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mdby2
|
the electromagnetic spectrum & the bohr model of the atom
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mdby2/eli5_the_electromagnetic_spectrum_the_bohr_model/
|
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"text": [
"i know that i'm being no help getting this question answered, but you need to split these two topics up since they have little to do with each other.",
"I think I understand what you are getting at. I will try to explain but I am not a chemist.\n\nWe have known that there are two parts of the atom for a long time, the nucleus and the electron. (Nucleus has proton and neutron but we will just consider it one nucleus.) The interaction of these bits is what differentiates all the different atomic models, mainly how the electron moves in reference to the nucleus. The Bohr model illustrates that there are fixed energy levels for electrons to inhabit. (This is based off the math of quantum physics). \n\nAn analogy would be shelves in your pantry. Let's say you are five and it is easiest for you to put them on the ground at the bottom of the shelves, so when your Mom asks you to put two groceries away you put them there. Your Mom then asks you to put one more grocery away. There is no more room on the ground so you put it on the first shelf. You could have put the first groceries on the shelf but it would have been harder than putting them on the ground.\n\nThe rest cannot be explained in the analogy as I can figure out. So the electrons fall in to different \"valence\" levels (shelves). It requires the least energy to stay in the lowest valence shell (floor of the pantry) and increases in energy as you move to the outer layers of the valence shell (higher up in the pantry). \n\nThe electromagnetic spectrum is just different wavelengths of the electromagnetic wave. Red is a larger wavelength than violet and all the other colors fall in the middle. \n\nThe way the spectrum interacts with the Bohr model:\nIt takes very specific amounts of energy for electrons to jump from one valance level to another. Different wave lengths of light have different amounts of energy associated with them. (the higher the frequency the more energy) So when a certain frequency light hits an electron that needs that specific amount of energy to jump up a valence level, the electron absorbs that light's energy and jumps. That is the basis of spectroscopy and why you can identify elements based on their [electromagnetic spectrum fingerprint](_URL_0_). The dark lines in the spectrum indicate what frequencies of light were absorbed by electrons jumping up valence levels.\n\nSorry if I messed any of that up, please correct me chemists!\n\nTL;DR: If you didn't want to read it, don't worry about it.",
"i know that i'm being no help getting this question answered, but you need to split these two topics up since they have little to do with each other.",
"I think I understand what you are getting at. I will try to explain but I am not a chemist.\n\nWe have known that there are two parts of the atom for a long time, the nucleus and the electron. (Nucleus has proton and neutron but we will just consider it one nucleus.) The interaction of these bits is what differentiates all the different atomic models, mainly how the electron moves in reference to the nucleus. The Bohr model illustrates that there are fixed energy levels for electrons to inhabit. (This is based off the math of quantum physics). \n\nAn analogy would be shelves in your pantry. Let's say you are five and it is easiest for you to put them on the ground at the bottom of the shelves, so when your Mom asks you to put two groceries away you put them there. Your Mom then asks you to put one more grocery away. There is no more room on the ground so you put it on the first shelf. You could have put the first groceries on the shelf but it would have been harder than putting them on the ground.\n\nThe rest cannot be explained in the analogy as I can figure out. So the electrons fall in to different \"valence\" levels (shelves). It requires the least energy to stay in the lowest valence shell (floor of the pantry) and increases in energy as you move to the outer layers of the valence shell (higher up in the pantry). \n\nThe electromagnetic spectrum is just different wavelengths of the electromagnetic wave. Red is a larger wavelength than violet and all the other colors fall in the middle. \n\nThe way the spectrum interacts with the Bohr model:\nIt takes very specific amounts of energy for electrons to jump from one valance level to another. Different wave lengths of light have different amounts of energy associated with them. (the higher the frequency the more energy) So when a certain frequency light hits an electron that needs that specific amount of energy to jump up a valence level, the electron absorbs that light's energy and jumps. That is the basis of spectroscopy and why you can identify elements based on their [electromagnetic spectrum fingerprint](_URL_0_). The dark lines in the spectrum indicate what frequencies of light were absorbed by electrons jumping up valence levels.\n\nSorry if I messed any of that up, please correct me chemists!\n\nTL;DR: If you didn't want to read it, don't worry about it."
]
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[] |
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"http://www.ap.stmarys.ca/~ishort/Astro/spectroscopy.gif"
],
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"http://www.ap.stmarys.ca/~ishort/Astro/spectroscopy.gif"
]
] |
||
35gmdc
|
whats the difference between burma and myanmar.
|
Why are there two names? Why do we write Burma (Myanmar) on maps?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35gmdc/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_burma_and/
|
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"Burma was the name the British gave to the country. When the military govt. took over they changed the name to remove colonial influence (like India and the Democratic People's Republic of Congo did). Some maps still contain both because there is a controversy over the legitimacy of the current government.",
"The country suffered a military coup, and has been run by an extremely corrupt government that almost no one recognizes as legitimate. \"Burma\" was the English name given to the region by the colonialists who controlled it. In 1989, after the military coup, they changed the names of a lot of places which were named by the colonialist powers, including the country itself, to Myanmar, or more formally, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.\n\nAs most nations refuse to recognize the military coup leadership, they fail to recognize the name change as well, and still refer to it as Burma... however maps label it both in an attempt to avoid confusion, much like how many maps handle various Indian cities whose names have been changed from their former colonialist names (Mumbai-Bombay)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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|
9t8ufx
|
why are there so many icloud locked iphones sold on ebay as for parts?
|
Where do people get phones that they later find out is unusable because it is iCloud locked?
If it is broken, I am guessing that sellers just find broken phones in an electronics recycling bin and the previous owner didn’t remove iCloud lock.
But if it isn’t broken, where do the phones come from? The only way I can think of is a stolen phone. Unless the owner forgot both the email and password, which is a very rare situation.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9t8ufx/eli5_why_are_there_so_many_icloud_locked_iphones/
|
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"When I did phone sales, there were always dumb employees who forgot to check if the iCloud lock was disabled before paying the customer. So a store would buy a useless phone and then we'd get notified that it was disposed because of a software lock.\n\nThat's probably the most common way they make it to a second hand source."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
1uv0ze
|
if humans evolved to better survive, why would we develop an urge to kill ourselves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1uv0ze/eli5if_humans_evolved_to_better_survive_why_would/
|
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"text": [
"Most of us don't have an urge to kill ourselves..\n\nIf you're talking about the thoughts that many people have about possibly doing something suicidal, such as randomly cranking your steering wheel one way and crashing into a tree, use the search bar on the right and look for 'intrusive thoughts'.",
"Because survival/reproduction used to be what it was all about and now, humanity is beginning to get beyond that. \n\nWe create ideas. We discover new things. We live longer than any other megafauna on the planet and have more advanced cognition as a species. We can become bored. We have externalized a sense of time (clocks) and have complex systems of behavior and daily ritual that are required to fit in with others who offer resources and emotional support. \n\nWe are also highly social and the way we socialize has changed much faster than our biology. \n\nThere are variations and severities of mood disorders too. \n\nWanting to kill yourself (but not actually doing it) can also be tied to a feeling of importance and tied to insecure attachments to parents or loved ones (as in \"I should kill myself and then they will all see how terrible they've been to me!\"). \n\nThere's also a number of people who use suicide threats as abusive and emotionally manipulative tactics to control those around them. \n\nEvolution isn't a conscious thing. It is a set of adaptations that work well enough (not perfectly) to ensure survival of an entire species. \n\nBeing somewhat depressive is actually a good thing because it makes us prone to planning for the future and creating precautions against predators or fatal accidents. \n\nBut sometimes, too much of something leads to problems, and some people feel suicidal for a variety of reasons. \n\nIf you are feeling suicidal, please call a suicide helpline. They are 24/7 and someone is always there to talk. \n\n1-800-273-8255 is the national suicide hotline. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
72uwn0
|
how does bailing out major economic crashes affect the economy?
|
Also, who paid for them? Curious as to what the largest bailouts were (I'm guessing 2007 is one of them, but I am not financially knowledgable) and who suffers/gains from them
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/72uwn0/eli5_how_does_bailing_out_major_economic_crashes/
|
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"OK. So there was more than one bailout in 2008, but the largest of them (the October one) was several times larger than any of the others. So it's the only one that anyone remembers. There were others through history, but again WAAAY smaller. Here's a historical article.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSo, to address the question of who pays for them. The US government sells a thing called a bond. It's also known as a US treasury bill. This is a thing that people, institutions, retirement plans and anyone with an investment account can buy from the government. Various government departments even buy these bonds, so effectively the government buys them from itself. Other countries can also buy these bonds.\n\nThese bonds are sold on the open trading market. Anyone that wants to buy one can buy one. The US government can make them more or less attractive by raising or lowering the interest rates that these bonds pay.\n\nWhen you buy a bond you pay a certain amount for it. The bond then pays you interest payments until it \"expires\" and at that time you get your original investment back. Because the US government is considered very reliable these bonds are considered VERY secure, basically a 100% chance of payback. \n\nEvery investor needs to balance risk and return. Normally large potential returns mean large amounts of risk. Different investors have different tolerances for risk. Government bonds are normally purchased to balance out other high-risk investments, as a kind of insurance plan.\n\nThese bonds ARE GOVERNMENT DEBT. You, me, China (and other countries) and basically anyone with some savings, insurance or pension are loaning the government money when we buy a bond, the government pays us interest and eventually gives the money back. \n\nThat is where this money came from. The government sold some more bonds. They borrowed the money. \n\nNext, we address why they would do this. Banks don't like losing money. If they lose money they will not take additional risks in the future. The banks lost a lot of money in 2008 and as a result, they were refusing to lend anyone any more money. This caused many markets to start to have BIG problems. No one can buy a house if no one can get a mortgage and no one can sell a house if no one is buying. People that build houses are out of jobs because no one can buy, people that sell tools and people that cut lumber also start to have problems. \n\nBasically, it's a chain reaction. When large parts of the economy start to falter there are effects lower down the food chain. For example. I work in a store that sells mainly to building contractors. If new construction loans are hard to come by, there's less construction happening and my store's customers start to be short on work. That means they don't buy stuff from my store, that means I might get laid off. So there are lots of layoffs because of that shortage of work and that transitions to a whole lot of people not eating out, not buying new TVs, cutting way down on all kinds of expenses and that hits the revenue of those businesses. \n\nSo when the banks stopped lending there were BIG effects in almost every industry. Construction is something like 5% of the overall economy but that's number grows larger and larger when you consider the downstream effects. \n\nThen there's automotive loans and normal business loans. My store recently got a super large order, we needed to borrow money in order to finance the purchase of inventory for that order. Once we sold that stock, we were able to spend that money to grow our business. In 2008 none of that would have happened because we would not have been able to finance the initial inventory purchase.\n\nSo the question of who suffers and who gains is complex. Bankers who got us into that whole mess be lending to willingly certainly did not pay the piper for their mistakes. They were let off the hook because allowing their banks to suffer those losses would have caused us all to much pain. \n\nThe best analogy I have is that of a parent. Parents often have to publish their children in ways that also punish the parent. The parents do so because allowing the child to go unpunished would teach them bad lessons. So when my kid loses his going to ice cream on Sunday privileges, I also lose my Sunday icecream because I can't leave him at home. \n\nThis is kind of the opposite situation. Teaching the banks their lesson would have been so painful for the general economy that we decided that we could not afford to do it. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/government-financial-bailout.asp"
]
] |
|
36b3xc
|
why is genetically modifying embryos 'morally corrupt'?
|
I don't see anything morally wrong with this.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/36b3xc/eli5_why_is_genetically_modifying_embryos_morally/
|
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"Because the state of the DNA engineering is still so primitive that major irreversible mistakes will be made frequently. ",
"I think it has to do with a couple of reasons. \n\nFor one, there's the religious people, believing that genetic alteration is the work of God, and that changing your offsprings' genes to your liking, is akin to 'playing god'. \n\nThen there's the people thinking that, since human genetic recombination will be very very expensive when firstly introduced, the wealthiest families are going to get an even bigger advantage over the 'regular' people. \n\nFinally, some people argue that it's not natural, and might end in something like a global 'incest', since most people might end up with the same genetic template. \n\nI don't nessecarily disagree with any of these views, but I do think it's a chance worth risking, since the long term gain greatly outweights the potential dangers.\n\n",
"It's a philosophical discussion more than anything.\n\nShould we allow our species to naturally develop or should some be given the upper hand at birth with more desirable qualities? Also, genetic modification is still costly and would be primarily reserved for the wealthy for the time being. This could, in theory, eventually create \"superior\" human beings whom would be smarter, more athletically inclined, and physically attractive than other humans. A divide among our species could develop producing tensions and the genetically unmodified \"class\" being repressed. So the argument against genetic modification is that it would not be fair for some to have the most desirable qualities from birth while the majority of others would need to work with what was naturally given to them. \n\n",
"In addition to what's been said in terms of inequality - the changes are heritable, so future generations (ie. past the edited generations), or their parents (the children with edited genomes) don't actually have a say in whether it's in their best interests. At the moment, the tech's imperfect and harmful mutations can be passed down.",
"Because of the sufferance of those failed experiments. \nIf you were to suggest terminating them as a solution, your solution would also be morally corrupt.\n\n\n",
"I don't know if it's \"morally corrupt\", but it does pose some very, very serious issues with consent and should absolutely not be done, by anyone, I would argue even on nonviable embryos, until there is some sort of international conference discussing what the ethics are. I am not against the principle of editing the genome of embryos, but the practical truth is you never ever know what exactly you changed. There WILL be off target effects, and there will not really be any way to tell. \n\nThere are certain situations where editing an embryo genome seems very straightforward, and few people would disagree that this is a problem, such as restoring function to a critical gene that would otherwise cause severe disease. That seems innocent enough, but you never really change just *one* thing in the genome. And there is absolutely no way to know every change you made. Is it ethical to edit a human embryo to fix one disease, only for that individual to develop cancer as a child? Wouldn't it have been kinder to not let the embryo develop in the first place? I consider it a very serious breach of ethics to now have a sentient human being who carries a disease that scientists caused because they were trying to fix another problem at the embryonic stage. \n\nOnce again, I don't think that genetically modifying humans is fundamentally wrong and there might be a day when we do it. At this point, I think it is far too premature for anyone to study it at all. There needs to be a meeting, first. The benefits are tenuous. The risks are substantial, and a person who had no say in the matter is the recipient of those risks. "
]
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|
528ic0
|
why do rabbits constantly twitch their noses?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/528ic0/eli5_why_do_rabbits_constantly_twitch_their_noses/
|
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"Experts believe that rabbits twitch their noses because twitching moves about the sensitive smelling organs in their noses and exposes them to more air. This means that they are more likely to smell a scent, even if there is very little of it in the air.\n\n\nSource : _URL_0_",
"My rabbits twitch rapidly when they are alert and interested, e.g. about to be fed, scared or excited. They twitch very slowly, or not at all, when they are sleeping or totally relaxed. During the heightened state of alertness they want to get as much information from their surroundings are possible, so the twitching / sniffing will give them more smells to analyse.",
"They're generally just smelling the air, on the lookout for food or predators. But they also use it for communication. My rabbit wants to go nose to nose a lot and often he'll just stand there for 15 minutes twitching his nose on mine. It's common to see multiple rabbits laying out with all their faces touching in the middle like they're telling secrets.",
"Rabbits are [obligate nasal breathers](_URL_0_). This means they physiologically must breath through their noses. This is the reason that their noses are always in motion, it's in time with their breathing. I would call this nasal flaring, whereas 'twitching' would be the side to side motion with the whiskers, which it appears /u/MagicWade has a source for.",
"Have you ever had a mustache too long? It itches if not contained, those furry little doofs dont shave.",
"Anyone else just immediately twitch their nose after reading the title?",
"I notice my dog does this whenever a scent goest wafting through the air. Does a moist nose also catch scents?",
"bad cocaine habit :-(\n\nbut seriously speaking, it's to let in more air because twitching \"recalibrates\" their smelling organs, which then leads to them being able to discern more scents. Plus they can't breathe with their mouths, so their nasal functions have to be continuous and simultaneous.",
"probably because they evolved a natural adorableness so that predators are more likely to say \"awww\" and not eat them.",
"I'm talking through my hat here, but I believe it's because they have independent smell receptors. Pretty much like human have independent hearing apparatuses (two ears, amirite), many animals, like dogs, have independent smelling apparatuses. \n\nWhen I want to locate a noise, I sometimes shift or turn my head and it seems to help because of the difference in time I hear the noise in each ear. Brains do the math on that difference and allow us to locate the origin. \n\nBy moving their nostrils, they allow their brain to calculate the difference in time they perceive the smell. Some animals, like horses, move their ears independently for the same purpose. Humans lost the ability to move their ears long ago, but some muscles remain and react to loud and sudden noises. "
]
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|
[] |
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"http://pets.stackexchange.com/questions/6028/why-do-rabbits-wiggle-their-noses"
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||
cjdbsm
|
why are baseball bats and cricket bats shaped the ways that they are?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cjdbsm/eli5_why_are_baseball_bats_and_cricket_bats/
|
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"text": [
"The cricket bat shape has evolved to be optimal for striking the ball when coming to you as it does from a bowler, and holding it as batsmen and women do. There is a \"sweet spot\" on a bat, more or less opposite the widest part (front to back) - hit a ball square on there and it will fly.... when you watch top batsmen, it's amazing how far and fast the ball travels when they barely seem to hit it with any force; just stroke at it and, catch it right, it will go....\n\n I presume the same goes for baseball bats."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1t14x2
|
why, if i'm emotionally exhausted to i also feel physically exhausted and need to go to sleep?
|
If I have a really crappy day and I get emotional to the point of exhaustion I get very tired and have to sleep. Reminds me of an engine overheating but I've always wondered what's really going on.
Thanks.
edit: words & dammit typo in the headline on Reddit...I'm doomed
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t14x2/eli5_why_if_im_emotionally_exhausted_to_i_also/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce3a9xe"
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"text": [
"Your brain is a very energy-hungry organ. It's why we don't have hugely powerful muscles or killer reflexes or something similar; we need to \"pay\" for what we use with calories. Our brain consumes a massive amount of calories to stay working and emotional stress kicks the brain into high gear for long periods of time. This does actually make it burn more calories and work harder because of the stress hormones being produced. Stretch that out over several hours or a day and you're going to feel run down because your body is expending energy to keep itself in a heightened state of stress. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
25fjjf
|
do conjoined twins need to pay double for tuition? do they get double wages at work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25fjjf/eli5do_conjoined_twins_need_to_pay_double_for/
|
{
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"text": [
"Would it be cheating if they discussed with each other during an exam?",
"I think the majority of people in this situation to the extreme extent that they cannot be separated probably collect a disability check each month. Whichever individual paid for tuition would test/receive a degree. Simply sitting in a college course and mastering the material does not get you a degree, you pay for the degree.",
"I've always wondered how it would play out in court if one conjoined twin was charged with a serious crime. Anyone know of any precedents?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
145pv2
|
why is bestiality illegal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/145pv2/eli5_why_is_bestiality_illegal/
|
{
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"text": [
"Animals can't speak, so they can't give consent. Sex without consent is illegal.",
"I think it was just considered gross early on so people made laws against it. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6p8h41
|
why do teeth that have been straightened by braces need retainers to keep them from becoming crooked again, but teeth that are naturally straight don't become crooked?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6p8h41/eli5_why_do_teeth_that_have_been_straightened_by/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Teeth come out the way they come out; crooked or straight or sideways or however. The shape of the roots determines the way those teeth come out. Braces can correct the deformations in the root, but our bodies formed the way the formed for a reason. So once the braces come off, the roots start changing the tooth formation again. Retainers are long-term correctors that will eventually change the shape of your roots, whereas braces are short-term correctors that only force teeth into a specific formation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8e1n2m
|
what causes poor circulation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8e1n2m/eli5what_causes_poor_circulation/
|
{
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"dxrsoi0"
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"text": [
"Mostly due to decreased lumen (the inside empty space of a tube) of larger arteries because of built up oxidized LDL cholesterol.\n\nCan also be due to the heart not being able to pump sufficiently."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1p8nqu
|
what was enron's actual job?
|
There have been lots of questions about what happened in the Enron Scandal, but I've got to say I don't completely understand what most of the trading type Products offered listed here on [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) are. For example: Enron Weather Risk Management from what I got in "The Smartest Guys in the Room" it seemed to be something like betting on the weather? How does that work, and does it have any correlation to why they failed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1p8nqu/eli5what_was_enrons_actual_job/
|
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"text": [
"Weather Risk Management:\n\nImagine you own an ice cream factory.\n\nIt's winter. A dairy seller, keen to secure his summer sales, offers you 1 million tons of cream over the summer, at a very good price.\n\nEven at this good price, 1 million tons of cream is a lot. If the weather's good, you're laughing all the way to the bank. But if it rains all summer, you're gonna have trouble shifting that much ice cream, and might end up losing money. You therefore have a weather risk.\n\nYou accept the dairy seller's offer. You then buy a Weather Future from Enron. You pay them a sum of money up front. If the weather's nice, you get nothing back, you've lost a small chunk of profit from your ice cream, but you've still made plenty of money. If the weather's bad, Enron pay you out enough to top up your ice-cream sales so you still make money. It's a win-win situation. You've hedged your risk.\n\nIn the mean time, Enron are selling a similar-but-opposite product to an umbrella factory.\n\nSo if it rains all summer, Enron have to pay the ice-cream factory out of the money they receive from the umbrella factory. And if it's sunny all summer, the opposite is true. Enron price the products so that either way, Enron pay out less than what they charged the two companies together, so either way they win.\n\n > does it have any correlation to why they failed?\n\nNot directly. But they were selling weather products for many years into the future. The difficulty was valuing those products when it came to doing the annual accounts. And the reason they failed was because they deliberately over-valued products like this (I don't mean they over-sold them, I mean that *after* they sold them, but well before they knew whether they'd have to pay out, they over-valued them when doing their annual accounts). Over-valuing these types of products made the company appear to be doing much better than it was, drove the stock prices up, and made the major shareholders (including the senior management) very rich - until they all got put in jail for fraud, that is.\n\n**Edit:** you started by asking what Enron's actual job was. They were an energy company, extracting gas, owning power stations, delivering electricity to houses and businesses, etc.\n\nThe real use of weather swaps was by power stations. Power stations, in colder parts of the world, make money when it's coldest and people have their heating on. So a power station would take out a weather swap that pays out if the weather was warmer. (In hot parts of the world, air conditioning means more power gets used when it's hottest, of course.) The power station in question would usually be owned by Enron themselves, and the weather swap could be used to manage risk within each of the company's ventures that were exposed to weather-related risks.\n\n**Further edits** for clarification."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron#Products"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
6e48jl
|
how would basic income work if everyone received a living income from the government, and no one wanted to work anymore?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6e48jl/eli5_how_would_basic_income_work_if_everyone/
|
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"text": [
"You'd have to work to buy things, cell phones, internet, other luxury items. I imagine it being issued like an ebt or food stamp card. Rent, food, transportation, medical, those would accept the card. Couldn't buy booze or weed with it, though. ",
"I always look at Canada and the US. Canada has a much better social safety net. Canada's unemployment rate always runs a few percent higher than the us so I presume the same happens when we go to basic income for all.\n\n\nA few extra percent of the people will stop looking for work, but no where near half of the population.",
"That's not exactly how it would work, sure some people would try it, but the idea of a basic income is that it is just enough to cover necessities, housing, food, utilities, ect. Anything else, like transportation costs, property taxes, internet and phone service, probably child care, basically any other incurred expenses would come out of your own pocket. If you feel like you can live just a very basic life style, you wouldn't have to work, unless some kind of part time employment was a prerequisite for getting basic. ",
"Some day we will have a robotic work force whose out put is greater than anything all 7 billion of us could ever hope to create on our own, when that day comes, your physical labor will have little value and the goods made by those robots will still need a population to consume them, basic income should be designed to prevent anyone from starving or becoming homeless while we figure out what 95% of people are qualified to do in a world where trucks drive themselves and robots stock shelves. \n\nBasic income must work or the monetary system will fail, I see the food stamp model rolling out for everyone giving us all enough to eat 2000 cal per day of whatever is on sale. I see a rent credit that would cover a one bedroom hole in the wall apartment in a less than ideal neighborhood and a small discretionary fund to keep people just entertained enough they don't rise up against the people who own the robots that make everything they buy. \n\nThe money for this will have to come from taxing the hell out of the 1% of us who have fully automated factories and profitable algorithms. \n\nIt won't be easy but a transition to a world where 5-10% of us have jobs designing and engineering the next great technologies (which will be made by robots from prototype to store shelves in factories built by robots out of minerals mined and transported by robots) in exchange for a greatly improved life style and the rest of us coast along doing the occasional odd job is possible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6j4u2s
|
why does light appear stronger through smoke?
|
I noticed this while my brother was stationed at a traffic signal and he was vaping. The cars passing by appeared to have very strong headlights. Why do the particles act in such a way?
Unless I'm seeing things...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6j4u2s/eli5_why_does_light_appear_stronger_through_smoke/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's not stronger, it's just light reflecting off the smoke particles and into your eyes. The same thing happens to lights and snow or rain.",
"As though speaking to an actual five year old:\n\nImagine that the water hose is a flashlight, or a headlight, or anything that makes light. when I point the water hose right next to you and turn it on, a few drops of water will hit you. Those drops of water are like the little particles of light that you would see if a car was pointing it's headlights near you. \n\nIf I pointed the hose directly at you and turned it on, the water that hit you would be like the light that you saw looking into a cars headlights. \n\nNow imagine that I sprayed a tree that was right next to you. The water that hit you when I sprayed the tree is like the light you would see on a foggy/smokey day when a car near you turns on it's headlights. \n\nThe little particles of light hit the fog and bounce in all directions instead of just going in a straight line. That's why more particles hit you (and so you see them and the lights look brighter) and also why your headlights don't shine as far in the fog/smoke. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1fw5gx
|
the functions of a camera (exposure, iso, white balance, etc)
|
Please. Haha. I just got a camera for my birthday and have no idea how to get the most out of it using the settings.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1fw5gx/eli5_the_functions_of_a_camera_exposure_iso_white/
|
{
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"caedv1x"
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"text": [
"So first: RTFM. Second: R. T. F. M. \n\nSeriously, most of what you want to know is explained in the manual. The basics: \n\n* Exposure: this is the time that the shutter is open, in seconds. The longer the shutter is open, the more light enters the camera. If your exposure is too fast, the picture will be too dark. If it's too slow, the colors will be washed out and motion will be blurry. Exposure can be calculated using a light meter; most cameras today have one built in that can tell you what your exposure should be based on the other settings of your camera.\n\n* ISO: ISO is your [film speed](_URL_0_), basically the sensitivity of your film. Once upon a time, this was literally determined by the amount of light sensitive material applied to the film. The higher the number, the more sensitive your camera will be to light, allowing you to use a faster shutter speed. The downside is that higher ISO numbers result in lower resolution, or grainier photos, especially in low light situations. This can also be called ASA, DIN, or ISO-DIN on some older cameras or meters.\n\n* White Balance: is a setting in the camera that changes the relative color represented by the camera based on the light on the subject. This setting can be presets on cheaper cameras (like \"sunlight,\" \"shade,\" \"indoors,\" and \"fluorescent\") or notated in degrees Kelvin on more expensive ones (5600K, 6000K, 6500K). What this does is adjust the colors in the camera so that white objects appear white under various color temperatures of light. So if you're outdoors, white (and the other colors in the photo) will appear slightly yellow if your camera is set for tungsten (5600K) or indoor light, and slightly pink if set for fluorescent. If you're indoors, with incandescent lighting, your photos will appear bluish if the camera is set for outdoors or sunlight (7500K). \n\nFor more, [Lifehacker](_URL_1_) has a really good guide for basic photography. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed",
"http://lifehacker.com/5815742/basics-of-photography-the-complete-guide"
]
] |
|
96qap6
|
why does gasoline reflect in a rainbow effect instead of one colour?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/96qap6/eli5_why_does_gasoline_reflect_in_a_rainbow/
|
{
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"text": [
"It only does this when interacting with another liquid, most commonly water. The molecules in the gasoline are no polar, making them hydrophobic (repelled by water). Because of this, the gasoline floats on the water in a thin film. Different widths of this film reflect light differently, leading to swirls of rainbow color depending on the thickness of the gasoline. Another post haws already been made on thin-film interference that explains the phenomenon quite well.\n\n\n\nAnother place you can see this thin film interference creating rainbows of different thicknesses of liquid is in a bubble. In a bubble, water is trapped between two walls of hydrophobic molecules. If you look closely, you can see the layers of liquid settling.\n\n\n_URL_0_",
"white light is many colors, one color would be monochromatic. if you look at this oil stick under a one color light you will see one color. but normal every day lights and the sun are many wavelengths/colors overlapping. the oil layer acts as a thin reflecting mirror. the layer thickness is important. light of different colors propagate through the oil at slightly different speeds and refraction angle which produce a spectrum, a separation of color. the light is absorbed and emitted by all the molecules in the layer of oil. it is simpler to just look at the surfaces mathematically and it works out the same. \n\na really good explanation of this is Richard Feynmans QED (quantum electro dynamics) videos on YouTube. there are 4 and they are about 1.5 hours long each. the quality is bad but the explanations are great.",
"Gasoline, which is refined petroleum, can be though of as an oil, a very thin oil, but oil non the less. Because of this it is hydrophobic (floats on water). Water, even in a puddle form, has what's called a meniscus (the water curves down to the center.) It may be very slight but still there. When gasoline is introduced to the puddle it floats on top and fills the dip in the puddle causing the formation of a sorta lense in a way. Because of this, light is refracted as it bounces off the ground back through the puddle as separates into its colors, a rainbow in the puddle if you will. \n\nEdit: Spelling and grammar are hard, I'm an engineer not a linguist. ",
"I just saw [this post](_URL_0_) and thought of your question. ",
"Others here have described the cause of the effect, but the property itself it called iridescence. Soap bubbles and some oyster shells have the same look",
"This relevant gif is on /r/educationalgifs _URL_1_\n\nHere's the post - _URL_0_",
"Like a prism. The light is refracted and spread out like the Pink Floyd album image. The changing fluid thickness of the gas or oil gives you the psychedelic color pool motion. Stoned you can watch, sniff and even set on fire. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://youtu.be/4I34jA1fDp4"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/educationalgifs/comments/96pau5/a_thin_film_of_liquid_on_a_solid_support_will/"
],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/educationalgifs/comments/96pau5/a_thin_film_of_liquid_on_a_solid_support_will/",
"https://i.imgur.com/l73yIgR.gifv"
],
[]
] |
||
2eiior
|
what is 4k television and is it worth getting?
|
I've heard various things about it upscaling regular television channels, as well as having its own dedicated '4k' channels. I have no idea what any of it means and Google is throwing out mixed results/reviews. Help me Reddit!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2eiior/eli5_what_is_4k_television_and_is_it_worth_getting/
|
{
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"Right now it is not worth it. 4k TVs are too expensive right now. Wait a couple years and the cost will drop. As for content, there is not much out there. I have never heard of any 4k TV broadcasts, I only know of some 4k blu-rays.",
"I can't imagine 4k lasting, they're already working on 8k. I'd leave it a while and wait for mass consumption to drive the prices down on whatever takes off."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
f6f6y0
|
after billions of years, why haven’t any of the planets collided in our solar system?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f6f6y0/eli5_after_billions_of_years_why_havent_any_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fi4blme",
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"text": [
"They have. The moon was formed because of a planet about the same size as mars crashing into the earth",
"Because after billions of years the planets have fallen into stable orbits around the sun. But if you look back a couple billion years there were more celestial bodies in our solar system floating about randomly and there were definitely collisions between them. Strip the earth of its oceans and look at where the Pacific Ocean lies and you'll see a huge chunk of earth's crust that seems like it was destroyed in a collision. Possibly a glancing blow with a planer smaller than Mars, maybe where the moon came from, might even explain the differences between the dark and light side of the moon rock composition and such. One side has rocks similar to earth and the other has rocks that are not like earth's. Look at the asteroid belt, there's not enough material there to make an actual planet but It could be the remains of a giant collision between planets. I'm not a rocketbiologist or anything but it's always been something I've thought about."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3ew3w2
|
why can't we write programs that can write programs better than we could write ourselves.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ew3w2/eli5_why_cant_we_write_programs_that_can_write/
|
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"text": [
"We kind of do.\n\nThe code that we write gets translated into a language that machines can understand. In order to do that, there is a translator that reads our code and does the job. This translator, in many cases, does a bit of optimizing to make our code run faster.",
"Because that is really, really hard to do. It is being attempted at the moment though, think google deep dream.",
"There are a few things that work mostly like you described. Metaprogramming and Genetic Algorithms. Metaprogramming is the act of making a program that dynamically changes itself in some way. Genetic Algorithms tests new versions of itself to create a better version. (Survival of the fittest)\n\nHere's a robot that teaches itself how to walk (not sure if 100% related) _URL_0_\nand there is a robot that has no program on how to walk but it teaches itself once powered on and then remembers how to after.",
"We do to a limited degree. The code we write is just text in a file, a program called a \"compiler\" will translate that code into, basically a mathematical model of what the code expresses. It then can perform some reasoning and manipulation to make the program better than expressed, while remaining correct. Generally, we call this part of the transformation \"optimization\".\n\nThere are also programs that will compile your code, run it, performance profile it, and then rebuild it with further optimizations based on the performance profile.\n\nThere are all sorts of programs out there that generate code for you. This isn't necessarily the same thing as you suggest, but it does spare the developer a lot of verbosity and maintenance.\n\nLisp programs dynamically generate, compile, and execute code all the time.\n\nBut to look at a program, discern what the developer is striving to achieve, and then rewriting it better on behalf of the developer, we would need an AI.\n\nThere's lots of research going on in this field."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.popsci.com/robot-learns-walk-damaged-legs"
],
[]
] |
||
2fyz4c
|
what would happen if i used rogaine if i'm not going bald?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fyz4c/eli5_what_would_happen_if_i_used_rogaine_if_im/
|
{
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"text": [
"Rogaine is applied topically and increases bloodflow to area where it is applied. It can cause some irritation and can discolor hair, but it doesn't cause more hair to grow--i.e you wouldn't gain new hair follicles. The idea behind the drug is simply to try and reactivate existing hair follicles that have gone dormant in areas where balding has occurred."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
fsy6ke
|
why is it difficult to carry an unconscious person as opposed to someone awake?(like why do they feel heavy)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fsy6ke/eli5_why_is_it_difficult_to_carry_an_unconscious/
|
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"Try carrying a grocery bag at arms length in front of you. It doesn't gain weight, but it feels heavier. A concious person would help shifting the center of mass to you by keeping balance (like wrapping arms around your neck etc)",
"finally an answer to why lifting weights is hard but i can pick up an eight year old no problem",
"Babies get a lot easier to carry once they can hold their head up, even though they've grown bigger. The person being carried is using their own muscles to make themselves less unwieldy. Helping keep balance, maintain center of gravity, etc.",
"Here's a 3 minute mythbusters video showing the difficulty and the why. _URL_0_\n\nI know that my answer isn't really me explaining it, but it hopefully gets the job done.",
"Humans are basically bags of water. Without the muscles contracting to make the body semi-rigid, the bag flops around. Imagine trying to carry a human sized water balloon.",
"It's very simple. When a person is unconscious, their entire weight is supported on the other person carrying them. In this unconscious state, the natural tendency of the body is to reach zero state, i. e., fall down. \n\nBut, when we're awake, we want to keep ourselves safe, so we hold up our weight as long as we can. Our body uses as much energy as it can to not fall down as opposed to being unconscious, when it completely gives up.\n\nI hope I've explained it simply.",
"The conscious person molds into a position which makes it easier for you to lift them, since they are fully aware of what's going on. An unconscious person just lays there with no regard to your attempt to lift em up, so positioning em is much harder",
"A very eli5 answer here: Because they are unconscious, they are floppy. Because they are floppy, you have to use muscles to keep them in a shape that is easy to carry instead of using those muscles to actually carry them. \n\nThis glosses over alot",
"I think a conscious person would make tiny muscle movements- as a reflex- subconsciously to keep their centre of gravity more stable/central. An unconscious person’s centre of gravity would shift much more, making it more unstable and more unpredictable. Meaning the person carrying them would have to make more corrections to find the ever shifting centre of gravity. Maybe.",
"They have no control over their body movement when unconscious. So when someone is awake if you feel yourself slipping off your carrier you automatically adjust yourself so you won’t fall. Carrying an unconscious person is just a really heavy limp bag of potatoes. If one part of the unconscious person is going to fall, then it falls, the muscles won’t automatically adjust so the balance is right. Probably not fully ELI5 but it works for idiots like me",
"I’ll take a stab at it: when carrying an unconscious person, their arms and legs dangle and move freely which causes the weight being carried to be unstable and shifts around. A conscious person on the other hand is able to prevent excessive swaying, therefore you feel more stable.",
"Think about carrying big sink tub of water. It keeps shifting around, water on one side, then on the other, some spills over. You have to walk really slowly and keep adjusting your arms to keep it still.\n\nNow think about lifting a heavy tray with two hands. Its heavy, but you hold it to your chest, tuck your arms in, and you easily carry it to the table. \n\nAn unconscious person is like the tub of water. Flopping around, first a little heavier here, and a little heavier there. It takes a lot of more effort for you to keep adjusting your muscles.\n\nA conscious person is like the tray. Solid, not moving, and once you adjust, you just hold that position and start walking.",
"To add onto this, is this where \"dead weight\" came from?",
"Awake people will stand on their own legs and support their own weight, and their muscles keep them \"rigid\" (ie; not floppy) . An unconscious person is all saggy weight. \n\n\nThis is important to know!! If someone is kidnapping you, forcing you somewhere you don't want to go, let your legs go limp! Let your whole body go floppy and it will make it extremely hard for one or even two people to throw you in a car! If you are fighting them, you're up on your feet and they can pull or push you where they want. Let your legs go limp and they will have to lift you which is much harder. \n\n\nIf you do that old baby trick of being floppy then suddenly straightening up, you might even be able to hit them with your head. If you go floppy, most likely a kidnapper will try and drag you rfrom behind, under your arms, if you suddenly straighten up, your head will slam into their face or chin. \n\n\nI'm an overweight old man, I have no need to worry about being kidnapped.",
"Unconscious humans are more like picking up a bag full of jelly. Limp muscles and loose joints just don't conform with the arms lifting them.\nNot that I've had to move around a lot of unconscious people but I have moved a few...(former EMT.)",
"Having carried a few unconscious people before, it is easy if you can sling them over your shoulder, a lot easier than carrying someone who is struggling, but if they are too heavy/big to sling over a shoulder, you probably need two or more people either way.",
"Yo dawg , why you be just carrying so many people around?",
"This question clearly isn’t considering toddlers. They’re much easier to carry when asleep.",
"Important follow up question, what experiences have given you this insight?",
"It takes a lot of muscle effort just to keep the human body balanced — when a conscious person is being carried, both people’s bodies are working together to maintain balance. Carrying an unconscious person or dead body, you’re just hauling a floppy bag of wet meat the same size as your own body — that’s hard work.",
"Because emotions make you lighter. Even anger has the equivalent lift of 7 7 helium balloons.",
"My doggo will do a flop when he doesn't want to leave my pillow\nHe's really small and light but it feels as if he doubled in weight when he flops :)",
"Explainations were given. Tigron thus won't give an explaination. Tigron will give a *solution*\n\nUse the fireman's lift. There are videos on the internet showing how to do it, even and especially on someone unconcious on the ground.\n\nBy the way, I seriously never understood why people are trained to do it on live and well, standing, healthy persons. The point of lifting someone unconcious is that this person is already down on the ground, right ? Do you know standing, healthy unconcious persons ?",
"it's not actually that hard if you do it all the time. certain positions work, certain positions don't. the main thing is the person being lifted doesn't help you at all - so coming under their arms isn't great, their arms just come up. they also won't grab onto you to help, so trying to pick them up from their torso (which works if they hug you) doesn't work at all either.\n\nthe so-called fireman carry is the easiest way for one person to carry another - basically putting their center of weight across your shoulders. \n\nwith 2 or more people lifting, things get a lot easier. \n\nsource: paramedic. i haven't ever had to lift someone myself, that's why we respond to calls as a team"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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2goy4r
|
why does certain speeds feel faster in some type of vehicles but slow in other type of vehicles?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2goy4r/eli5_why_does_certain_speeds_feel_faster_in_some/
|
{
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"ckl5qv1"
],
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7
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"text": [
"Generally, the lower you are to the ground, the faster a certain speed feels. As to the WHY exactly, I'm afraid I have no easy answer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
473g0q
|
what are tidal forces, and how do they relate to astrophysics?
|
Also, does the recent confirmation of gravitational waves as Einstein suggested change anything regarding tidal forces? If so, what? I have a fairly solid handle of mathematics if an answer with mathematics if it will help me understand.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/473g0q/eli5_what_are_tidal_forces_and_how_do_they_relate/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"No, the recent discoveries don't really change anything we know about them, it just confirms what we assumed already.\n\nYou can think of tidal forces as a differential, as a difference in a gravitational pull.\n\nThe gravitational pull you and I both experience right now is dependant on the distance of the two of us and the center of the earth, or more generally:\n\n 1. F(r) = GMm/r²\n\nG is the so called gravitational constant (not really that important here), M and m are the two masses of the objects that are pulling at each other (in this case your body weight and the earths weight), and finally, r is the distance.\n\nNow that we know this formula, we can play around with it and see what happens in certain circumstances.\n\nTake a look at the earth-moon system for example, both earth and the moon exert a force on each other, meaning the earth is pulling the moon towards it while the moon does the same to the earth.\n\nHowever, as we've seen before, these forces fade over distance, for example the pull of the moon is stronger on the side that is facing it compared to the other side that is facing away from it (due to the shorter distance).\n\nMathematically, we can write this as:\n\n 2. F(r) = GMm/(r±R)²\n\nYou see that this resembles the first formula, we only add the factor R (which stands for the earths radius) to describe the gravitational pull relative to the earths center.\n\nCan you follow so far? :)",
"Tidal forces are differences in the force of gravity due to variable distances between the two bodies.\n\nQuizznor mentioned how one side is further away from the other, but a much larger tidal force is at play with satellites that are in eccentric orbit (unlike the moon-earth)\n\nAn eccentric orbit is elliptical, and the mass thats being orbited can actually be closer to some side than the other. The closest point in orbit is called the periapse and the furthest is the apoapse. So as the body goes from periapse to apoapse and back, there is a large difference in gravity throughout its orbit.\n\nThis can cause all sorts of deformations and stresses.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/nicole/teaching/ASTR505/lectures/lecture08/pics/orbits01.png"
]
] |
|
5kgucj
|
how do the journalists in documentaries about drugs and illegal weapons stay out of trouble despite being involved?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5kgucj/eli5_how_do_the_journalists_in_documentaries/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbntqso",
"dbo03n8"
],
"score": [
21,
18
],
"text": [
"Involved in what?\n\nFilming a crime isn't illegal, and outside of a few specific cases people have no obligation to report crimes to the police. As long as journalists do not materially assist in criminal activities they haven't done anything wrong.",
"It's based on an extended sense of \"journalistic privilege\", but it's also ethically a gray area:\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIn short, you'll notice that journalists covering drugs and illegal weapons are not themselves using the drugs or weapons. If they're simply documenting others breaking these laws, then they themselves are not doing anything illegal and they have the right to protect the identity of those being documented.\n\nI can't precisely say what it is, but there comes a level of crime where mandatory reporting trumps journalistic privilege. You don't see documentaries where journalists film sexual abuse and/or murder, right? The crimes MUST be reported and you are committing a crime if you do not report them.\n\nIf anybody can actually define where that line is drawn, I'd be interested in knowing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://cmsimpact.org/resource/honest-truths-documentary-filmmakers-on-ethical-challenges-in-their-work/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter%27s_privilege"
]
] |
||
6jo3u7
|
why does it take the fda many years to approve a new medicine?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6jo3u7/eli5_why_does_it_take_the_fda_many_years_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djfpz8l"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"Basically, because before a drug gets approved, we have to be sure it's safe, and this takes years.\n\nThe checks are done in Phases, first in 'modelling' on animals, which takes years in itself, then if there doesn't seem to be any adverse effects, it's tested on very small numbers of human volunteers to see what happens, then on increasingly larger samples to ensure it doesn't create side effects in a small percentage of people and also that it has advantages against other drugs (e.g. more effective, or equally effective but cheaper) already on the market. Each Phase of the trial (0-4) takes years, so the whole process takes a long, long time. \n\nThis is frustrating for people who the new drug might help, but is necessary to ensure it's not dangerous.\n\nIn times of absolute necessity - e.g. war, Ebola - some compromises can be made to get things through more quickly, but usually at a 'price'. Penicillin would probably never have been approved at any time in history other than during WWII, for example, as too high a percentage of patients are allergic to it, which would have thrown its trials, but with such a high number of casualties, something was better than nothing. \n\nThere's a good overall explanation that might help [here](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial/what-clinical-trials-are/phases-of-clinical-trials"
]
] |
||
24n8ri
|
what do horse jockeys actually do?
|
From what I see they are in charge of hitting a horse and not falling off. For the money they earn I imagine they do more, please explain.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24n8ri/eli5_what_do_horse_jockeys_actually_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch8rm27"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Jockeys actually do quite a bit in the process of a race, including outside the race itself.\n- Jockeys get about 10% of the purse (winnings) in a given race, and this is for galloping the horse every morning during daily training, gating the horse (training it to break and run as soon as the gates pop open) and riding during speed trials.\n- During an actual race riding requires a hell of a lot of athleticism, jockeys often have knee and back problems very young as it wears out the cartilage in their knees quickly. Horses will run on their own but not maintain position in a line as they need to do to prevent collisions and accidents. Also horses don't feel a need to be out in front, so the jockey urges them to break out in front of the pack. I wouldn't feel too bad about the whole whipping thing, to an animal that large it's not really painful, just irritating. And running fast is what horses live for.\n- Jockeying is a very dangerous profession, they frequently get concussions, broken bones, and have to wear Kevlar flak jackets under the racing silks. Also they have to stay physically under a certain weight, about 115 pounds, to minimize the load on the horse, which is why most of them are tiny little dudes.\n\nSource: I'm a son of two jockeys, and have grown up in the racing industry.\n\nTL;DR : They steer the horse to keep them from running into each other or over the fence, which horses often try to do."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3somwx
|
how does ups "lose" packages and then auctions them off before returning to sender or you know, shipping said package to the addresses labeled on the box?
|
It blows my mind that they auction off "lost" packages. Why don't they actually ship the items to the address on the box or return to sender? How is it legal to auction off someone's item?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3somwx/eli5_how_does_ups_lose_packages_and_then_auctions/
|
{
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"cwz2s0k",
"cwz34fw",
"cwz5w5r",
"cwz6lso"
],
"score": [
13,
9,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"These auctions generally happen when the label is lost and there's no way to trace it back to either the recipient or the shipper.",
"They're really not interested in keeping packages. They're in the business of moving them not keeping them. Any empty space is a space a package that is moving can occupy. Any space filled with a package not moving is costing them money.\n\nWhen a package is lost (label damaged in an unrecognizable fashion) they have to pay the claim for it to the shipper (who has a tracking number with scans that suddenly stop likely due to label damage along the automated shipping process). Auctioning them is way to free up space (basically money) and also recoup some of the cost of claims.\n\nShipping companies really have zero interest in what's inside a package as long as it's not dangerous to any of their employees.\n\nA common issue is the recipients perceived value of the package. They get upset when it's lost because \"they bought it\" but in reality you paid the shipper for goods that were damaged via the shipping method they selected. It is the shippers responsibility to initiate the claims process and inform/reconcile the situation with their customer. \n\nWhen you get something delivered by a shipping company remember: you are not their customer you have not given them any money. The sender is their customer and they do as the sender requests. ",
"They've already paid out the value of the item, so the seller and purchaser have been \"made whole\". If an item is later recovered, they can sell it to try and get some of their money back.",
"_URL_0_\nHere is some context for you guys. Im assuming this is what this is about anyway."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/q8eHo5QHlTA"
]
] |
|
8xv0wz
|
high-pitched frequency noise i hear when my phone is plugged into aux and charging on car cigarette lighter.
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8xv0wz/eli5_highpitched_frequency_noise_i_hear_when_my/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e25yv0p",
"e263il1"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"It's called \"coil whine\". There's little metal coils and the electricity makes them vibrate real fast and they make a noise.\n\nIn more expensive electronics, they stop them from making that noise by putting hot glue on the coils to hold them in place.\n\nThe noise doesn't mean there's a problem. But it can be annoying.",
"Ground loop. The stereo and the 12V outlet share a ground, so you get a hum when your device is connected to both. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
30o3ts
|
the religious freedom restoration act
|
Here is the text for Indiana: _URL_1_
Here is the wiki for the national law: _URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30o3ts/eli5_the_religious_freedom_restoration_act/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpu7ti3",
"cpu98v5"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"There was a case back in 1963 called Sherbet v. Verner. A SDA lady surnamed Sherbert was fired because she refused to work on Saturdays when her workplace switched to a 6-day work week. But because she was fired for refusing to work, she was denied unemployment compensation. She sued, because she claimed they were violating her religious liberty. Eventually the case got up to the Supreme Court, and they established a test she lent her name to for determining these things. First, in order for something to count as violating religious freedom, two things must be involved. It must be a sincerely held belief and there must be substantial burden. Some examples:\n\n* SDA lady denied unemployment compensation for not working on a Saturday. It's a sincerely held belief that SDAs don't work on the Sabbath, and there was substantial burden, because the gov't was coercing her into violating her belief by denying benefits.\n\n* Hypothetical minister being forced to perform a same-sex marriage when his religion doesn't believe in them. Sincerely held belief and substantial burden.\n\n* Hypothetical doctor refuses to help LGBT folk. It may be a sincerely held belief, but it's not a substantial burden.\n\nIf there is a violation, then it's still allowed if the gov't is furthering compelling state interest and in the least restrictive way possible. So back to my examples:\n\n* There was no compelling interest to refuse this lady her compensation. So she got it.\n\n* Wherever you stand on same-sex marriage, there's no compelling interest to force every minister of every religion to perform them. It's also not the least restrictive way to make sure everyone can get married if that's what you want. Particularly since anyone can get ordained online.\n\n* There's compelling state interest to keep our citizens alive.\n\nThat's the Sherbert Test, and in 1993, it was codified into federal law as the RFRA. Except in 1997, it was ruled that it only applied at the federal level. So since that ruling, 21 states have passed similar laws at the state level. Including Indiana as of a few days ago, and even as a part of Alabama's constitution. The only two differences that have lead to all the media hype around the Indiana version.\n\n* The wedding cake incident. People are afraid this will legalize that.\n\n* The bill also includes businesses and private person-to-person interactions. Personally, I don't take any issue with this. To me, that's just saying \"Your freedom can also be violated by unspoken rules of the state, in addition to those that have been codified as law.\"\n\nWhen it comes down to it, people have technically always been \"allowed\" to discriminate like people are worried they'll be able to. And just like before this law, the people being discriminated against can sue. But the way I understand the law, it's not going to provide those businesses any recourse, because unless it's a case like a minister being forced to perform ceremonies his religion doesn't accept, I don't think you can argue their religious liberty is even being violated in the first place.",
"To understand the new Indiana law (and others similar to it) you have to understand how discrimination protection works in the US.\n\nThere is something called a Protected Classes, which are classifications of people we've decided that no one should be able to treat differently because of their membership in that group. Protected Classes are things like race, gender, medical history, ethnicity, religion, etc. Basically, if someone treats you differently because you belong to one of these groups, like you're in a different religion than they are, or you were born with a disability, or because you're female, then you have a case where you can sue them and, if you win, have that negative treatment be punished and/or you are compensated. \n\nThese apply pretty broadly, from government agencies, to public entities, and private businesses. There are exceptions of course, like if you are in your own home, you are free to say you don't want any black people there. But for businesses, because they are a public service, that forces them to follow rules that protect the public as a whole, non-discrimination being one of them, because businesses are not considered completely private. There are some exceptions like private clubs that aren't open to the public. They can dictate their own membership. One famous example is the Augustus National Golf Club which hosts the Masters golf tournament every year. They had banned female members for many years until recent public pressure made them reconsider, but what they did was not illegal because they are a private club. Other groups such as the Boy/Girl Scouts are exclusively for one gender because they are clubs, and most people don't make a big deal about that because we've decided that in some cases, there is value to restricting the sexes.\n\nThe people who are supporting this new law know this, and they want to use their status as a protected class (religion) as an excuse to say \"You can't force us to do anything we don't want to do because freedom!\" However, the law is clearly unconstitutional because its also pretty clear that their reasoning is stupid. By allowing a religion to say that, it means basically that no religion can be forced to do something they don't want to, which means that anyone who wants to say their religion condones having sex with kids, human sacrifices, or killing people who don't read their particular holy book would be protected and they would be allowed to do that. You see how this is a problem. Another problem is that by claiming freedom of religion and using the 1st Amendment to do that, they also forget that the Amendment says that the law cannot establish, or support, one religion over another. Allowing one religion power over another would violate that as well, so the default is a secular society where no religious views are (officially) more correct than another. \n\nWith gays, Christians (let's face it, its Christians doing this, not any other religion) are saying that their religion says gays are evil or bad or something, and therefore they don't have to serve them as a business. They claim it violates their religious freedom to associate with whomever they choose. They are wrong because Christianity says a lot of other groups are bad, from atheists and non-Christians to people who disagree on which foods to eat. The law has never said that serving someone as a business means you condone and support their lifestyle. Its legal to sell a convicted murderer a hamburger, doing so doesn't mean you condone murder. That's where the Christian argument falls apart. It is absolutely no statement of their beliefs whatsoever to server a gay person. Business is separate from your religious beliefs, with very few exceptions (the recent Hobby Lobby case gave these Christians some cover, but not enough). \n\nThis law, if its not swiftly overturned by an appeals court, will not survive for long. But there is no mechanism except for suing the law after its in place to remove it. We cannot decided beforehand that the law is bad and therefore no one in the Indiana legislature is allowed to submit it for consideration or vote on it. If this were a perfect world, it would be laughed out of the capital. But there are a lot of people who voted for this where consideration that its legal or illegal is not their concern, they just want to look anti-gay enough to be re-elected."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act",
"https://iga.in.gov/documents/f6915f8f"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2wv1pm
|
when you are "heartbroken" what is really going on chemically in your body?
|
What kind of hormones and neurotransmitters are being released? Is there a healthy way to alleviate these reactions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2wv1pm/eli5_when_you_are_heartbroken_what_is_really/
|
{
"a_id": [
"coue3gp",
"coue7ji",
"coufh2s",
"counqu2",
"cov1a5r",
"covql31"
],
"score": [
17,
188,
4,
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Early bereavement (the period of mourning after a death) is associated with increased blood pressure and heart rate, which can raise cardiovascular risk . Another study of people who recently lost their spouse found the stress involved with mourning upped the risk of dying from a heart attack by 20 to 35 percent. Looks like heartbreak really can hurt the human heart.",
"[Here](_URL_0_) is an article on a study done by Fisher, et al. on this exact topic. The actual article abstract is [here](_URL_2_).\n\nThe TL;DR/ELI5 version is the various chemicals/hormones (serotonin/dopamine) raging through your brain when you're \"in love\" and constantly looking to get your love fix are cut off--no more texts from your beloved, or hope of spending time together (so your fantasizing doesn't even produce a good feeling) and your brain starts acting like you're an addict without a fix. \n\nFisher gives [advice](_URL_1_) about how to put yourself into emotional self-rehab, and continues her research. \n\n",
"There's a [Youtube video](_URL_0_) on this. I'm not sure if it's as thorough/detailed as what you're looking for.",
"Great article. Explains why making new friends, hanging with family, working out and cuddling has helped me feel so much better.\n\nNo point in pining away, I would rather make new memories.",
"Based on empirical evidence, your body is running low on alcohol. Top it off and you'll feel fine again.",
"Remember thou folks, science (no, im not promoting religion) cant always prove/explain everything just like the short answer of the article. The human body, even more the brain are still to this day very big mysteries."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/this_is_your_brain_on_heartbreak",
"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129564.600-cure-for-love-chemical-cures-for-the-lovesick.html#.VOsleCmu7qA",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445032"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGglw8eAikY"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
97kj8g
|
how is money not electronically "printed" by banks?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/97kj8g/eli5_how_is_money_not_electronically_printed_by/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e48utka",
"e48yqo5"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"It *is* \"electronically printed\" by banks through the fractional reserve system, but it's also regulated by a governing body since the FED is in charge of adjusting that capital requirement. ",
"Banks make money [out of thin air](_URL_0_) when they lend money. They do so by crediting your deposit and taking on the liability. Your promisary note, your obligation to pay the debt back ends up on the other side of the ledger and voila! Money is introduced into the system from nothing.\n\nBanks don't need money to lend or make money. Fractional Reserve has nothing to do with actually creating money - it has to do with covering the banks liability, whether they created money out of nothing or not."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.quora.com/How-do-banks-make-money-out-of-nothing"
]
] |
||
1x1axh
|
how can food kept in air tight packaging in a fridge go out of date?
|
If food is kept in air tight packaging in an ideal storage enviroment such as a fridge, how can it go out of date if nothing can get to it?
Or does it just decompose/mould itself?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1x1axh/eli5_how_can_food_kept_in_air_tight_packaging_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cf78b3i",
"cf78bz8",
"cf78cb8"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It decomposes itself, the gases are then trapped inside causing it to go bad quicker.",
"In a freezer, it essentially can't. Essentially. But basically it breaks down internally on a cellular and chemical level. Also, everything has bacteria in it. Your body can handle quite a lot of most bacterias. the temperature in a fridge is low enough to slow the growth of bacteria. Slow it. In addition to that, the bacteria feeds off of the food, and changes its composition, changing its color, consistency and flavor.",
"Lovin the username btw"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
10n714
|
if your body needs ~2000 calories a day to sustain itself, why do you get hungry during the day after eating 2000 calories worth of food in one sitting?
|
This is probably a dumb question, but why do you need a certain amount of food to satisfy your hunger if your body doesn't actually need the calories? Why does your body tell you that its hungry if you already have your nutritional needs met?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10n714/eli5_if_your_body_needs_2000_calories_a_day_to/
|
{
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"c6ewir0",
"c6ewjqy",
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],
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7,
3,
21
],
"text": [
"your body needs calories in order to function... heartbeat, muscle movement, breathing, firing nerve impulses, everything. Every natural process in your body takes about 1500-2000 calories per day. \n\nHowever, your body does not have the ability to digest and absorb that many nutrients at once. if you gorge yourself, you likely excrete most of the nutritional value. \n\nAdditionally, your body primarily burns carbohydrates for fuel. Carbohydrates break down easily, but the energy received is brief and fleeting. If you eat a lot all at once, your body overproduces insulin which converts sugar into fat. You get hungry later because you've used all the available sugar that's left over. ",
"Your body doesn't know how much food it needs to survive. It also doesn't know how much food you've already eaten. It also doesn't know when the next time you *will* eat is. \n\nThink of it from the perspective of a non-technic species (one without technology) with a limited food supply. \n\nFor most of human history, it made sense to eat as much as you could, as often as you could. Food was in limited supply and a few days starvation could mean the difference between life and death - where that starvation makes you too weak to hunt/gather, or so weak you get sick. ",
"The stomach isn't aware of how many calories it's consumed. It's not like there's a little meter in your intestines that flags the stomach to stop feeling hungry when the daily caloric requirement has been reached. \n\nThe stomach simply makes you feel hungry when it's got nothing much to process. It wants to be continually doing *something*. So if you've got an abundance of low-to-moderate calorie foods, you just keep it partially full 24/7 and it hopefully averages out to around 2000 calories each day. Sometimes more (which causes your body to store the extra as fat), sometimes less (which causes your body to burn its fat stores to make energy). \n\nIf you swallow a single pill that contains 2000 calories, then your daily caloric requirements are met, but your stomach is still saying \"Hey dude, you've only given me one measly pill to work on all day, we're dying down here\" and asks for more. \n\nThis has become a big problem lately with the easy access to foods that pack a big caloric punch in a small physical package."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
vg7n1
|
entropy and/or heat death.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vg7n1/eli5_entropy_andor_heat_death/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c547mev"
],
"score": [
19
],
"text": [
"Every so often you have to go clean your room. Why? Because if you don't it gets messier and messier.\n\nDoes your room ever just get cleaner by itself? Just, kind of by accident? No. \n\nThat's entropy. \n\nThings get messier and messier. They never get neater and more organized by themselves.\n\nJust how messy can things get? Well, the messiest thing in the universe is heat. It's just pure disorganized stuff.\n\nSince no one ever cleans up the universe, and it keeps getting messier, eventually everything will just be heat. That's called the *Heat Death* of the universe, since nothing will exist other than that heat.\n\nAnd that's why you have to clean your room.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
32zrze
|
how can movie trailers show clips of the movie, which i assume is finished, but not be shown for another year?
|
Do they have to do other stuff?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32zrze/eli5_how_can_movie_trailers_show_clips_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqg622w",
"cqg65wd"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"I assume you're talking about the Batman v Superman trailer. They've finished filming and probably finished editing too. They're advertising for the movie so early so people know it's coming. We probably won't get another trailer like this for at least 3 months but this early trailer just gets people excited. It lets people know in the back of their minds that a movie like this is coming rather than bombard people with 3 trailers when we're a few months before the movie.",
"I believe the trailers are mapped out in advance so the effects can be prepared for the particular scenes they want to highlight. Often the effects you see in the trailer differ from the finished version because by the time the film premieres several more months of work have been done to polish things.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4q8w3o
|
what makes scandinavian countries (finland, norway, denmark, sweden, iceland) culturally and politically different that allows them to always rank in top 10 in every global ranking?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4q8w3o/eli5_what_makes_scandinavian_countries_finland/
|
{
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25,
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],
"text": [
"Dane here:\n\nWe have constructed this model called the nordic model, which is somewhat complicated but basicly means that the state does not interfere in Union and Company negotiations. Everything is done through negotiations between the united workers and the united employers. We call it the golden triangle because it encorporates 1. An active workplace policy from the government. 2. Security in the case you loose your job (you get up to 90% of your old wage) and 3. Flexibility, at least in denmark its easy to hire and fire.\n\nThis has freed up time for our governments to create functioning welfare states. In denmark we pay the worlds highest taxes but we dont feel it because many expenses are paid for. We therefor worry much less about econonomics because the government actively works for our benefit.\n\nI hope this explains some of it. (PS. Scandinavia is only Denmark, Norway and Sweden)",
"In the case of Norway don't forget huge oil reserves in the north sea which really boost their economy. ",
"Democratic socialism. Unlike communism it uses the parts of capitalism that do work, while at the same time using socialist policies on the parts of the economy that capitalism fails to take care of. Thus we have almost all of the freedoms that come with a capitalist society like America, but at the same time receiving very extensive social security, which removes poverty almost completely. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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] |
||
3d84l0
|
what are the best historic examples of austerity working for a country?
|
Obviously thinking about the cuts being made in the UK and Greece (amongst others):
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3d84l0/eli5_what_are_the_best_historic_examples_of/
|
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"Austerity is the result of bad economics, not the cause. When you spend more than you take in, you have to borrow the difference. If your creditors say \"no, we don't want to keep giving you money\", you have to cut spending. There isn't something to gain or lose with it."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2015/jul/13/greece-crisis-anti-austerity-protest-demonstrate-bailout-video"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
1t5q36
|
why are electronic parts like the motherboard and video cards green?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t5q36/eli5_why_are_electronic_parts_like_the/
|
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"Its just a coloring in the coating they put on the pcb board for protection. I've seen red, black, blue and even white pcb before.",
"As others have mentioned circuit boards can come in all colours, but I've read that green was the traditional colour because it contrasts well with the copper traces, allowing them to be checked visually (this is from the days when [circuit boards were simpler and only double sided](_URL_0_) so could be checked for defects by eye, modern circuit boards have many hidden layers that you can't see)",
"Green is the cheapest color to use. Companies can request other colors during the manufacturing process If they want.",
"I work for the biggest company in the us that makes solder mask inks. They come in a variety of colors. Green is standard but there's also white, yellow, blue, red, amber, black, and sometimes even pink. It all depends on what the customer prefers. ",
"Circuit boards are usually made of fibreglass substrate, laminated copper traces are on each side and internally if there are more than two layers. On the outermost layers there is a layer on top of the copper which is called soldermask. This is there to form a barrier between the copper traces and the outside world. It is this layer that you are seeing as the green colour. But the board itself isn't green, the substrate is usually a sort of light yellow brown colour, as you can sometimes see if you look at the edge of the board. The soldermask comes in literally any colour you want, but green is easy for inspection as the copper traces are well contrasted from the bare substrate when under green soldermask. If you try and see the traces under a different colour you mu have a hard time, black and white are some particularly difficult ones.\n\nTL;DR: That's called soldermask, comes in various colours but green makes it easy to see the copper underneath.",
"The coating is called soldermask, and it's a type of photoimageable ink. It's not indiscriminately printed over the whole board, just over the areas where no solder is desired. Solder will adhere to any bare copper during tinning and wave processes so this is used during the tin plating process to give these parts insulation (both electrically and also to prevent the copper oxidising.) Selectively removing soldermask can be used to give some traces better thermal dissipation or high current capability.\n\nRealistically, the soldermask could be made clear, green, red, blue, black and any colour in between (custom colours can be made by mixing dyes together, like with ordinary ink.) It's also even possible, though very expensive with traditional processes at small quantities, to have multiple soldermask colours on a board.\n\nBy mixing the soldermask and the other type of printing called silkscreen, it's possible to create quite elaborate art on a board: _URL_0_\n\nSilkscreen is typically used to indicate component designations and label the board. However, it can also be used for art or as a second \"soldermask\" for particular sections of a board. \n\nGreen was mostly chosen because it's particularly visible and contrasting against other components, and the copper traces are easily visible through it.",
"The color of your board is defined by the solder-resist coating. _URL_0_",
"Since green solder mask has been used for such a long time for PCBAs (including those with tin-lead solder), I specify blue solder mask when designing an RoHS compliant PCBA. Green < > RoHS. Blue = RoHS.",
"So they can photosynthesize.",
"The green (or any color) Solder Mask preforms two important functions. It blocks solder other than right around the pad or lead area. On a [bare board](_URL_0_) without a Solder Mask the solder will soak up the whole track and make a mess. The Mask blocks the solder and keeps it in a small area around the pad or through-hole you are soldering. The other important thing it does it covers the tracks and isolates it electrically so it will not short out. Meaning you can drop a wire across 2 tracks and they will not short out. Its why roaches and bugs can crawl all over electronics a long time without sparking or arcing. But touch 2 points without mask and ZAP! \nGreen Solder Mask is the cheapest and sometimes is offered free in production and the other colors are normally an upgrade and costs more. I normally do a production run first in [bare board](_URL_0_). Then when I am confident in my design upgrade to [fancy colored solder mask](_URL_2_). Then when I design enough boards that they will fill an industry minimum size of 100mm x 100mm. I put them all together in [one panel](_URL_1_) to cut out later. \nSolder Mask no matter the color lifts your circuit board from the realm of backroom hobbyist to along side the big boys. Green Solder Mask changed my life.!",
"I've ordered a couple batches of PCBs over the years. Most PCB fab houses stock mostly the green solder mask for the [economies of scale](_URL_0_), and they offer this color as the cheapest option. Some PCB fab houses offer selection between green and red at no additional cost. Other than that, you could usually get it in blue or white for a small additional cost.\n\nThe reason why green was picked for as the de facto color of solder mask could be because it lets you spot right away the areas that aren't covered with solder mask. Uncovered copper traces (often ENIG/gold plated) are very noticeable.\n\nWhite... not too good because it's going to show all the dusts. While that is good to you if you troubleshoot it, dusty PCBs don't look good to some customers. Additionally, silkscreened componnent labels are white by standard. If you choose white solder mask, you'll have to go with black silkscreen. It's a little complicated; nonetheless, I have a couple FEZ Panda boards that are white and looking good.\n\nRed is as good as green. It could be a drop-in replacement if you like. More modern boards are coming out in red. My next PCBs will be in red.\n\nYellow was used occasionally in the past, but these days copper traces are selectively ENIG/gold plated and look yellowish. It could be confusing. Unless the intent is to confuse (like making the life of amateur reverse engineers a little more miserable), you might not want your PCBs in yellow.",
"Not all are green.\n\nSome are red (like ATI graphics cards)\n_URL_0_\n\nSome are black (like Audigy cards)\n_URL_1_\n\nSome are blue (like an Arduino board)\n_URL_2_",
"I think OP should check out modern motherboards and graphic cards. Now coming in variety of colors.",
"Because green is scientifically proven to be a non appetizing color, making you less inclined to eat it.",
"Sorry i'm late but there's one thing i'm not seeing mentioned in this thread. The different colors also specify how many layers there are on a given PCB. Just like gluing photo's in a scrap book, motherboards have multiple \"pages\" known as layers to hold all the \"photos.\" These photos are electrical connections called traces. The colors of the PCB help us to know how many layers there are without having to look up specs. Green is generally the most popular color used for reasons mentioned by other comments; however, it is not law. I can't remember because I'm on mobile, but I'm fairly certain there is a blue silk screen on my motherboard.",
"Motherboards are native to caves and mountainsides. Due to many generations of evolution, they developed a green color as a camouflage to match their native mosses. This is why you never see them in the wild."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://acorn.chriswhy.co.uk/8bit_Upgrades/Torch_Z802ndproc.html"
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[],
[],
[],
[
"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4089/5017774255_b907f61f84.jpg"
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[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board#Solder_resist_application"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://i1212.photobucket.com/albums/cc444/FreeHostPics/nomask_zps7b37e4cb.jpg",
"http://i1212.photobucket.com/albums/cc444/FreeHostPics/100_8345_zps8b4f309a.jpg",
"http://i1212.photobucket.com/albums/cc444/FreeHostPics/redmask_zpsf0c14056.jpg"
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[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale"
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[
"http://images.esellerpro.com/2131/I/728/27/lrgscaleDCP_0110.JPG",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Soundblaster_Audigy2_ZS.jpg/300px-Soundblaster_Audigy2_ZS.jpg",
"http://forefront.io/attachments/uno.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
ruixe
|
why computer viruses exist, who profits from them, and how.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ruixe/eli5_why_computer_viruses_exist_who_profits_from/
|
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"some men just want to watch the world burn.",
"Viruses are written by different people for different reasons. Some will write it just because they can and they get a thrill out of causing damage. \n\nOthers will write a virus so that it can turn your machine into a 'zombie' which helps with sending out spam emails or clicking links - it is a cheap way of getting extra work machines to do your dirty work without having to pay for it. Any money you make from the spam or link clicking is then yours. \n\nA few may even be paid to do it, engaging in sabotage against competitors which is a form of financial gain (by causing monetary loss to their rivals).\n\nAlso keep in mind that some viruses also gather personal information from you which can be used to gain access to your bank accounts or credit card accounts.\n\nAnother one you hear sometimes is small anti-virus companies that create a virus that infects your system, which can only be removed using their product, which you must of course pay for.",
"Computer viruses exist because they started out as something where somebody could 'prove' that they could actually do something to change another person's computer without their knowledge/consent. The first ones were just for fun and then other people picked up on this and chose to do more illegal things with them. \n\nMany viruses today come in different forms. They can either be used to get access to PCs, make them part of a large set of networks controlled by sets of people (or one person), programs that trick users into paying for fake products, or they can be used to track users/steal data. \n\nWith that in mind, the virus writers themselves can make money by selling the viruses to other people on websites that have 'black-market' type of forums. They can also use the viruses themselves instead of selling it. Another form, more recently done, is by \"leasing\" viruses or selling subscriptions to them. These are some of the most notorious and wide-spread types of viruses that allow hackers/spammers/other virus writers to use them to do more unruly deeds (email spam, take down websites, steal bank information, or spread other viruses).\n\nViruses are a very lucrative business and some of them are written by 'companies' that are structured just like any small business out there that is legal. ",
"others above have answered the basics, [so here is a very nicely done motion infographic]\n(_URL_0_)\n which I enjoyed & think you will too. It's more about the extreme end of the virus world..",
"They always existed. They even existed in ARPANET times...",
"The last Batman movie explains it well. You got criminals who are just in it for the money. Other people, like the Joker, just want to watch the world burn. \n\nIn order to profit from this type of activity, the person(s) that made the virus need to retrieve sensible information: passwords, CC numbers, what have you. If your \"how\" was aimed at how this can be possible, it's a bit difficult to understand, because it's like asking a mage how he does a certain trick. Nowaways known ways are: keyloggers (little programs that log every keystroke) and simply searching your computer/browser for information. After all, the information you type in has to be stored somewhere, somehow, it's just a matter or knowing where. ",
"[Some people just want to watch the world burn.](_URL_0_)\n\nBut in all seriousness, it's typically blackhats (immoral security experts) who sell zero days (vulnerabilities they just found) to corporations or individuals who chose to abuse them for their own gains.",
"Does anyone else think that McAfee and Symantec commission programmers in India to write viruses to keep the need for AV software alive? ",
"belive it or not, the first ms-dos virus was written to stop copyright infringement\n_URL_0_",
"[This newly-widespread Mac botnet trojan](_URL_0_) harvests sensitive passwords as well as other info.",
"When I was a kid quite awhile ago, to make money in my spare time I would write viruses and send them to virus companies. If they were sufficiently original, you'd get a small payment (I want to say 50 bucks)\n\nThis allowed me to make some spare money not having a paper route, and allowed the virus company to add 1 more to the huge number of viruses they prevented.\n\nEven if that virus was only created for the purpose of being stopped.",
"I know some CS majors who all believe in the conspiracy theory that most viruses are written by / sponsored by various anti-virus companies to help establish a need for their products. Pointing out that several viruses seem designed to be stopped by specific anti-virus software (such as Norton or Kaspersky) rather than not to be stopped at all. \n\nNow we just need Jesse Ventura to do a show about it.. ",
"Viruses – really, any \"malware\" – exist because (a)it's possible to write them, and (b)people are motivated to do so.\n\nIt's possible to write them because it turns out to be really hard to make a computer that will run any program *except* the ones we don't want it to.\n\nPeople are motivated to do so for one or more reasons, like:\n\n1. **Research**; some of the first viruses were not meant to be malicious, they were designed to explore networks but had bugs that caused damage. A lot of recent ones harped on by anti-virus companies exist only in labs...\n2. **Fun**; some people just do it because they find it interesting or enjoyable to see how such a thing works\n3. **Profit**; malware can be used to create \"botnets\" that are sold to criminals who in turn use them to e.g. send lots of traffic to sites in order to take them offline. The attack stops when the site owners give in to blackmail demands. Malware can also steal personal and financial information, be used for industrial espionage, etc.\n4. **Espionage and War**; state-sponsored malware can be used to target enemy infrastructure (Stuxnet is hypothesized to be this), create distractions, steal state secrets, corrupt key information, etc.",
"**WHY:** \nSome people are mean just because they can be mean.\n\nSome people want to take your money.\n\nSome people want your identity.\n\nSome people are all of the above.\n\n**WHO:** \nWhoever wrote the program, or whoever they work for.\n\n**HOW:** \nProfit from being mean: Thrill of breaking something. Think of it like vandalizing something, just because you can.\n\nProfit of money: credit card numbers, bank account numbers, other financial information, this is self-explanatory.\n\nProfit of your identity: Using your email/facebook/whatever to advertise for who they work for, or to convince your friends to download the virus they made.",
"Around 1987 I met my first PC virus.\n\nIt was delivered to me *by courier* on a 5 1/4\" floppy disk, sent by a then \"big six\" accounting firm.\n\nIt made the PC display this after booting to DOS: \n\n > Your computer is now stoned\n\nSo, to answer \"why they exist\", I believe one answer has to be simply \"because they can\". Just an example of some hacker proving a skill. At the time it was pretty impressive.",
"In the beginning (back in the 1980s and early 1990s), viruses were written by antisocial types who enjoyed either technical challenge or the power trip they got from causing damage to others. So in terms of the \"payload,\" we had two kinds of viruses: (a) viruses that didn't really do anything other than propagate, and (b) viruses that deleted files from the victim's computer.\n\nThen the Internet happened. Suddenly, if you could take control of random people's computers you could use them for profitable criminal purposes. This includes:\n\n* Finding and exploiting private information that the computer has access to. Credit card numbers, bank account online access passwords, email addresses for people, etc.\n* You can use malware to comandeer other people's computers and make them send out spam. Then it can't be traced back to you.\n* Denial of service attacks. Infect a few thousand computers with a virus that allows you to control them, and use them to overload websites with traffic and force them to go down.\n",
"I read somewhere that the average age of a virus author is something like 16 years old. Generally they are just immature kids who want to cause trouble in order to cause trouble. ",
"Some do it for the thrills.\nSome do it for the kills.\nSome do it for the doller bills.",
"Some men just want to watch the world burn"
]
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[
"http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57409619-83/more-than-600000-macs-infected-with-flashback-botnet/?part=rss&subj=news&tag=2547-1_3-0-20&tag=nl.e703"
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||
1geraj
|
would something suspended between magnets in space (vacuum and no gravity) spin forever?
|
Just wondering, because there'd be no air or gravity resistance to cause it to slow down, and I don't know enough about the conservation of energy etc to know why it'd stop (if it would).
[Clarification on the setup I mean](_URL_0_), surely then you could rig up a generator style thing with a platter on the spinning magnet and coils n' such as you have the spinning motion.
Edit: Actually completely messed this question up. Ignore the being in space part, a vacuum on earth with that setup.
Complete brain fart, no idea why I brought space into the mix.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1geraj/eli5_would_something_suspended_between_magnets_in/
|
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"If you start an object spinning in free space with no forces to act on it, it will keep spinning forever, because of Newton's first law: \"an object in motion stays in motion, unless some force acts on it.\" You don't need magnets for that.\n\nNow, if you hooked it up to a generator and battery or something, it would lose energy, because the generator sucks (kinetic) energy out of the rotation and stores it in the battery as electrical (potential) energy.\n\nedit: by the way, the system you have drawn up would not stay stable for a significant amount of time. quantum fluctuations, which are essentially a form of \"natural randomness,\" would eventually tip the system one way or the other, and once they aren't *perfectly balanced*, the magnets would shoot away from each other."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/Ml1bQNC.png"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
5n1akz
|
what happens to the court cases that are not accepted by the supreme court?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5n1akz/eli5_what_happens_to_the_court_cases_that_are_not/
|
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"text": [
"The decision of the last court to hear the case stands, and the appeals process ends.\n\nThe US Supreme Court doesn't hear the majority of cases that get appealed from the lower courts."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8vpt10
|
why do butter and margarine cook so differently despite tasting very similar?
|
For example if I use butter on a grilled cheese sandwich the outside gets nice and crispy, but if I use margarine the bread turns to complete mush; similar taste in the end, but totally different texture. How does this happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8vpt10/eli5_why_do_butter_and_margarine_cook_so/
|
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"text": [
"Leaving aside the fact that I don't agree with butter tasting similar to margarine:\n\nButter has milk solids in it, along with other organic compounds that undergo caramelization while also being a fat that allows for the heat transfer so that the food gets crispy. In your example, the butter AND the bread carmelize.\n\nMargarine is whipped vegetable oil and water with some flavor compounds and a few other chemicals that allow for a smooth emulsion.\n\nYour sogginess is coming from the water in cheap margarine.\n\nFor a better margarine experience, only buy stuff that says \"100% vegetable oil\", and spread a THIN layer on your bread, before grilling.\n\nAlso, use butter, you heathen",
"DID YOU JUST SAY BUTTER AND MARGARINE TASTE VERY SIMILAR ?\n\nButter is pure milk, you can make it yourself by just putting milk in a mixer. I don't think you could make margarine at home, because it's chemically processed and comes from oil, not milk.",
"They do not taste similar at all. \n\nBut the reason that they cook differently is that they are different things. Margarine is created from vegetable oil, and various flavoring agents and stabilizers to imitate the look and texture of butter. Butter is the solids (fats and proteins) from milk. They are fundamentally different things so cook differently. ",
"Margarine ???! *faints in French *"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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|
57j3a3
|
why are pitchers in baseball not as good as hitting as baseball players at every other position are?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57j3a3/eli5_why_are_pitchers_in_baseball_not_as_good_as/
|
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"This is mainly due to the fact that pitching is a very difficult thing to due, and learned through years of repetition that has to constantly be maintained, leaving less time for them to practice hitting. Now hitting is very hard on itself, which leaves pitchers generally either skimping in hitting or in pitching, and pitching is their job. Remember, this is generally, some pitchers can be natural hitters, or natural pitchers and can devote their time to both, but most choose one and stick with it, with minimal practice for the other. \n\nAnother thing is the fact that the American League pitchers do not generally have to hit. Instead, they have a designated hitter to bat for the pitcher. This leads to even less batting for a pitcher. Just another reason they generally are not good.",
"Pitching is probably the most critical aspect of baseball. As such, pitchers need a lot of time and practice and are a true specialist position. Pitchers are essentially dedicated so fully to it that other baseball skills (fielding, hitting) are often neglected. \n\nAdding to this is the divide in rulesets between National League and American League. National League states that pitchers must hit in the lineup, while American League states that a designated hitter may be used in replacement. \n\nFinally, there's the issue of stamina. Even National League pitchers, starting in lineups, will occasionally ground-out or out on purpose to save their energy for pitching. Had they recorded a hit, they would become a baserunner and likely used some of their energy better saved for pitching.",
"This has more to do with the fact that both hitting a 95 MPH fastball and throwing a 95 MPH fastball are both extremely difficult to do. There aren't very many people capable of doing either one well, much less being able to do both well. On top of that pitchers spend very little time in practice hitting, as it is far more important they practice their pitching."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8hjr1e
|
why does the english language (and others) have so many redundant letters?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8hjr1e/eli5_why_does_the_english_language_and_others/
|
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"text": [
"Since English is a derivative language, some letter that are for the same sound are used in different words. For example, the K is originally Germanic and the C is of Latin origin.",
"Because English is a filthy whore of a language with words from lots of different languages, and in different languages letters aren't always spoken the same way.\n\nThe other big thing is pronunciations change over time. For example, 'Knight' comes from the German word 'Knecht' where the K is not silent, and over time this changed into the English word Knight....and for a time, the K was pronounced before it was eventually dropped.",
"I’m curious: may I ask what’s your native language?",
"Is it possible that the importance of being clearly understood has led to a communication system with build in data redundancy for better error detection and correction?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5yvkie
|
what are colon cleanses, why are they so popular, and do they work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yvkie/eli5_what_are_colon_cleanses_why_are_they_so/
|
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],
"text": [
"They are literally washing out the inside of the colon with a liquid (such as water), using an enema.\n\nThey are based on a severe misunderstanding of the causes of most diseases. Generally they don't do anything except relieve constipation, if present. There is a lot of quack medicine (fake medicine based on no valid scientific evidence) that claims they do more.",
"It is the act of flushing the large intestine with warm water to loosen and remove stool. \n\nWho knows why they're popular. It's like probiotics or juice cleanses - anecdotal or subjective evidence has created marketing opportunities. \n\nI'm not aware of any direct benefit which has been scientifically studied and independently verified. My father has been practicing GI medicine for over 30 years. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
88bbwp
|
atomic movement
|
I want to understand how atoms move. Not in a vacuum. Not even in a molecule. I'll try and explain...
If the molecules in my fingertips reach out and pick up my coffee mug; how does that motion take make at the atomic level. I can vaguely understand the idea that the atoms won't just smash into each other for no unexplained reason (at least in my currently occupied universe). But if I were to (hypothetically) "highlight" one whom at the tip of my finger, how would it move (around/ through/ swapped)through the atom of the intervening air and to the mug.
Do the other atoms move aside like marbles in a jar?
Do they trade places with the atoms behind me?
Do the atoms "teleport" into each other places?
Do the atoms disappear to a higher dimension until the available space is opened again?
This keeps me up at night !
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/88bbwp/eli5_atomic_movement/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dwj9znt",
"dwja07w"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Atoms are composed of positive and negatively charged particles called protons and electrons, respectively. Normally the positive charge of the protons and negative charge of the electrons cancel out and the atom as a whole has no net electrical charge.\n\nBut the electrons of the atom surround the positively charged protons contained within the nucleus, forming a kind of shell. So when two atoms get close to each other, the electrons in each of their shells repel each other and begin to push apart.\n\nGiven your list, it's most like \"Do the other atoms move aside like marbles in a jar?\" The atoms and molecules in the air fly around and bump into the atoms in your finger, and then bounce off in another direction.",
"The MOLECULES of air will be pushed out of the way as your hand travels to the mug. Imagine your hand pushing through a bucket of marbles to touch the bottom. Same idea.\n\nThe individual atoms stay in their configuration because they are \"connected\" in a stable formation with all the other atoms that are part of the same molecule. That molecule is connected with a bunch of others to make a protein or lipid or something, which is with a bunch of others as part of the surface of the cell at the very tip of your finger."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
azvmem
|
how can our skeleton achieve being extremely light and also capable of supporting extremely heavy weights at the same time?
|
Even absurdly strong people with high bone densities have very very light skeletons (Brian Shaw, 4x WSM's was measured to weight only 30*lbs or roughly 14*kg, while he weighs 440lbs or 200kg at his competition peak).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/azvmem/eli5_how_can_our_skeleton_achieve_being_extremely/
|
{
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"eiafp6n",
"eiagad3",
"eiaorwo",
"eiau0b7"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"\nHumans don't intuitively have a good grasp for forces and stresses when they are outside the range of simple objects we can pick up. Bone seem's impressive when we compare with what we can break and pick up with our own muscular skeletal system. But that's because our strength and intuition is already limited by bone.\n\nFunctionally, bone has fairly good strength to weight due to it having a high 'second moment of area' i.e. there is more material around the edges and less in the middle. It also has the advantage of changing its internal structure to become stronger in certain directions after repeated use.\n\nHowever as an engineering material, bone isn't actually that impressive, compared with the vast catalogue of materials at our disposal. It's not the strongest, and it's quite brittle. If it were super impressive, we'd be sure to find plenty of structural applications for it right away.",
"Same way polymers like carbon fiber that are both strong & light work — the molecular framework is in a highly organized configuration, providing strength without significant weight. Also your muscles and tendons help take some of the tension of your body weight off of your bones. \n\nIn addition, your long bones are more like a tube than a solid rod, and are somewhat porous at the microscopic level. The hollow center permits space for the marrow and the porousness allows blood vessels to traverse the bone. I would guess the weight of that guys bones did not include the contribution from vessels and marrow.",
"A rod supporting weight is very resistant to being crushed, that is just a property of solids. They are much more likely to break by being bent. \n\nWhen a rod is being bent, it does not resist the bend evenly across the whole width of the rod. The center provides little strength, the vast majority of the resistance comes from the outer edges. \n\nThe edges being what makes a pole strong led to the development of the I-beam, which had almost the strength of a solid beam even though it has only a thin connection between the sides. \n\nLikewise a hollow metal pipe is almost as strong as a solid metal pipe. \n\nYour bones use this same type of structure to maximize strength while minimizing weight. The weight and strength is in the edges of the bone where it matters.",
"Where did you get the claim that Shaw's skeleton only weighs 13 pounds? I'm pretty certain that isn't correct. \n\nOn googling, a number of sources agree that men's skeletons average around 15% of their total weight, and women's a little less than that. Shaw and other powerlifters and bodybuilders are obviously extreme body composition outliers, but even if he weighed a more normal for his frame 250 pounds, 15% of that would be 37.5 pounds. Heavy weight lifting also causes bones to grow more dense, as well as it being likely that Shaw and other elite weightlifters had above average skeletal robustness to begin with. I don't know what all those factors might add up to, but I wouldn't be surprised if his skeleton weighs 50 pounds or more. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4cmmpg
|
underneath the surface layer of sand at the bottom of the ocean, is there more sand (or something) that is dry?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4cmmpg/eli5_underneath_the_surface_layer_of_sand_at_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1jkdlz"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Under the ocean floor sediments are some of the youngest rocks on earth. The rock is generated at the divergent plate boundaries (also called \"mid-ocean ridges\" or \"rift zones\"), from melted parts of the mantle.\n\nThe rocks lie in a sequence, with different chemical composition and texture, but are probably what most people would compare with basalt, from volcanoes with runny lava (think Hawaii)\n\nSomething I just learned recently: There are a few places on earth where chunks of these ocean crust sequences are somehow thrust onto land (even mountains), we call the ophiolites. Ancient ocean crust in a mountain!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ufd83
|
the stigma attached to cross fit.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ufd83/eli5_the_stigma_attached_to_cross_fit/
|
{
"a_id": [
"co7von8",
"co7woqy",
"co7xhbc"
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"score": [
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4,
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"text": [
"It is (in my opinion) three things: \n\n* A large number of videos on youtube of crossfit show seriously atrocious form with people claiming to be doing an exercise they really aren't doing. For example, the notorious videos of kipping pullups, where the guy says he did 100 pullups, but didn't, because strict pullups are different from kipping pullups\n* There is a vocal minority who just wont shut up about how crossfit is a superior form of exercise. People with a superiority complex are easy to hate\n* Crossfit in the news tends to showcase some questionable stuff. Terrible form, people being proud of rhabdo (a potentially deadly condition) pregnant mothers going so hard they puke, etc. ",
"Crossfit is very misunderstood so a lot of people get hurt doing crossfit because they think it's the fitness version of a get rich quick scheme. In reality it requires excellent form and an a strong foundation of fitness already present, something crossfitters notoriously don't have. \n\n The bulk of injuries occur due to over training, using incorrect form while fatigued, resulting in people throwing the weight around instead of moving the weight. The stress your ligaments and muscles go through when they are tense and tight, combined with the jerking motion of stopping weight you're not in control of easily causes tears, dislocations, strains and injury from losing control.\n\n All these injuries combined with the notion that a lot of people who practice crossfit have no idea what they're doing gives the whole section of fitness a bad name.",
"It often emphasizes speed/quickness over proper (and safe) form. The idea is HIIT (high-intensity interval training - which is exactly what it sounds like - short but intense bursts of exercise), which I am a proponent for as it does have a lot of benefits, but it should never be at the cost of form because besides just being inefficient, it's just dangerous.\n\nTwo examples. One is \"kipping\" - probably the most made fun of exercise. And rightly so. I don't know what the fuck it's doing. Twenty \"kips\" are probably worth about 5 good-form chin-ups (exact ratio I dunno, just guesstimated). It's not even about explosive strength - it's just cheating - using momentum to make it easier to do.\n\nAnother is how they do incorporate clean and jerks into their high intensity intervals. If there's one exercise you should never, ever rush or put in an environment where the person feels rushed, this is it. I cringe so much watching some of these videos. Even when they \"lift\" it, the form is so terrible I feel sorry for their backs.\n\nHIIT is inherently pretty dangerous and should be done carefully with trainers who know what they're doing. Unfortunately, even if some of the foundations of crossfit makes sense, it's explosive growth and perhaps shadier certification methods mean a lot of places seem to have popped up with \"certified\" trainers who really have no business doing such."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3923fk
|
why does a tornado make a funnel shape like water going down a drain?
|
Are the two similar in some fundamental way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3923fk/eli5why_does_a_tornado_make_a_funnel_shape_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crzot0a"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Yes, they are. They're both [vortices](_URL_0_) (plural of 'vortex') in a fluid, and they're governed by the same laws of fluid dynamics. Gases and liquids behave very similarly in a lot of respects, this is why you can sometimes see things like [wave clouds](_URL_1_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_clouds.jpg"
]
] |
|
20n1px
|
how does lane assist technology determine the difference between a driver not paying attention and drifting out of lane vs a slow lane change?
|
I've always wondered what makes this tech work.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20n1px/eli5_how_does_lane_assist_technology_determine/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg4u3c0"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"You (are supposed to) use your turn signal when purposefully changing lanes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
n54oe
|
why you blow on a flame to make it bigger and you blow on a flame to put it out.
|
Yes I am high, but I am still asking :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/n54oe/eli5_why_you_blow_on_a_flame_to_make_it_bigger/
|
{
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"c36b6wt",
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"c36b6wt",
"c36ekgi"
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15,
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"text": [
"When you blow on a flame gently you add more oxygen to the fire which makes it burn hotter.\n\nWhen you blow on a flame hard even though you are adding more oxygen, you are also cooling down the flame because your breath is relatively cold. If you get it cold enough quick enough it stops burning.\n\nIts basically the fire triangle, you're adding oxygen, or removing heat, fuel remains the same.",
"As others have explained, you blow slowly to add oxygen, which feeds the fire. Fire triangle, basic chemistry, etc.\n\nIt's a bit harder to explain why you blow on it quickly, but here's the simplest way I can do it. You're **not** simply cooling the flame.\n\nLet's say you're looking at a lighter. When you press the button on the lighter, it starts blowing gas from the little hole. Unless you provide a spark, it's never going to light up. The spark provides a single point where the gas can get hot enough to start combustion. The combusting gas (the fire itself) produces an intense amount of heat, in effect providing that initial spark for all of the gas coming up underneath it. When you blow quickly on the flaming gas, you're moving it away from the gas coming out of the lighter, so the gas coming out has no 'spark' to start the flame.\n\nIn the case of something like a match or campfire, where you have a solid fuel, the exact same thing is still happening. The gas that's combusting, in this case, is flowing out of the wood due to the heat. If you light a match or a candle and look at it really closely (ask your mom for permission first!), you can see that there's a small area of non-flaming gas between the flame and the wood.\n\nEdit - 87linux has it right.",
"When you blow on a flame gently you add more oxygen to the fire which makes it burn hotter.\n\nWhen you blow on a flame hard even though you are adding more oxygen, you are also cooling down the flame because your breath is relatively cold. If you get it cold enough quick enough it stops burning.\n\nIts basically the fire triangle, you're adding oxygen, or removing heat, fuel remains the same.",
"As others have explained, you blow slowly to add oxygen, which feeds the fire. Fire triangle, basic chemistry, etc.\n\nIt's a bit harder to explain why you blow on it quickly, but here's the simplest way I can do it. You're **not** simply cooling the flame.\n\nLet's say you're looking at a lighter. When you press the button on the lighter, it starts blowing gas from the little hole. Unless you provide a spark, it's never going to light up. The spark provides a single point where the gas can get hot enough to start combustion. The combusting gas (the fire itself) produces an intense amount of heat, in effect providing that initial spark for all of the gas coming up underneath it. When you blow quickly on the flaming gas, you're moving it away from the gas coming out of the lighter, so the gas coming out has no 'spark' to start the flame.\n\nIn the case of something like a match or campfire, where you have a solid fuel, the exact same thing is still happening. The gas that's combusting, in this case, is flowing out of the wood due to the heat. If you light a match or a candle and look at it really closely (ask your mom for permission first!), you can see that there's a small area of non-flaming gas between the flame and the wood.\n\nEdit - 87linux has it right."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2wduj6
|
what gives you the ability to draw?
|
How come alot of my family members can grab a pencil and draw an amazing picture, yet other than a stickman I'm terrible. What gives us the skills to be able to do it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2wduj6/eli5_what_gives_you_the_ability_to_draw/
|
{
"a_id": [
"copwxjh",
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],
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9,
2
],
"text": [
"Practise mostly. Some people might be slightly more talented from the start, but mostly what does it is lots and lots of practise. All those amazing artists you admire? They got there because they practised for hours and hours. ",
"It's absolutely a skill, not a talent, and anyone with patience can learn to do it. The main trick is that it's an illusion: a flat piece of paper doesn't look like the world, so you have to learn techniques to trick the eye into thinking it's seeing three dimensions, depth, atmosphere, etc. The book [Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain](_URL_0_) is hugely popular, and supposedly can get even the least artistic people to turn out passable drawings. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.amazon.com/Drawing-Right-Side-Brain-Definitive/dp/1585429201"
]
] |
|
9a2p6p
|
how do ants know i left a glass with coke on top of my desk? do they sniff it or do they have scouts in the field?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9a2p6p/eli5_how_do_ants_know_i_left_a_glass_with_coke_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e4savyd",
"e4sb1t0"
],
"score": [
12,
4
],
"text": [
"Partially one, partially the other. In many cases ants *can* detect food through the air at distances of up to a couple meters. However they also have scouts that randomly wander around at larger distances looking for food while laying scent trails behind them. When one of these scouts gets close enough to detect food they can close in on it to confirm and then return to the colony, alerting the other ants that there is food at the end of that particular scent trail.",
"Ants basically have scouts. When one of them finds food/drink, they release a pheromone (smell) in a line from their find back to their nest, signalling what they've found. Other ants follow the trail straight to the glass."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3crxw7
|
the pros and the cons of el niño happening in california
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3crxw7/eli5_the_pros_and_the_cons_of_el_niño_happening/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csygutz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Pros. Rainfall, longer growing season.\nCons. Flooding, increase in number and intensity of storms.\nI read that the 2003 one caused 40B in damages but with the extra crop there was an extra 50B. It was the book State of Fear, it had sources listed in it, but I don't have them now and haven't been able to find it via google, so take it how you will"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1cakbp
|
why does the smoke from my burnt chicken make my smoke detector go off but smoking marijuana doesn't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1cakbp/eli5_why_does_the_smoke_from_my_burnt_chicken/
|
{
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34,
96,
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"text": [
"I've always been told it's because marijuana smoke is very light - unlike cigarette smoke, which is thick and heavy, the smell of marijuana disappears after a short time (when smoking inside). I'm sure burning chicken produces heavy smoke.\n\nPro Tip: Stop getting high while cooking chicken maaaan. You're burnin it!",
"You may be better crossposting this to /r/askscience for an answer without any speculation.",
"As you can see in[ this image](_URL_0_) a smoke detector works by having a radioactive source emit **alpha radiation** (a helium ion).\n\nThe detector is nice and quiet while being shot with this radiation, however as soon as smoke enters the detector it *blocks* the alpha radiation ( because alpha is highly ionising but doesn't penetrate well).\n\nThe reason smoke from marijuana doesn't set it off is because *it does not block the radiation*! My guess as to why is that the particulates are too sparse, allowing enough alpha particles to hit the detector. ",
"because god loves you and wants you to be happy",
"5 year olds shouldn't be smoking marijuana, you're grounded."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.apollo-fire.co.uk/media/753720/ionisation.jpg"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
243k2l
|
is netflix perceived as the 'good guy' in the whole net neutrality shebang?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/243k2l/eli5_is_netflix_perceived_as_the_good_guy_in_the/
|
{
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2,
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"text": [
"as they are shitting on ISP's, you could say that they are the good guy.\n\nBut in reality, Netflix can shape their own traffic. so they could apply different bitrates to their transmission towards you. (they actually do this already by auto detecting your d/l speed.",
"Yes. Netflix isnt altruistic or anything they are just a honest company trying to make an honest profit by providing something people want. Companies like comcast/time warner feel threatened by their business model and realize while they cannont kill netflix off they can at least cash in on netflix success. \n\nComcast has alleged that the traffic going to netflix servers is just too high, however netflix has offered to give comcast their own local netflix server equipment so they can provide the content people are paying for without making that traffic ever touch the backbone.\n\nIn short Netflix is doing everything they can, and are essentially fighting a david vs goliath kind of fight here.\n",
"That depends on who you ask; Comcast says yes because they want to charge Netflix more money to provide decent bandwidth, so they will try to make them look like bad guys so the general public changes their mind. The problem here is that Comcast already agreed to provide data service to customers who already expect to be able to use their service. By changing the rules at this point, Comcast will still be able to limit the amount of bandwidth you can access (your speeds would be much higher right now if they wanted them to be - all they have to do it's change the file your modem boots from and they wouldn't have to even worry about buying new hardware and everyone would have gigabit speeds, but they love money more than being decent), still be able to cash in on a market they caused with their own lack of creativity, and add another layer of income atop their already staggering mountain. \n\nTL;DR - Comcast already makes lots of money to provide internet service, but they also want the money from cable TV, so they're trying to stick their hand in Netflix's cookie jar.",
"I wouldn't call Netflix the \"good guy\" because they are looking after their own interests and ensuring that they can deliver their own product and therefore make a profit off of their customers. They are only looking to lower their cost of business. If it wasn't directly affecting them, they wouldn't be fighting for network neutrality.\n\nHere's a more lengthy ELI5 version of everything that is going on:\n\nIn the world of video and audio streaming to home theaters, quality is a HUGE issue to Netflix. They need to stream the highest quality that is as close to HD quality that they can to make the experience equivalent to renting a Bluray from Redbox or an on-demand title from your cable company.\n\nThe only limit is how fast they can get their data to you, and they're already applying different quality of video depending on how fast that is. The main problem here is that the ISP is the one deciding just how fast you can get their video. The ISP also has a vested interest in you NOT using Netflix and instead buying $5 rentals of their on demand content.\n\nSo what is happening is that the ISP is saying \"you give us a cut of your profits to make up for stealing our customers away from on demand rentals and cable tv subscriptions or we'll make the user experience so terrible that you'll lose customers.\" Customers generally won't tell the difference between their ISP being the problem and Netflix. If the ISP's own streaming service works fine, but Netflix fails, they'll blame Netflix. That's exactly what Comcast made happen.\n\nNetflix was being held ransom by Comcast. They had no choice but to agree to Comcast's fees in order to ensure that their customers got a quality product. As soon as they paid up, Comcast made sure that the news covered how \"Netflix clearly doesn't agree with Network Neutrality\" since they were paying for special access to customers. They used the strong-armed deal as evidence for why the deal was the free market solving problems and why the government should stay out of it.\n\nIt worked too. Lots of Network Neutrality supporters were angry at Netflix and up in arms that Netflix would make such a deal. Bad press against Netflix is exactly what Comcast wanted.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
d1gqml
|
what everyone’s beef with chick fil a?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d1gqml/eli5_what_everyones_beef_with_chick_fil_a/
|
{
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"text": [
"I’m pretty sure the only thing people hate about Chik Fil A is that they all close on Sunday.",
"They support anti-lgbtq causes and people call them out for it and eat elsewhere to avoid providing money that will be funneled into socially reprehensible activities. Truly excellent food, but fuck them.",
"The latest issue that has come along is that Chick-fil-A is a particularly Christian company, and has recently enjoyed several contractual renewals at various airports that might otherwise have been disallowed due to their stance on LGBT+ issues.",
"Chick Fil-A's founder is a devout Christian who believes in the Bible. A literal (more fundamental) translation of the Bible. While his adhearance to traditional Christian beliefs at his own financial loss, is impressive, it is certainly out of step with most of society and the majority of his customers. One of those beliefs is that homosexuality is a sin. He donated money to anti-lgbtqt causes.\n\nWhile all people should respect his right to have a voice in this issue, the company can't cry victim when people express their opinion by choosing to not do business with Chick-fil-A. This is a fully legitimate form of free speech as well.\n\nMr. Cathy is dead, I believe."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
678opq
|
where did the term "riding shotgun" come from?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/678opq/eli5_where_did_the_term_riding_shotgun_come_from/
|
{
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"dgohiwf",
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11,
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"text": [
"In the wild west, stagecoaches would employ a driver and another person who sat with the driver and kept a gun at the ready in case of an attack from bandits or Indians. ",
"Riding shotgun was used to describe the guard who rode alongside a stagecoach driver, ready to use his shotgun to ward off bandits or Native Americans [wikipedia]",
"In the American west, when stagecoaches were still the mode of transportation, banks would use them to move money and such (which is why Wells Fargo has a coach as its logo). In order to keep from getting robbed, there would be a guy sitting next to the driver of the coach with a shotgun to fend off would-be robbers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
35rbu7
|
had an mri, they let me use headphones to listen to music
|
Ok, so an MRI is a huge magnet, the speakers in headphones use magnets. Yet when I had an MRI of my shoulder they gave me some headphones and music to listen to.
The headphones were a bit distorted, but sounded the same if the machine was on or off.
Shouldn't the magnet have caused them to not work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35rbu7/eli5had_an_mri_they_let_me_use_headphones_to/
|
{
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"text": [
"They probably used non-magnetic headphones.\n\nMRI machines are ***LOUD***. Uncomfortably so, and involves your sitting still for an extended period of time. Almost ever MRI machine also offers a non-magnetic audio set. Otherwise nobody would make it through the entire imaging process.",
"How they work is that the speaker park (with the magnet) is outside the machine where it isn't affected and the headphones are basically just hollow tubes that allow the sound to travel along them.\n\nIt's kind of like an advanced version of two cups tied together with string",
"Back in the Good Old Days^tm, airliners used headsets similar to stethoscopes without the cold metal piece, just hollow plastic tubes that would fit into your ears at one end and plug into the seat arm at the other end. This is similar to the cardboard tube stethoscope that kids learn, carrying the sound through the tube. \n\nI'm not sure where the speakers are in either those old airliners or the MRI, but I'm pretty sure it's the same idea - just hollow tubes carrying the sound from someplace else. ",
"I known that in old airplane the sound system wasn't working like headphone today, but by using Stethoscope-Style Pneumatic Headphone like this one : _URL_0_\n\nAs it's non magnetic I think MRI use the same kind of technology, the speaker(s) are in a box (outside the MRI) connected to your stethoscope style pneumatic headphone.\nThe sound waves are transmitted by passing through the stethoscope air pipes and then you ears."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.scansound.com/index.php/stethoscope-style-pneumatic-headphone.html"
]
] |
|
3u12yw
|
does google maps (or any gps system) calculate arrival time based on if you were doing the speed limit the whole time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3u12yw/eli5_does_google_maps_or_any_gps_system_calculate/
|
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"Google and the other traffic apps use real time data from other users of the app. Imagine 30000+ Android users supplying data to Google at rush hour. That would lead to very exact travel times. ",
"On a mostly empty road, yes most applications will assume you are traveling at the posted speed limit. However, with a program like Google it will take the average of all users travel time between 2 points (even if their final destination isn't the same as yours) and seam them together.",
"Related question if anyone's interested in giving me an answer:\n\nI mainly use the iphone Maps app for directions when I'm driving. Usually very good - directions and time estimates - in my regular car, over long distances...\n\n...I also have an old van with top speed of about 55 MPH, bit more with a tailwind. This means the ETA calcs are well out on longer journeys, especially on motorways where it's expecting an average of 70-80. \n\nAnyone recommend a decent app that allows me to adjust speed for different vehicles? I'm sure this must exist as lorries are speed-restricted by law in many places. (Or even websites that allow similar calculations before I set off...) Ta."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
xwo8m
|
the vaccination 'controversy'.
|
Why do some people believe that they should not vaccinate their children. Is there ANY link between vaccinations and autism, or any other disease?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xwo8m/eli5_the_vaccination_controversy/
|
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"text": [
"There is no link. Sad parents believe non-science to feel better about their children. Other paranoid hippie parents don't care about possibly infecting other peoples children who can't get vaccinations.",
"Well, a man came up with a study that claimed that there is a connection between vaccinations and autism. It was a bad study that was later refuted, but not fast enough. The media loved it and decided to hype it for ratings, and bang, your mama is telling my mama and it's out of control. \n\nThere is no link between vaccinations and autism. You're body produces immunity to organisms naturally, a vaccine is a dead/weakened version of that organism that makes you're body create the natural immunities to it. Vaccinations are one of the safest and most effective ways to fight infection. Some of them have side effects in very small minorities, let's say you have AIDS and can't produce the natural immunities, and you're immune system isn't working too well, well then that weak organism can be a problem.\n\nA vaccination is the sickly wimpy half dead brother of an infection, but if Mr. Hepatitis comes knocking with his other infectious buddies, and you have never encountered even seen his brother before, well he'll wreck you're house before you suspect or fight back. (A bit of an exaggeration but for the sake of imagery)\n\nEdit: Even if it did cause autism, which there certainly is no reliable evidence that it does, the fact is vaccinations are not candy which you can disregard, they prevent deadly infections, the alternative is much worse, at an individual and a population viewpoint.",
"There is no link between vaccinations and autism, and there is no controversy.\n\nIf you were interested in causing the absolute most suffering you possibly could to humanity, you could hardly do better than spreading nonsense about vaccines.",
"There is, in fact, a link between vaccinations and autism. That link is age. \nAutism is usually first noticed around the same age that kids get their scheduled vaccinations. This is a property of autism, and only a coincidence, but it is a link that has caused a lot of children to be diagnosed with autism shortly after they got vaccinated. Just as many children who never got vaccinated are diagnosed around the same age, which is why we can say that vaccines don't cause autism. If they did, there would be a higher percentage of vaccinated kids who develop autism than non-vaccinated kids. \nThat said, having a disabled child is an emotionally straining experience, and a lot of parents will cling to anything that they can to find someone or something to blame. Double blind tests can show statistically that vaccines aren't the cause, but they don't change the mind of a grieving parent. Some people are predisposed to believing emotional stories about conspiracies and dismissing scientific evidence. All of this adds up to the anti-vaccine movement, which is causing deaths of people who never got the life-saving vaccines. In particular, Whooping Cough has experienced a resurgence lately in my area.",
"There's a handy (albeit rather lengthy) cartoon that gives a good summary of how the \"controversy\" started here: [The Facts In The Case Of Dr. Andrew Wakefield](_URL_0_).\n\nOther members have covered the other relevant factors though, like upset parents looking for people to blame, \"hippies\" who already reject evidence-based medicine, and the correlation between when autistic symptoms can be identified and the time at which vaccinations are given. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://darryl-cunningham.blogspot.co.nz/2010/05/facts-in-case-of-dr-andrew-wakefield.html"
]
] |
|
2e14lt
|
if an identical twin commits a murder, how does dna evidence prove which of the twins it would be?
|
is it even possible to distinguish between the two with current methods?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e14lt/eli5_if_an_identical_twin_commits_a_murder_how/
|
{
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"text": [
"It doesn't. But they don't have identical fingerprints, which can sometimes be used to differentiate which twin was at the scene. And there's other kinds of evidence that can be used. For example, if I had a twin who committed a murder in Fort Worth at 3PM and our DNA is there, but I have multiple witnesses and security camera footage showing I was working in Dallas from noon to 8, that points to her being the guilty party. The hypothetical twin might be able to mimic me on camera, but it's extremely doubtful that she could fool the co-worker and regular-customer witnesses."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1lsaz9
|
why do americans adopt from africa/china/russia and not locally?
|
A lot of people adopt children from africa or russia. Meanwhile, there are plenty in american orphanages.
Is it somehow cheaper or faster?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lsaz9/eli5_why_do_americans_adopt_from/
|
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"text": [
"I'm not an expert, just someone who is trying to adopt. \n \nBasically, it's easier in a lot of cases. America doesn't really have orphanages anymore. It's not like in the movies where a couple can stop by the orphanage, meet a few kids, and take one home that week. Most kids are in foster care, and the goal of foster care is generally to reunite kids with their parents if possible. There are orphans and kids available for adoption in the foster system, but many get adopted quickly, and many of the others are less likely to be adopted for whatever reason (mental illness, bad temperament, sibling set, physical defects, age, etc.). Aside from foster care, many infant adoptions are handled by religious or other groups, and if you're not part of the group, there's little chance of adopting. \n \nThese factors, plus the cost, and long waiting times before an adoption is finalized, make international adoption seem like the comparatively easier choice for potential parents who want to adopt. ",
"long story short...America has a HUGE process and it is very costly...its like if they almost don't want you to adopt...my Aunt went to Nicaragua and adopted a child within a few months to a year..and Nicaragua has adoption laws as well (very strict for outsiders)\n\nSource: Im Nicaraguan",
"Well, we're not allowed to adopt Russians anymore. \n\nAmerican orphans are generally in pretty high demand for families, so there's a long waiting list. Also, they're expensive due to such demand. \n\nChildren from Africa or China (especially China) - its easier. Less regulations, the countries *really dont want* or *need* them, there's a LOT of them and the demand is fairly low.",
"Adopting in the US is costly, intrusive, and lengthy. \n\nBack in the late 80's after my sis and I were born, my parents were trying to adopt and ended up bailing out on the whole process. \n\nBasically there is interview after interview, credit and various financial checks, reference checks, home inspections, on and on. \n\nAdd to that you typically need a lawyer to help with the paperwork, you need to go to court to legally become the child's legal guardians...the cost adds up VERY quickly. \n\nIn short - Bureaucracy and red tape abounds. \n\nSooooo...it is easier to go to other countries and adopt. IIRC, you are pre-screened, you do need to show that you've got the money to take care of the kid, etc. But the process can be completed MUCH faster, more efficiently, and in a less costly manner by going overseas than here in the US. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4l2be1
|
when fighting in ye old times, why would there be multiple lines of troops, as opposed to them all lining up on one line and covering more ground
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4l2be1/eli5_when_fighting_in_ye_old_times_why_would/
|
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"text": [
"If there's no support behind you, the enemy can find a weak point in your line, get through it and then inflict significant damage from behind. You literally need people to \"get your back\" in melee warfare. ",
"In the phalanx of the ancient world, each man would carry a spear long enough to extend past multiple rows of men. So you might have 4 rows of 50 men, but you'd present 200 spear points in a concentrated area. The force would hit harder and the front line would resist breaking, because there were other lines right behind it, backing it up. In fact you'd often see your least experienced soldiers on the front line, so the men behind them could push them forward and make sure they didn't flee.",
"If you are talking about swords etc, fighting was very hard work. The Romans rotated their soldiers so that the enemy was fighting fresh troops. A little way into [this clip](_URL_0_) shows it. Other reasons have been mentioned by others.",
"A couple of reasons:\n\nHollywood makes it seem like swords were the big thing in historical warfare but in reality spears were the best and most common weapon due to low cost and ease of use with little training. Spears also allow you to make use of men behind you. From the front a single line of spearmen is going to have a lot of gaps and each attacking man only has to deal with a single spear, which isn't too bad. On the other hand a 4 man deep block of spears is going to look like a wall of spikes and not something you want to charge at. \n\nCavalry were the dominant force for much of history. A charging knight weights hundreds or thousands of pounds and hits with a lot of force. A single man is no match for a charging cavalryman and a line of men would crumble at the first hit from a cavalry charge. A block of men will absorb the charge better and is a less appealing target because even armoured knights wouldn't be keen to charge full force into a wall of spears.\n\nA deep block of men is more imposing than a thin wall. A long narrow line of men isn't very intimidating. In premodern warfare intimidation and appearing strong was a bigger deal so men would form blocks to look impressive even if it wasn't always practical.\n\nSpreading all your men out allows your enemy to destroy you piece by piece. If you spread out and you enemy forms small deep blocks each of his blocks is going to be fighting a smaller number of your men. Yes it might take 100 of his to kill 20 of yours but in the end you just lost 20 men and he lost none.\n\nPeople didn't want to die. Two narrow lines clashing together is going to result in very high proportion of soldiers being involved in the hands on fighting and therefore a lot of people will end up dead or injured, this is obviously bad for soldiers and leaders because even a victorious army would be crippled if every battle was fought to the death. Forming controlled blocks allows you to better preserve your forces. Of course this goes both ways but the aim of the battle wasn't really to kill them enemy, just causing them to flee was good enough.\n\nEnemies getting behind you was really bad. If an enemy group gets behind you then can catch you unprepared and you can be stuck with enemies in front and behind. Not only is this dangerous but it's terrifying and keeping the armies from fleeing in this situation is very hard. Combine this with the ease with which cavalry can punch through single infantry lines and it's important to keep the lines thick. If a load of cavalry manage to break through your lines and charge you from behind you are in for lot of pain.\n\nFor hand to hand combat deep blocks are superior to thin lines, it lets you maximise the benefit of your numbers. Deep blocks only really disappeared when firearms and artillery became so effective that forming a block of men just turned you into an easy target."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrQpjToEgxk"
],
[]
] |
||
5tx8qq
|
why have humans adapted to like sweet or salty things better than bitter, sour, etc. things?
|
The majority of people like sweet or salty over other tastes, especially younger people, but why? I can't think of any plausible reason as to why we would have developed such a habit.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5tx8qq/eli5_why_have_humans_adapted_to_like_sweet_or/
|
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"They are survival instincts.\n\nSweet means lots of calories that will help us survive.\n\nSalty means, well, salt, which we also need to survive.\n\nBitter and sour means \"might be poisonous or otherwise bad for you\".",
"Sweet is easy calories for energy (Sucrose, Glucose, etc), Salty is usually essential minerals, Bitter is usually toxic.\n\nThere are definitely exceptions, but apparently it worked well enough for our ancestors to figure out what they needed to live. the trait passed on through natural selection. People who preferred and ate a lot of sweet things had more energy and reproduced more. People who liked salty foods had their minerals, and people who preferred bitter died.\n\nI was watching a TED talk recently where they were talking that there might be a new taste discovered, related to fat, it would be an indicator of calories too. \n\n",
"Keep in mind, things aren't naturally \"sweet,\" \"salty,\" \"bitter,\" \"sour.\" Things are made up of whatever chemicals they're made of, and creatures evolved the experience of tasting \"sweet,\" \"salty,\" etc. as a shortcut to give us an instinct how to treat them.\n\nAs others have said, certain substances have chemicals like Sucrose and Glucose that are easy sources of calories. Species with a sense of awareness evolved the sensation of \"sweetness\" and an inherent liking for it so that our minds would direct our bodies to eat sweet things and grab that energy. Other substances have things that poison us. We evolved the sensation of \"bitterness\" and an inherent aversion to it so that our minds would direct our bodies to avoid eating these poisons."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3d0rho
|
is there any reason to use a different power level on a microwave other than the max setting?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3d0rho/eli5_is_there_any_reason_to_use_a_different_power/
|
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"text": [
"Lower power settings just have pauses between max-power bursts. It's useful for defrosting, because it allows the heat to spread a bit, not just cooking one area and leaving another area frozen.",
"Lower power helps with more even heating.\n\nWhen I reheat soup in the microwave, for example, if I cook at max power, the edges of the bowl will be boiling so hot that they pop and send soup flying all over the microwave. In spite of that, the center of the bowl will still be stone cold. \n\nIf I turn it down to about 60% power, I don't have that issue.",
"Yes. The power setting on a microwave controls the frequency the dynamo kicks on and produces microwaves (no it's not constant, generally). Max power = it turns on more often. The reason you would reduce it is because microwaves heats your food very rapidly. If you heat it too rapidly, it will burn the parts on the surface or close to the surface before the heat has a chance to spread to the other parts. Like shoving a steak into a roaring fire then pulling it out and finding the inside raw, the outside charred.\n\nThink about the Hot Pocket joke - burnt on the outside, frozen on the inside. Microwaves don't do much to ice, so once the surface frost melts, that part cooks, but it's not given enough time to melt the middle and allow it to cook. \n\nSome people solve the burnt-on-the-outside-solid-on-the-inside issue by heating it for a minute, letting it sit (so the heat can spread) then heating it again for a minute, repeat until cooked, but your microwave's power setting automatically does this for you!",
"It's easy to ruin chocolate when melting it in the microwave. If you heat it too much the texture gets messed up. Running the microwave on low helps it melt more evenly and with less risk of over doing it. ",
"Had you ever had food that was hot on the outside but cold in the inside? If you turn down the power level it will cook more thoroughly ",
"You know when it says stuff like cook for five minutes and leave to cool for three? This is why. The microwave heats only the outside of food, and the heat has to travel inside. Hence food that is simultaneously frozen and capable of seriously burning you. Using a lower power mode will do the switching for you, effectively breaking up that cooling period into the cooking period. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2liqsq
|
how come in-house brands are almost always cheaper than non in-house brands?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2liqsq/eli5_how_come_inhouse_brands_are_almost_always/
|
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"text": [
"Because that encourages people to buy it. Even though the in-house brand is a lower cost, all the money made goes directly to the seller, as opposed to name-brands that only give the retailer a portion of the sale. They make more money.",
"Because there's almost zero marketing cost involved. Marketing is a huge expense for consumer goods.",
"Marketing and reputation... Crest, Tylenol, or Oreos have spent millions in advertising to get you to buy their brand and think they are the best/highest quality/most effective. So the cost of the advertising is built into their costs that go into determining pricing. Also the intangible benefits of their reputation, ie. \"well, 4 of 5 dentists recommend it...\" will convince a number of consumers to justify paying more because it must be better.\n\nOn the flip side, if a store is selling its own brand, it can shop the manufacturing of said good to multiple plants to get the lowest price, and they cut out a middle man so they pay wholesalers/distributors their cut. Also, stores may use their brands as loss-leaders to lure you in the door so they can make their profits elsewhere. Get that generic, store-brand ibuprofen as their cost, and they make $$$ on the prescription you pick up. ",
"It's not just increased marketing costs for name brands. For a brand like Crest, for example, Proctor and Gamble likely spends more money on:\n\n- R & D (making Crest taste better, improving oral health, or developing innovative packaging)\n\n- Operations (more expensive equipment to ensure better consistency and fewer product defects)\n\n- Quality Assurance (equipment, systems, and audits to ensure product safety and quality)\n\n- Purchasing (possibly higher-quality ingredients)\n\n- Public relations stuff (like sustainability initiatives, charitable contributions, etc.)\n",
"CPG marketing manager here. Most of the major reason have been mentioned. One thing that wasn't mentioned: in some cases the same companies that sell the big brand products are also manufacturing the private label products. Costco diapers are made by Kimberly Clark, the same company that makes Huggies. In these instances it's a way for the manufacturers to keep their lines running and mitigate some of the operating costs associated with producing their branded products. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2ydscl
|
trident has on their gum packaging that their gum is good for teeth. is this true, if so how?
|
I always thought gum was bad for teeth and can create cavities, so how could it be that their gum is actually helpful?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ydscl/eli5trident_has_on_their_gum_packaging_that_their/
|
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"Tooth decay is caused by bacteria eating sugar (and most gum is full of sugar). The waste products from this are acidic and damage the minerals of your teeth. However, bacteria can't eat just any sugar. \n\nTrident has a modified type of sugar called xylitol that these bacteria are unable to eat. In fact, xylitol actually kills the bacteria responsible for tooth decay. This is why they can claim their gum is good for your teeth.",
"As long as the gum is sugar-free gum (which I believe Trident is) it's generally considered good for your teeth for a few reasons:\n\n(1) it stimulates production of saliva. As well as helping digest food, saliva is also good for restoring the normal acidity of the mouth after you've eaten - acidic foods like fruit can cause tooth erosion if the mouth stays acidic.\n\n(2) it helps physically move bits of food from between and on your teeth, because if all the movement from the gum being chewed around. So these pieces don't stick to the tooth, so bacteria are less likely to grow and damage the teeth.\n\n(3) some gum contains xylitol, which is a sweet-tasting chemical that both sweetens the gum and, it turns out, also discourages the growth of some bacteria that can be bad for teeth. \n\nChewing sugary bubblegum is bad for your teeth, but many other kinds aren't bad at all. ",
"I guess so. I think it has to do with the fact it doesn't have sugar. It's not necessarily helping your teeth rather not decaying them. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
eded1z
|
how is a country's gross domestic product calculated?
|
I tried reading up on this and couldn't understand it. Very much need it explained at a five-year-old level!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eded1z/eli5_how_is_a_countrys_gross_domestic_product/
|
{
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"text": [
"C + I + G + E - IM\n\nC: Consumer spending. How much stuff did people buy.\n\nI: Investment. How much stuff did business buy that they’ll use to make money (machinery, office buildings, etc.)\n\nG: Government spending.\n\nE: Exports. How much stuff was sold to other countries.\n\nIM: Imports. How much stuff was bought from other countries."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
ajtfam
|
what's the difference between gluten and wheat?
|
Ive had some recent stomach issues so a dietitian has suggested an elimination diet to try to determine which foods I can/can't tolerate. He has told me gluten is fine, but wheat isn't. I'm having trouble telling the difference.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ajtfam/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_gluten_and_wheat/
|
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"Wheat is a plant. We cultivate it to eat its seeds.\n\nGluten is a protein found in wheat and some other cereals like barley, rye, and oats.",
"Gluten is a protein found in wheat (and other grains) just like lactose is found in milk. Gluten cause digestive issues in those with Celiac disease. It is also possible to have a wheat allergy which is a separate issue. ",
"Wheat is a plant. It has 3 layers called the endosperm, germ, and bran. If you grind up wheat, you create flour. If you grind the whole plant with all three layers, you get whole wheat flour. If you remove the germ and bran, and just grind the endosperm, you get white flour. White flour is mostly gluten (a protein) attached to starch (a carbohydrate). If you rinse white flour in the sink with water, the starch is washed off, leaving behind just gluten. This remaining gluten powder is almost pure protein can be used to make foods like seitan.\n\nDifferent people have different digestive issues so they want to avoid different things. Pretty much all food allergens are proteins so some people can eat starch, but not gluten. Some people have celiacs disease and have to avoid gluten as well. Some people have problems with too much fiber so they want to avoid the germ and bran. Some people are diabetic or on low-carbohydrate diets and want to avoid starch (which is sugar). Most people don't get enough fiber, so they are healthier if they eat whole wheat flour."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
94lfd9
|
how does any media converted into binary play back in the exact sequence as intended?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/94lfd9/eli5_how_does_any_media_converted_into_binary/
|
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],
"text": [
"Think or reading piano notes. Any piano composition is translated to these visual notes, and almost any pianist will know how to play it in the exact sequence as intended.\n\nNow let's define a new way to write notes- A will be 0001, B will be 0010, C will be 0011 etc, until we have a binary representation on each note. Given out dictionary between notes and the binary representation, and pianist will still be able to play it, but it might be prone to mistakes.\n\nNow we can make machines (aka computer, but also other devices) that follow instructions with way less errors that any person can. We can insert the dictionary (aka codec and format) into it, and it will play the whatever you give it.\n\nNow we only need to apply the same to images (paint a 10*10 picture using dots of the following colors: blue, blue, green, red...) or any other media (for videos- paint picture A, wait 1/30 second, paint picture B...), optimize it in million way (out of scope for this answer), add some structure (useful for optimizations, detecting errors...) and you have your answer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
crbtu6
|
how do cells control rate of division?
|
Hi, I have a couple basic questions of cells that I don't completely understand.
1. cells separate and divide into 2 new ones, so how is the amount of cells in the body controlled? wouldn't the number of cells in your body keep on increasing indefinitely until you die? since people stop growing and a certain point, wouldn't this cause some type of harm?
2. does the rate of division of a cell change? for example, when you get cut, skin cells have to divide to repair the tissue. does the rate of division increase to fix the cut?
Thanks
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/crbtu6/eli5_how_do_cells_control_rate_of_division/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ex3jxse"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Well, cells require certain stimulli to reproduce. During puberty there's an increase in production of growth hormone, which tells cells to divide. Same happens after an injury, however with different growth factors. Growth stops due to reduction of stimulating factors, thus cells replicate more slowly, normally when an older cell needs to be replaced."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4saryy
|
why do people say you are only contagious with a fever, when you can spread germs long after a sickness to a door handle or steering wheel?
|
I don't understand why a fever warrants contagiousness, or why my childs doctor said you are only contagious with a fever. We spread illness causing germs all day everyday. Carriers of a disease may not show symptoms, but can still make others sick, so why do we focus on the fever? Please ELI5.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4saryy/eli5_why_do_people_say_you_are_only_contagious/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d57sv20",
"d582fwh"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I can't speak for your doctor, or what illness is being referred to, but generally this is not true. It is, however, a semi-popular myth about contagiousness, which some people will repeat, like any other number of untrue but oft repeated 'facts.'",
"It is not about the mechanism to spread germs, it is about playing the odds.\n\nIf you are sick enough to have a fever, you *probably* have enough germs in your system to be contagious. If you don't have a fever, *probably* not.\n\nBut this is by no means an absolute. There are conditions that cause fever that are not contagious, and there are contagious conditions that don't cause fevers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
8u4zqs
|
how does a pitcher plant remove the contents it cannot digest?
|
Say I had a pitcher plant, and I dropped a small marble inside the plant. Would it die or would it have a way to remove it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8u4zqs/eli5_how_does_a_pitcher_plant_remove_the_contents/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1cnex4",
"e1cnlw9",
"e1cxunu"
],
"score": [
13,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"The pitches are just leaves so yeah, they just shed them eventually and it's not really an issue. I don't think putting a marble into one would cause it to die though, just that it would die at some point anyway.",
"I wouldn’t worry about it! The pitchers don’t last long and won’t negatively hurt the actual plant. ",
"The pitcher naturally falls off after a while and is replaced with a new pitcher. There shouldn’t be any Long-term effect on the plant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
b6vomm
|
how do services like 23 & me know who your ancestors are? do they somehow have access to the dna of people long dead?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b6vomm/eli5_how_do_services_like_23me_know_who_your/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejncba1",
"ejnew53",
"ejnf1na",
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"ejnitiq",
"ejnoeb7",
"ejnovps",
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],
"score": [
54,
5,
19,
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"text": [
"They (sorta) do.\n\nGenes are weird and complex things. There's the obvious ones - hair colour, eye colour and the like - but there's also some that only have subtle effects, or none at all. Importantly, some of the genes have small mutations in them. Some of these mutations are only seen in certain populations - Mutation #4829, for instance, might only be found in Greece. We can analyse these mutations to work out where your genes are from.",
"Kind of sort of, but what they really have is access to a lot of genetic information about people living right now, coupled with biographical information about those same people. So they can trace back genealogy through both biological means, and social means (things like immigration records, personal histories, etc.). They also have what we consider to be a basic understanding of the origin of certain genetic markers, and they can then correlate other markers with existing ones to see how well they line up to support or refute current theories of genealogy. With decent algorithms, and robust database software, they can refine what they know on both the social side and the genetic side as more information becomes available. As long as they're starting out with decent data, and their algorithms do a decent job incorporating new data, their assessment of genealogy for most people will be more or less accurate.",
"They \"estimate\" your ancestry by comparison to a reference dataset. They created the reference dataset using DNA from people that have evidence to support a claim that their families lived in a region for a very long time. It's very neatly explained on their website [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"I was an early participant in one of these services. I was taking a university class on genealogy. For extra credit, we could submit blood samples and our family trees. There was also a questionnaire about family history, country of origin, etc. This was during the late 90s. The company collected thousands of these samples and personal histories, laying a foundation for their future database. After what I presume were millions of samples, that database is now quite robust. They compare your genome to other known genomes and give a fairly accurate estimate of your personal heritage. ",
"I did one of these a little over a year ago. Came back with a big surprise of Scandinavian, 28%. Everything else made some sense, although not exactly the percentages I expected.\n\nEarlier this year, they said they 'improved' the system. Radical changes. The Scandinavian was gone, and all of the percentages of everything else shifted wildly.\n\nTalk about making me skeptical. What's worse is that before they showed the new results, they required a survey about what surprised me in the old results, and what I expected to see. Boom, new results are much closer.\n\nI mean, as entertainment it was a talking point for the family on both occasions. But kind of frustrating to realize they don't know what the fuck they are doing, and any accuracy they have now is probably built on the guesses of participants.",
"They don't know who your ancestors were, they can tell where they came from by comparing your DNA to DNA from a sample of population from a particular region. So if your 10% Irish what they're saying is that 10% of your DNA is similar to the DNA of people who are Irish",
"Some bones dug up from ruins have had DNA samples taken (and we know a lot about [Viking DNA](_URL_0_), and [Egytpian DNA](_URL_1_) from this).\n\nSome areas of the world have had enough isolation that their modern DNA is relatively unchanged (it hasn't mixed with people outside of that area). So the modern DNA is very similar to the ancient DNA for that area.\n\nAnd then there are people around the world who already know their ancestry. If you sample 1,000 people who all *know* they have X Ancestry, it is a safe bet to say that the genes they *all* have in common must be X Ancestry genes. This can then be used to trace other people back to that same group.",
"Mostly they know you're from an area by looking at the DNA of living people from that area, but they also find [ancient DNA going back as far as neanderthals](_URL_0_)\n\nDNA degrades at different rates depending on the environment, cool dry caves are ideal. But DNA that old is severely degraded. Imagine a library with a billion copies of the same book- that's a body with a billion cells. Then, when the person dies, the books are shredded, and mixed with other books then 99.99% of the shredded pages rot away. There were a lot of copies to start with, so if you have a machine to read enormous numbers of fragments, you can put the book back together."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.ancestry.com/cs/dna-help/ethnicity/reference-panel"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://nypost.com/2017/09/08/viking-skeletons-dna-test-proves-historians-wrong/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DNA-tested_mummies"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_genetics"
]
] |
||
2xx82l
|
how is christianity considered monotheism if christians make a distinction between god and christ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xx82l/eli5_how_is_christianity_considered_monotheism_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp471xp",
"cp47936",
"cp480xf",
"cp48o3o",
"cp4cfoh"
],
"score": [
7,
13,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because god, Jesus and the holy spirit are one and the same",
"You and I are both humans. We share humanity. I am not more human than you are, nor would my death reduce your humanity. You are 100% human.\n\nGod for Trinitarian Christians (those who believe in the Trinity) is at least in some ways like the property of humanity that we share. God is three persons; humanity is seven billion or so persons. God existed from the first moment that any of the Trinity existed; humanity existed from the first moment that any human existed. All members of God are 100% God; all members of Humanity are 100% human. Even so, the Father, Son and Spirit are distinct, just as each human being is distinct.\n\nIt's... [complicated.](_URL_0_)",
"Oh, this is a tough one, I'll do my best, though. There's this idea in Christianity called the \"trinity\", which says that God (Yahweh), Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are the same person. This isn't actually in the Bible, though.\n\nChristianity started about two thousand years ago. The early Christians had a lot more variety of beliefs than Christians do now. Let's look at a couple of them.\n\nOne group wanted to throw out all the Old Testament, ignoring Yahweh. \n\nAnother group, the Gnostics, thought Yahweh existed, but was the son of an aeon - you know how god's meant to be above us? Well, an aeon was meant to be like a god to God, another level up. Anyway, according to one of their books, the Gnostics thought Yahweh was the son of the aeon Sophia, who was naughty and had him with someone who wasn't her husband. They say Yahweh means well, but doesn't know what he's doing, really, so Sophia sends Jesus to fix things up behind him, because she loves her son, even if he's a bit wrong, and so wanted to clean up after him. \n\nNow, there's also the Virgin Mary, Jesus' mother. Some early Christians put her on about the same level as Jesus. The Catholic Church still thinks she's almost as important, but not as important. Other people disagree.\n\nAnother thing is that Christianity came out of Judaism - the religion of the Jews. That's a much more monotheistic religion, as Yahweh doesn't have a son in it. The Christians were considered by the Romans as a branch of Judaism.\n\nSo, let's put this all together.\n\nNow, as I said, some Christians wanted to just give up the Old Testament, which is more or less the Jewish holy book. But the ones who wanted to keep it as part of Christianity won, Sophia was left out, and the Virgin Mary was pushed down to one of god's servants. There were a lot of texts that could have been part of the Bible that had other views, but they were left out of the Bible. So when the Bible has Jesus talking about wanting to keep the Old Testament, that's because only the texts that had Jesus say that were left in the Bible. But this still leaves a problem. The Jews were pretty much as monotheistic as any major religion gets, and there's lots of things like the Ten Commandments which have Yahweh say things like \"You shall have no other gods before me\". But there's Jesus, and Christianity makes him more important than Yahweh. So that's why Christianity has to say that Jesus and Yahweh are different aspects of the same one god if it wants to keep the Old Testament. \n\nI hope that helps. \n\n\n\n\n",
"To be honest, this is a hard concept to explain. In fact, it's one of the \"mysteries of faith\". I'll explain it as I understand it. \n\nFirst of all, God has only one *nature*. Think of nature as *what* God is. That means that God has natures. Nature has two parts: intellect and will (I won't go in to those). \n\nBut, God has three *persons*. Think of person as *who* God is. The three persons of God are the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In the Catholic Church, it is said that the Father thinks, the Son is His thought, and the Holy Spirit is the love between the Son and the Father. (That is probably very confusing; don't mistake the idea that the Father \"creates\" the Son when He thinks, nor that the Father and the Son together \"create\" the Holy Spirit through their love.) Since all three divine persons share the same divine nature, they are but one God (this is the doctrine of the trinity). \n\nHowever, the Son, or Jesus Christ, is a special case. We hold that Jesus Christ is the Son of the Holy Trinity. He has both a divine and a human nature. He is both fully God and fully human (they are not considered mutually exclusive; just as you can be both fully human and fully animal), i.e., He has a divine intellect and will as well as a human intellect and will (we cannot truly comprehend how; this is the mystery of incarnation). This means that the human nature of Jesus has the exact same thoughts and the same desires as all men do, but His divine nature allowed Him to live a life devoid of sin. This in no way diminishes the Trinity, because it simply means that one of the three persons took on a human nature as well. ",
"That's why St. Patrick used the shamrock to illustrate the trinity. Three parts of the same leaf."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.gotquestions.org/img/trinity.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7ksqx3
|
weight on the ground with magnets
|
_URL_0_
My question is:
is the weight on "x" the same in both cases (+ magnets in the right)
or is it A + magnet in the right, so that the magnets remove the weight from B
Dont know why but my brain cant handle it
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ksqx3/eli5_weight_on_the_ground_with_magnets/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drgubah"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"No, in the second situation you have to add the weight of the magnets ;)\n\nAs to the actual question, yes, the weights would be the same. The 'B' block pushes down on the first magnet; the first magnetic then exerts a force on the second magnet equal to the weight of the 'b' block and itself. The second magnet then pushes down down on 'a' with the force of itself, the first magnet, and block 'b'.\n\nAs a result, the weight felt on the ground is the same (apart from the addition of the magnet's weights)."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://imgur.com/a/RxlOU"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
eidj03
|
; how does a portable power generator work? why does pulling the string rhythmically make it run?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eidj03/eli5_how_does_a_portable_power_generator_work_why/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fcp513w",
"fcpbjpu"
],
"score": [
9,
5
],
"text": [
"When you pull the chord, it makes the motor move and when it moves it starts the 4 stroke cycle. It sucks in air and fuel, squeezes it, it ignites then exhausts it out. Once it gets going it, it uses an alternator to generate power and that's where it comes from.",
"When an engine is running, it's using a chain reaction to keep it running. The gasoline exploding (indirectly) spins the crankshaft, and that momentum pulls in more gasoline, sparks it, the explosion continues spinning the crankshaft, and so on. As long as you continue to supply it with fuel and air, it'll just keep on chugging away. \n\nTo get this momentum started in the first place, you have to manually spin the engine until the chain reaction takes over. \n\nIn cars, this is the starter motor, which is an electrical motor powered by the battery. In some gas generators it's a pull string. The string is coiled around the engine, but it can only pull one way, like how the pedals on a bicycle only really 'work' in one direction. The string has a spring that coils it around the engine in for you so you don't have to manually wrap it around anything and pulling it back out again spins the engine and (hopefully) starts the generator on the first try."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1rdvxd
|
what's in between my organs?
|
We're full of blood, yes, but it's all contained in one area or another. I know we can't be dry in there, it's gotta be slippery so we can move around. Is it just, mucous or slime or whatever?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rdvxd/whats_in_between_my_organs/
|
{
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"cdm90x1",
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"cdmgua3",
"cdmgx5n",
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],
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23,
15,
4,
3
],
"text": [
"It depends on the organs you're talking about. There is usually just a sterile fluid that acts as a lubricant between different organs so they can rub together and not cause irritation. There's also connective tissue between some organs which is exactly what it sounds like and basically helps everything stay in the right shape. \nNot sure how much more a 5 year old would want to know...",
"Kinda. Slime and webbing, basically. Extracelullar fluid, bold plasma, and connective tissue. Cool stuff. \nYou can check out YouTube for the \"dissection of an elephant\" video and that has a good view of some of the connective tissue around the digestive organs, if I recall correctly. ",
"I read it as \"what's between my orgasms?\" Disappointing answer to say the least.",
"Wobbly wobbly slimy-wimey things.",
"Ok we'll it's a lot to talk about but you can imagine it like this. \nThere's your intravascular space full of blood and its constituents. Then your extra vascular space which is basically everything else. When you burn your finger on the frying pan and you get that fluid filled blister, it is basically fluids from your IVS that migrates out in response to the injury. Google transudate and exudate for more info on why fluids from the IVS might seep through the blood vessels to the other side. \n\nThe two compartments are separate. So you aren't just filled with blood. In acute inflammation for example, your white blood cells must respond to the injury or pathogen. So lets say you get a splinter your WBCs will want to eliminate the threat. But they are in the IVS so they actually migrate to the walls of the blood vessel and squeeze out of the vessel through the cells of the vessel wall to reach the EVS. \n\nNow for what is between your organs. Your lungs are covered by a double layered membrane called pleura. And it's double layered so it has a potential space between the layers filled with a fluid. It's to reduce friction. To imagine how it's double layered, imagine a balloon that you blow up. Then you press on side of the balloon until you reach the other side. That's sorts how the lung bud develops. It pushes into the balloon and eventually the balloon is just a double layered membrane surrounding it. Between your lungs is the mediastinum which has its subdivisions. Basically the heart and its pericardium etc, the trachea, oesophagus, various nerves (vagus, phrenic etc) reside between your lungs. \n\nThe GIT is a little more complicated. But it also has a similar concept like the pleura but its called the peritoneum. Interesting fact: the peritoneum is completely closed in males but in females it just goes around the uterus and is incomplete lower down. If the peritoneum covered the entire female reproductive system, then the baby would have to bust thru that on its way out. So technically you could blow into a vagina and air would seep into the peritoneal cavity. It's not as crude as that but p there are procedure involving introducing air or fluids to check for leaks, if I'm nit wrong. \n\nForgive any mistakes I typed this on my phone. Get back to me if anything I said is crap. Also I could just PM you pics of autopsies I've been to but I need permission for that. Just google it :) "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3otgn7
|
i sit around all day and don't do a thing; then right before going to be i'm suddenly motivated to do homework and study things. am i just a lazy bum, or is there a scientific reason for this?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3otgn7/eli5i_sit_around_all_day_and_dont_do_a_thing_then/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cw0cu2x"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Perhaps the act of going to bed triggered a sense of guilt at having accomplished nothing during the day, and you want to psychologically comfort yourself by doing at least a little bit of studying before sleep?\n\nPersonally, I feel that studying before bed gives me a false sense of \"hard work\", as if I had worked hard all day and studied right up to bedtime. What dedication! It's all nonsense, however."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3xopzd
|
if we put a mirror facing the earth on a probe, going away from us, and look in it with a telescope, what will we see ? what will happen when it reaches the limit of our observable universe ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xopzd/eli5_if_we_put_a_mirror_facing_the_earth_on_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cy6g7oq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You'll just end up looking back in time. If it's one lightyear from Earth, it will take one year for light to bounce off Earth and reach the mirror, then another lightyear to get back. So we'd get an image from two years ago. \n\nAt the edge of the observable universe you'd just get an older image because it takes longer for the light to get there and back.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1vs64d
|
why do different weather websites (accuweather, weatherunderground, weather channel) all have significantly different temperature forecasts from one another?
|
And which one should I believe?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vs64d/why_do_different_weather_websites_accuweather/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cev9xj6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"They pull information from different weather stations, use different climate models that are right in different ways (one may be better at predicting wind speed than at predicting the temperature, for example), where they're predicting it (you may be comparing different zip codes and not notice it) and some of it may be when they're actually making the prediction.\n\nI just checked the three you listed for my zip code for tomorrow and got 23F, 26F, and 28F. 5 degrees isn't a lot if you really think about it\n\nNow, if I were to look at an extended forecasts, the longer out I look, the bigger the differences will probably be. That's because there are so many things going into predicting the weather that you can basically guarantee you'll be right in the next 24 hours, the 24 hours after that are probably going to be basically right, and anything after that and you're basically just guessing. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4xglrd
|
how do scientists figure out what part of dna does what?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xglrd/eli5_how_do_scientists_figure_out_what_part_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6fb85n"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"[Mutagenesis](_URL_6_)\n\n[Knockout Experiments](_URL_0_)\n\n[Plasmid Transformation](_URL_4_)\n\n[Linkage Analysis](_URL_5_)\n\nThe above are classical approaches and are basically trial and error. [But now after decades of doing it the \"dumb\" way, we have amassed enough data to do things like gene sequencing. Which uses several techniques to sequence the entire genome then using powerful computational algorithms to string the genome together and look for any part of it functioning similarly to known genes.](_URL_1_)\nSee also [Homology](_URL_2_)\nSee also [Shotgun Sequencing](_URL_3_) - kind of running joke in genetics few years ago, whenever someone mentioned doing sequencing people would say just shot gun it.\n\nWe now with the aid of super computers can even predict the resulting protein from sequence of genes and compute what the protein might do. We can now even make customized sequences of genes from scratch in the lab, even customized entire living cells (all hail science! we literally created life from nothing but base chemicals, we are now gods) \n\nWith more data and even better understanding of biochemistry and the underlying physics actions in the short future we can completely analyze genomes from scratch.\n\n\nEdit: there's a somewhat new territory in genetic research called epigenetics and post translational regulation. Epigenetics is for regulatory mechanisms that are not in the genomes itself (as in not in the sequences) but modifications of DNA like ornaments on a Christmas tree. Post translational regulation is cell controlling DNA expression even after they are made into RNA, not everything expressed is made into the actual protein product. Genes and how they are controlled are quite varied and are like tiramisu, layers upon layers. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_\\(biology\\)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_sequencing",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_\\(genetics\\)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_linkage",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_\\(molecular_biology_technique\\)"
]
] |
||
7b1wld
|
what is that lurching or “flipping” feeling when you go over steep hills or roller coasters?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7b1wld/eli5_what_is_that_lurching_or_flipping_feeling/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpel5pq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A friend of mine always calls small drops in the road like that \"thank you mommas\", I've got no idea why.\n\nI believe that feeling is a shift in your organs as you experience different amounts of downward force while going over the hill"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
55ns32
|
how could american courts freeze the assets and treasury securities of saudi arabia?
|
Was reading [this](_URL_0_) article and it got me wondering about how one country could just freeze another country's assets. I'm also wondering what kind of assets Saudi Arabia would be forced to sell off and why it would destabilize the US dollar? And is Saudi Arabia's economical relationship alone the reason for this? Or can this happen with any country?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55ns32/eli5_how_could_american_courts_freeze_the_assets/
|
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"If Saudi investments are in US banks or US brokerages, then the US courts could order those banks/brokerages not to give them their money. If they were to move their positions to Canadian Banks or Swiss brokerages, then that would reduce US financial company earnings and increase financial sector earnings in those other countries. Would this \"destabilize the US economy\"? Seems unlikely. However, if all the countries decided to do this, it would be bad.",
"The Saudi Arabian government have investments all over the world. When they sell oil and collect taxes from oil companies that money is in USD. If they were to spend the money domestically then it would cause inflation and high import rates. They do some of this which is why the Saudis can afford so many import luxury items. However it is not healthy to spend all money domestically. To save the money for later and still preserve the nations economy they invest the money abroad. This means that the Saudi Arabian government have a lot of money in American stocks and bonds managed by American banks. If Saudi Arabia owes money to American citizens or companies the courts can order the banks to hand over the assets.\n\nDoing any big transaction like this would change the currency. Saudi Arabia might want to trade their USD in other currencies to protect themselves from this which would have a huge effect on the currency market. Other nations might also follow suit.\n\nThis is not unique to Saudi Arabia. Other nations have had similar things happen to them. Argentina defaulted on a $100B loan from American banks in 2001. This made it hard for Argentinians to trade with the US as any large payments would get repossessed though the American courts. For instance a contract between Argentina and SpaceX for the launch of two satellites had to be canceled as Argentina had no way to send the money or the satellites to SpaceX. If Saudi Arabia would be in a similar situation oil and equipment trades would be very hard."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/20161002/1045919157/iraqis-compensation-911-iraq-invasion.html"
] |
[
[],
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|
3y1ib9
|
what would happen if two planets got really close without touching?
|
Let's say Mars is knocked off its axis and is flying towards earth. What would happen if the two planets passed each other within a few miles but never actually touched? How would it impact mountains/oceans/lifeforms at the time of passing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3y1ib9/eli5_what_would_happen_if_two_planets_got_really/
|
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"Depends on their trajectories and respective masses, but it could launch one into a new orbit or send one into another solar system. ",
"Both planets would deform under each other's gravity. Imagine [this](_URL_0_), but with two molten planets (the surfaces of both Earth and Mars would be mostly destroyed) instead of stars.",
"They'll most likely break up due to Tidal forces.\n\nYou can see an average of about 10 feet of ocean rise every (half) day due to the tidal influences of the Moon, which is 1/8th of the mass of the Mars and lies 380,000km from Earth.\n\nNow imagine Mars only 10000km from Earth (center of mass wise) Which mean their surface almost touch. The tidal forces will be almost 10,000 times as strong. That's enough to rip the crust of the Earth and let mantle spill over the surface. Killing all life on the surface of the Earth, perhaps only bacteria will survive on isolated patches of remaining crust."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://astrobites.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/contactbinary.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
5whoy3
|
who or what decided what the months and days would be called?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5whoy3/eli5_who_or_what_decided_what_the_months_and_days/
|
{
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"text": [
"Tribal leaders/priests (Mayan, Hebrew calendars), Roman Emperors, The Pope. (Our current calendar)\n\nBasically whomever's in charge sets which calendar is gonna be used.\n\n_URL_0_",
"The months, largely the Romans. The last part of the year still carries Latin numbers: Sept, Oct, Nov and Dec. Plus the ones named for Julius (July) and Augustus Ceasars.\n\nThe days of the week, strangely, come in part from the Norse: Odin's Day (Wednesday) Thor's Day, Frigga's Day."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar"
],
[]
] |
||
5twtdy
|
how does germany and japan handle atrocities of ww2 like concentration camps and unit 731 in their history books?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5twtdy/eli5_how_does_germany_and_japan_handle_atrocities/
|
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"Not a historian but I have been to both countries. Germans are very ashamed to even give you directions to the concentration camps. Japanese still sell some comic books and even video games aggrandizing WWII. The Germans make education on such atrocities mandatory, the Japanese do so much less. ",
"German history books vary from state to state (we have 16 states), but the condemnation of Nazi crimes is universal. It is also a crime in Germany to display the Nazi salute (\"Displaying symbols of anti-constitutional organisations\" - anti-constitutional in this context meaning: seeking to abolish democracy) or to incite hatred of ethnic groups.\n\nWhen I was in school, we took a trip to a nearby concentration camp and our class went to see Schindler's List, which was in the cinemas at that time. Various state constitutions exhort German teachers to always promote the two ideals of democracy and understanding between peoples (Völkerverständigung).\n\nThere is no skirting around what happened, no apologies à la \"but the Nazis were in a bind\", no normalisation of the actions of the 3rd Reich - the books take the line that those actions and ideas were objectively evil, and that no excuse or explanation can justify them.\n\nOne thing is the fate of the [expellees](_URL_0_) from the Sudetenland and the former German territories in Poland. They were a significant voter block (nowadays, you don't hear so much about them because the first generation, which pined for their old homeland, has died off) and understandably upset at what happened to them; unfortunately (to my mind), history books sometimes seek to equate their deportation with that of the Jews. Personally, I think that that was simply to be expected when the dust settled after WW2, in contrast to what happened to the Jews, but it's an interesting example of how history books will always reflect the political stances of the author or those who commission the book (in this case, a state government that wanted to pamper the hurt feelings of the expellees).\n\nAs for history books that are not school books, any serious academic German history book might analyse this or that aspect of Nazi rule slightly differently, but the consensus is that the end of Nazi rule was a good thing. \nThough even on May 8, 1985 (the 40th anniversary of the end of WW2 in Europe) then-President Richard von Weizsäcker made headlines with his speech (\"the 8th of May *was* a day of liberation\") because at that time many people were still alive who told themselves that they had only fought for their country and not the regime. \nThe real difficulty in Germany always lay in people's perception of their individual guilt or non-guilt; the evilness of the 3rd Reich itself was \"officially\" never disputed in my lifetime (the 1950s is a different story), and anyone publicy doubting that quickly got into very hot water.\n\nEdit: There is an inscription on a wall of the Munich town hall: \"To the members of the US Armed Forces who on the 30th of April 1945 liberated Munich from the national socialist rule of terror.\" \nThere are some objections to this \"cult of national shame\"; this week, a politician who voiced that view in a speech has been expelled from his right-wing populist party because the populists *do not* want to associate their brand with the Nazis (even if, in my opinion, they may privately have similar ideas).",
"I currently live in China not far from Nanjing, and before that I lived in Israel (10 years in both places), so I have some perspective. Whereas in Israel there's a lot of appreciation of how Germany has handled teaching about the war, in China the feelings are still very resentful, particularly because the Japanese (the ones I know here, at least) frequently claim the Chinese history is exaggerated or that it's all in the past and has nothing to do with them personally.\n\nThere's a strong sense of a lack of closure here. Because feelings run high it's impossible to have a balanced conversation since nobody agrees on the facts. There are plenty of new reports about Japanese textbooks that obfuscate or rewrite the worse parts of the war. Chinese textbooks are not much more truthful, for example claiming (that I've personally seen) that it was the Chinese who really defeated the Japanese and the USA came in at the end and took credit (and then invaded Korea). Flick through Chinese TV and you'll nearly always find a docu-drama about heroic communist soldiers defeating evil Japanese. Part of the communist China national identity is based around the existence of enemies who are trying to destroy the state, be they internal reactionaries or foreign powers. Hunting these down serves to unify the country. Since there are still very real political tensions between the two countries, every few years this escalates into minor riots where Japanese restaurants get their windows smashed and housing subdivisions with a lot of foreign residents hire guards in riot gear to block the entrance. ",
"Am Chinese(not of China, Singapore) Japan never apologised. My late mother (born after the war), greatly disliked the fact they deny war crimes and never apologised. Kinda dislike that they deny it, greatly hate that they justify their war as liberating the 'imperialist colonies' (yasukuni shrine has a museum behind it, went there for a laugh. Laughed when they mentioned it in an exhibit. Most of the stuff there is talking about the 'glorious war dead', the battles, and of the rebuilding)\n\nSo yeah, Japan uses a complete denial of their war crimes and chooses to remember the glorious defenders of the empire.",
"Germany goes out of it's way to Never Forget and try to make up for that time they decided Genocide and Totalitarianism was a good idea. Japan, on the other hand, really seems like it just wants to forget it ever happened or, if it did, wasn't nearly as bad as people say.\n\nIt's a real sticking point for East Asia that Japan really doesn't seem to understand just how badly they screwed up in the Meiji-First Half of the Showa era. In Europe, there's still feelings, but Germany has actually tried to fix their mistake, and people have reacted to it. ",
"German here. Our schools do a lot to teach students about the atrocities of the Nazis during World War II. Here's a couple of things we did during my time at school:\n\n- Talked about it. A lot. Learned everything about that period during history class during several different grades. \n\n- At least in my school we also focussed a lot on the resistance like the [White Rose](_URL_0_) and Stauffenberg\n\n- Visited a nearby Concentration Camp to see things with our own eyes\n\n- Invited people who once were interned in Concentration Camps to our school to talk to them. \n\n- Invited a German soldier from the eastern front to talk about his experience. Soldiers who had been POW in Russia for a very long time eventually returning to their families (sometimesto to wives who thought they were dead and re-married) is a big issue.\n\n- German class focusses a lot on German lierature during the Nazi regime. Authors who left Germany as well as ones who stayed but emmigrated \"in their head\" (we call it [inner emmigration](_URL_1_)). \n\n- German class later also talks about the issue of \"German guilt\" and how post WWII literature has dealt with the topic.\n\n- In Religious class you talk about the role of the church during WWII. \n\n- Another big issues of post-WWII Germany is the people who were expelled from former German territories in Poland and the Czech Republic. I think this is what opinions vary the most on. On one hand these were people who had literally lost *everything* when they were forcefully expelled from home, but on the other hand some people who try to put this on the same level of what the Nazis did to the Jews and Polish, which is think is an inadequate comparison.",
"Japan and Germany drastically differ in how they handle atrocities. Germany is quite upfront about them, they frequently issue public apologies(relatively frequently at least), and they have banned things like being a nazi, or using nazi symbols. In their history books, they are pretty upfront about it and books condemn the crimes universally. In Japan, they don't deny it, but they don't talk about it a lot, and textbooks tend to not go into great detail or reveal the full extent of Japanese war crimes.",
"Germany is very humble about their part in WWII and it is considered a blight on their record. It's interesting because we are so quick to criticize the Nazi's and the concentration camps, but our own history books gloss over FDR and the tyranny he oversaw with the internment camps of Americans. The history of our internment camps is far less known within our public schools than the history of the European camps.\n\nI don't know how the Japanese relate to the history."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia"
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_emigration"
],
[],
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] |
||
3jjmwp
|
is it possible that china and india have lied about their population numbers to seem more powerful than they are?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jjmwp/eli5_is_it_possible_that_china_and_india_have/
|
{
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"text": [
"We are not in the middle ages, having a larger population does not make you more powerful. What reason would they have to think that it would?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1vndto
|
why are allergies only negative? for example, why doesn't peanut butter act as an antibiotic for some people?
|
You only hear of bad symptoms. It seems weird that people are only affected badly or the same as everyone else. Why are there no cases of an allergy "helping" someone more than others? As in pollen, bees, nuts, metals, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vndto/eli5_why_are_allergies_only_negative_for_example/
|
{
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"text": [
"Instead of allergies, let's think of a parallel, like clotting in your blood. \n \nYour blood has chemicals in it that cause it to clot. This is usually good, and for most people the system is in balance, so your blood clots when it is supposed to (like when there's a wound) and stops clotting when it is supposed to (once the wound is closed off) but otherwise flows normally. \n\nFor some people, though, the system is out of balance. If they get wounded, the clotting system malfunctions. If it malfunctions in that it doesn't clot enough, we call it hemophilia, and it can kill you. \n\nYour question is sort of like asking why is there no \"good\" hemophilia. The answer, as above, is that there is good \"hemophilia\", which is when clotting stops on time. \n\nIt's the same with allergies. The body reacting to foreign objects by removing them is a working immune system, and some people do have better immune systems then others. But it's not that it becomes a \"super\" immune system when it sees a fleck of peanut, but rather that it is sensative enough to react quickly when a really dangerous chemical or pathogen shows up. The reaction to peanut butter in someone with severe allergies is like the failure to clot in the hemophiliac, an example of the system going wrong, but not some \"new\" mechanic that could otherwise go right. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
qow6c
|
why can't i do what i want to my own property (shed, pool, etc) without the townships permission and permits?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qow6c/eli5_why_cant_i_do_what_i_want_to_my_own_property/
|
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"In general, just because it's on your property doesn't mean it won't affect other people. As a trivial example, you can't start a toxic waste factory in your backyard because it will not be pleasant for your neighbors.\n\nWhen you moved to the city/town/county you live in, you agreed to follow their rules. The town as a whole thought it was better to put limits on construction (just like zoning laws) for the good of the community, even if it's a pain for you.\n\nFor example, if your shed is an eyesore, it can lower everyone nearby's property values, which will suck when they try to sell their house. If your pool is super nice, it can raise property values, which can suck when it's property tax time. Not to mention owning a pool is more dangerous than owning a gun.",
"As a civil engineer who works in land development:\n\nYour land was zoned for something, usually if you live in a modest house, usually \"single family homes.\" This has a set of rules governing the density of people on the land, and how the services (water, gas, electricity) are dealt with for your little piece of land. When you ask for permission, one of the things they check is if you still fit the rules for whatever zone they laid out.\n\nMore often than not, when you buy a house and the lot it is on, (in a city) you buy really only buy the top 3-5 meters or so, this is so that if any resources that run deeper than that are still the governments. You can buy the rights to this deeper stuff, but usually it costs more, and most people don't care.\n\nWhen you dig anything, anything at all, you should call your local \"One-Call\" or \"First-Call.\" What they do is a free service that comes out to your lot, and will locate any gas lines, water lines, power lines, and so on that are buried in your property. Digging into this is very bad news, and you are held liable for any damage done. \n\nAs other people have already said, you do not live in a vacuum. Whatever you build has a very direct impact on people's wallets. If it looks like ass, then no one will want it around their houses, and it will lower the value of their homes. \n\nThere are a myriad of other reasons, but I just wanted to touch on things that haven't been covered yet. \n\nEdit: As an aside: It's usually very hard to get the zoning of something changed, because the zones were set out in a plan, that had to be signed into law. A zoning change is analogous to amending a law, which would have to go through whatever body governs your land. They usually have a good reason for the plans, and you better have a damn good reason for changing it, and be willing to back up your proposal to change with studies showing that won't be a detriment to the plan they have laid out. They also have to hold public forums to get everyone else's opinion on it... it's really a big headache all around. ",
"If things go bad, you will call for the fire department to come. We want to know what type of house/construction that you house is. If your house is post and beam construction then the fire dept will attack the fire in one method. If you have two subbasements and it is engineered lumber trusses, the fire department will attack the fire from the outside. \n\nYour home inspectors make sure that things are done safely. They do not want to employ the emergency services due to your wonderful kludg skilz. \n",
"1. Electrical Permit: It's easy to burn the house down. A basic Electrical License is about 16 hours at the local Community College.\n2. Sheds: They can be ugly, or they can encroach on the property line, or they can fill with water and become breeding grounds. Also, if you put down a pad for it, you're digging and might hit a gasline or block access to one.\n3. Decks: Decks collapse and kill people. \n4. Pergolas: Fall on peoples on decks and kill them \n5. Pools, hottubs: A big dangerous tub of water, electricity, and death. \n6. Plumbing: water damage, and dripping onto electrical, backflow of raw sewage into the town fresh water supply... \n\nIf you live in an unincorporated part of the county, with a septic tank, and propane power, and distance from your neighbors, you can probably get away with a lot more. Our permit fee is $25 and it's really a bargain to make sure you don't kill yourself and your neighbors.",
"I believe the main reason is because they need to know what you're doing so they can adjust your property taxes appropriately.\n\nWhen we built our house, there were **no** building codes or inspections in our township (this has since changed). We were still required to get a building permit. Through the whole process it was clear that the only reason anybody had any interest in what we were doing was to make sure that taxes would be paid.",
"In Maryland, about 10 minutes out of DC, there's a street called Veirs Mill Road. All of the houses on one side have a home owners association (HOA), which prevent people from building sheds/pools/etc. Directly on the other side, they do not have an HOA where owners can do what they please.\n\nAll of these houses and property cost the same to build about 30 years ago. However today, houses _with_ the HOA are worth about $200,000 more, placing them in the $500-600k range. Houses without the HOA are between $300-$400k. \n\nThe reason is simple: HOA neighborhoods look far, far better. People are forced to maintain their properties, and they can't just throw fences or sheds wherever they want. There are no rusting cars in the lawns. Grass isn't waist high\n\nMeanwhile, without the HOA, everything is really shitty. All it takes is one rusting car in a neighbor's yard to bring the value of your house down 10%. An entire neighborhood like this causes property values to plummet.\n\nLong story short, enjoy the insane permits",
"As Americans, we are happy to give up our freedoms and liberties, for a feeling of security. All of these other answers demonstrate this.",
"I'm kind of shocked that everyone here seems totally bought into the idea that these laws are all in the name of public safety. A large number of local regulations and codes are rent seeking enterprises to ensure a steady revenue stream for government and steady work for locally licensed craftsmen. \n\nWhat public safety argument is made for the federal building code that sets the maximum distance that outlets can be installed from one another? You can make a case that that's in the interest of public safety, but it's a flimsy one. \n\n",
"permits cost money is just another way to steal your moneys ",
"You will not be the only person who owns that property. When it sells (after you die at a minimum) the person who buys it will do so expecting that the property is at least minimally constructed according to code, that there are no dangerous construction \"oopsies\" like giant holes covered with plywood that eventually rots away (cisterns), that runoff isn't eventually destroying the property, that the driveway doesn't empty onto public roads in a dangerous manner that they can't immediately see, that the electrical will not set fire to them in their sleep, that the roof will not collapse under the weight of normal snowfall.\n\nCode isn't there because you can't be trusted with risk analysis of your own property so much as because there's no way in hell the people who come after you can know what the fuck you did.\n\nAsk electricians about some of the shit people do to their own houses (I pulled two giant wads of melted tape from behind walls this last weekend) and the extrapolate that to larger projects. \n\nTLDR: No, we don't fucking trust you. ",
"The simple answer? Because technically you do not own the land. Do to the nature of our current laws, the US Government technically owns the land you live on (hence forced taxation, limited privacy, property restrictions, etc.)",
"Because most people lack common sense and often attempt projects beyond the scope of their knowledge or abilities.",
"Because you're a slave, stupid.",
"Because they'll fine you or throw you in jail.",
"THE STATISM! IT BURNS!",
"Because people believe that they have a greater right to what is yours than you do."
]
}
|
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3ha0de
|
why do shelters charge adoption fees when programs like clear the shelters show huge success with free or cheap adoptions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ha0de/eli5_why_do_shelters_charge_adoption_fees_when/
|
{
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"cu5km0x"
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"text": [
"Because they need to cover their costs. Those people don't work for free, and rent has to be paid. As long as there are people willing to pay adoption fees, adoption agencies will have adoption fees. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8u34vq
|
how does the immune system work? is it possible for your body to not "recognize" a threat, and simply fail to respond to it? does your immune system have a blueprint of the cells that should be in there?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8u34vq/eli5_how_does_the_immune_system_work_is_it/
|
{
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"text": [
"Without going into detail about B cells and T cells, which I encourage you to look more into, I'll try to explain it as well as I can\n\nYou've probably heard of the term \"antibody\" before, right? \n\nWell, antibodies are a special type of protein that our body makes to detect and capture molecules of unknown origin, which we call antigens\n\nEach type of antibody is specific to a specific piece of the antigen, and they target the immune system to fight things that have that antigen. Each antibody is made by cells that cut and paste their own DNA to make a unique antibody generating sequence\n\nOur body can detect that there is an antigen, often weeks before antibodies are generated, because our body needs to produce multiple types of antibodies before finding one that matches an antigen. But once a pair is found, the body knows to start producing a lot more antibodies of that type, and these then pull the antigen into cells which destroy them.\n\nAnd it is entirely possible for the system to mess up.\n\nIf you've ever heard of an autoimmune disease, it's what happens when something causes your body to detect antigens that are found in your own body, and as a result, your immune system attacks your own systems\n\nAnd similarly, some pathogens have found ways to get around the immune system by either imitating our body's biology or by preventing our cells from communicating with each other to stimulate the immune system\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
c4warr
|
how are muscles and ligaments "glued" to the bones?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c4warr/eli5_how_are_muscles_and_ligaments_glued_to_the/
|
{
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"To a large part with structures of bone and gelatine, which is a protein. Incidentally gelatine from livestock and horses was actually used as an actual glue in the past.\n\nIt's also used to make jello. If you make really, really thick jello you can use that as a glue if you apply it before it sets (but don't put flavorings in it then!)\n\nEdit: As background to the moderator response below, my initial discussion with moderator u/Rhynchelma (which is deleted here in this thread) can be seen here: _URL_0_. Hope it is OK that I post the link here, if not PM me and I'll remove it.",
"The bones are covered by a fibrous sheath - the periosteum. The fibrous part of tendons and ligaments blends with that. Muscles therefore attach by tendons.",
"Muscle ends extend to tendons which are really tough rubber bands. The tendons then weave them selves into the “skin” of the bone called the periosteum. The periosteum is a super tough fiber. This makes them basically one unit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.removeddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c4warr/eli5_how_are_muscles_and_ligaments_glued_to_the/?st=jxb0v8bb&sh=fa7d3fa5"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3zttv1
|
what michael eisner did at disney and why people didn't like it
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3zttv1/eli5_what_michael_eisner_did_at_disney_and_why/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"This is gonna be a text wall, so bear with me. \n\nTL;DR: Michael Eisner took the company in a direction that almost killed the feature animation division, in a nutshell. \n\n---\n\nBy the time he stepped down in the mid 2000s, Disney Feature Animation was becoming a joke, releasing tired, money spinning sequels of their classics (like Cinderella 2, Jungle Book 2, Beauty and the Beast 2), all of which were box office flops. \n\nMichael Eisner was brought into the company (as CEO) along with ex Warner Brothers top man Frank Wells (as President) to replace Ron Miller in the early to mid eighties as the top people in the company, in order to try and strengthen it. \n\nAnother big one in critisim of Eisner is this: Frank Wells died in early 1994, and everyone expected Jeffery Katzenberg, who'd been the producer of such massive films as Beauty and the Beast, The Little Mermaid, The Lion King and Aladdin to be promoted into Frank Wells old spot as company president. Instead Eisner absorbed the position and made himself President and CEO. This, understandably annoyed Katzenberg, and he left the company. \n\nHere's the interesting bit; Katzenberg joined forces with two other big film producers, Steven Spielberg and David Geffen and formed none other than DreamWorks, which now, with DreamWorks Animation, isn't far behind Disney and Pixar at all, and is a notable rival. \n\nAfter that, Eisner appointed a friend of his into the role, who only lasted just over a year, and then was terminated, not without $100 million dollars worth of stock options, and a $38 million dollar severance pay. \n\nApproaching the end of his tenure at Disney he was considering closing Feature Animation for good, and it was a pretty tense period for Disney, which is when the Save Disney campaign came up to eventually vote for him to not be reappointed by the shareholders board. In 2005 he resigned. \n\n**HOWEVER**. \n\nIn fairness, it has to be remembered that when Eisner was brought in in 1984, Disney was not in a good way with Feature Animation. They'd released a string of famous hits in the fifties and sixties and even before that, but after Robin Hood came out in 1973, they started to struggle. The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, The Rescuers, The Fox and the Hound and then the truly awful Black Cauldron, the latter of which was in production when Eisner started. \n\nDon't get me wrong, the Fox and the Hound and the Rescuers were decent films but they were nothing like the successes of previous years, Lady and the Tramp, 101 Dalmations or The Jungle Book, to give examples. They were lukewarm and weren't making as much money as Disney wanted. \n\nEisner was brought in and told pretty much it was his job to get Disney back on the rails again, and he had one shot at it before the plug would be pulled on Disney Feature Animation. The first film that was done completely with him at the top was the Great Mouse Detective, a classic. That paved the way for Oliver and Company, The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King, Pocohontas, Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hercules... In other words, Disney's most famous period of animation, the \"Disney Rennaisance\", is when Eisner was at the head. \n\nSo yeah he almost killed Feature Animation at the end. But, he also saved it to begin with.\n\n*edited for clarity*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3yq62z
|
legal marijuana money banks, why haven't they popped up?
|
I understand the federal side of it being illegal however if a bank were to comply with all state laws for a bank whats the difference of them operating under state only law like dispensaries do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yq62z/eli5_legal_marijuana_money_banks_why_havent_they/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyfn2zf",
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"score": [
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17,
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"text": [
"The money made from marijuana sales will always be considered unlawful from a federal standpoint whilst the federal ban is in place. \n\nIf the government wants that money, they can get it. No bank or other legal institute can stop it. ",
"A pretty big part of the usefulness of banks is their ability to network with other banks. That is, I can only pay my electric bill online because my bank and the power company's bank have reached some agreement. If you created a bank that caters to dispensaries, other banks would shun that bank just as they shun dispensaries already, and that bank would be little more than a highly secured storage unit where you can put your cash.\n\nThe Federal Government has the power to regulate interstate trade, and with all real banks being able and willing to process interstate transactions, that means the feds get to regulate them. You could probably make a constitutional argument that your totally in-state bank is not subject to federal regulation, but even if you prevailed, the above described uselessness of it would still apply.",
"There are strict federal laws against laundering drug money. Allowing dispensaries to have accounts could be construed as laundering.\n\nWhile the current administration is on record as saying it will not pursue those cases, many GOP candidates for said they will crack down on marijuana, even in places where it has been legalized.\n\nBanks are rightfully concerned that they would be exposing themselves legally if the next president tries to turn the tide of legalization."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
zriyy
|
other than the killing of the u.s. ambassador, what is going on in libya? what would it take to bring peace?
|
Sorry if this has already been asked, I didn't see it in my preliminary searches.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zriyy/other_than_the_killing_of_the_us_ambassador_what/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c672y15",
"c674r2v",
"c675cjp",
"c6795le",
"c679jw0",
"c67aqzy"
],
"score": [
5,
20,
19,
84,
3,
2
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"text": [
"The dust is still settling from their revolution. They are working to stabilize their economies and rebuild government institutions. It can take some time for countries to recover after being lead by a dictator for decades.",
"Going back in time and preventing the Libyan Revolution is probably the only way to create peace within the next decade.",
"Bluntly, the quickest way to peace in Libya would be a targeted intimidation campaign against the Mullahs who incite this in the first place.\n\nOnce the Mullahs learned that preaching and enraging mobs into violence results in losing all kinds of useful body parts like kneecaps and eyelids, this whole thing would be history.\n\nWhich, ironically enough, is pretty much what Ghadaffi and Saddam did. It worked, too.",
"Late to the party, but here goes.\nLibyan here, let me start by giving my sincere condolences to the families of those killed and injured in yesterday's raids and saying that nothing justifies such violent actions. Libya right now is going through the process of building a new country, arguably from scratch, with that said the biggest problem right now is the huge availability of weapons to everyone, after the civil war barracks and the homes of the powerful were broken into and weapon caches were looted and ransacked, that flooded the weapons black market and made assault rifles without licences dirt cheap costing as little as 600 USD that created an enormous problem which will still plague us here for years to come, good men and backward asshats alike were armed to the teeth, most of the armed men joined militias because they knew that strength was in numbers, some militias joined the de facto military/police-force no difference nowadays, but some militias decided they wanted to only answers to themselves these solo militias are 99% extremists like Ansar Al-sharia literally meaning the helpers of the Sharia (who are the suspects of the attack) and Al-Nawasi literaly meaning the foreheads i.e we will grab the sinners by the foreheads and take their foreheads to the ground stories are told about how sometimes if they don't like how you look they will pick you up in their car beat you and give you a haircut, although most Libyans are sick of their shit and hate them, nobody can stand up to them because the are the stronger power and are only bested by the government and if the government fights them, then some of the militias in the army/ police-force will defect being afraid how they might get fought by the government if they do something bad, which leaves Libya in a sticky situation.\nas for your second question, disarming all the civilian population and only including the good loyal patriotic men in the the military and telling the backward asshats to go eat a supersized bag of dicks,and that is up to the elected representatives and the politicians because if an unarmed civilian stands up to them they will be held and beaten or worse, even the interim prime minster was taken by force a few months ago from his office by some militia members. but in 5 to 6 years time when the military is stronger and more unified peace will be easily achievable, the only thing that is for stalling peace are the extremists and their sympathizers.\n\nAnd to anyone saying that religion did this and Libyans are uncivilised nomads who solve their problems by killing innocent people sincerely, **FUCK YOU**.\n\nTL;DR: Weapons everywhere are the problem.\n\n\n",
"Ghadaffi (sp?) kept the muslim extremists at bay. Now that he is gone, they are filling the power vacuum.",
"afaik they are tribal and the country boarders are essentially a colonial invention. If you break it up into smaller tribal regions you would have peace if it weren't for the oil. because of the oil though you would have oil poor regions hating the break up and oil rich regions loving it. I suggest a quick removal of all the oil and then they would have nothing to fight over ;)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
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