q_id
stringlengths 5
6
| title
stringlengths 3
296
| selftext
stringlengths 0
34k
| document
stringclasses 1
value | subreddit
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 4
110
| answers
dict | title_urls
list | selftext_urls
list | answers_urls
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
atbjp2 | why do acne breakouts happen after binging on chocolate? 🍫 | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/atbjp2/eli5_why_do_acne_breakouts_happen_after_binging/ | {
"a_id": [
"eh00nhg"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"They actually dont. Its more that chocolate binges happen frequently when hormonal changes are happening. These changes in hormones not only spur the desire for chocolate, but cause acne to form. Tldr: chocolate =/= acne, hormones= acne+chocolate\nEdit missing punctuation"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
3hmnob | what would happen if we light a fire on uranus? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hmnob/eli5_what_would_happen_if_we_light_a_fire_on/ | {
"a_id": [
"cu8of10",
"cu8orjl",
"cu8p9w6"
],
"score": [
9,
2,
2
],
"text": [
" > Me and a friend were wondering because the planet is almost made entirely out of flammable gasses and fluids, but it has next to no oxygen to keep the fire going.\n\nThis is correct. There is no matter which the hydrogen, helium or methane can react with through redox, so there would be no fire, no explosion, or anything else meaningful.",
"Keep in mind these planets are at pretty stable configurations by this point. If there was a possibility of a huge highly exothermic reaction taking place, it probably already has. ",
"Everything need oxygen to burn. Apart from fusion/fission, this doesn't happen in its absence. IIRC even fires need 5% > o2 to burn."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
26fumx | how do you properly use ";' and "-" in writing? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26fumx/eli5_how_do_you_properly_use_and_in_writing/ | {
"a_id": [
"chqn7wp",
"chqn9ig",
"chqscdi"
],
"score": [
7,
54,
3
],
"text": [
"[Semicolon](_URL_0_)\n\nAn em dash is the dash you use in the middle of a sentence - linking an independent clause to the end of the sentence. It can also be used as a stronger alternative to parentheses or a comma - where a stronger punctuation sign is needed, or if commas are already in use - to highlight a point. Finally, it can be used to insert a list - a listing, a series, a tally - into the sentence. ",
"The semicolon is properly used in at least two ways.\n\nFirst, it can be used to separate items in a list when some of those items contain commas. For example, a normal list would go like this: Apples, pears, bananas, and kiwi fruit. (Note: that last comma is not used by everyone. It is called the \"Oxford comma\", and people actually argue over whether or not it's necessary.)\n\nBut suppose the second item is \"pears, but not Williams pears\". Now it contains a comma; and so to make sure people can read the list easily, you have to write it like this: Apples; pears, but not Williams pears; bananas; and kiwi fruit.\n\nSecondly, the semicolon is used to separate contact clauses. This is when you have two sentences and you want to join them into one sentence, but without using a conjunction. For example, if we start with these two sentences:\n\nMary likes beer. John prefers wine.\n\nWe can join them up with a conjunction:\n\nMary likes beer, but John prefers wine.\n\nOr we can join them up with a semicolon:\n\nMary likes beer; John prefers wine.\n\nWords like \"however\" are adverbs, not conjunctions, so if you want to use \"however\" to join these two sentences, you still need a semicolon:\n\nMary likes beer; however, John prefers wine.\n\nHow can you tell the difference? Well, you can move \"however\" next to the verb and it still makes sense:\n\nMary likes beer; John, however, prefers wine.\n\nAs for the hyphen, that's a much more complicated thing. Perhaps the most important use is to combine two words into one single concept, but it's much tickier to get this one right. In the sentence:\n\nHe was five years old.\n\nwe have \"five\" and \"years\" and \"old\" as three separate words; but in this sentence:\n\nHe was a five-year-old boy.\n\nthe three words are combined into a single unit, an adjective.",
"\n“Here is a lesson in creative writing. First rule: Do not use semicolons. They are transvestite hermaphrodites representing absolutely nothing. All they do is show you've been to college.”\n\n― Kurt Vonnegut, A Man Without a Country "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://theoatmeal.com/comics/semicolon"
],
[],
[]
]
|
||
2qgl1y | why can't people add a dynamo to an electric car tyre? | I know you'd lose lots of energy because of friction but still, wouldn't it add a bit of power to the batteries and make it last longer before you'd have to recharge? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qgl1y/eli5_why_cant_people_add_a_dynamo_to_an_electric/ | {
"a_id": [
"cn5w7wa",
"cn5wfw9",
"cn5wm0j",
"cn6cpg1"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Your car already has an electrical generator - the [alternator](_URL_0_). Any force that can provided by the wheels to charge the battery is already provided directly by the engine to the alternator.",
"The weight of the windings would outweigh any benefit.. This idea is already used in \"regenerative breaking\", _URL_0_",
"The energy to run that dynamo has to come from somewhere (aka. your engine) so best case you won't lose any energy. In reality a dynamo is pretty much the worst way to generate electricity because there is a lot of friction ongoing between the dynamo and the tire as well as deformation of the tire which means energy being transformed into heat.\n\nIf you go downhill, electric cars already use their motor as a generator and recharge the batteries.",
"Hybrid cars do this (in an advanced way). \n\nInstead of using brakes at higher speeds they engage a generator which recharges the battery a little bit and slows the car. \n\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator_(automotive\\)"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake"
],
[],
[]
]
|
|
5jddj4 | why studying is so hard? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jddj4/eli5_why_studying_is_so_hard/ | {
"a_id": [
"dbfap9n"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's all about interest levels. Find a way to make yourself WANT to learn about the topic you're supposed to be studying. \n\nPersonally, I start applying lessons to specific problems I see in real-life. This gives me a basis to start asking specific questions about the topic material and a non-textbook example to apply lessons to. If I can't find a real-life example, then finding one is my first question. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
5cf5gl | how is audio able to be pressed onto vinyl? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5cf5gl/eli5_how_is_audio_able_to_be_pressed_onto_vinyl/ | {
"a_id": [
"d9vzbhz",
"d9w6rzz"
],
"score": [
4,
9
],
"text": [
"Audio isn't pressed into vinyl. Audio is vibrations in air and bumps which reflect those vibrations as impacted on a stylus driven by a microphone are presses into the vinyl. By dragging a stylus over those bumps the audio can be reproduced. ",
"To go a little more in-depth off u/Phage0070's comment, \"audio\" (sound waves) is just that: waves propagating throughout a physical medium. In real life, sound travels through the air as many vibrations of the air molecules.\n\nVinyl (and previously wax cylinders!) is simply a way of recording how those vibrations exist. On a practical level, since air particles have mass they can influence the physical world--think of when you can \"feel\" heavy, deep bass inside your bones--and a thin membrane can vibrate in a response commensurate to how the air molecules are vibrating (this is a simple microphone). The membrane can be connected through a series of mechanical linkages to a needle, which then also \"vibrates\" (moves up and down) in such a way that is again proportional to how the air moved, and inscribe that motion into a soft physical matter, in our case vinyl.\n\nAt that point, you then have a physical representation in the vinyl of what that sound wave \"looked\" like. Playing it back to hear the original is basically a matter of the reverse process.\n\n(Fun fact: because vinyl is completely analog, you don't even need speakers or electrical signals to hear audio from records. Simply moving the record player's needle over the record will produce sound [again, because it's purely a physical process], albeit at an extremely low volume, hence the need for DJs to use amplifiers.)"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
1asxsh | bitcoins and the recent bitcoin surge | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1asxsh/eli5_bitcoins_and_the_recent_bitcoin_surge/ | {
"a_id": [
"c90g4vr",
"c90hx24",
"c90iwu1",
"c90khox"
],
"score": [
6,
5,
16,
11
],
"text": [
"Remember that Bitcoins are artificially scarce. There will only ever be 21 million in existence. In order to achieve this printing schedule the program starts out by allowing 7200 BTC daily to be mined in the beginning, and it halves the reward rate every four years. This image sums it up nicely: (_URL_0_)\n\nPrior to December of 2012 quite a few Bitcoins were being made each day, and this adequately satisfied the demand. After the reward halved, the monetary inflation rate dropped dramatically. As time goes on Bitcoin will see its value determined much more by demand than supply. If people are interested in buying it at a quicker rate than it can be made or supplied by current holders, the price goes up. \n\nThere are many reasons besides reduced supply that caused the price to surge in January. Positive news stories broke out about companies starting to accept bitcoin. Also the mining companies that supplied product to harvest BTC in the network experienced delays, and many users decided to simply invest in BTC rather than a miner. \n\nUnfortunately, being an artificially scarce commodity means that it also is prone to \"demand crises\" and deflationary forces. You can think of this as almost the exact opposite of a supply crisis that occurs when a country (like Zimbabwe) prints so much money that the value of its dollar crashes due to inflation. This image explains the one that happened around March 5th. _URL_1_\nUsers of the largest market, MtGox, began to buy bitcoins so quickly that the price shot up 40% in 2 days. Fewer people were offering to sell their BTC as prices got higher, partly because no had planned on the price getting this high, and partly because it simply seemed like a better time to buy than sell. \n\nIn these times of exponential growth, eventually the market gets so saturated with buy orders that it runs out of monetary momentum to maintain its run. Very little bid support will remain behind such a run, and all it takes is a small fraction of BTC to be sold to drop down dramatically. The effect can cascade into a sell-off. \n\nThe crash of 2011 was similar, but exacerbated by the hacking of MtGox around the same time, which caused a dramatic drop in confidence and a long, slow exodus of the market back down to $2 USD per BTC. ",
"I think that part of the recent surge has been due to the release of dedicated BTC mining hardware (not sure how many are out; last I read about it a few weeks ago only 1 had been shipped), but these devices mine much more efficiently than everyone without one is able to. Basically, they're dedicated computers that only mine for Bitcoins, they use less power than expensive graphics cards, and they're relatively low-cost when you compare their efficiency vs a mining PC.\n\nThe more of these devices that are released and put into use, the higher the mining \"difficulty\" rises (this difficulty number is based on the total capacity of all miners on the network). The difficulty impacts the ability of one to find Bitcoins while mining; the higher the difficulty, the harder it is to solve the puzzle that rewards the solver with coins. As a result of the difficulty rising, the chance for reward for folks mining with regular PCs significantly decreases, even those with souped-up machines with multiple graphics cards.\n\nI speculate that the price of BTC is going up as many people that have been mining for Bitcoin in the past and have been getting them \"for free\" (there's always a cost involved, be it hardware or electricity) realize that pretty soon they're not going to be able to effectively mine for Bitcoins, or at least their reward will be much less, and as a result are purchasing the coins on exchanges so they will have coins when the price rises in the future and they are no longer able to easily generate them themselves.\n\nIt's a bit of a Catch22: people are buying because they speculate the price will rise soon, and as a result, the price goes up.",
"I can't explain the surge, but I can explain bitcoins. Bitcoins are a virtual currency.\n\nThe problem with virtual currency before bitcoins was that nobody knew how to make a safe, fully uncheatable virtual currency. You see, all your accounts must be kept so we know that all the transactions are legit. In the real world, you keep accounts in a ledger. If it was like that for a virtual currency, those ledgers could be altered at any second. A tiny security breach could bring down the whole system; if there was a central registry for bitcoins, couldn't some employee just grant himself a few \"inconsequential\" bitcoins?\n\nTo get around this, bitcoins basically created the idea of making this \"central record\" not so central; they made the \"ledger\" public. All the records are kept with a buttload of people, almost anybody, actually. If someone alters the record to say that they have 1000 bitcoins, the rest of the bitcoin ledgers will go **\"BULL SHIT, SIR! We have the records right here!\"**\n\nHow do you earn bitcoins? Well, you start \"mining\" them. Essentially, you tell your computer to work for it's money. All the computers that are mining bitcoins go down into the mines with their pickaxes over their shoulders and start hammering away. Eventually, a computer manages to hit a bitcoin during his mining! As the mine gets deeper and deeper, bitcoins get scarcer and scarcer, so the computer has to work harder to get it's money.",
"Bitcoins have already been explained in this thread- let me explain the surge!\n\nAs the classic Wall Street saying goes, *Bears make headlines, bulls make money.* I have been saying BTC are overvalued ever since they hit $20, so take what I'm saying here with a grain of salt of course. I do still hold true to my analysis.\n\nThe cause of the current Bitcoin bubble is from a mix of varying factors.\n\n1. **ASIC miners**: New bitcoin mining hardware that can mine BTC quickly. This *will not* increase the number of BTC being generated, but it will cause an Occupy-Wall-St style shift in who owns bitcoins. With the recent bubble, a large portion of the small-time miners and bitcoin owners cashed out. The only people with bitcoins left are those who are mining; people who own ASIC miners. We are gradually moving into a phase where a smaller portion of the market is able to put restrictions on supply, with stagnant or increasing demand, causing price rises.\n\n2. **No way to short sell**. There are no options on Bitcoins, no method for short selling, no futures. This is a classic control on normal stocks to help put a downward pressure on the market. There is nothing but relentless upwards pressure in the bitcoin market. If anyone wants to drive the price up, they can (buy coins). But if we want to drive the price down, we are powerless to do so once we have no coins. This throws off the general equilibrium of skeptics and enthusiasts acting opposite each other.\n\n3. **IRC Channels, BTC Talk Forum, and /r/Bitcoin**: Otherwise known as circlejerk. Channels and avenues where speculators can come in and learn about bitcoin, but it turns out to be entirely people saying \"Price is gonna hit $100! $500!\" People with heavy market influence that just blow smoke up each other's asses all day. The developers have separate channels to get away from the market talk, which consists of 95% bulls who think Dutch tulips are worth a house.\n\n4. **Recent publicity**: Bitcoins finally found their way back into the limelight, for some time. Every time NPR or Bloomberg airs a segment on the coins, we see a price jump. I don't think this is actually because new high-net-worth investors are being informed of this wonderful opportunity and jumping on the board; I think it's because the people in bullet #3 see a story has aired and just want to buy more in anticipation.\n\n5. **Bitcoins have increased 6-fold in price; Legitimate uses for bitcoins have not.** I use the term 'legitimate' loosely. Any use of bitcoins is legitimate with the exception of investment. If someone is only buying the coins to sell them off later at a higher price, it is not legitimate demand for the purposes of this argument. Things that could genuinely cause a 'legitimate' rise in demand could be if silk road sales suddenly took off, that hundreds of kilos of some drugs went up for sale and purchasers needed to rush to buy bitcoins to purchase it all. This would drive the price up 'legitimately.' *This has not happened*. There has not been a sudden 6x increase in merchants who accept bitcoins; a sudden 6x increase in people paying their VPN services in BTC. It's all just being driven up by circlejerkers who want to see the price get higher before they cash out.\n\n6. **[Order Book](_URL_0_) Stacking**: It's easy to see from reading the mtgoxlive order book based on the slope of each side that the price can rise much quicker than fall. Purchasing 100 BTC will have a much more volatile effect than selling 100 BTC.\n\n**And what will cause the pop?** In my opinion, bullet #1. If the people who are slowly controlling more and more of the BTC supply work together smartly and agree not to sell, then the price will drive up. **Prisoner's dilemma:** Each ASIC miner knows that if one of the others chooses to sell, the price will fall, and they will earn less. So there is an unease in wanting to be the first to sell, but wanting to wait as long as possible. When these people finally choose to sell off, it will hit hard."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://www.mattwhitlock.com/Bitcoin%20Inflation.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/CPd7e2O.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://mtgoxlive.com/orders"
]
]
|
||
3micng | why government shutdowns (in the us) don't hold back congress' pay, but most other federal employees jobs. | Not being cynical or political. Genuinely wondering | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3micng/eli5_why_government_shutdowns_in_the_us_dont_hold/ | {
"a_id": [
"cvf66cd",
"cvf6b6g",
"cvfc8cw"
],
"score": [
9,
4,
4
],
"text": [
"Basically if a budget isn't agreed most federal employees *cannot* do anything that would require spending government money. That's why government employees can't work voluntarily during a shut down. However, exceptions are made for \"essential\" personnel, people who are vital for the continued wellbeing of the country. One of those groups of personnel is congress, because they have to work in order to pass new laws, and of course a new budget to end the shutdown. So they still get paid.",
"Because they pay themselves, literally.\n\nThe law saying when and how Congress gets paid is different than the one that funds everything else. ",
" > No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.\n\nThat's the 27th Amendment. Basically it prohibits any change in pay from taking effect until the NEXT congress convenes (every 2 years). Not paying members of Congress during a shutdown is considered \"varying compensation\""
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
3bgfa5 | in televised poker, how is it known so quickly how much is being bet? | They just push chips out and don't say anything. How do the commentators know so quickly what amount is being bet? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bgfa5/eli5_in_televised_poker_how_is_it_known_so/ | {
"a_id": [
"cslwll3",
"cslxsw7"
],
"score": [
27,
5
],
"text": [
"Televised poker isn't live. A lot of the narration is done afterwards and spliced over the video. \n\nAnd good players can very quickly eyeball a stack of chips and count them. Because players usually stack chips in a columns of 20, 10 and 5. Loose ones are kept separately.",
"There's a few things going on:\n\n* in most televised poker, it's not live. So even if they're not _strictly_ reading from a script, they do know what's going on ahead of time.\n* the commentators in poker usually know quite a bit about the game. In particular, poker has very standardized betting. The bets are **almost always** a multiple of a previous wager, or a multiple of what's currently in the pot. That makes it pretty easy to eye-ball the amount."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
20wi30 | who does the us constitution apply to? | I am a British ex-pat living in the US on a green card. As such I am not a citizen of the US, but I am a permanent resident.
So which parts of the Constitution apply to me, which apply to visiting family members (non-citizen, non-residents) and which only apply to my wife and step-kids (US born citizens).
Many thanks.
EDIT: It sounds like I should have asked, what rights am I granted under the US Constitution, as a non-citizen resident? And it sounds like all of them, as they apply to people within the jurisdiction of the US.
Thanks all. :) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20wi30/eli5_who_does_the_us_constitution_apply_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"cg7dfw8",
"cg7do5l",
"cg7dx6n"
],
"score": [
3,
6,
9
],
"text": [
"The Constitution mostly applies to the federal government, with a few exceptions. That said, the 14th Amendment can be read as to extend to non-citizen persons. In it there is a clause that says \"nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any **person** within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\" Emphasis mine. \n\nAs for Bill of Rights protections, I initially said that the Constitution applies to actions of the US congress. However, the 14th Amendment has also created a legal process called Incorporation, where, over time, almost all Bill of Rights restrictions have been applied to what the individual states can do. So, now if we look at the 5th Amendment which guarantees due process of law to all persons, we can understand this to also apply to the states themselves and covering non citizens.",
"Individual protections within the Constitution apply to everyone within the jurisdiction of the United States.\n\nSo, while inside the US, your family has protection from unreasonable search and seizure, self-incrimination, and so on.",
"I think you misunderstand what the Constitution is and what it does.\n\nThe Constitution is the foundational document of the federal government of the United States. It mostly talks about how the federal government is constituted, what sorts of things it can do, and procedures for doing them.\n\n* Article I describes the function and power of the legislative branch, i.e., Congress. \n\n* Article II describes the function and power of the executive branch, i.e., the President (and by extension federal executive agencies). \n\n* Article III describes the function and power of the judicial branch, i.e., the Supreme Court (and by extension inferior federal courts). \n\nAll three of those articles also discuss how the various branches interact with each other.\n\n* Article IV describes the relationship between the federal government and state governments (in short: the federal government basically wins).\n\n* Article V describes the process by which the Constitution may be amended.\n\n* Article VI describes the legal status of the Constitution itself.\n\n* Article VII describes the process which had to have occurred for the Constitution to be ratified by the founding member states. \n\nThe various amendments do various things in no particular rhyme or reason in terms of their ordering.\n\nBut there is only *one* provision in the Constitution which \"applies\" directly to the people rather than to various elements in the state or federal governments: the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolishes slavery, is phrased very differently from all of the other provisions in the Constitution. Most of the time, when the Constitution says something it's along the lines of \"Congress shall\" or \"Congress shall not\" or \"the President shall\" or \"the States may not,\" etc., i.e., describing how a particular governmental office or function is supposed to work and/or granting (or limiting) authority in a particular area. But the Thirteenth Amendment simply says that slavery *shall not exist*. It's the only provision of the Constitution which a private individual is capable of violating directly. \n\nThat being said, one could plausibly say that the civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution \"apply\" to all persons within the United States' jurisdiction because of the way they are phrased. Take the First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and religion. It does *not* say that people have these rights because of some legal status about people. It says that the government shall not interfere with these rights. Doesn't matter who the person is: the protection is phrased as a restriction on government action, not a positive description of individual dignity. \n\nAll of which to say that the answer to your question is rather more complicated than it seems. Every person within the jurisdictional limits of the United States *benefits* from the provisions of the Constitution, but most of the provisions of the Constitution don't actually have anything to do with individual people as such. It's not really accurate to say that they \"apply\" to you."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
5575ea | why does water spread to the edge of a surface then stop? | Recently I spilled some water on my kitchen counter [Square Edges] and didn't bother cleaning it up as my show was almost over, when I returned to the kitchen counter I noticed the water had spread a decent amount but none of it went over the edge as the floor was dry. Why did the water stop at the edge & not simply continue to spread over the edge? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5575ea/eli5_why_does_water_spread_to_the_edge_of_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"d8841ul",
"d889ado"
],
"score": [
4,
5
],
"text": [
"It's called *surface tension* and it is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible. (like a water droplet, tear, raindrop). \n\nBTW, surface tension allows insects, usually denser than water, to float and stride on a water surface.",
"In a body of water, like an ocean or a puddle or a spilled cup on the counter, the individual water molecules are bound to each other loosely. This is ELI5, so we won't go into the mechanics too much, but these bonds are called hydrogen bonds and are (mostly) responsible for the surface tension of the liquid.\n\nHydrogen bonds don't give the body of water as a whole any distinct shape, but they do allow for some elasticity in its surface - if you fill a glass right to the top and bend down to its level to look at it straight-on, you might be able to notice that the level of the water comes slightly above the level of the glass, forming a slight bulge on its surface. This is the water's surface tension being strained, and is the same phenomenon as you observed on your kitchen counter. Effectively, the water \"wants\" to remain in one cohesive unit because the water molecules at its surface are bound to each other and are *keeping the body of water in* - to an extent.\n\nDue to its molecular structure, water forms hydrogen bonds excellently and therefore has a lot of surface tension. Most liquids, like ethanol, don't (at least not so well as water). If you try the same thing with a glass of pure ethanol - drinking alcohol - you won't get that bulge at the top of the glass, because the surface tension is much lower. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
69b4sm | why are young boys more prone to looking at porn compared to young girls? (ages 12-16) | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69b4sm/eli5why_are_young_boys_more_prone_to_looking_at/ | {
"a_id": [
"dh575qs",
"dh59632"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text": [
"Boys/men have a natural visual element to their sexuality.\n\nFor that same reason boys/men react to girls/women or other guys (if they're gay) based on visual elements.\n\nGirls/women do react to visual stimuli somewhat but it's not as tightly wired as it is for men.",
"Some influences that haven't been mentioned yet\n\n- many girls are still raised with a very different attitude towards sexuality than boys. Yes, it is changing, but there are still many girls who are raised to feel either ashamed of their sexuality, or with an emphasise that they have to remain pure. Female sexuality and masturbation is also not as... commonly touched up on in media. Any show with teenage boys will generally be making a couple of jokes about masturbating. And yes, they are jokes, but they also spread the idea that it is common and every boy does it. Less so for girls and masturbation, which can again lead to feelings of shame. But anyway, a lot of that leads to some girls suppressing their sexuality, and as a result, also not partaking in porn.\n\n- mainstream porn is not exactly... aimed at women. It is very focused on men and male pleasure and this can be a huge turn off for many women, which also includes teenage girls. Now whether it is due to nature or nurture or whatever, a lot of women do prefer porn where feelings and emotions play a bigger role, which can be harder to find in mainstream porn, so again. A turn off. \n\n- finally... sometimes girls *do* enjoy porn, but not in ways that are commonly thought of as pornographic. Between the ages of 12 and 16, it's actually pretty common for many girls to get involved in fandom and tumblr. Fanfics, doujinshi, manga and anime, there are a lot of teenage girls reading those. And let me tell you, there is a lot of sexual content there, and let me add that it is voraciously devoured by teenage girls. But if your statistics are only measuring how many teenage girls are visiting sites like youporn of xtube, you are not going to be including that in your findings despite the fact that those girls *are* consuming porn. Just in different forms. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
3r60h0 | why is it that in english we can say the phrase "i'm going home" without a preposition? | Why can't I say "I'm going bed" or "I'm going school." We have to say "I'm going to bed" or "I'm going to school." | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3r60h0/eli5why_is_it_that_in_english_we_can_say_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwl7epn"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Because \"home\" is used as an adverb in this context. It already means \"to my house,\" so you don't need to repeat the \"to.\" "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
abclhr | how do documentary crew film predators without getting attacked. | How can a documentary team film rivers and lions (Which are usually very hungry and even have cubs near) able to film so close to the predators?
And how do they stop ruining the predators chance for hunting. Surely several people filming a tiger hunting would result in the prey noticing the predator. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/abclhr/eli5_how_do_documentary_crew_film_predators/ | {
"a_id": [
"eczamhj"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"They use telephoto lenses much of the time which create the illusion of being close to the action, while they are a safe distance away."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
2g7rcg | why do some towns still use fire whistles to alert emergency workers when we have cellphones, beepers and radios? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g7rcg/eli5_why_do_some_towns_still_use_fire_whistles_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"ckgf0oe",
"ckgfhru",
"ckghe8g",
"ckgo41l"
],
"score": [
8,
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Whistles alert everyone, not just people who have a device and are on the call list.",
"Also, adding to /u/Phage0070's explanation, fire whistles are also relatively easy to use, and are reliable.",
"A complicated solution is not always better than a simple one. \n\nEspecially if you would have to keep the simple system as backup, anyway. What if there is a major disaster and your primary system is down? Whistles don't go down. Unless they are dirty, dirty whistles. ",
"Cellphones, beepers and radios have a problem - they are based on a severely finite resource - the channel / freq that these devices use for communicating. This communication medium is shared among the devices trying to use it. And when too many try to use it at the same time, most get a busy signal.\n\n\nLets say that, in a city with 100k people, a system has been engineered to be able to handle 1k simultaneous calls at any time.\n\nIn normal circumstances, very few people around you are making/receiving a call... and usually, the actual number of people using the system simultaneously would usually be around 700-800 and everything works fine.\n\nBut in times of disaster, tens of thousands of people (or more) try to use it at the same time. This will completely overwhelm the system and almost no calls can be made or received. The described scenario has repeated itself often in emergency situations where people usually gets a busy signal immediately after a disaster. Cellphones, etc are almost useless in such situations.\n\nPeople think that the system went down with the disaster... but more often than not, the system is not designed to handle such loads. The best thing to do in such situations is to send a text message - it puts almost no load on the system and can be sent in a deferred fashion. By deferred fashion, I mean that even if the system is busy at the moment when you tried to send the message, the phone will try to send it again in a few minutes and might succeed at that time.\n\nOn the other hand... whistles cannot break down. They will only cease to work if the noise is too loud - which means that you don't need whistles to alert anyone... the loud noise is already doing it.\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
3663jh | how did wearing caps and gowns at graduations become a thing? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3663jh/eli5_how_did_wearing_caps_and_gowns_at/ | {
"a_id": [
"crb3f6n",
"crb75a7",
"crbkkfv"
],
"score": [
161,
12,
5
],
"text": [
"Originally, the cap and gown was a practical uniform for medieval university students, much like monk's robes and nun's habits. The design was meant to be practical and warm while distinguishing scholars and teachers. There are many traditions of rank and specialty which are actually remeniscent of military uniforms.\n\nOf course people don't wear the cap and gown every day anymore, but it has retained a tradition on formal educational occasions. \n",
"[This](_URL_0_) is a talk at a graduation ceremony by the late, Professor Hugh Nibley. He gives a pretty good rundown of it I think. This is at the LDS college, BYU.",
"Being a former seminarian, I can answer. \n\nEli5 version: imagine a 5 year old, brother A, gets a cool new shirt. Sister A is upset that her brother had a cool shirt, and she wants one. But the shirt is a boys shirt that had \"I'm the man\" on it, so mom gets her one that says \"I'm awesome\". The rest of her kids get the second shirt for their kids, even the boys, who still get the first shirt anyways.\n\nFull version\n\nFor the longest time, the only people that could afford to be educated aside from the rich, where clerics, which is where we get the term clerks from. They would wear [this](_URL_0_) to graduation, a cassock and biretta. Those became the gowns and caps as the public was able to integrate into those universities, and as a replacement garment to be worn by those were not clerics. \n\nThis isn't a full history, just the origin. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"https://speeches.byu.edu/wp-content/uploads/mp3/Nibley_Hugh_081983.mp3"
],
[
"http://imgur.com/rYTnDh5"
]
]
|
||
5nbcqm | what a civil engineer does | My boyfriend's an engineer but every time I try to ask him what his job entails he gives me a super convoluted answer that I can't follow. So someone please, explain like I'm five. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nbcqm/eli5_what_a_civil_engineer_does/ | {
"a_id": [
"dca4jdy",
"dca4ouf",
"dca57fm",
"dca7fca",
"dcacemj",
"dcbc5m1"
],
"score": [
2,
9,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"He will work on ensuring things like railway bridges, roads and tunnels etc. are in safe working order or ensuring they're safe for use when installing new.",
"How unlike a civil engineer to give a super convoluted answer to a simple question. /s. Seriously - I asked a civil engineer once how they like their coffee and they gave me a 20 page report. :-P\n\nThe reason your boyfriend gives a convoluted answer though is because what he does is actually an extremely complicated job. The very short answer though is that they build stuff. Stuff like roads, bridges, tunnels, buildings, etc, etc, etc\n\nBut it's not the actual building that they do (construction crews do that) - they more do work kind of like an architect but more complex - their job is to make sure that what is being built will fit into the environment it is being built in and will be suitable for the purpose it is being built in. Or (quite often) making sure that something that has already been built continues to be fit for it's purpose or can be repaired so that it once again becomes fit for it's purpose.\n\nFor example: A civil engineer building a road will make sure it will be able to be built for the environment it is in (i.e. it won't crack or subside), that it will be able to handle the amount of traffic it will need, that the construction crew will actually be able to build it, etc, etc. And all of this with a budget about half of what he actually needs. ",
"Civil engineers work on systems where the sum of the forces equals zero, i.e. there is *no* net acceleration. For example roads, bridges, dams.\n\nMechanical engineers work on systems where the sum of the forces does not equal zero, i.e. there *is* a net acceleration in some direction. For example cars, trains, turbines, and all the moving subcomponents that make those systems work.\n\nPut more simply: civil engineers work on systems/structures that remain stationary (and need to resist outside forces and remain stationary). mechanical engineers work on things that move",
"In his case, it'll depend a lot on his actual job.\n\nCivil engineers largely design, build, and maintain large structures. Roads, bridges, pipelines, large buildings, parking areas, ports and harbors, sewers and water treatment plants, things like that. \n\nFor example, if you want to build a skyscraper, the engineers who design the skeleton of the building and do the math to make sure it'll stand up are usually civil engineers.\n\nOr if you want to repair a highway, the engineers who evaluate the current road and figure out what needs to be done are usually civil engineers.\n\nIt's a very broad job with a lot of specialties, like how a lawyer could specialize in divorces, medical malpractice, bankruptcy, criminal law, or dozens of other areas.",
"He more or less sits at his desk pretending to do something usefull whilst he's browsing reddit ;)\n",
"One reason civil engineering can be convoluted is that it is one of the largest genres of engineering. The civil portion of the professional engineering exam has five different disciplines you can take : construction, water resources and environmental, structural, geotech, and transportation. On a typical job where we are designing a school there is a geotechnical engineer who will test the soil and make recommendations, a transportation engineer who determines if the existing roads can support an increase in traffic, the structural engineer who will design the structural components of the building and myself the site civil engineer who will design the parking lot, water lines, sewer lines and storm drainage lines. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
8raln3 | how is paper/cardboard recycled and why are most recycled paper products usually brown and more coarse than virgin paper? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8raln3/eli5_how_is_papercardboard_recycled_and_why_are/ | {
"a_id": [
"e0pq08v",
"e0pr0va",
"e0q2435"
],
"score": [
17,
15,
3
],
"text": [
"Turn old paper/carboard to mush. Make mush into shape. Dry. Shape again and its recycled paper. Some recycled paper are brown, some are like virgins. Add bleach and color to make virgin.",
"Recycled paper is made by people who are advocates for using recycled paper, they tend to be pro-environment folks. To make paper white takes very strong chemicals, and pro-environment folks aren't big on that sort of thing. Making very fine grain paper makes the paper fibers less useful to recycle. Coarse grain paper, like newsprint and cardboard, can be recycled more times. Getting people to accept and use coarser grained paper products improves the recycling chain and pro-environment folks like that too.\n\nOn the other hand, people who sell virgin paper, or paper that's not easily recyclable, emphasize how white and smooth it is. These folks don't want users to \"settle\" for recycled paper, because it's bad for their business.",
"Recycling paper tends to shorten the lengths of the fibres it's comprised of. As well as having fillers like clays, high quality paper is made with fresh, long cellulose. Each time it's pulped a fraction of the fibers will be broken. As the average length goes down, so does the properties of the paper. Factors like tear strength and flexibility vs thickness contribute to the quality, so recycled pulp tends to be used for things like cardboard, kitchen towel, toilet paper and suchlike. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
484es0 | why there is no such thing as 'the one' | A lot of things has happened in my my (now previous)relationship, and it came to the place where everyone told me that I had to know the difference between giving up and knowing when enough is enough. I love him so much, and i feel like I just gave up on my "One and only". I ended it to day (again) but i'm afraid that I believe he's the one and that i will go back to him again because of that belief.
I need to know, is there really no such thing as 'The one'? And why isn't there? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/484es0/eli5_why_there_is_no_such_thing_as_the_one/ | {
"a_id": [
"d0h2y7f"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"There are over 7 **billion** people in the world. If there were such a thing as \"the one\", there's a 99.9999% chance that no one would never meet their \"one\", because they would be a tailor in China, or a coal miner in Russia, or a musician in India, or a computer programmer in Brazil, or a farmer in Nigeria, etc. The chances of living in the same geographic area and being at the same place at the same time in order to meet would be so astronomically small that you'd have a better chance of winning the lottery multiple times in a row.\n\nInstead, people can be fall in love with, and very happy with, a wide range of partners."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
55btcs | why do dubbed voices in movies sound dubbed? | Voices in the original language always sound like part of the film, but dubbed voices always sound overlaid or with a different combination of mood and crispness. So what difference is there in the equipment (mics, software, etc) and voice recording procedures studios have that dubbing companies don't? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55btcs/eli5_why_do_dubbed_voices_in_movies_sound_dubbed/ | {
"a_id": [
"d89adoo",
"d8bsqa2"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"The best dub work is done during production - this way the studio can simply remove the native dialogue track, but keep the ambient sound, music, etc, and add in the new (dubbed) track. Post production dubbing is the worst, since the studio basically adds new dialogue over the existing audio track.\n\nEven with the best dub work, it will still be obvious for several reasons. The most obvious is that the lip movements don't match the words. Another is that the voice doesn't fit the actor. Another is that the actor doing the dub typically is the cheapest actor the studio could find, so the delivery of the line won't fit what the actor is physically emoting. It could also be a cultural phenomenon, where some languages are less subtle than others, so it sounds to you like the dialogue is over-dramatized, while in the dubbed language it's perfectly normal.\n\nIt's not that the dubbing studio doesn't have the right equipment, it's that they don't have access to the raw video edit, nor money/motivation to hire quality actors. And they can never overcome the fact that the lines will never match the lip movement.",
"There are a million reasons why dubs have a tendency to be inferior to the original voices.\n\nLip flaps are one. If the original language and the dubbed language are different, the mouth movements of the actors won't match up. What's more, sometimes there will be big differences in the length of the lines, meaning that the translators are forced to choose an awkward wording to get the length of the lines or the lip flaps to roughly match and not clash noticeably.\n\nRecording environment *can* be different. Many big feature films will go back and dub the voices with the same actors instead of using the location audio, in a process called ADR. Location audio can often be low quality, and redoing it in in a recording studio later gives them the chance to better isolate individual tracks. However, there are still many times a film might use location audio because it had a particularly good sound or performance. When dubbing into another language, the dialogue wouldn't be able to be isolated in these scenes and they'd have to try and mute or replace it.\n\nAnother thing is that when going from one language to another there's always a lot of nuance that's lost. It can be very, very hard to make a perfectly accurate exact translation of anything more than the simplest sentences. You can get away with a little more in subtitles, since some stuff reads okay but sounds kind of awkward when read aloud, but in general just by being translated into a second language a script loses a bit of its charm.\n\nFinally, a lot of the time a lot less attention is given to voice actors used in dubbing a translation than to casting the original actors for a production. You might have a large pool of potential actors for a film, but a dubbing role might be passed to someone from a much smaller pool. These voice actors can also get paid less and have less chance of gaining fame, which means the profession attracts less talent. With the smaller pool of labor, those voice actors also frequently have much less time to get into character and do multiple takes when dubbing compared to the original production, which leads to more substandard performances.\n\nNone of this is a rule. There have been spectacular dubs out there, and there are some great voice actors. But as a practice it's difficult to match the quality of the original, and as an industry it has a lot of pressures that make it hard to get the best possible performance."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
520goi | what was the first sound ever produced in the universe? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/520goi/eli5_what_was_the_first_sound_ever_produced_in/ | {
"a_id": [
"d7gcxec"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"We think it probably sounds like this _URL_0_, which comes across as a very long, low farting noise. \nHow scientists arrived at that conclusion was by estimating the density of the early universe through analysis of the cosmic background radiation, and extrapolating from the available data that we have regarding how rapidly the early universe expanded. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://youtu.be/1OpNI5DjxC0?t=8"
]
]
|
||
33sskh | how does google fi work? | Also, is it going to be universal? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33sskh/eli5_how_does_google_fi_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"cqo29ev"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"[Fi's project page](_URL_0_)\n\n > What is unique about Project Fi's network?\nThrough new technology developed with our partners, Project Fi puts you on the best available network between Wi-Fi and two 4G LTE networks. This means you get access to more cell towers and 4G LTE in more places.\n\nFrom what it appears, it looks proprietary. Not too many details in the wild about it. \n\nWhat do you mean universal? "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://fi.google.com/about/faq/#network-and-coverage-1"
]
]
|
|
30xnpu | the possible effects of the new "religious freedom law" in some american states | I'm seeing stuff like [this](_URL_0_)
How accurate is this? Is there another side to this? Is it as bad as portrayed there? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30xnpu/eli5_the_possible_effects_of_the_new_religious/ | {
"a_id": [
"cpwsu07",
"cpx1tip"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"You will soon learn how bigoted certain communities are (or aren't).\n\nIf a business is allowed to discriminate, then you suddenly know who *wants* to discriminate.",
"Can't wait for a Muslim or a Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist to try and use this law in Indiana."
]
} | []
| [
"http://imgur.com/gallery/Ivm9v"
]
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
79vc1n | when it comes to classical music, when do copyright laws come into play when a current composer wants to play a classical song at his next concert or his whatever show he is composing for? | Music from Beethoven,Mozart and others are played in many productions of plays, concerts, movies and even advertisements. Can anyone just decided to use this music whenever they please? Can they make money off of this music without paying out anyone? Does anyone own the copyright to there amazing pieces of music? Can any composer make his own version of the song and make a career doing so? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/79vc1n/eli5when_it_comes_to_classical_music_when_do/ | {
"a_id": [
"dp50ioe",
"dp50nqg",
"dp50p71",
"dp50vsd",
"dp5269u"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Music in the public domain, out of copyright, can be played without permission or paying. But the performers can copyright their performance and they do. \n\nThere are organizations, ASCAP, BMI and others which enforce the laws in regard to their members. Any public performance in an area which produces a profit for someone has to obey the laws. Those organizations make sure this happens. It is not a significant burden. They want the music played.\n\nThe process is well established. There are web sites where public domain music is available for practice. You can get sheet music for practice here. _URL_0_ and elsewhere.\n\n",
"I believe how it works is that the sheet music isn't copyrighted anymore due to age so anyone can play it without paying anyone except for the price of the sheet music. Where copyright comes in is when you try and use a version played by someone else. They don't own the song but they own their recording so they hold the copyright to their version of the song. \n\nExample would be a symphony plays Beethoven's fifth and you want to put that version in a movie. You can hire them to play it and they can charge for their time playing it but cannot charge for the use of the music. You could take the other route and pay them for their recording they already did. You would be paying for their version of the song they recorded but not for the song itself. \n\nThis is how my music teacher explained it to me years ago so I might be mistaken, but I think that's how she said it worked.",
"Copyright has a limited duration.\n\nSomething that was created hundreds of years ago would be in the public domain now.\n\nThe length of time that someone is allowed to claim copyright is an ongoing legislative tug of war, where Disney in particular is not eager to see Mickey Mouse enter the public domain.",
"Yes - anything old enough - many years after the death of the author - is finally free of copyright, and belongs to the public to do what they want with it. Copyright is a limited term monopoly - in compensation for giving a work to the public, the author is given a right to be the only one to create copies for a limited time.\n\nHowever, making a recording of an old work; or creating an arrangement that is different enough from the original, is considered a new work and earns it's creator a new copyright.\n\nMany people make the mistake of thinking that copyright is about allowing an author to control his work. It's not. When they allow a copy to be sold, they lose all ownership rights in their work. All they have is this limited right to restrict the making of copies for a limited time. The problem is that this 'limited time' has been gradually (and sometimes, not so gradually) increased until we have today's ridiculous situation where a copyright can extend for 150 years or more.",
" > Music from Beethoven,Mozart and others are played in many productions of plays, concerts, movies and even advertisements. Can anyone just decided to use this music whenever they please? \n\nYes. The copyright to the music composition is expired, so anyone can record or play these works. Keep in mind that not all \"classical\" music is public domain. Some famous composers were alive well into the 20th Century. Shostakovich probably being the most recently deceased famous composer. He died in 1975, meaning his works will not be public domain until 2045. \n\n > Can they make money off of this music without paying out anyone? \n\nWithout paying the composer. \n\n > Does anyone own the copyright to there amazing pieces of music? \n\nNot if it's public domain.\n\n > Can any composer make his own version of the song and make a career doing so?\n\nYes. That is called a derivative work. Anyone can make a derivative work of a public domain work. Whether or not you can make a career out of it is a different question.\n\nKeep in mind that there are two copyrights at issue with music. One to the underlying composition. One to the performance of the work. So even though the Moonlight Sonata is public domain, a specific performance of that work is protected by copyright. So you can't just take a CD of that work and put it in your movie without obtaining the rights first."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://thesession.org/discussions/29470"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
q7tvu | why are average gpas like 2.8's considered to be low? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q7tvu/eli5_why_are_average_gpas_like_28s_considered_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"c3vfcn1",
"c3vgnwx",
"c3vgog4"
],
"score": [
17,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"Remember that even though a B- is supposed to be an \"average\" grade, that doesn't mean most teachers assign half of the grades to be above a B- and the other half below. In fact, teachers almost always give more A's and B's than they do C's and D's.\n\nAccording to this source, the average GPA of a high school graduate is 3.1 for women and 2.9 for men: _URL_1_\n\nIn the U.S., a GPA of 2.8 in high school is too low to get into a moderately competitive university, and a GPA of 2.8 in college is too low to get into a moderately competitive graduate school.\n\nNot only that, but the grades have been trending higher over time - this is called \"grade inflation\": _URL_0_ - so what might have been considered an \"above average\" GPA 20 years ago might be \"below average\" today.\n",
"Because colleges don't seek average high school students, they seek above-average ones. ",
"Because stupid parents (and sometimes their ignorant children) believe that more than half the people can be above the average."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2011/07/high-school-grade-inflation-1991-to.html",
"http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2011/04/19/average-high-school-gpas-increased-since-1990"
],
[],
[]
]
|
||
9eqgd0 | how does task manager close out your window so fast when no other method of closing out a window works? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9eqgd0/eli5_how_does_task_manager_close_out_your_window/ | {
"a_id": [
"e5qqk0a",
"e5qqk12",
"e5qqrys",
"e5qy6mq",
"e5rk8ll"
],
"score": [
4,
54,
2,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"When you close a window normally, it is processed in a way that allows an application to delay closing that window until it decides that the window should be closed. So if you're for example, working on a document and accidentally hit the X, the application has a chance to ask you if you'd like to save before closing, instead of just blindly closing on you. Unfortunately if an application is completely stalled out, it's not going to be processing the logic required to actually safely close itself down.\n\nWhen you close a task in the task manager, you're bypassing this method of ending the application. ",
"Usually, the responsibility for drawing, resizing the application's window (and everything in it) is the job of the application. Usually, its good operating system behaviour to tell each application to close and let the application take care of that... so it can save files etc.. \n\nIf the main loop of the application is hung, its no longer responding to the Windows operating system when you click the Task bar or click the [x] in the upper right. Windows is saying \"Hey, user told you to close. Do whatever it is that you close and stop drawing your window and its contents.\" and the application is saying \"lalalalalalalalala I'm not listening to you I'm stuck in this loop lalalalalalalalalal\". \n\nTask Manager > End Process however is akin to Windows sneaking up behind the application going \"lalalalalalal\" over in the corner and smashing it over the head unconcious with a shovel. Then dragging it away to its room. Any toys it was playing with (data) get dropped where it is and _maybe_ when it wakes up again it might be able to find them. Maybe not. ",
"At a really high level, applications handle force killing (which the task manager will do) and regular killing (which clicking the “x” on the window will do) differently.\n\nWhen you click the “x” on the application window, you are telling the application to stop running gracefully. This means the application developer can do whatever they want during a graceful shutdown and will typically do things such as garbage cleanup, de-initialization, saving state, etc. \n\nWhen you force kill the application via the task manager, the operating system doesn’t allow the application to do anything. It stops the application immediately and release the resources (cpu/memory/open files) back to the pool of available resources so other programs can immediately take advantage of them, if necessary.",
"Hopefully ELI5 for you\n\n**Closing the application via the application**: The application is a 5 year old, that you told to get out of the room. If the 5 year old is paying attention to you, they might leave, and depending on how well behaved that 5 year old is, the 5 year old might pick up some or all of the things that 5 year old left in there. The 5 year old may not pay attention for a while because he/she is busy, so that may take a while. If not listening at all, the 5 year old may never leave.\n\n**Closing via the task manager**: You (the operating system) pick up the 5 year old and remove him/her from the room immediately. Then you just throw all the crap in the room in a bag, as fast as possible, and toss it.",
"Not in ELI5 lingo but I have to comment here.\n\nWhen you close an app it goes through many small things. Things that clean up temp files, write user data and generally just try to clean up its mess and make everything nice and tidy. \n\n\nWhen you force a task kill windows kills the thread by basically pulling the cpu access. Then windows recovers the memory. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
71dfb0 | what's the difference between a social worker and a domestic worker? | I'm Dutch and I'm researching the topic of "domestic labor". While searching for that topic, I found an article for "domestic worker". Now, I was under the impression that a domestic worker is the same as a social worker and I still think it is, but apparently there are separate words for these.
So, what is the difference? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/71dfb0/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_a_social_worker/ | {
"a_id": [
"dn9w3uk",
"dn9w7ux",
"dn9we4s"
],
"score": [
5,
5,
9
],
"text": [
"A social worker is a person that works for a government agency such as child protective services, a domestic worker is a housekeeper or a cleaner, someone who works in a domestic (household) environment",
"A domestic worker is somebody like a nanny to watch one's children while you're at work, a housekeeper, a nurse/caregiver for somebody elderly. Basically somebody who is an employee in somebody's home.\n\nA social worker is a professional who helps counsel people in times of trouble, such as working in a school helping kids having trouble with behavior/socialization, or helping people overcome grief, or help families adjust after a tragedy.",
"A domestic worker is someone who does work around the house for their employer(s) - it might include cleaning, cooking, and childcare. This typically requires no formal education, and is often low-paying. In earlier times, they would just call this person a servant, maid, etc.\n\nSocial work is a broad field that can involve helping people who may be disadvantaged by things like poverty, illness/developmental issues, drug use, etc. Social workers are generally employed by governmental agencies, charitable organizations, hospitals, etc. Social workers often have master's-level qualifications (MSW - Master's in Social Work)."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
5z5skh | how does google maps on my phone track my location even when set to airplane mode? | Noticed this today while walking about London, seeing the sights. My phone is set to airplane mode as I don't have cell service and my battery murders itself trying to find a signal that will never come. When I pulled out my phone to check for a WiFi signal, I noticed Maps was still open and it knew where we were, and as we walked, it tracked us. I was unable to use any features of the map, but it knew where we were. I was not connected to any WiFi, nor do I have any Bluetooth connections or cell service. So how? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5z5skh/eli5_how_does_google_maps_on_my_phone_track_my/ | {
"a_id": [
"devgtj0",
"devh2lh",
"deviuju",
"devyarb"
],
"score": [
83,
2,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"GPS navigation doesn't transmit any data at all. All it does is listen for signals from GPS satellites, and use that information internally to triangulate its own position. A data connection is only needed for downloading map data. \n\nContrary to popular (mis) understanding, GPS satellites don't know where GPS receivers are, or that they even exist. GPS is a completely passive technology.",
"Cellular phone radios are like walkie-talkies - they send and receive data.\n\nGPS, on the other hand, is one-way: a GPS in a phone *only receives* data, or specifically, signals from the satellites (which in turn the device uses to triangulate your position.)\n\nAirplane mode and whatnot is more or less concerned about making sure that your phone doesn't *send data out* to cause interference. That's how you were able to get your position via Google Maps; although airplane mode is turned on, GPS is a very passive, minimal, one-way street of data going into your phone from a satellite, that it just keeps working anyway.\n\nNOTE: Even though it can track your location, GPS in airplane mode tends to be inaccurate, because of satellites trying to pinpoint a very narrow location. That's why GPS is faster and more accurate when the phone can use cellular towers to help narrow down your exact location.\n",
"There's a lot of misconception in this thread on how GPS satellites work so I figured I'd make an ELI5 on it...\n\nIn space, we have many satellites which beacon out two primarily crucial data points 1. their location 2. their time. The time between the satellites is synced so they. \n\nYour GPS enabled device receives these beacons then does a little trigonometry and determines its relative position based on the signals it has received from multiple GPS satellites. This is why GPS devices work without having any cellular service and they work well. Adding in the cellular service doesn't make it any more accurate, but can help speed up the initial location metrics.",
"How were you searching for a wifi signal if your phone was in airplane mode? Or did you turn off airplane mode?\n\nGoogle can get estimated location data without using GPS just by using wifi, even if you're not connected to anything. They use a large SSID database of public wifi locations and if your phone picks up one of those wifi locations, Google knows approximately where you are, without using the GPS chip at all."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
2g08cf | why are all old relics and archeological sites assumed to be religious? | There could be any number of reasons for the existence of Stonehenge and the like. It could have been a camp or a school or a government building. Carved figures could be toys and not goddesses. Clothes could really just be clothes and not church wear. Why is everything assumed to be religious when it could have just as easily been a part of everyday life that we just don't know about because there isn't enough of it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g08cf/eli5_why_are_all_old_relics_and_archeological/ | {
"a_id": [
"ckedg2c",
"ckedltb",
"ckedqfe",
"ckedrrd",
"ckee3w1",
"ckeeqw1",
"ckei07w",
"ckepsd3",
"ckjnr72"
],
"score": [
4,
4,
7,
3,
10,
2,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Not everything is assumed to be religious. Many Roman finds range from Religious to Entertainment to just plain old cookware.",
"They are not assumed to be anything. An artifact is found, researched, and described as accurately as possible given what is already known about the particular civilization.",
"Many times, religious structures were the only thing constructed to last, e.g. Pyramids, monuments and temples in Egypt, temples in Greek and roman cities, churches and cathedrals in Christendom.\n\nConstructing things out of stone, without significant mechanical advantage, is a time consuming, expensive task. Many of these structures required thousands of workers / slaves, years (if not generations) of construction, and quarrying and transport of thousands of tons of materials. They also tended to be more richly decorated and historically inscribed than \"daily use\" buildings.",
"It's not simply assumed that Stonehenge and the like are religious. There is debate about their purpose. It's considered plausible that Stonehenge had religious meaning, or that it was a secular calendar, or that it was a monument to the dead, among other things.\n\nIt should be noted that the sheer scale apparent in the monument, 2 to 4 ton stones that appear to have been transported for hundreds of miles, is at least suggestive of a significant 'monumental' effort, rather than perhaps a camp or the like. \n\nBut it's simply an error to say that everything is assumed to be religious. \n",
"1. They aren't. There are plenty of archaeological sites of town centers, military fortresses, markets, homes and so on.\n\n2. The largest of things often happen to be religious - it is things beyond the practical day to day that often inspired the grandest of construction. So..there are indeed lots of examples of big things that are religious.\n\n3. A culture is often defined by religion. Or, rather, we often define a culture by it.. If you were to look at many societies you'd find that they ate and pooped and fucked and played and fought - but...their approach to religion is often something we think of as defining and unique. So...when we tell the story of an interesting people we're trying to get to know, we often talk about religion because it's a proxy for culture and difference from 'just another human'. We do this today. When we think of the differences between americans and people of the mideast, we often focus on islam. They often focus on christianity. Religion is a way of seeing difference and similarity, of understanding what people care about beyond the fundamentals and so on. it's an interesting point of inspection and learning about people today and people in the past.",
"I can see it now. Thousands of years into the future, the fossilized burnt toast that depicts the image resembling the Virgin Mary will be hailed as something we all worshiped\n\nThat or the millions of pictures of young women holding up a little box at the mirror.",
"They aren't. When an archaeologist unearths an ancient dildo (and they DO, sometimes), nobody spends much time wondering what religious rite it was used in (although, to be fair, sometimes they *were*).\n",
"I'm 99% sure that there has been only one irreligious historical race, and that was the Huns. Being a nomadic race, there won't be much in the way of remains.",
"Many things had some kind of supernatural meaning attached to them. The rich had more time and resources to have many things made to present their religious devotion.\nIn order to not have their perspective skewed, archeologists like to go toilet diving. Whatever falls into the hole in which you shit is not something you're going to like to dig up, so anything found in a place that was used a thousand years ago as a toilet will yield everyday objects with no religious background."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
1h8mpq | why are famous people so "busy"? | I read alot of AMAs and it seems like when a famous person does one they have an hour to do it then the time on the clock is done and the account never gets touched again. Why is that? Is it a publicist issue? Are they just sick of being in the spotlight? If I were famous I'd be glad to shoot the shit with common folk.
Take a famous movie star, I can understand if they are shooting a movie or something its long hours for a period of time but don't they have freedom when they are done filming?
Anybody have an example itinerary for a famous person? I know this seems silly but its something that sorta bugs me whenever I read an AMA haha. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1h8mpq/eli5_why_are_famous_people_so_busy/ | {
"a_id": [
"carwdk7",
"caryljm"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"A lot of the celebrities that do AMAs are actively promoting something. They have other interviews to do with magazines, tv networks, blogs, etc. This can take all day because it doesn't take that many back-to-back one hour interviews before the day is gone. Also photoshoots or filming. Any training or gym stuff, some of these people basically get paid to look good. Now throw in a nice meal or two and it's time to sleep to get ready to do it all over the next day.\n\nIf I were a celebrity I'd get so tired of people asking the same thing over and over again. You know the guy from E! News is asking the same stuff as the guy from MTV and the guy from People Magazine and the guy from TMZ.",
"Everyone is busy. The vast majority of people just happen to be busy with things that would be considered crushingly boring - i.e. office work, a blue-collar job, etc.\n\nWhen you're a celebrity, you don't need to work for a living, so you have a lot more time to do \"stuff\". It just so happens that the stuff celebrities do are things that the average person stands up and takes notice of because it's outside of an average person's routine. But it doesn't mean that a celebrity is necessarily more busy than you or me. Probably less in some ways, actually."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
6ar8li | how do self-winding watches start ticking again once you wear them? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ar8li/eli5_how_do_selfwinding_watches_start_ticking/ | {
"a_id": [
"dhgqbae"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The movement of it being on your wrist oscillates a weight inside the watch which puts tension on the main spring making it tick. \n\nI usually give mine a 20 second shake then set the time before I put it on to make sure it won't stop in case just putting it on isn't enough movement "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
3t2nlx | when you send a call/text to a certain phone number, how does the corresponding phone know to receive it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t2nlx/eli5_when_you_send_a_calltext_to_a_certain_phone/ | {
"a_id": [
"cx2joa0",
"cx2kqz7"
],
"score": [
22,
4
],
"text": [
"Every device has an address and identifier associated with it. Like your computer has a MAC address, if you want to connect to something you need an IP address. Your devices syncs up with your internet (cell service is the same thing, just think really extended wifi). \n\nWhen you want to go to a website, you type in the URL, say _URL_0_. A DNS that knows google's IP address is ###.###.###.### or whatever, and sends you to them. \n\nNow, with a call or text, it is essentially the same. You send it to ###-###-#### (US). Your device goes through your carrier, to a giant lookup table, finding the devices ID tag, then searches for whatever tower it is nearby, sends the signal there, which taps your friend's device on the shoulder as says \"you've got a phone call coming in!\". Viola, connection.",
"A cell phone is just a fancy radio. A text message to a phone is the transmission of information from one fancy radio to another which is capable of receiving that information in the same format."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"Google.com"
],
[]
]
|
||
oi6sq | how do video games where you play against the ai have difficulties any lower than 'expert'? | I understand the idea of a computer player and how that works, but how do you make it so it isn't great? Does it intentionally make the wrong decision? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/oi6sq/eli5_how_do_video_games_where_you_play_against/ | {
"a_id": [
"c3hgis1",
"c3hhgu2",
"c3hi2ij",
"c3hjcvn"
],
"score": [
14,
9,
12,
3
],
"text": [
"In most strategy games, the AI often has extra resources available (ie it's cheating) on higher difficulties. Or higher APM (actions per minute).\n\nIn shooters, they limit the AI's ability to shoot accurately or react fast.",
"Many games (especially racing games and strategy games) make the game harder by having the computer cheat. If you get far ahead of the other racers they'll get a massive speed boost to catch up to you (often referred to as rubber band AI), and computer players in games like Civilization will get extra resources for free or simply have units appear out of nowhere.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Essentially each AI entity is a separate entity from the game itself.\n\nIn the programming of an AI enemy there will be many decisions and actions that the enemy can make. While the game itself knows everything going on, the information given to the AI enemy is limited (Usually by the entities position and previous actions).\n\nThis way the AI enemy can be considered a separate entity from the game (Programmer speak: An object) It is self contained and only knows what the game wants it to know.\n\nAlso yes, they are programmed to make mistakes.",
"There's no one universal technique. Each game developer has to make decisions about how to balance the difficulty of the game, depending on the nature of the game, the desired experience they want the player to have, and the time and skill level that the developers have, which may limit what techniques they are able to implement."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheComputerIsACheatingBastard"
],
[],
[]
]
|
|
70hu2k | what is the difference between an irrational number and a transcendental number? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70hu2k/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_an_irrational/ | {
"a_id": [
"dn388kr",
"dn3hhov",
"dn4o4lx"
],
"score": [
9,
3,
2
],
"text": [
" > All transcendental numbers are irrational. not all irrational numbers are transcendental.\n\n > Trancendental numbers cannot be written as roots of polynomials \n\n\n\nEli6:\n\nIrrational numbers are a class of numbers that are (among other things) defined by the fact that you cannot represent them as a ratio of integers. \n\nTranscendental numbers are a class of numbers that are defined by the fact they are not algebraic. \n\nalgebraic numbers are numbers that can be written as a root of a polynomial with rational coefficients: So any number that can be represented as the answer (x) to an equation of the form\n\na + bx + cx^2 + dx^3 + ex^4 + fx^5 ... + ðx^n = 0\n\nWhere the coefficients a,b,c,d,e....ð are all rational numbers.\n\n\nSo, root 2 is irrational, but it is algebraic because it is the answer to the equation\n\nx^2 = 2\n\nand thus is not transcendental. \n\nSimilarly the more or less random number ~ 1.27367020598447 is also not trancendental, because it is a valid solution to the equation\n\n x^4 + 5x - 9\n\n ( ~1.273...^4 + 5(~1.2736..) - 9= 0 )\n\nTrancendental numbers like pi can't be written as solutions to equations of this form. They will always need at least one irrational number as a coefficient to be written like this. \n\n",
"All transcendental numbers are irrational, but not the other way around.\n\nIrrational numbers are simply numbers that cannot be represented as ratios of two integers.\n\nTranscendental numbers are numbers which are not algebraic. All rational numbers are algebraic, but also many irrational numbers are algebraic. Algebraic numbers are such that they're a solution to some polynomial equations with integer coefficients. Polynomials on the other hand are like 2 + 5x + 2x^3 = 0. Basically, you have x to some power(a positive integer), multiplied by some coefficient, some number of times, which then equals 0. Like, square root of 2 is algebraic, it's a solution to x^2 - 2 = 0. Transcendental numbers form the vast majority of the real numbers.",
"A rational number is a fraction of integers, such as 42 or -2/5.\n\nAn irrational number cannot be expressed as a fraction of integers. In modern times, we take for granted that there are such numbers, but this was not always obvious. The typical example of their necessity is solving polynomials — the equation x^2 + 2 = 0 has no rational solution, but if we introduce a new irrational number, we can solve it easily. That number is √2.\n\nOf course, just adding √2 doesn't help to solve most polynomials, so we can just declare that we're adding irrational numbers until all polynomials have solutions. This gives us a superset of the rational numbers called the algebraic numbers.\n\nA transcendental number is a number that is not algebraic — that is, it is not the solution of any polynomial. As with irrational numbers, it was not always obvious that transcendental numbers were necessary. And as with irrational numbers, we can find an example.\n\nOne of the best-known transcendental numbers is *e*. There are several ways to define it. One is as the limit of the expression (1 + 1/n)^n as n increases without bound. Another is as the sum of the reciprocals of the factorials of the natural numbers (i.e. 1/(1!) + 1/(2!) + 1/(3!) + …).\n\nThe proof that √2 is not rational is fairly simple; you can find it in many places online. The [proof that *e* is not algebraic](_URL_0_) is far more complicated. In general, proving that numbers are transcendental is very hard. For instance, we know for sure that *e* and π are transcendental, and we would be *very surprised* if their sum *e* + π weren't also transcendental, but we haven't proved that!\n\nSo to summarize the relationships between these sets:\n\n- Rational numbers ⊂ algebraic numbers ⊂ real numbers.\n- Transcendental numbers ⊂ irrational numbers ⊂ real numbers."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann%E2%80%93Weierstrass_theorem"
]
]
|
||
dvrv1r | when staring at any object in the dark, the small details on it seem to look distorted and move around. what’s the explanation behind this? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dvrv1r/eli5_when_staring_at_any_object_in_the_dark_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"f7eb05v",
"f7eoqbw"
],
"score": [
46,
2
],
"text": [
"The way that vision cells (rods and cones) work in your eyes is that if a photon interacts with a chemical substance within them, it causes a chain reaction which causes a nerve signal to be sent to the brain. The more often this happens per second, the brighter it seems to us. This is a random process though, and if there's just very little light to see, the chain reaction happens so rarely that things can randomly appear brighter for a split second. \n\nThe distrtion comes from the fact that in the center of our field of vision, there are mostly cones, which can see color but aren't that sensitive to light. On the outside, there are mostly rods, which can't see color, but are much more sensitive. So if it's dark outside, the cones in the middle become fairly useless, and you see mostly with the rods on the outside. The distortion comes from our brain trying to make sense of an image with a black hole in the center.",
"This is one of the visual illusions we are taught as pilots to recognize for night flights called autokinesis. Don’t know if I could ELI5 but hopefully knowing the term could help answer your question with the help of google."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
7gm567 | why do special needs people latch on to certain objects? | Examples include that kid that would only drink out of one specific style of sippy cup and would die of thirst before he would drink out of something else. Or that new big thread with the guy that only wants one specific Tonka Truck for Christmas.
Do we know why this happens? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7gm567/eli5_why_do_special_needs_people_latch_on_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"dqkqntl"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'm not familiar with your examples but the top comment is right. Many special needs people have narrow interests due to how their brains work very differently to neurotypical people. Many have complex sensory issues and a specific cup that feels right can potentially become an obsession. I think maybe if you provide more information I may be able to answer more thoroughly. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
2ims8s | why do we all have common dreams of experiences we've never experienced? | i.e Eating glass, drowning, etc.
Whatever one takes their meaning to be, it's interesting that our psyches tend to produce the same kinds of visualizations. Is there a reason? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ims8s/eli5_why_do_we_all_have_common_dreams_of/ | {
"a_id": [
"cl3nw14"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I have a theory, but it's pretty out there and I'm not even sure it counts as science. That said, hear me out and decide for yourself. We'll use the common dream of \"oh no I am falling\" as an example.\n\nImagine you're a caveman. You have a dream that you're falling. You wake up before you hit the ground. It is not a fun experience. The next time you are near a cliff, you are more cautious than the other cavemen. Because of this, you tend to fall off cliffs less than other cavemen. This trait is thus selected for, and your descendants have similar brains that have similar dreams that eventually teach us that falling off cliffs would be bad. You descendants have learned this without actually experiencing falling off a cliff - because in most cases, that would be fatal.\n\nThis also works for other common dreams.\nAll your teeth rotting and falling out would be bad.\nBeing hunted by something and being unable to run would be bad.\nEating glass would be bad.\nDrowning would be bad.\n\nThe key here is that all of these things would be pretty fatal for a caveman. And so the brain developed a way to teach us not to do these things without us actually having to have really experienced them.\n\nThis is also why you dream about going to school in your underpants, or not studying for a big test at school. Both of these things would be social suicide, so your brain has to teach you to put on pants and to be prepared without you ever having actually gone to class without pants or having studied.\n\nIf there are any other common dreams that people have that don't fit this pattern, I'd love to hear about them."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
9jd3h6 | how electrons work. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9jd3h6/eli5_how_electrons_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"e6qeyyf",
"e6qftkf"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"Can you narrow it down a little? Are you asking what they are or what they do? In what context? Electrons are subatomic particles, which means they do different things in different experiments depending on the situation.",
"So. Let's talk about the number 3. That symbol doesn't do anything. It's just a shape. But the idea of three. Is all ways III. Any form I describe this few in it will always be 3. \n\nThat's the 3 field. All of these 3s are exactly the same. Understand? \n\nNow you have electrons, negative charges. These little buggers will collect and \"bond\" themselves to atoms. In the middle are proton, positive charges, an neutrons, neutral charges, these hold the protons together kinda. \n\nElectrons exist in 3D probability shapes around an atom. This means that we can't know WHERE an atom is and where it will be next. We only know where it is likely to be if the atom were in a vacuum. \n\nAfter that they are the medium electrical signals pass. Like sound, the air doesn't reach you that fast but the energy wave does. More complicated stuff happens after that but that's the gist. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
a71er2 | -how do job interviewers find your social media account even when your name isn’t your social media username, along with other things about you? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a71er2/eli5how_do_job_interviewers_find_your_social/ | {
"a_id": [
"ebzj6gu",
"ebzj85q",
"ebzn0vl",
"ec0hicy",
"ec42p1w"
],
"score": [
2,
5,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"they canreverse image search your LinkedIn picture using Google. your Facebook profile pic will be in the results and leads them to your Facebook page",
"Changing your name on Facebook is not nearly as effective as people think it is. Yeah it may discourage a few casual searchers, but if anyone really wants to find you, it only takes a small amount of extra effort. Think about it. They have your name, where you live, and your previous employers. Presumably you are going to be friends with most of your family members, neighbors, and former co-workers. A hit on any one of those will lead them right back to you.",
"If your google fu is strong it's not hard. I don't need proof beyond a reasonable doubt, just enough to think it's you. \n\nOdds are you use cliffside248 elsewhere. I can also take your profile pictures and linked images and reverse-image search them to find some of your other accounts. Repeat the process with those accounts and I can come up with a good deal of your alts. \n\nHowever, this only happens for very few jobs because most employers genuinely don't care. Only high-level security clearance and online PR type jobs may really truly care. \n\nThose that do also open themselves up to a world of legal troubles if you can prove they accessed your social media profiles, because that means they accessed EVERYTHING there, and it was a hiring consideraiton. \n\nGot a picture of you kissing a dude just that one time? Now you didn't get the job because you're gay. Hello EEOC lawsuit. \n\nDo you happen to be brown and they haven't met you? Now they know your race and you didn't get the job because they're a whites only kinda company. Hello again EEOC. \n\nIf they routinely don't look and don't care about shit that doesn't matter on the internet, you can't come after them. ",
"I’m not a social media person. I have literally zero online social media presence. I’ve never posted anything ever(neither text nor photo). Not even once. I’m not even tagged anywhere.\nI tried to create a Facebook account using a pseudonym. It still associated me with actual people who I know even though I was using a fake name.\nIt kinda freaked me out. And I don’t know if I’m right or not.. but it helped me sleep when I concluded/decided that it’s gotta be connected to IP address.",
"I was wondering the same question a few weeks ago. I use alias on Facebook and Instagram, I have NEVER used my real name, I thought that I’ve been hiding my privacy very well.\n\nI started to get more curious about this, when a guy, complete stranger added me on Facebook. I’ve met him only the day before (I left my number in his store to call me when the printing of my t-shirt is done). That was very creepy to me.\n\nI used [_URL_1_](_URL_0_) to know what is available about me online, I provided them my name and last name only, and they found my email addresses, all of my Social Networks, phone numbers, my home address, even they found out that one of my email has been breached.\n\nMy point is, we are really not aware where do we leave our info, and what terms do we accept."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://socialnetworkfinder.com",
"socialnetworkfinder.com"
]
]
|
||
1qngzu | with surgery, what would happen if i successfully switched brains with someone else? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qngzu/eli5_with_surgery_what_would_happen_if_i/ | {
"a_id": [
"cdekb55",
"cdekto4"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I don't think we know.",
"Well Robert J White's experience transplanting the brains of gorillas was that 1) medical science is incapable of repairing the damage you have to do to the spine to disconnect the brain, thus you're paralyzing the patients below the head and 2) immune system rejection gives you a few days to live. \n\nExactly what was going through the minds of the successful transplants, which did live for a time and regain consciousness, is only really something we can guess at though. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
3e2s49 | why does coffee seem to taste so much better first thing in the morning than during any other time of the day? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3e2s49/eli5_why_does_coffee_seem_to_taste_so_much_better/ | {
"a_id": [
"ctay575"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I've never really noticed that, it always tastes the same for me. Might be because you have some remaining chemicals on your taste buds which affects the flavour, but not 100% sure."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
8flm00 | why do people have trouble appreciating what they have and assume things are for granted until taken away? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8flm00/eli5_why_do_people_have_trouble_appreciating_what/ | {
"a_id": [
"dy4hyp9",
"dy52ulp"
],
"score": [
26,
2
],
"text": [
"The human brain is extremely good at adjusting. To good **or** bad situations. Just like when youre in pain for a long time you get used to it, if youre content for a good while you get used to it, and are therefore no longer content. ",
"I think it's about accepting things as is without questioning how/why they came to be and without considering a different existence with different things. \nIt's also true for poorness if you think about it. if you didn't have a phone and saw no one with a phone, would you desire a phone? "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
1x331y | why is fur in animals never brightly coloured, in the same way that tropical birds feathers are | I am mainly just interested in if their is a scientific reason why hair seems to be unable to contain fluorescent colours like blue, green etc. but feathers can | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1x331y/eli5_why_is_fur_in_animals_never_brightly/ | {
"a_id": [
"cf7oj0o",
"cf7suaf",
"cf7vozj"
],
"score": [
9,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"There's no reason it theoretically couldn't but it's not really how mammals work.\n\nBirds are brightly colored as part of their sexual selection (you may note that it's usually the males that are colorful), which is a very powerful force, but it hurts their camouflage against predators. Birds, mostly being able to fly, are more able to escape predators than mammals, which must rely on hiding.\n\nSo there's a stronger natural selective force against bright colors in mammals than there is in birds, and a stronger sexual selection for bright colors in birds.\n\nAlso many of the very bright colors (the shimmering iridescent ones like a peacock's tail spots) are due to the microscopic structure of the birds' feathers. Though there's no reason similar microstructure couldn't have developed in mammals (both feathers and hair are made of keratin), it would be a huge difference from the simple cylindrical shape of hair.",
"Bigscience87 spoke very briefly about the camouflage aspect, but that is really the biggest reason. Animals that are prey need to blend in with their surroundings or they will be picked off. Alternatively, animals that are predators need to also blend in with their surroundings or the critters they are after will see them first and run/ hide.\n\nHere is an excerpt from a book: [Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals]\n(_URL_0_)\n\nA perfect example is that my house is surrounded by woods, and a neighbor's cat was sitting in the woods between our houses. It took me a solid 30 seconds to see the cat once it was pointed out to me. If the cat was after a tasty critter, it would probably have some solid lead time before the critter noticed it sitting there.\n",
"Mammals also can't see colour like birds do. Few mammals, humans included, see a variety of colours but it is still fewer than birds see. Birds can thus compete with one another by developing extraordinary colours but it would be lost in most mammals. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://books.google.com/books?id=2i0tCgP_GbwC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=why+are+mammals+dull+colors&source=bl&ots=hcahhKINHQ&sig=XUyWKSWwqXl4rQj0f4cFtXbD9qE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wH3yUsH5GqLXyAHQw4DwAQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=why%20are%20mammals%20dull%20colors&f=false"
],
[]
]
|
|
auwn6i | why does our brain always tries to be occupied by something? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/auwn6i/eli5_why_does_our_brain_always_tries_to_be/ | {
"a_id": [
"ehb3o0u",
"ehb6e7i",
"ehb6lh4",
"ehb6q9i",
"ehb6s8u",
"ehb6t8x",
"ehb6y6n",
"ehb86zx"
],
"score": [
186,
7,
19,
12,
20,
429,
9,
5
],
"text": [
"Evolution. The \"problem-solving\" monkey mind that won't shut the fuck up is trying to protect itself. \n\nRelevant:\n\n_URL_0_",
"Thinking is what our brain is made for. Given the option, that’s exactly what it will do at any given time.",
"There is constantly activity in the brain, unless you're braindead or dead. This activity translates into various thoughts and emotions, even if we're not actively thinking or focusing on anything.",
"No organ in the body is not working at any time. Why should brain?",
"I've always wondered if it's the same for all animals. Are dogs and cats constantly thinking?",
"The way to look at it is like this: We're new people in ancient bodies. \n\nOur bodies are evolutionary designed over millions (technically billions) of years to live in the wild and be struggling for survival every day. So an active mind is very important to us there, because our intelligence is one of our most useful assets along with our thumbs. \n\nWe're not faster than most animals, though we can run longer than a lot. We're not stronger. We're not more dexterous (though, we do have fine motor skills). Our sense of smell and hearing is pretty shit, though our eyesight is pretty good... basically, if we were dumb, we'd be pretty average as far as an animal goes. \n\nAs evolution typically aspires to dominance or at least control, our brains worked harder and harder to get us to survive better and better... until we took over the planet, our lives became insanely easy, and our brains... well... our poor brains physically never got the memo and are still working overtime to ensure we can survive our harsh environment, even though our environment is no longer harsh. \n\nAnd that's why it's always seeking to be occupied. Because a very long time ago it was designed to be that way.... and we're still basically the same as the people who lived that long time ago... even though we live in a drastically different world.",
"As much as you can explain this question via biology, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience... I think philosophy has something to say for what it's worth. What exactly do you mean if a brain is unoccupied?\n\nFor the most part, the brain just works as it usually does. It takes in information and experiences it. Things fire. Neurons/electro-chemicals propagate and influence others. It's occupied because that's the single purpose of a brain - to engage information.\n\nIt's less like a light switch that you can turn off and on. It's an ongoing, wavy, organ that lives on a spectrum of ebb and flow. Sometimes it's active and goes on tangents, other time it's a bit tired. And that'll depend on whatever happened to it before.",
"Yeah but a lot of men (or so it is stereotyped) have the ability to think about nothing and stare into nothingness. So what's up with that?"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://youtu.be/GnSHpBRLJrQ"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
9ank7v | toxoplasma gondii lifecycle | I am trying to understand the lifecycle of toxoplasma gondii. There are plenty of diagrams online, but I need it broken down in simple dot points so I can understand. Any help in trying to understand would be greatly appreciated. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ank7v/eli5_toxoplasma_gondii_lifecycle/ | {
"a_id": [
"e4x0l10"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Cat poops out infectious cells, which can stay infectious for years, other animal comes into contact eith thr poop, Toxoplasma infects new Host and reproduces in the hosts cells where it accumulates until the cell dies and many nee cells get infected, which often times leads to cysts in the Host. The cat eats the host (often birds/mice) and is now again infected woth toxoplasma just waiting to be pooped out again"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
5642q2 | when humans use water in any way, how efficient is the process? does all the water we use eventually find its way back into the water cycle? | And, if it isn't efficient, does that mean we could theoretically run this planet dry of water? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5642q2/eli5when_humans_use_water_in_any_way_how/ | {
"a_id": [
"d8g58ff",
"d8g8fi7",
"d8g8i6n",
"d8gh4i0"
],
"score": [
3,
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Unless you're chemically reacting the water with something to break apart the hydrogen and oxygen, *all* water (100%) is recycled, and all of it finds its way back into the water cycle. We can also create water by combining hydrogen and oxygen, so if we ran the planet dry of water, that would mean we went out of our way to do so intentionally.",
"Humans use water in a way that is functionally 100% recyclable. In fact, the process of respiration actually turns oxygen and sugar into carbon dioxide and water, so the human body actually produces water.\n\nMost of the large, industrial uses of water are either as a coolant or as a diluting agent. A power plant turns water to steam that spins a turbine to make electrical power. An oil refinery uses water in various processes to separate out oil products from crude oil. Neither of these does anything to the water itself to make it stop being water. Occasionally some chemical will bond with the water and form acids or bases, but those tend to cancel each other out in the water cycle.\n\nThere is no conceivable means by which the planet could \"run out of water\" in the sense you mean. However, certain locations on the Earth draw water from finite sources faster than they can be replenished. If this occurs for too long, it is possible for those areas to run dry. The water would still be on the planet, it just wouldn't be in the location where it's needed.",
"A lot get's wasted by the way we water crops which is basically flood irrigation. It's doesn't diappear of course it just becomes water vapor in the atmosphere. But that water vapor may not return as rain in the place you want it to. Maybe it rains over the ocean. Not helpful. \n \nIt would be much more efficient to use drip irrigation where each plant get's watered based on moisture sensors and the water is delivered right to the roots. But it's more expensive to rig it that way. \n \nSince 80-90% of water is used for agriculture, conservation here is really the low hanging fruit.",
"The only way we can run out of water in molecular terms is if we launched them off into space"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
3stsg6 | why is it hard to copy an xbox/ps game, i mean if a disc reader can read the whole disc and copy it with the same fidelity why it wouldn't work ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3stsg6/eli5_why_is_it_hard_to_copy_an_xboxps_game_i_mean/ | {
"a_id": [
"cx0asx2"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Simple answer: There's are intentional bad spots on on the disc that home drives can't duplicate, and when the system doesn't see them, it knows you're using a copy.\n\nAverage answer: _URL_1_\n\nMore detailed answer (scroll down): _URL_0_"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://consolecopyworld.com/psx/psx_cd_info.shtml",
"http://baetzler.de/vidgames/psx_cd_faq.html"
]
]
|
||
bscdx4 | how do we know numbers like "e" & "pi" are transcendental? if its true, how do people calculate all those digits of them, down to the millions of digits? | Thank you in advance, im dumbfounded how we are able to calculate these numbers as if they are truely transcendental, there would be no way to express them as a true fraction. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bscdx4/eli5_how_do_we_know_numbers_like_e_pi_are/ | {
"a_id": [
"eolll2x"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The exact proof for either is about a full page of math. \nBut the general gist is: \nIf pi/e wasn't transcendental, then there would be this way of representing pi/e in a not-transcendental way, and that it would have to match this other way of representing pi/e in a not-transcendental way. \nAnd making them match is impossible."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
6fhgbe | why can't we simply mimic someone's voice? | Why can't we just mimic someone's voice? It would sound logical if people could change their voice similar to that of their friends, but they can't. Why is that? And how could someone practise on mimicking someone's voice? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6fhgbe/eli5why_cant_we_simply_mimic_someones_voice/ | {
"a_id": [
"dii9eg9"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Same reason a trumpet sounds like a trumpet, a saxophone like a saxophone, and a flute like a flute. The different shapes of the interiors allow for different patterns of soundwaves, creating different \"voices.\" Same principle with humans: the physical structure of everyone's vocal chords is slightly different. Human brains are also very good at quickly identifying individuals by characteristics like facial structure and voice, an ability that could mean life and death for our nomadic tribal ancestors. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
c925k4 | xr, time-release and extended release medicine | What sorcery is this that my pharmacist can craft a little pill that's, like, two mm in diameter and still have the thing work for \~20 hours? I can sort of wrap my head around capsules with divided layers, but all in one pill? *How*? And how are they made?
& #x200B;
It's not like [this, is it?](_URL_0_) ^(Though I'll be impatiently waiting for the day my stimulants, Raynaud's syndrome, anti-depressants, and sleeping pills can be stuffed into one pill so I'll never have to worry about accidentally mistaking the one timer for the other and bam! accidental overdose.) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c925k4/eli5_xr_timerelease_and_extended_release_medicine/ | {
"a_id": [
"esshjih"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"So for Concerta the pill is coated with something your stomach acid can't get through. Then they drill the tiniest of holes. \n\nThe hole is so tiny that only a small amount of medicine is leaked out. And since it only has that small hole, it can take hours to dissolve from the inside out."
]
} | []
| [
"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/scientists-may-pack-all-your-medications-into-one-personalized-pill-180959315/"
]
| [
[]
]
|
|
3kg04b | the "obama loan forgiveness program" | Please explain :( I think I can't qualify with a private student loan. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kg04b/eli5_the_obama_loan_forgiveness_program/ | {
"a_id": [
"cux3652",
"cux3bok",
"cux3gn5",
"cux3n0j",
"cux3rdy",
"cux473b",
"cux4ag3",
"cux4iu1",
"cux6fe7",
"cux9ogc",
"cuxa2kw",
"cuxa5mi",
"cuxa5mu",
"cuxahzg",
"cuxaijc",
"cuxateh",
"cuxbcwf",
"cuxbp7r",
"cuxd477",
"cuxeizt",
"cuxekmy",
"cuxep2f",
"cuxep5w",
"cuxf2gl",
"cuxftj2",
"cuxgxkb",
"cuxicm6",
"cuxity7",
"cuxj1jp",
"cuxk3jm",
"cuxlenm",
"cuxlkss",
"cuxn90u",
"cuxo68j",
"cuxozcm",
"cuxrikk",
"cuxro3i",
"cuxs3w9",
"cuxu0o5",
"cuxv2yk"
],
"score": [
78,
1310,
44,
2,
6,
18,
23,
4,
4,
17,
807,
8,
5,
12,
4,
3,
8,
38,
4,
2,
4,
3,
8,
2,
12,
2,
6,
6,
5,
7,
3,
6,
4,
2,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"As one who just recently underwent exit counseling, as long as you make minimum payments for a certain amount of time (which will mean you've paid a certain amount of money) your loans will be forgiven. For me, the total amount repaid by the time my loans are forgiven is more than twice the amount I borrowed initially. I understand this is different for people with certain public sector careers.",
"A. These are all for federal student loans (sorry but your private loans don't count)\n\nB. You repay your loans based on your income (loans are always theoretically affordable)\n\nC. Loans are forgiven with 20 years of payments (10 if you work in public service)\n\n**[editorializing]** Student loans are very expensive, expensive enough potentially to prevent graduates from contributing to the nation's economy. It is not good for the national economy to have a substantial chunk of young workers unable to contribute by buying things. Freeing up more of students funds to contribute to the economy is worth government investment, but we have to be careful not to incentivize people taking out huge loans. Public service jobs tend to pay poorly and theoretically contribute to society in more ways than purely monetary.\n\n[edit] Several folks have pointed out that on the tail end of your loan repayment you are responsible for the amount forgiven as taxable income. To the best of my knowledge this is currently accurate in general, currently it is not the case for public service loan forgiveness however.\n\n[edit 2] Apparently there are folks out there attempting to scam folks, I'd never heard of this until today don't pay anyone to enroll you in these programs, these government programs are free to enroll in. Thanks to /u/tobacxela and others for pointing this out.",
"One thing the posters below fail to point out, is that the remainder will be considered taxable once you hit the magic number of years (20 for private sector, 10 for public sector) so there will be a question of a big tax bill at some point. But compared to the alternative, the IBR is the best solution for a lot of people (myself included.)",
"So if I'm getting loans from Arizona State University do I qualify for this? ",
"Also worth noting that Pay As You Earn currently doesn't cover loans made before 2007, however this may be changing as early as December. ",
"\"As of July, 6.9 million Americans with student loans hadn’t sent a payment to the government in at least 360 days, quarterly data from the Education Department showed this past week. That was up 6%, or 400,000 borrowers, from a year earlier.\" \n\n\"That translates into about 17% of all borrowers with federal loans being severely delinquent, a share that would be even higher if borrowers currently in school who aren’t yet required to repay were excluded. Millions of other borrowers are months behind but haven’t hit the 360-day threshold that the government defines as a default.\"\n\nStudent loan system in the USA is insolvent. It is only a matter of years before radical action is taken to address the growing student loan debt and corresponding delinquencies. As more and more individuals take loans out the figures for tot. amt of loans and delinquencies will only grow. I am not advocating for delinquency, however I wouldn't be in a rush to pay them off either. ",
"Kinda like the rest of us grown ups who made reasonable decisions regarding our mortgages only to watch millions of people get bailed out when the housing market crashed. Yes, they came along with HARP- years later, and it didn't help me that much.\n\n\"Welcome to the real world\"? I guess...",
"Does this apply to undergraduate only, or will loans from master's and doctorate programs count as well for the forgiveness as long as it was directly taken from Uncle Sam?",
"Is it possible to switch a private student loan to a federal loan? My sis has over 100k in private loans and I have no idea how she's going to ever pay them off. ",
"I work for a non profit, so I submit proof of my payments once a year and after ten years I'm done under Public Service Loan Forgiveness. Suck my dick, Navient",
"IBR and loan forgiveness for federal loans has existed for a long time, Obama's contribution to it was an executive order *signed last year* that allowed people who got loans before 2008 to be eligible for the *already existing* payment reduction (10% of disposable income vs 15%) and for the term reduction (20 years instead of 25). \n\nWhy is there such a commotion about this?\n\nI'm more pissed that my federal loan is at an unchangeable 6.25% interest rate, and if I had gone to school two years later it'd only be a 3% interest rate.",
"Is there a service or professional (similar to a tax-preparer) who can advise you what programs and directions to take based on your situation?",
"Is there a service or professional (similar to a tax-preparer) who can advise you what programs and directions to take based on your situation?",
"I owe around $45k from my bachelor's. Right now, I make $10/hr + Commission, working a full-time 40 hours a week. My prospects at this job (admittedly one that I love) is $15/hr in the next 8-12 months. I have two kids, a step-son, and a daughter. My girlfriend isn't working as she continues her college. I'm on Income Based Repayment right now. If I take the next promotion I'm looking at, is Uncle Sam going to come down on me over $5 extra dollars? I've got kids to feed, and it's hard enough as it is without someone breaking down my door for what little I have left. ",
"Just to start, many universities also qualify as an employer for public service loan forgiveness. You may qualify for forgiveness of the remaining balance of Direct Loans after you have made 120 qualifying payments on those loans, while employed full time by certain public service employers. Sadly, any payments you may have already made don’t count towards the payments.\n\nBefore I go any further, the payment plans you have to be on to qualify are based mostly off income. For those that are married you may not qualify for those plans as they are geared towards single income or lower income. There are links below where you can see if you qualify for those plans.\n\nTo qualify you have to meet the following requirements:\n\n1)\tWork for not-for-profit organization that has been designated as tax-exempt by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The type or nature of employment with the organization does not matter for PSLF purposes. \n\n2)\tPay your loans back under a qualifying repayment plan: To maximize forgiveness under the PSLF Program, you should repay your loans on the three of the repayment plans that qualify for PSLF (you actually want money left to be paid after the 120 payments).\n_URL_2_ \n\n* Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan \n\n* Pay As You Earn Repayment Plan \n\n* Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan \n\n* 10-Year Standard Repayment Plan – Technically qualifies. With this they would be paid off anyway so the three above make more sense.\n\n3)\tMake 120 qualifying payments on those loans while employed full time by a public service employer. You could change to a new PSLF employer.\n\nMore information can be found here: _URL_1_\n\nInfo about your loans can be found here: _URL_0_ \n",
"I was told, though unconfirmed that the balance of the loan once forgiven becomes a taxable gift that fiscal year. Can anyone confirm this?",
"It's downright criminal that the federal government's largesse has been allowed to subsidize waste, inefficiency, and administrative bloat in another type of government (higher education) at great cost to consumers (students) and taxpayers.",
"The \"Obama Loan Forgiveness Program\"\n\nI work for a company that services loans for the US Department of Education. All the links are to the US Department of Education and can be found using google by searching the 1-4 topics but ill also give links. The phrase in our office could cover a a few things but this is what a majority of them cover.\n\n1 Income based repayment\n\nThey look into your Income (yours and spouses if filed jointly), House hold size and student loan size (yours and spouses if filed jointly). and do a calculation based on about 15% of income for the household\n\n_URL_0_\n\n2 Pay as you earn\n\nAlmost the same as the income based payment but its based on 10% of income instead of 15% and its only for newer loans (IBR Plan for those who are new borrowers* on or after July 1, 2014) \n\n_URL_1_ \n\n3 public service loan forgiveness\n\nIf your a public servant, Emergency management, Public safety, Public health, etc , etc you can try to qualify for this program and apply for 1 and 2 or other options and the loans could get forgiven after 10 years..\n\n_URL_2_\n\n4 Sharks....\n\nCompanies that will quote \"Obama Loan Forgiveness Program\" are usually trying to sell you a great program for 500.00 to get one or all of these great programs, Or they are trying to charge money to do a free consolidation program.\n\nIf you have any federal loan never ever pay someone to do something for you because its free. now private loans your at the mercy of your lender so sorry.\n\n(edit cause im bad)\n",
"I see a lot of people speaking about public sector jobs/careers. If any of you are planning on entering a career in public teaching, if the school in which you are employed receives Title I funding, some of your loans can be forgiven after 5 years.\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"Doesn't help if you make too much money (and doesn't consider cost of living where you are). My wife and I both work full time (me for federal government) and I am priced out of any income-based repayment program even though my loans are over $1,000 a month.",
"You take out a loan for a lot of money to pay for school. You take classes to learn about stuff that will never get you a job that makes good money. After you work for a while at your shitty job making Venti Caramel Macchiatos, Surprise! Your loan is forgiven and those rich cis white males who pay their taxes now have to pay off your loan due to their privilege. \n\nWithout the crushing burden of debt you can now get more loans in order to get a PhD in Gender Studies and repeat the process as detailed above. ",
"If you can't beat em join em. 20 years for the private sector and 10 if you're working for the government. How that is fair is beyond me? I owe 1000 bucks an that shit is all paid off ... It's the only thing keeping my credit score up I don't have any other debt besides my mortgage.",
"My mom, who's always carried an over 800 credit score despite being poor, insisted I do whatever I can to pay my loans off as quickly as possible. I'll have the entirety of my $65,000 in loans completely paid off by next October-- a little over 7 years after graduating. Yet I have no savings to speak of and still live with family in an effort to save money.\n\nShould I have made bare minimum payments and put everything I've been paying into savings and a down payment on a condo or something rather than putting every spare dollar into my loans?\n\n\nI feel like those of us who strived to pay down our debts and be responsible will end up being behind the 8 ball financially compared to those who just cruised by on the barest bare minimum.\n\nBut then again-- I guess that's how it is in life. The ones who strive to do \"the right thing\" usually do end up behind those who do the bare minimum and let others pick up the tab.",
"If payments get reduced won't that increase the loan length and money owed with interest?",
"OP please make sure you discuss potential forgiveness programs directly with your lender and do NOT pay anyone to enroll you in this program. \n\nThe term \"Obama Student Loan Forgiveness\" is primarily used by scam companies that will charge you upwards of $500, and in many cases they just pretend to be you while calling your lender and using private information you've given them. Your lender can walk you through your options and help you decide the best plan.\n\nSource: I worked for these scam artists for two months. :(",
"There sheer amount of intricacies of even this shows how well and truly fucked or bureaucratic nightmare of a government and tax system is ",
"TL;DR: If you're in Canada, Australia or New Zealand you be aight. If you're American FUCK YOU PAY ME. ",
"Cant wait to get downvoted. I took out $32,000 in student loans and paid everything back under 3 years after I graduated and I was making $40,000 out of college. Just pay your loans back like an adult. They are called LOANS for a reason.",
"Debt Collection attorney here. I just like to always state something in case this applies to anyone out there. If you are permanently disabled, living on SSDI, or have other grave circumstances, you may be able to discharge student loans in bankruptcy. \"But aidsburger, I thought you couldn't discharge student loans in bankruptcy!\" Nope, the hurdle to permit the discharge is steep, but it can be met. You must essentially prove that, absent you winning the lottery, there is basically no way that you could ever repay the debt. I could cite a lot of boring legal BS, but its basically a \"substantial hardship\" standard. \n\nYou would need to initially provide enough evidence to support your hardship standard and then the loan provider would have the burden to prove that there is a possibility in which you could repay your loan. For example, if you are not currently working because you were injured on the job, but there is a good likelihood that you will return to work, then it is possible that you would be able to resume payments toward the debt. If, however, you are unable to work and your only potential source of income is your SSDI payments, then you could probably get your loans discharged unless your ailment is one that would resolve. ",
"grades 1-12 payed by the state, college debt on the unemployed and working class. Does it make sense that grades 1-12 are \"free\" but in order to get a job you have to take on loans for college training?\n\nObviously Germany and many other countries pay for grades 1-16. Why shouldn't we fund college the same way?",
"This comment is not to answer your question but I need to say this.\n\nFirst of all, IBR, ICR, and Pay as you Earn loans all have forgiveness periods where the loan is forgiven after a period of time (20 years or 10 years of you qualify for public service).\n\nLoan forgiveness sounds amazing, but remember, a forgiven loan is considered income and is taxed as such. So if 25k is forgiven, you for will owe income taxes for the year of forgiveness of your income and the forgiven loan amount, this can be quite costly. If you made 40k you'd have to pay taxes as if you made 65k.\n\nVery very very important, and I cannot stress this enough, do not work with a student loan consolidation service under any circumstances. If you want to lower your payment or reduce your repayment by changing your repayment plan, call your loan servicer and they will help.\n\nStudent loan services that contact you are for profit companies that prey on struggling students. They charge you a document filling fee to submit documentation that you could do very easily with your loan servicer free of charge. Many of these companies charge a minimum of 800$, sooner of them will also charge you a percentage of your loan or a percentage of what you will \"save\".\n\nLoan servicers that hold your *fed loan* are required by law to work with you for free. **You never have to pay a fee to change your repayment plan.** The only thing you ever have to pay is the monthly payment charged to you by your servicer. These consolation/payment reduction services are a scam.\n\nSource: Used to write software for these scummy fuck wads.\n\nEdit: Haven't been in this shit hole for almost 2 years, guess it's 20 year forgiveness now.",
"Problem: With a student loan, school gets all of the money, student gets all of the risk.\n\nSolution: If the school wants that money, it needs to shoulder some of the risk.\n\nResult: Interest rates and tuition costs drop.",
"If you want to make college cheaper, just let people discharge their debt in bankruptcy and stop all the federal grants/funding. This never discharge bankruptcy, stuff is Crazy. Once the kids don't have money for platinum plated tuition, colleges will drastically cut costs and it will be affordable again.",
"A better idea would be to give students the same interest rate that was given to banks when they were bailed out. Could somebody ELI5 why Obama didn't implement this idea too?",
"You mean you're not floating in cash with that badass degree from ITT?",
"If you don't agree to the terms of a loan, don't fucking sign the contract, you entitled little cry-babies.",
"It baffles me that there are still countries with systems that discourage getting an education -- one of the most important facets of [social mobility](_URL_0_). ",
"GI Bill + Pell Grant ftw. The only fucking good thing i have from having being in the military. ",
"Obama is giving away goodies he shouldn't because he won't be in office any more by the time someone has to pay for it and the next guy will get the blame.",
"I tried to save my house 6 years ago on a federal program like this. After fighting the red tape for a year and a half had to foreclose. The only people benefiting from these programs are the politicians and the banks. I'm skeptical that things will be different with the student loan equivalent. Votes will be bought with tax dollars and then that money will help Sallie Mae, now Navient, executives. Barf. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"www.nslds.ed.gov",
"http://studentaid.ed.gov/repay-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/charts/public-service",
"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/repay-loans/understand/plans"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://studentloans.gov/myDirectLoan/mobile/repayment/repaymentEstimator.action",
"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/repay-loans/understand/plans/income-driven",
"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/repay-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/public-service"
],
[
"https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/repay-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/teacher"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2015/02/06-college-education-equity-reeves"
],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
6mt597 | why when looking out at the ocean from an airplane do the waves appear to not be moving at all, while other objects like cars are still in motion? | This question haunts me every time I am in an airplane. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6mt597/eli5_why_when_looking_out_at_the_ocean_from_an/ | {
"a_id": [
"dk44ie4",
"dk46bxp",
"dk46dgn",
"dk4qihr"
],
"score": [
24,
9,
63,
5
],
"text": [
"Your background is non-moving on the land. So the movement of the car is more obvious. The ocean itself is in motion, so wave movement is not as apparent.\n\n",
"You're usually at a much lower altitude when you can see individual cars compared to when you're flying over the ocean. The closer you are the more readily apparent any relative motion.",
"It's because your brain needs something relative to base the wave speed on. A car will look like it is moving relative to a road/landscape. Waves in an ocean have nothing for the brain to base the motion from, unlike waves on the shore. So unless there is a rock or something to break up the area and show motion, waves will appear stationary.",
"This is due to 2 reasons\n a) If you move past objects of different distance to you, the near objects appear to move past you rather fast, while the further an object is away, the slower it seems to move. Commercial airplanes fly at an altitude of ~ 10-11 km, so the ground seems to move past very slowly. But this slow movement is not really observable, because:\nb) the texture of the ocean is very simple and redundant (= it repeats itself) and also so far away that no remarkable spots or patterns are able to be seen from a plane, which means unless there is an island or a large boat you have no point of reference, meaning you cannot measure your change of position relative to it. (=movement)\n\nAlso long life pepe"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
4ea9ma | what is metamodernism? | What is metamodernism, how does a "metamodernist" think, see the world, those around them etc? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ea9ma/eli5what_is_metamodernism/ | {
"a_id": [
"d1ydd7o"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"From what I can gather out of the wiki and a few articles; modern philosophers trying to keep their tenure. \n\nThe simplest definition of metamodernism is \"the pragmatic approach to postmodernism\""
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
a4xs7m | what’s the difference between am and pm in the american clock and how do you use it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a4xs7m/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_am_and_pm_in/ | {
"a_id": [
"ebi9t5y",
"ebi9uqf"
],
"score": [
15,
2
],
"text": [
"AM stands for \"ante meridiem,\" which means \"before midday.\"\n\nPM stands for \"post meridiem,\" which means \"after midday.\"\n\nThere are 24 hours in a day, so the first 12 (from midnight until midday) range from 12am to 11:59am. The next 12 hours range from 12pm (midday) to 11:59pm.",
"AM means the time after midnight and before noon. This is 00:00 - 11:59 in 24-hour format.\n\nPM means the time after noon and before midnight. This is 12:00 - 23:59 in 24 hour format.\n\nAM times are equivalent to 24-hour format times.\n\nPM times are equivalent to 24-hour times, minus 12 hours."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
2n7gme | why do humans seem to be the only ones to suffer from major, widespread vision problems, mainly astigmatism? does this happen to other animals? | I have heard very little about astigmatism and other "minor" vision problems occurring within other species besides humans. Aside from the occasional serious things like glaucoma and complete blindness it seems to me that is not as much of a problem for anything else but people. I can imagine that any animal in the wild with eyesight like me would be completely screwed! Does it only happen to people on this scale? Or are other animals, that I'm not aware of, due for a trip to the optometrist? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2n7gme/eli5_why_do_humans_seem_to_be_the_only_ones_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmb1l0a",
"cmb1ub8",
"cmb45na",
"cmb6iyn"
],
"score": [
12,
2,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Animals can't tell us if their vision isnt quite right... and those with serious problems would have difficulty surviving in the wild so they tend to die",
"We're not breeding it out of ourselves, and mostly can get vision problems corrected well enough to live to breed. Vision problems can be hereditary, and if people who had them were either considered to be undesirable mates or were killed off before breeding, then they would decrease in frequency. Since we don't usually mind mating with people who wear glasses, and since corrective lenses can make it possible for people to see well enough to avoid getting killed, the eye problems persist in our species.",
"Well older dogs and cats get cataracts all the time, so we're not the only ones with vision problems.",
"Vet student here.\n\nAnimals get many of the same diseases that humans do, but they use their eyes differently than we do, so animals don't present in quite the same way as humans do.\n\nWhen is comes to something like astigmatism, which is a refractive problem, a dog or cat might not show signs of that illness because they rely on their other senses more than sight. Where humans need their eyes to be focused sharply in order to read/drive/understand subtle body language, most animals don't need that kind of precision vision. Animal body language is much more blunt/macro than that of humans; they also rely on smell a lot more than we do.\n\nAnimals can suffer from cataracts, glaucoma, nuclear sclerosis, detached retinas, detached lenses, and congenital problems, too. Some breeds have it worse, like the brachycephalic breeds such as bulldogs and pugs. Those breeds are predisposed to having their eyeballs fall out of their sockets (exophthalmia).\n\nOther breeds, like shar peis, endure corneal damage frequently because their skin folds allow the pair on their folds to scrape the eye. Sometimes corrective \"plastic surgery\" is necessary to fix the problem.\n\nAll dogs can also be affected by \"cortical blindness\" which is more a problem with the visual cortex than the eye itself.\n\nI hope that helps!"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
dzpfgm | what is elenchus / socratic method? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dzpfgm/eli5_what_is_elenchus_socratic_method/ | {
"a_id": [
"f899k8x",
"f89b8kl"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's a way of arguing by asking questions that lead the person you are talking to where you want them to go. If they go off track you lead them into a contradiction to get them back on track. \n\nPlato's dialog called Euthyphro has a pretty easy to follow example of the method.",
"It's a method of teaching by asking questions rather than lecturing or providing answers.\n\nThe Socratic method takes many forms, but in general a student or group of students is presented with a problem and asked to make an argument about it. The teacher attacks the argument through questioning, asking the student or students to examine the underlying assumptions, to find flaws in their reasoning, or to consider other possible arguments. Eventually, some consensus is reached about how to approach the original problem.\n\nThe immediate goal is to explore an argument fully, rather than to win or to come to a single correct answer. The ultimate goal is to develop critical thinking skills rather than to teach facts and figures.\n\nThis obviously works better for more open-ended, philosophically-inclined problems and subjects.\n\nThe Socratic method is particularly common in American legal education. Students are presented with a case--the opinion of a court of law resolving some legal issue. The students are then asked to dissect the case and to make their own arguments about its meaning, the strength of its reasoning, and other possible arguments the court could have made, all while the professor and other students push back against each other's arguments.\n\nIn practice it's a little less high-minded than that--students are usually more concerned about extracting the testable bottom line than abstract debate--but that's the ideal.\n\nIt's also commonly used in psychotherapy, where a therapist will encourage introspection by asking a patient to dissect and examine their feelings and behaviors rather than by providing solutions directly."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
1nvp83 | why do lawyers defend obvious murderers and criminals? | Why might a lawyer defend someone where the case is totally against them? Why would you want a criminal back on the streets? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nvp83/eli5why_do_lawyers_defend_obvious_murderers_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"ccmhipw",
"ccmhmn1",
"ccmhu0e",
"ccmiw7g",
"ccmj0pd",
"ccmjk4r"
],
"score": [
3,
26,
11,
7,
12,
2
],
"text": [
"A defence lawyer's job is to defend their client, and that's it. They have a right to such a defence.\n\nIf they are so obviously guilty the prosecutor, judge and jury will all know it and act accordingly.",
" > Why do lawyers defend obvious murderers and criminals?\n\nBecause you cannot have a fair legal system that is based on \"obvious\" guilt. Guilt must be *demonstrated* via *evidence*, not assumed via something as subjective as \"it's obvious\".\n\n > Why might a lawyer defend someone where the case is totally against them\n\nBecause everyone deserves to have someone competent in the law act in their defense. Otherwise, innocent people who *appear* to be guilty but aren't would be screwed.\n\n > Why would you want a criminal back on the streets?\n\nThey're not a criminal until they're actually convicted.",
"Because the system can't work without someone defending the defendant, plus if the lawyer can get a not guilty verdict then obviously they weren't obviously guilty.\n\nStop believing the media when they make it seem like everyone who is arrested is automatically guilty. ",
"* People who are \"obviously\" guilty sometimes turn out to be innocent. Or sometimes there are mitigating circumstances that make them less guilty.\n* Even guilty people are entitled to a defense, they alternative is having a gov't that can arbitrarily declare people guilty without a trial.",
"Contrary to what you believe, the defense attorney's job is not to convince everyone of the defendant's innocence, regardless of actual guilt or morality. The defense attorney's job is to ensure that the prosecutor has demonstrated in court a case that the defendant is guilty in a way that meets the standard of proof. This is the check and balance against the prosecutors that protects people who _are_ innocent. This prevents _anyone_ from being convicted based on the \"obvious\" argument.\n\nSo one day, if a law-abiding citizen was wrongfully accused of a crime, it is a defense attorney who will ensure that the prosecution meets that standard of proof. They will be the ones who will (hopefully) prevent you from being wrongfully convicted.\n\nIn other words, their job isn't to defend the guilty. If anything, they defend _the innocent_. They are the ones who ensure the justice system works the way it's supposed to - that is, every person, regardless of how \"obvious\" their innocence or guilt is, is entitled to proper representation and must be brought due process in the justice system.",
"Because until the jury has decided, we don't know that the person actually *is* a murderer or a criminal. What seems obvious to you may not be obvious to everyone and it is not my job to make that determination. Apparent guilt is not the same thing as actually having done something illegal."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
6hwqb5 | the fonts found on microsoft word, pages etc. does somebody draw them perfectly then they're screened or computer generated? ??? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6hwqb5/eli5_the_fonts_found_on_microsoft_word_pages_etc/ | {
"a_id": [
"dj1q4d1",
"dj1utfw"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Fonts are designed by humans. In the olden days they'd be designed on paper, scanned in and cleaned up. Nowadays, of course, you would use a computer-based graphics design program for it so there's never a drawing on paper part. ",
"They're designed by hand, but drawn on a computer using a program designed for this sort of thing rather than on a piece of paper and scanned in.\n\nThe problem with scanning them is how computers scan images. Computers treat the image basically like a sheet of graph paper with very small cells, where each cell is filled in a different color. If you try zooming in on the image, you can see the blocks that make up the cells. By drawing the images on the computer, the computer knows what lines and shapes were used to make up the image, so it can make the font bigger without making visible blocks. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
2rn94e | what exactly takes place when someone analyzes a substance to determine its ingredients in a lab? | You see/hear this often but, I'm curious to know what exactly occurs to that allows a scientist to determine what ingredients are in a substance.
Example from one of the greatest sitcoms of all time, Cheers:
This Bloody Mary mix from Gary's is great. I'm going to take it to the lab and have it analyzed, then we'll know exactly what he puts in there. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rn94e/eli5_what_exactly_takes_place_when_someone/ | {
"a_id": [
"cnheyq5",
"cnhez2l",
"cnhez59",
"cnhfkes",
"cnhgmfy"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"At a scientific level, qualitative analysis.\n\nBasically, each component reacts to certain chemicals in a certain way. By doing sets of tests while following a specific procedure can allow you to arrive to the ingredients/chemical composition by the process of elimination.",
"There are plenty of methods. I assume you're referring to the chemical makeup of a substance, so let's go with gas chromatography: Vaporize your liquid and inject it into a gas chromatograph (a long column coated with an inert substance). The test substance moves through the column, interacting with the inert coating, causing the various chemicals inside it to separate out (as some \"stick\" to the coating and move slowly through it, while others just flow right through).\n\nA detector at the end senses when each component comes through, and compares the time with the time of other chemicals on a database (for example, chemical x took 7.03 seconds to emerge, which matches up with chemical A on the database - therefore x is A).\n\nIt's not 100% accurate, since some chemicals will take 7.031 seconds and others 7.029, so if both are present, one will \"hide\" behind the other and it'll be difficult to distinguish between them. But the guys who do this are pretty smart, so they'd figure chemical x is more likely to be carbon than uranium (using completely random examples there). ",
"There's more than one way, and it depends on what you're looking for. Commonly one uses a spectrometer to identify constituent materials based on how light interacts with it, but many chemical tests exist that let you determine if something in particular is or isn't in the sample.",
"Science is nothing at all like how it's portrayed on TV. \n\nLet's start with an easy example: a mixture of two pure substances. You don't know anything other than there are two different types of molecules in there.\n\nWhat you can do is use a technique like chromatography to separate them out. What this does is it runs your liquid through a tall glass vessel packed with some material, and you hope that the two substances pass through at different speeds. So the stuff that drips out of the bottom first should be one thing and the stuff that drips out at the end the other.\n\nYou should now have two pure substances, but you still don't know what they are. First order of business is probably some kind of elemental analysis. CHN is a very fast technique where you burn a bunch of it and analyse the composition of the smoke, but this only gives you carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. You might have to go to more involved techniques like ICP, but this is expensive and you need to check for each element independently.\n\nSo you do all that, and you know that your first molecule has the composition CH5N3, and the other is C6H13NO2. If you can get them to crystallise, brilliant, you can stick that nice crystal into a machine that shoots X-rays at it and you can easily work out its structure and then identify your molecules.\n\nIf you can't get crystals, then it's going to take a lot of trial and error. There's lots of possible ways to arrange 6 carbon atoms, 13 hydrogens, one nitrogen and two oxygens into a molecule. Infrared spectroscopy, for example, can tell you what kinds of bonds are present in the molecule. So you do the experiment, and you see characteristic features that indicate one C=O bond, one C-O bond, and one N-H bond, but not N-O bonds. So you can eliminate from your search all those molecules that have N-O bonds.\n\nYou can do NMR, which will tell you approximately what environment the hydrogen atoms are in, so there's two CH3 groups, one CH2, two CH, and one NH2 group. It will also tell you roughly how these are positioned relative to each other, so with a lot of work you can form educated guesses at what the molecule might be. At this point, you can probably compare both the NMR and the infrared data to databases. If you've got a match to something that's known, great, there's your molecule and it's isoleucine. If it's something completely new, it's going to take a long time.\n\nAlso, both of those example molecules are relatively small. There's no real upper limit on how many atoms a molecule can have in theory, and proteins have thousands, with billions of possible ways to arrange them.\n\nAlso, this assumed pure substances. In the real world, you're going to have solvents and impurities that will screw everything up.",
"[Mass spectrometry](_URL_0_) is another cool method of finding out what something's made of. It's used for newborn screening too."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry"
]
]
|
|
43dc05 | how can something still produce a smell while submerged under water? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43dc05/eli5_how_can_something_still_produce_a_smell/ | {
"a_id": [
"czhf4lc",
"czhf7po"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Smell and odor can still be produced and can be transmitted via 1 of 2 ways.\n\nOdors can be carried by the oxygen dissolved in the water and give the water a \"taste\". Or gas buildup from whatever is producing the odors.\n\nMost odors, such as a fart, are produced via several gases and can be expelled but rise to the surface of water. Water doesn't prevent odors from smelling, but in some cases odors have to travel with the air. IF you just have something that smells bad as an odor, its typically something evaporating into the air that is carrying the stench and by submerging it you are simply preventing its access to free flowing oxygen. However, there is still oxygen dissolved in water that could bring the odors to surface again.",
"Well in actuality everything you smell already has to be absorbed into a liquid to trigger the olfactory (smelling) receptors in your nose, which is another reason why you produce snot all the time. Olfactory receptors are a lot like taste buds in that sense.\nHave you ever noticed how in cold weather, you can't smell as well (excluding a stuffy nose)? This is because there is usually a drop in humidity in the air and in your nose, so there's less of a medium for an odor to be absorbed in order to bind to your olfactory receptors.\nFor fish, they basically just remove air as a medium and odors will travel directly to their receptors."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
3fumsj | why is tv considered a writer's medium and film a directors' medium? | Both feature screenwriters and directors (among many others) but why wouldn't directors be as prominent on television as they are in film? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fumsj/eli5_why_is_tv_considered_a_writers_medium_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"cts3o5g",
"cts3r81",
"cts3z0y"
],
"score": [
12,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"With TV you generally have seasons of a show where you can develop plots/characters more thoroughly , so for a writer you have more to do with characters and where they go. With films they generally are one-two hours and you have to make it a spectacle in that time, and the directing of it is the most important.",
"Film is also an editors medium. A film has 80-120 minutes usually to tell a complete narrative arc. That's a short time to get everything in, so a good director and editor know how to shoot and cut for that very short time frame and keeping the essence of the writing. In television you have anywhere from 12-22 episodes of either 30 or 60 minutes (less if your show has commercials) of space which means you need excellent writers to keep it compelling with all that extra time. That's why shows like Breaking Bad and The Wire are such a marvel because the writers keep a story interesting and compelling for over 100 hours.",
"I just want to add to the other answers here that the director of a film the storyteller. \nThe writer creates the story, but it's the job of the director to make the story captivating and make it come to life. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
5gt9lr | why are you not able to get cell phone service while in an airplane, when you're only a few miles above the ground? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5gt9lr/eli5_why_are_you_not_able_to_get_cell_phone/ | {
"a_id": [
"dauw04c",
"dauwgp9",
"daux9d8",
"dav8igp",
"davf7jc"
],
"score": [
12,
3,
5,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Essentially the antennae for mobile phones only work properly in 2 dimensions. This is great, as pretty much everyone is on the ground, and you aren't wasting energy by blasting radio waves upwards where there is almost nobody to receive them. \n\nYou can see in this picture that all of the antennae are vertical rods. This type of antenna transmits perpendicular to its axis, so horizontally along the ground in all directions, but not up or down.\n\n_URL_0_",
"On top of the fact you are out of the antennae tower's directional plane (They broadcast primarily horizontally, since that is where all the users are), you are not within range of an antennae (22 to 45 miles) long enough to establish two way communication when you are traveling at several hundred miles an hour. Typical cruising airspeed for a long-distance commercial passenger aircraft is 475–500 knots (878–926 km/h; 546–575 mph).",
"The antennae on cell towers are designed to radiate the signal outwards parallel to the ground.\n\nIt would require them to radiate the signal up into the air quite a bit to get service and this would be a waste of power so they don't want to do that.",
"Hi, My company works on cell towers.\n\nThere are two factors for getting reception from a cell antenna: the direction it is pointing, and the power it is broadcasting at.\n\nMost cell towers use directional antennae. These antennae create a cone of coverage in the direction they are pointed. Imagine something like a really wide search light beam coming fro the top of a cell tower- that's basically what a cell antenna acts like.\n\nCell tower antennae broadcast using wireless channels- if you've ever set up a wifi access point, channels 1 through 14, you have sort of the idea what they use. Each cell tower can also only handle so many people connected at once (again, like bandwidth on a WAP) to fight this and get everyone connected at once, we can place a lot of towers close together (in cities), but the problem is that you don't want two antenna with the same channel covering the same area, because they will interfere with each other. In order to keep them from interfering, the power of the antenna is turned down to reduce their range.\n\nSo, basically, your cell phone doesn't work in the air because you're too high up- the antennae aren't pointed straight up, and their range isn't enough to reach up high even if they were pointed more upwards.",
"Mobile engineer here. Most cells have the antennas down tilted to minimize overlap. Therefore not much RF is heading into space."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44018000/gif/_44018707_mobilemast203.gif"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
5oumxi | the french foreign legion and the siege of jadotville | I just recently finished watching The Siege of Jadotville. I found the context interesting and wanted to do research on the actual events and story. I came cross a man named Roger (René) Faulques whom fought AGAINST the UN and Irish soldiers as a mercenary. Now I learnt France honoured him for his actions while at the same time he attempted to kill UN soldiers. How could the french allow for this and does this happen still? The Siege of Jadotville happened in 1965. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5oumxi/eli5the_french_foreign_legion_and_the_siege_of/ | {
"a_id": [
"dcmc1tb"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"So, let me begin by dispelling the common notion that UN resolutions carry some sort of weight of law. They do not. There is no law in international politics. Countries can and frequently do ignore UN resolutions when they feel those resolutions are in the slightest bit inconvenient. \n\nRather than viewing a UN resolution as law, its more accurate to view it as a sort of general proclamation of how the international community feels on a subject. UN Security Council resolutions are no different, but they are backed by the fact that the five permanent members (the US, Russia/Soviet Union, China, UK, and France) have to all agree to them. But that does not mean that those five members always *actually agree* with every security council resolution. Sometimes they don't agree with those resolutions but allow them to go through because they have been paid to do so, or blocking a resolution would look bad. France's vote on the Security Council resolution that authorized UN forces in the Belgian Congo was one of those instances.\n\nWhen you hear about the Cold War you frequently hear about it being a conflict between the US and Soviet Union, but that isn't correct. The Cold War was actually three different conflicts, of which the US-Soviet was the most prominent. But there were two others - the Soviet-Chinese conflict which is irrelevant here, and the France-Everyone Else conflict which is.\n\nThroughout the Cold War France continually sold itself to countries in the third world as a viable partner in opposition to either the US or Soviet Union. They weren't particularly successful in this, but did manage to form a loose coalition in which Iraq, Libya, and some West African countries were \"allied\" with France against both the US and Soviet Union. One of those \"countries\" was Katanga, which was a breakaway state from the Belgian Congo. \n\nThe Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony until 1960 and France felt that this status made it a part of the French sphere of influence. But when it gained independence the Belgian Congo completely severed its ties with Europe and eventually came under the control of Mobuto Sese Seko, who was a strong US ally and virulent anti-European. \n\nThe UN Peacekeeping force came about as a result of some weird Cold War politicking in which the country descended into civil war immediately upon gaining independence and the Soviet Union, which thought that a post-independence government would support it, threatened to send troops to the country unless a UN Peacekeeping force was sent to stabilize the country. The French didn't want the peacekeepers there because they wanted to support to rebels and overthrow the new government. But at the same time they couldn't veto the resolution because doing so would have caused the Soviet's to intervene.\n\nBut as I said, the French did not want the UN Peacekeepers there - they wanted to get rid of the anti-European, pro US post independence government and replace it with a pro France government. In furtherance of that position the French began to clandestinely support the Katanga rebellion. As part of their support, they authorized members of their military to go on \"leave\" in order to become paid mercenaries for the rebellion. Roger Faulques was one of those French military servicemen. The French honored him for his actions in that battle because he had either been ordered to be there, or had gone there as part of a volunteer force in support of official French policy."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
7dwwt7 | why is bread safe to leave at room temperature, and other foods are not? | I understand that bread becomes stale faster when refrigerated, but that is not what I am asking. What I am wondering is: why do common foodborne bacteria (e.g. *Salmonella enteritidis*, *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Escherichia coli*, etc.) not colonize bread sitting at room temperature. Is it simply because bread often is exposed to very few individuals of these species, or is there something in bread that prevents it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7dwwt7/eli5why_is_bread_safe_to_leave_at_room/ | {
"a_id": [
"dq0w8x8"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It depends on the type of food. Amount of moisture in the product, whether or not it has preservatives in it (natural or added). Some foods are safe at room temp because they contain a lot of acid which inhibit the growth of bad bacteria from forming. Just remember bread isn't safe to leave on the shelf forever. It will mold, but at a slower rate."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
1tdeux | if a meteor the size of australia was to hit the earth, what would someone on the other side of the earth experience on impact? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tdeux/eli5if_a_meteor_the_size_of_australia_was_to_hit/ | {
"a_id": [
"ce6ugtq"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Everyone would be dead in that situation. The crater from the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs (and lots of other things) is only ~110 miles in diameter on average (so the asteroid itself was much, much smaller.) \n\nIf the asteroid were the size of Australia, we would all be dead."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
cxhgvb | vertical takeoffs for jets | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cxhgvb/eli5_vertical_takeoffs_for_jets/ | {
"a_id": [
"eyl284k"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The jet's exhaust nozzles can be rotated to point down to force the jet up. On the AV-8 Harrier there are 4 nozzles that can rotate and some bleed air from the engines is routed out the wing tips for extra control. The F-35B uses a combination of the single exhaust nozzle rotating down and an auxiliary lift fan behind the cockpit that opens up and is driven by the engine."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
20gu4p | how would a financial collapse of the usd affect canadian economy? | I hope it never happens but I'm wondering whether the Canadian economy would inevitably collapse as well. Or would it somehow be shielded as some seem to believe. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20gu4p/eli5_how_would_a_financial_collapse_of_the_usd/ | {
"a_id": [
"cg33slc"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"A financial collapse of the US economy or USD would destroy the entire world economy, not just Canada's. The US economy is so large and intertwined with the global economy that it would trigger a domino effect, taking the whole world down with it. A few reasons:\n1) The world uses the USD as the primary reserve currency. If it were to extremely lose value, many countries would be sitting on a lot of worthless paper. Also, most non-physical transactions use USD. If it lost value, these transactions would be almost impossible.\n2) China's economy would almost surely collapse. If the US economy collapsed, China's largest importer by far would no longer be able to buy enough goods from it. China's GDP would implode considering exports are so important to its economy.\n3) The US has many leaders in the financial industry. If these were to all collapse at once, what happened in 2007 would happen again, but much much worse.\n\nWhen these things all happen, the world would be in a lot of trouble."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
2jj5ro | i sue someone who doesn't have the money for something and i get 1000k$ from the judge. will i ever get the money? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jj5ro/eli5_i_sue_someone_who_doesnt_have_the_money_for/ | {
"a_id": [
"clc77dr",
"clc7dsy",
"clcdy0p"
],
"score": [
8,
4,
3
],
"text": [
"It depends on several factors. If they have insurance, then the insurance might pay you. If they have a job, you may be able to \"garnish\" their wages (have some of their wages sent to you to pay off the debt). If they acquire something valuable (e.g. they inherit money or win the lottery) you may be able to get at some of the money. A famous example of these kinds of things is [collection of the civil verdict by the Goldman family](_URL_0_) against OJ Simpson. They confiscated OJ's Heisman trophy and also a book he was about to publish, which they retitled and sold for their own gain.",
"It is up to you to get the money \n\nMethods you can do so\n\n* You can put a lien on his items\n* You can garnish his wages\n* You can actually go and impound his items. ",
"years ago my home was robbed. The kids that did it weren't particularly smart about it, and though the police were less than useless, I eventually through my own investigation, found the culprit, his brother and girlfriend who were all involved.\n\nThey really did a number on my stuff. Not only did they take things but they destroyed a bunch of stuff as well. Really nasty mean kind of behavior.\n\nI had Marvel comic cards, still in the package that were close to 20 years old... I found the empty wrappers on the floor. \n\nThey took my entire comic collection... thousands of comics dating back to when I was 11 years old.\n\nThey went through and read my journals, looked through and tossed tore or otherwise discarded my drawings, etc...\n\nThey took the covers off of the really nice couch my Grandmother gave me to use as bags to carry my stuff away.\n\nSwords and knives... books, video games, movies, nearly the whole of my physical possessions... or at least the ones that meant something too me.\n\nThey even went through the fridge.\n\nSo anyway... after getting arressted, they were sentenced to pay me restitution for the damage and stolen items.\n\nMonths went by and eventually I received a check for $80.00\n\nI waited a while longer, but never heard anything else from the court and no more money arrived.\n\nSo... just like with finding the little creeps, I took things into my own hands, and began calling his probation officer. Regularly, about once every two weeks.\n\nThe probation officer never had much to say, tried to blow me off and I never felt that he had my interests in mind in any way, but I was relentless. I called and called and called...\n\nThen one day I got a notice that the kid had a new court date for failure to pay the restitution.\n\nI showed up to court, and was addressed by the judge to tell my part of the story. I told him how I'd been violated by this punk... how he'd read love letters that had been sent to me by past girlfriends, how callous they'd been towards my belongings.\n\nHe was sentenced to a restitution home where they make you work a 40 hour week, and 80% of what they make is supposed to go towards, paying off their debt.\n\nHe was in the home for maybe a month... and I get this part of the story from a friend of the kid's family... his grandmother paid off the whole debt so that he could get out of the home. Which was fortunate for me, but disappointing in that the kid wasn't punished accordingly.... however...Not long after I got a check in the mail for $5300\n\nI gave my boss the finger, bought some sign making equipment and I've been self employed now for over 13 years.\n\nOnce in a while I'll think of something that I used to own, and wonder if it might be in my attic or otherwise in storage and I'll remember that it's gone and I'll feel the anger and hurt again, as if it was just yesterday. \n\nI heard later on that the kid was abused by his older brother, and that the brother was the instigator of all the theivery. The kid was maybe, autistic or in some way outside of the spectrum of normality in the realm of intelligence. I feel bad about that, but fuck... whatcha' gonna do?\n\nSo... yes, you might get your money, but you'll need to stay on top of things. Be proactive and don't let the system rail you into letting it go.\n\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_State_of_California_vs._Orenthal_James_Simpson#Civil_trial"
],
[],
[]
]
|
||
6n6i8s | how did property tax begin and why do we need it? isn't it like paying rent on something you already own? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6n6i8s/eli5_how_did_property_tax_begin_and_why_do_we/ | {
"a_id": [
"dk75exo",
"dk78ez2",
"dk7a9ru"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"There are several reasons that property taxes are a good idea. One it is a good way to make sure that property (as in real estate) that is serviced by public infrastructure (as in roads, water mains, police departments, fire departments, etc...) helps pay for public infrastructure. And typically property taxes are what pay for local services like water mains, local roads, and schools. \n\nTwo it helps keeps wealthy families with large portions of land from maintaining possession of that property indefinitely. If you look at things like the Vanderbilt Estate, it took several generations but eventually it got to the point where the property taxes are too expensive for the remaining family to maintain. So in a lot of cases they end up donating it to the government as museums to avoid the taxes. \n\nThe trick is regardless of which tax mechanism you decide to use, there is always going to be a group that doesn't like that choice. But through property taxes, income taxes, sales taxes, inheritance taxes, or usage taxes you have to collect enough money to pay for the services that government provides. And arguing about one being unfair generally gets seen as deciding that you would rather someone else be burdened with paying the portion of tax you are currently spending on that type of tax. ",
"Someone once asked John Dillinger why he robbed banks. \"Because that's where the money is,\" he replied. ",
"Since no one answered the first question, I'll give that a go.\n\nProperty taxes have been around since the dawn of civilization. Kings and Emperors would divvy up their land to various Lords, who would then divvy up the land further into resource gathering for the King. These smallest plots of land would be lived upon and worked by peasants; perhaps a farm or a mine. \n\nIn exchange for the right to live there, the right to protection from invasion or banditry, access to water or hunting, and the right to keep a portion of their gathering, the Lord would tax the peasants a percentage of whatever they gathered each week. The King/Emperor would then tax a percentage of whatever the Lord made off the backs of his peasants. \n\nThese peasants were paying \"property tax\" to their Lord, who was paying \"property tax\" to his King/Emperor. And it's worked this way since the early Egyptian empires. Europe used it in their feudal system, China and Japan used it with theirs. It just works out well for everyone.\n\nAs to why it came to the US; it's because most of our laws (especially with regard to property and land) come straight out of 16th century English law."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
w2t4m | - ping. on computer games. and internet. | I'm playing TF2, and for the life of me, I get kicked for "exceeding ping" limits. Can someone explain what it is, and why does it go up when I'm playing overseas gaming servers?
Edit: Jeez, thanks for that! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/w2t4m/eli5_ping_on_computer_games_and_internet/ | {
"a_id": [
"c59qbk7",
"c59w2ba"
],
"score": [
11,
2
],
"text": [
"Your ping, or latency, is the time it takes for you to send a request to the server and to receive a response. It basically measures the time it takes for information to make a round trip from, to the server, and back. It increases when you play on servers that are further away because the information has to travel further which takes longer. Obviously, if it takes too long then it can make the game unplayable; you're getting kicked for exceeding the ping limit because the server operator has put an upper limit on the time it takes for the server and players to communicate.",
"There are two main types of multiplayer games: P2P (peer to peer) and client/server. Most PC games use the client/server design which is favorable for lower ping times and higher player count. I'll explain client/server but my explanation of ping applies to both designs.\n\nIn the client/server design, there is a 'master server' provided by the game designer or publisher that authenticates your multiplayer login and keeps track of all the game matches (also called servers) and usually displays them in a 'server browser'. \n\nThe matches themselves are all hosted on computers. So each match (or server) is like a house with a bunch of rooms (or slots) for players to join. When players join the server, they communicate directly with the server, not with the other players.\n\nEverytime your player does something, your game client sends out something called a packet, detailing what you just did, over the internet to the server you're connected to. The server receives this packet, processes it, and then sends a new packet to all the players in the match. Their game clients receive the packet and display your latest move on their screens. So the server kind of acts as a man in the middle keeping track of everyone's positions, bullets, etc and trying to keep each player's game client in sync with eachother.\n\nSo let's say you're on the US East Coast and you load up your multiplayer game, open the server browser and join a match. Your computer is now opening a direct connection over the internet with another computer (the match server) say on the West Coast, to pass game data back and forth.\n\nThis data (again called packets) has to travel from your computer, to your home modem/router, to your ISP (Internet Service Provider such as Verizon or Comcast), across the internet, to the server's ISP, to the server's modem/router, then to the server itself. And then it has to make it's way back to your computer. So these little data packets are traveling from one end of the country to the other end and back. The time that it takes for this to happen is measured in milliseconds and referred to as 'ping' in online games.\n\nIf you have a ping of 1000 ms (or 1 second) and you fire your gun in the game, you would have to wait a full second for your game client to send the packet to the server and receive a packet back from the server before your game client registers what happened. Your game client may show your gun go off immediately when clicking fire, but the server doesn't actually know it happened until about half a second later and your game client doesn't know where the bullet hit until a full second later.\n\nSo whenever you're moving, shooting, jumping, or doing anything, your game client may be showing it but the server and subsequently all the other players have no knowledge of it until your packets traverse the internet and reach the server. And then when your game client receives the return packet from the server, it processes it and corrects the information on your screen. \n\nThis is why you appear to \"warp\" when you have a high ping. Your game client is fighting with the server on your current position because of the lag in communication (you should understand what network lag means at this point as well - not to be confused with graphical lag). The server will win and warp you to where it last thought you were.\n\nAn average multiplayer ping is usually around 50 milliseconds. If the server is within a few hundred miles, you should have a ping of around 30 milliseconds (which is very good). If its a few thousand miles away, you could have a ping of a few hundred milliseconds (which is awful for a twitch-based game like an online shooter - but more acceptable for MMO's like WoW).\n\nHaving a very low ping in an online shooter is good and gives you quite an advantage over other players with higher ping times. This is why online gamers fret over their ping. If you and another player both see eachother and fire at the same time, but your ping is lower than theirs, your packet will reach the server before theirs and you'll usually get the kill. It's worth noting that a lot of modern games have lag correction that tries to loosen the advantage of low pings.\n\nNow let's talk about servers more specifically. Most PC games allow any player to host a server from the computer they're playing on. But in order for their computer to process the large amount of data it would be receiving as the server, it would have to be fairly powerful and have a very fast internet connection as well. If it didn't, all of the players joined in their server would suffer lag due to their computer not being powerful enough or their internet connection not having enough bandwidth. So most players did not do that unless the slot limit was very low (such as 4 player slots). When players did do this and you joined their server, you would see their ping as 0 since their game client was communicating with itself and didn't have to travel over the internet. This gives them a huge advantage.\n\nGame developers usually release something called a 'dedicated server' with their online games. The dedicated server is a modified version of the game that hosts the match but doesn't actually show the game visuals. If you run a gaming clan, you would look for a game server provider and rent a server. Game server providers have beefy computers running on beefy internet connections and rent out their servers to people and clans. So you could pay per slot monthly for this server at a remote location and get limited access to it via a web console. The server would run the 'dedicated server' game executable and be ready for players to connect in.\n\nAs the owner of the server, you would usually have access to server controls which allow you to setup ping limits and game rules and all that. So most server owners set a ping limit probably somewhere around 200-300ms. Any player that has a ping over the set limit for a designated duration gets automatically booted from the match to keep from bogging the server down and frustrating other players (who would see your character rubber-banding and warping everywhere and be really hard to kill).\n\nThere are a lot of things that affect your ping times too. Distance is the biggest contributor to ping times. But other things such as your internet saturation (if you're downloading something while playing your game or if someone in your house is downloading something) will affect ping times also.\n\nIt's best practice to make sure you don't download anything while playing, join servers near you (or at least on the same continent), join quality servers, and have all of the necessary game ports unblocked on your firewall.\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
6mpalx | why do prostitutes have "pimps"? | I guess I don't know what a pimp really does. And why prostitutes have them and or need them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6mpalx/eli5_why_do_prostitutes_have_pimps/ | {
"a_id": [
"dk3ailz",
"dk3b98v",
"dk3fja3",
"dk3he68",
"dk3iqzy",
"dk46100"
],
"score": [
44,
39,
119,
12,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Pimps usually have two main functions:\n\nProtect the prostitues and find clients for them. \n\nWhy protection? Because other prostitutes may want to prostitute themselves in the same location, but aren't willing to share their clients, so a lot of conflict usually happens. Thats where the pimp comes in and does his thing to protect both the prostitutes physical integrity and their \"commercial area\".\n\nIn exchange for protection and client-bringing, prostitutes pay their pimps a portion of their earnings.",
"When an economist studied this, [he found](_URL_0_): \n\n > Prostitutes who ply their trade under the management of a pimp typically earn higher hourly wages.\n\nIn other words, even after paying the pimp a commission, the prostitute takes home more income per hour. ",
"Because it's illegal. If a client beats the shit out of them and doesn't pay they can't go to the cops without getting arrested. The pimp is their protection, and they pay him for this. In places where prostitution is legal they don't have pimps - they work for a company or independently. Generally. \n\nI'm gonna edit this - this is generally the argument for legalizing prostitution. It's pretty much illegal because of religion and conservative attitudes. If you eliminate that bullshit then what's wrong with being paid for sex? Many would argue that the legalization of it would encourage more misogyny, human trafficking, spread of disease, etc - but the fact is, all that happens now. Legalizing it would give them legal recourse, independence, potentially health care (america's current situation with that is uhm, to be ignored for now), and just simply put - a legitimate job. It's something to consider in a serious manner. ",
"*Not all prostitutes have or need pimps. The assumption that all prostitutes have pimps is false.\n\n\n*Once upon a time that girl wasn't a prostitute and needed to learn the lingo/streets/tricks/ways to avoid arrest/ways to ensure 'safety'.\n\n\n\n*Sometimes prostitutes get arrested and need a pimp to bond them out.\n\n\n*Sometimes prostitutes get hurt or snatched. Pimps are there to prevent this from happening/hold people accountable.\n\n\n*A lot prostitutes don't have valid identification and therefore can't obtain a hotel on their own.\n\n\n*Some prostitutes don't have transport to their outcalls. Better pimps often have a driver or two.\n\n\n\n*Pimps keep their girls motivated to make money (aka if the girls don't make enough money there are consequences). If a pimp has multiple girls under his care, inevitably one of them reaches the title of \"bottom bitch\". Bottom is the girl who brings in the most money. Bottom gets extra attention, and this causes a competitive atmosphere. This is why some studies show that girls with pimps make more money despite steep pimp tax.\n\n\nEDIT: to build on what u/krystar78 said, often times pimps also take on the role of mentor. These girls often feel alone in the world, and may struggle with addiction/financial/behavioral problems that leave them vulnerable. This is why a lot of prostitutes are sexually active with their pimp. ",
"Not usually by choice, it's a gender / physical power dynamics thing.\n\nSay you're a skinny young prostitute, and a 200-pound gorilla of a guy beats the crap out of you, tells you he's your boss now, and he's taking half of what you earn. What do you do? You can't go to the cops because what you do for a living is illegal. You don't have the training to defend yourself against him physically unless you're up for murder. Your only real option is to let him be your pimp, and hope that at least he'll protect you from the next 200-pound gorilla.\n\nAlso, what /u/Absobloodylootely said about pimps forcing women into prostitution is also often true. Drug addiction is sometimes a big part of that.",
"The economic answers are cute. Why do serfs have lords? Why do abused women have husbands? Pointing out how things could be even worse--a peasant in feudal society without a lord--works at the level of the individual, and so makes a kind of sense. But it misses the point of the question.\n\nLeaving aside the kind of prostitutes most people can't afford, prostitutes don't have pimps. Pimps have prostitutes, whom they hook on drugs and abuse to keep them pliable. The prostitutes then wind up in a situation where it is more dangerous to leave their pimp than to stay (although a pimp who takes too much money or doesn't keep the Johns in line may find that he cannot make staying the better option--threats get you only so far)."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://files.harpercollins.com/OMM/Superfreakonomics_Instr_Vol2.pdf"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
481df0 | why is downloading things on the internet called piracy? i don't understand what the comparison is to traditional pirates. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/481df0/eli5_why_is_downloading_things_on_the_internet/ | {
"a_id": [
"d0gs7gi",
"d0gs8ny",
"d0gsz82",
"d0gtf8n"
],
"score": [
9,
42,
4,
16
],
"text": [
"A) Downloading things is not illegal. Downloading copyrighted material you haven't paid for is piracy.\n\nB) Pirates sailed on large tracks of open water and stole stuff. Internet piracy involves \"sailing\" through the internet to steal stuff.",
"_URL_0_\n\nTL;DR The term \"pirate\" has been used to label violators of copyright since the 1600s.",
"Pirates sailed in ships, ships sail on the ocean. The ocean is filled with fish. Fisherman catch fish. Sometimes they use nets. We download things on the interNET. Hence the use of piracy.",
"The common perception of pirates (true or not) was that they sailed around looking for ships to hijack on the open sea, to steal their shipments and gold, and also *traded in black market merchandise like those raided shipments*. They intentionally disregarded any and all laws that applied to them, just like people engaged in copyright piracy.\n\nAnd yes, I've read that at least some pirates were actually on the payroll of certain countries. That doesn't exactly break the metaphor, cough-cough China."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement#.22Piracy.22"
],
[],
[]
]
|
||
6frrj3 | how do your car's speakers sort trebels from basses? | I was thinking that it had to separate them because you can boost the bass and trebles separately
EDIT: I'm really stupid and I misspelled treble lol | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6frrj3/eli5_how_do_your_cars_speakers_sort_trebels_from/ | {
"a_id": [
"dikhfnz",
"dikhhxn"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The signal is first digital, and it goes through this thing called a DAC that converts it to an analog signal. basically it takes numbers that the computer gives it and puts them on a graph [like so](_URL_0_). it turns that distribution into a wave, aka analog signal. So if a computer wants to increase bass or treble, it has a program that edits the wave before it hits the DAC. ",
"Speakers (and this applies to speakers used in stereo equipment and professional applications, not just cars) use a device called a crossover.\n\nEssentially, a crossover consists of two electrical filters; one is a low-pass filter, one a high-pass. These do exactly what they say: a low-pass filter will only let low frequencies (i.e. bass) through, and a high-pass filter will only let the higher treble frequencies through. Combined, these filters mean that the appropriate sound frequencies go to the correct speaker."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zeroorderhold.signal.svg/585px-Zeroorderhold.signal.svg.png"
],
[]
]
|
|
3b798h | operation mincemeat | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b798h/eli5_operation_mincemeat/ | {
"a_id": [
"csjjjjz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"To that end, they laid hands, quietly, on a dead body of a man who had killed himself in such a way that they could drop his body in the Mediterranean and it wouldn't be obvious that he hadn't drowned. They created a fictitious Major, \"Major William Martin, Royal Marines\", who was high enough ranked that he'd be trusted with transporting top secret papers , but low enough that the major players in the war wouldn't know of him.\n\nIt's a hell of a story, and worth reading about. I also think Alfred Hitchcock was inspired by the book *The Man Who Never Was*, published in 1953 and making the details public, to make *North by Northwest* with Cary Grant and Eva Marie Saint."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
2s1ja6 | i've read that quantum computers can easily break all our current security protocols. how do they do this? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2s1ja6/eli5_ive_read_that_quantum_computers_can_easily/ | {
"a_id": [
"cnlat6i",
"cnlb46y",
"cnldfw1"
],
"score": [
7,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Quantum computers are good at following several \"paths\" to a solution at once, essentially doing calculations in parallel rather than sequentially. One of the applications for this quantum superposition simultaneous search power is finding prime numbers, which is normally super difficult: if you want to find out if 277 is a prime number, you need to divide by *every* other number less than it and see if any of them go through. If I picked a number with 30 digits, it would take your computer *years* to determine whether it's prime or not. \n\nAnd the difficulty of performing a prime factorization of a number is the fundamental key to the security of every modern cryptosystem. If quantum computers can efficiently factorize a prime number, then all of our most sophisticated coding mechanisms are out the window. \n\nFor an explanation of *why* prime numbers are important in cryptography, check out [my comment running through an example of RSA encryption and decryption](_URL_0_). ",
"All security protocols can be compromised given enough time and processing power, as to \"break\" an encrypted message or guess a password, all you need is the time and processing power to try out all possible permutations at the cipher or the text. For instance, if I knew that I had to guess your password which is 8 characters long and contains only lowercase letters of the alphabet, I will be bound to guess it correctly after a maximum of around 208,827 million tries, after I try all possible combinations of letters from \"aaaaaaaa\" to \"fgrkxisx\" \"zzzzzzzz\", etc.\n\nIn brief and ELI5 a manner, quantum computers are much faster as they can perform more of these computations in a shorter time. One way this is explained is that with our conventional binary-bit computers, we can only vary a value as either 0 or 1, and that out of this \"alphabet of two characters 0 and 1\" we need to \"spell out\" all the words/messages/things we want to say in the world in a computer - that's obviously very inefficient and takes up a lot of time. Quantum bits however can take on multiple values - not only 0 and 1, but it could be \"0 AND 1\", \"NOT 0 NOT 1\", \"0 NOT 1\", \"1 NOT 0\" for 4 \"letters\" in the alphabet, to some implementations which suggest that it could be anything *from* 0 to 1 e.g. 0.999, 0.475, 0.4, 0.333223223 are all valid \"letters\" in a quantum bit language. As such, you can then note that it would be much more efficient to \"spell\" things in quantum computers and thus \"speak\" or \"try\" many more words in the same span of time as you would in a conventional computer environment. Bring this idea to security hacking, and you have our modern-day encryptions bypassed easily.\n\nOf course, when quantum computers are here, we would likely be able to create new forms of encryption not possible today too, that would be tough to break by quantum computers themselves, and virtually *impossible* to break with today's computers. So it wouldn't be as if it's the end of computer security. It's all a matter of datedness and technological obsolescence.",
"Quantum computers *can't* break all our current security protocols. \n\nWhen they are developed much much further than they are now then there's a fair chance that they will be able to, but nothing exists yet or is on the cards to do anything like that. \n\nOf course, in parallel with the development of quantum computers there are quantum encryption techniques being developed which will be secure against them. \n\nCurrent encryption techniques based on prime numbers use numbers with hundreds or thousands of digits. Current quantum computers can factorise numbers with 2 or 3 digits. There is a way to go yet, but as with all new technologies a sudden breakthrough could lead to several orders of magnitude improvement overnight. \n\nEncryption and decryption is always a race between how hard it is to encrypt against how much power and technique you can bring to bear to break it. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mrg6m/eli5_how_does_public_key_encryption_work/cm6vylv"
],
[],
[]
]
|
||
7jp1w5 | how did "land of hope and glory", a british patriotic song, come to be used at american high school and college graduation ceremonies? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7jp1w5/eli5_how_did_land_of_hope_and_glory_a_british/ | {
"a_id": [
"dr83mbq"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"\"Pomp and Circumstance\" is the actual name of the tune and it is the trio section of a set of marches of the same name by Sir Edward Elgar.\n\nThat same Trio was also taken by Sir Edward Elgar, modified, and lyrics were added by A. C. Benson for the coronation of King Edward VII at the request of the future King. But by this time the Marches as they were originally written had already become popular in the US as a concert/performance piece by bands and orchestras. But it did take several years for it to be used in Graduation ceremonies, and Yale is the first documented case of its use for that purpose in 1905. \n\nIt is important to note that many schools use different marches. My High School used Olympic Spirit by John Williams, and Pachelbel's Canon in D was used for my College graduation. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
mmw7h | what prevents society from foregoing the use of money and operating with a gift economy? (*not bartering!) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mmw7h/eli5_what_prevents_society_from_foregoing_the_use/ | {
"a_id": [
"c32724b",
"c32cz73",
"c3mwgal",
"c32724b",
"c32cz73"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"I had to look up what a gift economy was, so please correct me if I completely misunderstand the idea.\n\nThis sounds like an idealistic economy that only works if every single person is completely altruistic. What incentive does anyone have to do anything in a gift economy?",
"Give this a listen, you'll like it.\n_URL_0_\n\nShort version: \n\nFor most of history, most people did practice a gift economy. It worked pretty well in small villages where everyone knew everyone their whole lives. It didn't work well for merchants who would travel the world buying and selling with people all over the place. It really didn't work well for soldiers traveling on their way to war. \n\nKings invented money as a way to make sure the soldiers could get food from the villagers along the way even though the soldiers had nothing useful to trade with the villagers. The kings basically said \"I will pay you soldiers with these 'coins'. The people in my country will accept them in trade because I just started demanding they pay their taxes to me in 'coins' instead of grain.\"",
"After reading your question and all the comments, I would say that, what really prevents society from foregoing the use of money, is fear. Everyone is so afraid of changing because they fear failure, but they don't realize that the current system has already failed.\nOn the other hand, why we don't operate with a gift economy, well, because it has been done, and also failed, it created a desire for retribution so it ended up becoming a money based society. \nIn my opinion, we should accept the fact that using money, is clearly not working, and the answer is not in a gift economy, not in a bartering economy and not in any other economies that we have already used, we need something new, and I believe that humans are smart enough and creative enough to overcome their fear and create a new system. Of course making money a mistake from the past would be a great way to start. ",
"I had to look up what a gift economy was, so please correct me if I completely misunderstand the idea.\n\nThis sounds like an idealistic economy that only works if every single person is completely altruistic. What incentive does anyone have to do anything in a gift economy?",
"Give this a listen, you'll like it.\n_URL_0_\n\nShort version: \n\nFor most of history, most people did practice a gift economy. It worked pretty well in small villages where everyone knew everyone their whole lives. It didn't work well for merchants who would travel the world buying and selling with people all over the place. It really didn't work well for soldiers traveling on their way to war. \n\nKings invented money as a way to make sure the soldiers could get food from the villagers along the way even though the soldiers had nothing useful to trade with the villagers. The kings basically said \"I will pay you soldiers with these 'coins'. The people in my country will accept them in trade because I just started demanding they pay their taxes to me in 'coins' instead of grain.\""
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail5031.html"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail5031.html"
]
]
|
||
cs29fp | what happens when our ears “clog” when swimming or taking a bath? also does the water flush out ear wax or push it further in? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cs29fp/eli5_what_happens_when_our_ears_clog_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"exch0ka"
],
"score": [
32
],
"text": [
"Water does exactly that--it clogs the ear. The ear canal is small enough that the surface tension of water can hold it in place, filling up the entire canal, even when you are standing upright. It does little to the wax, because the wax is mostly hydrophobic--it doesn't dissolve in water. Maybe some small loose bits will come out when you shake out the water, but that's about it"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
qp29g | simplified osi model | What is the purpose of the layers and how are they used in practice? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qp29g/elif_simplified_osi_model/ | {
"a_id": [
"c3zbbtg",
"c3zbd58",
"c3zbelf",
"c3zbj5m"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"Don't forget the un-official \"Layer 8\" of the OSI model... the user. \n\nTrying to understand, troubleshoot and fix that layer is probably the hardest and most irritating layer. ",
"\n**Layer 1 - Physical Layer.** You somehow need to use the world around you to make some device that is capable of carrying a message. Electrons in a copper wire, photons in a fiber optic cable, microwaves in the air.\n\n**Layer 2 - Data addressing.** This is to allow two devices to use the thing in layer 1 to communicate with each other. Suppose you had a cable to your friend Alice, and another to your friend Bob. If you wanted to sent a message to Alice and not to Bob, then all of you get a unique ID/address. Then you can put some info in your message to indicate it should go to Alice and not to Bob.\n\n**Layer 3 - Network layer.** This is for end to end communication. This allows you to communicate to people beyond your immediate neighbors of Alice and Bob. Suppose Alice has a link to Trudy. And suppose Carol has a link to Trudy. You can put on your message that \"I want this to go to Carol via Alice\", and send it out. This layer is responsible for the work that sends it to Alice, then to Trudy, then to Carol.\n\n**Layer 4 - Transport layer.** Suppose each time you send a message out on layer 1, you're only able to send one page at a time. But you'd like to send Carol an entire book. How do you do that? Well, you send out lots of pages, and you use layer 4 to help tell Carol how to put the books back together. You send out your message saying \"I want this page to go to Carol Via Alice, and this is page 15 of the book.\" She may get page 15 before she gets page 2. Doesn't matter. As long as they're marked, she knows what to do. \n\nThis layer does a second thing. Suppose Carol has multiple mail boxes. Many of them. You get to send this to one of her mailboxes, while Carol's other friends could be sending her messages to her other mailboxes. You message would say something like \"I want this page to go to Carol via Alice, and this should go in her mailbox labelled D, and this is page 15 of the book.\" That way, suppose Carol has five friends all sending her books at the same time. If each book's pages go into their own mailboxes, then you won't have any confusion on which page belongs where. \n\n**Layers 5 - 6 - 7 Session/Presentation/Application layers** - These layers simply manage how people choose to use the existing network. Layers 1 - 4 help us send messages directly to others, allow us to put pieces back together, and not have confusion with other people's messages. So at this point you get to use the network however you please. \n\nAs a side note, you can remember these protocols with the acronym \"Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away\"",
"The OSI model is just like everything else in computing - it's built up in layers, on top of foundations that had already been laid. Let's start at the bottom, and work our way up to the top.\n\nAt the very bottom is the physical layer - all it takes responsibility for is sending bits onto whatever medium carries the data. That could be wires, or fibre optic, or radio, or shouting in to a tin can. When it receives data it passes it up to the layer above it to make sense of it. It knows how to take control of the medium it's using, how to send data, how to tell everyone it has stopped sending data, and how to deal with problems such as someone else already sending data. It has no idea what the data is, though. As a comparison, this is \"talking on the phone\".\n\nThe next layer up is the Data link layer - This layer adds some basic detection of whether th edata got to the other end intact, and how to break it down into manageable chunks that can be reassembled at the other end. Comparing it to a phone call, this defines words, and knowing to speak again if the line is bad.\n\nThe next layer above that is the network layer. The network layer adds control over where the information is going to go by making use of addresses for both source and destination. The comparison to a phone call would be dialling a number before you start to speak.\n\nThe next layer up is the Transport layer - At this level we're can choose what sort of properties we want for our information we transmit - do we want a connection, where we can transmit information and know that it will arrive at the other end in order, reliably if it gets there at all, or do we want to just throw the information out there and just be happy if it arrives and accept the consequences if it doesn't? some applications are more happy with one or the other, and there are even some other things that can be achieved with different protocols at this layer. The comparison to a phone call here is speaking to the secretary of the office building you called - you can tell them the message and hope they pass it on, or you can ask them to connect you to a specific extension to speak to someone directly and know the information arrives.\n\nThe next layer is called the Session layer - it has the concept of one application talking to another one, using its own protocol. On the phoen this would be speaking the same language to the person at the other end.\n\nThe next two layers are called \"presentation\" and \"application\" - these are the translation of what the human wants in to something the computer can transmit on the network, and back again.\n\nThe top 3 layers - Session, Presentation and Application are all written in the applications on the computer. The next 2 (ish) - Transport and Network (and some of Data link) are handled by the operating system on the computer, and the lowest layer - the Physical layer is handed purely by the network hardware - the network card.\n\nIs there anything you'd like clarified?",
"1. Physical - cable types like Ethernet or Fibre Channel (FC), wireless (Bluetooth, WiFi, RFID, NFC)\n\n2. Data Link - Ethernet Switches for Ethernet cable networks, Fibre fabric for FC networks. These devices also handle Error Detection and Corrections. Data is broken down into frames or packets.\n\n3. Network Layer - This is where routing happens. Data is organized for transfer.\n\n4. Transport - Traffic of data is managed here, Quality of Service (QoS) can prioritize specific data types to have higher or lower priority over others as an example. Error correction and re-transmitting happens here too.\n\n5. Session - This has many examples: Username/Password Authentication, VPN tunnels, streaming of data like music, video, etc.\n\n6. Presentation - Human readable code gets translated into machine code to be executed by the lower layers.\n\n7. Application - actual human interaction over protocols: Web browser using HTTP/HTTPS protocols to open websits, Outlook/Thunderbird to SMTP for email, etc. \n\nThe purpose of learning the OSI model is to help troubleshoot complicated network and application issues. If a user complains that they cannot get on the network, it could indicate at least a Layer 1 or 2 issue (Ethernet cable not plugged in). As you eliminate Layers you can solve the problem in a more efficient manner. \n\nA more complicated issue would involve dropped sessions in a VPN connection. This would involve at least Layers 2 - 7 when troubleshooting. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
kexxi | how a country's mortality rate can be anything but 100% | Not to sound glib, but seriously... people in some countries live longer than others, yeah. But not so long that sooner or later they won't all me 'mortality rate' stats. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kexxi/eli5_how_a_countrys_mortality_rate_can_be/ | {
"a_id": [
"c2jq27f",
"c2jq2ur",
"c2jq27f",
"c2jq2ur"
],
"score": [
9,
2,
9,
2
],
"text": [
"Mortality rates are the number of people that die **each year** out of a sample of one thousand. Obviously they will all die eventually, but they won't all die in the same year.",
"In general, a \"rate\" is a measure of how fast something is happening, a change over time. If the mortality rate is 100% that means that everyone died within the time frame specified. So the 200 year mortality rate for countries now-a-days is 100% since no one lives that long. In the past, during the time of early humans from Adam and Eve to Noah, it was very common for people to live to be nearly 1000 years old. At that time the 200 year mortality rate was not 100%. When you do not specify the time frame it is assumed to be 1 yr. so The Mortality Rate is really the 1 year mortality rate, it is only the measure of people dying that year. Different numbers of people die every year in every country so The Mortality Rate changes from place to place AND year to year.",
"Mortality rates are the number of people that die **each year** out of a sample of one thousand. Obviously they will all die eventually, but they won't all die in the same year.",
"In general, a \"rate\" is a measure of how fast something is happening, a change over time. If the mortality rate is 100% that means that everyone died within the time frame specified. So the 200 year mortality rate for countries now-a-days is 100% since no one lives that long. In the past, during the time of early humans from Adam and Eve to Noah, it was very common for people to live to be nearly 1000 years old. At that time the 200 year mortality rate was not 100%. When you do not specify the time frame it is assumed to be 1 yr. so The Mortality Rate is really the 1 year mortality rate, it is only the measure of people dying that year. Different numbers of people die every year in every country so The Mortality Rate changes from place to place AND year to year."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
18gqho | basketball - not rules, but the positions, strategies, what to look for when watching | I'm a casual basketball fan but honestly I can't figure out the difference between a point guard and a forward. I know basic strategies like screens but I don't know different types of offense (spread versus west coast, for instance in the NFL). I like watching basketball but I feel like I'm out of my element. Can anyone give a rundown on the positions, what they do, famous players, and physical attributes (centers should be big, right?)? And any basic info on common offensive schemes in the NCAA and NBA? Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/18gqho/eli5_basketball_not_rules_but_the_positions/ | {
"a_id": [
"c8eodos",
"c8er4at",
"c8ewiwp"
],
"score": [
6,
36,
3
],
"text": [
"Guards tend to be shorter, centers tallest, forwards in-between (with exceptions, of course). \n \nGuards should be able to handle the ball very well, setup offensive plays, shoot from longer distances, and have the capability to \"drive the lane\" very rapidly when there's an opening. \n \nA center is almost the opposite...a big, tall player who is at his best near the basket, and often even plays offense with his back to the basket most of the time. They don't always handle dribbling and passing as well, but if someone gets them the ball they can put it in the basket from close range, or pass it out to a guy who has become open because the defense has collapsed on his position. \n \nA forward is in-between guards and centers in their abilities. OK at ball handling, can shoot from mid-range, but can't always compete with a good guard or center at what they do best. \n \nI find that when watching it is the most fun to not just watch the guy with the ball, but try to take in all of the activity as a whole. It's a complex, ever-changing dance. It can also sometimes be interesting to just focus on a certain player for a bit. You don't want to lose sight of what's happening with the ball, just don't focus on that alone. \n \nOne of the most common offensive plays you'll see in the NCAA is the \"weave\". Players from alternate sides come to the top of the circle to take the ball. This creates a lot of opportunities to get the defense lost in picks and screens and openings for the offense to put a guy in position to receive a pass and score. \n \nAnother common play is the \"pass around\". Players will pass the ball clockwise or counter clockwise around 15-20 feet away from the basket. Passing is a lot faster than running or dribbling, so the defense has to work hard to keep up, and it can create offensive openings. This can be particularly useful against a screen defense. Passing clear across the court over a screen defense can also be very effective. ",
"Ok so not a bad start. Here are the 5 positions and descriptions in the NBA.\nPoint Guard: Team's best ball handler, passer, decision maker. This player must be able to effectively dribble up the court and initiate an offense when under extreme defensive ball pressure. As such, PG's are usually the shortest players (there are plenty of exceptions, 6'9 Magic Johnson). They are quick and they must be able to see the entire floor while dribbling. They must be quick and agile and equally skilled at dribbling with either hand. Some PGs like Steve Nash (lakers) are pass-first point guards. They can get the ball to their teammates in optimal scoring positions without committing turnovers. Other PGs are score-first point guards, like Russel Westbrook (thunder). They use extreme agility and athleticism to penetrate opposing defenses and either finish at the rim or dish off to a teammate once the defense collapses on them.\n\nShooting Guard: Athletic, great at perimeter shooting or slashing. Think Kobe Bryant (lakers). 6'7, can dunk, can slash, can hit 3's, explosive scorer.\n\nSmall Forward: Like a shooting guard, but slightly taller, slower, and stronger. Think Rudy Gay (raptors). I would say Lebron or Durant here, but they are physical freaks of nature. But let's look at Durant. 6'10, can hit 3s like crazy, can post up and use size, can block shots, can get rebounds. Small forwards are usually 6'7 to 6'9 and are versatile/balanced.\n\nPower Forward: Usually 6'8-6'11. Solid rebounder and defender. Can score from 0-18 feet from the basket. Think Chris Bosh (heat).\n\nCenter: Usually 6'10-7'7 (7'7 is max ever). Tallest player, usually worst ball handler and perimeter shooter. Asked to rebound and protect the rim from opposing guards. Offensively, they score on putbacks, post ups, and short shots.\n\nWHAT TO WATCH FOR: Teams play different styles, especially in college. Some teams run and gun, that is, they grab your missed shot and push the ball up the court with a frenzy and try to get a quick shot before you can set up your defense. Other teams prefer a slower and more methodical pace where they can gradually grind you down and beat you in a war of attrition. Every possession is an intricate set of cuts, screens, and passes designed to eventually punish a defensive mistake.\n\nThe most popular offense in the NBA is a pick-n-roll. It is used nearly twice a minute in an nba game. Often, a team will run some other offense (you only have 24 seconds from the time your team gains control to attempt a shot, which must go in or touch the rim), but the defense will stop it. So with 8-10 seconds left on the clock, they will run a pick-n-roll. Their best slasher/scorer handles the ball, a big man sets a screen on his defender, and the slasher attacks. The defense must now decide very quickly how to handle it. Despite hours of practice, it is still very difficult to defend because often the two defenders (of the slasher and the big) end up switched, which causes two mismatches (a big slow guy guarding a skilled slasher and a small guard guarding a big tall guy rolling to the hoop).\n\nMany teams isolate. That is, they clear out one side of the court, throw it to a talented 1-on-1 player and let him play a possession isolated against an inferior defender. NBA players are so good that some can score at will in this situation (Kobe, Melo, Bron, KD, CP3 on the dribble, Howard, Jefferson, Rose, etc). So to counter, the defense will send a second defender at the star (double team). So now, an offensive guy is open. So if the star is unselfish, he will swing the ball around to his teammates while the defense scrambles back into position. Sometimes they get a wide open shot, sometimes they get a blowby (defender runs at the shooter, shooter drives right by him), and sometimes the defense recovers. Then it becomes a numbers game. If the supporting cast cant score, they're in trouble. If they're hitting shots, then the defense really has a problem because it can't guard the isolation and the others are hitting shots. It's very interesting.\n\nSome teams have no reliable bigs. Yes, they may have two 6'11 guys, but neither of them may have good post moves. Then, that team becomes a perimeter team: they shoot many 3's. This is streaky. While some nights they may hit 15 3's and just blow you out, other nights, those same shots don't fall and they just die. Reliable post players are rare and valuable because they cause so many problems for the other team. Great shooters love playing with dominant big men (like Shaq) because the defense collapses on the Big and the Big can kick the ball out to the open shooters.\n\nHopefully, this is enough to get you started.",
"subscribe to this guy on youtube\n\n_URL_0_\n\nhe breaks down nba games and breaks down offensive and defensive sets"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/user/bballbreakdown"
]
]
|
|
fueb08 | how does an arrow cause enough damage to kill someone? | How does shooting an arrow at someone cause enough damage to kill them?
I was watching the hunger games the other night, and I was wondering this. Yes, obviously, arrows are sharp, but the pointy part isn’t that long, right? If you shot someone in the chest with a bow, how would it be able to go deep enough to cause enough damage to kill them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fueb08/eli5_how_does_an_arrow_cause_enough_damage_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"fmc8el9",
"fmc8k5t",
"fmcdgsp",
"fmcelry",
"fmcgzzm",
"fmck9jy"
],
"score": [
16,
5,
11,
2,
5,
4
],
"text": [
"Arrows cause deep penetrating damage, and those used in hunting have razor sharp edges. Once it is imbedded in an animal or person, every movement makes it shift, slicing tissue, severing blood vessels and doing other damage. They also are shaped so that to remove them, you have to cause further damage. \n\nA single arrow is unlikely to quickly kill, but it still can if it hits a major blood vessel. No matter how many arrows, you die by bleeding out.",
"Bows can have an unbelievable amount of power; it's entirely possible to shoot right through a person with a powerful bow and the right arrow. But you don't really need to; if you can reach the heart, just a few inches in (and preferably with a horizontal arrowhead to get past the ribs), you're done. And for battles of antiquity, they often stuck their arrows into the ground to get the heads filthy. Infection can kill off a lot of enemy troops, weakening their army considerably.",
"* by damaging a vital organ\n* by piercing an artery and causing uncontrolled bleeding\n* by causing a serious wounds that gets infected and is unable to be treated by the medicine of the day\n\nArrows have sufficient force to do any of theses.\n\nRemember, in warfare, the aim to prevent your opponent from fighting, killing is incidental. Injury is often better than death, not only is the victim unable to fight, but they are still consuming resources.",
"Arrows can carry more energy than bullets, because they have more mass. \n\nIf an arrow punctures a lung, blood flowing in will render the lung unusable. \n\nIf an arrow severs a vein or artery, much like a knife shot at a person 150mph you could bleed out.\n\nIf it hits a person's head, the shock to the skull could easily kill a person",
"The arrow doesn't just go in up to the pointy part. The pointy part just makes it easier for the arrow to go in. A sufficiently pointy head shot from a sufficiently powerful bow can go all the way through a body.\n\nOn the way it tears up everything. If it hits some of the bigger blood vessels you can bleed out. If it hits the lung you can collapse that lung. If it hits the heart you could end up without a pulse. The ideal shot is something called a \"double lung and heart\". That does exactly what it sounds like.",
"It is worth noticing that the common pointy arrowhead you see that often [looks like this](_URL_0_), they are called bodkin point designed for armour penetration. The arrow that [looks like this](_URL_2_) is for training and sport and designed to stick on the target without minimal damage and easy removal. A longbow with an arrow-like that on an unarmored human could can with any trouble.\n\nLook at [this](_URL_3_) that uses ballistic gell that is like human tissue and used for bullets test. They penetrate a block this as a human torso a lowe power wood bow and arrows design for training. It is no problem passing into the lungs. Even the ribs would not stop a high power bow.\n\nA narrow used to kill animals [can today look like this](_URL_4_) with razor-sharp edges. Is cut a large holin in the skin and if an animal runs it will swing around and continue to cut. They are called broadheads and [replicas of medieval](_URL_1_)[ arrows](_URL_1_) where you can see they have large blades. They are used for hunting or unarmored humans.\n\nSo a bodkin might be lif you get stabbed by a screwdriver and a broadhead with a knife both can kill you depending on where you get it. Either penetrating the lung will make breath very hard, a large blood vessel or even a liver hit can result in a lot of bleeding directly. The broadheads likely kill a human faster than a bodkin. The simple fact that an arrow in you hurts a lot and makes you a worse fighter it an advantage. You do not need to kill them just make them stop fighting or fight wors. Combat in armour was not necessarily a one hit and you are out the situation but lots of small damages so weaken the enemy before the final kill."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodkin_point#/media/File:Bodkin1.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu_24-09-2008_12-11-33.JPG/800px-Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu_24-09-2008_12-11-33.JPG",
"https://sc01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1Xi9cRVXXXXaAXXXXq6xXFXXXS/221555710/HTB1Xi9cRVXXXXaAXXXXq6xXFXXXS.jpg",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDWbX3UwMhY",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1130/2850/products/1-pcs-lot-hunting-arrow-tip-broadheads-100gr-3-blades-fit-hunting-archery-compound-bow-1_300x300.jpg?v=1578638994"
]
]
|
|
1m8zxu | why are horses so submissive to humans? | Why do horses just do our shit for us and carry stuff without ever rebelling? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m8zxu/eli5_why_are_horses_so_submissive_to_humans/ | {
"a_id": [
"cc6w0by",
"cc6w0ds",
"cc6xip2",
"cc6xwcy",
"cc6xzuy",
"cc6ylak",
"cc6zcph",
"cc71zvp",
"cc72j0x"
],
"score": [
15,
58,
61,
6,
3,
30,
11,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Most horses that we use are somewhat domesticated. They've been bred to be more docile. More spirited or wild horses get broken in; horse-breaking was a necessary skill back when people lived on isolated homesteads.",
"They don't start out that way.\n[Horse Training](_URL_0_)\n\nThey are trained that way.",
"Horses are, in the wild, part of a large pack, where there is a strict hierarchy. They thrive when they feel secure in their place in the pack, even if it's at the bottom. So, if you take control as their herd leader, they will, with proper training, be submissive. \n\nThen again, a lot of what you do with a horse is more like co-captaining than a straight up dominant/submissive relationship (though ultimately you, the human, need to call the shots).",
"Horses, like people, are bred and raised to behave a certain way.\n\nA wild feral horse, like a wild feral human, would be very different.",
"They survive better with humans than in the wild. It's in their interest to behave well. It's the same with dogs. Those dogs that were friendlier to humans back in the day survived better (most of the time). ",
"Dressage rider here.\n\n\"Without ever rebelling.\" Ahahaha. Trust me, they rebel at times.\n\nSome of them genuinely enjoy their work and do it willingly. I know jumpers who will jump on their own they love it so much. \n\nSome enjoy human company. My horse loved me because...well, I brought him food, probably, and gave good scritches.\n\nWe train them and provide them with security and and comfort (ideally), and that is why (most of them) put up with (most of our) shit. A well trained horse has learned that it's easier to do what the humans want than not to, and they get fed for it, so hey.",
"I have been trying to train mine since he was born. He like any other animal (humans included) has good days and bad days. There are days when he is engaged and interested and there are days when we are going through normal routines and he gets bored. When he gets bored, he gets aggrivated, when he gets aggrivated he is an asshole. Horses are NOT submissive to humans. Horses develop a *relationship* with humans similar to the relationship we develop with our dogs. It takes a LOT to train a horse and get the horse to trust that what you are asking it to do, is not going to put it in harms way. When you ride (especially in the woods) you will run across things that will scare your horse, and their first reaction is to run (they are prey animals), it is an amazing feeling to be able to make your horse stop, turn around, and lead it to whatever may be frightening it, and showing the horse that there is nothing to be afraid of (most of the time). If there is a reason to be afraid (mountain lion, bear, snake) , it is equally as amazing to be on the back of an animal and having it trust you so much that the horse is allowing you to pick the best course to keep you both safe. Horseback riding is a balance between 2 species and its foundation is built on trust, respect, love, and companionship. Horses are no different than any other wild animal, they can be extremely dangerous, but they can also be very affectionate and loving too, it all depends on how they were raised and if/how they were trained. ",
"lol, you really don't know about horses, do you?\n\n > Why do horses just do our shit for us and carry stuff\n\nThey don't, you have to train them. Like, a lot. And even then they can still be fussy.\n\n > without ever rebelling?\n\nYou're kidding, right? There's a reason you don't just see people riding horses down the road: *They're dangerous.* They're enormous 1000+ pound beasts with the power to crush your skull, and they know it. Horses have to have intense training from birth to be able to carry a person, and even then they've got a mind of their own. Even the most well-trained horse will buck you off when it gets scared, and when they do it doesn't feel good.",
"In addition to what others have said, I'd add that horses (and a lot of other animals) do not necessarily perceive size and strength the way we do. Humans are genetically trained to look for patterns and be smart about stuff. Horses don't necessarily realize that you are smaller than them and that they could kill you easily. I've seen my oldest daughter (horse trainer) grab a huge horse by it's bottom lip and pull it across the pasture even back when she was like 14. If you act like you're in charge, they don't always realize you're not. They will challenge you, but if you're smart enough to react in the right way, they back down. In short, we're smarter than they are and experienced people know how to convince the horse that they're in charge."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_training"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
1lowvd | why dont we build cars using water electrolysis? | Why dont we use electrolysis ( like in this video: _URL_0_ ) as instead of gasoline? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lowvd/eli5_why_dont_we_build_cars_using_water/ | {
"a_id": [
"cc1bvtn",
"cc1cp7w"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"It takes more power to electrolyze water than we can recover from burning it. ",
"Any energy that is released when you combine two things, must have been put into the two things in order to separate them in the first place. (That's the definition of energy - the quantity that stays constant over time).\n"
]
} | []
| [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_437493&feature=iv&src_vid=cqjn3mup1So&v=nIq-g9vaecw"
]
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
d3d492 | where does lend out money sit without accruing negative interest? | In light of ECB lowering rates again I am wondering where a bank can lend it’s money out without them having to pay for it? Isn’t all money, whether it be current account or savings account, end up at the central bank at the overnight deposit facility? How can money be lent out and not cause it to costs money (interest) at another bank? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d3d492/eli5_where_does_lend_out_money_sit_without/ | {
"a_id": [
"f020hi6"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"There is a lot to parse here, but lets start with fundamentals. The central bank doesn't \"take in\" deposited money persay. When banks lend out money, they effectively \"insert\" that into circulation. That money didn't exist before. So it is that items bought with loans are what generally set the value of the money we use, because they drive the creation of money.\nBanks can't just give out loans left and right though. They need to have a certain amount in reserve, an amount set by the central bank, just in case people don't pay back what they owe. Low interest rates mean that people feel less obligated to pay things back quickly, and it drives up inflation because more money is given out, making it comparably worth less due to quantity over time. High rates reduce inflation but also stall market growth.\n\nYou'll hear terms like the housing market and natural resource market used here. Unlike most things, houses are often purchased through loans, and their value can increase over time because the seller sets the price. As long as they can find someone willing to take out a loan for the price being asked, people can build wealth and get back more than what they paid for. Perhaps this is what you mean. If housing prices are going up, developers are getting more return on how much they spent to build the house, and resellers are holding on to more money that they don't have to pay back. \n\nTl;dr Banks will provide loans for purchases that will create value, such as land and property, and in that way create money that isn't being charged interest for existing."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
bl77c1 | why do some albums sound kind of meh on the first few listens, but then fire after several more? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bl77c1/eli5_why_do_some_albums_sound_kind_of_meh_on_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"emmly4f"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The brain likes patterns. And after a lot of listening, the brain starts to recognize these patterns and rewards itself with dopamine."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
5hewze | - i've seen posts of people losing lots of weight in a year (100+ lbs.). is this weight loss really healthy or very unhealthy? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5hewze/eli5_ive_seen_posts_of_people_losing_lots_of/ | {
"a_id": [
"dazmmp2",
"dazmy3z"
],
"score": [
3,
5
],
"text": [
"100 lbs a year is around 2 lbs per week which is pretty healthy, especially for someone who's extremely obese.",
"Can be healthy, can be unhealthy.\n\nIt depends a lot on what weight that person started out with (the heavier you are, the more you can lose while remaining healthy), how slowly weight is lost (are they losing a small amount every week, or doing it through huge drops), what measures they took to cut calories (did they simply cut down what they eat every day / change what they eat, or are they doing crazy crash diets), what how healthy the food they are eating is. (whether you eat 1000 calories worth of vegetables and fruits and proteins or 1000 calories worth of fast food, you'll lose weight on both. But one will still be immensely more healthy for you overall than the other)"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
3xnfao | how is sound recorded? | I do have somewhat of an understanding of how the ear perceives sound, and how speakers work. But I am just lost on understanding how something can record the exact sound it receives. Please help.. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xnfao/eli5_how_is_sound_recorded/ | {
"a_id": [
"cy661dq",
"cy667ry"
],
"score": [
28,
3
],
"text": [
"Sound is just waves in the air. Inside a microphone is a membrane that vibrates back and forth with the waves. Attached to this membrane is a coil of wires, this coil of wires moves back and forth across a magnet as it moves back and for with the membrane (and therefore, with the waves.) The coil of wire moving back and forth across the magnet generates an electric current in the wire, precisely the same pattern as the pattern of waves.\n\n\nDoes that help? Any questions?",
"If you know how speakers work then you know electricity is involved in making them work. Speakers can be used as microphones because they generate a little electricity when hit by sound. The electricity is amplified so it is not lost. It is sent to the recording device, generally a computer now, which measures the voltage from the speaker and records this every few microseconds. This is converted to a digital signal and stored so it can be reproduced to drive speakers. \n\nSome microphone are specialized and cannot be used as speakers. Some speakers cannot be used as microphones, others can."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
7lxt7e | why a small movement in earth's rotation makes a large difference in temperature at different times of the day. | I am talking with a 'flat-earth' believer on another board. He asks why a small movement in earth's (supposed) rotation can increase the heat from the sun from morning / evening to mid-day. Forgive me if this has been asked before, I did search but did not have much success which is probably why my explanations of the above are not working. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7lxt7e/eli5_why_a_small_movement_in_earths_rotation/ | {
"a_id": [
"drptxxb",
"drpu3r8",
"drpucza",
"drpuihl",
"drpywxw",
"drqdad2"
],
"score": [
104,
3,
578,
19,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Flat earth believers cannot be persuaded with reason. Don't waste your time.\n\nBut the answer is partly that things take time to warm up once the Sun is on them, and partly that at noon the Sun is at a steeper angle, therefore filtering through less atmosphere before reaching the ground.",
"Tell him to light a candle. Then tell him to stick his hand near the candle. He will find that its is hot. Now tell him to put an object infront of said candle at the same distance he placed his hand. Then tell him to put his hand infront of the object. He should find that the candle doesn't feel as hot. This works just like the earth rotating. When in direct exposure to the sun it gets more energy therefore more heat. When its night the sun is blocked by the other side of the earth acting like the box in the above experiment. Also dont waste your time arguing with idiots. Your time is important and this person is not worth the effort. You cant fix ignorance sadly. ",
"Point a flashlight at a wall. You know the flashlight is delivering 'x' energy to that circle. Tilt the flash light at an angle. Now the circle stretches out into a bigger oval right? But it's still just delivering x energy, so there's less energy per unit of 'area.' The sun hitting the earth impacts things the same way. A ~30 degree angle, iirc, effectively halves the amount of energy being delivered to a spot. \n\n\nBut I agree with the others, if this guy has the capability to believe in flat earth, you may as well bang your head against a wall as talk to him.\n",
"Problem number one: you're talking to a flat-earther. Just so you know, he's probably not even serious. I have yet to meet someone that's both sane, and earnestly believes that hypothesis. I hate those guys... my heart is beating a little faster in anxiety just thinking about them. I wish I could afford to round them all up, take them to the South Pole (past their stupid ice wall), just to make the point.\n\nThe heat of the day is primarily due to how long it takes things to heat up. Just before daybreak is usually the coldest part of the day because it's had all night to cool. At noon, yes, the light is hitting more directly and the heat from it is most intense. It's *getting warmer* most quickly at this time, however, despite that, it's not the hottest part of the day. Rather, it's usually mid-afternoon, before sundown, that a given area sees its highest temperature, because it's been warming all day.\n\nIf you want, check out an hourly weather forecast for a sunny day (try 85251, Scottsdale). 3-4pm is when it finally reaches its hottest.",
"_URL_0_ \n\nThis is a photo of how the angle affects the distance-- it's a lot easier to see how the angle we are at relative to the sun could make the sun so bright during the afternoon and dark at night",
"Ask him , \"Why doesn't the sun fall down?\" And \"What causes the sun to rotate around the North Pole?\"\n\nOnce he denounces gravity, you can go ahead and tell him he's full of shit, and you never want to talk about this shit again."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Insolation.jpg"
],
[]
]
|
|
5542gg | why do male orgasms always feel strongest when sitting down as opposed to laying down or standing up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5542gg/eli5_why_do_male_orgasms_always_feel_strongest/ | {
"a_id": [
"d87cqud"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"I'm sure this is an individual preference, not a widespread trend. Mine are strongest lying down, and very weak when I'm standing or sitting."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
57s0qv | how do private healthcare (us) and social healthcare (rest of 1st world) work | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57s0qv/eli5_how_do_private_healthcare_us_and_social/ | {
"a_id": [
"d8ufpsw",
"d8uh82v"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Well first of all wealth is going to buy you better healthcare *anywhere*. The UK and other countries still have private healthcare, and of course there are benefits to it (like not waiting too long for an appointment). Socialized healthcare really just means we decided as a group to recognize healthcare as a basic human right regardless of wealth, and we (or at least, they) offered it to everyone.\n\nUp until more recently the US viewed healthcare as something you could have if you paid. Part of our problem is that there's a lot of money to be made in healthcare and pharmaceuticals specifically, and our nation focuses on individualism over community. So we have giant parts of the population who are uninsured, who don't seek medical help unless it's dire, and if they receive medical help while not insured end up with absurd amounts of debt. \n",
"Usually, the better paid jobs have more generous healthcare insurance coverage with some exceptions. Government jobs usually pay less but often have fantastic benefits including insurance that doesn't have high deductibles or co-pays. \n\nThe deductible is the amount you are required to pay before your insurance kicks in. Some people have plans that require a few hundred dollars a year, some require thousands (I have a plan that requires $7,000 annually before insurance kicks in.) Co-pays are the amount required out of pocket for medicine and healthcare even after you meet the deductible. Some insurance will pay 100‰, some plans only pay 50‰. And often if you end up on a hospital with a doctor that's not \"in network\" (from a pre-approved list by the insurer), you can pay up to 100‰. The wealthy can buy great healthcare obviously. And people below a certain income are often eligible for free or reduced cost care although it can often be of a lesser quality. But most people fall into the middle with insurance through their employer and if it's not a great plan, they can end up paying a good chunk of their income in medical bills if they get sick. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
4q5p21 | why do states that teach abstinence-only sex ed have higher rates in unwanted pregnancies? | In other words, why does abstinence sex ed seem to not work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4q5p21/eli5_why_do_states_that_teach_abstinenceonly_sex/ | {
"a_id": [
"d4qdtl1",
"d4qdu3w",
"d4qg38z",
"d4qghmt"
],
"score": [
27,
13,
5,
5
],
"text": [
"Because they think that teens and young adults will **actually** refrain from having sex, and so they do not teach about contraception, and safe sex practices. \n\nSurprise, they still have sex, but it's unprotected, and without contraception. Wanna guess what unprotected sex between rabid hormone-filled ignorant teens leads to ? Yep, a ton of pregnancies, and STDs. ",
"The more ways you provide to avoid pregnancy, the more people will avoid pregnancy.\n\n\"Abstinence-only\" means advocating only a single way to avoid pregnancy: abstinence (not having sexual intercourse). This omits other ways to avoid pregnancy, such as using condoms or IUDs or birth-control pills. So it is, overall, less effective.",
"Sex is a human urge only slightly less powerful than breathing. It was turned into something bad by religious leaders to provide one more tool to control the population to suit their whims. Over the reasonably long term, abstinence only is no better than the concept of holding your breath, or not eating.",
"This is an issue that isn't fully understood because there are so many variables. Some variables that different sociologists think may contribute:\n\n1. The most obvious one: that the failure of abstinence-only curricula to teach kids about contraceptives means they're less likely to use them (or less likely to use them properly).\n\n2. Areas that teach abstinence-only tend to be less wealthy on average, and wealth is negatively correlated with unwanted pregnancy.\n\n3. Areas that teach abstinence-only tend to be less educated on average, and education is negatively correlated with unwanted pregnancy.\n\n4. Areas that teach abstinence-only tend to be more religious, which means that use of contraceptives - and especially abortion - is frowned upon in general (i.e. not just in health class). This religiosity also means that \"alternative\" types of sex that don't result in pregnancy (oral sex, anal sex, gay sex) are generally frowned upon as well."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
9w0mt1 | if the 1st 48 hours are the most vital in finding a missing person before the odds of finding them significantly decrease, why do some places not allow you to file a missing persons report until 48 hours have passed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9w0mt1/eli5if_the_1st_48_hours_are_the_most_vital_in/ | {
"a_id": [
"e9gnrdd",
"e9gpspd",
"e9gt5oa",
"e9h8s2e"
],
"score": [
136,
74,
12,
26
],
"text": [
"The whole 48 hour thing is makebelieve. If someone is missing and people deem the circumstances unusual, there's no waiting period required. ",
"The \"48 hours\" thing is a narrative device used to separate a protagonist from assistance that would otherwise shortcut the entire story. \n\nIt's not real, for exactly the reason you state. ",
"I've seen a few shows about game wardens that discussed missing person hunts. In most cases, the absence was reported as soon as it was discovered. Usually, this was when somebody didn't show up when and where they were expected, and couldn't be reached by cell phone (reception is spotty in some mountainous areas). In some cases the missing person was mentally challenged and was reported as missing within a few minutes (e.g. mom went inside to answer phone, leaving severely autistic son in yard. came back out 3-5 minutes later son wasn't in yard, house or sight. Mom immediately called police.)",
"This is a complete myth. If you have concerns someone is missing and at risk then call it in straight away. \n\n(Source: I'm a cop and we deal with missing people a lot. We get loads of low risk missing people who turn up that same day but would rather be called anyway than have it not be called in and have someone be seriously hurt or dead)"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
mia2n | darknet | How exactly does it work, and how is this different from the net we have today?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mia2n/eli5_darknet/ | {
"a_id": [
"c315u8o",
"c316ppg",
"c316r6p",
"c31774c",
"c3185lh",
"c315u8o",
"c316ppg",
"c316r6p",
"c31774c",
"c3185lh"
],
"score": [
142,
5,
18,
14,
4,
142,
5,
18,
14,
4
],
"text": [
"A darknet is basically a secret internet among people who trust each other.\n\nIn the normal internet, you want to access a website, so your computer connects to the website through your provider and asks for the content. Your provider can see everything you access.\n\nIn a darknet, you're only connected to people you trust, more like an actual web. So if you want something that someone else has, you find the shortest path to them.\n\nFor example, let's say there are a couple of people who are in the same darknet. A, B, C et cetera.\n\nYou are connected to the darknet through your friend A who you trust absolutely. A is connected to both you and B. B is connected to A and C.\n\nThe graph looks like: `You < - > A < - > B < - > C`\n\nIf you want something that C has, your computer asks A for it, A asks B for it, and B asks C for it.\n\nThe idea is that you can still get the content even though you might not want C to know you want it. From C's perspective, it can be either B himself or any of B's friends (or friends of friends) who want it. From B's perspective, it can be either A, or any of A's friends. Better yet, C can't tell who B's friends are, and B can't tell who A's friends are.\n\nSo long as everyone is connected to at least one person in the graph, you can get anything you want.\n\n[Freenet](_URL_0_) is one of the most notable examples.",
"What is there to do in the Darknet though and what is it the point of it? And can your provider still see?",
"So what are the uses for Darknet...?",
"Lest you forget: [r/darknetplan](_URL_0_)",
"The government has a version called SIPRNET. ",
"A darknet is basically a secret internet among people who trust each other.\n\nIn the normal internet, you want to access a website, so your computer connects to the website through your provider and asks for the content. Your provider can see everything you access.\n\nIn a darknet, you're only connected to people you trust, more like an actual web. So if you want something that someone else has, you find the shortest path to them.\n\nFor example, let's say there are a couple of people who are in the same darknet. A, B, C et cetera.\n\nYou are connected to the darknet through your friend A who you trust absolutely. A is connected to both you and B. B is connected to A and C.\n\nThe graph looks like: `You < - > A < - > B < - > C`\n\nIf you want something that C has, your computer asks A for it, A asks B for it, and B asks C for it.\n\nThe idea is that you can still get the content even though you might not want C to know you want it. From C's perspective, it can be either B himself or any of B's friends (or friends of friends) who want it. From B's perspective, it can be either A, or any of A's friends. Better yet, C can't tell who B's friends are, and B can't tell who A's friends are.\n\nSo long as everyone is connected to at least one person in the graph, you can get anything you want.\n\n[Freenet](_URL_0_) is one of the most notable examples.",
"What is there to do in the Darknet though and what is it the point of it? And can your provider still see?",
"So what are the uses for Darknet...?",
"Lest you forget: [r/darknetplan](_URL_0_)",
"The government has a version called SIPRNET. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://freenetproject.org/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/darknetplan"
],
[],
[
"http://freenetproject.org/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/darknetplan"
],
[]
]
|
|
xluoz | licenses such as mit license, gpl, etc. | More than those two would be appreciated- I'm sure I'm forgetting some. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xluoz/eli5_licenses_such_as_mit_license_gpl_etc/ | {
"a_id": [
"c5ni7ab"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"You've listed two open source licenses. Other common open source licenses are the BSD license and the Apache license.\n\nWhen you write a piece of software, you release it to the public under a license. The license tells people what they are and are not allowed to do with it. The MIT, BSD and Apache licenses all let you do pretty much whatever you want with the software. For example, you could take something released under the BSD license, add some stuff to it, then start selling it, and you can keep those changes all to yourself.\n\nThe GPL is more restrictive. You can make any changes you want to a GPL piece of software, but if you start distributing your software, you must also distribute the changes you made to the source code. This aspect of the GPL is somewhat controversial. On one hand, it ensures that any improvements made to a piece of GPL software are made public. On the other hand, it means that if you want to use GPL code in your project, you must release your project under the GPL, too. This last aspect of the GPL is why some people call it a \"viral\" license. The license can spread to other projects like a virus."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
4gjc9d | why do these fancy restaurants all serve tiny portions or odd dishes i've never heard of? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4gjc9d/eli5_why_do_these_fancy_restaurants_all_serve/ | {
"a_id": [
"d2i0ly5",
"d2i0ovv",
"d2i2rfa",
"d2i30y9",
"d2inns2"
],
"score": [
13,
9,
10,
103,
5
],
"text": [
"I'll take a stab, but I'm not sure this is the answer.\nFirst, these restaurants charge a lot of money for your food. So they want to make sure they're going to give you something you wouldn't make at home (for the most part), or at least give it to you in a way you wouldn't make it.\nSecond, they compete between themselves for business, so there is a bit of an incentive to be really unique, in order to drum up the most business.\nThird, the smaller sizes are usually borne of two reasons. You generally get more courses at fancy restaurants, so it allows you to eat more of different things. Also, there is an emphasis on quality and perfect preparation, which is, in my view, emphasized with a smaller portion.\n\nDon't get me wrong though, it really sucks when you're hungry and dropping big bucks on a meal and you don't feel full.",
"Typically at fancy restaurants it's more to do with quality than quantity. Sometimes quality comes from seemingly odd ingredients, or they're just trying to give you something new.",
"First off, the meals themselves aren't tiny. This is a common misconception. You get small portions per dish, but you get a ton of dishes, usually 5-6 plus dessert. You will certainly be full after the meal.\n\nThey're small portions so you can try a bit of everything. Going to a fancy restaurant is a rare event for most people. Hell, even for the rich it can still be hard to score a reservation regularly. It's a treat, so it's nice to taste as many things as possible on the menu.\n\nWhy are they odd? Same as above. If you're paying $100-200 per head, had to wait to score reservations, heard so many great things about the chef, you aren't going to go and want plain spaghetti. You want to try all the haute cuisine and unique stuff that the restaurant got famous for.",
"I've cooked in upscale restaurants. The reason for smaller portions is because most nicer restaurants serve in multiple courses, not all at once. If they served \"normal\" portions, you'd be super full before the end of the meal.\n\nThe idea behind eating multiple courses is that you get to really experience the chef's talent and style. Eating one single dish is like only hearing the chorus of a song. Can you really judge a band based on a chorus or a single verse? Eating multiple dishes is like getting to hear the band's entire album.\n\nAnd the reason for odd dishes really depends on the chef. Some chefs want to be really wild and use crazy ingredients, other chefs want to be a little more traditional. Either way, the idea is to give you something you can't get at home.",
"EDIT: formatting\n\nseveral reasons off the top of my head:\n\n* **technique** (why small): many of these dishes generally use techniques that you can't (or wouldn't) do at home, sometimes several in one dish. Think deep-frying, sous vide, liquid nitrogen, extreme heat broiling, wood-fired grilling (without having the whole meal grilled like you'd do at home) etc. Sure you *could* do it at home but why the hell would you?\n\n* real estate (why small): many of these places are in places where real estate is sky-high. In major cities places easily face lease payments that necessitate high costs for diners. For example, Les Halles in NYC (Bourdain's old haunt) recently was in the news for missing their lease payments of $40K/mo - and that's not 'fancy.' That cost has to be passed on somehow. And labor costs? INSANE for restaurants and they are some of the most poorly-paid jobs in the US. It takes an army to create some of these dishes and those costs (and relevant insurance to go along with them) also must be passed on.\n\n* **ingredients** (odd dishes): simply put, more expensive, rarer, higher-quality. Places have a razor-slim profit margin (say 6%) and food costs are high for higher-quality stuff. Think grass-fed, organic, artisanal blah blah blah. If it costs the business 15$/lb for a piece of protein you're not getting 8oz of it on your place, buddy. Think 2. Thus, smaller portions. The art is balancing a tasting menu (if that's what OP is referring to) so that costs stay in line, you make money, and the guest feels like they've had a well-balanced meal that's worth the cost.\n\n* **cost-cutting** (why small/odd dishes): Trust me, menu design is big business. There's a reason pasta is on most menus. It's safe, dirt cheap to prepare, and you can make a fortune off of it. Add some low-cost ingredients to a sauce that no one's heard of? Who cares! Charge 26$!\n\n* **celebrichef** (why small): if they're a known entity they can charge more and they know people will come. Many famous places spend as much on marketing and PR as they do on food and that costs. And hey, who cares if you're paying 50$ for a steak if Celeb Chef du Jour cooked it even if you never see their face (and they're likely nowhere near that kitchen, either.)\n\n* **foodie culture** (why small/odd dishes): people that tend to frequent these places frequent a LOT of them. They are these places' bread and butter, not OP. And these foodies get ennui easily (and so do their Instagram feeds.) They've had foie gras, truffles, uni, farm-raised whatever, grass-fed organic whatsit seven different ways probably in the last month or two. They require novel food and novel food costs money to develop, discover, source, and prepare. There's lots of waste in dish creation. I remember when monkfish liver was a throwaway catch, skate wing was unheard of, and Portabella mushrooms were fed to pigs (because only white mushrooms sold, brown were considered, 'dirty'). Now, all fetch a premium because they were 'discovered' and championed by places like this.\n\n* **they can!** Listen, if you run a business and charge 20$ for something and find out you can easily charge 50$ for something with little extra work, wouldn't you? So you can serve that supermarket beef and call it \"Jack Johnson Happy Cow Farms Grass-Fed Organic Coffee-and-Truffle Crusted Ribeye\" and serve it for 55$. No one is going to call you out on using average ingredients doused in truffle oil or serving tilapia when the menu says \"line-caught Florida grouper\". Sure they BS a lot of it because no one is going to call them out (well, until that writer in Tampa last week did.)\n\n* **OP isn't a food person** (never heard of): it's incredibly rare that I see a single thing on a menu I've never heard of. Very, *very* rare. I'm not being an ass here or trying to sound snobby. It's a hobby and I research, read about, and focus a lot on food. But, I'm a foodie. There's a lot of us and to us, it's a price we're willing to pay. I travel solely to visit specfic restaurants just like people travel to see museums, watch sports teams, relax on beaches, gamble, or whatever else you do on holiday.\n\n* **ambience** (why small): normally places like this (sans Las Vegas) are 'nice' and offer great service you're not going to get at cheaper places. Staff that's professional and incredibly knowledgeable about what they are doing and serving is the norm. They also aren't going to allow children - especially loud or messy ones, underdressed folks, obnoxious drunks, etc. to eat there or are going to get them out pronto. You are paying for the design, space, and feeling of being taken care of away from the pressures of your day. It's really rare to find a 'mom and pop' kind of family place that EVER serves dishes like the OP mentions unless they are destination restaurants that are nationally known."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
2102rh | how are sharks and other large sea life transferred to aquariums? | I was just watching footage from inside aquariums and it got me thinking about the logistics behind it all. Any kind redditors care to impart their wisdom? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2102rh/eli5_how_are_sharks_and_other_large_sea_life/ | {
"a_id": [
"cg8bazq",
"cg8bie7",
"cg8csay",
"cg8eue1"
],
"score": [
2,
19,
3,
6
],
"text": [
"[UPS](_URL_0_). Or, rather, they call up one of the big logistics companies like UPS and say \"Hey, we've got to move this really weird thing from A to B, and we'll pay you money if you do it.\" And the company says \"Okay. We'll figure it out.\" And they do.\n\nIn short: just because consumers only use logistics companies like UPS for tiny packages doesn't mean that they don't also do more interesting stuff. ",
"When seaworld transfers orcas, they bring in a special sling with holes cut out in front of the sling for the whales flippers. They have the orca stay over the sling while divers help get it under the animal. The then attach it to a crane and take the orca for a short ride to the back of the park, where a truck with a giant water filled, whale sized container is waiting.\n\nDepending on the distance that they need to travel, they either truck the animal or fly it to where it needs to be. This part I am not sure about, I was just in the tech department when they moved animals around, I was never part of the transport, so sadly I can not explain the entire process =(\n\nSource: I Worked at SeaWorld San Diego for 6 years.",
"Read the book Rhino with the Glue on Shoes! It has an amazing story about the transport of The Atlanta Aquariums whale sharks. But to answer your question, they fly them. It is a pretty incredible feat of engineering. ",
"Big freight companies have their own aircraft fleets. Some of them have this really cool department specialized in dealing with out of the ordinary shipments. In the case of the freighter I worked for, to transport a shark they used a sort of swimming pool inside the plane. The shark flew with two veterinaries who took care of him and made sure he wasn't under distress. Then they published the pictures in the corporate magazine, so all of the employees could see how it was done. \n\nThey also flew two baby pandas to our depot once. You should have seen half of the employees going to our workplace in our day off for the off-chance we got to see the pandas while they were moving them from the place to the truck that would get them to their destination.\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/how-do-they-ship-that/"
],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
vwike | challenger space shuttle | What was its original mission? Why did it blow up and why was considered a tragedy? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vwike/eli5_challenger_space_shuttle/ | {
"a_id": [
"c5896rp",
"c58d0w7"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The mission was regular sciencey stuff. Take some blah into orbit, do some experiments, yadda yadda. There wasn't much of note, beyond the usual cool space science stuff, in that respect. \n\nHowever, there was a PR (Public Relations) thing that went on. Challenger carried a school teacher on board, a \"civilian.\" This would raise awareness for NASA and improve PR in general. \n\nExcept for it was really cold the day they went to launch challenger, despite some advice to the contrary, the mission went ahead as normal. An O-ring, which is basically a gasket to prevent leaks, shrunk because of the cold conditions and let out a leak. \n\nEveryone died, the astronauts and the teacher. They knee the risks, but it was still a tragedy. More-so, because the US space program hadn't experienced a loss for a long time before that and people just assumed it was safe. ",
"Okay, so you know the solid rocket boosters on either side of the big fuel tank? They each are made up of 4 segments, and are bolted together to make one big long rocket motor. The segments have a gasket to keep hot exhaust gasses from leaking out.\n\nAt that time, there was a lot of pressure to launch. The mission had been scrubbed several times before due to gllitches, and there were a lot of people with \"go-fever\". So the weather got very cold in Florida (below freezing the night before the launch) and some scientists were warning NASA that it might be dangerous to launch the shuttle when it was extremely cold. NASA's management basically poo-poohed these warnings and launched anyway.\n\nRemember the gasketed joints? One of the gaskets, being extremely cold, shrunk. This allowed hot gas to begin leaking out of the joint. What happened then was extremely fast. You can't see it happen on the video because the whole thing happened in the blink of an eye.\n\nThe solid rocket boosters are held on either side of the big fuel tank by some metal struts. The hot gasses melted through one of the struts (near the back) and suddenly the solid rocket booster was only attached at the front. It swiveled around (too quickly to see on the videotape) and the pointy front end punched a hole in the tank. This caused the big fuel tank, which was full of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen fuel, to come apart at the seams under the high speed wind. The hydrogen fuel and oxygen, now free, exploded into the huge fireball that you saw on TV.\n\nThe solid rocket boosters, now free flying and not under anyone's control, continued onward in random directions. A few moments later, the Range Safety Officer on the ground radioed a self destruct command to the boosters, so that they wouldn't become dangerous to the crowds of people watching. They exploded harmlessly and the pieces dropped into the ocean.\n\nThe shuttle itself is a fairly flimsy vehicle. It's designed to fly straight. If you are moving at high speed and suddenly turn it so that it isn't facing directly into the wind, it will break into a million pieces. That's what it did. Those million pieces dropped into the ocean.\n\nThe horrifying thing is that they found out later that at least some of the astronauts were alive and conscious _after the explosion_. Some of the emergency air supplies were turned on. That couldn't have happened by accident. So they were alive and knew that the shuttle had exploded, but couldn't do anything at all, but wait to crash into the ocean at hundreds of miles per hour, and die.\n\nIn those days, they didn't have parachutes or any way to bail out. They only wore partial spacesuits. After the accident, NASA redesigned their spacesuits to allow them to bail out, and added parachutes and an extendable pole to allow them to get away from the vehicle. This might have helped if they had had it at the time, although that isn't a certain thing. Many people say they wouldn't have been able to get away from the spinning, jagged wreckage in time to deploy their parachutes.\n\nNASA tried very hard to make the space shuttle safer after that, and listened more carefully to the scientists that had tried to warn them of the potential dangers. Unfortunately they became complacent again over time, which led to the loss of another space shuttle, the Columbia, in 2003."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
1f1e7h | how do timed lights work? | How do timed lights work at intersections? Feel free to explain as if I were 5. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f1e7h/eli5_how_do_timed_lights_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"ca5vvdl"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"There are controllers nearby (probably PLCs, a specific type of computer) that control the timing. Usually you'll see a largish metal cabinet near the intersection. These computers control the timing, and can change it based on time of day, day of the week, etc. \n\nMany now have sensors under the road, so that they can change the light based on whether the turn lane is occupied or not, for instance. Or if there is simply very little traffic in one direction, they may wait for a car to arrive before changing the light.\n\nAlso, some have the capability to be changed remotely. This would allow a traffic control center to change traffic patterns based on weather, accidents, major events, or whatever."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
3q718l | what happens in the brain when your heart is breaking? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3q718l/eli5_what_happens_in_the_brain_when_your_heart_is/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwcm2q0"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Do you mean your heart is failing(heart attack) or do you mean when your in a romantic relationship and your significant other is leaving you?"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.