fans in your computer are part of, a system for continuously blowing cooler air across metal panels connected to the hot components. This is efficient enough for a standard desktop computer to work fine.\n\nHowever, a more powerful machine may have significantly more powerful components than the average desktop, and produce a great deal more heat. Whilst fan systems can be increased in efficiency to some extent, water cooling is another option that is much more efficient as a given amount of water can take away much more heat than the same amount of air. By continuously flowing water past the heatsinks, you can cool them down more efficiently than before, and allow much more fast and powerful cpus/gpus to function safely. It can also help with things like overclocking, running more normal processors at faster speeds than normal which produces much more heat but also lets them process faster."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5g4u45
|
why do we get words or phrases stuck in our head that we keep repeating to ourselves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5g4u45/eli5why_do_we_get_words_or_phrases_stuck_in_our/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dapgvdc"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Your brain is a bunch of neurons that are interconnected in a giant web. Whenever something happens, certain neurons trigger, which cause others to trigger, etc. New pathways are constantly being formed, and existing ones are always fading, until they either get reused and strengthened or wither and disappear. Having a song stuck in your head is basically having a really popular set of neurons that are linked to by an abnormally large number of others. Whenever you go long enough without thinking about it, those pathways will degrade and the same triggers won't activate that thought quite as quickly. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1u7wgh
|
how does a surgeon connect nerves to wires in a prosthetic limb?
|
I know that nerves carry electrical signals, but how are the nerves connected?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1u7wgh/eli5_how_does_a_surgeon_connect_nerves_to_wires/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cefdbgm"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Prosthetic limbs are not connected to nerves, most function based on pressure and movements from the stub of the recipients limb.\n\n\n\nThey are trying to develop prosthetics with feeling but as far as I have seen those work with some kind of brain implants."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
21hx6s
|
time in science fiction
|
Okay, this has bugged me for quite some time now and to be honest more than it should have bugged me.
How is it that in science fiction everybody seems to be using the same measurements of time we use on earth? Seconds, minutes, hours, days, years, etc. We as human beings have started using these fixed moments based on our rotation around the sun and around our own axle, why would somebody from a completely different solar system or even galaxy use that exact measurement of time from one pretty tiny planet?
My biggest issue is with Battlestar Galactica, **SPOILERS** where they settle on earth as the first humans here **SPOILERS**
Am i just nitpicking or are there some scifi that did pay attention to this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21hx6s/eli5_time_in_science_fiction/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgd67dl",
"cgd71tl"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's often hand waved the same way as the language. If you have magic translation, it's just convenient. \n\nRemember the Men in Black movie? A galactic standard week happens to be one Earth hour. Movie was goddamn brilliant. \n\nBabylon 5 had a brief bit buried in one of the middle seasons about how a different planet would have different light-years. ",
"You could justify it this way:\n\nThat different aliens *have* years and days is likely universal, because they mostly come from rotating planets orbiting stars. But every alien system's duration for 1 year or 1 day or number of days in a year is different.\n\nThe word \"hour\", while it's value on earth is 1/24th of the day, its *meaning* is some equal division of the day. Any alien race that evolved competing with each other on a daily basis would need to divide the day in equal segments (intelligent beings that need and expend energy generally need to take \"watches/shifts/turns\"). And that's what an hour is, really. E.g. \"I'll take the second watch!\"\n\nOn earth, a minute, pronounced min-it, *used* to be pronounced \"mine-ute\", as in \"tiny\". It was a \"tiny\" division of the watch. A \"second\" was a second order of tinyness, a second subdivision of the hour/watch. Perhaps some aliens could have jumped straight to dividing their hour into seconds, others might need thirds.\n\nSo all these concepts are real concepts that would be meaningful to different aliens, and they would have discovered many of them independently. The duration of everyone's years/days/hours/minutes/seconds would be different though.\n\n(As for BG, if \"All Of This Has Happened Before And Will Happen Again\", then the fact that their seconds are of the same duration makes sense!)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1bp0j1
|
why black widow anti-venom can only be taken once in a person's life
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bp0j1/eli5_why_black_widow_antivenom_can_only_be_taken/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c98og0f"
],
"score": [
17
],
"text": [
"Antivenin is made by injecting small quantities of venom into an animal. The animal's body reacts to the venom, producing antibodies, cells that attack the venom. We then harvest those antibodies. When someone gets bitten, we inject the antibodies into the person and they attack the venom.\n\nThe problem is that, from our body's point of view, we've now been bitten *twice*: once from the spider, and once with these weird antibodies. So our body starts producing its *own* antibodies to attack the antibodies in the antivenin. Which means if we ever get that antivenin again, our bodies are already prepared to attack it.\n\nNow, that doesn't necessarily mean that you *can't* get antivenin twice, but doctors don't like to do it unless your life is in danger, because one of the ways your body attacks invaders is by allergic reaction, which *can* put your life in danger. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3l6ghv
|
what is the difference between retina display and a normal hd screen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l6ghv/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_retina/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv3jo16",
"cv3mbu5"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"None whatsoever. A \"retina\" display is just a marketing buzzword for a display that has more than 270 pixels per inch. Other manufacturers had devices with \"retina displays\" before Apple made it up, it's entirely meaningless. Almost any device that's become available in the last 3 years and costs more than $200 has a \"retina\" display. ",
"The image currently at the top of the wikipedia page for retina display is pretty helpful: _URL_0_\n\n\"Retina Display\" is definitely a marketing term, but it's more than just a high pixel density. What's really important is the combination of a high pixel density while graphics shown on-screen appear the same physical size as before.\n\nEssentially, a Retina Display shows graphics at the same size, but 4X as clearly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://imgur.com/0RLd6YC"
]
] |
||
2b7gh4
|
why hasn't anyone/won't anyone take militarized action to secure the ukraine crash site and investigate, with so many countries having had citizens who died in the mh-17 incident?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2b7gh4/eli5_why_hasnt_anyonewont_anyone_take_militarized/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj2iomt",
"cj2j82c",
"cj2j8ip",
"cj2jdjo",
"cj2jeyl",
"cj2jjx8"
],
"score": [
26,
5,
12,
18,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"There are a lot of politics involved, and very large consequences for any military unit violating another nation's borders. Countries may not want to start a war for the sake of a few dozen people.\n\nAdditionally, military action isn't something that can happen overnight. Supply lines need to be generated, mission parameters and rules of engagement formulated, and plans made. By the time a mission arrived, there would be no remaining evidence of the incident.",
"The accidental shooting down of a civilian airliner, while tragic, ultimately does not change the situation on the ground. The economic ties between Europe and Russia is still important which were and still will limit any response. \n",
" > ..Ukraine crash site and investigate..\n\nInvestigate what? We have a pretty good idea of what has happened already.\n\nMilitary action would achieve what purpose?",
"Do you want a war?\n\nCause that's how you get a war.",
"World war three mostly",
"The purpose of an investigation is to established what happened and how it can be prevented in future. Whoever investigates it and whatever conclusion they come to there will be claims that evidence has been lost, tampered with or made up. There seems to be little doubt that the plane was shot down, the only question is by who and why. Enough time has passed that much of any evidence could have been removed, so we are not sure that even by going there we could get the answers. There is also the risk that securing the site could cost more lives than were lost in the crash."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
58fr8l
|
what is the liquid that forms on yogurt and sour cream after you have opened the container and taken some out?
|
I have always just dumped it down the drain because it grosses me out.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58fr8l/eli5_what_is_the_liquid_that_forms_on_yogurt_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d902c9f",
"d902dos"
],
"score": [
21,
2
],
"text": [
"The liquid is known as whey (yes, of Little Miss Muffet fame), and it forms from the separation of fluids in yogurt. In other words, it's not packaged that way, it happens on its own between packaging and being opened.\n\nAs for dumping it out, the whey actually has a heavy nutrient content, containing things like protein, potassium, and calcium. When mixed back into the yogurt, it can improve the creamy texture of yogurt. So it's entirely normal, and you should just mix it back in for a bit more nutrition and consistency.",
"It's just the milk solids and fats seperating a little from the whey (the watery stuff.) There's literally nothing wrong with it, it's the exact same food just separated. \n\nYou can drain it off no problem, in fact you'll have a richer and thicker yogurt/sour cream, can be yummier that way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3szcrs
|
mexico has the 11th highest gdp per capita in the world, but does not have a high standard of living. why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3szcrs/eli5_mexico_has_the_11th_highest_gdp_per_capita/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx1qo1b",
"cx1qpj1"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Where are you reading that Mexico has the 11th highest GDP per capita? They're closer to 60. They have the 11th biggest economy in terms of size, not per capita income.",
"I'm curious where you're getting that number from. [Here](_URL_0_) puts the country > 60. It doesn't appear on [this list](_URL_2_). \n\nDo you mean plain old GDP, like [here](_URL_1_)?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP\\)_per_capita",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP\\)",
"http://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-capita-ranking.php"
]
] |
||
cxlxz3
|
how do games "generate" what you see in-game, and tell graphics apis (like opengl) where/how to draw it?
|
Sorry if the title made no sense but this hopefully will, I guess the first question would be:
How do games "generate" the view of the game (aka what you see in the game, like in minecraft it could be trees, blocks, grass, etc)? What methods do they perform to somehow squeeze (based on maybe camera angles, FOV, etc) a bunch of vertices or "data" into a big list or collection (i could be very wrong on thinking that the CPU/code generates the pixels and stuff),
And secondly, how do games take whatever was "generated" and tell the GPU to render it? i found this cool OpenGL engine that uses a thing called a Matrix4, and uses 2 of them with a function called `glUniformMatrix4fv` to, i guess, render whatever Matrix4 contains (i could be wrong again).
I have actually looked at a lot of sources explaining how game engines work but i still cant really get the grasp of how they get all that graphical data (what you see in games), whether it is a huge list of individual pixels or a list of vertices or something else, and how they tell the graphics API to render it
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cxlxz3/eli5_how_do_games_generate_what_you_see_ingame/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eym31nd",
"eym4pzn",
"eypiokf"
],
"score": [
5,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"This is too complicated to put into an ELI5, but I'll try to break it down into simple terms that someone who is familiar with 3D games will understand.\n\nModern 3D games are made up of things called objects. Each object has a position, (Called a vector, which is 3 numbers, X, Y and Z), rotation (Usually a quaternion, like is like a vector, but with a fourth number), and a scale (This is the overall size of the object). The player that you control in a game is an object, the floor you walk on is an object, even the sky is an object.\n\nThe camera position is important as it is necessary to draw the objects at sizes relative to their distance from it. So if you're in a game, looking down a long hallway. The walls will be gradually decreasing in size the further away they are from the camera. The graphics software will know this based on the vector of the camera and each portion of the wall and it make them appear smaller, to simulate depth perception.",
"This is a pretty complex problem, but I can give an overview for a basic 3D engine. \n\nEvery object in the game is made from a mesh of triangles. When the shapes in the game were originally designed, the vertices of every triangle were ordered. Based on the order (clockwise) the computer can calculate the normal vector to every triangle. This list of vectors and vertices is just stored as a monster array in memory - nothing fancy going on here! For efficiency it's stored as one list/array of vertex x, y, z coordinates with a numeric label and another list of vertex labels in groups of three to define the triangles . This is reasonably efficient since you don't have to repeat the definition of the xyz coordinate for all the vertices shared between triangles. \n\nNext you translate everything to screen coordinates. This is a geometric transform which maps every vertex on diverging perspective lines from the centre of the camera in cartesian coordinates, to a new system where these perspective lines are parallel and orthogonal to the screen. X and Y now align to the screen, and Z is the depth into the screen. Doing this simplifies a whole load of the following calculations since you no longer need to do any computation for perspective. The particular transform you apply controls the FOV. For the game to zoom in and out, for example if you look down the sights of a gun, it adjusts the transform. \n\nNow you step through every triangle in the giant array one by one. As you step through, you first check if the triangle is behind the camera, in screen coordinates this is trivial, if the z coordinates are negative its behind you and can be ignored. \nOnce you've done this, remember those normals I talked about earlier, you check if they are pointing towards or away from you. You take the dot product of the normal vectors and a vector along the Z axis (another convenience of screen coordinates). All the triangles which aren't facing you, they can be ignored too. For the remaining triangles, you compute the angle between any light sources, and the triangle and the pixel being rendered. There is a simple relationship between angles and brightness of the triangle. Now you render the triangle in screen coordinates based on it's calculated brightness, color, texture and place it into the z buffer. The z buffer is a piece of memory set aside which is large enough to store the RGB value of every pixel on your screen, plus the z coordinate of the pixel. As you render every triangle, you check every rendered pixel against the z buffer. If the z coordinate is less than the data already in the z buffer, then it overwrites the data in the buffer, otherwise the information is thrown away. This ensures you don't render objects blocked by other objects. Once complete, you display the z buffer contents on the screen. \n\nFor the next frame, you repeat this whole process again. There's a phenomenal amount of computation going on! \n\nIn reality there's a whole load more going on to make everything look smooth and textured rather than blocky - but that's the gist of it!",
"I suggest working through some simple tutorials. You will need to understand how a cube is drawn before you understand how a game is drawn. The explanation you're looking for might be more detailed than ELI5 level. You might have better luck asking /r/learnprogramming or gamedev related subreddits.\n\nThis question's specifically asking about 3D games using a GPU. So I'll limit my answer to that environment.\n\nGPU's draw triangles. Each triangle has 3 vertices. Each vertex is described using 3 floating-point coordinates representing an `(x, y, z)` location where it is in 3D space. Each vertex also has additional data, for example a color and/or texture coordinates (I'll get to those in a minute).\n\nThe information about how the vertices are organized in triangles is a separate array of integers. Each of these is an \"index\". Indexes are much smaller (often only 2 bytes each). This allows you to re-use the same vertex in multiple triangles (which cuts down on data size and processing time).\n\nSo from a programming sense, you just make 2 arrays: The \"vertex buffer\" and the \"index buffer.\" You write the vertex data to the vertex buffer, and the index data to the index buffer. What these should be depends on what you want to draw. You do whatever data processing you want to figure out what they are. If you're drawing a cube, you'd have 8 vertices for the cube's 8 corners, so your vertex buffer would be 8 elements long. Each of the cube's 6 faces would be made of 2 triangles, which would take 6 indices. So the index buffer would be 36 elements long (6 indices for each of the 6 faces).\n\nTo turn that information into pixels, the GPU literally draws the pixels of each triangle.\n\n- If the 3 vertices are all the same color, then each pixel it draws will be that color.\n- If they're different colors, it does a weighted average of the colors based on how close it is to each vertex.\n- If they're texture coordinates, it does a weighted average of the texture coordinates, then looks up the pixel in an image at those coordinates.\n\nSo if you use texture coordinates, you can put literally any 2D image on your triangles. If you wanted to show different stuff on each face of your cube, you'll probably put multiple vertices at the corners with different texture coordinates. Then put the 2D drawing of what you want on each face in a different part of the texture image.\n\nAlso, for each pixel on the screen, it keeps track of how far away from the viewer the last triangle was drawn. And it only draws pixels that are closer than the last drawn triangle. This technique is called \"Z buffer\" or \"depth buffer.\" The Z buffer is how it decides which triangle ends up being seen, in cases where multiple triangles get drawn to the same screen pixel. It's the technique used by the GPU to solve the \"hidden surface removal\" problem of 3D graphics. (I.e. how do you get a computer to draw solid objects, where the parts in front can hide parts behind, instead of \"wireframes\" where every edge of every face is always visible.)\n\nThen there's the camera. Basically the GPU always draws a scene as if the player's at `(0, 0, 0)` facing due North. Obviously it can handle different viewing locations / directions, so how does it do it?\n\nInstead of moving / turning (\"transforming\") the player, it moves / turns (\"transforms\") each of the vertexes. The transformation it applies basically specifies the position / direction of the virtual \"camera\" looking at the scene.\n\nA mathematical object called a \"matrix\" is used to keep track of the transformation. They use it because it efficiently represents the net effect of multiple transformations. For example, if you have typical 3D game controls where each frame the player moves a little bit and turns a little bit based on the keyboard / mouse / joystick, you'll have thousands of transformations within a few seconds of gameplay. You don't need to keep track of each transformation. You just keep track of the current transformation matrix, then \"compose\" or \"multiply\" that matrix with a matrix representing the player's motion this frame. The resulting matrix is the transformation that you ask the GPU to apply to each vertex.\n\nOften games don't use these low-level tools directly. A lot of functions are provided by the environment or game engine. For example, many games don't create their own meshes, they just load meshes from files created by an artist using a 3D modeling program like Blender. Likewise, games may use tools provided by their game engine for camera / character controls."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3htsyf
|
why are all of the downs syndrome people i see overweight?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3htsyf/eli5_why_are_all_of_the_downs_syndrome_people_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuah5xy",
"cuahh2a",
"cuajr64",
"cuak9c4",
"cuaklgx",
"cuam0w6",
"cuam9wm"
],
"score": [
11,
43,
12,
2,
2,
23,
2
],
"text": [
"Not all people with Downs are overweight. I've cared for many children with special needs, and I can tell you that a lot of them are very physically healthy. The only correlation I can draw between being overweight and any mental/behavioral disorders is that children with Downs and other disorders sometimes don't have the ability to understand and constantly make the connection of (veggies=very healthy, chips=not so healthy, portion sizes, when they're full, etc.). \n\nI'm not speaking as a doctor. But like I said, I've cared for many kids with special needs as their nanny, and can tell you that many of them are perfectly physically healthy in their diet and exercise routine.",
"People with down syndrome often have a lower metabolism and low muscle tone with can cause weight gain. It's common but its not \"all\" of them. ",
"I worked with special needs children and one of the things I noticed was that the parents were very quick to give treats to stop a tantrum. That's more for the children though.",
"I'd love to see some data up in this piece.\n\nI also have OP's impression, but I suspect I consider (consciously and subconsciously) obesity an aberration - despite data saying i shouldn't! A Down patient with a fit body and no visible deformities below the neck could easily avoid notice.",
"I also imagine their days being mroe structured dont allow for optimum child activity level ",
"Down syndrome has physiological implications as well as mental. Those with it have more joint issues, weaker muscle tone, lower bone density and often have hypothyroidism.\n\nI'm sure environment and lack of healthy decision making capabilities contributes, but even without those limits they're already behind the 8-ball health wise.\n\n",
"My brother has down syndrome. He is no where near overweight, but rather he is very skinny. I know a lot of down syndrome people and they are either overweight or really skinny. Just to let you know, people with down syndrome are more likely to develop mental illnesses and problems with their overall function with their body. They could have slowed metabolism, bad heart problems, and such problems like that. My brother had to get surgery for his heart many times while he was young and his case for down syndrome is classified as mild. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2sxem9
|
since phone batteries must be so slim nowadays why can't phones just have two batteries and essentially double battery life?
|
Why can't say an iPhone just have another battery since they are so thin anyway which would essentially double the phones battery life?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sxem9/eli5_since_phone_batteries_must_be_so_slim/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cntqrf9",
"cntqxpz",
"cntrqd9"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Because that would make the thin phones bigger. ",
"They could and it would be awesome but when manufacturers come out with new phones they have to be thinner than the previous model or all the critics will freak about how \"this one is fatter than the old one so it must suck, company x must be loosing it's edge\"",
"My droid maxx has the largest battery of any smart phone on the market and it lasts about two days with fairly heavy use. \n\nIf you want to talk about iphones specifically, remember it's a single line of models by a designer who decided thinner was better than more battery life. If you prefer a different design, you need to get a different phone. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
dufrq9
|
the psychological process behind people immediately doing the opposite of what they’re told
|
Why is it that when someone tells you how much they hate it when people put their feet up on the coffee table or chew with their mouth open, your first instinct is to do exactly that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dufrq9/eli5_the_psychological_process_behind_people/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f75mnqt",
"f75p54d",
"f76bqbq",
"f76m43m",
"f76rqn0"
],
"score": [
9,
87,
6,
22,
7
],
"text": [
"Armchair psychologist answer: your brain mostly registers the “do” part and takes longer to process the negation. If you say *Don’t put your feet on the table*, what I hear is “feet on table”, and then only sometime later the “don’t” part registers. \n\nIt’s the same thing with even negative publicity being good publicity. Mostly just the publicity registers, the negative hardly does. \n\nWhy exactly that is I couldn’t say and I don’t know whether anyone can; I’d speculate that negation may be a later evolved higher cognitive function, while our lizard brain intercepts the non-negated aspects first.",
"It is because it is human nature to always want to rationalize and justify self actions. People believe that they should decide for themselves what is good and what is not.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nIf a person just gives in to another than it is only natural for a person to feel like a piece of their free will is being taken away.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nI believe this is also why reverse psychology also works so well. It is by human nature to want to be in control of your own body and make your own decisions even if in making that decision it still leads a person to do something he/she did not want to do in the first place.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nFurthermore, this also has to do with our natural-born selfishness. We want to put ourselves first before even thinking about what the other person's needs are. We grew up with this line of thinking. Humans know it coming out of the womb and don't need to be taught it. Others decisions can cause the mind to think \"Hey, if it's not my own decision, it may not be ultimately looking out for number one.\"\n\n & #x200B;\n\nI hope I explained it well enough. You can always ask me follow-up questions too if you need.",
"People don't want to be told that they're wrong.\n\nSomehow doubling down makes them feel more that they're actually right and the mere hint that they're wrong is just false. Laws of Nature or Common Courtesy be damned they'll do it anyway.",
"It's a process involving [reactance](_URL_0_ in which the person feels that their freedom of choice is being limited or threatened by whatever the prohibition is, so they rebel by doing whatever it is they were just told not to do. Funny enough you can minimize someone's reactance simply by adding the phrase [\"of course your free to refuse...\"](_URL_1_) to whatever the rule or request is.",
"Part of it is how you are wording it. \n\nFor instance, \"don't think about pink elephants.\" What are you thinking about right now.\n\nInstead of saying \"dont put your feet on the coffee table,\" say \"it's important that everyone keeps their feet on the floor.\"\n\nInstead of saying \"dont chew with your mouth open,\" say \"it's important that we all chew with our mouths closed.\"\n\nThis is actually addressed by Yale Prof Dr Kazdin\n of the book The Kazdin Method for Parenting the Defiant Child. He specializes in children psychology and actually has free courses online. Instead of focusing on the negatives, focus on the Positive Opposites."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_(psychology)",
"https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/read-this-but-of-course-you-are-free-to-refuse"
],
[]
] |
|
3vsr8g
|
when i'm holding down the trigger to a gas pump why does it "click" from time to time and stop pumping gas?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vsr8g/eli5_when_im_holding_down_the_trigger_to_a_gas/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxqb3oa",
"cxqb54h"
],
"score": [
5,
22
],
"text": [
"There are two lines leading into the nozzle. One is to deliver fuel and another is a vacuum line. While you are pumping fuel the vacuum line attempts to create a vacuum in order to shut the value and stop fuel flow. When your tank gets full, fuel blocks the vacuum line, thus causing an vacuum, which in turns switches the valve to stop fuel flow. Somtimes the vacuum line gets blocked by fuel dripping into it and stops prematurely.",
"The nozzle has a small valve that detects when your gas tank is full. It's sensitivity is adjusted so that it works with the majority of cars.\n\nIf it's cutting off early, that means that it's detecting the back splash of gasoline in the neck of your gas tank, meaning that it's too sensitive for your vehicle. Try pulling the nozzle back by about 1/2 an inch and the continue pumping or hold the trigger at 50-75% full speed.\n\nSource: managed a gas station for a few years. Gas pumps suck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
ae2pcf
|
how do website servers work and how do you access data from it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ae2pcf/eli5_how_do_website_servers_work_and_how_do_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"edlzl0h",
"edm2gx3",
"edmffvx"
],
"score": [
4,
11,
2
],
"text": [
"A very simple version is a server running Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) software. On a MS IIS server, you set up a folder on one of the drives (the default is C:\\\\wwwroot) and you put your main page in there (index.html was the original, so I'll stick with that), and you could keep files in subdirectories in the wwwroot. so if I'm genxcub dot com (spelling it out so it doesn't make links), and I have a special page to sign up for my notification service. I keep the files in c:\\\\wwwroot\\\\notification, and you, in the public would go to genxcub dot com / notification (the names match).\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo at the most basic, when we go to a webpage, we are being invited into a secured directory on a server and we're just reading files. Our browser knows what files to display for us without us having to choose them. The http protocol defaults to using port 80, so we are going to a public IP address on the internet that is listening on port 80 for our browser to ask permission to get into the IIS folder (and then it lets us do it).",
"Web servers are just computers connected to the internet that have someone's (or, more likely, many peoples') website files on them. They have special software that sits and listens until other computers (like yours, for instance) ask for one of the websites they host.\n\nYour browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, etc.) is another piece of specialized software that knows how to ask these web servers for some of their data. \n\nWhen you type in _URL_0_ to your browser, a massive internet \"traffic directory\" called DNS tells your browser which web server out on the internet has the files for _URL_0_. Then, your browser uses that address given by the DNS and asks the correct web server for the data - and the server sends it over! Your browser takes that data and (usually in a matter of fractions of a second) assembles the web page for you to view. ",
"Slightly more technical answer, but any computer can be a server. The definition is that it \"provides a service\" to the clients. \n\nIn the most basic sense, you need an IP address and a port number, split by a colon. For example, one of Google's servers has IP address 216.58.204.14, and for HTTP we aggreed that we use port 80. You see: if you browse to \"216.58.204.14:80\" you end up at the Google homepage. \n\nIf you connect to different networks, you'll have different IP addresses. If you provide different services, you'll have different ports. You can expose your own computer to the internet by [port forwarding](_URL_0_) if you want to share some files, but not recommended if you don't know what you're doing (security and stuff). \n\nBesides having specialised computers to act as web servers, Google has a lot of other configurations to do: \n\n* register the _URL_1_ domain name, so that people don't have to type \"216.58.204.14:80\" every time. \n\n* register certificates for HTTPS, so that you get that nice green lock icon, verifying that you're dealing with a legitimate Google server and not some imposter. \n\n* load balancing\n\n* connections to databases\n\n* ... \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"reddit.com"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding",
"Google.com"
]
] |
||
407dtd
|
world stock markets lost billions of dollars this week. was actual currency lost, or where does it actually go?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/407dtd/eli5_world_stock_markets_lost_billions_of_dollars/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyrzq64",
"cys05hb",
"cys0ead",
"cys0zri"
],
"score": [
2,
76,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The value of something is how much someone is willing to pay for it. So if theoretically, the whole stock market or all the businesses represented by the stock market was for sale, last week that price tag lost billions of dollars. ",
"Currency didn't go anywhere; what was lost was perceived value (which is a very real thing; it's just not currency).\n\nImagine if you owned a fine painting by a well-respected artist. You paid $100,000 for the painting and expect you could sell it for about that much in the future. Other paintings of similar quality from the same artist all sell for about that much.\n\nThen it's discovered that the artist was actually a murderous, racist pedophile. Suddenly people don't want to display paintings by this guy lest they become associated with him, so now people would only pay $10,000 for the same painting (it's still a nice piece of art and perhaps some collectors find the artist's troubled past to be interesting). \n\nDid $90,000 go somewhere? Nope. You had a painting before and you have a painting now, but now your painting is worth much less than it was before.\n\nStock markets are similar, but instead of paintings you deal with stocks, and instead of discovering that an artist is a murderous, racist pedophile you have people who collectively fear that a company won't perform well in the future. ",
"I buy a piece of paper from you for $10. I regret it. I want to sell it back. But you'll only pay me $5 for it. I agree. I lost $5. Where did it go? Nowhere. Its just lost.",
"One point missing so far is the amount of dollars in existence is not static. When you borrow money from a bank they create it. The total amount of such borrowing + whatever money the government creates is the total number of dollars. \n\nDuring the Great Depression the total number of dollars fell by 90% as did the value of the stock market. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
422swv
|
how did inorganic matter combine to form the first life on earth, and have we been able to do it ourselves yet?
|
It seems to me that, providing that life arose spontaneously from elemental chemicals, we should be able to recreate those conditions and do it again, why haven't we?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/422swv/eli5_how_did_inorganic_matter_combine_to_form_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cz75g2y",
"cz75hmq",
"cz75pce",
"cz76yke",
"cz7fil8",
"cz7qwwk"
],
"score": [
32,
2,
9,
4,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"We have, sort of. The Miller-Urey experiment attempted to mimic the conditions of early earth, inside a lab, to see if they could recreate the chemical beginnings of life. They put a bunch of water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen in a test tube and subjected it to heating (like from the earth's interior) and electrical sparks (like from lightning). They ended up creating 20 or so distinct kinds of amino acids.",
"We definitely don't understand the beginning of life well enough simply to recreate it. I believe there are hypothesis that life began under the combination of certain elements under certain circumstances, but nothing has been proven. ",
" > we should be able to recreate those conditions and do it again, why haven't we?\n\nWe aren't definitely positive of the circumstances. We have to figure out precisely the conditions of the ancient earth, and that's not necessarily straight forward.\n\nAdditionally, even if we know those circumstances, nothing mandates it is a *quick* process. It's entirely possible the same 'cauldron' of chemicals was mixed for a million or more years before it resulted in a self-perpetuating chemical reaction, that we ultimately call life.",
"We don't know and no we have not.\n\nPeople have already mentioned that part of the problem is trying to recreate the conditions of an early Earth, but something else to consider is that life didn't necessarily arise on Earth at all. This isn't some ancient aliens bullshit so bear with me.\n\nPanspermia is the idea that microbial life arrived on Earth from somewhere else in space, possibly on a meteor. There's life on Earth right now that can survive in space for extended periods of time so it's not so far fetched. If that's the case, then the early Earth created great conditions for life to flourish, but the conditions it takes for life to first form could be different from anything our planet has ever seen.",
"One part in the chain is RNA's ability to self-catalyze.\n\nBasically, you can get some basic chains of amino acids that will encourage *other* amino acids to align and bind together in a similar, or identical format.\n\nSo given a self-catalyzing molecule like this, if you throw it into a sort of primordial soup of amino acids, you'd get a bunch of those things.\n\nIf the process is prone to some error, then over time, longer chains better at self-replicating may start to dominate the resources. it's all still the same exact stuff, its just the arrangement that differs (story of life, really).\n\n\nTo get to what we call \"life\" however, you need to get some sort of self-replicating molecule, because that means it can both store and transmit information - ie it's own arrangement. But you still need compartmentalization, and molecular machinery that can take instructions and make more complex proteins. And somehow *the design of those machines has to get encoded into your self-catalyzing information-molecules*.\n\nWe're still talking infinitesimal probabilities here. With no guarantee that anything resembling \"life\" will come of it. It's a statistics game. We know it happened *once*, and that's all that was needed. ",
"I've asked pretty similar question some time ago here:\n _URL_0_, it didn't get upvoted very highly, but you may find some interesting answers there as well. \n Edit: can't format, on phone atm. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40ip8v/eli5_how_did_the_life_begin_how_did_dead_matter/"
]
] |
|
2953s0
|
what kills the people who jump off the golden gate bridge?
|
I'm no doctor. I would imagine hitting water at that speed would do some damage, so how? Yeah they could drown, then they might as well just walk into the water from a beach or ladder.
Are you guaranteed death by jumping off there?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2953s0/eli5_what_kills_the_people_who_jump_off_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cihhuy4",
"cihi3ni",
"cihiboo",
"cihitij",
"cihixjz",
"cihp1yb",
"cihukkr"
],
"score": [
20,
10,
6,
3,
90,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's possible to survive a fall from terminal velocity into water but it's very unlikely. They die from the impact with the water breaking their bones and internal organs. ",
"Water is a liquid, and doesn't compress. It tries to move out of the way, but it's slow as hell to do so, compared with the velocity of your body. So think of a car accident. Your body is stopped, but your organs and brain keep going, pulverizing themselves against your ribcage and skull, respectively. You die of ruptured organs and internal bleeding, assuming the shock doesn't put you down into the water where you suffocate.",
"It is mostly to do with the speed at which water molecules can move out of the way for a given object. In this case, your body. As you move slowly, the time for your body (a solid) to part the intermolecular forces holding water molecules together is long enough so that the total amount of force exerted, is done so over a long period of time. Now on the opposite side of the spectrum, the force of some bloke who has just built up several hundred meters (Random height guess here) worth of kinetic energy, now has to somehow impart that energy to a small volume of water. \nNow because of the speed of contact, that energy is actually spread over a small surface area. In other words, that energy has to go somewhere - probably dissipated into breaking the man's bones or joints as kinetic, heat and some sound energy. Perhaps also into the rupture of cells in the brain and various other important parts of the body.",
"Some have survived, apparently there are also sharks that lurk under the bridge. Have you seen The Bridge (documentary)? It is about people jumping of the Golden Gate Bridge. Check it out - _URL_0_",
"The height if the bridge is 220 feet or about 70 meters. A 75kg person falling that distance will be traveling at nearly 100 mph upon impact. Density of the water is 784 times greater than air. Upon impact, your body sustains injuries due to rapid deceleration. Depending on your impact position (head, feet or belly) will determine your injuries. Feet first will produce obvious lower extremity injuries, shattering your feet, tibia, fibula, and most likely femur. Also, the impact of your legs flopping against your abdomen and head will also contribute to injuries. Internal organs will continue to accelerate causing micro and macro tearing of tissue, ligaments, and vessels. Sudden impact will also cause your brain to strike the bottom of your skull rendering you immediately unconscious. If you are not dead, you will drown. If you impact head first you will most like crush your skull, have severe brain injury, sustain the same organ damage mentioned earlier, but in a proximal direction. Your neck will also likely break rendering you unable to breath, even if you were conscious. You will drown or suffocate if you have survived so far. A belly flop will provide such great surface area that the sudden stop would immediately rip your aortic arch ligament causing instant and massive blood loss with and 85% fatality rate from that injury alone. Add in loss of consciousness, and a likely spinal fracture and paralysis to effect drowning. \nI hope this helps ",
"Water, compared to other liquids, has an immensely high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding. When you hit the water, due to this high surface tension, the molecules on the water's surface cannot move out of the way quickly enough for your body to get under the surface, so essentially the water becomes a hard as concrete. While the Golden Gate Bridge is not high enough for a person to reach terminal velocity, it is still high enough for a person to reach a high enough speed to cause the water to become concrete like. Hitting the water at a higher speed or a larger surface area (ie. On your back instead of your feet) causes this concrete effect to be more likely to occur. Now since the water becomes a hard as concrete when you hit it, the quick deceleration after your jump causes your bones to shatter, and your organs to essentially pop/flatten/tear, causing death. There's a slim possibility of survival from the Golden Gate if you land get first, but it's very small. \n\nI'm typing this on my phone, so if there's area any spelling errors, I apologize. ",
"\"It’s not the fall that kills you, it’s the sudden stop.\" - Douglas Adams"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhARXu3wWDc"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
235x25
|
in movies such as the time machine or good will hunting, when you see a genius doing math on a chalk board, what kind of math is it and how would it apply to real life?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/235x25/eli5in_movies_such_as_the_time_machine_or_good/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgtqrsz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"In Good Will Hunting, they just picked a random basic exercise in graph theory. It's essentially just a test of \"do you know what these words mean?\"\n\nNumberphile has a good explanation: _URL_0_."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iW_LkYiuTKE"
]
] |
||
cm8jme
|
how are underwater tunnels for cars reinforced to make them safe from the incredible water pressure above and more importantly how are the monitored to ensure they aren’t weakening?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cm8jme/eli5_how_are_underwater_tunnels_for_cars/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ew0m9vm",
"ew0n7mz"
],
"score": [
2,
33
],
"text": [
"So they are reinforced with concrete panels along the section. If you notice, the tunnel section is circular so the stress or the forces arising from the high water pressure, can smoothly flow from the top to the sides. In short the forces are redistributed from the top to the sides.\n\nFor a design, loads are calculated well before construction by engineers to determine if the amount of reinforcement is enough. Normally they test for cracks and all that stuff. If cracks are detected and are spreading, the panels are removed and replaced with newer ones.\n\nSame reason why plane windows are circular as well.",
"Most underwater tunnels are not actually in the water, they are dug a good distance under the seabed. The Channel Tunnel between the UK and France is about 40m under the seabed, so the earth above it helps absorb the water pressure. Laying a tunnel on the sea floor would be very risky as any small leak would cause the tunnel to flood."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1m1hph
|
whats the difference between linking batteries in series and in parallel?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m1hph/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_linking/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc4upux"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"When you connect batteries in series you add up their voltage. ie. two five volt batteries in series add up to ten volts.\n\nIn parallel you add up their capacity so your power lasts longer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
aco3qt
|
why people think a wall is a bad/good idea when 1) we already have one and 2) we aren’t the only country who does.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aco3qt/eli5_why_people_think_a_wall_is_a_badgood_idea/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ed9g3cw"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Whether or not the wall is effective isn't really bipartisan. Here's some findings from the Cato Institute, a *conservative* think-tank. tl;dr, it doesn't work. \n\nBut, it has became a political fight specifically for the white house, as it represents a physical manifestation of what Trump's supporter want.\n\n > 1. Walls don’t work. Illegal immigrants have tunneled underneath and/or erected ramps up and down walls to simply drive over them. People find a way. When East Germany erected its wall, it created a military zone, staffed by booted, machine-gun carrying guards ready to shoot to kill. Yet thousands managed to make it to West Germany anyway. More to the point, do we really want to model ourselves after communist East Germany?\n\n > 2. Most illegal immigrants are “overstayers.” They come to the US legally — for vacations, business, to study, etc. — and then STAY past their visas. By 2012, overstayers accounted for 58% (THE MAJORITY!) of all unauthorized immigrants. A wall is meaningless here!\n\n > 3. Walls have little impact on drugs being brought in to the US. According to the DEA, almost all drugs come in through legal points of entry, hidden in secret containers and/or among legit goods in tractor-trailers. A wall will have little to no impact on the influx of drugs into our country.\n\n > 4. It’s environmentally impractical. Walls have a hard time making it through extreme weather. For example, in 2011, a flood in Arizona washed away 40 feet of STEEL fencing. Torrential rains and raging waters do serious damage. Also, conservative sources generally do not address the environmental harm that walls create, but there is plenty of documentation available that show its potential for irreparable damage to both plant and animal life.\n\n > 5. A wall would forces the U.S. government to take land from private citizens in eminent domain battles. Private citizens own much of the land slated for the wall. The costs of the government snatching private land — and the legal battles that would ensue — are incalculable.\n\n > 6. Border patrol agents don’t like concrete or steel walls because they block surveillance capabilities. In other words, they can’t mobilize correctly to meet challenges. So in many ways, a wall makes their job more difficult.\n\n > 7. Border patrol agents say, “Walls are meaningless without agents and technology to back them up.” Are we prepared to pour countless billions annually — after the wall is built — to create a nearly 2,000 mile, militarized 24-hour surveillance border operation? Because according to patrol agents, that’s the only way a wall would work. Again, are we really, going to use East Germany, a brutal communist state, as our model here?\n\n > 8. Where walls have been built, there was “no discernable impact on the influx of unauthorized aliens.” In other words, they came in elsewhere, primarily where natural barriers such as water or mountainous regions precluded a wall.\n\n > 9. An unintended consequence is that a wall blocks farmworkers from EXITING when their invaluable seasonal work is done. Farmers are against the wall because it makes getting cheap seasonal labor almost impossible as few American citizens want or can even do those jobs. And if seasonal worker do get in, a wall makes it harder for them to leave! A wall traps migrant farm laborers in our country.\n\n > 10. Trump’s $5 billion is a laughable drop in the bucket for what would ACTUALLY be needed. For example, according to the Cato Institute: An estimate for a border wall area that only covered 700 miles was originally 1.2 billion. How much did it REALLY cost? SEVEN BILLION. And that’s only for 700 miles. Whatever we think it’s going to cost, experience shows us we have to multiply it by more than 500%.\n\n > 11. According to MIT engineers, the wall would cost $31.2 billion. Homeland Security estimates it at $22 billion. Given the pattern of spending mentioned in number 10 (plus Murphy’s Law), that means we’re really talking about pouring endless billions into something that doesn’t even work. And, of course, we taxpayers will be footing the bill, not Mexico. Given all the drawbacks, is that REALLY the best use of our taxes?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
26ket5
|
how are the same sea turtle species present on both sides of costa rica--hell--pretty much around the world?
|
I'm heading off this summer for a service project in Costa Rica, and I've been looking up a few turtle species, just to know what wildlife I might encounter. Multiple sources (read: Wikipedia pages) have stated that the the same species (ex: loggerhead turtle) can be found on both sides of the country, and their range is pretty much a band around the equator. The same is true for a a bunch of other species too.
My question is, how do the turtles maintain their species-ness in the face of these huge physical barriers? Even though Costa Rica is a pretty narrow isthmus, relative to other continents, it would be pretty impossible for a turtle--a creature of limited motility on land--to cross to meet other populations. So how the homogeneity of a species maintained if the separate populations can't meet up, for the most part?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26ket5/eli5_how_are_the_same_sea_turtle_species_present/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chrvjea"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Sea turtles swim. Like a lot."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3c22r3
|
if philadelphia is the birth place of the united states, why is it not the capital of it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3c22r3/eli5_if_philadelphia_is_the_birth_place_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csrka8t"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Well, Philly was the capital for a while, along with quite a few other places.\n\nDC was chose to be the permanent capital though because of its central location. It was taken from territory in the middle of the country, and created to be its own entity outside of the control of any one state so that federal politics wouldn't get taken over by state politics. \n\nEdit: Before someone brings it up, no, DC is not all that central geographically anymore. Remember, when the country first split from Britain, it was basically just the East Coast. It was in the center at the time. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3xxvbv
|
why do coals (like in a wood fire) look like they have flames inside them when hot, but then turn black when they cool?
|
The embers have a mesmerizing glow to them when they're hot, but then turn to that black burnt wood color when they're cold. What makes that happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xxvbv/eli5why_do_coals_like_in_a_wood_fire_look_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cy8rllp"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"As /u/Geers- says, the embers emit light because they're hot. The *reason* they're hot is that there's still unburnt fuel in there. \n\nWhen you're burning wood, the volatile chemicals come off first - water (which obviously doesn't burn) but all sorts of other gases are released which do burn - but in the end there's just the charcoal left. Charcoal has a lot of carbon in it, but carbon doesn't burn with a flame because carbon doesn't turn into a gas at the sort of temperature you get in a log fire. Instead, it has to burn on the surface - which it can only do as fast as oxygen can get to it.\n\nThe slow combustion keeps the surface hot enough to glow - in fact if it wasn't, it'd go out because it wouldn't be hot enough to burn. As the carbon is used up, the remaining ashes tend to blanket the fire, so the tail end lasts for hours."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
za4xt
|
was bill clinton impeached?
|
Was Bill Clinton impeached?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/za4xt/was_bill_clinton_impeached/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c62sy54",
"c62t3fu"
],
"score": [
4,
5
],
"text": [
"Yes. He was impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice but was acquitted by the senate.",
"Yes he was impeached for perjury (lying under oath) and obstruction of justice.\n\nImpeachment refers to any official being accused of illegal activity. So while impeached he was not removed from office. \n\nRichard Nixon was also impeached though he resigned before the trial. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
esp804
|
does ketosis burn through fat at a faster rate once your in a calorie deficit with it, than your metabolism would normally burn through fat once your in a calorie deficit without keto?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/esp804/eli5_does_ketosis_burn_through_fat_at_a_faster/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ffbguse",
"ffbym3f",
"ffc9942"
],
"score": [
8,
5,
5
],
"text": [
"The short answer is no a calorie is a calorie, but fat,being the fuel source, is digested slower causing you to feel fuller for longer.\n\nIncreased fat oxidation: In ketosis, your body burns dietary fat and your own body fat as its primary source of fuel.\n\nHormone regulation: Ketosis can help sustain weight loss by regulating hormones that affect weight. That means a keto diet can help you avoid cravings for unhealthy foods, reducing the chance of gaining weight back.\n\nAppetite suppression: Feeling full, even on a weight loss diet, means you can better listen to your body’s true hunger signals.\n\nBlood sugar regulation: Weight loss diets that include high carbs can create blood sugar spikes that leave you feeling hungry again soon after eating — as well as tired and unfocused. On the keto diet, you may experience balanced insulin levels, which can thereby prevent blood sugar spikes.",
"No. Studies have shown that people with similar calorie deficits tend to lose fat and weight at similar rates, despite having different carb intakes. There some huge copypasta with like 40 citations on the topic that gets posted on reddit sometimes.",
"Like 90% of the stuff people say about ketosis is nonsense mystic bunk. It's a diet that works to some degree because it's easy to eat a lot of carbs mindlessly compared to fat or protein (eating 700 calories of bread is something you can do without noticing, eating 700 calories of steak is a like a \"this steak is too big\" amount of steak.) but most of the claims people have about it are just fantasy nonsense."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
53aian
|
convenience fees when you purchase tickets to an event.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/53aian/eli5_convenience_fees_when_you_purchase_tickets/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7rcadw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"yes they are just there to make a dollar. There are several reasons for doing it that way: They allow advertising a lower price, they game psychology to make people think the price is lower, they might have people already halfway through the buying process and thus more committed before they are revealed, in some cases they are taxed differently, or allow pushing the product into a lower tax bracket, if it's a reseller they want to get their own money. But yes, tl;dr just to make a buck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5px08v
|
if biological fathers do not have the right to object to or be notified of an abortion, why must he be forced into child-support payments if he did not agree with bringing the child to term?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5px08v/eli5_if_biological_fathers_do_not_have_the_right/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcuggap",
"dcuh86x",
"dcuikdt",
"dcuiv3x"
],
"score": [
5,
7,
2,
8
],
"text": [
"Child support is not for the mother but for the child who did not choose to be brought into the world. An abortion is a medical procedure being carried out on someones body who may also have moral objections to it taking place. Without the authority of the state nobody has the right to decide someone MUST take a medical procedure. The two aren't comparable.",
"It' a paradox that has no answer. A man shouldn't have a right to object to an abortion because it's not his body, and yet he is in part responsible for a child who didn't ask to be conceived and is dependent. That dependency should default to those who are responsible for it's conception. What's interesting is that both parents can absolve themselves of financial obligation, through adoption, but if one is onboard, they can force the other through child support, whereas I would expect even through adoption both parents should still be obligated to financial support.\n\n > but men are then on the long-term (financial) support hook with no recourse\n\nThis implies so too is the mother; saddled with a child without rearing support from the father, she has to do the child rearing of two people. What recourse does she have, if she doesn't want to abort or abandon their child and the father doesn't want to stick around?\n\nIt doesn't make sense to me that either parent can ever absolve themselves of any responsibility or obligation at all, like I said, that adoption can absolve both. What about the child who didn't ask to be here?",
"It's the right question. No person should be forced to become a parent if they don't want to be. That includes men who didn't want to impregnate anyone, men who were unaware that there was a pregnancy, men who were raped, men who were sperm donors, and husbands of cheating women.",
"As a man who was raped by a woman, who then got pregnant, and now I pay her child support, I can say the whole system is broken. I don't even get to see my son but I pay so much that I can't afford to live on my own. If I wasn't married to someone now I'd be living on couches working a full-time job just to feed myself. And I have a decent job."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
246lwq
|
lenght contraction, how does it "work"?
|
I'd like a brief explanation and an example if possible. My teacher is a bit unpedagogic and I'm bad at understanding things unless they're thoroughly explained.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/246lwq/eli5_lenght_contraction_how_does_it_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch437sr"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"This should help, [Sixty Symbols- Relativity Paradox](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGsbBw1I0Rg"
]
] |
|
4agv2h
|
how are homes in poor areas of nyc still 400-500k, like in jamaica, brownsville certain parts of the bronx. how do these low income residents afford their homes/rent?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4agv2h/eli5_how_are_homes_in_poor_areas_of_nyc_still/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d109eus",
"d109n5l",
"d109odd",
"d10by26",
"d10cuvn",
"d10gf01",
"d10lbto",
"d10nxva"
],
"score": [
16,
6,
5,
3,
46,
10,
4,
4
],
"text": [
"They have been there for years?",
"We are in constant jeopardy and exhaustion. You rotate the bills and pray nothing goes wrong. Forever one mistake away from...",
"Lots of people buy homes with the intention of renting them out. Even if they're getting less in rent than it costs to buy the building, the owner is still gaining equity & watching the property appreciate in value.",
"Some own their homes or apartments and have for generations. Other live in government controlled rental space designed for accommodating the poor. ",
"What a lot of people are saying is true, but few will mention that this has to do with current low interest rates. It's very cheap for investors to borrow money at the moment, this creates an artificially high money supply which gets poured into equities - especially real estate. The current price of real estate is unsustainable considering that wages remain stagnant. Single home purchases are down 18% since last year meaning the average person is no longer able to afford to buy properties. I expect there to be a pop in real estate prices soon; and if not that, they will at least remain stagnant for quite some time.\n\nEdit: and just to add, in many poor neighborhoods rents are fixed...but as soon as that tenant leaves, the owner of that property can raise the rent. Properties are purchased with this in mind - speculating at the future income that property can produce for the investor. Also, I'm not sure if it applies to NYC, but many welfare programs subsidize housing in such a way in which the government pays a decent amount of rent. My numbers might not be exact, but an example could be wherein a property has a rent of $2,000, but the tenant only pays $500 because the government pays the rest.",
"A lot of families who bought in so-so areas basically became land-rich, cash-poor as the city real estate market exploded. \n\nSome family friends bought a big house in a so-so neighborhood in the 1980s for very little. Now it's worth well over a million, but they can't afford to sell it and then pay rent elsewhere for several years. So technically they're millionaires, but they have to rent out a floor of their house and pinch pennies every which way. ",
"One factor is the ridiculously low property taxes. You can't compare a $500K house in NYC and one in the surrounding burbs (even poor areas) bc the NYC taxes may be $1K/yr and the surrounding area may be $15-20K/yr.",
"The poorest residents in these neighborhoods are probably using a Section 8 subsidy to pay their rent--they pay 30% of their salary, and the federal government covers the rest of the bill, up to about $1,200/month for a 1-bedroom in NYC. \n\nIt's a good program if you can get in--it helps working poor actually live in the city where they work--but the waiting list can be years long. Which is why NYC has hundreds of thousands of [\"ghost tenants\"](_URL_0_) who are sleeping on various couches around the city. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.slate.com/articles/business/metropolis/2016/03/new_york_city_public_housing_could_have_more_than_100_000_ghost_tenants.html"
]
] |
||
3totma
|
time zones and dates
|
There are 24 hours in a day. There are (at least) 24 time zones. So then, shouldn't there be one hour out of every day during which the whole world is on the same day? For instance, if the time and date of the "first" time zone is 23:02, November 21, then the time and date of the "last" time zone should be 00:02, November 21, even though the International Date Line is between them.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3totma/eli5_time_zones_and_dates/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx7xpmz",
"cx7y99m"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Yes, you are 100% correct. They will have the same date. The only constant is that they will be 23 hours apart. Which means that on one side of the date line there will be people who are completely done with that day and on the other are people who are just beginning that day, but they will for 60 minutes share the same day. ",
"In theory there should be. However, there are some islands to the east of 180 & deg; longitude which choose to use UTC+13 and UTC+14 so that they have the same date as Australia. They're always a day ahead of other places with similar longitude using the \"correct\" time zones of UTC-11 and UTC-10."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
8gmb9k
|
how do things like radio or wifi transmit different types of data if they are always on the same frequency?
|
I know this essentially works with electromagnetic radiation, but how in the world does that transmit data or fluctuations? How does your router or the cell tower or the radio tower take data from someplace up in the sky, convert it into electromagnetic radiation, and make it readable for your phone? (details are welcome here)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8gmb9k/eli5how_do_things_like_radio_or_wifi_transmit/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dycutcj",
"dycuzq9",
"dycv327",
"dycwayy"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"In very simple terms, in much the same way a DVD can hold music, or video, or a game, or software, the information is coded and formatted based on how and what is being transmitted (and how far). Different technologies use different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum with differing communication protocols",
"What it does is basically take a carrier frequency, like 2.4GHZ (short for 2.4 billion hertz, or cycles per second) and then sends quick, short lived, high energy pulses really close together. This emulates the shape of a square, if you were to look at the waves. The square in this case is binary \"1\". So any station will also broadcast a weak \"constant on\" littler square wave, which tells all listening devices that there's a device transmitting, and how strong it is etc etc. It's also the binary \"0\". There's a standardized duty cycle (how long or short the square wave 1's and their corresponding 0's are) too. This allows all devices using the same technology to share the same duty cycle within that frequency, and they all know how to receive the data the same. \n\nSO. The frequency is used to make 1's and 0's out of square waves and the weaker \"constant on\" signal. That's just the binary part. The data is organized by a predictable (standardized) set of patterns where every device knows who's sending and how to respond.\n\nAnyway, the frequency part is only important to shape the square waves. Because, you see, in nature, you can't get real square waves. You only get sine waves, which are curved. So what we do to make a square is we take a bunch of really skinny tall sine waves and pack them together. The higher the frequency, the more of these little waves we can pack together, the shorter we can make the duty cycle (which means more data per second) without losing the square shape. \n\nI hope this helps i gotta go my ice cream is melting\n\nPost ice cream edit: the antenna in your phone is printed on the circuit board. It's naturally 'resonant' with the chosen frequencies. Also your phone can change the inductance and capacitance of the antenna to pick up slightly higher and slightly lower than resonant frequencies. Anything can be an antenna, almost. But only well designed ones will pick up a signal well.\n\nLook up impedance and resonance, too. If it helps you, think of EM waves like you would think of sound. They have all the exact same basic principles. People have even used sound to transmit data, and have made antennas that work on sound waves. This all is a HUGE subject that few can really explain in a short amount of time. Good luck! Big feckin rabbit hole.",
"As far as radio is concerned, data is data. It's all encoded onto the radio signal and decoded on the other end. The actual radio signal doesn't see your game stream any differently than mom's Netflix or your sister's VoIP phone call. .\n\nYou've actually asked to understand what makes the internet itself so incredibly powerful. \n\nNo matter what you are doing or watching the originating end translates it into a stream of bits. That stream only has two conditions, on and off. The specific order these ons and offs are in is recognized at the receiving end and is put back together in the proper form - game, video, email etc.\n\nBecause the data is always just either on or off the radio signal processes everything the same way. So as far as your wifi signal, or phone signal or cable connection or dsl are concerned they just don't care what is being sent. The software at both ends is what figures it out. That's also the reason we don't need new internet every time a new form of communication comes along. \n\nNow this all happens at incredibly fast speeds, and these speeds get faster all the time. That's why we get higher router speeds and Internet connections. \n\nI hope this explained it well enough. \n\n",
"So in general there are a few ways to modulate data onto radio. (modulate in this context means take data and stick it on a radio signal)\n\nWifi uses a combination of two.\n\nPhase modulation- data is encoded by changing the phase of the signal. Think of it as the wave going out of rhythm. It delays itself a quarter cycle so that it is no longer in step with what the device is expecting. This tells it a single bit of information. (it could mean a 1, a 0, a change from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1. it really just depends on how you want to make it work.) Technically the frequency of the signal shifts a tiny bit to make it out of step, but this is basically a single frequency.\n\nand Amplitude modulation (surprisingly enough. I barely believed it when I googled it) In this case you vary the amplitude of the wave. The voltage or how \"loud\" the wave is between to set points. The \"loudness\" conveys the information. All of this is done while maintaining the same frequency for the carrier wave. (there are sidebands that change frequency to change the amplitude, but that's more technical stuff that isn't important for the concept)\n\nand what isn't used - frequency modulation - varying the frequency of the carrier wave to show data. You only vary the frequency by a tiny bit, but all radios already account for this by having channel spacings that keep the signals from overlapping.\n\n\nNow none of this covers how analogue audio is sent over radio, it's a similar concept but I didn't want to bring any confusion into this.\n\nFeel free to correct me if I'm wrong, I typed this from memory and never really specialized in digital radio stuff."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3ju7qb
|
the various possible ways a company can be acquired, "bought out" even if it doesn't want to be.
|
I got the idea for the question from this post:
_URL_0_
It only partially makes sense to me. I know when venture capital firms are involved things get murkier and control is shared between many interests, but how else is it so common (in pop culture and otherwise) for companies to be bought out against their will?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ju7qb/eli5_the_various_possible_ways_a_company_can_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cusbrbk"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"only public companies can be \"bought out\" if it doesn't want to. it's called a hostile takeover. ie buy 50% plus 1 of the voting shares so they can basically control the votes which is how public companies operate. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/3jsi9c/til_the_american_company_segway_sued_a_chinese/"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
emccqm
|
if the fact that stomach acid is the strongest acid ever is true, why aren't we melting from the inside out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/emccqm/eli5_if_the_fact_that_stomach_acid_is_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fdnml22"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Dude, it's faaaaaar from the strongest acid ever. Who told you that? Not your school I hope x)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
em3oi3
|
how is a face wash containing salicylic acid doing anything when it’s literally on my skin for like 10 seconds before being washed off?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/em3oi3/eli5_how_is_a_face_wash_containing_salicylic_acid/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fdm5ykp",
"fdm6xzw"
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text": [
"It doesn’t. Look up the 60 second rule by Golden RX on Youtube. She does a great job explaining why you should be washing your face longer than 10 seconds.",
"It doesn't do anything in 10 seconds. You should be washing your face for longer than 10 seconds. That's not enough time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
r55uq
|
diabetic socks
|
How do they make the socks that "promote blood flow" to the feet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/r55uq/eli5_diabetic_socks/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c42zpqo",
"c433nv6"
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text": [
"They have much smaller seams, and the fabric doesn't bunch as much. This makes it less likely that the sock will constrict blood flow to part of the foot.",
"I was all ready to be a douche and comment about what happens when someone goes into diabetic sock. Glad I actually read the entry.\n\nTIL diabetic socks exist."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1rxykn
|
what does alcohol do to my brain, that i become aggressive, although i am a very nice person sober.
|
So the past couple of months, i have noticed, that whenever i drink (specially with my girlfriend) i can become really aggressive. I have never hurt her, but i am really scared that one day i will, or hurt another person. While I'm sober, i am a social and nice person, i hate fighting.
But when i drink it changes completely, basically this is how I've been described :
All is nice at first, i talk and talk, become more social have fun, then i start laughing at random stuff, continue to be social, then bam! the smallest thing said to me (joke or not) turns me into some kind of raging beast.
(Also i am on Celexa) an anti anxiety, so maybe it has something to do with that, but still am wondering why my personality changes so much.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rxykn/eli5_what_does_alcohol_do_to_my_brain_that_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cds0mpx"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Because deep inside, my young one, you are an angry, angry person. Your anxiety is an expression of that repressed anger, but when you get to a certain level of drunk, nothing is repressed.\n Source: Professional Alcoholic"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
45z9eq
|
how do immigrants "take our jobs," and what actually happens when we allow immigrants to freely work, in the us?
|
I see the argument that immigrants simply take the jobs away from American citizens, but I've also attempted to research the topic and have found that they actually increase some wages. Is there any truth to the argument of them taking our jobs? What actually happens when we freely allow immigrants to work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45z9eq/eli5_how_do_immigrants_take_our_jobs_and_what/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0178h6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"When people say this, they are talking about what is called \"substitution\" in economics. For example, let's say you work in IT. If your company decides to hire a person from India to replace you (at a lower wage), that's substitution.\n\nThe economic question is: to what extent does substitution occur, and what policies can be designed to prevent it?\n\nThere is a lot of economic research that shows immigration has a net positive effect on jobs. This is because each new person is a consumer, adding to demand that others will want to meet. The ability to hire the most cost-efficient workers enables business to expand more. The economic growth often leads to higher wages. However, particular industries may experience a lot of substitution, and some groups are especially vulnerable--such as Americans without a high school degree. Immigration seems to be beneficial on the whole, but not for everyone individually. Politically, the question is where to strike the balance, and what can be done for people who do find themselves out of a job."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
av33mu
|
how do we know that there aren’t undiscovered elements elsewhere in the universe?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/av33mu/eli5_how_do_we_know_that_there_arent_undiscovered/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ehc7zos",
"ehc84dz",
"ehc9c9o",
"ehcf9y8"
],
"score": [
7,
10,
12,
4
],
"text": [
"They don’t, but they can predict theoretical elements since elements are differentiated by the quantity of protons in their nuclei.",
"Because as far as we can tell, the laws of physics are the same everywhere in the universe—including the electromagnetic force that makes positively-charged protons repel each other, causing the nuclei of super-heavy elements to break apart instantaneously.",
"It is *possible* that a few nuclei heavier than Z=118 (^(354)126 being a primary candidate) could be \"relatively stable\" comparably, because of their quantum properties, but the probability of anything being around long enough to be found is very low. Big nuclei just cannot stay together well.",
"Elements are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. We know all of the elements from 1 to 100+. And protons have to be in whole numbers, there can't be an element 2.5.\n\nElements above a certain size are unstable. They split naturally into multiple other elements through radioactive decay. For some elements this takes centuries, for others only nanoseconds. We believe we know all of the elements that do jot decay almost instantly. So while there are endless theoretical elements just hy adding more protons to the nucleus, we don't think they can exist for more than a brief period of time. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1xn89f
|
issues in creating new programming languages
|
I'm an amateur programmer myself, having studied Commodore BASIC, Visual Basic, C, C++, C#, and Java. There are of course similarities and differences among all of them. I've become curious about what all goes into designing a programming language, which I think would help me understand how to write better code.
It's similar, I suppose, to understanding how human languages work by learning how to speak more than one's native tongue; you "liberate" yourself from lots of little assumptions that you didn't even know you made by becoming bilingual.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xn89f/eli5_issues_in_creating_new_programming_languages/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfcx1qc"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The first big question is which [paradigms](_URL_0_) the language will use. Is it imperative, starting in some state and successively mutating that state by executing statements to produce a desired end state? Is it functional, evaluating expressions by the application of (mainly) stateless mathematical functions? Is it logical, querying a base of facts and rules to find the answers to questions? Does it use the object model? How does it approach concurrency?\n\nOnce you have those sorts of decisions, it kinda tends to lay some groundwork for what the syntax should be, based on which you write a grammar. There are a lot of good tools available that can implement [lexical analysis](_URL_1_) and [parsing](_URL_2_) based on such a grammar, but that still only takes you from source code in your new language into an abstract syntax tree. You'll then have to implement an interpreter or compiler that can turn the syntax tree into an actual computation. An easy way to do this is to define your language's semantics in terms of another high-level language, which your compiler can then output and have a compiler of that language take over. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser_generator"
]
] |
|
603uaa
|
if an object accelerates in space without slowing, wouldn't it eventually reach light speed?
|
Morning guys! I just had a nice spacey-breakfast and read your replies! Thanks!
So for some reason I thought that objects accelerating in space would continue to accelerate, turns out this isn't the case (unless they are being propelled infinitely). Which made me think that there must be tonnes of asteroids that have been accelerating through space (without being acted upon by another object) for billions of years and must be travelling at near light speed...scary thought.
So from what I can understand from your replies, this isn't the case. For example, if debris flies out from an exploding star it's acceleration will only continue as long as that explosion, than it will stop accelerating and continue at that constant speed forever or until acted upon by something else (gravity from a nearby star or planet etc) where it then may speed up or slow down.
I also now understand that to continue accelerating it would require more and more energy as the mass of the object increases with the speed, thus the FTL ship conundrum.
Good luck explaining that to a five year old ;)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/603uaa/eli5_if_an_object_accelerates_in_space_without/
|
{
"a_id": [
"df38kgc",
"df38m7c",
"df38qso",
"df39dnf",
"df39ib4",
"df39xt8",
"df3aogm",
"df3ceri",
"df3d4gc",
"df3ezne",
"df3g0fg",
"df3gic2",
"df3jy78",
"df3mg8y",
"df3mt5b",
"df3o7m3",
"df3plws",
"df3r22a",
"df3wsqe",
"df4b3t5"
],
"score": [
288,
377,
14,
142,
4,
6,
3,
13,
5,
2,
2,
2,
2,
5,
4,
2,
2,
2,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"It wouldn't be able to accelerate at a constant rate without slowing. As you get faster, it takes more and more energy to accelerate. Assuming that the object has some engine with a constant energy output, the acceleration will reduce as the speed increases. It would keep getting closer and closer to the speed of light, but never get there.",
"Nope. Because of mass-energy equivalence, as something gains speed (kinetic energy) it actually becomes more massive. Any object will gain less and less speed per unit of force applied to it, to the point where reaching light speed (referred to in physics as *c*) requires an infinite amount of energy. Continuing to accelerate it would just add more decimal places to the end of its percentage of *c*. So something going 99% of light speed can be thrusted to 99.99999999...% until all the energy in the universe is exhausted, but never actually hit 100.\n\nReaching *c* is not just beyond our current ability to produce thrust. It's literally impossible to do with conventional physics.",
"So do objects slow down in space and if so what forces cause them to do that? What if they weren't affected by gravity from nearby planet, stars, black holes etc but were able to travel straight, would they eventually reach their max speed and stop accelerating? ",
"But what if an asteroid for example wasn't in orbit and wasn't being influenced by gravitational pull of anything but was able to continue in a straight line, it's velocity wouldn't decrease would it?",
"Here we have to talk of relativity - especially time dilation. Aboard the magic spacecraft, you do constantly accelerate. But before you reach the speed of light, you'd suddenly notice that the universe around you no longer exists. The speed of everything around you has sped up, and eternity has passed in but a few moments.\n\nOutside, we see the craft start to accelerate constantly, but as the speed increases, the acceleration starts to reduce. We also see that activities on board the craft also seem to have slowed, that time, for them, has slowed down, almost stopped. It is still accelerating, but now it is slowly edging towards the speed of light. We'd like to stay and watch, but the universe is ending, it's quite a show, and this guy called Zarquon is making a racket.",
"Thanks for the responses everyone! So from what I can tell objects travelling through space do not just continue to accelerate without being acted on by some force (like gravity or propulsion) as I previously thought. So I then assume they will hit a certain speed dependant on their mass and will remain at this speed until acted on by another force. \nChheeeeers spacefans!",
"By the word of your question: yes.\nThe problem is, the faster something is going, the harder it gets to accelerate it. So, basically, BEFORE you could get to the speed of light, accelerating becomes impossible.",
"I feel uneasy explaining to someone how to achieve light speed in space if his name is rocketman. ",
"No, because as an object's speed through space increases, time within the object slows. That means the engine powering the acceleration - rocket, warp drive, improbability drive, whatever - accelerates slower and slower (in comparison to the rest of the universe). \n\nSo, once the object reached a speed an appreciable fraction of the speed of light, years would pass while within the object, only seconds would - and so the engine only does seconds' worth of acceleration over those years.\n\nThis continues until at close to the speed of light, the engine only does seconds' worth of acceleration over billions of years, then trillions of years.\n\nThe closer you get to light speed, the less acceleration your engine does, so you can never actually reach light speed - just get incrementally closer.\n\n",
"In order to reach light speed, it would have to accelerate forever, since the faster you go, the harder it is to go faster. In atmosphere, drag is the primary factor and tends to keep things below the sound barrier, in space, the energy required to go faster simply makes you heavier to the point where, at the speed of light, your mass is infinite. To get that mass from a gravitational field would either require an infinitely strong field, or infinite time.",
"The math indicates that an object with as much mass as a rocket would gain more and more mass as it approaches lightspeed. If it gets to lightspeed it would be almost as massive as the whole universe. This suggests that either the math is wrong or it's just not possible for a ship to achieve lightspeed.",
"The faster an object moves the more mass it gains. It's very very minute for us but if you were to try to accelerate towards the speed of light you would need propulsion growth equal to the growth of mass in order to maintain acceleration. So in theory yes you could get to light speed but right now it is impossible. Also, given how time and space work, and that movement is either all in time, all in space, or in both, meaning an object traveling at the speed of light would be moving all through space and not at all through time which would mean that time is stopped for that object traveling at C.",
"The short answer is no, it won't.\n\nIf the object doesn't have mass, like a photon or gluon, then it will already be traveling at light speed. If more energy is added to it, that is reflected in it's wavelength, not in it's speed.\n\nIf the object has mass, then at first it will be accelerated as expected, but once you start getting close to the speed of light, relativity takes over. If we ignore gravity for a second, what happens is, that depending on what perspective you are looking at the object, either space, time or both are dilated. Meaning that the goalposts are shifted to measure speed. Either the distance of your unit of measurement becomes more or the length of a your time measurement is subjectively different. Basically nature (space-time) bends over backwards to make sure, that a massive object can't reach light speed.\nIf we add gravity to the mix, then the object being constantly accelerated would be continuously gaining energy. This increases the local energy density (energy contained in a local volume), which in turn bends space-time additionally (to the effects of special relativity previously mentioned). Eventually the energy-density will reach a critical point and your object, will become the center of a black hole. That's how far nature is willing to go, to prevent you from accelerating your object to light speed. ",
"Hey man I'm a little late but it seems like no one gave you the answer your looking for. Real quick let's make some assumptions (you can skip them if you just want the answer):\n\nFirst, the object that's moving has a constant acceleration. Of course, as many other people have pointed out, this is impossible, but for the sake of the question we'll pretend.\n\nSecondly, this object is the only thing that exists in the universe. Making this assumption is identical to stating that the object's travel will not be affected by anything else (I.e. It won't \"run into\" anything, no ones else's gravity is pulling on it too hard, etc).\n\nUnder these assumptions, the object WILL indeed reach the speed of light. However, it will take an INFINITE amount of time to reach that speed.\n\nThis is why the speed of light is considered the universal speed limit. ",
"To reach light speed, you need to either have no mass, or use an infinite amount of fuel. Not *a lot* of fuel, an **infinite amount**. ",
"An object will continue to accelerate towards the speed of light, but will never actually reach it.\n\nWhat if you set the target speed faster than the speed of light? ",
"No, because in order for an object to accelerate TO the speed of light requires an infinite amount of energy, that's what the math says.\n\nAs an object accelerates, it has more energy obviously, and since mass and energy are equivalent that means that its mass is also increasing, which means you need more and more energy to accelerate it more and more. We never notice this in our experience, including objects in space that we observe, because they're all moving at such small fractions of light speed that the effect is pretty much negligible. But, at relativistic speeds it becomes a big problem, and eventually an insurmountable one. \n\nYou also frequently hear that if an object did accelerate to the speed of light that it would pass through every point in space simultaneously, which sounds like nonsense but it's really not given the previous explanation: if you could dump infinite energy into an object then it's mass would also be infinite given matter/energy equivalency and by definition it would have to occupy every point in space simultaneously since the universe is everything we know, every bit of matter and energy we know. \n\nProbably not an ELI5 answer, but then, it's hardly a subject many 5 year olds look at :) ",
"No. One way to think about this is that as your speed/kinetic energy increases, your mass increases (because energy equals mass times the speed of light squared). So since your mass increases, the acceleration you experience for a given force decreases. Eventually you would have nearly infinite mass and would need infinite force to reach the speed of light.\n\nIf you really want to understand how this works, read up on special relativity.",
"Correct me if it's not the case but I think the misconception is between acceleration and velocity.\n\nVelocity is the speed of something in one direction, if something has a constant velocity then it is traveling at the same speed and not changing its direction\n\nAcceleration is the rate of change of velocity, which means how much additional velocity is that object gaining (or losing if it's decelerating) per second\n\n\nAn object will travel at a constant velocity in space as long as nothing affects it. The velocity will only change if a force acts on it (for example something pushes it to accelerate it and therefore make it travel faster or if it collides with something causing it to decelerate to a halt)\n\nHowever, for something to be accelerating, there needs to be a driving force. Something must be causing the acceleration.\nAs previously mentioned by another redditor the faster an object travels the more force that is required to accelerate it.",
"nope it can't.\n\nHere is the explanation, an object has energy or is energy depending on how you look at it. \n\nThe famous E=MCsquared means the energy of an object equals the mass times the speed of light squared.\n\nIn order to accelerate the object, you must add energy. Which means you push (or pull) on the mass. The moving mass also has inertia which resists change in motion according to its mass energy.\n\nEach time you push a specific amount of energy in, the mass gets bigger as the object speeds up less and less to approach the speed of light, and your continuing energy source looses affect because it is pushing against more inertia energy.\n\nSo as each quantum of energy is added to the total energy, the results of the addition get smaller and smaller.\n\nThat last little push is impossible to achieve."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
57bn78
|
what is kratom, and why is the dea so interested in banning it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57bn78/eli5_what_is_kratom_and_why_is_the_dea_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d8qkcci",
"d8qm20a",
"d8qnemn"
],
"score": [
11,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"People can use Kratom instead of anti anxiety meds from what I've heard. In my opinion they should just leave it alone, but then how will the DEA get their cut? The DEA isn't interested because it may be a harmful, addictive drug, they're interested because if people catch on that Kratom is an option then people may choose that instead of pharmaceuticals and then a lot of higher ups lose money. And they like money too much to let a seemingly harmless substance that may even do good for people stay on the streets where they can't tax you for it.",
"As a side note, it acts on opioid receptors while not being an opioid/opiate itself. As a result, it stimulates some of the same effects as opiates without (as many of) the negative side effects.\n\nOn top of that, it's been said that it acts as a coupler that increases the potency of other drugs, like weed, cocaine, mushrooms and etc. ",
"It's a plant from South Asia that is used, mostly, as an opioid substitute. As of 2013 no clinical trials had been done to understand kratom's health effects and it had no approved medical uses. In areas where the plant grows, it has been used in traditional medicine since at least the nineteenth century. Some people take it for managing chronic pain, for treating opioid withdrawal symptoms, or – more recently – for recreational purposes. Onset of effects typically begin within 5 to 10 minutes and last 2 to 5 hours. The plant's active compounds and metabolites are not detected by a typical drug screening test, but can be detected by more specialized testing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
9d9f99
|
are there negative consequences to having the ability to rapidly flush lactic acid from your system?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9d9f99/eli5_are_there_negative_consequences_to_having/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e5g6pu6"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"I’ve not found any source that supports your claims that he has some sort of abnormality that prevents lactic acid from building up in his muscles, or that he could run 350 miles “without breaking a sweat”. It seems he did once run 350 miles but this is listed as one of his most notable accomplishments, not something that he does regularly or that had no impact on his body.\n\nAnyways, lactic acid is a result of muscles trying to produce energy without enough oxygen. This is less efficient than producing energy with plenty of oxygen... lactic acid is only one of the disadvantages of that process.\n\nSo it has little to do with ultramarathon running. If he runs at a sustainable pace, and has great cardio fitness, his body can easily supply oxygen at the rate that his muscles demand it. This prevents much lactic acid buildup in the first place. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4qsypx
|
how can we hear sound from other planets like jupiter?
|
So just read the news about Juno Spacecraft hearing strange sounds coming from Jupiter. What I understood from reading online is that is the sound they get from detecting superimposed vibrations in EM waves coming from the planet. Please correct me if I am wrong. First question is how can sound vibrate a light wave? You transferring energy from sound wave to photo? Why it has to be close to the planet to hear? Can't we detect from earth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qsypx/eli5how_can_we_hear_sound_from_other_planets_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4vlpox",
"d4vmtq2"
],
"score": [
10,
2
],
"text": [
"We can't hear actual sounds, it's just the electromagnetic waves converted to sound.\n\nThe only way sound can influence an EM wave is through [piezoelectric effect](_URL_0_), this is how microphones work.\n\nWe can't detect the vibrations of [Jupiter's magnetic field](_URL_1_) on earth, we have to send a spacecraft inside it.",
"The sound that have been recently released is not actual sound but a representation of the vibrations in Jupiters magnetic field. The vibrations in the magnetic field is not caused by sound waves and will not turn into sound on its own.\n\nIt may be possible to use radar or laser to measure the distance to an object and if you get it accurate enough you should be able to pick up vibrations of the objects so you can pick up sound. However this have only been working on relatively short distances as the power and accuracy required is hard to get over huge distances."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity",
"https://www.google.pl/search?q=jupiter%27s+magnetic+field&client=ubuntu&espv=2&biw=1680&bih=933&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjN_fXW59LNAhXKVxQKHVH8AcYQ_AUIBigB"
],
[]
] |
|
dj8t8w
|
what, anatomically, causes us to sometimes roll our ankles out of nowhere, when just walking on flat ground?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dj8t8w/eli5_what_anatomically_causes_us_to_sometimes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f42ca65",
"f42g1lo"
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text": [
"This isn’t my area of expertise, but anecdotal observation indicates that it’s usually caused by the interior muscles twitching/cramping, which pulls the arch inward. This type of twitch is often caused by an electrolyte imbalance that messes with neuronal control of the motor muscles.",
"It's because of stabilizer muscle weakness in your ankles. A good way to combat this is to stand on one foot with your other foot out in front of you for a few minutes. When you do this you should feel the foot your standing on wobbling back and forth, that's the stabilizer muscles in your ankle tracking to keep you balanced."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
x378v
|
euclidean space
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/x378v/eli5_euclidean_space/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5is8h3",
"c5isugb"
],
"score": [
2,
9
],
"text": [
"Euclidean space is basically just how you would expect 2-d, 3-d or higher dimensional spaces to work, there's no sort of curvature and you can caluculate distance through a simple metric, sqrt(x_1^2 +x_2^2 +......+x_n^2 ).",
"So there once was this ancient Greek mathematician named Euclid who really liked geometry.\n\nWhile he was working out geometry problems, he found that you could break geometry down into a few very, very simple rules. Then, using only those rules, you could figure out more and more complex rules. He worked for awhile to try to find the simplest rules you could possibly have and still be able to work out all the rules of geometry.\n\nHe came up with these rules:\n\n* If you make two points, you can always draw a straight line from one point to the other.\n\n* If you have a straight line, you can always make it longer and it will still be straight.\n\n* If you have a point and your draw a line around it that is always the same distance from the point, you have a circle.\n\n* All right angles are the same as each other.\n\nThose were the first four. They were really simple. Super, super simple. Even a five year old can understand them. But that wasn't enough. In order to prove some things he needed one more rule. And that rule was:\n\n* If a straight line falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles.\n\n**Wow**, what an awful rule. It's long. It's complicated. It's not at all short and simple like the other. But Euclid couldn't get rid of it. He hated it, but there it was. You *needed* this long awful rule to be able to make geometric proofs.\n\nFor two thousand years mathematicians tried desperately to get rid of that rule. It was just so ugly. They wanted to prove it using only the first four rules, then they could get rid of it.\n\nSo for two-thousand years mathematician after mathematician tried to get rid of it. Proclus (410AD), Ibn al-Haytham (980AD), Omar Khayyam (1100 AD), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1250AD) and Giordano Vitale (1650AD) all worked at finding out how to get rid of this ugly rule but, while they made progress, none of them succeed. \n\nBut after two thousand years of work, mathematicians finally realized what was going on. There are different **types** of geometry. Some where the fifth rule is true, and some where it isn't. \n\nAll this time they were considering shapes in a flat surface. But the fifth rule is only true on flat surfaces. As soon as your curve a surface, the fifth rule is no longer necessarily true.\n\nAnd so, Euclidean geometry is geometry where the surface you're working on is flat. You can expand on that idea and think in more than 2-dimensions. 3+ dimensions can also be flat or curved. \n\nSo, all flat spaces, where the fifth rule is true, are called Euclidean space. All curved spaces, where the fifth rule is false, are called non-Euclidean space.\n\n\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
81x7gt
|
the difference between source code, and what we download when we buy a game
|
I'm not even sure I'm asking this question correctly; that's how far removed I am. I remember reading that someone had found starcraft source code and the internet lost their minds when he turned it in.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/81x7gt/eli5_the_difference_between_source_code_and_what/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dv5ulk3",
"dv5uo58",
"dv5uslm",
"dv5uyrp",
"dv5vwqb",
"dv5xfup",
"dv5zkqx",
"dv60znk",
"dv65szl",
"dv6cdor",
"dv6gnva",
"dv6lxfr",
"dv6oub6",
"dv6thdv",
"dv6ysrx",
"dv8oqeq",
"dv96bd3"
],
"score": [
4381,
27,
7,
779,
2,
60,
2,
3,
2,
2,
3,
4,
2,
4,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"When you write a computer program, you write it using a human readable language, for example C, Java or Python. For example, this is what a basic \"Hello world\" program (a program that print \"hello, world\") looks like in C:\n\n #include < stdio.h > \n\n main( )\n {\n printf(\"hello, world\\n\");\n }\n\nThings like \"include\", \"main\" and \"printf\" are instructions for the computer that tell it what to do. The computer, however, doesn't actually know what this code means. Instead, the code first needs to be translated to \"machine code\", which the computer does understand, but is very difficult for humans to read and understand. This process is known as \"compilation\". When you download a game, the game's executable files are already in machine code, after the compilation process was done. This means that you can't really understand how the game works just by looking at the files. However, if you have the original source code, it means that by looking at it you can figure out how exactly it works.",
"If you think of code as the logic describing what a program should do, then it can be expressed in many different languages. you could describe it informally in English or any other human language (if x is two then do this, otherwise do that. Then do this other thing. Keep doing this until the user presses cancel\").\n\nIt can also be expressed in programming languages, which are generally human-readable, looking like a mix of maths and English. For example, the following is a very simple application written in the C++ programming language:\n\n #include < iostream > \n int main() {\n std::cout < < \"hello world\\n\";\n }\n\nYou could express the same thing in English (write the string \"hello world\" followed by a line break to the application's standard output. Then set the exit code to zero and terminate\").\n\nBut the computer doesn't understand either English or C++. It understands its own language of 0's and 1's. For example, the processor in your PC understands the byte `00000100` as an \"add\" instruction. It means \"read the byte after this, and add it to the value stored in register \"A\".\n\nSo what programmers do is they write their code in a programming language such as C++, and then they run it through a compiler, an application which is able to translate code from a programming language to some other language. In this case, the compiler translates the code the programmer wrote into machine code, the language that your processor understands.\n\nIn that case, the source code is the code I wrote (the C++ snippet above). And a compiler can translate that into an executable program that my computer can run.\n\nSo if someone got hold of the Starcraft source code, as you mention, then they would in principle be able to make changes to the source code, compile it, and get a slightly different version of the game. (I say in principle, because while they could do that, they would be missing all the non-code assets. All the 3d models and textures and scripts and audio files and everything else that makes it a game)",
"Think of it like the difference between owning a car and owning all the parts to a car.\n\nHaving all the parts allows you to see exactly how it works - even if you don't understand it completely. \n\nBut you can't sit in and just drive it. You need something to build and test it before you can use it. \n\nThat's what a [compiler](_URL_0_) is used for.\n",
"Over-simplifying it but it's like the difference between a recipe and a cake. \n\nSource Code is the magic ingredients that you put together and then bake (compile) to create a program (executable) that your Operating System (likely Windows) can run. \n\nNow, when you look at a cake you you don't know what it's made of but you know the purpose of a cake and how to use it. \nOf course, if you're a baker then you could likely look at a cake and know what goes in it and roughly how it's made but you'd still need the recipe to accurately re-create it.\n\nSame with developers. When you look at a program you can think of all the functions and sub-systems that make it and how you'd go about creating them but you don't know exactly how they were written. \n\nI could go into much deeper explanations on both coding and baking but I hope the above conveys the meaning. ",
"It’s the difference between a cake recipe and the actual cake. The source code is the instructions for the game. A program called a compiler actually makes the game from the source code.",
"Another reason why people are excited for starcraft source code is, with it we can now make fundamental changes to the code without the limitations of modding (such as making remastered version, adding 4K support), compile it to newer platforms like the latest versions of windows, linux and mac os...etc. \n\nThis was exactly what happened very shortly after the source code of starcraft was published.",
"Source code is the book, but you download the movie. Except you are the star in the movie, and you make your own decisions. The book is the reference for how the movie plays out. And a good one includes the ability to produce countless outcomes based upon your actions. And it does it, at the core, with considering every detail at the smallest level. If this, then that. At every turn. Add rendering the graphics to the challenge and you can imagine the amount of work that it takes to write it. Oh, and the simplest logical mistake suddenly turns your head into a foot. \nSource: Programmer",
"Computers understand 0s and 1s. \n\nCertain sequences have a meaning to the computer and that's how you tell it what to do. \n\nHowever, those are very basic instructions and it's very hard to make complex programs using just these. \n\nSo, we made a program that translates a language a bit easier for us to understand, to the computer language. This is a compiler. \n\nThen we made even more complex languages that add a lot of abstraction allowing us to make complex operations with simple instructions and to not care about many low level details.\n\nThese languages are then compiled to the computer language, which results in something really hard to understand. That's why the source is so important, it allows to understand how the program is made to work, the logic behind it.\n\n**tl;dr** programming languages add a level of abstraction that allows humans to write complex programs, that's the source code, it then gets translated to the language the machine actually understands, which is really hard to understand, and this is what you usually download. ",
"Computers only really understand simple things.\n\nIf you were a computer and not a 5 year old, I couldn't tell you to put your toy away. I have to tell you to move over there, bend down, put your hand on the toy, close your hand, pick up your arm, stand up, go over to the toy box, put your hand into the toy box, open your hand, take your hand out of the toy box.\n\nThe 'source code' for a computer program is the simple thing I tell it to do. A 'compiler' turns that simple thing into all the steps the computer understands. When you download a program, you are downloading all the simple steps, called the 'compiled program'.\n\n",
"I'll try a synonym for 5 year olds.\n\nSource code is like lego bricks and the instruction booklet it comes with. If you follow the instructions and use the bricks properly, you get something you can play with - like a truck or even the millennium falcon.\n\nThe game you download is as if someone already assembled (pun intended) the Legos and handed you the truck/millennium falcon that you can start playing with.\n \nA lego truck would have lesser instructions and lesser components and chances are that it will take up less space in your room. The millennium falcon on the other hand needs lot of steps and components and would also take up more space in your room. \n\nSimilarly, simple games/programs would generally have lesser code and need less space on your harddisk when installed, and complex games/programs generally have more code and would take up more space on your harddisk.\n\nPS: I know this is oversimplified, and I'm not getting into the details of an installer versus source code and compilation etc. I'll be happy to explain more or point to resources for further reading if you are interested :)",
"Not sure if someone has said this yet, but source code has the additional advantage that a human can edit it to change certain features. Yes, you need to know how to program and there’s a chance you’ll break something else by making a change, especially in big projects. Also it allows you to run it on a machine other than the exact one it was released for.",
"The simplest possible explanation:\n\nSource code a program expressed in a language that is easy to edit and understand. This then gets translated in to a language that is easy for computers to understand and is then sold to you in that form.",
"There's already a number of answers talking about this, particularly about how a compiler converts high-level code to machine code, but to understand why having the source code is a big deal, it helps to look at this from the other direction.\n\nYour CPU is very fast, but on an instruction-by-instruction basis, it's generally rather dumb. Some architectures are smarter than others (look up CISC vs RISC if you want to learn more), but in general, CPUs perform rather simple instructions. It can do arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication), modify memory in RAM and/or cache, and handle some basic timer operations (with the help of an OS). You can't *just* tell the CPU \"when the player presses the W key, move the player character forward\". The CPU doesn't know what a player character is, what the game world is, or really anything about *what* it is doing, other than the simplest of operations that comprise the task.\n\nNow, telling a CPU every single thing it needs to do to create a whole game world would become prohibitively difficult to do from scratch for each game, so over time tools and libraries of existing code were made. As these tools become more complex, they became entire languages that programs could be written in. These languages were easier to work in than direct CPU instructions, with individual instructions in the language often being converted into multiple CPU instructions, allowing the language to add instructions on top of what the CPU directly provided. These languages could also allow you to easily refer to other, existing code in a consistent way, allowing to use existing code.\n\nFrom here, the languages became more and more intricate. Early on, type systems were added to these languages. There are tasks you might use that would only make sense on certain types of data. For example, you might ask how many letters there are in a sentence, but you can't ask how many letters there are in an MS Paint drawing. A type system will let the programmer know that the wrong data is being sent to a function or instruction when compiling (before running). The type system is removed in the resulting CPU instructions, as the CPU doesn't have instructions for \"types\", so you need the original source code to have that information.\n\nModern languages have even more complicated features. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) allows for types to \"inherit\" from other types, and allows for certain functions/instructions to be \"private\" to a type. All of these details are compiled out of the resulting CPU code. Sometimes, it is possible to *infer* some of these details from the CPU code using context, but it usually takes a lot of manual effort to do so. High-level languages also have comments, which is text that programmers can put into the source code to explain what's going on, but are completely ignored by the compiler. This data is only present in the original source code.\n\nLastly, not every CPU is made the same. Different architectures have differing sets of instructions that it can directly perform, so code compiled for one CPU's instruction set cannot easily be converted to another type of CPU's instruction set. If you start with the source code, a compiler can convert (nearly) any high-level instruction to different instruction sets by using what instructions are present on each architecture.",
"A source code is like a blueprint of a house. It tells the carpenter how to build the house. Obviously, you can't live in a blueprint much like how you can't play the source code.\n\nThe game you download is like the house itself built by a compiler which is like the carpenter of the house.",
"Most of the confusion is due to the fact that \"source code\" is a misnomer (or, rather, slang), there's no such thing. It's **source text** which is something the compiler turns into **code**.",
"Everyone else is describing this top-down, saying things like \"the computer doesn't understand source code, only machine code\", and I thought I'd try to clarify that a bit with a more bottom-up approach.\n\nYou can think of a CPU as a machine that accepts instructions and acts based on those instructions. Each instruction is given as a set of bits, where each bit is either on or off, yes or no, true or false. You can think of this as a set of switches. Since you likely have a 64-bit processor, that would be 64 switches. Each switch is connected to the processor. Each instruction is a particular configuration of these switches. \n\nThese instructions, sets of on/off bits, are usually actually an instruction in less than 64 bits, things like ADD or MOVE, as well as one or two parameters. These parameters might be plain numbers, or \"registers\" (really fast variables that live in the processor), or locations in cache (bigger/slower in-processor memory) or RAM (even bigger/slower memory that exists separately from the processor). So an instruction might be `ADD $1 $2 $3`, meaning add the two numbers stored in registers $1 and $2, and store the resulting sum in register $3. The point is, these instructions are incredibly simple. Inside the processor, there is physical circuitry that, based on which of those 64 inputs is on or off, will perform the desired action. These commands are read in once every clock cycle or every few clock cycles, so a 2ghz (2000000000 cycles per second) will perform on the order of 10^9 instructions every second. \n\nSo these instructions, built of groups of 64 sets on/off inputs, are what the computer \"understands\". These numbers are collectively referred to as \"machine code\" The human-readable version of these numbers, that might look like `ADD $1 $2 $3`, are referred to as \"assembly code\". Assembly code is effectively the same as machine code, since converting a line of assembly to machine code is a fairly trivial problem; a program that does so is an \"assembler\". \n\nAs mentioned earlier, these instructions are very simple, and aren't actually structured. If you want to have a block of instructions declared as a \"function\" that other blocks of instructions can call repeatedly, your instructions have to handle all of that manually (store the current instruction's location somewhere, jump to the function's first instruction, then the function's last instruction read's the location from somewhere and jumps back). \n\nBut modern programming languages are much more complicated than that. They include built in functionality for common tasks, like repeating the same code over and over (a loop) or calling a particular block of code from many other places in the code (a function), as well as things like advanced data structures or common algorithms in standard libraries.\n\nSo a program written in one of these modern languages is referred to as \"source code\". It's just plain text, and it's easy for humans to read. But in order to get a computer to run it, it must be converted into \"machine code\" by a compiler. Because source code is more complex and expressive while machine code is much simpler, converting from machine code to easily-understandable source code is not easy or even possible. Because of this, most proprietary software, like video games, is released only in machine code form; on top of that being the form you need in order to actually run the software, it also makes it difficult for anyone to actually get their hands on the source code. At the scale of a modern video game or major piece of software, modifying the machine code directly in any meaningful way becomes extremely difficult and time consuming, especially given that a lot of proprietary software is actually specifically compiled in a way that makes understanding the machine code even more difficult than normal (\"obfuscation\"). This means that, while the creator of the software can implement changes with relative ease by modifying the source code and recompiling, anyone else trying to modify the machine code directly is going to have a bad time. \n\n(It should also be noted that not all programming languages behave like this. For example, python code is executed without being compiled even though it's a high level programming language, not machine code. In this case, the python source code is read and executed by an \"interpreter\", a program that reads and executes source code without compiling. The benefits here are that the code doesn't have to be compiled first and will run on any machine/OS that has a python interpreter installed. The downsides are that the program will run significantly slower, and the source code can't be obfuscated into machine code as a form of copy protection.)\n\nSo, tl;dr, \"machine code\" is instructions that the circuits inside a processor can execute, \"source code\" is a program in a high level programming language that's easy for humans to work with, \"source code\" must be \"compiled\" to \"machine code\" in order for the computer to run it, and \"machine code\" cannot be easily converted back into \"source code\".\n\nDisclaimer: many statements made in this post have been simplified for ease of understanding, possibly to the point that they are no longer technically correct",
"I can make an analogy. Imagine that the source code is a recipe for a food dish. It contains instructions that, when followed, result in a finished item (a food dish). When you buy a muffin, you are buying the finished result, rather than the recipe. \n\nAnd in the same way that you can't pick apart a muffin and try to figure out what the recipe was that created it, the compiled code in any software game doesn't help you understand the source code. \n\nDitching an analogy, the source code is written in a programming language that human beings find easy to work with and develop for. But computers don't understand visual basic, or java (just using as easily recognized examples. Most games are done in C++). They work with 1's and 0's so that source code has to be converted to machine language. That is what a compiler program does. It converts the source code, into machine executable code that tells the computer hardware what to do. \n\nThe advantage of compiled code, is it's ready to go, just like a muffin is ready to eat, but it must be compiled only for the computer it will run on, like Windows, or Mac, or Linux, and processor like X86 or ARM. The advantage of source code is that you can still make changes to it, just like tweaking a food recipe. Then you can compile it to run on different processors, or different operating systems, giving you flexibility. However the reason source code is protected by a developer is because like a recipe, once it becomes public knowledge, anybody could make their own version or modify it, then re-package it as their own product. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6tb8nl
|
eclipse mini-megathread
|
The question that prompted this post, and which has been asked dozens of times over the past few weeks is this:
**"Why is it more dangerous to look directly at the sun during an eclipse?"**
Let us make this absolutely clear:
# **It is never, ever safe to look directly at the sun.**
It is not *more* dangerous during an eclipse. It's *just* as dangerous as any other time.
[_URL_2_](_URL_1_) has information on [how to view the eclipse safely](https://www._URL_2_/eclipse/make-pinhole-projector.html), as well as [information about when/where the eclipse will be visible](_URL_0_).
**EDIT**: Here is [NASA](_URL_4_)'s page on eclipse viewing safety.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6tb8nl/eclipse_minimegathread/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dljbdro",
"dljbxhy",
"dljts0g",
"dlkdwyu",
"dll9fiz",
"dlm9kh2",
"dlmp4i6",
"dlmua67",
"dlmuncz",
"dlnb7c4",
"dlnw0sx",
"dlp98c5",
"dlqd0hp",
"dlqgu50",
"dlqq04w",
"dlrkbd5",
"dlryqns",
"dlsqcr3",
"dlswj12",
"dlteac6",
"dltg5i2",
"dlti1i8",
"dlu4mx9",
"dlupbyc",
"dlvxjdn",
"dlwlow5",
"dlx7z8u",
"dlx8uce",
"dlxbtpr",
"dlxculn",
"dly4v18"
],
"score": [
91,
48,
3,
6,
26,
2,
6,
8,
4,
2,
9,
3,
5,
2,
9,
14,
2,
3,
2,
9,
11,
5,
9,
16,
2,
2,
4,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"ELI5: Why is it \"more dangerous\" during an eclipse?\n\nIt *appears* to be dimmer because more visible light is being blocked. This might give you the false idea that, because the Sun appears dimmer, it's less dangerous. However, the Sun is still cranking out tons of UV light, which is what damages your eyes. Yes, there's less UV, since a lot of that is getting blocked by the Moon, too. But your pupils will open up because there is less visible light, so you end up getting an unhealthy dose of UV anyway.",
"Before anyone asks: NO, SUNGLASSES ARE NOT A PROPER MEANS OF EYE PROTECTION.\n\nThere are actual glasses - which look like the old-school 3D glasses - that you can get (if you're lucky), as well as the pinhole viewer indicated by the OP.\n\nDo.Not.Use.Sunglasses.",
"did not see this sticky topic before, so i'll ask here.\n\nis it the intensity of the light or that the sun is a naked nuclear reaction that makes it damaging to look at to your eyes? is there some distance you could safely look at a nuclear blast and not be penetrated by the particles that blind you?\n\nor, is it both?\n\nthanks in advanced.",
"How do you make the pinhole projection big enough to see?",
"I am able to look at the sun often, watched a solar eclipse when I was a kid (I didn't know it was a risk) and have 20/20 vision and I am almost 32 now. \n\nIf you can look at the sun normally with sunglasses why can't I look an eclipse with normal sunglasses? Is it just because the pupil is more dilated because of the darkness from the moon? Therefore, you need stronger UV protection? Does not compute. \n\nCan anyone post a link to some good glasses I can purchase for myself and my wife? Thanks! ",
"Miami Resident here! Flying TO Charlotte this week and thinking of driving down to Greenville or Cloumbia for the Eclipse, The Day of. Im new to to the US, so i have no idea what the driving conditions may be. Could anyone tell me if the 1.5 hour drive will become impossible that day (1 million people going to visit apparently) or will i be able to make it if i leave early.\n\nThank in advance!",
"Where are you guys finding these cheap glasses from?\n\nI'm looking on amazon and they are all 50-200. Can someone post a link or anything to ones they found that work?",
"What if I stare, but my fingers are crossed the whole time?",
"ELI5: The sun always rises in the east and sets in the west. So how is the sun going west to east for this eclipse for 2 minutes?",
"So since we're in the Perseids, is there a chance that a meteor will cross the eclipse?",
"ELI5: How did pre-modern people protect their eyes during solar eclipses (if at all)?\nSo, humans have been viewing solar eclipses since forever (ever since we started looking up), presumably without wearing any protective eye-wear, so did people just tend to just undergo the eyesight damage watching them?",
"I've seen [sources](_URL_0_) say that you can view totality unprotected. It's just before and after that is dangerous to the naked eye. Is this true? ",
"Does it help if I just squint or will I still get eye cancer?",
"If the moon rises in the East and sets in the West, why does the shadow of the eclipse move from West to East?",
"ELI5: Why is a full eclipse such a rare event? Given the moon orbits the earth every 27 days shouldn't it be between the earth and sun at least once during those 27 days? ",
"So it is worse to stare at the sun during an eclipse, gotta say that now for framing. Why is that the case? Pupil dilation, it's like you're staring at the Moon, but it turns into the sun, you take in way more light due to lower light conditions (eclipse!) and bam, retina damage.\n\nHOWEVER! Why not prevent that dilation? Could a flashlight not prevent the dilation if you shine it in your face during the total eclipse? Obviously this would not make it safe to stare, only less blinding to look for a second or two in the case that this would work. Even a moment with no protection can cause permanent damage.",
"ELI5: if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, why does the west coast see the eclipse first and the east sees it last?",
"Use a phone with a vr headset (like google cardboard) set to camera passthrough to view the eclipse directly without a green tint and with a full field of view.",
"What if I look at it for a second and then look away? Will that still damage my eyes?",
"ELI5: Why don't we see partial eclipses in the days leading up to them?",
"Considering how much damage looking at the sun apparently causes I'm surprised I'm not blind. My brother and I would have contests about who could stare at the sun the longest. Both of our vision is fine :P \n\nWhy didn't we go blind? ",
"Would viewing the eclipse through the camera on a phone or other device be safe?",
"If you want to look at the sun you will need solar filters that block UV and Infrared light such as might be used in eclipse glasses, or on a telescope filter. \n\nWelding goggles with shade 14 lenses are also safe to use but no shade 5 \"oxy acetalyne\" filters. They aren't dark enough and don't block the UV well enough. \n\nPlease don't forget that you're staring at a fusion reactor larger than the planet Jupiter. It spits out a lot more than just warm sunlight. Ultraviolet light can blind you in seconds and it damages cells DNA. Infrared light like the feeling of heat from standing near a bonfire can also cause heating and swelling of the retina which is very painful and can cause blindness. \n\nThen there is also the fact that without UV and IR radiation, it's still really REALLY bright. The shiny solar filters and the thick dark glass of welding goggles reduces the amount of photons hitting your eye, reflects away or absorbs the harmful UV light, and limits infrared exposure as well. \n\nIf you don't have access to goggles then your best bet is going to be poking a hole in a piece of paper or card stock, and letting it project an image of the sun onto another sheet of paper. ",
"ELI5: Why is no one answering questions in this thread?",
"Where I live, the sun will be 98% covered. Will I notice it getting any darker or will it look like a normal day? Decided not to travel because it will be crowded (I don't do well with crowds) and the traffic will also be terrible.",
"One thing that I came to ask was how exactly would the eclipse damage your camera? You can point the camera directly at the sun during the day and it will adjust accordingly. How is this any different with an eclipse that I can \"damage your chip\"? ",
"ELI5: why is the eclipse path moving west to east.",
"ELI5 I have looked at a solar eclipse with my bare eyes multiple times that day when I was 13. Today I am 20 and I have perfect vision. Is the danger of looking at an eclipse exaggerated?",
"How come we are seeing so many people who've looked at eclipses and are fine, but out of this whole thread I've only seen one person that has ever suffered eye damage from it? I think this is BS. I've looked at the sun without it being covered multiple times and I am fine. ",
"ELI5\n\nShouldn't the solar eclipse give us a chance to see/study the dark side of the moon?",
"ELI5: During the eclipse, why did leaves cast shadows that looked like little eclipses?"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2017-august-21",
"http://www.timeanddate.com",
"timeanddate.com",
"https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/make-pinhole-projector.html",
"https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/safety"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://ideas.4brad.com/your-eclipse-guide-things-not-many-eclipse-guides"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
662rkx
|
doesn't light's speed being the fastest in the universe mean that we probably are a part of a simulation with a speed limited to that of the speed of light ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/662rkx/eli5_doesnt_lights_speed_being_the_fastest_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgf3bnb",
"dgf4yj5"
],
"score": [
14,
12
],
"text": [
"No.\n\nIf light didn't have a specific speed that it travelled at for all observers, physics would work *very* differently, and it might even be unlikely for sentient life to evolve that could observe that kind of universe in the first place. The fact that it happens to be some finite value for all observers doesn't mean it's a simulation - whether or not it were a simulation, it would basically be required regardless. So it doesn't really lend any sway towards the universe being a simulation.\n\nIn addition, a simulation wouldn't have a speed limit innately required. You could potentially simulate a universe that doesn't have a speed limit on light.",
"No. To quote an earlier post I made on a similar question:\n\nThe speed of light is the speed of causality. It is the fastest speed by which any event can affect anything else in the universe. It is also the defining property of the universe that gives rise to time.\n\nLet me explain.\n\nImagine a clock. This clock is made by holding two perfect mirrors exactly parallel to each other and bouncing a photon between the two. Every time a photon hits mirror A, one tick has happened. This is our photon clock, and it is a perfect measure of time.\n\nNow, let's say the photon bounces up and down and you can move the clock left and right at any speed you want. Even light speed.\n\nNow, let's take for granted that light moves **ONLY** at light speed. I'll explain why we can do this in a second, but for now, just accept that.\n\nIf we move the clock, the photon now has to move diagonally to bounce between the mirrors. The photon's absolute speed must be equal to C, the speed of light. This, we could imagine as the hypotenuse of a right triangle. But, in order for the hypotenuse to be C, the X and Y velocities must satisfy X^2 + Y^2 = C^2 (the Pythagorean theorem). Thus, in order for C to be the speed of light while X is not 0, Y must be less than C.\n\nThis means it takes longer for the clock to tick. The faster you go, the bigger X gets, meaning the smaller Y must be and the slower time goes. This is Einstein's Relativity.\n\nI bet you can see where this is going.\n\nIf X = C, then Y *must* equal 0 or X^2 + Y^2 =/= C^2. In layman's terms, anything going the speed of light *cannot* experience time.\n\nSo, if you were the photon, your trip would be instantaneous. You own clock would never tick.\n\nBut, for us, we are the product of light-speed particles moving back and forth and interacting with each other. We are a ticking photon clock. Time is an emergent property of this.\n\nNow, consider what would happen if light was faster or slower. Our own perception of time, which is entirely dependent on the speed of light, would accelerate or decelerate by the same amount. If light was 2x as fast, we'd think 2x as fast and our clocks would tick 2x as fast... which means we'd see it cover 2x the distance it would per *old* clock tick, but our *new* clock ticks are 2x as fast. 2/2 = 1. No matter how fast light goes, we, by definition, must see it go *exactly that fast*, or else we don't experience *any* time at all.\n\nIt is also for this reason that light speed is constant to every observer. If you go faster, your clock slows down by an amount that keeps your perception of the speed of light constant.\n\n**TL;DR** Speed is defined by time and time is defined by light. The speed of light sets itself."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5l5qn0
|
if year 0 is the birth of christ, why do we all follow it and why do other people follow other religions if our year count is based off one religion?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5l5qn0/eli5_if_year_0_is_the_birth_of_christ_why_do_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbt423l",
"dbt43cy",
"dbt4akn"
],
"score": [
4,
6,
3
],
"text": [
"There is no year zero. The year one in the current Gregorian calendar is based on a flawed estimate of the birth of Christ, but it isn't the only calendar system in use. Finally, people mostly use the calendar to figure out relative dates and don't really care what hypothetical event it is pegged to. ",
"There is no \"year 0\". It goes straight from 1 BC to 1 AD.\n\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_2_\n\nSome of these might answer your true question.\n",
"The reason people of other faiths follow the same calendar is that Christians conquered the world and imposed their calendar on everyone else.\n\nOtherwise, other cultures would still be following their own calendars. (Some still do, such as the Jewish and Chinese calendars.) "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dr2is/eli5if_so_many_scholars_do_not_take_the_bible/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xhm4k/eli5_why_do_we_still_use_bc_and_ad_terminologies/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1reuz7/eli5_why_do_we_use_bcad_for_time_what_do_other/"
],
[]
] |
||
ecfslp
|
when someone in a biohazard suit exits a environment where dangerous pathogens are present, how is the suit sterilized so it can be removed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ecfslp/eli5_when_someone_in_a_biohazard_suit_exits_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fbb14lu",
"fbb15du",
"fbb2i60",
"fbb41jh",
"fbb67xt",
"fbb9jm3",
"fbb9jx9"
],
"score": [
19,
7,
6,
5,
14,
3,
8
],
"text": [
"If that's deemed necessary, a decontamination room where the exterior of the suit is sprayed with a powerful sterilization solution that will kill everything.\n\nThe suit may then be subjected to further cleaning after it is removed, depending on the severity and viability of the pathogen.",
"The suit is sprayed and scrubbed to ensure as much as possible the suit is clean, in really dangerous situations there is no 100% secure way of exiting out of a biohazard suit.",
"Depends on the hazard (BSL2, 3, or 4). You can sterilize it with different level of disinfectants (ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, strong acid/base that the suit is resistant to, etc) or you autoclave it (high heat and pressure treatment) or you irradiate it. Sometimes you just burn it and use a new one later (when the pathogen is very serious and very resistant like prions).",
"They need to get sprayed down! Typically they get into a little area to capture the liquid that gets sprayed on them, almost like a kiddie pool. Some helpers come with liquid spray hose type things and spray on a chemical -- often 10% bleach, but it could also be other chemicals like quaternary ammonium. Usually you want to wait a minute after spraying with the chemical to let it do its work, then spray with water, then dry off. \n\nThe amount of time you let the chemical sit on your suit or the number of times you cycle through the process can both reduce the amount of virus hanging around still capable of infecting folks, but even one round with 1 minute contact time is enough to inactivate 99.9% of the virus for many viruses.",
"It depends.\n\nMy wife used to work in a BSL 3 (Bio Safety Level 3). She worked with pathogens that are lethal and incurable when they're breathed in but harmless when touched (TB). When she left the lab she had a special room where she'd take off the suit and then they'd incinerate it.\n\nIf she had worked in a BSL 4 or higher she would have to have taken a disinfecting shower before taking the suit off.",
"Usually sprayed with an aerosol bleach solution. The suit is often burned. Fun fact: There are a select number of places on Earth where things like smallpox are studied. They house some of the most contagious and lethal organisms. Some of these labs are considered \"terminate upon contamination\". Meaning, the lab can be sealed off and incinerated. It isn't worth the risk of it getting out.",
"this is a bit more than ELI-5 but if you're really interested here's the actual safety protocol for a BSL-4 facility (Biosafety Level 4 , where they keep the really dangerous stuff)\n\n_URL_0_ \n\n\nyour query starts at: **4. Laboratory Exit Procedures from BSL-4 Suit Laboratories**"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5092084/"
]
] |
||
zjpg3
|
how are qubits (quantum bits) better for handling massive amounts of information since they collapse to a '0' or '1' upon being "observed", essentially making them a regular bit?
|
I realize that qubits will be the "future of computing", but I don't understand how they're so useful when its output of '0' or '1' is no more advanced than a regular bit.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zjpg3/eli5_how_are_qubits_quantum_bits_better_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c656p77"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It can be _both_ 0 and 1 - a superposition of both states. The magic doesn't lie in the output; the magic lies in what you can do to a qubit when it is in superposition."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7zpvvu
|
internet explorer is universally regarded as terrible. edge is not used by anyone. why does microsoft keep trying? there must be a reason?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7zpvvu/eli5_internet_explorer_is_universally_regarded_as/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dupt92l"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A lot of companies actually use edge since it's easier than micromanaging another installation. Also old people and casual users who don't know better.\n\nPlus a lot of the elements are used behind the scenes by the OS, and it doesn't cost them much to upgrade those elements to provide a whole internet browser."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
17xdex
|
why can't we use micro sd cards (or the technology it uses) to create ultra small - high capacity hard drives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17xdex/why_cant_we_use_micro_sd_cards_or_the_technology/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c89oabv",
"c89ojb3",
"c89orod"
],
"score": [
16,
3,
11
],
"text": [
"We essentially already do. They're called solid state disks. They can be a number of form factors but 2.5\" is the standard because that's what size laptop hard drives are.",
"We do, the problem comes when trying to make these drives (known as SSD's) cost-effective when you compare them to \"normal\" hard drives (price per GB). \"Normal\" hard drives are much less p/GB then SSD's.",
"Micro SD cards are already those ultra-small, high-capacity drives you're talking about. the reason SSD drives are still so expensive is that they have to be able to access and move data at speeds an order of magnitude higher than the SD cards. that need for higher speed means they have to be designed differently, but the way they actually store the data is exactly the same. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1o2nbh
|
in response to a front page til, how can money from the roman empire (or any other old currency) be translated into "today's money"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1o2nbh/eli5_in_response_to_a_front_page_til_how_can/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccobbwg",
"ccoeqjx",
"ccofzbd",
"ccordnj"
],
"score": [
74,
5,
10,
2
],
"text": [
"You cannot do that reliably.\n\nOne could think that you could use common goods to do the conversion, but the fact is that things that now cost somehow the same had HUGE differences in prices in ancient time.\n\nFor example, this page ( _URL_0_ ) has very detailed information for the years around 301 AD\n\nFor example, a laborer would generally earn 25 denarii communes per day. \n\nYou could try and use that as a conversion base: in the US, minimun wage is $7.25 per hour in the US.\n\nIn those days, a laborer would work at least 10 hours per day.\n \nThen you could say that a laborer's day of 25 denarii would equate $ 72.5 today, and this would give a conversion rate of about $3 per denarius.\n\nBut then, you try and use this number to convert the prices of other goods, and get results that are completely off.\n\nFor example, wheat is 100 denarii per modium. A modium is about 8 liters, i.e. about 7 Kgs of wheat, with a resulting cost of abt 14 denarii per Kg of wheat\n\nConverting that in dollars at $3/denarius, you would get a cost for weat of about $45 per kg, which is about 150 times too high (wheat is currently at about $0.30 pr kg)\n\nSo no, there is no simple answer. \n\nIf you think about it, there is no simple answer even in today's world. A dollar is currently 61 indian rupees, but you can do MUCH MORE with 61 rupees (in India) that you can with a dollar in the States.\n\nFor example, you can eat at a cheap restaurant for 100 rupees. Does that mean that $1.50 buys you a restaurant meal in the US?\n\nTLDR: currency convertion rates cannot be reliable translated in life cost comparison, even in today's world!\n\nEDIT: spelling and stuff\nEDIT: math, thanks to /u/WendellSchadenfreude",
"As others have mentioned, I don't think food can be used to accurately compare currencies. The value of food has dramatically declined, especially following the industrial revolution's improvements to farming and storage efficiency. I don't have the numbers, but I would speculate that maybe prostitution could be a better starting point? Edit: Typo",
"I would use prostitution as a metric, as demand is pretty constant throughout most of history.",
"It's pretty much impossible to do.\n\nWhen you're trying to find the real exchange rate of two modern currencies, you compare them in terms of purchasing power (i.e. \"How much stuff can I buy with one currency versus another, where 'stuff' is a bundle of commonly purchased goods like food, housing, transportation, etc.) Even this method is not perfect; it's an approximation, as you could potentially get different answers using different bundles, and goods and services cost different amounts in different places (think housing in NYC vs. housing in rural Missouri).\n\nThe problem with converting from modern currency to ancient currency is that the price of certain things has changed by an alarmingly dramatic amount- to the point where comparing two \"similar\" bundles from different time periods (e.g. a loaf of bread then and now) is no longer an effective means of comparison."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://ancientcoinsforeducation.org/content/view/79/98/"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2hcs78
|
why do nfl teams only play 16 games per season, but nhl teams play 82 games - with arguably the same amount of physical contact and energy?
|
Even if NHL teams only exerted half of the energy NFL players exerted, the proportions still would not make sense. Am I missing something about the NFL?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hcs78/eli5_why_do_nfl_teams_only_play_16_games_per/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckrgxoy",
"ckrgyvk",
"ckrh1fx",
"ckrhjkg",
"ckrhyxv",
"ckri1gc"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
4,
2,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Marketing is a good point, but I really have to argue that football is much more brutal on the human body. Full on high speed collisions on every play, the point of the game is contact. While the NHL is more about finesse and the emphasis on contact, while there, is much less than in the NFL",
"Hockey is more exhausting, which is why there are line changes every couple of minutes with long rests between.\n\nBut it is NOWHERE near as violent. Individual checks and hits do frequently occur that are as hard as any football block, hit or tackle, but the sheer quantity that occur in a given football game are dramatically higher than a NHL game produces.\n\nTrust me, the NFL would LOVE to add more games if it were possible. As it is, most teams limp into their bye weeks halfway through the season missing many players to injury.",
"Football is tougher on the body than even hockey. players deal with the probability of more injuries mostly focusing on ankles, knees, and shoulders. and the biggest threat of all the concussion. hockey has a smaller playing field (yes, rink) and the ability to do as much harm as football is lower. hockey players have great chances of the same injuries, but they have better equipment to protect them. especially now that everyone is required to wear helmets (remember back in the day when toothless guys let their long flowing majestic mullets free in the air?) also, hockey players are freak mutants that will play through slit throats, broken noses, and even if they dislocated every bone in their bodies. in modern football, if you have an ankle sprain, they take you off the field on a stretcher. except for eli manning. he played through plantar fasciitis! Hockey players, although not as physically demanding as football players, can handle longer seasons. football players, given the opportunity to replace 2 preseason games with regular season games will start a riot. due to how physically demanding it is on their bodies. \n \ntl:dr - hockey players are majestic freaks of nature that can play through natural disasters while wrestling sharks, gators, and grizzly bears. football players have illegal contacts if they play patty cake past 5 yards. (and i love football 500000 times more than hockey) ",
"In hockey you might see 10-20 big hits a game or more but that will be spread over several players, but in Football, literally every play has the front lines slamming into each other at full speed. \n\nThere's also the running backs who just get banged up non-stop, and the Quarterback's arms... Baseball isn't violent at all, but Pitchers need several days rest just to make their arm survive, and a quarterback is similar. ",
"Football is much harder on the body, because contact, hitting and tackling is essential to every single play. \n\nAll that physicality has led to larger/stronger players being preferred, which in turn makes it even more dangerous. The same is happening in hockey, with larger and stronger players leading to more injuries, but because hitting can often be avoided, smaller & quicker players still have a place.\n\nAlso, the nature of the games tend to suit their schedules better. \n\nFootball probably has the highest practice to playing time ratio. You practice all week (with maybe one day off) and play one game. The play stops after every play and everybody starts from a set position. This has led to all the plays being designed and practised over and over again. Often, the better team is the one that can execute their plays more precisely. \n\nIn hockey, there are certainly many designed plays, and it does stop and reset fairly often, but it's also just 12 guys and a puck moving around in an enclosed area. The play can go on continuously for several minutes at a time. This means that set plays are less important than in football, and reacting to situations and using your intuition is more important. This also means that teams don't have to practice for a week, just to prepare for one game against a single opponent. (well, they don't do that because they have so many games....chicken vs egg). \n\nBut in either case, most sports leagues play as many games as they can get away with.....because more games means more tickets sold and more games on TV and more money.\n\nJust look at baseball. That is the least physical of the major team sports and they play 162 games in a season. ",
"There's definitely not the same amount of physical contact when it comes to the offensive and defensive lines in football. Nearly all of the time in these games these players are in physical contact with someone else. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
38ngez
|
is it possible for a human to build up a resistance to toxic fumes, if they encounter non-dangerous amounts of it daily?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38ngez/eli5_is_it_possible_for_a_human_to_build_up_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crwbag6"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Not really - if anything, low level exposure leads to accumulation of the toxic substance rather than immunity. Depending on how quickly the body can get rid of the substance/repair the damage it does, you'll either not suffer any damage as a result of them or it will build up until you do, but you body won't change in it's ability to deal with it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1vydac
|
how do all of the satellite waves and waves that connect your phone to 4g internet not affect the body?
|
I understand that there are different types of waves and wavelengths that may not affect the body on a large scale, but I still don't understand how it doesn't have any local effects on health.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vydac/eli5_how_do_all_of_the_satellite_waves_and_waves/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cewy1r9"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's just electromagnetic radiation. It's made of the same thing light is. As long as it's not high enough energy to damage the cells that make up your body, it's fine. It's like shining a flashlight on yourself."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5j6hrg
|
english is spoken all over the world by so many people, but why do we english-speakers seem to not speak any other language fluently but english? is it only because other countries are forced to learn english in school?
|
Why do people all over the world speak English so well, but Americans and Englishpeople seem to not speak any other language but English?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5j6hrg/eli5_english_is_spoken_all_over_the_world_by_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbdp0ys",
"dbdp2ba",
"dbdp3k5",
"dbdp6m9",
"dbdqer5",
"dbduv5r",
"dbdycq3",
"dbdythg",
"dbe12jf",
"dbe5kh8",
"dbea2ia",
"dbeharc"
],
"score": [
2,
9,
65,
3,
4,
4,
13,
5,
2,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Because most children in other countries learn at least two languages when growing up: English and their native language. Because they are taught English from age 3 or whatever they are fluent as adults. It really is a system we should adopt in the United States, except have the second language be an Asian or European language.",
"The British Empire was huge, too. That is why the english language is found in so many different places like India, and South Africa, and parts of S. America. ",
"If you don't know English, the marginal benefit for learning English is enormous. Most of the world's commerce - even between non-English speakers - is conducted in English. The bulk of the world's entertainment is released in English. Most scientific and technical documents are written in English.\n\nIn contrast, if you already know English, learning a second language has relatively minor benefits. Almost all the people in non-English nations who an English speaker is likely to deal with - prominent politicians, businesspeople, etc. - already speak English. Moreover, learning any one of a number of non-English languages only gives you access to a tiny slice of the remainder. To get the sort of benefit a non-English speaker receives by learning English, an English speaker would need to learn dozens of other languages.\n",
"As an English speaker, no matter where in the world I go, it isn't hard to find someone that speaks at least some English, and I can be reasonably assured that large businesses will have someone on staff that can cater to me in English. There's no other language that you can do that with other than possibly French to a lesser extent. Because I can go to all 6 continents, and get by on English, I have much less incentive to learn another language. Doing so is more of a hobby, and not actually a necessity.",
"Yes. Why should Americans learn English when the vast majority of people in the US speak only English, most people in Europe who work in the service or tourism industry speak English. English is the language that diplomacy and business is conducted in today. ",
"English is also the international language of flight. Doesn't matter what country a pilot is in or where they are from, English is the language. ",
"Additionally to all those comments before,it is so much easier learning English than any other language, simply because it's more accessible.\nIf a non-english person learns english to a mildy proficient degree, they can use it to watch tv-shows, movies or read the newest thriller everybody's abuzz righ now in it's (propably english) original. Same goes for music and most cultural output of the last 50 years really. \nSure if you were to learn, lets say German -a language totaly alien to english- or french -my nemesis, a language consisting soely on irregular verbs- you could watch German and French TV and movies and so forth, but these languages and their cultural outout are by far more difficult to access than pop-cultural english is.\n\nAlso if you try to train your spoken language, with english all you have to do is find some stranger and talk english to them. \nOn the other hand if you were to try to train your french by speaking to a french person, you'd first have to find someone who speaks french and is willing to put up with you butchering their language. And then they'll propably respond in english anyways\n",
"Here is an unlikely source of the proliferation of the English language within the last 20 years. One of the channels that would be shown on many satellite networks around the world was the Cartoon Network. When I was overseas about 15 years ago, I noticed a lot of kids were picking up English quicker than their home languages; much to their parents dismay. The reason? The cartoons were being broadcast in English and the kids wanted to know what Was going on in their favorite cartoon. ",
"In my experience the reason why we are not pushed to learn other than to get into college is because there is not really a need to learn a new language. Like you said it is a fairly widely spoken language and because of that we can generally go up to whoever we want and start speaking English with out haven't to think about it.",
"Haven't seen this answer yet but from my traveling experiences in Europe it seems almost necessary to be bi/tri-lingual with all the different nations packed so closely together. \n\nWhereas in America we only have Mexico to our south so we really don't have a need to learn other languages among other reasons already mentioned. \n\n",
"English is the language of technology, business, and many other fields and so even non English speaking countries will have people that at least have a basic understanding of the language. ",
"This goes back to the British Empire. \n\nBy 1901 the British Empire was the biggest empire the world had ever seen with Colonies is Canada, Africa, India, Egypt and Australia with Queen Victoria being the nominal ruler of over a quarter of the World's People...long story short, lots of people spoke English.\n\nSo English became a Lingua Franca, a trade language. Basically, rather than traders from 10 different counties all learning 10 different languages to communicate with each other, they communicated in English, because that way they only had to learn one other language which was the dominant language at the time.\n\nThis continues today: I work for a French multinational company, and even though a meeting or conference call might have people from 6 or 7 different nationalities in it, it will be conducted in English even if there are no native English speakers present...it's the language all the other countries can speak.\n\nSo, basically,the reason a lot of native English speakers don't speak other languages is simply because we don't really need to."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1keaf0
|
how was firefly cancelled when it has such a seemingly large fan base, even now?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1keaf0/eli5_how_was_firefly_cancelled_when_it_has_such_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbo1kt0",
"cbo1n53"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Firefly never really was given a chance. Some scripts (like the train heist) were forcibly rushed and were written in a weekend. \n\nFox also ran the series of episodes out of order, and they were given crappy time slots, like right before baseball games, so sometimes the end of the episode would get cut off. Fox was also demanding outrageous ratings which they simply couldn't get. It was under advertised, as few people even knew it was out and mainly was spreading by word of mouth. Damn shame too cause there's so much character development and background history. They had AT LEAST 5 solid seasons before they started running out of ideas.\n\nAs far as the fans go, they weren't there when the show originally aired. Like previously mentioned, little people knew of it.\n \nTl;Dr Fox fucked it up ",
"According to former Fox Entertainment President Gail Berman, the one who made the decsion, it cost too much and had low ratings.\n\n > “If I had to do it over again, I might have reconsidered it but I’m not sure it would have changed anything,” she said. “It was a numbers things. It was a wonderful show and I loved it and I loved working with him [Joss Whedon] on it but that was a big show, a very expensive show and it wasn't delivering the numbers.”\n\nHowever, some factors contributed to the poor ratings, unrelated to the show content, 1) It was in a really bad time-slot, Friday nights, known as the \"Friday night death slot\". and 2) It was aired out of order which allegedly confused some viewers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
a53z37
|
how do financial crises differ between developed and developing countries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a53z37/eli5_how_do_financial_crises_differ_between/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebjra9z",
"ebjwjdt",
"ebjwl8q",
"ebksvp4",
"ebl2bk1"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Can you elaborate?\n\nWhat do you mean how they differ? In what respect?",
"It's hard to group any but the edge cases. Each financial crisis is unique even among developed countries with mature economies, and economists will disagree about those too. But on the edges, developing countries are more prone to having crises from defaulting on debt, a coup, or other events that threaten the state; developed countries are more prone to having crises from stock bubbles, business cycles, or other events that stem from complex financial systems.",
"I recommend watching Poverty Inc. It is a great documentary detailing the current financial crises in developing countries, and the difference in the economic hardships they face vs developed countries. It also provides a unique perspective on NGOs and aid programs. ",
"Building on what others have said, no two economic crises are really the same. The common theme is that some kind of shock unravel part of the economy which causes the economy to shrink.\n\nFinancial crises are equally varied as finance is not one thing. The 2008 crash and the English currency crisis around the late 80s/early 90s could both be described as financial but are fundamentally different. The former was caused by banks being over leveraged on a risky asset and the latter was caused by poor monetary policy.\n\nThe differences will then be determined by the differences in the financial and governance systems. This is completely contextual and so impossible to generalise but I'll give an example of financial development's impact.\n\nBroadly financial and economic development go hand in hand so developing countries have less sophisticated financial markets meaning less stocks and bonds. Moreover people are less able to save so there is less speculation in the market (foreigners tend to broadly stay out due to the political risk). This means the chance of the market causing big shocks on its own is lower as it is a much smaller force, but the impact of government policy could be much greater. So, you might expect more financial crises like Zimbabwe's hyperinflation and fewer like 2008.\n\nP.s. sorry this isn't aimed at a 5 year old",
"If i had to generalize id say, your more likley to get currency (monetary policy) type financial crisis in developing economies and more likley to get asset valuation crisis (asset bubbles) in developed economies but that is a gross over simplification. \n\nThe reason I make that simplification is because generally developing economies goverments arnt as stable and they are more likley to use monetary policy to get out of debts or whatever. In developed economies with flourishing capital markets your more likley to get too many people investing in an asset class and driving the price up too high to be reasonable, developing economies would be less likley to have a robust capital market.\n\nAgain, highly simplified and highly general."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3tyw47
|
why do some people have such a difficulty remembering names?
|
I have real difficulty remembering names of people. It is really frustrating sometimes. Someone could introduce themselves, and halfway into the conversation, I would forget their name. I have friends who are able to instantly remember name that was mentioned once in a conversation and recall it years after.
Why? and is there a way to improve this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tyw47/eli5_why_do_some_people_have_such_a_difficulty/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxagma7",
"cxago6l",
"cxagygj",
"cxah5kr",
"cxaji6k",
"cxajsk3",
"cxakfus",
"cxamd4x",
"cxang8q",
"cxanh72",
"cxanojd",
"cxas8z7",
"cxauz3g",
"cxb7sqq"
],
"score": [
208,
46,
2,
12,
88,
2,
6,
2,
3,
3,
5,
5,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Its probably the fact that a name is introduced first and then comes the information with which people recognize a person. Physical characteristics, voice, behavior and whatnot will leave a bigger impression than just a name.",
"I think it happens because we are in the moment: assessing verbal and nonverbal cues and pheromones, looking at how they are dressed, thinking how we are coming across and what to say. A way to improve is to repeat the name a few times. \"Lankanmon, is it? Nice to meet you Lankanmon.\" Also, early on, in the first meeting especially, don't be afraid to ask their name again. \"I'm sorry, I'm at a disadvantage here. You know my name, but I've forgotten yours. Yes, Lankanmon.\"\n\nEdit: a word",
"Many reasons, I think because I have very few friends, so the names aren't really that important if you're convinced they aren't going to actually be someone that's important to you (why bother learning a name that will just be useless information?)\n\nI realized I'm very visual, I can remember people in vivid detail (their faces, what they were wearing, sometimes even how recently they had a haircut), yet their names often escape me.",
"I don't really have an explanation, but I have the same problem. My theory is that social anxiety prevents me from really retaining anything that gets said in the first few seconds of a conversation - too focused on not saying something stupid myself. The only way I've been able to combat it is try to be around when a bunch of people introduce themselves and try to commit the name to memory when they introduce themselves to someone else. Usually works. ",
"Because, when I meet you, I'm too busy going over some inner-dialogue to make sure I don't look like a complete idiot by shaking your hand too softly or smiling the wrong way or saying the wrong words. By the time all of the introductory technicalities have been worked out to be sufficient in my brain, I have no fucking clue what you said your name was.",
"Improvement tips - ALWAYS call people by their name when you see them. E.g.\n\n1. \nThem - hi\nYou - Hi Michael how are you?\n\n2. \nIf you forget the name the first time you meet just ask again at the end.\nYou - that was a great conversation (or whatever). Sorry I was so interested in it I forgot your name. haha what is it again?\n\nGood luck:)",
"In my case I can remember the name but I'm awful at recognising faces, so I can't tie them together when use them again. I may as well not remember the names because I never know if this is that person anyway. ",
"Because I honestly don't care enough. It's a problem, but unless I know I'm going to see you again atleast multiple times, I go into auto small talk mode without emotional investment in the conversation.",
"Personally I don't assosciate people with their names that much. Which is to say that the mental picture I have of someone, even someone I've known all my life, does not include their name. But I imagine if when I thought of someone I typically also thought of their name I imagine I would be better at remembering names.",
"I think it's near the wernicke's system that we store names. That's a part of our brain near the bottom. On one side we store faces and on the other we store names. To remember someone's name, those two areas have to connect, and work together. Some people have a poor connection. If you drink too much, over a long period, it will mess up that connection. Other people have a messed up area that stores, and interprets faces. Google prosopagnosia, it's common name is face blindness. These people just can't take in faces or, in milder versions, don't remember them. This guy Oliver sacks talks about a patient with prosopagnosia, who mistook his wife's face for a hat. Google that, it's great story. \n\n\nEdit: to help remember names. Stare at the person's face a little extra and repeat there name in conversation. People like to hear their name a lot as it triggers a positive response in the brain and it will help you remember. ",
"Check out some YouTube videos by **Jim Kwik--founder of _URL_0_**. He's excellent at teaching memory skills, and even the podcasts where he's interviewed ([School of Greatness](_URL_1_) or [Underground Wellness](_URL_2_)), he explains very interesting concepts and tricks that anyone can use. \n\nThe very first thing to do if you want to get better at remembering names is to stop telling yourself \"I'm horrible at remembering names\", because your mind will believe it. Rather, tell yourself, \"I used to be bad at remembering names, but now I'm getting better and better\". Your self-talk is very important. \n\nA trick Jim Kwik gives to help you remember is the analogy **\"M.O.M.\"** \n\n**M - Motivation**. If we were in a room of 50 people, and I told you that I will introduce each person to you [i]once[/i], and if after an hour, I will give you $1,000 for each person's name you remember, and if you remember all 50 names, I'll give you a bonus $50,000. I think you would agree that you will have a strong motivation to remember everyone's name and you probably will too. \n\n**O - Observation**. If you were to try to remember these names, you might come up with some analogy or trick to remember their name. For example, you meet Eric. Maybe Eric looks just like your co-worker with the same name. Or you meet an Indian guy named Ajit. Being a new name to you, you might ask how he spells it (but you wouldn't ask Tom or Paul how they spell their name), and you might also ask what does their name mean (\"invincible\" or \"he who has not been conquered in Sanskrit). Or you might ask how they were named that (after their parents' favorite movie star, or a beloved relative, etc... People might appreciate this because it's not often asked. \n\n**M - Mechanics**. This one is essentially a method that you find easy to remember. For example, if you remember visualization, maybe visualize meeting Bob bobbing up and down in the ocean. Or maybe associations work for you (Rebecca has red hair. Rebecca redhead). Of course, the sillier the better, but maybe keep some of the more potentially offensive ones to yourself.\n\nAfter a while, you get better at it and don't need to concentrate so hard.\n\nJim Kwik also has another analogy - **BE SUAVE**, which to cover briefly, stands for: \n\n**Believe** - Believe you can be good at remembering names \n**Exercise** - Practice these methods \n**Say the name** - \"Nice to meet you, Sandra!\" \n**Use it** - Use it in your conversation, but sparingly. Don't say their name too many times, that's just weird. \n**Ask about it** - \"Ajit? That's a unique name, what does it mean? How did you get your name? \n**Visualize** - Bob bobbing in the ocean. \n**End by saying their name** - \"Thanks again, Lucy, it was nice to meet you!\" \n\nAlso, don't be afraid to ask someone for their name. If I forget, I might say, \"Sorry, can you tell me your name again?\". This is received so much better than you never saying their name, especially if it's clear you don't remember, because that shows you don't care. But if you ask for their name again, it shows you care, and they'll appreciate it.\n\n(Edit: formatting)",
"Unrelated but I noticed that in Chinese youth culture, people don't usually start with introductions in a group setting. People just start doing things together and names are known through the grapevine.\n\nIt's obviously different if 5 people know each other and a new person joins.\n\nThere just isn't something like a 30 person icebreaker where everybody introduces themselves and gets forgotten.\n\nI think in cultures where there are many people, this is understood so no one cares that much. In the U.S. though, individual recognition on the name level is important so unscalable processes are still used even when they have broken down.",
"God its so good to know I'm not the only one that can't remember names of people . I like to socialize but it's so awkward at times. Been this way my whole life. Wife's friends, kids friends, coworkers you name it I can forget it. Hey Bud good to see you again.",
"I work in a factory and my uniform has my name on it yet, two people in particular can't say my name right. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"SuperheroYou.com",
"http://lewishowes.com/podcast/jim-kwik/",
"http://undergroundwellness.com/podcast-228-how-to-upgrade-your-memory/"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
evsuph
|
how do wikipedia pronunciations work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/evsuph/eli5_how_do_wikipedia_pronunciations_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ffxqs0m"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It’s the [International Phonetic Alphabet](_URL_0_) \n\nThe idea is that if you understand how to read those symbols, you can learn to pronounce words in any language using them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"
]
] |
||
4d3da2
|
eve online's new great war
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4d3da2/eli5_eve_onlines_new_great_war/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1ngdd5",
"d1nh95w",
"d1nhc7b"
],
"score": [
2,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"You can control areas of space. They will make a lot of money. People are fighting for control, so they can make more money.\n\n\nThis talks about the history and factions involved.\n_URL_0_",
"2 Sides: The Imperium (formerly CFC) vs MoneyBadger Coalition (or pretty much everyone else)\n\nThe Imperium mostly contains Goons, members of the Something Awful forums - over the course of the game (now 13 years old), they've pretty much defeated everyone else in the game at one time or another, so now everyone has ganged up against the Imperium to take them out.\n\nSlightly more complicated answer: _URL_0_",
"I heard explained somewhere that in essence: \n\na big A-Hole-ish corporation that bullies everyone and kills people and are overall dirtbags in one form or another where doing there thing when all the little guys said \"were tired of your Sh*t A-hole corp!\" and then they banded together to fight the big scary cooperation in some area of space that mattered for monetary reasons.\n\nim actually not sure how the battle turned out, is it still going or did someone win?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aJz4n21gD8"
],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/Eve/comments/4cdmmc/wtf_is_going_on_the_answer/"
],
[]
] |
||
214zea
|
how does my water bottle get green stuff in it even though i haven't used it in days?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/214zea/eli5_how_does_my_water_bottle_get_green_stuff_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg9q2xm"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"all water you will come in contact with on a daily basis has living things in it. \ngenuinely pure H2O is difficult enough to get that even chemists put up with this nonesense. \n\nonce the water stops moving, the cultures are better able to grow, which is why green crap doesn't come out of your sink."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2byme3
|
why doesn't the us fly drones over iraq and bomb isis members?
|
Surely the US has the capability to do so, and the ISIS wouldn't really be able to stop the drones, so why isn't the US doing it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2byme3/eli5_why_doesnt_the_us_fly_drones_over_iraq_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cja6c0h",
"cja6ppg"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"They're in cities and other population centres, you can't just plainly identify them all and separate them from innocent people. \n\nDrones and random bombing is how you CREATE ISIS members to begin with. ",
"ISIS members don't wear a big hat that says \"I'm an ISIS member\" they blend in with local population. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2i2p7f
|
why does the head of the islam not distance their religion from terrorists?
|
When there are scandals in the Christian church, the pope always apologizes but somehow we never hear apologies from the head of the Islam
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2i2p7f/eli5_why_does_the_head_of_the_islam_not_distance/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cky966v",
"cky9maa"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"There is no \"head of Islam\", just like there is no \"head of Christianity\". The pope is the head of the Catholic church, which is just one of the many Christian denominations.",
"We shouldn't expect Islamic leaders (and Muslims in general) to have to distance themselves from terrorists (who have taken Islam and warped it to their own violent ends) any more than we should expect Christian leaders to have to distance their religion from such terrorists as the Lord's Resistance Army, the NLFT in India, the IRA or Christian militants in the Central African Republic; or Jewish leaders from the Jewish Defence League; or Hindu leaders from Saffron Terrorism."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
49l8n2
|
why is home distilling illegal in the us, but homebrewing and home winemaking are not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49l8n2/eli5_why_is_home_distilling_illegal_in_the_us_but/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0sozdl",
"d0sozw6",
"d0spals",
"d0spjwr",
"d0t378o",
"d0t6ecj"
],
"score": [
27,
2,
11,
5,
5,
4
],
"text": [
"Distillation involves alcohol vapor and heat, usually in the form of an open flame. This is a very bad mix, and can easily lead to your house rapidly expanding in all directions.\n\nAlso, it's not too hard to poison yourself or others with moonshine. Distilling good safe liquor can be done, but it requires some care in recipe formulation and distilling practice. I think the risk is actually smaller than it's made out to be, but there's no doubt that people have been hurt in the past by badly-prepared 'shine.",
"Safety, mostly. Yeast fermented products make mostly ethanol, and trace amounts of methanol. They also cap at about 12 percent alcohol by volume, meaning they are not flammable.\n\nBut if you add the refining process distillation, you begin to mess with this non-dangerous formula. If done correctly: whiskey! If not: methanol! Or explosion! If halfway between, moonshine!\n\nIndustrial producers have to meet safety standards to prevent both fire and methanol poisoning. Home brewers can't be expected to carry this out themselves as easily.",
"Federal law regulating and taxing the production of alcoholic beverages includes exemptions for producing beer and wine, but not for distillation--this is because the hobby community of beer and wine makers is much larger than for distilled spirits. Home distillation would much more frequently tend to represent an attempt to dodge federal excises taxes rather than a legitimate hobby, also because taxes on distilled beverages are higher.\n\nAlthough the other users make good points about safety, federal law on this topic is mostly concerned with taxation and the related proper storage and labeling of spirits. The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau has a [short overview](_URL_0_).",
"Another reason, not to pull away from the pack too much here, is the recent (still < 100 years ago) prohibition movement in the US. The ability to distill strong spirits from grain caused an alcoholism epidemic around the turn of the century. Deaths and abuse that stemmed from this formed some of the first sparks of suffrage and prohibition. Many people at the time thought that this was only against spirits, and that they'd be able to continue drinking beer/wine. This lead to many folks backing prohibition who were upset that they'd lose their beer, and at the thought of a dry saloon many conceded that spirits were awful if only to get their beer back.\nCreating a schism between spirits and regular fermented drinks at the time was necessary, in the eyes of many, to placate the needs of the movement and yet still keep hold of the drinks they needed and loved. \nIt is my opinion that a lot of those views and the laws built around them have been carried on to today's society. I'd point out the legal drinking age in america as another obvious relic of these reforms.\nPBS released a pretty easy to watch documentary called \"A Nation of Hypocrites\" a few years back, check that for more info. Lots of surprise celebrity narrators, it's on Netflix (in my region).",
"I think home distillation was initially outlawed in the USA mainly as a result of lobbying pressure from oil companies. Prior to that many farmers made alcohol as fuel for cars and tractors. See the book \"Alcohol Can Be A Gas\" by Dave Blume.\nHome brewing and wine making were also illegal for many years until being allowed again comparatively recently. I guess distillation was seen as a less user-friendly occupation, with more possible hazards.",
"1. Explodiness. When you have just the right ratio of oxygen to alcohol vapour in a still, it can detonate and blow your house right up. It's extremely dangerous to operate a still without proper knowledge. \n\n2. Methanol. Distilled liquor is supposed to have ethanol. It's fun. But methanol is extremely poisonous. Some yeast do produce methanol, but in tiny quantities. If you get the yeast wrong, and you have the wrong temperature in the still, you could be making something positively lethal. You could end up making something that has a lot of the methanol removed from it and enough methanol to kill anybody who drinks it, or to make them go blind. \n\n3. Taxes. They want you making booze only for personal use. Homebrew beer and wine won't compare in quality to professionally made stuff. But making hard alcohol with a still is dirt cheap and produces huge quantities of product. All you need is sugar, water, and yeast. If you want to get fancy you can use horse food or wheat bran. This makes it really easy to have a business on the side selling cheap hooch to alcoholics who don't care about the quality and just wanna get smashed. Then the state loses out on a lot of tax revenue."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.ttb.gov/spirits/home-distilling.shtml"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3oanuv
|
the fashion trend where people wear an army jacket with a german flag on the side?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3oanuv/eli5_the_fashion_trend_where_people_wear_an_army/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvvimc3",
"cvvj508"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"The most common, best quality army surplus jackets are the German ones, at least where I live (Australia). \n\nI assume these are the jackets you mean. These are hooded, with a detachable, kinda fleecy lining. Mostly in khaki, but grey, black or blue, too. There are also those army green, collared shirts with the flag on the sleeve. I like these, coz most other army surplus shirts have epaulets, which are annoying, and useless.\n\nSo probably coz they're cheap and practical, and better quality/more available than other nations.\n\nAre they in fashion, though? I had no clue. They were 'cool' (probably for the same reason) in the hippy years, then the punk scene in the late 70s/early 80s, and the grunge 90s. I guess they're about due for a comeback.",
"Field jackets and parkas have been fashionable since the 70's. It's just that currently the German flecktarn pattern is considered hot shit in a champagne glass."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5t5icj
|
why is the moon so much closer near the horizon than at its apex?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5t5icj/eli5why_is_the_moon_so_much_closer_near_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddkb8qw",
"ddkbatp"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's not. It only [looks larger](_URL_0_), in fact if we measure it it's actually 1.5% smaller. There's no definite explanation yet, either it's due to apparent distance (more objects between our eyes and the moon while it's near horizon, the farther it seems, thus with similar size, we thought it's bigger) or relative size (we compared moon size with objects nearby, which is plenty near the horizon) ",
"Nobody really knows.\n\nObviously, the moon doesn't actually change size- but if you hold an object at arms length when the moon is at the horizon and when the moon is at its peak, you'll notice it doesn't visually appear any larger either time, so there isn't some atmospheric magnification effect. In fact, the moon near the horizon is [1.5% *smaller* than at its full height.](_URL_1_)\n\nThere are many competing theories that attempt to explain why people think it looks bigger at the horizon. None of these theories has significantly more support than any other.\n\nSo the real answer? It's in your head.\n\n[Further reading](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_illusion"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_illusion",
"http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2010/10/why-the-moon-looks-bigger-on-the-horizon/"
]
] |
||
6uoz2a
|
if hangovers are due to dehydration, why are you not thirsty for the duration?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6uoz2a/eli5_if_hangovers_are_due_to_dehydration_why_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dlugc39"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because they are not just due to dehydration. Alcohol is metabolized by the body into a toxic substance called acetaldehyde which is the primary cause of hangovers. Dehydration is a factor though since your body uses water to clear out the toxic substance if you have little to none when you go to sleep your body won't clear out as much by the time you wake up."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7sm3xa
|
if i pour two liquids of the same density together without stirring, will they eventually mix by themselves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7sm3xa/eli5_if_i_pour_two_liquids_of_the_same_density/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dt5rttj"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Whether or not liquids mix does not depend on their density, but their chemical properties. Typically, that means whether they are hydrophilic (attracted to water) or hydrophobic (fear water). For example, water is hydrophilic, oil is hydrophobic, so they don't mix at all. Alcohol is somewhere inbetween, so you can mix it with water, but it can also be mixed into gasoline.\n\nNot all liquids fall into either of these categories though. Liquid mercury for example won't mix with either oil or water, but readily mix with other liquid (or solid) metals. This is for example how you can extract gold from sand with mercury: The gold will solve in the mercury, leaving the sand behind. The gold can then be removed from the mercury through chemical processes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8pfsez
|
why do suction cups lose grip at altitude?
|
I work at sea level, and sometimes drive a couple hours away to about 5000ft altitude. Every single time without fail, the suction cup on my radar detector falls off the windshield when i get back to my car at the end of the day. Otherwise it stays put no problem normally. Why does this happen?
────────
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8pfsez/eli5_why_do_suction_cups_lose_grip_at_altitude/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e0aw2m2",
"e0awdum"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Suction cups work by creating a small vacuum between the cup and the surface. This vacuum is not a perfect 0 pressure vacuum, but just a reduction of the surrounding air pressure. Since air pressure is lower at higher altitudes, the vacuum created at sea level will often be too high of a pressure to hold the cup in place.",
"Because atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. Suction cups create a vacuum between the cup and a surface, the atmosphere presses on the cup and that way, the cup stays in place, bust as you go higher and the atmospheric pressure decays, the push on the cup is lower and lower until the weight of whatever is holding is grater. I think if you set the cup when at 5000ft it should stay fixed even if you go down and up again. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
ddy2fh
|
why is it necessary to twist the mouth in a definite shape to whistle while no sound comes out if you whistle without twisting your mouth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ddy2fh/eli5_why_is_it_necessary_to_twist_the_mouth_in_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f2oxu87"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Sound is made of jiggling air. Each specific way you shape your mouth jiggles the air in a different way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1csnvg
|
the rationale and the end game for terrorists
|
Omitting the Boston bombings because it's probably too soon to really grasp a full understanding of the situation. I'm not sympathizing with terrorists by any stretch of the imagination, but I don't understand what blowing up or killing a bunch of innocents accomplishes. It happens in the US few and far in between but it seems to happen pretty frequently in other parts of the world. What do these terrorist groups hope to gain? What's their end game? Why specifically do they seem to target innocents?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1csnvg/eli5the_rationale_and_the_end_game_for_terrorists/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9jl7z0",
"c9jmv3c",
"c9jnexy",
"c9jnfu5",
"c9jnou7",
"c9jtem9"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
15,
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"They don't belive the poeple they attack are \"innocent\". In general terrorists (like bin Laden) have said they do what they do to strike back against US because of it's policies in the Middle East. They know in the past they used similar techniques against the Soviet Union (in Afghanistan as well) and that was a significant factor in it's eventual collapse. They'd like to see something like that happen to the US and/or it's allies.",
"This is quite hard to answer in simple terms, but with my news junkie understanding of things, here's how I see it.\n\nTerrorist organisations exist to try and provoke political change or changes to a society through the use of violence. Usually the desire for change is motivated by a particular ideology, and the selection of targets is based off this ideology, such as communist terrorist groups who wanted to help further the spread of communism - [here is a historical example](_URL_0_). \n\nThe end game for these groups is that they achieve the change that they are attempting to force. \n\nThe targeting of innocent civilians is essentially a move away from what are sometimes referred to as 'hard' targets (military and political institutions, which have security forces and are defended) to 'soft' targets (like shopping centres, high streets, where there's little to no security). It's much easier and less risky to attack civilians than to attack the military or police.\n\nThat's how I understand it, anyway.\n\n",
"Pretty sure you're just wanting a basic simplification, but to start here is the ELI5 Version:\n\nA terrorist wants to scare people. He's mad enough or crazy enough that he just doesn't care if anyone gets hurt, and he tries to find some way to hurt people so everyone else gets scared.\n\nAs for why they want to do it, well that's hard to answer and it's different for different people. It can be that someone else who was mad tricked them into it (brainwashed), or it could be that they're just really angry about something they think is not fair.\n\nThe important thing is this, don't let them have what they want. They want you to be afraid... afraid to go to school, or afraid to go do things with friends. Don't let them get away with that, and don't make them famous by talking about them. \n\n---\n\nThe laymen friendly simple version is this;\n\nLook at 9/11... look at what happened in the US after that. We're at each others throats over everything, the TSA checks your ass before you can travel, and we've spent ourselves into debt blowing up mud huts in a war that has made the region hate us even more than before we started.\n\nThat is the terrorists end game. Make them scared, and make others hate them. Break down their position.\n\nThink of it from a swapped position... it's easier if you think about it being aliens instead of humans (because these fucks don't tend to value lives). Alien occupation of earth, and you're fighting a losing battle. Many humans have become complacent slaves and you're trying to shake it up and bring them down. Now, with that view in mind, imagine different acts of terrorism that have been done.\n\n",
"Star Trek The Next Generation has a pretty good take on terrorism in \"The High Ground\" (season 3, episode 12). \n\nYou can watch for free if you have Amazon Prime. _URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_",
"Man, I was hoping for the other side of the question...\nWhat is the US/Western World/Civilized peaceful sovereignty's proposed end game for terrorism. \n\nWhen does it end? How do we know it is over? How could it end?\n",
"Terrorists attack military and civilian institutions to spread fear and panic in a population. Usually terrorists are motivated by being opposed to the victim governments policy in some area. Typically this is against an occupation in an area. Terrorists seek to make life uncomfortable for the victim population to force public pressure to change whatever government policy they dislike."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baader-Meinhof_Gang"
],
[],
[
"http://www.amazon.com/The-High-Ground/dp/B005HEPZYA",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_Ground_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
66rfne
|
why is coal apparently so bad for the environment that people celebrate a coal free day? is it any worse than natural gas or oil?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66rfne/eli5why_is_coal_apparently_so_bad_for_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgkocwh",
"dgkoymw",
"dgktqyi"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"I don't know all the ins and outs, but coal creates a lot more greenhouse gas when burnt than natural gas does. A quick Google search came up with this article that seems to explain it more thoroughly. \n\n[coal v nat. gas](_URL_0_) ",
"Burning stuff as fuel releases energy in the bonds that hold the material together and releases oxidized gasses.\n\nWith a fuel like natural Gas (CH4) there are 4 little C-H bonds and you get a CO2 and 2 H2O as exhaust gas for each molecule you burn. That means that only 1/3 of the exhaust molecules is CO2, the majority are harmless water molecules.\n\nLiquid fuels have more Cs and more Hs in longer chains (that's what makes them a liquid), but it's the same concept. You get some CO2 and some H2O.\n\nWith a fuel like coal (C) although the C=C bonds have lots of energy, all the exhaust gas is CO2. You literally can't generate more CO2 pollution than by burning pure C as a fuel.",
"In addition to the greenhouse gas generated by burning coal, coal mining is extremely dangerous, claiming thousands of lives per year. Coal causes the most deaths per kwh of energy of any source of energy we use. [Source](_URL_0_)\n\nBased on deaths per kwh, globally coal is over a thousand times as dangerous as oft maligned nuclear power. In the US, where both methods are safer than the global average, coal is a *million* times more dangerous than nuclear power.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/natural-gas-really-better-coal-180949739/"
],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_accidents"
]
] |
||
26tv9f
|
llc vs llp
|
Can someone please explain the difference to me?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26tv9f/eli5_llc_vs_llp/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chufo0o"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"LLC means a limited liability company. You gave a corporate entity which issues shares in its ownership. Shareholders are often not involved in the running of the company directly, they just vote at shareholders meetings etc. The shareholders are only liable for the company's debts to the extent they gave money to the company for the shares. They don't pay more if the company is sued.\n\nLLP is a limited liability partnership. Each partner is involved in carrying on the partnership's business, but no one partner is liable for another partner's misconduct."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ytz2j
|
why are there a 10 digit isbn and a 13 digit isbn?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ytz2j/eli5_why_are_there_a_10_digit_isbn_and_a_13_digit/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cygkufa"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"*\"For more than thirty years, ISBNs were 10 digits long. On January 1, 2007 the ISBN system switched to a 13-digit format. Now all ISBNs are 13-digits long\"*\n\n\nSource: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.isbn.org/about_isbn_standard"
]
] |
||
6yaisw
|
why if i were to shut a box made of mirrors in a light room, and then open it again in a dark room will no light come from the box?
|
There must be a good reason that I just can't think of, but shouldn't in theory the light just keep bouncing from mirror to mirror until the box is opened?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yaisw/eli5_why_if_i_were_to_shut_a_box_made_of_mirrors/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmlu60j",
"dmlu61r",
"dmlucjw"
],
"score": [
13,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Mirrors don't perfectly reflect all light, they absorb a small percentage of it. If each bounce absorbs 0.1% of the light, then after 10,000 bounces, basically none of the light is left (0.0004%). \n\nIn a small box, 10,000 bounces of light will happen in a microsecond or less!",
"Mirrors don't reflect perfectly. It absorbs a tiny amount of the light every time it bounces. You can see this with mirrors facing each other - the reflection will turn slightly green after several bounces. Light travels at the speed of light so it completes about 10 billion bounces before you can even blink your eye. The light will be completely absorbed the second you close the box. ",
"In theory, light will come out in a blink. In practice, this will not happen because there is always loss in mirrors."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2l5jd0
|
what is going on with the uk and the eu?
|
I live in England but don't have a TV and following the news is difficult, can somebody catch me up and explain how the UK has to pay so much more in Membership fees, why we might leave and all that? Thanks in advance.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l5jd0/eli5what_is_going_on_with_the_uk_and_the_eu/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clrnwdu",
"clrofdk",
"clrogl2",
"clrw4yv"
],
"score": [
59,
6,
14,
7
],
"text": [
"The amount that the UK pays to the EU is not a fixed figure, it is a percentage of GDP, the GDP was larger than it was expected to be so the amount they had to pay was more than it was expected to be. Many people do not know this, so the anti-EU brigade like to jump on it and say \"ooh, they're saying we have to pay more now\", but nothing actually happened, a bit like you did some overtime and earnt more money this month so your tax was more than last month.",
"In addition to the £1.7 billion, migration is a hot topic at the moment. Probably due to the recent gains by UKIP, the current government is making strong representations to the EU about putting a quota on immigration. Angela Merkel is standing firm and saying she would rather the UK leave the EU than allow quotas.\n\nMy opinion is that we should leave the EU, but it's a tough call.",
"We're being charged more because EU legislation counts black market trade (drugs, prostitution etc) as part of GDP, but when membership fees have been calculated over the last few years for some reason the black market trades have been omitted.\n\nAs for why we might leave, in the last decade the media has made a scapegoat of immigrants and benefit fraud, blaming the poor state of the economy on them despite the fact that benefit fraud accounts for a nominal amount of the overall deficit and immigrants overall pay more into the UK kitty than they take out.\n\nThere's a tendency to blame unemployment on immigration because of the over-saturation of workers in the low-level unskilled job market but the [figures](_URL_0_) show there's actually barely any difference between the amount of EU workers in the UK and the amount of UK workers elsewhere in the EU.",
"I see lots of great answers, but one important notion is missing:\n\n**The UK is paying more to compensate for paying less – and even receiving reductions – the previous xx (mainly 4) years.** Yes, the UK changed, in other words, improved the way their GDP is calculated. Gray / black areas such as prostitution are now accounted for and previous years' GDPs have been corrected. **Therefore the UK has to throw in an additional amount of € 2.1 billion, while France and Germany receive a combined reduction of € 1.4 billion for overpaying the past xx years.**\n\nI ~~stole~~ shat [this screenshot](_URL_2_) from [a BBC article](_URL_0_). [Related BBC article](_URL_1_): check the video at the bottom."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5cd640f6-9025-11e3-a776-00144feab7de.html"
],
[
"http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29757296",
"http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-29784488",
"http://cl.ly/image/3z1I2n3E1I0C/Screen%20Shot%202014-11-03%20at%2019.38.37.png"
]
] |
|
5sxsbl
|
65% of people worldwide are lactose intolerant, especially in africa and asia, where rates of 90% aren't uncommon. but i've eaten cheese-covered pizza all over the world with people of all national origins and never once has anyone had a problem...how?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5sxsbl/eli5_65_of_people_worldwide_are_lactose/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddinr8f",
"ddir1a1"
],
"score": [
10,
2
],
"text": [
"When making cheese a lot of the lactose is separated in the whey that is pressed out of the solid curd that makes the cheese. What lactose that is left in the cheese is often consumed by bacteria and fungi during the maturation process of the cheese. So there are many varieties that can be eaten by people who are lactose intolerant and only those with the most severe intolerance reactions will have problems with it. ",
"Studies have found that most lactose-intolerant people can consume small amounts of lactose without negative repercussions. So small amounts of milk products that have been processed in ways that reduce lactose (e.g. Cheese, yogurt) are likely fine. Those same people probably wouldn't do as well with drinking a glass of milk."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
317pm7
|
why aren't digital movies way cheaper than dvd's?
|
For example: Say a movie cost $12.99 on Itunes or Google Play. Why? They no longer have to have a dvd manufactured which requires a factory and workers or have it shipped (trucks, drivers) or pay for overhead such as a store with employees to sell it. I realize there is still going to be some overhead cost but it seems like they should be way cheaper. So should songs too but I am more wondering about the cost of movies.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/317pm7/eli5why_arent_digital_movies_way_cheaper_than_dvds/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpz2t0f",
"cpz2z5q",
"cpz3142",
"cpz3yxz",
"cpzj8mo"
],
"score": [
18,
4,
2,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"The cost to manufacture a DVD is mere pennies, so it was never a major factor in determining the price in the first place. It's all about finding a price point that maximizes their profit. Too expensive and not many people will buy it. To cheap and they don't make very much money even when lots of people buy it. Somewhere in the middle must exist at least one optimal price that maximizes their profits.",
"digital movies are cheaper to distribute than dvd's.\n\nbut customer's are willing to pay the same. so that means more profit.",
"People will pay the same for a digital copy as for a dvd.\n\nIf they devalue the digital copies, then no one will buy the DVDs anymore, in favor of cheaper digital movies.\n\nNow they've lost money on their digital copies, and they've lost money on their dvds.\n\nThey are for-profit companies, so their business is making money, so that's a bad decision for them.",
"Production and distribution (licensing) costs, mostly. Why are cinema tickets so expensive? Same reason. The studio has to make back the investment into the movie, and content distributors (theaters, DVD retailers, digital stores) have to pay the content owner (the studio) for the right to sell you the content.\n\nDVD manufacturing and distribution adds only a minor overhead when you consider the original cost of making the movie, which gets passed to the consumer through the distributors.",
"Because you're paying for the content. You're not paying $12.99 for a disc of plastic with a plastic case, you're paying for the data it has on it (in this case, the movie).\n\nSame deal with digital music and e-books."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
k24ca
|
what carl sagan did that made him so famous and important
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k24ca/eli5_what_carl_sagan_did_that_made_him_so_famous/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2gxomo",
"c2gxq3b",
"c2gxqqh",
"c2gxomo",
"c2gxq3b",
"c2gxqqh"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
9,
3,
2,
9
],
"text": [
"He's probably mostly famous for being the \"host\" of the documentary \"[Cosmos](_URL_0_)\". Probably about 99% of the time you see a picture of him here on Reddit, that's where it's from.\n\nHe was also a professor for quite a few years, and he worked with Nasa as well. He wrote a bunch of books on the subject too... He's a pretty big deal as far as space stuff goes.\n\n",
" He was a smart, well spoken man, who spread scientific knowledge to the general public.\n\n Some scientists do a lot of work but mostly just talk to other scientists, so non-scientists do not know about them.",
"Really, the wikipedia article will cover fairly simply what he's famous for: _URL_0_\n\nFamous for the 'Cosmos' series and scientific advocacy. Important for the reasons listed on the wikipedia. As far as why reddit seems to a big fan, he is an outspoken (but not terribly aggressive) atheist, and brought advanced scientific ideas to the layperson much more simply and with a badass voice.\n\nEdit: Also, he smoked weed.",
"He's probably mostly famous for being the \"host\" of the documentary \"[Cosmos](_URL_0_)\". Probably about 99% of the time you see a picture of him here on Reddit, that's where it's from.\n\nHe was also a professor for quite a few years, and he worked with Nasa as well. He wrote a bunch of books on the subject too... He's a pretty big deal as far as space stuff goes.\n\n",
" He was a smart, well spoken man, who spread scientific knowledge to the general public.\n\n Some scientists do a lot of work but mostly just talk to other scientists, so non-scientists do not know about them.",
"Really, the wikipedia article will cover fairly simply what he's famous for: _URL_0_\n\nFamous for the 'Cosmos' series and scientific advocacy. Important for the reasons listed on the wikipedia. As far as why reddit seems to a big fan, he is an outspoken (but not terribly aggressive) atheist, and brought advanced scientific ideas to the layperson much more simply and with a badass voice.\n\nEdit: Also, he smoked weed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan"
]
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.