q_id
stringlengths 5
6
| title
stringlengths 3
296
| selftext
stringlengths 0
34k
| document
stringclasses 1
value | subreddit
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 4
110
| answers
dict | title_urls
list | selftext_urls
list | answers_urls
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3u46za | how can a rocket launched from the ground accurately hit a fighter jet traveling over a thousand miles per hour? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3u46za/eli5_how_can_a_rocket_launched_from_the_ground/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxbqeoj"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"There are two major guidance systems:\n\n\n\nRadar guided - a radar antenna blasts radio energy at the target and the missile homes in on the reflected energy (passive radar guidance), some missiles even have its own radar emitter that fires once it's within a certain distance from the target, which enables the firing aircraft to just fly away (doesn't have to keep illuminating the targtet), this is called active radar guidance.\n\n\n\nInfrared - for shorter range missiles, a seeker detects the heat from the engines and homes in on it\n\n\n\nRadar guided missiles also use GPS and inertial navigation systems to navigate to the target position in case they lose or can't pick up the reflected energy, in an attempt to get closer to it. Most radar guided missiles also establish a digital datalink connection with the launcher, who sends constant steering updates to increase accuracy."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
5ny7hm | why do millennials earn 20% less than baby boomers did at same stage of life? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ny7hm/eli5_why_do_millennials_earn_20_less_than_baby/ | {
"a_id": [
"dcfklht",
"dcfr1dh",
"dcft4vl"
],
"score": [
7,
10,
2
],
"text": [
"Essentially born into different economies. Baby boomers were born into one of the healthiest economies arguably ever recorded in history, while millennials have come of age in a time of recession and slow recovery. ",
"A factor no one else has mentioned yet is women entered the workforce. We essentially doubled the amount of available workers without doubling the amount of available jobs. When you have a lot more of something, in this case labor, the price decreases. It became an employer's market, no different than when a lot of houses are available it's a buyer's market and when there aren't it's a seller's market. A job is after all nothing more than you selling your labor for a price, your wage. A lot more of the product became available when the entire other half of our population started working. Buyers, the employers, had more to choose from and thus could afford to pay a lower price for the product since more people were looking to sell than there were people looking to buy. Markets are markets, whether it's a job market, housing market, or rare Magic the Gathering card market. More product+fewer buyers= lower prices. Less product+more buyers= higher prices. Jobs are currently in the \"more product/fewer buyers\" phase and will remain as such until either more jobs are available or there's fewer workers.",
"Millennials have steered towards university degrees that have not been in line with the market directions for well paying jobs. STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) degrees have become valuable because of the rapid rise of high technology, but millennials have gone for less bankable degrees of dubious use in the job market."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
1paq77 | why are macs not as good at other computers for gaming? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1paq77/eli5_why_are_macs_not_as_good_at_other_computers/ | {
"a_id": [
"cd0gitv",
"cd0gz9t",
"cd0jbc4",
"cd0lubh"
],
"score": [
9,
9,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"They're not inherently worse for gaming. It's just that games tend not to be made for Macs. So people don't buy Macs for gaming. So companies don't make games for Macs. Etc.",
"Most computer games are designed using direct X, or DX for short. This is a API owned and maintained by Microsoft and used in Windows. It is proprietary. There is an open source graphics API called openGL, which Apple, linux and several consoles use. A few games are designed to work on openGL, and all video cards are compatible. In many cases, openGL is actually better than directx, which is somewhat amusing. Anyhow, the majority of game engines do not use opengl natively, although some engines are moving towards opengl in order to divorce their dependent relationship with microsoft. Especially since pretty much every platform can use opengl, while only windows/xbox can use directx.",
"As well as the direct X answers macs will have lower spec components for the same price especially compared to a custom build. This means that they will run compatible games slower.",
"In addition to the nuances of windows, direct x, and OSX, which have been discussed in depth by other posters, the other problem is that apple machines tend to have a relatively poor price/performance ratio in contrast to PCs. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
3xzk68 | why does the body need carbon dioxide? | I read that one of the reasons for breathing into a paper bag when hyperventilating is to make sure enough carbon dioxide is in the blood stream.
So why does the body need CO^2 ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xzk68/eli5why_does_the_body_need_carbon_dioxide/ | {
"a_id": [
"cy965ep"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"CO2 plays a vital role in maintaining the acid-base balance of your blood. The more CO2 in your blood, the more acidic it is. When you hyperventilate, you expel much of the CO2 in your blood, making it more alkaline. This is known as [respiratory alkalosis](_URL_0_). Respiratory alkalosis leads to light-headedness, tingling and loss of sensation in your extremities, muscle spasms and stiffness, and loss of consciousness. Once you lose consciousness, you should stop hyperventilating and your CO2 levels will return to normal. If there's some reason *other* than hyperventilation that you're losing blood CO2, though (example: you're at high altitude and have to breathe more to get more O2), it can eventually lead to death."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis"
]
]
|
|
2ze01w | why is it african american but black british? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ze01w/eli5_why_is_it_african_american_but_black_british/ | {
"a_id": [
"cpi0sf8",
"cpi12ar",
"cpi1c30",
"cpi21t8",
"cpi2tnb",
"cpi31pl"
],
"score": [
10,
6,
21,
11,
5,
5
],
"text": [
"Is it black British? I'm English and we just call black people... Black \n\nI suppose the history of racism in the US means you are more inclined to be \"politically correct\". Though personally, I don't see the problem with using the term \"black\". ",
"In the US the hyphenated names (which you seem to have forgotten) like African-American are ethnic identifiers in addition to denoting citizenship. \n\nDuring the civil rights movement blacks in the US wanted to start using ethnic identifiers like whites did (Irish-American, German-American, Italian-American, etc) in order to move away from the pejoratives used to insult and discriminate against them (colored, nigger, negro, etc). But due to slavery they were unable to identify their tribal links and the information was lost. So they had to choose a different method of placing an ethnic identifier and chose \"African-American\". Black was used as well, but many felt that it was too close to the pejorative to not be insulting. \n\nBritain did not have the same issues or same civil rights movement. ",
"The same reason it's Cool Canadian, Dank Dutch, and Every Ethiopian.",
"From 1960s and 1970s US and UK media replaced \"negro\" with \"black\" to refer to people of (partial) African descent. This grew from the Civil Rights Movement in the US and the proactive nature of the Black Panthers and the Black Power movement, which grabbed headlines.\n\nIn December 1988 a summit of black advocacy groups ended with Rev. Jesse Jackson giving a press conference urging the use of the term \"African-American\" to refer to people then described as blacks. The purpose of this was to put them within the same historical context as \"Irish-American\" and \"Italian-American;\" i.e. an ethnicity, not a race, and one with shared nationality (American).\n\nNo Jesse Jackson exists in the UK, and following the American form didn't make sense. In the UK, \"black\" is the preferred term. No hyphenation.",
"Because American's are incredibly oversensitive. ",
"I thought black irish were Spanish immigrants to Ireland"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
5r35vd | how much of freedom/autonomy do states within us enjoy? what can and cannot they decide on their own? | Sorry if i couldn't put this question out well.
I know that they have their own police forces, own drug laws (eg: marijuana is allowed in Colorado) etc...
I, of course, am not asking to list everything, just the basics and very important ones.
Thanks | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5r35vd/eli5_how_much_of_freedomautonomy_do_states_within/ | {
"a_id": [
"dd41dh4",
"dd42jz9"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"States can do whatever they want, so long as it doesn't conflict with the judicial system's interpretation of the Constitution. The same goes with the federal government. In case of conflicts, usually the federal government strong arms the states to do what they want. \n\nSometimes a state law goes against a federal law, and the federal government looks the other way. This is the case with drug laws, as it is still illegal to possess marijuana in Colorado, just at a federal level and not the state level.",
"Theoretically, the Federal Government is one of limited powers. Congress has the power to pass laws on a limited number of items (immigration, regulating international trade, managing interstate commerce, etc) as listed in Article I of the Constitution. The Executive Branch (headed by the President) runs the military and administers laws passed by Congress, and the Judicial Branch runs the federal courts, which handle only matters of federal and constitutional law. \n\nEverything else, unless prohibited by the Constitution, is left to the state governments. The states have \"general police power,\" which essentially means their power is unlimited unless something is protected by constitutional law. So setting up police forces, criminal laws, and many other regulations are within the power of States.\n\nOver the past century, the federal courts have increasingly interpreted certain powers of Congress to be very broad, especially its power to regulate interstate commerce. This has lead to some conflicts in federal and state law, and has been a large area of legal development in constitutional law. Ultimately, the federal powers have been affirmed to be very large.\n\nOne of the areas you mentioned, marijuana law, was the subject of a Supreme Court decision on whether the federal government has the power to ban marijuana under its power to regulate interstate commerce. [In a divided decision](_URL_0_), the Supreme Court decided that the federal government did have such power. \n\nHowever, within this structure, the federal government cannot require states to pass certain laws or to enforce federal law with state funds. So state police forces don't have to enforce federal law. \n\nWith marijuana, it is still illegal under federal law, but states are increasingly loosening the state laws regarding marijuana. It's created a weird legal status, since marijuana is still technically illegal. Many marijuana business in states where it is not illegal under state law still have difficulty banking, because banking is largely regulated by federal law. So any funds in federal banks could be seized by the federal government if they wanted to.\n\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich"
]
]
|
|
4njaso | how does the witness protection program work exactly? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4njaso/eli5_how_does_the_witness_protection_program_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"d44db7f"
],
"score": [
38
],
"text": [
"Certain people who testify to police or in court have a particularly high risk of attracting violent reprisals from people negatively affected by their testimony. For example, someone who provides law enforcement with information regarding members of a gang.\n\nThese people and their families are given new identities by the government and moved to a different part of the country. The idea is that with a new identity, it's much harder for people who wish to harm them to track them down.\n\nOr are you looking for something more specific?"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
4flni0 | how do tv programs easily find drug kingpins, but it's hard for police to find them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4flni0/eli5_how_do_tv_programs_easily_find_drug_kingpins/ | {
"a_id": [
"d29xtnd"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"From what I know, the police are quite informed on the leaders of most major drug cartels. The problem is that there is no evidence implicating that kingpin of any crime. Most are careful to keep their hands clean and let their \"henchmen\" do all the work. Another issue is where a specific kingpin is at any given time. Even if you know who it is, they may be in Mexico or any other location out of local police jurisdiction. And to add to that problem, local police are not very efficient at communicating with each other. This is why the DEA became necessary.\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
1407tg | how pitting alcohol/antiseptics on a wound will kill bad bacteria bit not kill your tissue cells. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1407tg/eli5_how_pitting_alcoholantiseptics_on_a_wound/ | {
"a_id": [
"c78oy06",
"c78sh9d"
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text": [
"With alcohol It kills/damagers your cells too somewhat, that's partly why it hurts, your nerves are going \"what the hell man!\" But taking a little damage to prevent an infection is generally considered a good idea.\n\nSome things are targeted not to damage you as much though.",
"It does. They actually say not to use alcohol on piercings because it will damage newly growing/healing cells."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
2nnyua | what is the difference between an nco and a commissioned officer in the army? | Title
Edit: Specifically the British Army or the US Army | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nnyua/eli5what_is_the_difference_between_an_nco_and_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmf98gf",
"cmf9s9r",
"cmfcztb",
"cmfey4p",
"cmfm91z"
],
"score": [
3,
30,
3,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"Responsibilities vary between NCOs and Officers. In Canada, the highest rank an NCO can reach is Chief Warrant Officer.\rThe rank structure between Canada and the US is very different, here we keep it simple. Commissioned officers also must be saluted. ",
"Simply put, a commissioned officer has his rank by act of Congress. A Non-Commissioned Officer does not.\n\nThey are distinct rank structures, but the question is really, \"What is the difference between Officer & Enlisted?\" more than Commissioned (Officer) & NCO (Enlisted).\n\nEnlisted in the US (Army) have paygrades of E-1 (Private) through E-9 (Sergeant Major) while Officers have paygrades of O-1 (Lieutenant) through O-11 (5 Star General). \n\nCommissioned Officers Begin at O-1, however NCO's begin at E-4/E-5 (Corporal/Sergeant) depending on specialty, and service.\n\nThe term 'Officer' implies Leadership, or more specifically Supervisory or Managerial role of some type, even if it is just a general concept, such as 'leader of soldiers.'\n\nA E-4 will generally be responsible for 4~ people (a team), whereas a Lieutenant will be responsible for 30-40 (a Platoon).\n\nHowever there is lots of other things that take place. Lieutenants are usually 'young' (college graduates, but still early-id 20s), so they are paired with experienced NCO's E6-7s who are able to balance things out. This works out very well. This philosophy extends up the chain of command as well. There is a 'Senior enlisted adviser' paired with almost every commander.\n\nKeep in mind that there is far fewer Commissioned officers than there are Enlisted (the ratio is probably less than 20:1 overall, if not closer to 50:1)\n\n",
"Others have commented on pay structure, customs and courtesies, etc. but in the end it boils down to this: As a gross generalization, commissioned officers decide the overall direction of effort, and NCOs take charge of implementing the plan with junior enlisted.",
"An NCO is an enlisted person who joined at the bottom level, stayed in and gained practical experience in their field, and is in a position as a direct supervisor to the lower enlisted under them, running a particular squad, workshop, or office.\n\nA commissioned officer went through a commissioning process typically involving a great deal of scholarly education, and has a more \"big picture\" leadership and management role.\n\nIn terms of the civilian workforce, think of an NCO as being similar to a factory foreman or a store manager who makes sure things get done and run smoothly at the ground level, and an officer as a higher-level manager or executive who keeps the enterprise running across all angles.\n\nThis is the widest and most broad-brush description possible, since the exact details can vary widely across services and particular job fields.",
"Commissioned Officers hold a commission or order of authority from the Monarch/Head of State to lead forces into combat. It is their job from the day they finish training and most do not come from the enlisted ranks originally. In the British Army it was traditionally for the nobility to become officers whereas the middle class would enlist. All commissioned officers receive a salute from enlisted ranks.\n\nNon-Commissioned Officers are those who enlisted at the lowest level of the force and through experience gained the right to command forces, but not in the name of the monarch. They are still enlisted troops, but have expertise that allows them to lead smaller groups. They do not get saluted.\n\nWarrant Officers are slightly different in that they have a Warrant, but not a Commission, from the Head of State to serve as an officer in their respective force. They are extremely experienced enlisted personnel who are subject matter experts in their field or trade. They are to be saluted by all lower enlisted ranks and are pretty much officers except in their name."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
ccpno7 | why are bears the go-to shape when making jelly things e.g. the gummybears? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ccpno7/eli5_why_are_bears_the_goto_shape_when_making/ | {
"a_id": [
"etog3hs",
"etol4kg",
"etoo1g7",
"etosdl7"
],
"score": [
15,
19,
10,
9
],
"text": [
"Roundish object like bears have a small surface area to volume ratio, in addition sweets like gummy bears are markets at children and children like teddy bears.",
"They were originally \"dancing bear candies\", which the founder of the Haribo company was inspired to make after watching tamed bears at festivals. The base ingredient that they were made from was gum arabic, hence \"gummy bear\".\n\nOnce they became popular, everyone else just copied the idea.",
"Are they? There are gum drops, gummy worms... What other gummy bears are there, even?",
"How else will they bounce here and there and everywhere?"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
9ubk7r | what is a political system? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ubk7r/eli5_what_is_a_political_system/ | {
"a_id": [
"e931sk4"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"It is when a group of people decide the rules about who is in charge, what they are allowed to do, and how new rules get made.\n\nSometimes, there is one person in charge and they get to make whatever rules they want to.\n\nOther times there are lots of people in charge, and they get to make new rules if the others are okay with it.\n\nAnd very rarely, everyone is in charge and they get to vote about every rule that gets made."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
1nqlxq | why is it i can think in my second language with a perfect native accent but as soon as i go to speak i speak like a foreigner? | Even just moving my tongue a little like I am talking causing the accent I am thinking with to distort. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nqlxq/eli5_why_is_it_i_can_think_in_my_second_language/ | {
"a_id": [
"ccl34ue",
"ccl3awa",
"ccl3j4e"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"You won't be good at doing anything without practice, even if you know what to do and can imagine it in your head. The same reason why babies have \"accents\" (sound like babies), even if they know what to say they still sound funny because their bodies are still getting used to speaking.",
"I can play the flute perfectly in my head, not so much in real life ",
"with practice, the motor planning/execution sequences for the targeted sounds (native accent) become strengthened and refined, resulting in a more fluent native accent. right now, there's still a bit of a disconnect between the conceptualization of the sound up in the cerebral cortex of your brain and the actual execution of the sounds with your tongue, teeth, lips, etc. As you practice (and subsequently strengthen the motor pathways!) the unfamiliar movements, your accent will sound much more natural and fluent!"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
3smc8q | what would happen to people's mortgages if the banks failed? | When people take out a mortgage, they owe money to a bank, but what would happen if that bank would cease to exist? Where would the debt go? What would happen to your mortgage? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3smc8q/eli5_what_would_happen_to_peoples_mortgages_if/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwyivey",
"cwyix4t"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"The mortgages held by the bank are assets. When a bank fails, the assets will be sold off, so someone else will hold the mortgage and you'll have to make payments to the new mortgage holder. ",
"If a bank fails, it liquidates its existing assets to pay the parties to whom it owes money. This is no different from any other business that fails. The mortgages that the bank owns are assets, and they will be sold to someone else for cash. Mortgages get bought and sold all of the time. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
2c72dp | how can i "see like a movie" a story that i'm reading? and why some people can't? | When i'm reading a book, i don't see the words but i see the action live in my head. How can my eyes read the book and my head create those images at the same time? And why some people can't see that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c72dp/eli5_how_can_i_see_like_a_movie_a_story_that_im/ | {
"a_id": [
"cjckfhn",
"cjcoqfp",
"cjd66q5"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"How do you know some people don't then?",
"It may have to do with how you learn things - kinesthetic (physically doing things), aural (hearing), or visual. If it is easier for you to learn through visual, you retain seen information better that way, than sound or action memory.",
"It varies a lot between people. I'm one of the lucky ones. My imagination has a special-effects budget no Hollywood director could match."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
6p28ls | why in western music do minor keys tend to be associated with seriousness or negative emotions? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6p28ls/eli5_why_in_western_music_do_minor_keys_tend_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkm3bkw"
],
"score": [
15
],
"text": [
"There is some debate about this, but I would say it is simply a matter of association and relation. You grow up listening to minor keys which accompany sad scenes, and vice versa.\n\nSome arguments for this:\n\n1) Major songs can also be \"sad\" simply by association. For example [Amazing Grace](_URL_0_) is regarded by many to be sad, yet it is in major key.\n\n2) Other cultures which developed music independently of the western system did not have the concepts of Major and Minor keys, but used other means to convey emotion.\n\n3) The smoking gun: If you take a major scale, and just start from a different note in that scale, you'll get a minor scale (For example, C Major becomes A Minor simply by starting from the A note instead of the C note). If you have a Major scale playing continuously then one person will interpret it as happy while another will interpret it as sad if they started listening at different vantage points. This means that there's nothing intrinsic about the notes that makes them sad or happy, but only how they relate to each other."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://youtu.be/M8AeV8Jbx6M?t=6s"
]
]
|
||
kki6w | how exactly scarlett johansson's phone was "hacked" and pictures stolen from it. | First ELI5 post! Sorry if this has been covered somewhere.
So these celebs keep saying their phones were "hacked" and their private photos stolen. I am no expert, but I want to understand how that is possible. I am assuming they all have nice, newer smartphones, so that means pretty much Android or IOS. I don't think they would be using something like the Sprint Picturemail thing, so all I can fathom in my "like a 5 year old" mind is they maybe downloaded rogue software on accident from the Android Marketplace? It seems the App Store for IOS is a lot more stringent against those sort of malicious apps. If they have iPhones, I can't figure out how this would have happened.
tl;dr HOW ARE THE CELEB PHONE PIC HACKS ACTUALLY HAPPENING? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kki6w/eli5_how_exactly_scarlett_johanssons_phone_was/ | {
"a_id": [
"c2kzhux",
"c2kzqcx",
"c2l00mn",
"c2l037e",
"c2l04uw",
"c2l06wi",
"c2l07f0",
"c2l0bss",
"c2l12wu",
"c2l14bl",
"c2l2otn",
"c2l78dv",
"c2kzhux",
"c2kzqcx",
"c2l00mn",
"c2l037e",
"c2l04uw",
"c2l06wi",
"c2l07f0",
"c2l0bss",
"c2l12wu",
"c2l14bl",
"c2l2otn",
"c2l78dv"
],
"score": [
52,
3,
2,
13,
8,
56,
3,
3,
2,
32,
3,
2,
52,
3,
2,
13,
8,
56,
3,
3,
2,
32,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Nice try FBI.",
"Most likely poor passwords on photo services, or something to that effect.",
"My absolute best guess is rogue/malware applications installed from the various app stores/markets. They have the ability to view and send your texts back-home, so why not pictures located on the device? I doubt (but could be wrong) that one of these celebrities is installing an FTP service on their phones to transfer files from their phones to their computers, but then again, anything is possible. It's also possible someone close to her (friend/cousin/etc) could have asked to borrow her phone on a night out, she got up to go to the bathroom, they started snooping, and then they found the pictures and forwarded them to themselves. Anything is possible.",
"or an X boyfriend, or x friend got the picture after she sent them to him or her. and that jerk friend thought wow, i can sell these (to a publisher like TMZ) for a lot of money. and after one person published them, they spread like fire",
"Considering the amount of privacy we currently grant celebrities, I think it's far more likely the move of some sort of paparazzo just grabbed one of their phones and searched through for something \"newsworthy\" to send to himself for later use. \n\nHacking is just a conveniently misunderstood word, that the press can seize upon because most people think that if they left their facebook up, and someone messed with it, they got \"hacked\".",
"I doubt very much that anything is being \"hacked\" in the traditional sense. More likely they were sent to a friend who wasn't as trustworthy as previously thought, or the phones were simply stolen and rifled through.",
"It was probably synced to some provider's douche cloud protected by 4 digit password or secret question such as \"what is your favourite colour\". ",
"Well, two of the recent ones that I can think of, Scarlett Johansson and Hayley Williams, both of them were using Blackberry's. Hayley's was a clear-cut case of her just sending the pictures to the wrong source (in her case, her twitpic account instead of her boyfriend). Scarlett Johansson's was probably an ex boyfriend or just some guy who thought \"Hey, my buddy needs to see this\".",
"The \"easy\" way: social hacking. Aka PO'd ex, someone got physical access to the phone, or she sent it to the wrong person.\n\nThe more technical way: [Bluesnarfing](_URL_0_) is possible, but I consider unlikely. Too much work. I'd blame it on the former 'easy' way. ",
"It is a lot easier to say, \"I'm a victim my phone was hacked!\" than \"I'm a dumbass who sent pics to someone I shouldn't have.\"\n\nMost claims of hacking are just a cover someone's irresponisble behavior.\n\n",
"My Theory:\n\nTo me, it looked like Johansson had an iPhone. If this is the case, then there are a number of exploits still out on that phone.\n\nThe built in PDF on the iPhone is its weakness. While Apple has closed most everything up, it is still possible to execute lots of code from a PDF file. This is how many people do the One-Click Jailbreaking; the user downloads and opens a PDF with the Jailbreaking code.\n\nGiven this, if she opened an innocent looking PDF (say a reciept), that could have installed software that uploads her pictures and whatever else to a hacker's machine. Hacker then looks through everything hoping to find goodies, which he did.",
"kay, how it works is, there is an exchange, many all over the place for each respective network (im gonna use american examples coz you've mentioned sprint so i assume you're american) Say you send a text to your best mate, and you're with verizon, well verizon's exchange recieves the message, forwards it to the satelite, which beams it back down to your buddy's nearest exchange which sends it to him...... they hack one of those exchanges (for obvious reason's they probs have hacked the one closest to hollywood) and bam they got every message that goes in and out of mobilephones in that area....................\n\n**tl;dr mobile phones work on many of the same principles as sending an email does and its easy as fuck to hack email exchanges**\n\nSorry for poor grammar, but five year old you didnt really care about it when he was reading Old Macdonald had a farm...........",
"Nice try FBI.",
"Most likely poor passwords on photo services, or something to that effect.",
"My absolute best guess is rogue/malware applications installed from the various app stores/markets. They have the ability to view and send your texts back-home, so why not pictures located on the device? I doubt (but could be wrong) that one of these celebrities is installing an FTP service on their phones to transfer files from their phones to their computers, but then again, anything is possible. It's also possible someone close to her (friend/cousin/etc) could have asked to borrow her phone on a night out, she got up to go to the bathroom, they started snooping, and then they found the pictures and forwarded them to themselves. Anything is possible.",
"or an X boyfriend, or x friend got the picture after she sent them to him or her. and that jerk friend thought wow, i can sell these (to a publisher like TMZ) for a lot of money. and after one person published them, they spread like fire",
"Considering the amount of privacy we currently grant celebrities, I think it's far more likely the move of some sort of paparazzo just grabbed one of their phones and searched through for something \"newsworthy\" to send to himself for later use. \n\nHacking is just a conveniently misunderstood word, that the press can seize upon because most people think that if they left their facebook up, and someone messed with it, they got \"hacked\".",
"I doubt very much that anything is being \"hacked\" in the traditional sense. More likely they were sent to a friend who wasn't as trustworthy as previously thought, or the phones were simply stolen and rifled through.",
"It was probably synced to some provider's douche cloud protected by 4 digit password or secret question such as \"what is your favourite colour\". ",
"Well, two of the recent ones that I can think of, Scarlett Johansson and Hayley Williams, both of them were using Blackberry's. Hayley's was a clear-cut case of her just sending the pictures to the wrong source (in her case, her twitpic account instead of her boyfriend). Scarlett Johansson's was probably an ex boyfriend or just some guy who thought \"Hey, my buddy needs to see this\".",
"The \"easy\" way: social hacking. Aka PO'd ex, someone got physical access to the phone, or she sent it to the wrong person.\n\nThe more technical way: [Bluesnarfing](_URL_0_) is possible, but I consider unlikely. Too much work. I'd blame it on the former 'easy' way. ",
"It is a lot easier to say, \"I'm a victim my phone was hacked!\" than \"I'm a dumbass who sent pics to someone I shouldn't have.\"\n\nMost claims of hacking are just a cover someone's irresponisble behavior.\n\n",
"My Theory:\n\nTo me, it looked like Johansson had an iPhone. If this is the case, then there are a number of exploits still out on that phone.\n\nThe built in PDF on the iPhone is its weakness. While Apple has closed most everything up, it is still possible to execute lots of code from a PDF file. This is how many people do the One-Click Jailbreaking; the user downloads and opens a PDF with the Jailbreaking code.\n\nGiven this, if she opened an innocent looking PDF (say a reciept), that could have installed software that uploads her pictures and whatever else to a hacker's machine. Hacker then looks through everything hoping to find goodies, which he did.",
"kay, how it works is, there is an exchange, many all over the place for each respective network (im gonna use american examples coz you've mentioned sprint so i assume you're american) Say you send a text to your best mate, and you're with verizon, well verizon's exchange recieves the message, forwards it to the satelite, which beams it back down to your buddy's nearest exchange which sends it to him...... they hack one of those exchanges (for obvious reason's they probs have hacked the one closest to hollywood) and bam they got every message that goes in and out of mobilephones in that area....................\n\n**tl;dr mobile phones work on many of the same principles as sending an email does and its easy as fuck to hack email exchanges**\n\nSorry for poor grammar, but five year old you didnt really care about it when he was reading Old Macdonald had a farm..........."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluesnarfing"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluesnarfing"
],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
3gs1g5 | why does music not sound twice as loud if you're playing the same song at the same time on 2 different speakers? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gs1g5/eli5_why_does_music_not_sound_twice_as_loud_if/ | {
"a_id": [
"cu0y2ss"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I believe loudness of sound is logarithmic, you need 10x the speakers to be 2x as loud, 100x the speakers to be 4x as loud, etc."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
1bzi34 | why are there "cash only" businesses in major cities? how could it be a benefit to a business? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bzi34/eli5_why_are_there_cash_only_businesses_in_major/ | {
"a_id": [
"c9bjy21",
"c9bk28o",
"c9bk2al",
"c9bk4m3",
"c9bk8cl",
"c9bkfz9"
],
"score": [
10,
8,
21,
8,
2,
5
],
"text": [
"getting paid. Cash almost never bounces.",
"There's a few reasons why cash-only businesses exist more in major cities. For one, major cities tend to have more immigrants, most of who prefer to deal exclusively with cash. Why? Well for two reasons. First, there is less government monitoring. Secondly, you have the money on you, as opposed to in a bank. Why is this important? Well, talk to people from Russia, Argentina, and certain third world countries where there have been bank freezes where you can't withdraw your money, sometimes for years. All it takes is someone that comes from an extremely corrupt government or someone that has lived through a bank freeze for them to be like, NOPE, I only deal cash.\n\nAnother reason is for money laundering. The easiest way to launder money is to just have everything in cash. The IRS or FBI can't keep track of how much cash you're bringing in. Major cities also usually have many different banks, and you can spread your cash deposits over several institutions without raising suspicion. Once it is in the banking system without raising any red flags, the money is successfully laundered. Keep in mind when I say laundering, I don't necessarily mean laundering illegal money (although that happens) but laundering money in the sense that you don't have to pay taxes on it, which is a fairly common practice.\n\nHope this helps. ",
"Credit card companies charge a certain percentage of the total sale price every time a customer uses their card.",
"1) Credit card processing fees. If a sale is made with a credit card, the credit card company takes a small percentage of the money. As a result, a business makes a smaller profit when it gets paid via credit. \n\n2) No worries about unreliable customers. If a customer writes a check, it can \"bounce\" if the customer doesn't have enough money in their checking account. With cash only, once you see the money, you know the customer can pay you.\n\n3) No paper trail. If you get paid in cash, you can cheat on your taxes a little bit. Maybe you made $100 in profit today. You can tell the government you only made $90. They can't tell for sure how much you made. With credit cards and checks, there are records of how much money was transferred to the business with each sale. \n\n4) Simplicity. Taking cash is easy and straightforward. ",
"What confuses me are two things:\n\n1) doesn't \"cash only\" lose them a lot of business, from people who only carry plastic?\n\n2) aren't \"cash only\" business at more risk of being robbed since they advertise they have wads of cash on hand?",
"* avoid the ~2% credit card surcharge\n* to pay often illegal immigrant employees off the books\n* to avoid a paper trail, allowing them cheat on taxes\n* their owners and/or clientele are immigrants from countries where banks are less reliable and prefer to deal in cash"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
25kkqk | why does google translate seem to do a better job at translating some languages than others? (i.e. better at spanish than japanese) | I can translate a Spanish wikipedia page and it's perfectly readable (not perfectly translated, but the gist is entirely there), but a Japanese wikipedia page translation turns up English gibberish? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25kkqk/eli5_why_does_google_translate_seem_to_do_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"chi2p3c",
"chi3rkm"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"I bet it translates Japanese to Korean better than Japanese to English.\n\nThe difference being similarity in grammar structures, I'd guess.",
"Part of it, as already mentioned, is that languages with similar grammar are easier to translate.\n\nJapanese is particularly difficult to machine translate, for several reasons, though.\n\n* The grammar is very open-ended (there are a lot of different ways to say the same thing) and context-dependent. Computers aren't good at picking up context. \n\n* No spaces = difficult to separate words without context.\n\n* Lots of katakana/hiragana words have multiple meanings, and, again, context matters. A hiragana word next to a particle, or multiple particles, could also confuse the translator, even though a human would easily pick up the meaning.\n\n* Kanji becomes a major problem with names and other proper nouns. Computers are fine with kanji when it comes to normal words, but they have a lot of trouble differentiating names from common words. For instance, Google translate can't tell whether 瑠璃 means \"lapis lazuli\" or the first name \"Ruri\"."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
2de3cg | why is there so much life in cold oceans, and so little life in many warm oceans? | So, it's my understanding that all the energy that ocean life depends on comes originally from sunlight. Light fuels little plants, little animals eat little plants, big animals eat little animals, etc.
But many shallow tropical oceans are almost devoid of life, and many cold oceans are full of life. Why is the greatest biomass not generated in the areas of the greatest energy supply? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2de3cg/eli5_why_is_there_so_much_life_in_cold_oceans_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"cjomk0h",
"cjomnce",
"cjoo4kf"
],
"score": [
2,
5,
5
],
"text": [
"Cold oceans have more oxygen and nutrients in them. Also more energy isn't always better. Plants can get too much light too, which is why you sometimes see white spots on leaves. They're essentially \"sunburned.\" My understanding is that the thinning atmosphere is also leading to coral blanching in tropical oceans due to too much sunlight.\n\nEdit: white spots on leaves doesn't always mean sun damage though! Sometimes it's a genetic mutation.",
"The question is a bit vague, but I'm going to assume you mean upwelling areas like off the coast of Chile or California.\n\nBasically, a lot of things live in the surface layer, yes. But when they die, the bits that made them up fall down due to gravity. They decompose and enrich the waters, but by this point they're in the areas where fewer things live. Since nothing's really using these resources, the bottom layers tend to be very nutrient rich while the upper (warmer) layers are more nutrient poor.\n\nIn some areas of the world, though, this cold water is brought to the surface to replace warm water that is being pushed out due to wind currents. When this nutrient rich water meets the energy rich upper layers, it provides a bounty of opportunities for life.",
"Colder water can hold more dissolved oxygen (O2) than warmer water, which allows very tiny autotrophic (i.e. they produce their own food, like plants) aquatic organisms to flourish more readily. Since these organisms are at the base of the food chain, the more of them there are, the more life higher up on the food chain can be supported."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
c3otwo | orientability in geometry/topology | I don't understand what exactly the term orientability is and how one distinguishes orientable and non-orientable shapes.
Many objects we see in our daily life are orientable. Examples: Two-dimensional planes (such as a piece of paper), a sphere, a torus (the 3D shape that's like a donut)...
Some non-orientable shapes are the Möbius strip, the Klein bottle, etc.
What exactly is this 'orientability'? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c3otwo/eli5_orientability_in_geometrytopology/ | {
"a_id": [
"ers9j9i",
"ersrl0w"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"A sphere is orientable because you cannot go from 'inside' to 'outside' a sphere without crossing the boundary of the sphere, it defines two entirely separate regions. With a Klein bottle, you can do so without crossing it's boundaries.",
"This is a thing that's hard to explain correctly because it involves a lot of concepts that are easy to understand intuitively, but you're really supposed to spell them out in precise topological terms. But I'll do it the sloppy way.\n\nOkay, so an orientable surface is this: it's a surface where the counterexample demon picks a point and tells you to draw a loop around that point, with arrows marking the loop as clockwise or counterclockwise. The counterexample demon will then stretch and slide that loop around the surface, trying to bring it back to where it started, except with its handedness reversed. If the counterexample demon can never succeed, no matter what point he picks for you to draw your loop around, or he stretches and slides it, the surface is orientable.\n\nIt's easiest to see why, for instance, a mobius strip *isn't* orientable. Anywhere you draw your loop, the counterexample demon can just slide it one turn around the loop, and now it's on the other side of the paper. But the paper isn't paper, it's a two-dimensional construct, and the loop is going in the other direction now."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
2xzju4 | why is it wrong to drive using 2 feet? | Like right foot on the gas and left foot on the brakes. People always tell me it is wrong. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xzju4/eli5_why_is_it_wrong_to_drive_using_2_feet/ | {
"a_id": [
"cp4uitu",
"cp4ukfi",
"cp4unwd",
"cp4uzyv",
"cp4vdcg",
"cp4vjsq",
"cp4x5hg",
"cp4xnrq",
"cp4ycvo",
"cp4yd1c",
"cp4zjob",
"cp509c0",
"cp57w1x"
],
"score": [
52,
30,
5,
11,
18,
2,
39,
6,
6,
10,
5,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Because it's bad for your car to have the gas and break pedals pressed at the same time, and it's too easy to do that when you have one foot on each. If you only use one foot for both pedals, you can't press them both at the same time.",
"It is easy to accidentally put both feet down on the pedals at the same time which is inefficient and bad for the engine.",
"Try slamming on the brakes. Both legs tense, and you speed up (or don't slow down as fast).",
"Mainly just lots of extra wear on the brakes. You are going to be braking while accelerating accidentally even if it is just a little pressure from resting your foot on the petal.\n\nEver see someone driving down the road with the brake lights on? That is what they were doing. Pretty hard to tell if they are stopping or not!",
"Also keep in mind historically the left foot was used on the clutch.",
"It's not wrong, it's just going to increase wear on your brakes if you press both, which is really easy to do with your left foot resting on it. \n\nA bunch of people do it though, even professional drivers, and they have reasons behind it too. It'll make you faster in some cases.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_",
"How is it wrong? I always use my two feet. Left foot for the clutch, right foot for break/gas.",
"The biggest reason is because of how humans react in an emergency. Ever been in a crash? Your reactions usually go; attempt to correct, 2nd attempt to correct, brace for impact. The third (and usually final) reaction is the problem, you extend your elbows and push yourself back, your legs extend, these actions push you into the seat because in a split second, you're going to be moving forward. So if you go to brace for impact, and say your left foot misses the brake pedal, your right foot now just slammed on the gas, increasing the speed into the impact, making it more deadly. Conversely, if you brace with only your right foot near the pedals, you're more likely to hit the brake, whats more, if you miss the brake, you're at least not able to increase the speed into the collision. If you have a manual shift vehicle, the clutch is a third pedal, all the way to the left, if you brace for impact and press the clutch with your left foot and brake with right foot, it wont help you more than if you were in an automatic, but at least applying this combination will not add momentum into the collision\n\nTl;dr: You're told to use the right foot only in vehicles to make them safer from human reaction and to prevent mistakes.\n\nEdit: half delirious from a chest cold, mixed up left and right",
"Another reason to not use 2 feet is because your brake lights. Even the slightest pressure on the brake pedal activates the lights (maybe not the brake, at least in my truck). If your brake lights are always on the car behind you doesn't know when you are actually slowing down.",
"As a manuel driver I was like: How are you supposed to press the clutch and brakes at the same time with one foot?",
"The most important quality you can cultivate on life and in driving is decisiveness. Using one foot forces to to decide, at every moment, whether you are accelerating or stopping. If you are not confident you can safely accelerate, then you should be covering the brake. Using two feet allows you the illusion of more control when in reality it makes it easier to hesitate, to hedge, and ultimately make things more dangerous for you and everyone around you.",
"You need your other foot for the clutch. Best not to learn a restrictive habit. There's never any need to use both the accelerator and break at the same time any way.",
"Dad life tip:\n\nIf you apply gas and brakes at the same time your doing it wrong"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://jalopnik.com/why-you-should-brake-with-your-left-foot-434604934",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-foot_braking"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
5q70en | why do so many actors end up directing some of the episodes of the tv show they are starring on? | e.g. Michael J. Adams directed the winter premier of Suits, like I have seen it very often. Is it something with their contracts? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5q70en/eli5why_do_so_many_actors_end_up_directing_some/ | {
"a_id": [
"dcwxh92",
"dcwxtnl",
"dcxqjj0"
],
"score": [
29,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"It is a way to expand professionally.\n\nBeing on a mid-tier basic cable TV series isn't something you can ride for the rest of your career...especially if you were cast for being young and good looking, and that is becoming less true each passing year. If you don't want to go back to doing dinner theater and TV commercials, directing is a career path you can continue one with when you are balding and overweight.\n\nAlso, not to disparage a career, but it isn't that hard to do with an established TV show. The producers and writers have all the creative control, the actors know their characters, the sets are build, the wardrobe stocked, and there is an experienced assistant director standing right next to you. It is more than just yelling \"action!\" and \"cut!\", but with a bunch of people who've done a hundred times before, it is a pretty gentle way to break into the craft.\n\nFinally, sometimes it is in the contract. If you are a lead in a long running TV show, there is a temptation to leave and find something else before it loses its popularity and before you lose your looks. The show has to provide inducements for you to stay, money, more creative control, and sometimes the opportunity to direct.\n\n\n\n",
"When an actor on a hit (or relatively successful) show has their contract run out, their agent will negotiate a new contract with the production studio. Obviously more money is the biggest issue, but they might haggle a little big and compromise on things like a better schedule, a nicer trailer on set, an executive producer credit [which might also mean a small cut of the profit], or a chance to direct. Directing could just be an ego boost, but in some cases can open up a new career path for them. \n\nFred Savage, from the Wonder Years, for example, became much more active (and successful) as a producer and director after his child-star days passed.",
"Do you mean Patrick J. Adams, who plays Michael?\n\n_URL_0_"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Adams"
]
]
|
|
54lm9j | how can cockroaches survive a nuclear blast? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/54lm9j/eli5_how_can_cockroaches_survive_a_nuclear_blast/ | {
"a_id": [
"d82v1o9",
"d82v42v",
"d82v927"
],
"score": [
4,
30,
6
],
"text": [
"Do you mean the radiation?\n\nBecause being in front of a flash of heat and pressure born from a nuke is likely to kill most anything living. ",
"It's not that they survive the blast, it's that they survive the radiation (though other insects are better at it than cockroaches are).\n\nCockroaches (and a LOT of other insects) only divide their cells when they're molting. Whereas humans are always replacing cells. This is where radiation causes problems with us. They'll handle 10x the radiation that would kill humans, but other insects can survive 100x the radiation that would kill humans.",
"Cockroaches can't survive a nuclear blast. Although they do have a better chance of surviving the radiation than humans [source](_URL_0_), they can't stand the extreme heat that follows a nuclear blast. \n\nAs to *why* cockroaches can withstand radiation (upto a certain limit), this might be helpful: \n > Cells are said to be most sensitive to radiation when they're dividing. Cockroaches' ability to withstand extreme radiation exposure may come down to their simple bodies and slower cell cycles. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/mythbusters-database/cockroaches-survive-nuclear-explosion/"
]
]
|
||
l11uc | absurdism | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/l11uc/eli5_absurdism/ | {
"a_id": [
"c2owblu",
"c2owblu"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Essentially it'sthe belief that even if there were a higher force qt work in the universe, the chances of our tiny reptilian minds being able to understand it are slim to none. Therefore, it's just wasted energy trying to discuss the existence, or lack thereof, of a higher being.",
"Essentially it'sthe belief that even if there were a higher force qt work in the universe, the chances of our tiny reptilian minds being able to understand it are slim to none. Therefore, it's just wasted energy trying to discuss the existence, or lack thereof, of a higher being."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
3i117i | why does it feel like hd movies are more hd than real life? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3i117i/eli5why_does_it_feel_like_hd_movies_are_more_hd/ | {
"a_id": [
"cucc393",
"cucd396",
"cucd6h8",
"cucdc8b",
"cucdo2w",
"cucdov4",
"cucdtrv",
"cuce7fu",
"cuceb6z",
"cucee7u",
"cuceqhi",
"cuceqxj",
"cucerhu",
"cucfzix",
"cucgg70",
"cuch1ip",
"cuch2go",
"cuchzm7",
"cuci2xb",
"cucib0v"
],
"score": [
693,
8,
47,
79,
5,
1859,
11,
6,
51,
4,
2,
4,
26,
4,
6,
7,
2,
2,
7,
3
],
"text": [
"Too much detail is shown in post processing. Hence why a lot of nature photography looks much better than real life. Bringing shadows down to nearly black and making anything close to white brighter than the sun adds a lot of depth. This in fact is what the premise of HDR in photography is based on (one under exposed photo for the dark contrasts, one over exposed photo for the light contrasts, and a normal exposure photo combined for a high dynamic range) EDIT: I WAS MISTAKEN, SWAP THE LIGHT & DARK FEATURES.",
"Maybe your eyesight plays a role? I don't see very well without glasses and movies show everything in HQ. ",
"Maybe it's due to the focusing that the cameras use? Your eyes can focus but you can choose what to focus on, whereas in a film you don't have a choice.",
"Are you referring to motion interpolation, perhaps? ",
"Because they doctor all of the video to make it look as clear as possible. You can't do that to real life.",
"Processing.\n\nAt least, that's my assumption, as a photographer.\n\nI can take a picture and on the review screen on my camera, it looks pretty close (like 99% accurate) to what I actually see.\n\nThen I pop it in to lightroom, blast the shit out of the contrast, knock down the shadows and raise the saturation a little bit and then magically the shitty, average looking flowers outside my apartment look like the best fucking flowers ever.\n\nedit:\n\nokay fuck it, it's my friday and I have nothing better to do than spend a ton of time editing the same photo over and over so I'm gonna go shoot a flower outside my apartment and then type up what I mean better\n\n\n\nedit again:\n\nalright boys and girls here we go!\n\nHere's the base picture I took of some mediocre flower or whatever:\n_URL_2_\n\nHere's Lightroom's \"auto\" settings. Increased exposure and contrast, messed with the levels a bit: _URL_0_\n\nHere's what it looks like with saturation cranked way the fuck out: _URL_1_\n\nExposure turned down, \"vibrance\" turned up: _URL_3_\n\nSame image as before, \"blacks\" channel cranked all the way down, contrast raised leaving only mid-tones and highlights: _URL_4_\n\n\nAs we can see, the same base image has a lot of information in it and the exact same image file as a base can be modified in all sorts of ways to manipulate them. I feel like the \"auto\" looks the best and probably makes the best point as to why stuff looks a little more \"realistic\" or \"high-definition\" than it should -- minor tweaks can take something from being totally mediocre and make it look a bit better. In the \"auto\" edited photo, colors are a little more colorful, darks are a little darker, lights are a little lighter and most notably the leaf inside the flower itself a lot more saturated. This process can likely be applied to digital video pretty easily as well (I don't know though, can a videographer chime in?) to make regular, hum-drum footage get that extra little \"pop\".\n\n\n\nEDIT AGAIN:\n\nOh and this isn't HDR. HDR stands for High Dynamic range, usually used in static photos with the sky and something else present in the image. Usually you take 3 to 5 exposures and stitch them together so each element in the image is perfectly exposed. This is just simple editing of a single image.",
"try watching pure uncompressed hd over the air using a simple $10 antenna. granted you're only going to get the 4 main networks but it will look amazing compared to anything else",
"In audio, it's rare that anyone likes a purely flat sound (in terms of the equalizer), even though it's often closer to how it sounds in reality. Often, people like to turn up the lows/bass or highs/treble, or both. This makes the sound \"more clear\" or \"better sounding\" to a person based on individual preferences.\n\nApplying this to the perception of visual information, my guess is that the saturation/contast adjusts (along with brightness and other such colour correction tools) make it more pleasing to the eye, and therefore, are interpreted as \"more clear\" in your brain. ",
"This is why you take psychedelics (LSD, 2C-B, psilocybin, etc) you gotta turn reality from dat shitty 240p into 4K 120hz goodness ",
"Because real life is #NoFilter and HD can be mostly filter (like higher contrast or brightness or whatever) making it look cooler and more 'detailed.'",
"As a side note to this, my gaming headset sounds better than real life too. My brother and I sit next to each other to play and it is more clear to talk with the headset on than to just talk normally ",
"You might need new glasses.\nIf infinity is out of focus unless you look at it on a screen much closer .. you need new glasses.\n",
"It is a combination of a lot of different techniques. I will just cover a few of the biggest.\n\nLights. Making a movie of TV show is all about lights. Big lights, little lights, colored lights, even what are referred to as negative lights which is really just big sheets of black paper.\n\nThree particular ones surprise people.\n\nLight color, even subtly changing the color changes the perception of the person completely. Extra red on a white person looks attractive, extra blue looks distant. All it takes is a tiny change, this is actually why in color film the red layer is the top layer.\n\nSoftness of light. Not the strength, it is actually how diffuse the light is. A single point light, like a flashlight, casts very hard shadows. Bounce the same flashlight off a white wall and the light delivers softer shadows. Hard shadows look very rugged, soft shadows look loving.\n\nHair lights. A massive amount of time is spent lighting the hair, getting the shimmer to come through. This gives greater dimension to the person, helping them stand out from the background more.\n\nAfter lights it is the ability to control the environment. Right now I am sitting across from a row of plants. Some of the leaves are broken, they've been bumped up against, pushed into places, they're not perfect. In making a movie all these plants would be replaced, or at least moved into perfect position. The leaves would all be corrected, the alignment perfect to provide exactly what was looked for.\n\nThe last one I'm going to cover is camera angle. When walking around you look at the world from basically one height, and when looking at something you choose one angle. With a camera the angle is chosen carefully. The super hero angle is among the most dramatic, _URL_0_ . You have probably never looked at someone from that angle, but it is an extremely powerful angle. More subtly if you watch Taylor Swift's video for Bad Blood (the video is actually a very good example of everything here and much more), you see very subtle angle selection to show her as powerful, while other performers have angles showing their relative power.\n\nThose are probably the biggest reasons, but so much consideration goes into every aspect of every show or movie that it is almost impossible to cover everything.",
"A lot of people I know confused \"HD\" with 120hz. It makes everything look really \"soap opera\". ",
"Your eyes only see a narrow field in focus, the rest is peripheral and it drops off. An HD movie is in HD across the screen so it seems weird to see that much in focus.\n\nHowever, your narrow field, it is much better than HD.",
"One thing to consider: your fovia sees a space about the size of your thumbnail in HD in real life. Real life wraps around your head and is seen mostly by the low resolution parts of your eye beyond the fovia. When you have an HD image on a screen, you're looking at all the detail of a scene (landscape, city, etc...) crammed in a smaller space than you're used to. Very different from images out in the real world. More of that juicy detail gets crammed in that tiny fovia.",
"I think most of the commenters are missing the most obvious answer: most tvs come out of the box with contrast and sharpness turned up waaaaaay too high. On an HD set you generally want sharpness turned down to zero. Get a decent calibration DVD or Blu Ray (Disney makes a good cheap one called \"Wow\" or something) and get your settings right. \n\nBut yeah, first step turn your sharpness down. ",
"Video processing guff in the TV. Manufacturers like to put this stuff on by default because it makes the TV stand out in the showroom.\n\nThat's not actually what the movie looks like, it's what it looks like with the TV's video processing turned on. Put your TV into the Movie mode and it'll be much more accurate, or have it professionally calibrated if you want to be 100% sure what you're looking at.\n\nSource: I'm an ISF/THX calibrator and do film restoration and video encoding work for movie studios.",
"This is probably never going to get seen, but the correct answer is actually Soap Opera effect. _URL_0_",
"Why does hd look like absolute shit to me? "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/OqkqGbb.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/UGFa5lU.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/jAyTbM7.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/sSsXtNL.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/DCAR02h.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://thumb7.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/124759/124759,1257041701,1/stock-photo-low-angle-side-view-of-young-man-stays-on-the-stone-edge-blue-sky-and-cloudscape-background-39987340.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=soap%20opera%20effect"
],
[]
]
|
||
60rlle | if hexagons are so efficient as a shape. why are they not more commonly used? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60rlle/eli5_if_hexagons_are_so_efficient_as_a_shape_why/ | {
"a_id": [
"df8q7gj",
"df8qjpy",
"df8w9b6",
"df944k3"
],
"score": [
5,
38,
7,
3
],
"text": [
"What measure if efficiency are you using?",
"There are many reasons for using the shapes we do... but one of the big reasons is that hexagons only stack well with other hexagons of the exact same size. Contrast this with squares and rectangles, which a bunch of non-uniform sizes can still pack well.\n\nAlso the lines between hexagons aren't straight, while the lines between rectangles are.\n\nLast, rectangles generalize to three dimensions and remain stackable, while hexagons do not.",
"We build straight roads because they're the most efficient to drive or walk along, with right-angle junctions because they're the easiest and safest to negotiate. That means we make oblong (or square) plots of land, on which we build oblong buildings, in which we put oblong furniture. Smaller oblongs fitting inside bigger oblongs. Hexagons just don't fit.",
"I'm not sure if this has anything to do with the efficiency. \n\nConsider tiling many squares together. You can very easily end up with one large square. Tiling hexagons, however, doesn't make a large hexagon. You have a rough shape with protruding edges. Perhaps this is one reason it isn't used? "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
q34zj | how do birds reproduce, or to be more specific, how do the eggs become fertilized? | I understand that fish release the sperm and egg in the water together, snakes have specific organs near their tails, but how do birds do it?
Do they hump like monkeys? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q34zj/how_do_birds_reproduce_or_to_be_more_specific_how/ | {
"a_id": [
"c3ubv16",
"c3uch21"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"They have sex. As in, they press the openings of their cloaca together (mutli-use orifice) and the male gives the female his sperm.\n\nDon't feel bad for asking this, I once thought they fertilized eggs the same way fish did. But nope, rooster fucks a chicken and fertilizes the eggs in her womb. Chicken lays eggs fertilized or not.\n\nAfter using google I found out some bird do have a penis like organ. You should try google, its really easy. _URL_0_ - Then type \"birds\" \"sex\" and you are on your merry way to answers. Welcome to the internetz",
"Aye, they hump like monkeys."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"www.google.com"
],
[]
]
|
|
2cwcpt | why do we have the power to send a rocket very far into space, yet we can't send a remote controlled submarine to the deepest parts of the ocean? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cwcpt/eli5_why_do_we_have_the_power_to_send_a_rocket/ | {
"a_id": [
"cjjn8v9",
"cjjn9qr",
"cjjnjss"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"The crushing pressures in the ocean among other things. And how would you remotely operate it? with miles of umbilical cabling or with radio that can only penetrate so far? ",
"Pressure. It's (relatively) easy to build a box to keep 1 atmosphere in but it's quite a bit harder to keep 1000+ atmospheres out.",
"_URL_0_\n\nOk, it's not remote controlled, but he did it. And yes, it's *that* James Cameron.\n\n\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"http://www.ibtimes.com/james-cameron-showcases-record-breaking-mariana-trench-dive-deepsea-challenge-3d-1651486"
]
]
|
||
excv5g | is flexibility (like the kind that gymnasts exhibit) a learned and conditioned trait or is is genetic? could i (average 46m) condition my body to be that flexible? or is age a limitation as well? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/excv5g/eli5_is_flexibility_like_the_kind_that_gymnasts/ | {
"a_id": [
"fg7hd6b"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"You can become considerably more flexible with regular stretching/exercise at pretty much any age. It's a good idea as you get older, as well, helping to maintain mobility. You almost certainly won't get as flexible as an active, long-trained gymnast, but you can definitely improve how you are now.\n\nGenetically, there are some reasonably common abnormalities of the joints that permit greater flexibility for a given level of training. This is usually what people talk about when referring to being \"double-jointed\"."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
25n812 | if i download my playlists on spotify and never go back online. how do they keep track of the times i play each song to pay the artists? | I never use data on my phone so I have a ton of downloaded playlists. I began to think that the artists will probably never see any money for those since im always offline.
edit: I wanted to include that I would still be paying for spotify so clearly they will get my $. I am just worried about the Artists. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25n812/eli5if_i_download_my_playlists_on_spotify_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"chitxi3"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They have a pay structure in place for downloads as well.\n\nAd-supported stream = *X* cents to artist\n\nSubscriber downloaded song = *Y* cents/dollars to artist"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
2f81w9 | why are all the t.v. stations that were for so long true to their origin suddenly all changing to the same, "rigged reality" shows? | Even Animal Planet now has "Mud lovin rednecks". Do the general audience really prefer this cheap entertainment? It seems so sad in a way, like a person who's hit hard times and now works the street. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f81w9/eli5_why_are_all_the_tv_stations_that_were_for_so/ | {
"a_id": [
"ck6rdbx",
"ck6reth",
"ck6rv00",
"ck6rw5p",
"ck6tkw5",
"ck6u5p6",
"ck6xwh1",
"ck6y2v5",
"ck6zvho",
"ck78a2b",
"ck7g7z5"
],
"score": [
61,
13,
29,
3,
2,
3,
2,
5,
11,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Ratings and profit! Reality shows are *very* cheap to make and get very good ratings, that makes them a good choice for any station who wants to make money, which means all of them. Their goal is cash, not content.",
"Its a combination of maximum eyeballs and minimum costs. It sucks, but its a natural outflow of the way cable is produced and sold.",
"Yes, sadly the general audiences watch that garbage. On top of that, it is so much cheaper to make a fake reality show. It takes a less effort. Pawn stars is a perfect example. The history channel used to have very good shows, but it took a lot of effort to gather the right people, information, and everything else needed to create a show. Now they can rerun the same group of people and same location with surprisingly better results.\nThe other problem is that now we have no choice in the manner. Every network plays reality TV these days so you either watch their garbage or don't watch at all. Most people will take what they can get. I really hope the original shows that netflix is pumping out will get these networks to stop it with the reality TV and get back to their origins.",
"Many of the smaller cable stations are moving to reality tv because that gets the ratings, ratings get advertisers. TLC used to be the learning channel, now there is nothing educational about it.",
"Reality shows are super cheap to produce, and production cos can crank out a season in a fraction of the time it takes to make a scripted show. Not to mention, audiences eat that shit up.",
"This is what people prefer, as a whole. Also, they are cheaper to produce, and the profit made from these shows allows the networks to work on more expensive endeavors/pay greedy CEO and execs.",
"Don't forget that many of the guilty channels are owned by Discovery Communications. They started as the Discovery Channel in 1985ish and slowly bought up the competition over the years.\n\nFun fact: they are partnered with Oprah's Harpo Productions to create the Oprah Winfrey Network.",
"It's been mentioned in different words already, but this is happening for the same reason everything else in the U.S.A is going to crap.\n\nThe American Wet Dream. Keep costs down, increase profit margins, because competing with your fellow human and out-riching them is the key to collective happiness!\n\nIn reality, the quality of everything is slowly eroded. This rot is now affecting the discovery / planet institutions as well.",
"If high quality show A draws a 100 viewers for 50 dollars, and shitty reality Show B draws 50 viewers for 5 dollars then a business does the sensible thing and makes show B.\n\nAlso, if high quality show A against expectations, only draws 50 viewers, you cancel it, but you still wasted 50 dollars. If shitty reality show B only draws 25, you only lost 5 dollars.\n\nSo shitty reality shows are low risk, high return investments compared to quality shows, that are high risk, high return with a slight chance of a one hit wonder.",
"I used to watch the food Network to learn how to cook. Now all there is to watch is chefs and restaurateurs screaming at each other.\n\nI don't want drama, I want instruction!!\n\n\n",
"When ER was at it's peak, it cost around $12 million per episode. Just the pilot for Terra Nova cost $20 million. I think the 6 cast members of Friends made 1 million an episode the last season. That's 6 million an episode in salaries alone. The 6 family members from Here Comes Honey Boo Boo reportedly makes (if divided equally) around $8,000 per episode. Reality shows without recurring stars (bridezillas, intervention etc) range from around $100,000-$500,000 per episode. Shows with recurring stars (Housewives of whatever the fuck) cost more because of the \"stars\" salaries and expensive trips taken together for the show etc.. Hell, VH1 can probably film an entire season of Dating Naked for the money Jim Parson is paid per episode. Bottom line....As long as people watch, companies pay for commercial time and networks cash in. Less overhead means more profit."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
2n9gsb | how can the european union demand google be broken up into separate companies when it's a us company? | Here's the article talking about it : _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2n9gsb/eli5_how_can_the_european_union_demand_google_be/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmbk8nh",
"cmbkaty",
"cmboanc",
"cmbqe88"
],
"score": [
2,
48,
22,
2
],
"text": [
"I think because they are trading in Europe, and like Amazon they have businesses set up in European countries",
"It's a call for a non-binding resolution \"suggesting\" that it be broken up.\n\nThey can make any suggestion they want.\n\nBut what they can do is they can fine Google for not following their laws. They're able to do that fine because google has operations in Europe, and so like with all corporations in all countries they have to follow the laws of the countries they do business in.",
"BTW, it's not the European Union as a whole calling for Google to be broken up, it's the European Parliament (EP). They don't have any authority to enforce that however, so it's more like the UN sending a stern letter, only the European Commission (EC) has any bite.",
"Aren't they based in Ireland for tax purposes?"
]
} | []
| [
"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/21/in-europe-a-resolution-to-break-up-google/?ref=technology"
]
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
3g5c00 | how is violence condoned in the christian religion? | How do Christians who support violent actions (death penalty, war, etc) reconcile those beliefs with the teachings of Jesus? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3g5c00/eli5_how_is_violence_condoned_in_the_christian/ | {
"a_id": [
"ctuz84e",
"ctuz8xq",
"ctuzbaq",
"ctv1klh",
"ctv1spn"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
6,
9,
2
],
"text": [
"They don't, they just ignore the teachings of Jesus when convenient. The great thing about the bible is that you can always find a passage to twist so it means what you want, no matter what your ideology.",
"Originally, Christians were pacifists. But eventually, this was replaced by the idea that it is wrong to sit idly by while evil thrives, eventually forming what is known as the just war doctrine. The premise then being that, while violence is awful, it may be just if it addresses some greater evil. With the various denominations now that identify as Christian, some have gone back to a more pacifist stance.",
"Well, some people look more towards the Old Testament, in which God killed sinners much more often because His mercy hadn't been poured out on the Earth yet. Others separate their church lives from their public lives, and do, say, and support things in society that they would never condone in a church. Others simply don't care about Christ's teachings, and only go to church because it is accepted. Still others have a twisted idea of Hell and eternal punishment, and think killing sinners is up to them.\n\nThere is no one answer. There is a wide variety of beliefs on this subject.",
"Christians are people, too. And just as people will rationalize their behavior and perceptions (setting us up for all sorts of cognitive biases), Christians will also look to their scriptures and historical precedence to explain or rationalize current and near term behaviors and actions as well as reconcile past experience.\n\nIt is not a failing of Christianity that violence is condoned, it is general weakness of human thinking. We have to train our brains to challenge perceptions, to challenge our experiences. Rationalization is essentially emotional reasoning, and religion at its core is not an intellectual endeavor but an emotional investment. Christianity is well suited for the human need to rationalize, and for most situations it is no issue and even proves helpful.\n\nHowever, since at its core, religion is an emotional experience; it must be interrogated on regular basis to limit the impact of cognitive biases on our experiences. ",
"Violence is not condoned. that is the short answer.\n\nIn reading the whole bible and truly looking at the large picture, the times harm was used on people was either taken as historical account or to prevent more violence. \n\nThe only time Christ was ever physically angry was in the temple when money changers were taking advantage of the people to make a profit. Other then that Christ never reacted in violence. \n\nWith that said: Christians are suppose to be \" little Christs\" and Jesus described himself as the fulfillment of the law (Old Testament) so to act like a Christian is to act like Jesus who is the perfect example of how God wanted us to live out the Old Testament. \n\nWhen Christians are violent or hateful they are wrong. Christ was blunt and honest but for the common person Very loving. He mostly had issue the oppressive religious group of that time which I personally think is akin to modern day Christian.\n \n\nMy source: bible and being a church goer for 17 years\n\nEddit: I suck at writing on my phone and this conversation would be a million times easier in person. Plainly, being a Christian is about putting Christ first, living your life like him and telling other people about his gift. It is not pointing others sin out but seeing your own. Not everyone thinks this but they are wrong."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
44ttw9 | why doesn't listerine eventually cause mouth cancer if we are killing the cells in our mouth everyday | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44ttw9/eli5_why_doesnt_listerine_eventually_cause_mouth/ | {
"a_id": [
"czsub4z"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Cancer has nothing to do with killing cells. In fact, cancer is basically when the cells don't die like they're supposed to.\n\nCancer is caused by damage to the cell's DNA."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
6zoovu | what does it mean that something is "tax deductible" and why does it matter? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6zoovu/eli5_what_does_it_mean_that_something_is_tax/ | {
"a_id": [
"dmwu2sq",
"dmwu6d3",
"dmx01fg"
],
"score": [
17,
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Let's say you made $50,000 last year. Let's say you donated $5,000 to charity, and that money was tax deductible. \n\nThat means that the government will only tax you as if you made $45,000 last year. The $5,000 you donated has been deducted from the money that would be taxed. \n\nEdit: minor wording",
"It generally means that you can include it on your annual tax return as a \"charitable donation\" which you can then deduct from your reported income, which will in turn cause you to owe less income taxes. ",
"While you didn't specifically ask this, there are actually three kinds of deduction-like things in the US tax code (not counting another set for business income)...\n\nStraight-up deductions are cases where some of your income is exempt from income tax for various reasons because you spent it in certain ways. These include mortgage interest, property taxes, state income taxes, charitable contributions, and the like. These only help you when in aggregate these exceed your \"Standard deduction\", which is a set amount that everybody gets. I.e. you can't contribute $1000 to charity and get any tax benefit if that's your only deduction.\n\n\"Adjustments\" are deductions that apply on top of your standard deduction. These include student loan interest, HSA/IRA contributions, moving expenses, etc. These all are subject to various rules about when you can qualify for them; many people might make too much money to claim them in some cases.\n\n\"Credits\" are even better than these deduction-like things because they count as tax payments, not just reductions in your taxable income. A $100 deduction might be worth $25, but a $100 credit would be worth $100. Credits tend to be for things like children and child care, college tuition, home solar and electric cars, and the ever-population Earned Income tax credit. A few of these credits are even \"refundable\", meaning they can not only eliminate your need to pay federal income tax, but you also get money back in the process, a so-called negative tax rate.\n\nYou also can qualify for one or more personal exemptions, which is another deduction-like thing for each person in your household you support, like children. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
1qy79k | relating to the recent simpsons syndication purchase by fxx, why would a fox owned company pay $750mil for a series to which the parent company already owned the rights. | FXX and Fox are both owned by the same parent company, and presumably Fox already owns the rights to the Simpsons broadcasts. Is this just a paper transaction, and if so, why not say $1.00, or $750bil? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qy79k/eli5_relating_to_the_recent_simpsons_syndication/ | {
"a_id": [
"cdhpuro",
"cdhq8zy",
"cdhsze1"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"A couple reasons.\n\n1. What the show sells for determine its value, so if they want to sell it to another network it's good to establish a value over a buck.\n\n2. They can, if the accountants can pull it off, report the sale as income for fox and inventory for FXX, improving the value of both companies. AOL was infamous for this skulduggery. \n",
"Selling at \"market\" prices has many advantages. Not least of which is it allows management to see which units generate revenue and profits (this means managers of FXX can be compared with those of Fox or FX or Fox News, etc to see which are more effective). Depending on where the firms are incorporated it could carry tax advantages (if FOX or the parent company (News Corp) were\nincorporated in a low tax jurisdiction while FXX is in a high tax jurisdiction). ",
"There are more people that get a slice of that pie than the various entities at Fox. Anyone that gets residuals from the show (actors, writers, producers, etc) that makes money based on how much those syndication rights are sold for. If Fox cut a sweetheart deal for another division of the company, they could be sued by anyone that has a financial stake that doesn't happen to currently work for Fox. David Duchovny sued them for doing just that with the syndication rights to the X-Files years ago."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
1ysv0b | what does a long running show (such as a sitcom) do if/when an actor dies suddenly? | Do they re-cast? Write the character out/ kill them off in-show?
If the latter, how do they make a show about said character without them present? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ysv0b/eli5_what_does_a_long_running_show_such_as_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"cfnftcj",
"cfngmap",
"cfngnh7",
"cfnhgic",
"cfnju95"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Generally they have 2 options. Kill off the character or replace them with someone who looks similar. In the show Night Court, one of the bailiffs dies IRL, they played that into the show and replaced her. I think shows generally kill off the character. Swap outs are more popular when an actor leaves a show. Like Roseanne, and Bewitched!.",
"In the case of John Ritter's death during the run of [8 Simple Rules](_URL_0_), they discarded the existing storyline after airing the three episodes they had in production that Ritter filmed, then presented a new story where the character suddenly died offscreen a short period of time before the episode started.\n\nI'm not exactly sure what dictates the etiquette for when they continue the production the actor died, and when they simply just discard all footage.",
"could be either option, but usually the character leaves or dies suddenly in the show. when they kill them off they tend to edit together scenes they need from previous material. the longer the show has ran, the more they can do with that. it often comes across a little choppy, but they're very good at convincing us. \n\nbasically it'll show Pete talking to John. john's actor just died, so they show the bits where he spoke to Pete in a previous episode. but they don't show what Pete said in those episodes, they replace it with a new dialogue that loosely connects to the vague answers John was giving there. repeat that a few times for a few scenes, and you've got your final episode. \n\nnot sure which shows recently did this, I think '8 simple rules' did when the dad died. ",
"In Cheers when Coach dies there is a brief mourning period wherein the characters mention his death. He is promptly replaced by Woody who has the same character archetype but with a different age and background.\n\nThe handling of the situation seems to depend a great deal on many factors: the popularity of the actor, his/her role, the popularity of the show, the show's future prospects, the character, etc.",
"They can switch the actors, without giving an explanation:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThey can switch the actors and make up some excuse, if it fits with the show's universe:\n\n_URL_1_\n\nOr they can retire the character altogether:\n\n_URL_3_\n\nIn which case they might introduce a new character to replace the old one, as they did with Coach/Woody in Cheers:\n\n_URL_2_"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Simple_Rules#Ritter.27s_death"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheOtherDarrin",
"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheNthDoctor",
"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SuspiciouslySimilarSubstitute",
"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheCharacterDiedWithHim"
]
]
|
|
a9fmcn | what did jimi hendrix do for guitar playing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a9fmcn/eli5_what_did_jimi_hendrix_do_for_guitar_playing/ | {
"a_id": [
"ecivyw4",
"ecj86av"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text": [
"Well it's christmas day and i'm on my phone so this is more of a tldr but basically: popularised distortion and feedback as a tonal choice, popularised wahwah pedal, popularised psychedelia within rock music",
"He was a musical sponge, and happened to be in the center of several important musical movements in the 1960s. Notably, he cut his teeth on the streets of Nashville playing blues before becoming the backing guitarist of the R & B group, the Eisley Brothers. After that he moved to Greenwich Village, New York, where he played in the same scene as Bob Dylan and the early \"hippy\" and folk music artists, before taking his talents to London and playing at the same clubs (sometimes alongside) as Cream, the Yardbirds, and other British groups during the British Invasion. Finally he came to the States and was the headliner at the two biggest musical festivals, Monterey Pop and Woodstock before returning to Britain to record his final works and dying of a heroine overdose at age 27. \n\nAs a result of his unique experience and natural aptitude to pick up what others around him played, he became an expert at playing blues, funk, R & B, Rock & Roll, and Psychedelic music. He had a tendency to take techniques and tricks he picked up and turned them on their head, or taking them to a new level. A classic example would be his use of the \"whammy\" bar which was used to add vibrato. He took that and invented the \"dive bomb\" which became a staple of his solos and later a classic effect in metal soloing. Furthermore, he would merge techniques from different styles, creating his own and exposing his listeners to those ideas. That is a large reason he was so influential. \n\n\nHendrix was as gifted a rhythm player as he was a soloist. His playing today is encapsulated in something called the CAGED system (which Hendrix did not invent or describe, it's just how he played). It boils down to using a set of chord positions and shapes and moving through them to play the harmony, (the C, A, G, E, and D chord shapes). Each one of those shapes overlays a different position of the pentatonic scale, and Hendrix was a master of manipulating harmonies and improvising around them on those shapes and scale positions. It was hugely influential in Rock, Blues, and Funk guitar. \n\nAnd finally, the dude could simply shred like no one else. He did things no one else did, and he did anything you could do better and more creatively. He played fast, he played hard, he had a deep library of licks and tricks and would bust them out on the fly, reverse them, modify them, and play them in new ways constantly. Listen to his cover of _Killin' Floor_, first the original (by Howling Wolf) and then a variety of his covers. It was his opener for several years. He never played it the same way twice, and every time he did it he managed to come up with something that made other guitarists go \"I need to learn _that_.\" The same goes for the rest of his albums. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
38wrpq | why can my phone's speakers play music completely fine but make conversation unintelligible when i'm using speaker phone? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38wrpq/eli5_why_can_my_phones_speakers_play_music/ | {
"a_id": [
"crygm69"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Well, phone calls are using the other person's mic, so if they aren't talking loud/close enough, it'll be hard to understand them. Second, cell phone calls are very low quality, 16Kbps I believe. VoIP services like FaceTime Audio uses about 50Kbps."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
2w5cko | why do online tech support (comcast,verizon..) insist on using teamviewer or other remote access applications when trouble shooting? | I've noticed in the past year that tech supports now insist on using remote access softwares to troubleshoot a question or issue rather than walking me through it.
Is it just now easier for them or is it a new policy to push a software? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w5cko/eli5_why_do_online_tech_support_comcastverizon/ | {
"a_id": [
"conptyw",
"conqrz6",
"copi7zs"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It is so, so, so, so, so much easier to share screens. Also most customers respond very positive to shared screen sessions, so there are a lot more companies pushing them from the agent side in an attempt to get their customer satisfaction up.\n\nBut seriously, did I say yet it is so much easier? Cause it is. *So much easier*.",
"From my experience working as tech support, the remote viewers is the closest thing to just saying, \"here give it to me\". I did tech support for a fruit company, and I didn't actually own any of their expensive but nice products, (who could afford them with what they paid me?) so the viewer helped me to learn the product better. I was also baked every day, so it was sometimes hard to picture what the customer was trying to describe to me. ",
"probably because some people will go \"yeah i clicked the window\" while putting their mouse on the window of their house. in other words, people are idiots, tech support needs to see what they're actually doing. \n\nin fact just today at work a lady suddenly had her computer flash on her and go upside down. lucky i knew this was a key shortcut that she must have hit by accident, and quickly found the combination to fix it. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
63wnhg | why it's better to eat healthy in the morning than in the night in order to lose weight? is it a myth or is it true? | The most common saying around dieting is that a good meal early it's better than eating a lot in dinner, because you burn through the calories in the day. Meanwhile you risk making the food you ate at night into fat while you sleep. How true is this statement? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63wnhg/eli5_why_its_better_to_eat_healthy_in_the_morning/ | {
"a_id": [
"dfxl5si",
"dfxsk3r"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Honestly, I've always believed it's down to what feels best for your body. I personally can't eat until about 4 or 5 in the evening without feeling sick all day; I can't focus well, I'll keep snacking.\n\nTiming your meals is more about how long you fast in between them than the actual time of day. The body gets a testosterone boost 16-18 hours into fasting. A wealth of information has already been written about IF though. \n\nThe basic answer to your question-in terms of pure weight loss-is it's all just calories in vs calories out. Doesn't matter what time of day or what you consume. ",
"Late night eating will have no ill effect on your weight loss. As long as it's healthy, and not in calorie excess of your daily burn. The reason this get purpetuated, especially in America, is because we eat huge dinners. Just look at average restaurant portions. Also, when folks snack late at night they usually make poor choices. That big bowl of ice cream sounds better than some cheese and a handful of almonds or fruit right? A calorie is a calorie no matter when you eat it. \n\nEdit: words and spelling and such"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
3p4aza | whats up with a hairs shadow in a bathtub. | So there is a hair floating around in the bathtub. Look like a normal hair, except the shadow on the bottom of the tub looks like a DNA strand, why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3p4aza/elif_whats_up_with_a_hairs_shadow_in_a_bathtub/ | {
"a_id": [
"cw2zr0c"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A hair isn't big enough to cast a stark shadow. The light source that is creating the shadow is much larger than the hair, so the light wraps around the hair and it creates a weird blurry shadow. Then, due to the movement of the water, it gets all ripply and weird. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
b7g8vt | how do debt reduction agencies turn a profit? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7g8vt/eli5_how_do_debt_reduction_agencies_turn_a_profit/ | {
"a_id": [
"ejrgngx",
"ejrkjjd"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Im not sure, but they buy debt for a fraction of the price and then usually earn significant amounts on there purchase before writing the rest off.",
"You may need to be more specific about what you mean by debt reduction, but I used to work for a debt settlement agency.\n\nWith debt settlement you pay someone to negotiate with the debt collector, to accept clearing your debt for a fraction of what you owe. The settlement agency may also have lawyers to represent you if the collector tries to take you to court.\n\nThe collector makes money because they still get more than what they bought your debt for. The settlement company makes money because you paid them for the service. The loser in all this is the company you originally borrowed the money from, because they never get back all the money you owed them, but they'll certainly make sure your credit history knows about it."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
busnib | why are we told that cold weather or beverages can cause sickness when sickness is caused by bacteria or viruses. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/busnib/eli5_why_are_we_told_that_cold_weather_or/ | {
"a_id": [
"epgyiaa",
"epgze03",
"ephtgu4"
],
"score": [
4,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Who told you that a cold beverage can cause sickness?",
"Part of it is that when it's cold we stay in closer quarters with each other and spread it. The other part is that being very cold for extended periods can weaken your immune system.\n\n\nCold drinks however will not get you sick unless it's contaminated.",
"In addition to what others have said, cold weather can increase the chances you get a cold or other illness because it stresses the body and depresses the immune system slightly. It used to be conventional wisdom that going out in the cold without proper protection would cause a cold—everyone’s mother said so. Then researchers around 1980s did some studies and found this wasn’t true—they exposed people to the cold for a short while and also to the cold virus, and they didn’t get any sicker than the control group. So then cold doesn’t cause colds became the rule. But then later scientists did further studies in which the person was exposed to cold in a way that was more stressful to the body, and they did find that such people got sick more than the control group."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
6smzyc | why does a couple of big eyes and a small mouth make a character cute? | In an old article about Pixar Animation, an insider if theirs stated that one of the first things the Pixar does when animating a "cute" character, is giving it big eyes and small mouth. But why? What is the science/psychology behind that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6smzyc/eli5_why_does_a_couple_of_big_eyes_and_a_small/ | {
"a_id": [
"dldyfw1"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"It looks more like a baby. We are predisposed to thinking babies are cute because it helps parents bond with their child better."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
4qt4an | how does a plane calculate its altitude? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qt4an/eli5_how_does_a_plane_calculate_its_altitude/ | {
"a_id": [
"d4vmzbh",
"d4vn263",
"d4vn7ns",
"d4vqk49",
"d4vrg9d",
"d4vultu",
"d4w4zuf",
"d4w7k51"
],
"score": [
30,
5,
2,
107,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Two main ways. They can check the exterior air pressure which gives some idea about the altitude above sea level.\n\nThe second way is they point a radar down and see the reading. That tells them how far above the ground they are.\n\nOr a third way is to call air traffic control if they are nearby and ask what their radar says their altitude is.\n\nAnd of course GPS.",
"The most common way is with a pressure-based altimeter. Air pressure decreases at a pretty steady and reliable rate as you increase altitude, thus if you can measure that air pressure, you can correlate it with how high up you are.\n\nThere are other methods like radar and GPS-based altimeters, but barometric ones are by far the most popular.",
"There are two types of altitude. One is altitude relative to the ground and the other is altitude in relation to sea level. Altitude to sea level is calibrated into a device that checks the outside air pressure with that relative to what you input in as sea level. Air pressure is never the same, so if it's hot outside or a cold front is coming through, you have to calibrate this instrument appropriately to be able to give you the best accurate reading.\n\nThese days though, stick to what the aviation GPS tells you as it is much more accurate and doesn't need manual calibration to weather.",
"CFI here.\n\nSo most altimeters these days are what we call \"pressure sensitive\" What that means is we have the ability to set the local pressure in a window called the [kolsman window](_URL_1_) It's that little cutout on the center right that is currently at 29.90 Each dash is 2. Now pressure drops about 1\" per thousand feet so lets say if you were at sea level on a standard temperature day you would set the window to 29.92 and it should read 0 (there are other factors but for the sake of this i'm going with that) Now if you were to move to somewhere else that has an elevation of lets say 1000 feet your altimeter setting would be at 28.92 < -**edit correction** (and would read 1000 feet). As we fly we get altimeter setting updates from various sources, from ATC, from airport weather services etc.\n\nWhen we get over 18,000 it's required in the states to set your altimeter to 29.92. The reason being is at this height traffic separation is more important than knowing your exact height, it's also why we start calling them flight levels.\n\nIn bigger aircraft they use radar altimeters which basically measure the time it takes for the signal to come back.\n\nEDIT* just noticed you had this tagged as engineering so i'll add some more shit,\n[Altimeters insides](_URL_0_) thats what the inside of the ALT looks like more or less. You can see a series of aneroid wafers. These are sealed and the pressure they exert should not change. Now as the airplane climbs, ambient pressure drops which we know through the use of a [Static Port](_URL_2_) located on the outside of the aircraft. This in turns causes the wafers to expand showing a increase in altitude as the indication. The exact opposite is true for descending. You can refer to the earlier part of my post for how we make sure they are reading correctly (the kolsman) Again though this is most General aviation aircraft. The larger aircraft use radar and gps",
"If you are a small plane pilot, your altimeter reads air pressure from ports outside and inside the plane. The airspeed indicator subtracts this static pressure from the ram air pressure from the pitot tube. If any of these ports is blocked (by ice, dirt, bugs), your indicated altitude and airspeed can go screwy.\n\nBefore you take-off, you set a correction on your altimeter from information broadcast on a special frequency for that airport. When arriving, you do the same. If there is a tower, they will give you the latest setting because the automated broadcast may only update every hour or so. (You have to catch the time when you listen to that broadcast .. the info may be quite old and not accurate if weather is approaching).\n\n",
"Aircraft use a radio wave that shoots out of the plane towards the ground and bounces off the ground back to the airplane. Based on the length of time, the plane calculates your elevation. \n\nSource: I am an Aviation Electronics (or Avionics) Technician ",
"So remember that time we drove up that really big hill and your head felt really funny until your ears popped?\nYour ears popped because the air is thinner at the top of the mountain than at the bottom and all the thick air bunched up inside of your head was trying to get out!\n\nWe built a mechanical ear that, instead of popping, stretches out as it goes higher and higher.\n\nWe tied a pointer to the mechanical ear so it will point to how high we are depending on how stretched out it is.\n\nIt's called an altimeter.",
"Imagine your hand is an airplane.... If you put it flat on the floor we will say it is at 0 altitude. Now, imagine if we get some paper plates and start stacking them up on top of your hand... as they get higher and higher there will be a lot of weight on you hand. Imagine we stack them all the way to the ceiling. Your hand is being crushed! What if you hand could Exactly weigh the paper plates? If We took you hand out and stuck it about halfway up in the plates, they would weigh a lot less. Near the top , even less. The air puts the same kind of pressure on everything it surrounds and just like the plates, the higher up you are in the air, the less pressure it has."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.nashvillecfi.com/pics/altimeter.png",
"https://avwxworkshops.com/etips/images/Altimeter.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Convair_F-102A_Pressure_Static_Port.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
219q5b | why do blue lasers work better than red lasers? | be it burning data to a disk like a bluray, or on a computer mouse that uses a blue laser to track instead of a red one. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/219q5b/eli5_why_do_blue_lasers_work_better_than_red/ | {
"a_id": [
"cgay7nc"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Blue light has a higher frequency than red light, so it can be used to sample information more rapidly, or in the case of BD, pack more information into a smaller space."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
e0l2ev | why are some songs being sued for copyright while others are not? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e0l2ev/eli5_why_are_some_songs_being_sued_for_copyright/ | {
"a_id": [
"f8en44g",
"f8enibj",
"f8eom2g",
"f8ep56d"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Not sure about the specific example, but often when a sample is lifted from a previous song, the original songwriters will be credited and receive royalties. The sample is used with permission. \n\nWhen someone is sued for plagiarism, I imagine this process didn’t take place.",
"A few things to realize.\n\n1) even if there was no similarities at all someone can be sued. The validity of the suit does not mean it will not happen.\n\n2) until a court decides it is just a suit, it really doesn't mean much.\n\n3) if a small band copied a riff from Deep Purple's Smoke on the Water, DP would have to know about it before suing them and care enough to bother. DP would be more likely to send a request that they stop instead.\n\n4) If a big band like DP was to copy a rift from a little band, they are more likely to sue because bigger groups/performers have money.",
"Three things need to be considered. Number one, does Guetta have DJ Alice's permission? He might have paid for the sample, or listed him as a writer, which in case, its permissible because its paid for. Two, is DJ Alice the person who came up with it? Perhaps he sampled it too, being a DJ and all, and both obtained permission. Three, and most simply, maybe DJ Alice just doesn't want to sue. No one will sue for you if you dont want to.",
"In the case of the Katy Perry song a musicology was hired who successfully argued the point that her song was indeed copying from an existing song. A musicologist is someone who has learnt about music as a subject but has not actually learnt music theory so isn't really qualified in judging such an issue. What's amusing is the baroque composer Bach had written songs that used the same descending melody yet this was overlooked. If you're interested in this the brilliant Adam Neely did a video explaining this case in more depth _URL_0_"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/0ytoUuO-qvg"
]
]
|
||
2dfef4 | why isn't recruiting for isis illegal in the uk? | I just read a piece on WorldNews about how ISIS is actively recruiting people in the UK by giving out leaflets on the street. Why haven't the police done anything to stop this?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dfef4/eli5_why_isnt_recruiting_for_isis_illegal_in_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cjoyk5h"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Your country has a few choices. \n\n1 Make it illegal for ALL groups to solicit new members. This is obviously absurd. \n\n2 Make it illegal for SOME groups to solicit new members. This requires the creation of a list of UK approved groups. Who do you trust to create that list? Are you sure it will never be used unjustly?\n\n3 Let all groups try to solicit new members, and trust your citizens to recognize the groups it would be unwise to join. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
fp5auw | what gives a metal tensile strength vs impact strength? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fp5auw/eli5_what_gives_a_metal_tensile_strength_vs/ | {
"a_id": [
"flj8013"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The strength of a material is based largely on what happens to it at a molecular level when it receives a particular force, whether it be tension or compression (or other forms like torsion, but that's not as relevant right now). Basically, it comes down to how the particles of a material are bonded together. The most common distinction in solids is amorphous vs. crystalline - in an amorphous solid, the particles are more random, jumbled, and bonded pretty much to any other particle near enough to them; in a crystal, they are arranged with a specific pattern (for example, they might lie in flat, sheet-like layers of squares or form small pyramids at a microscopic level).\n\nTensile strength - the ability to be pulled through tension and deform without breaking - causes a shift at the molecular level; basically, when you pull on a ductile material, some of the bonds break apart, the particles shift, and new bonds form before the particles actually break apart. Metals tend to be more ductile than brittle materials like ceramic, because their atoms form bonds very easily (the bonds are formed by sharing electrons, and metals tend to conduct electricity, so electrons can freely move to fill gaps and create new bonds before the material breaks). As a strict comparison between types of metals (e.g. varieties of steel), \ncrystalline forms are more ductile because the electrons can take a more direct, linear route rather than passing through the randomness in amorphous metal. This is the main goal in annealing - cooling a hot piece of metal very slowly allows internal crystals to form (such as pearlite, in steel), allowing an increase in ductile strength (and often electrical conductivity!).\n\nImpact strength - the ability to withstand a large compression force without breaking - is largely based on the opposite effect. If the particles in a material slip past each other in the direction you hit it, the material would deform very easily on impact. Therefore, amorphous solids tend to have greater impact strength, since the bonds are more random and can't easily all be broken in one direction. (Most plastics naturally have fairly high impact strength, because the molecules are very long chains that bond together in almost any direction.) Back to metals, though: this is one of the goals of quenching. When a metal is hot enough, the bonds start to break down and the particles start to move more freely, almost like in a liquid but still rigid enough to hold together. Cooling it very quickly allows the metal to retain that randomized, amorphous structure (like the \"austenite phase\" in steel), so it has a very high impact strength. \nLast point (I promise!): metal workers will often quench a steel piece to form that amorphous, high-impact-strength austenite layer on the outside, but then temper it (heating it several times, slowly, to get the same effect as annealing but at a low temperature) to form pearlite on the inside. This allows it to withstand high impacts on the outside, distributing the force around the internal crystaline structure, while also allowing it to be slightly ductile and withstand tension and torsion."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
1d8kuf | what happens if somebody decides to stay silent, even if they are not read their miranda rights? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1d8kuf/eli5_what_happens_if_somebody_decides_to_stay/ | {
"a_id": [
"c9nxohb",
"c9nxspb",
"c9nxt2e"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
15
],
"text": [
"I'm assuming you are asking about the United States given the term Miranda Rights. Nothing really happens to them (i.e. they won't be punished for it), though the fact that they have been deemed suitable to not be read their Miranda Rights may mean the questioning won't stop even if they say they won't speak and ask for a lawyer.\n\nedit: The right to remain silent to not incriminate oneself (and one's spouse) is effectively absolute in the U.S. whether or not the prosecutors inform one of it.",
"I know you're asking about the USA.\n\nBut I thought it might be interesting to contrast with the UK, where your rights and the consequences are different. According to the [government website](_URL_0_):\n\n > You don’t have to answer the questions but there could be consequences if you don’t. The police must explain this to you by reading you the police caution:\n\n > “You do not have to say anything. However, it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.”",
"You always *have* your Miranda rights. Being read them simply ensures that you *know* them. If you know them already then being read them makes no difference."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"https://www.gov.uk/arrested-your-rights/when-youre-arrested"
],
[]
]
|
||
5m89k6 | why do we wake up in the middle of the night even when not triggered by dreams or external stimuli? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5m89k6/eli5_why_do_we_wake_up_in_the_middle_of_the_night/ | {
"a_id": [
"dc1md22",
"dc1mpkx"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"You cycle through different stages of sleep, ranging from lightly asleep to hardcore asleep to dreaming: N1, N2, N3, REM. N1 is light sleep, the transition between awake and asleep. During the night, you move up and down these stages. Sleep isn't an on/off switch--it's a super complicated system. A lot of different things can run this system off the rails, so to speak, and leave you more likely to wake up during the night: alcohol, some medications, stress, sleep apnea, poor sleep habits, shift work, and a lot of other stuff.\n\nYou can also be woken up during the night and simply not remember what it was that woke you up. For example, people with sleep apnea tend to believe that they woke up for no reason, but in reality they woke up because they stopped breathing, which you might recognize as a bit of a problem.",
"You body has two systems in regard to sleep the circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake homeostasis. The sleep wake homeostasis tells your body that you have been awake for a certain amount of time and judging by that length you should sleep. The sleep wake cycle puts pressure on you to sleep the longer you have been awake and it dissapates the longer you have been asleep, which leads to wakefulness. If this was the only system then you would start out wide awake and lose energy as time progress. That is where the circadian clock the circadian rhythm dips and raises throughout the day and can keep you alert even if you have been awake for hours. Circadian uses melanin and cortisol to do this.\n\nSo what probably happened is that the melanin levels dropped and the sleep-wake system has dissipated sleepiness enough. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
d0tuz0 | how do gear ratios work? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d0tuz0/eli5_how_do_gear_ratios_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"ezdcb02",
"ezddhhw",
"ezdgd3d"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Let's say you have a small gear with 10 teeth and a bigger gear with 20 teeth connected to each other. When the bigger gear has rotated one revolution, the smaller one has rotated two full revolutions because it only has half the teeth.",
"If 3000 RPM gets you to 2000 then 6000 will get you to 4000. The difference you are seeing is just you using the clutch differently.",
"Imagine you're a fat guy running up a steep hill, from a standing start. You head off, taking long strides from the very start. But it's hard work, because each long stride requires that you have to lift your fat body upwards by a relatively large amount each time. \n\nNow, start again. But instead of taking large strides, you just take tiny steps. Because the steps are so tiny, you're only having to lift your fat body vertically by a tiny amount each time. So it's easier. But progress is slow, and you use more energy, because you're having to take 20 steps to cover the distance that you previously achieved with just 1 stride.\n\nThe best way to get up that hill is to start by taking tiny steps, to get things moving and to allow the weight of your body to provide some momentum. Now, without stopping, gradually increase the length of your pace. Soon you'll be running up that hill in nice, efficient, long strides, and it won't seem so hard. Your paces-per-second are low, but you're covering lots of distances. But if you'd tried going for a low paces-per-second figure from a standing start, it wouldn't have worked.\n\nThat's gear ratios for you."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
cn49am | how does grease lubricate whatever it's used on but still manages to stick to the surface it's applied to? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cn49am/eli5_how_does_grease_lubricate_whatever_its_used/ | {
"a_id": [
"ew6nng1",
"ew7gxe1"
],
"score": [
106,
34
],
"text": [
"Basically whenever anything touches another thing, the molecules either try to bond or repel each other. It has to do with the polarity of the molecules. Think magnetism, but on the absolute smallest scale. When you have two things move against each other they also cause friction, which generates heat energy. Lubricants create a barrier between the objects, reducing friction, and reducing heat. Lubes also feel sticky because some of the molecules bond to the surface they are coating, but because they are a liquid, they can flow freely around the object.",
"There's *adhesion* and then there's *cohesion*. \n\nGrease is adhesive. It sticks to other things well. Grease is not very cohesive though and does not stick to itself very strongly. So a thick coating of grease will create a barrier between two parts with lots of friction."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
3gwjk4 | the tianjin explosions | So I searched it up and didn't find any questions over the explosion (in general, though [there are some specific questions](_URL_0_)), so I'll ask it:
* What exactly caused the explosions? Why were there multiple blasts?
* Who's fault (at this stage at least) is it?
* I'm reading only around 50 deaths, but from the looks of it, that number should be *much* higher. It's been almost 24 hours since the explosion? Is this the Chinese government trying to scale the disaster down, or is it just a matter of time until we see the actual death toll?
* What long term impacts will this explosions have in the area? Will there be any health concern (lets say) 30 years down the road?
There are many more questions, but these were the only things I could think up of at the top of my head | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gwjk4/eli5_the_tianjin_explosions/ | {
"a_id": [
"cu24klu",
"cu24pq5",
"cu29u3f",
"cu2pz71"
],
"score": [
32,
14,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"in the order you asked:\n- Reason for the blast is unclear as of right now, but probably a handling error and something like a spark being in the wrong place at the right time. As the containers started to ignite and explode, itll trigger adjacent containers which will then explode, sometimes in bursts. \n- I doubt it was intentional, but its most likely some freak accident with a \"butterfly effect\" type cause from both the people who packed the containers and those who were unloading them. Again, nobody is sure.\n- Explosions (at least the concussive blast) arent particulary good at killing, its the shrapnel that would kill people. In this case, it was a industrial park and not a heavily populated area. A lot of the space was a car park for Renault. I expect the injury numbers to be dramatic, with busted eardrums and damage caused from falling glass/etc during the blast wave. Humans are pretty hard to kill.\n- long term (pure speculation), people will get really antsy about explosive handling and investigate the port, then 4 months later nobody will care at all, just like you never heard about it beforehand. Glass will need to replaced and industrial insurance agents will have some long nights, but it wasnt a nuclear explosion or anything, so the dust will settle and the smoke will clear and i doubt will leave much continued risk. \n\nKeep checking the news, theyll be much more up to date than anything on reddit. \n",
"I don't have all the answers but I cant tell you this:\n\n*It started out as a fire. As far as I can tell the reasons have not been specified. The fire then heated some volatile chemicals causing the first blast. Multiple blasts occurred because the initial blast ignited other volatile materials in the vicinity triggering the subsequent blasts.\n\n*Not sure whose fault, but as in most cases with disasters caused by humans it's probably a combination of errors and unlucky circumstances. Think along the lines of someone failed to properly store or secure the volatile materials, then someone else made some mistake that caused the initial fire, etc.\n\n*It is expected that the Chinese government will heavily censor the death toll to ease the backlash of the disaster. A lot (if not all) of Chinese media is state-controlled and independent media was not allowed to go near the site.\n\n*I wouldn't expect health concern would last 30 years but there's definitely a risk at the moment. There's been report of people falling ill after going near the site and feral animals dying as well.\n\nHope this eases your mind until someone with more info comes along.",
"What kinds of materials can explode like that? Besides the obvious TNT, C4, etc.",
"It is believed that the plant stored over\n 700 tons of NaCN. While sodium cyanide itself isn't flammable, when exposed to water or heat it can turn into hydrogen cyanide gas, which is very flammable. Cyanide is extremely toxic and there was a cloud of this toxic gas over the explosion area.\n\n You can bet that their was more than 50 deaths.\n\nThink about this: a 21 ton TNT bomb goes off in the middle of a city of more than 15 million people. To say only 50 people died would be an act of God. "
]
} | []
| [
"https://us.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/search?q=Tianjin+&restrict_sr=on&sort=relevance&t=all"
]
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
40ryv4 | why are migrants and refugees attacking and harassing european citizens? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40ryv4/eli5_why_are_migrants_and_refugees_attacking_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"cywl1lq",
"cywnpy5",
"cywntpe",
"cywp9pz",
"cywr6ut"
],
"score": [
45,
24,
2,
12,
3
],
"text": [
"Because among these millions of refugees there are also plenty of people who didn't come here because they wanted to live in a society with nice Western ideals. They just ended up here because they didn't want to be killed or enslaved by Isis and because Europe is rich and safe. And then there are also plenty who aren't refugees from any war in the first place, but just used the migrant wave to get here for all the free money they think they can get. \n\n\n\n\nAnd ALL of them come from countries that are known for their... problematic cultural attitudes towards women and non-believers. Such attitudes of a people (of any people) don't come from religious leaders, aren't forced upon the people by dictatorial regimes, it comes from the people itself. \n\n\n\n\n\nIt shouldn't be much of a surprise then that some of these people start misbehaving in a country that's filled with nice pretty blond non-believing women.",
"- It's more than million, not thousands and Europe struggles with their accommodation\n- Some of them were promised free housing, cars and money by traffickers and they are now disappointed.\n- some of them live for years in makeshift camps without real future, like in Calais or Grande-Synthe\n- some of them are from cultures very different from ours in their view of freedom of speech, sexual norms etc",
"The idea of a coordinated and multinational one day sex attack seems so far fetched that it stretches credulity. Is that what's actually alleged? It seems so for Cologne at least, but in other areas are we just seeing the media obsessively report every crime where before they did not? Beyond the accounts of victims, what evidence supports it? ",
"As a religious person, I can tell you this is about their religion but people will shout I am not being fair. Read the Koran/Quran for yourself, read the laws in Muslim countries toward women, etc. This is a religious problem because their religion controls every action they make. They have been causing chaos in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East for a thousand years. Charles \"the hammer\" Martel drove them back out of Europe before, but all you hear is how evil crusaders were. Now Europe needs another hammer, but people will be to busy trying to make excuses for them than facing the true problem. They don't realize the latter scriptures of the Koran carry higher importance in the life of the Muslim than earlier scriptures. Later revelation supersedes earlier revelation. The later years of Muhammeds life was full of hatred toward non Muslims. Those who do respond in violence are supported by the silent Muslim majority that does not participate in the violence but understands it is perfectly in line with the latter teachings of Muhammed. So 10% of Muslims terrorize their host nations while 50 to 60% give them vocal support. This is the true problem if people would just stop ignoring history. \n\nFrom a licensed historian with a degree in politics who studies religion as a hobby.\n\nBring on the down votes liberal fact/truth ignoring reddit",
" > This is for concepts you'd like to understand better; \n\nELI5 isn't for requests for speculation, we can't possibly tell you why some people we don't know did something so this has been removed."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
5zemvl | is there a difference between microwaves used for mobile networks and microwaves in microwave ovens? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5zemvl/eli5_is_there_a_difference_between_microwaves/ | {
"a_id": [
"dexhs76",
"dexi55s"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"Cell towers use lower frequency signals then the microwave which is likely irrelevant to your question and does not apply to 5G phones, Wifi and bluetooth. To start with the microwaves in your microwave ovens are very broad band high power signal. But the signal our devices send out is very narrow band and low power. A microwave oven is comparative to the noise from a jet engine at takeoff while a cell tower is like the softest notes on a piano. This is why the microwave oven is covered in a metal mesh that protects everyone around it. However phones do not need any protection.",
"To make this a lil easier to understand, let's use another more familar form of electromagnetic energy: visible light. Same basic principles apply!\n\nUsing your cell phone and its towers to communicate via microwaves is like getting a message from someone who's flashing a light on a hilltop far away. His light doesn't have to be exceptionally bright or intense, and the amount of light that *actually* reaches you is extremely low, most of it dissipates out into the environment. Which is fine, As long as you can see it flash on and off you can get the message.\n\nCooking with microwaves is kinda like cooking with an EZ bake oven. (If you aren't a girl or didn't have a little sister growing up, EZ bake ovens use a light bulb right next to a little pan to cook stuff.) We're putting a high powered source of energy inside a closed chamber, right next to the food. Instead of dissipating out, all this energy bounces around and is absorbed by your snack, creating heat.\n\nSo yeah, they're the same kind of thing, but being used in very different ways in very different amounts of energy."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
39zx08 | why do airplanes look really slow when landing? | As if hovering? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39zx08/eli5_why_do_airplanes_look_really_slow_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"cs7zzgt",
"cs808ah",
"cs808xd",
"cs83ou7"
],
"score": [
12,
2,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"They are huge and more far away than you think. Airliners are enormous. To determine speed we use a visual cue we know is stationary. Planes up in the sky almost never have a nearby visual cue so it is hard to comprehend how fast they are traveling. ",
"Planes that are landing are going really slow, compared to how fast they usually go. \n\nEdit: For example, a 747's landing speed is about 150 mph, while its cruising speed is about 600 mph. This, plus the ratio of its size to speed is much larger than that of a car (a plane going 3x as fast as a car looks like it's going 1/4 as fast as a car because it is 12 times longer than a car and so the \"vehicle lengths per second\" is less). ",
"Because airplanes are really, really long. An average Boeing airplane is about 230 feet. \n\nA small plane that is going as fast as a jumbo jet looks faster because of its smaller size. \n\nIt's like comparing a big boat to a small one. A small one looks faster than a big one running at the same speed. \n\n",
"Probably because of the appearance of 'angular velocity'. \n\nIf you're viewing the aircraft from the front quarter, it will appear to be moving slowly because your eyes are better at detecting lateral movement at longer ranges than changes in depth, due to the distance between your eyes. Consequently, while the aircraft might be moving forward at 150mph, you're only seeing a component of that movement due to your position. \n\nThe angle, or bearing, that the aircraft appears to be at in relation to you changes only slowly when it is far away, and you are viewing head on; its 'change in angle' in relation to you (what we call angular velocity) is small. As it gets closer to you, the angular velocity increases, until when you're looking at the plane from 90 degrees to its direction of travel, when it looks like it is going 150mph again.\n\nThe relationship between the lateral movement of the plane and the angle from which you view the plane has a sine relationship. We know that when the plane is travelling 90 degrees to your viewing angle, the ratio between the angular velocity and the actual velocity of the plane is 1 (because sine 90* = 1). When the angle between you and the direction of travel gets very small, the angular velocity appears very small because as sine approaches 0 degrees, it also approaches 0 (sine 0* = 0). However because of that relationship, even relatively large changes of angle slow the apparent velocity of the aircraft dramatically. Viewing the aircraft from just 30 degrees off its direction of travel reduces its apparent speed by half (sine 30* = 0.5).\n\n(I think I might have diddled the math, someone check it please?)"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
25kxab | how can usa get kicked out from the international space station if they funded 81% of it ? | I just don't understand.
_URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25kxab/eli5_how_can_usa_get_kicked_out_from_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"chi6ecc",
"chi6eym",
"chi6g51",
"chi7e68"
],
"score": [
2,
8,
2,
6
],
"text": [
"The only nation with vehicles that can go to and from the space station is Russia. We retired the space shuttle program, so we depend on Russia for transport. We haven't been getting along with Russia so well lately.",
"We didn't get kicked out. Russia isn't letting us use their rockets anymore. There's a big difference. ",
"Well, we currently don't have a space shuttle program.\n\nWikipedia:\n_URL_0_\n\nISS crew and cargo resupply\nThe ISS is planned to be funded until at least 2020.[37] There has been discussion to extend it to 2028 and possibly beyond that.[38] Until another US manned spacecraft is ready, crews will travel to and from the International Space Station exclusively aboard the Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[39]\n\nSo we are dependent on rides to the ISS from the Russians.\n\nAdditionally, because the Russians are the only ones who can really access the space station, it would be a trivial matter to keep out any unwanted visitors (assuming someone is on board)\n\n",
"The Russians aren't kicking anyone out of the ISS. One minister (who is powerful in their space program, but still is just one guy talking and not Putin) says that after 2020 the Russians are going to end their cooperation with NASA, the ESA and JAXA on ISS operations.\n\nThe Russians built their modules on the ISS to be removable. They have their own power generation systems, their own air scrubbers, and their own engines. Technically, the Russians could close up the hatches, spin the bolts, and disconnect their stuff from the ISS, fly it off to some other orbit, and operate it by themselves.\n\nPractically speaking NASA is not going to let the ISS become inoperative due to the Russians doing that - assuming they actually did do it. NASA, the ESA and JAXA will kitbash something together to replace the missing Russian components and get it installed before a catastrophe happens.\n\nRight now the only two countries that launch crewed space vehicles are Russia and China. NASA has signed agreements with Russia for seats on its ships for the next several years. Russia has not indicated it intends to unilaterally void those agreements, and frankly, they need the money, so they're unlikely to do so. But even in a worst case scenario, NASA is not going to be without options.\n\nSpaceX pre-announced that on May 28 they are going to disclose the work they've been doing to upgrade the Dragon system to support crewed missions. My suspicion is that they're going to tell NASA they could fly immediately if NASA would accept a higher degree of risk than the current Commercial Crew specification allows (because SpaceX's emergency abort system has not been tested). NASA already knows what SpaceX is going to announce, and Russia probably does too. So this may be an empty threat.\n\nIt's a lot of political theater. Not a lot of actual policies."
]
} | []
| [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station#Cost"
]
| [
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement"
],
[]
]
|
|
6gm61j | what happens when bacteria is "killed?" | Like with mouthwash or hand soap/hand sanitizer? Does the bacteria disappear? Does it just become ineffective or non-contagious? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gm61j/eli5_what_happens_when_bacteria_is_killed/ | {
"a_id": [
"dirbash"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Alcohol destabilizes the cell membrane and basically causes bacteria to burst open and die. Soaps generally loosen dirt particles and help them simply wash away, bacteria included."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
3j0v1u | why cannonballs were used in war yet people are able to be shot with them point blank in competitions and come out relatively unscathed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j0v1u/eli5_why_cannonballs_were_used_in_war_yet_people/ | {
"a_id": [
"culbrbq",
"culbv9u",
"culbw8e"
],
"score": [
13,
9,
3
],
"text": [
"I have never seen anyone get shot by an actual cannon and not be injured. Please give me a source for why this is an accurate idea?",
"In a circus, they use cannons with a lot less black powder, so the total amount of energy in the ball is fairly low. The strongman can take a cannonball to the gut for this reason. The trick of it is that you add things like powdered aluminum and cornstarch to the black powder so that it makes a big flash and a lot of smoke, looking like it was a real cannon blast.\n\n[edit:the most famous example of cannon-ball to the gut guy used a spring fired cannon, I think they did also use gunpowder but it was just for show]\n\nAlso, you might think that someone can tell that the ball isn't moving that fast. That isn't really true. Once something is going more than \"fast\", the human eye can't track it.\n\nAnother trick is to switch out the ball so that a much lighter one is fired from the cannon. The cannon loader can prove that the ball he is holding is heavy by dropping it on a scale or whatever then he drops the heavy ball into the cannon, and it falls into a little compartment before the lighter ball is fired.",
"I'm not sure what competitions you're talking about, but Frank \"Cannonball\" Richards was the circus performer who popularized the feat. The only reason it can be done is that these acts use only a tiny proportion of the propellant (gunpowder) that a military cannon uses. In fact I just read they may use springs instead of gunpowder, so yeah, you're not going to knock down castle walls with that.\n\nWatch [this video](_URL_0_). Watch how much the cannon itself recoils upon firing. Not at all. That means there's hardly any force accelerating the ball into his gut."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JT-9S2hNSfY"
]
]
|
||
ezze1f | why do presidential candidates (ex. michael bennet) run a campaign that they are almost guaranteed to lose? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ezze1f/eli5_why_do_presidential_candidates_ex_michael/ | {
"a_id": [
"fgqho4f"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"You regret 100% of the shots you never make. \n\n-Wayne Gretzky\n\nIf you never ran, how would you know if you couldn't win."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
61psie | when we get nervous about something that we are about to do, (a job interview, sporting event, etc.) why do we get the urge to empty our bowels beforehand? | Commonly referred to as the "nervous poops." | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61psie/eli5_when_we_get_nervous_about_something_that_we/ | {
"a_id": [
"dfgci60",
"dfgec6z"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"Moderate, fight or flight reaction?",
"The body is preparing for a fight. Unload waste now while you can. You feel lighter and more comfortable and so one less distraction. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
24szww | why don't tmz reporters get restraining orders for stalking celebrities? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24szww/eli5_why_dont_tmz_reporters_get_restraining/ | {
"a_id": [
"chacu2o",
"chadbbg"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Do you mean why don't celebrities get restraining orders on TMZ reporters?\n\nBecause celebrities make money off of their celebrity, so reporters are part of how they do their business. ",
"TMZ and such are filming people in public places. You don't have much a right to privacy if you are in public. If you impede a celebrity or touch them they can (and have) gotten the courts involved. In addition most of the stuff filmed on TMZ isn't done by TMZ but by individual people who sell footage to TMZ."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
7cdpug | if i were in space and fell into the earth, what would happen? would i burn up in the atmosphere? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7cdpug/eli5_if_i_were_in_space_and_fell_into_the_earth/ | {
"a_id": [
"dpp4vqu",
"dpp6tgy"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Well, that depends.\n\nIf you were prepared and equipped for it you could probably pull it off. You'd need a way to bleed *a lot* of velocity before you started getting into the thicker bits of the atmosphere. You'd also need a series of chutes and drogues to slow and stabilize your descent through the atmosphere so you didn't start spinning.",
"As people have said, it depends a lot on your height. \n\nThe reason spacecraft and meteors all burn up when they're coming into the atmosphere is because in order to stay in orbit, you have to be doing some serious pace. The International Space Station for example is doing 7.66KM a second, or just over 17,000 miles per hour. \n\nConsidering that the famous old supersonic airliner Concorde only (!) did 1350 ish mph, they still had to consider heating on that - the nose would reach around 250F in normal flight. \n\nSo you can imagine something doing 17000 mph would get pretty darn hot as it fell through the thicker parts of the atmosphere. \n\nBoth of these are being powered, they have a lot of kinetic energy to get rid of. \n\nHowever if you were to just fall from a height (like that [Austrian skydiver](_URL_0_) who jumped from about 24 miles), then you're starting from, basically, zero mph and you're already in the atmosphere even if it is very thin. So the issue of heating is a lot less of an issue. \n\nGravity will keep speeding you up the higher you go though with no atmosphere to slow you down, so you'll hit a certain height where (ignoring the fact that you'd not be able to breathe at these heights anyway) you'd start to get heated up to dangerous levels as the atmosphere began to drag slowing you down. \n\nSo the short answer is, 'it depends'. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Stratos"
]
]
|
||
6gq5p4 | did citizens of the ussr automatically become citizens of russia when it switched over? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gq5p4/eli5did_citizens_of_the_ussr_automatically_become/ | {
"a_id": [
"dis8z61"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Are you asking about the USSR or The Russian [SFSR](_URL_0_)?\n\nThe USSR was a federation of countries and 'russia' was one. When the USSR dissolved people were still citizens of whatever country they lived in."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"
]
]
|
||
9ijovw | why illegal recordings don't count as a full-value proof at court? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ijovw/eli5_why_illegal_recordings_dont_count_as_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"e6k3occ",
"e6k3oik",
"e6k3tea",
"e6k49ah",
"e6kblsa"
],
"score": [
16,
15,
4,
9,
2
],
"text": [
"Because you can't use evidence gathered unlawfully in court. Otherwise, there would be no deterrent for police trampling on your constitutional rights to obtain evidence that would be used against you. ",
"Basically, if we let people get away with using illegal evidence, then we encourage more people to break the law in hopes of having it used in court, and that's not something a good legal system does. So while it may be true that an illegally recorded conversation could have TONS of useful information, we have to respect the rule of law and not encourage people to break it.",
"Because they were illegally obtained, and allowing said evidence to be admissible in court heavily incentivizes law enforcement and citizens to break the law. Including in ways much more dramatic than illegally obtained recordings - such things as illegal searches and seizures, obtaining confessions through duress, etc etc etc.",
"Because the purpose of the justice system isn't to punish guilty people, it's to protect the rights of innocent people. The founding wisdom was that it was better for 100 guilty men to go free than for 1 innocent man to hang.\n\nIn the case of the rules of evidence, this is to protect people from overreaching law enforcement using oppressive tactics to gather information; if you allow illegally-gathered evidence to be used at trial, such as a conversation from an illegal wiretap, you're effectively saying to Police that it's only \"technically\" illegal to wiretap without a warrant. \n\nWhich, in turn, basically completely kills freedom of speech once the public is aware that the state won't hesitate to ignore the inconvenient parts of the law to fuck you over when it decides you're a problem. Or, alternately (and arguably preferably) leads to open and bloody revolt against an oppressive system that is no longer government based on the consent of the governed.",
"This is very dependent on the jurisdiction you're in, and I can only speak to US law, but here, evidence is either admissible in court or it's not. It's up to a judge or jury to decide how much weight to place on that evidence if it's admissible. Evidence isn't \"scored\" or \"ranked\" where some things count more or less than others. Other posters have already explained why illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible, but that's only true if it's illegally obtained by the government. Let's pretend that I illegally wiretapped your phone and recorded you having a conversation in which you discuss committing a crime. Some time later, the police search my home with a valid warrant and discover the recording I made of you. Since I didn't obtain that recording of you under the direction of or on behalf of the police or the government, they can use that as evidence against you, since they legally found it in my possession. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
3w023p | why do things like my plasma tv or the lcd display on my car radio seem to "wiggle" when i'm chewing something crunchy or while i'm coughing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w023p/eli5_why_do_things_like_my_plasma_tv_or_the_lcd/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxsc12u"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Those displays don't refresh the entire screen in an instant. It takes time for them to completely refresh, and they have brief blank periods. \n\nWhen you cough or chew, your eyes are jumping around. The motion is barely noticeable unless something is moving at the same time. The blanking is a type of motion. Instead of left/right up/down it is present/not present. \n\nYour brain notices the extra (or missing) display. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
99g2dp | when radioactive element looses its mass via decay, whatever happens to protons, neutrons and electrons that is lost? | Do they spontaneously vanish while decay occurs? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/99g2dp/eli5_when_radioactive_element_looses_its_mass_via/ | {
"a_id": [
"e4ncgrg",
"e4nd96l"
],
"score": [
7,
5
],
"text": [
"The radioactivity that these elements emit IS the lost mass.\n\nRadioactivity is emitted Most often In the form of alpha and beta particles (which consist of groups of protons neutrons etc) resulting in reduced atomic mass.\n\nThey are expelled from the material into the surrounding area.",
"No, generally they fly away from the atom. No particles are really lost\\*.\n\nTake for example polonium-210. It decays by emitting an \"alpha particle\", which is a group of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. This particle flies away at high speed. Now the atom has 2 fewer protons, so it's now lead instead of polonium, and its nuclear mass has gone down by 4, so it's lead-206. But with fewer protons, it doesn't have enough electrical pull to hold on to all its electrons, so two of those drift off too.\n\nIn the end, you're left with a stable, charge-balanced lead atom, plus a fast-moving alpha particle, plus loose two electrons that will try to find a home somewhere (perhaps by combining with the alpha to form a stable helium atom.)\n\n\\* There are some caveats on this sentence that I won't get into for ELI5."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
2olnir | from a purely scientific point of view, what are the benefits of landing a human crew to mars or an asteroid instead landing robots? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2olnir/eli5_from_a_purely_scientific_point_of_view_what/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmoawaw",
"cmouovc"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"A human can get more done than a robot in a given timeframe. The rover moves at speed of 100 ft per hour. You can sleepwalk faster than that",
"From a scientific point of view, there is none. It's quite the opposite, in fact.\n\nWhen you send people into space, some 90% of your money, mass, and fuel budgets have to be blown JUST on keeping the meat alive. That doesn't leave much room for anything else.\n\nThe teensy amount of science that happened on the Apollo landings came along mainly as a begging hitch-hiker. Just ONE actual scientist ever walked on the Moon, geologist Harrison Schmitt...and the science wonks at NASA had to fight tooth and nail to get him a seat.\n\nIt is much, MUCH more cost-effective to send unmanned probes to do science in space. The new Orion program and all the public squee over its nothing-but-PR launch will deal a serious blow to space science for at least a decade.\n\nUntil we know a LOT more about Mars from rovers, it would actually HARM science to send people there, because they will irrevocably contaminate the environment. After the first muddy bootprint has been planted, we will never again know for sure whether any life signs are fully native, or have been contaminated by stuff from Earth. It is not physically possible to prevent contamination if you send people.\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
77tjvm | why the waves don't interfere? | first, I'm sorry for my english. try to understand what I mean. there are lots of electromagnetic waves in the air such as radio waves. here is the question, why these waves interfere each other? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/77tjvm/eli5_why_the_waves_dont_interfere/ | {
"a_id": [
"dooj0yp",
"doorvuv",
"dooznyy",
"dop4zh0"
],
"score": [
37,
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"They do actually. That's why a microwave oven might slow down your wifi or you migut have to press three times on your garage door keyfob if you are also using your cordless phone.\n\nA short intro: radio uses frequencies, a concept meant to split data sources apart: radio stations, gsm operators. A frequency has a bandwidth (how much it can carry), an absorbtion factor and you can tradeoff speed (up to the max bandwidth for reliability). A submarine signal (ultra low freq) can be on/off and can be heard anywhere in the world, but it can only say yes or no. A 5GHz link can be heard around your house, but carries more than 10MBps. There are many more factors at play this this, mostly that rf waves bounce, reflect, and you never know how they reach you (fi: an earlier reflection can cancel the current signal). \n\nBut some applications, like GSM get their dedicated frequencies. This is good, because the frequencies most likely to cancel you out are those near to you (this is relative). There are also \"encoding\" techniques, called modulation. Usually you vary a fixed frequency by the amount of your signal: if you want to transmit a 440Hz signal on a 96MHz carrier signal, you vary the 96MHz signal in sync with the 440 one: from 96 000 000-220 to 96 000 000+220. This is called frequency modulation. This is old tech, by modern standards. Even TV broascast switched to digital, that s why you might have received a set top box, ans an old TV can no longer receive anything with just an antenna. The only globally widespread application of FM still in use is FM radio (music, news) mostly because digital replacements sucked and never caught on, while making an am receiver in case of emergencies is dead simple (coil a wire with a diode/led scrapped out of anything on a tin can).\n\nCurrently, various modulation techniques are used for digital data: bits represent specififc \"notes\", the carrier is varied 100 times per second. For example, see [MFSK](_URL_0_) or generic [spread spectrum](_URL_1_) techniques.\n\ntl;dr: they do interfere, but modern transmit/receive techniques cancel most problems out.",
"For waves to interfere, i.e. cancel each other out or amplify each other, they have to have a very similar frequency, as in \"almost the same\". \nImagine a lake. You throw two small stones in it, 5 meters apart. The small concentrical waves around each stone will interfere with those from the other and build a nice pattern on the lake. If you now take a muuuuuch bigger stone and throw it somewhere in the lake, the resulting waves will be much higher and have a much larger wavelength. They will not interfere with the smaller waves in the sense I explained above, but will simply \"carry\" the smaller waves on top. The interference patterns from the two small stones will still exist on the big wave.\n\nSince all electronics are highly regulated, everything that emits data has a distinct frequency and often times a mechanism to switch to another one, if there s a similar device around to avoid interference.\n\nWas that ELI5 enough? :)",
"It is one of the amazing property of the electro-magnetic field (on which electromagnetic waves propagates). Two waves can go through each others without \"bumping\". They simply get closer and closer, slowly add together when they get close, once they are on the same spot they are interfering with each other, but then they continue on their way and get apart again, without changing trajectory (aka. no bumping, no collision, no interaction, no energy exchanged).\n\nThe reason why you can use your bluetooth and wifi on your phone is because while the two waves are on each others (which means they should interfere by adding them together), because they have different frequencies they can still be distinguished if you filter the frequency you don't want (that is due to the properties of fourrier transform and linearity).\n\nHopefully, that answer your questions. It is hard to go deeper without waving college level math (mostly fourrier transform and second order linear differential equations).",
"Why don't sounds from different notes on a piano interfere with each other?\n\nYou could play a high note, and then drown it out with a super-loud low note. But if you listen closely, the same high note is still there, untouched.\n\nIt is simply a property of waves that they do not interfere with each other if they are of different frequencies. (In practice, they must be sufficiently different.) Waves of different frequencies compound, and produce complicated-looking wave forms, but you can mathematically decompose them and identify exactly which waves make up the combination.\n\nRadiowaves work exactly the same. Different frequencies do not interfere with each other. Similar frequencies can and do, which is why there are standards for transmission power from common devices, so that we don't have every random knickknack with a battery in it 'shouting' random noise and interfering with other objects actually trying to get some work done."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum"
],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
2a6xau | can someone explain to me how (and why) the elevators' buttons in my building only respond to bare skin? | I've lost count of how many times I've had to fumble with my gloves in winter just so I could expose enough skin, and seen delivery men struggle to press the button with their elbow only to have to put their load down and take their gloves off as well.
1) What is the science behind this? I haven't got a clue how the elevator can sense my skin vs. clothing.
2) Is there a purpose?
I honestly couldn't find the any information on this. Sorry! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2a6xau/eli5_can_someone_explain_to_me_how_and_why_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cis32yc",
"cis32z7"
],
"score": [
3,
6
],
"text": [
"I'm going to take a guess here and say they aren't physical buttons you press in, but a flat stationary sensor more like a cell phone touch screen? If not, ignore my answer and I have no clue other than black magic. \r\r\r\rThey buttons aren't responding to force, they responds to capacitance. A normal physical button simply has some metal contact on a spring, and when you push the spring the metal contact closes and electricity can then flow and send a signal. Anything that can exert a force and close the contact can activate the button. A capacitive touch sensor relies on an electrical field causing build of of charge between two conductive materials separated by an insulator. On the other side of the button is one conductor, and your finger is the other (as the human body is conductive due to salt water content). Your glove won't work because it's not conducive, and your finger is now too far away for the sensor to pick it up. A thinner glove, a piece of metal, or even food like a carrot would probably work. ",
"[Capacitative sensing](_URL_0_). Your skin conducts electricity to a certain degree and your body acts as a capacitor, which means it can store a small amount of charge. If the circuit behind the button can push a small amount of charge into your body (far too small for you to feel) it knows there's a person pressing the button. If you have gloves on, they electricity can't so easily pass to your skin, so it doesn't work.\n\nIt's the same reason mobile phone touchscreens don't work with normal gloves."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_sensing"
]
]
|
|
1zeh64 | i'm watching the oscars - can someone can tell me the difference between sound mixing and sound editing? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zeh64/eli5_im_watching_the_oscars_can_someone_can_tell/ | {
"a_id": [
"cfsy0q1",
"cft4i54"
],
"score": [
34,
2
],
"text": [
"As far as the Oscars are concerned:\n\n- best sound editing: any act, usually the \"sound effects\" related to making/inventing/recording/tweaking sounds that are used. \n\n- best sound mixing: actually making sure the sounds created/recorded by the sound editors .... sound ok and at the right volumes in relation to dialogue, music.\n\nMaking sure the hero's big line doesn't get drowned out by the thumping soundtrack or a machine noise? Sound mixer.\n\nMaking that cool robot sound using a xylophone run through backwards filters and incorporating the sound of a rabid squirrel? Sound editor.\n\n",
"[Difference between Sound Editing and Sound Mixing](_URL_0_)"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[
"http://blogs.crikey.com.au/cinetology/2012/02/28/do-oscar-voters-or-you-know-the-difference-between-sound-editing-and-sound-mixing/"
]
]
|
||
jbpnw | the dangers of the atkins diet. | Apparently Atkins died of it. What actually caused that and are there other reasons not to do the Atkins diet? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jbpnw/eli5_the_dangers_of_the_atkins_diet/ | {
"a_id": [
"c2ashd6",
"c2at17c",
"c2atmxv",
"c2auij4",
"c2awm69",
"c2c3n0h",
"c2ashd6",
"c2at17c",
"c2atmxv",
"c2auij4",
"c2awm69",
"c2c3n0h"
],
"score": [
27,
16,
5,
2,
2,
2,
27,
16,
5,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Atkins died from slipping on icy pavement at the age of 73",
"Generally not an ideal diet to be on for a long time, however for fat-loss purposes it is fine. That is key here, I am going to talk about this in the sense of FAT-loss being the goal, not weight loss. Those are NOT the same things.\n\nWhen you go on Atkins Diet at first you will feel sluggish and like you cant think very well. That is because you are not eating carbs/sugars that your brain needs. As you start to eat more fat and produce ketones(free fatty acids) your body goes into ketosis, a process where your body relies on fat for you daily energy needs and not carbohydrates.\n\nBenefit 1: Stable energy levels throughout your day since there is no sugar spikes disrupting your glucose/insulin levels whenever you have a meal or snack.\n\nDanger 1: Possible sluggishness in the begining as you get adjusted to ketosis.\n\nMost of the weight you lose at first will be from water loss. You eat less carbs, which means less glycogen for your muscles and glycogen helps retain water in your muscles.\n\nHowever as you get well into ketosis your body will start to burn fat for normal day to day usage this means your fat stores will also go down, given enough time.\n\nBenefit 2: You will lose fat...eventually. Give it a few weeks to see it in the mirror.\n\nDanger 2: Stop the diet after initial water loss and immidiately put that water weight back on and think that the dies doesn't work. This is because you are judging by weightloss rather than FATloss. Judge by the mirror not the scale.\n\nNow the really important part noone understands. Atkins diet is catabolic. You eat way less calories than you need throughout the day and your body will be burning off body energy stores. Including fat AND protein. Meaning muscles. Your muscles are only tapped for energy once you have been on Atkins for a while. So at first there is no danger of losing muscle.\n\nDanger 3: Prolonged use WILL cause muscle loss as well as fat loss.\n\nHow to use Atkins and avoid MUSCLE-loss and maximize FAT-loss?\n(Note: We are not even considering the term WEIGHTloss as that is misinterpreted. Most people want to lose fat not hard earned muscle.)\n\nSimple:\n1. Exercise\n2. Cycle a day of carbs at the end of every week.\n\nBasically 5-6 days of atkins/ketosis\nThen 1-2 days of Normal eating.\n\nThis way your carb stores are replinished and will keep off the muscle degrading.\n\nEdit: Ze Grammers",
"The Atkins diet is not dangerous, IF you read the book and follow instructions.\n\nThe Atkins diet is commonly mis understood.\n\n1. He only reccomends you go on the no-carb(30-40 grams) for two weeks. This adjusts your body to ketosis and shows you that it will work. He tells you not to maintain this for more than two weeks as it can be dangerous. After the two weeks, you are to slowly add carbs to your diet until the ketosis stops(they sell paper strips you urinate on to determine if ketosis is happening). Once you have found the level of carbs that stops your ketosis, you back your carbs off just slightly to maintain ketosis and you will continue to lose weight. Once you have hit your weight level(this is a slow weight loss process not fast as it happened in the first two weeks) you add just enough carbs to maintain your weight.\n\nMost people are not satisfied with the slow weight loss and extend the two weeks beyond what is recommended. That is what makes it dangerous.\n\nThe reason the diet got a bad wrap in the media is he is strongly against any processed foods. That includes processed flour and sugar.\n\nBoth of these products take the natural product and extract only the bad parts, taking out all the fiber and other healthy stuff the natural product provides. It takes 3 feet of whole sugar cane to produce 1 teaspoon of sugar for example(I have tried to find the correct numbers with no luck, but this is an example of what I am trying to say). This is the same with processed flour. He hated any products that were processed.\n\nWhen you start increasing your carbs you are to stay away from any processed foods. This includes almost any breads and cereals you buy at the store. Instead you are to get these carbs from fruits and green vegetables. this is the part almost everyone ignores since you just about can't find anything that isn't processed in our regular grocery stores. \n\nThe other thing about the diet few people understand is high fat high protein diets also reduce how much you eat. When was the last time you ate an entire bag of chips as opposed to the last time you ate a dozen boiled eggs? fats and proteins take longer to digest than carbs and thus you stay full longer. This also helps to reduce your intake.\n\nI was on the diet when I was younger, I read the book and I was one of the ones that extended the \"no carb\" period, but I knew that I was incorrectly following the diet. If you read the book you will get a better understanding of how it works. Feel free to ask if you have any questions.",
"No five year old is going to read all of these long responses. Let's be realistic here. I want a TL;DR option. ",
"Here's a pretty huge oversimplification of it.\n\nFirst you enter stage one known as Induction. Basically you eat meat and veggies until you lose enough weight to comfortably enter stage 2\n\nStage 2 is known as Ongoing weight loss. In this stage you start adding more foods that have carbohydrates in them which you were restricted from in stage 1, such as fruit. Also dairy products. A carbohydrate is a sugar or starch.\n\nStage 3 is Pre-maintenance. In this stage you add even more carbohydrates back in, but still weight can be lost.\n\nStage 4 is Lifetime Maintenace. At this point you can eat pretty much any food except for stuff like refined sugars. Generally people eat around 100g of carbs a day at this point.\n\nAnd this diet is not dangerous.",
"_URL_0_\nHe didn't die because of the diet.",
"Atkins died from slipping on icy pavement at the age of 73",
"Generally not an ideal diet to be on for a long time, however for fat-loss purposes it is fine. That is key here, I am going to talk about this in the sense of FAT-loss being the goal, not weight loss. Those are NOT the same things.\n\nWhen you go on Atkins Diet at first you will feel sluggish and like you cant think very well. That is because you are not eating carbs/sugars that your brain needs. As you start to eat more fat and produce ketones(free fatty acids) your body goes into ketosis, a process where your body relies on fat for you daily energy needs and not carbohydrates.\n\nBenefit 1: Stable energy levels throughout your day since there is no sugar spikes disrupting your glucose/insulin levels whenever you have a meal or snack.\n\nDanger 1: Possible sluggishness in the begining as you get adjusted to ketosis.\n\nMost of the weight you lose at first will be from water loss. You eat less carbs, which means less glycogen for your muscles and glycogen helps retain water in your muscles.\n\nHowever as you get well into ketosis your body will start to burn fat for normal day to day usage this means your fat stores will also go down, given enough time.\n\nBenefit 2: You will lose fat...eventually. Give it a few weeks to see it in the mirror.\n\nDanger 2: Stop the diet after initial water loss and immidiately put that water weight back on and think that the dies doesn't work. This is because you are judging by weightloss rather than FATloss. Judge by the mirror not the scale.\n\nNow the really important part noone understands. Atkins diet is catabolic. You eat way less calories than you need throughout the day and your body will be burning off body energy stores. Including fat AND protein. Meaning muscles. Your muscles are only tapped for energy once you have been on Atkins for a while. So at first there is no danger of losing muscle.\n\nDanger 3: Prolonged use WILL cause muscle loss as well as fat loss.\n\nHow to use Atkins and avoid MUSCLE-loss and maximize FAT-loss?\n(Note: We are not even considering the term WEIGHTloss as that is misinterpreted. Most people want to lose fat not hard earned muscle.)\n\nSimple:\n1. Exercise\n2. Cycle a day of carbs at the end of every week.\n\nBasically 5-6 days of atkins/ketosis\nThen 1-2 days of Normal eating.\n\nThis way your carb stores are replinished and will keep off the muscle degrading.\n\nEdit: Ze Grammers",
"The Atkins diet is not dangerous, IF you read the book and follow instructions.\n\nThe Atkins diet is commonly mis understood.\n\n1. He only reccomends you go on the no-carb(30-40 grams) for two weeks. This adjusts your body to ketosis and shows you that it will work. He tells you not to maintain this for more than two weeks as it can be dangerous. After the two weeks, you are to slowly add carbs to your diet until the ketosis stops(they sell paper strips you urinate on to determine if ketosis is happening). Once you have found the level of carbs that stops your ketosis, you back your carbs off just slightly to maintain ketosis and you will continue to lose weight. Once you have hit your weight level(this is a slow weight loss process not fast as it happened in the first two weeks) you add just enough carbs to maintain your weight.\n\nMost people are not satisfied with the slow weight loss and extend the two weeks beyond what is recommended. That is what makes it dangerous.\n\nThe reason the diet got a bad wrap in the media is he is strongly against any processed foods. That includes processed flour and sugar.\n\nBoth of these products take the natural product and extract only the bad parts, taking out all the fiber and other healthy stuff the natural product provides. It takes 3 feet of whole sugar cane to produce 1 teaspoon of sugar for example(I have tried to find the correct numbers with no luck, but this is an example of what I am trying to say). This is the same with processed flour. He hated any products that were processed.\n\nWhen you start increasing your carbs you are to stay away from any processed foods. This includes almost any breads and cereals you buy at the store. Instead you are to get these carbs from fruits and green vegetables. this is the part almost everyone ignores since you just about can't find anything that isn't processed in our regular grocery stores. \n\nThe other thing about the diet few people understand is high fat high protein diets also reduce how much you eat. When was the last time you ate an entire bag of chips as opposed to the last time you ate a dozen boiled eggs? fats and proteins take longer to digest than carbs and thus you stay full longer. This also helps to reduce your intake.\n\nI was on the diet when I was younger, I read the book and I was one of the ones that extended the \"no carb\" period, but I knew that I was incorrectly following the diet. If you read the book you will get a better understanding of how it works. Feel free to ask if you have any questions.",
"No five year old is going to read all of these long responses. Let's be realistic here. I want a TL;DR option. ",
"Here's a pretty huge oversimplification of it.\n\nFirst you enter stage one known as Induction. Basically you eat meat and veggies until you lose enough weight to comfortably enter stage 2\n\nStage 2 is known as Ongoing weight loss. In this stage you start adding more foods that have carbohydrates in them which you were restricted from in stage 1, such as fruit. Also dairy products. A carbohydrate is a sugar or starch.\n\nStage 3 is Pre-maintenance. In this stage you add even more carbohydrates back in, but still weight can be lost.\n\nStage 4 is Lifetime Maintenace. At this point you can eat pretty much any food except for stuff like refined sugars. Generally people eat around 100g of carbs a day at this point.\n\nAnd this diet is not dangerous.",
"_URL_0_\nHe didn't die because of the diet."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://lowcarbdiets.about.com/od/atkinsdiet/a/dratkinsdeath.htm"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://lowcarbdiets.about.com/od/atkinsdiet/a/dratkinsdeath.htm"
]
]
|
|
3toitf | why we seemingly reminisce about bad health and safety? - people often talk in find terms of how they used to work and how dangerous it was, i myself do this - but why do we miss the old, dangerous ways of doing things? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3toitf/eli5_why_we_seemingly_reminisce_about_bad_health/ | {
"a_id": [
"cx7vtq3",
"cx7whg2"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"I'm only 26 so I can't really say anything about how I used to do dangerous work...but I can imagine that people who used to have jobs that were considered \"dangerous\" or \"hazardous\" to their health were probably very skilled in that line of work. Of course new technology and machinery has more than likely replaced or modified the requirements for some of those individuals providing a much faster/more efficient service. I would imagine that the people who reminisce feel that their once \"dangerous\" profession is now a lost art. ",
"I suspect that it's because we miss being free to take our own risks and live our lives as we see fit. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
ei3o6r | why does water boil more aggressively when you touch the bottom of the pan with a spoon? | Not sure if links to videos are allowed to show this but please comment if you don’t understand what I’m referring to and I will pm you a video. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ei3o6r/eli5_why_does_water_boil_more_aggressively_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"fcoo48d",
"fcot005",
"fcoud7d",
"fcp5zqp",
"fcpsay7",
"fcn5kfc",
"fcnmckr",
"fcnn2e1",
"fcnt7gn",
"fcnx2kf",
"fcnzv3v",
"fco9zxe",
"fcoaqa2",
"fcoaulj",
"fcogyds"
],
"score": [
3,
5,
2,
3,
3,
6573,
134,
3,
49,
34,
7,
4,
6,
3,
25
],
"text": [
"I believe the same happens with Mentos and coke. Nucleation sites on the irregular surface of the Mentos gives the coke the opportunity to realese its gas faster which causes it to overflow.",
"For a bubble of vapor to grow in water, the energy gain from transforming water to vapor must exceed the cost of growing its surface area which is under surface tension. Consequently, water does not actually vaporize at its \"boiling point\" but at some temperature above it. A crystalline surface facilitates vaporization by reducing the water-vapor surface area necessary to host an amount of vapor, thus allowing for boiling closer to the boiling point. The vapor gets some of its surface area \"for free\". This effect is aggravated when the crystalline surface has cravices, pits, pores, etc. which allow vapor to form with minimal contact with water.",
"It does? I've never noticed.",
"In smooth containers, the movement of hot liquids keeps them at a relatively uniform temperature gradient throughout. Steam being adjacent to hot water (bubbling) requires an asymmetry to form, where pockets of liquid get heated to boiling temperature without just exchanging that heat with the surrounding liquid. Different variations in texture to the vessel, like putting a spoon in, disrupt the even convection of heat and allow hotter pockets to form with steam, causing bubbling. This is why a pot with scratches or cracks will boil more vigorously along those cracks because the water in the crack is exposed to more metal than the surrounding water, so it heats faster.",
"I cant be the only one that finds it amazing you can have a question about how the world works and you can ask a glass screen how it works and people from all over the world will give you answers . What a time to be alive",
"You are creating a nucleation site and allowing bubbles to more easily form.\n\nClean water can have difficulty coming to a boil if the container it is in is very smooth and uniform. Adding a material different than the container, such as a spoon or piece of spaghetti, to the hottest region of the pot (nearest the stove), gives the water an irregular area where bubbles can more easily form.\n\nIn extreme cases, water can become superheated and the smallest vibration or something falling into the container can cause it to explosively come to a boil and geyser out of the container.\n\nA similar effect can be seen in candymaking. You can have a supersaturated sugar solution that stays liquid. Drop a few grains of solid sugar into the pot or scratch the side of the pot with a spoon and the whole thing suddenly crystallizes because you’ve provided nucleation sites.\n\n\n**EDIT TO COLLECT THE ANSWERS TO THE MOST COMMON FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS:**\n\n**What?**\n\nNucleation sites are where the change of state (liq- > solid or liq- > gas) occurs.\n\nWhen everything is exactly the same, it can be hard for such a site to appear. However, if there are slight (microscopic) impurities, these can disturb the system just enough to lower the energy for the phase change.\n\nIf you have very pure water and keep adding heat uniformly (such as a microwave), everywhere in the solution has the same energy and no one area preferentially wants to become the first bubble site.\n\nIf you have a supersaturated sugar solution, it wants to crystallize because it is too saturated but no one area preferentially wants to form that first seed crystal.\n\nYou can help such a system by disturbing it and giving it that first area that is slightly different where the phase change can start. After that, the disturbance spreads as bubbles form or sugar crystals form.\n\n**How can I fix my cookware to prevent this or why don’t manufacturers do something about this?**\n\nUsually, you shouldn’t have to force this disturbance. Your cooking pot, beer glass or mixing bowl already has micro scratches on the surface. Boiling, carbonation bubbles or sugar crystals all start on these without help, most of the time.\n\nIf you want to control where your water boils, in an attempt prevent boil overs, cookware companies make ceramic “pot minders” that cause most/all of the bubbles to form on the surface of the ceramic, instead of across the whole bottom of the pot.\n\nSome beer and sparkling wine companies make glasses with intentional etching on them. This causes most of the carbonation bubbles to form in a certain pleasing place and stream to the top, instead of forming randomly all over the inside of the glass like you see in Sprite ads.\n\n**Is this the same thing that causes rapid freezing when you touch a water bottle you forgot in your car in the cold?**\n\nYes. The water was ready to freeze, it just needed a small disturbance to break the stalemate of where the first ice crystal would form.\n\n**Is this the same thing that causes mugs of microwaved water to becomes traps for the unwary when they go to add powdered coffee or teabags?**\n\nYes. The water was ready to boil, it just needed a small disturbance to break the stalemate of where the first bubble would form.\n\n**ELI4**\n\nYour water is ready to become steam, but it needs a little push to help it over the finish line. \n\nYou can help either the most energetic water (closest to the stove) or all of the water if it is all ready (microwaved water) to become steam by giving it an easy place to start the change from.",
"Wouldn't this mean that a vibrating electric kettle might be more energy saving than the conventional one?",
"You may be pressing the bottom more firmly against the burner, increasing the contact area and increasing heat transfer",
"While there's the best kind of answer here in another thread, the technically correct kind, I'll supply another way to look at it that's a little simpler and slightly less correct...\n\nYou have a pot of boiling water. It doesn't want to change state very much because it's somewhat stable.\n\nScraping it or tapping it causes vibrations which break the stability, and causes the first bubble, which breaks the stability more, and so on.\n\nThe second possibility here, is that you're touching the bottom. You're displacing material in contact with a hot surface, which can locally increase the temperature (hot spot) which causes that little bit to break down, boil off and start the above reaction as well.",
"For some scientific purposes, boiling should be avoided. Some substances should not be shaken when heated for safety reasons, and so on.\n\nWe use boiling stones (little bits of ceramic with random edges) that encourage boiling. This is so that we don't get pockets of superheated water that suddenly boil over and shake or splash out of the container.",
"I guess this is similar to when water bottles in the freezer don’t appear frozen, but a little tap causes them to freeze solid in about 1 second.",
"Exchange rates slow down at interfaces. This allows molecules to take advantage both of decreased local entropy and an effectively higher local concentration (since the same molecules stay in the same place longer). Together this creates what are known as nucleation sites. Nucleation sites are really useful for all types of phase transitions. In liquid to solid transitions they allow you to overcome entropic barriers. In liquid to gas transitions the energy you put in the form of heat goes farther since it's distributed among fewer different molecules. \n\nAt least, that's how I understand it. I just don't remember whether the local chemical potential increases or decreases with concentration. I want to say it increases, but I'd have to look it up to know for sure.",
"Seriously why does stuff im thinkin about every few days pop up on a subreddit. Was making ramen and pushed it to the bottom of the pan to get a nice sear on it. I thought it was something to do with heat displacement.",
"It is typically explained as a difference in reaction favorability. Above certain temperatures (at a certain pressure), the gaseous phase becomes more and more energetically favorable in water. Different sizes of gas bubbles will spontaneously form at different sizes. However, there is an opposing phenomena as well - in order to create a gas bubble, it needs to sustain an interface against the liquid phase in which it’s forming.\n\nAt a particular critical size, the difference in energetic favorability of the gaseous state and the liquid state (scales cubically with radius because the energy difference increases with volume) will be so favorable that it is capable of overpowering interface energy (scales quadratically with radius because the area of the interface is the area in which gas and water are contacting) that acts against the bubble formation, and the bubble will grow.\n\nThe presence of a spoon diminishes the amount of interface energy a bubble forming at the spoon needs to overcome (due to reduced contact with the liquid water), causing favorable nucleation and aiding the phase change. This is why bubbles form at the bottom of the pan where it’s both hot and a different surface is present.\n\nIt is possible for bubbles to spontaneously reach critical radius, but that is more probably at higher temperatures where the energetic favorability of gas versus water is even greater, diminishing the critical radius at which the mechanisms are in balance.",
"Two reasons: (1) pressing the bottom of the pan with a spoon may cause the bottom of the pan to make better contact with an electric heating element, enhancing the rate at which heat transfers from the heating element to the pan. (2) placing the spoon at the bottom of the pan makes a small space in which the rate at which the water circulates is reduced, causing that water to rise in temperature more than the surrounding region, reaching to boiling temperature before the remainder of the pan's water.\n\n(3) When the spoon is in the water, not touching the bottom, the number and character of the nucleation sites is the same as when the spoon touches. The overwhelming number of answers regarding nucleation sites are just wrong."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
2muyr0 | why do ducks never get stuck in the ice when a lake freezes over? | I have a pond near me that freezes over in the winter. Sometimes only partially. Why is it though that the ducks and geese are always on top of the ice or swimming on the water that hasn't frozen. Why are the never caught when the water turns to ice?
You would imagine somewhere in the world there would be a duck stuck to a pond flapping its wings because it was asleep when the lake froze over.
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2muyr0/eli5_why_do_ducks_never_get_stuck_in_the_ice_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"cm7tcx2"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I just don't think the water freezes into ice fast enough for the animals to not notice. They most likely have a sense of how cold water feels when it is about to freeze, and move to a different location when this happens."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
32n7m3 | how does a wifi signal continue to provide clean data (albeit slower) despite the increase in "static" caused when traveling farther away from it? | It seems like traveling away from the router decreases volume of signal but not quality, but we know from radio and tv signals that quality decreases (seen as static in analog radios and TVs). | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32n7m3/eli5_how_does_a_wifi_signal_continue_to_provide/ | {
"a_id": [
"cqcrx8l",
"cqcs254",
"cqcs3gc"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Analog signals degrade gradually because they're analog. Digital signals degrade all at once. I.e., either you received the data packet, or you didn't. It takes longer to transfer data on a weak signal because youre sending and receiving incomplete packages, so your device keeps trying until it gets all the chunks through.",
"Let's say you want to transfer a file. That file is first divided into small segments, and you send one segment at a time (over wifi or some other medium), then you need to wait for a \"segment received and verified\" signal from receiver. If you didn't hear back from the receiver, you will send the same segment again.\n\nIn other word, wifi itself doesn't guarantee data integrity. Which ever applications/protocol (TCP) that's sending and receiving the data handles this. ",
"You're comparing analog to digital.\n\nAll of this data is carried through the air (at frequencies you can't see or hear). Radio and TV waves that get interrupted by atmospheric conditions or absorbed by ground, trees, walls etc..... those waves of information gets lost hence the poorer quality.\nBut the transmitter doesn't know about this loss and can't re-send the information.\n\nWith digital signals for wifi, its still flying through the air and these waves still get lost, but now both sender and receiver are communicating and coordinate some flow control. Like this:\n\n- Wifi base station (WB): Hey laptop. Sending you cool.jpeg from _URL_0_. It will take 10 packets. Here's packet 1. It is 256 bytes long: 10101010101010....... < snip > ..101010101. Did you get it?\n- < laptop does some error correction and checks the length, yup good. > \n- Laptop(LT): Yes. Send me packet 2.\n- BT: sending packet 2: 1010101010101\n\nNow, here's how it works when some of the data gets garbled by interference:\n\n- BT: sending packet 1: 10101010101 < garble garble someone turned on the microwave > 1010101. Did you get it?\n- LT: (after some error correction) Yeah, but its not valid. Send packet 1 again.\n- BT: sending packet 1: ....\n\nor if the laptop is too far away or isn't receiving anything at all:\n\n- BT: sending you packet 1:1010101..... did you get it?\n- < crickets > \n- BT: (assume you didn't. sending again) sending you packet 1:10101010101...\n\nSo not that both sides of the conversation is involved in flow control, you can ensure that the data will eventually get there. It may have to be re-sent a few times, hence the slower speed."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"imgur.com"
]
]
|
|
vxcd8 | who pays for and maintains the internet? | Stupid and very basic question, I know. But I still can't seem to get my head around it. I understand the consumers at their home computers pay subscription fees to ISPs to connect them with the internet and that these ISPs pay for and maintain some of the Internet infrastructure, but there seems to be vast swathes of infrastructure which exist and over which no clear entity administers. Does that makes sense? Basically, who is responsible for and maintains the Internet infrastructure? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vxcd8/eli5who_pays_for_and_maintains_the_internet/ | {
"a_id": [
"c58fk54",
"c58fv57"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"various telecommunications companies, including consortia of telecoms and government agencies, invest in a maintain some parts of it:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n",
"What do you mean by \"the internet\"?\n\nThe wires/equipment themselves are maintained by ISPs and governments around the world.\n\nThe infrastructure, like DNS (what turns _URL_0_ into an IP address), is owned by various entities. Google has a DNS server, for example.\n\nThe servers that actually serve up sites are owned by the company that owns that site, or rented from another company. They connect to the internet just like your computer (well, they typically have a better connection ;) ) but serve up pages instead of downloading them.\n\nThe protocols and standards such as TCP and HTML are created/maintained by standards bodies such as the Internet Engineering Task Force and the W3C."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Investment_in_and_financing_of_submarine_cables"
],
[
"reddit.com"
]
]
|
|
4kpjuq | how is it fair/what is the justification that a presidential candidate can win popular vote and still lose an election? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4kpjuq/eli5_how_is_it_fairwhat_is_the_justification_that/ | {
"a_id": [
"d3gq2p8",
"d3gqhfx",
"d3gqhrh",
"d3gqkl1"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Our system of electing presidents involves the electoral college. We do not elect based on the popular vote.\n",
"The electoral college is in place so that while the will of the majority is still a factor, it is not a singularly overwhelming one. If the election were simply a matter of popular vote, then populous states could simply overwhelm less populous states with their preference. This was considered important early on, because among other things, slavery was fairly divisive between the north and south. \n\nSo the system is an attempt to reflect both population, and maintain a level of state power. ",
"It is 'fair' because it is the rules of the election process that are in place prior to the election taking place (i.e. everybody went into the process knowing that was the rule).\n\n\nWhether it is 'just' is down to your perspective on voting and how the voting system should work.\n\n\nIt's worth noting that the current system *is* based on the popular vote at a local level. The issue people have is that doesn't work its way through to (necessarily) result in the popular vote at a national level due to the way the electoral college/structure operates [though it's also worth noting that it's rare for the 2 not to match up - GW Bush in 2000 is the only example where the president did not win the popular vote in the past 120 years].\n\n\n\n\n",
"The president is elected by the states, not by the people (though the states all hold an election to decide how their votes should be cast). If you win the support of states which have a majority of the votes, then you win the election. It's the same idea as Congress, where laws must have a majority of the people (represented by the House) and a majority of the states (represented by the Senate). It's not practical to require both majorities when voting for President because there has to be a winner, and the electoral college is the chosen compromise."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
3tm632 | do men have a "thigh gap"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tm632/eli5_do_men_have_a_thigh_gap/ | {
"a_id": [
"cx7byv3"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Yes, if very malnourished.\n\nWomen's pelvises are wider than men's, to allow the passage of a large head during childbirth. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
5oprsi | how are english speaking kids taught to read? | well you see i'm biligual and they taught me how to read in spanish, and they way they do that is by teaching you how does each consonant sound when you add a vowel, so they teach you how does ba be bi bo bu sound then ca ce ci co cu, cha che chi cho cu, da de di do du, and so on until z, then you can easily connect the sounds of a word, because each combination of letters only sounds one way, but when i think about it that doesn't really work in english(does it?), unless you want to give kids nightmares, so how do they teach you? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5oprsi/eli5_how_are_english_speaking_kids_taught_to_read/ | {
"a_id": [
"dcl2vjm",
"dcl2xbc",
"dcl2yh3",
"dcl31ho",
"dcl31nt",
"dcl5fga"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
8,
2,
7,
18
],
"text": [
"Trying to remember back to Kindergarten, but I believe we did something similar, however more emphasis was put on reading actual words. We had little six page 'books' where each page had a sentence on them. Whoever an exception would come up, thats when we learned it. ",
"No, that's pretty much how they teach English-speaking kids to read, too.\n\n\"A says ah or eh. B says buh. C says kuh or suh.\" Etc. \n\nAfter you get the individual letters down, they start to combine them with the \"sound it out\" method. ",
"There are two broad approaches to learning to read English. \n\nMany children learn English phonics. Most English words use similar single sound letter combinations, and this approach starts with the most common ones later adding the exceptions which must be memorized (under this approach these exceptions are usually called sight words phonetic learners will learn a few sight words at a time). \n\nThe other approach is the whole language approach. Under this approach readers learn to read, by speaking, listening, and reading a few words at a time. This approach is much more top down where students learn to interpret meaning even if they don't understand a passage word for word (and hopefully continue to learn additional words to parse increasing nuance in more complex passages). ",
"There are a lot of different methods. 'Hooked on phonics' is one. Yes English is more irregular. Our language has a lot of roots. The Viking invasion bought old Norse. There are still traces of that. The Angle invasion brought our name, English. The Normans, who originally were viking invaders, brought French. So we have Pig, and Pork, and bacon, and ham. Mostly we start with a small vocabulary of familiar words.New ones are introduced a few at a time.",
"Language education changes rapidly these days, depending on the research. I'm Australian, born in the 90s, so I can only speak for people like me.\n\nThey taught us that A E I O U are vowels, saying it was 'the core of a word'. They taught us some of the common consonant-bridges like 'th' and the rest was mostly trial and error. \nAs you may know, there are many exception rules in English with the most common example being Y. Sometimes Y is a vowel (eg: easil**y**) and sometimes it's a consonant (eg: **y**ear)\n\nWe were taught that vowels are needed for a word. We were taught what sound each consonant made. We were taught what sound a vowel made, then we were taught (over years) all of the little exceptions and nuances.\n\n#TL;DR English is fucked",
"I'm a pre-kindergarten teacher in the United States who teaches children the alphabet, letter sounds, and how to read. This is how I was taught to teach children to read English, although there's obviously lots of other teaching methods used. For the most part, I find this process works pretty well with the vast majority of my students:\n\n1. Teach the student the names of the letters and what they look like.\n\n2. Teach the student the sounds of each letter. We generally stick to the basic, most common sounds first. For example, I teach: A says ah like apple, E says eh like egg, I says ih like itch, etc. Even though those letters make other sounds, I don't complicate it yet.\n\n3. Teach the student to sound out specific words called CVC words (consonant-vowel-consonant) words. These are words that ONLY follow the sounds you taught. So words like cat, bat, bet, zip, etc.\n\n4. Once the student has a good grasp on this, you can begin to introduce the irregularities that English has-- double long vowels (like bee, see) and magic e (as in make, bake) and all the other countless irregularities English has.\n\nI'd say that most students in the USA who are taught this way learn steps 1-3 in pre-kindergarten and/or kindergarten and step 4 in 1st grade and beyond.\n\nTo add to the complexity, from steps 2 onward you're also teaching students sight words. Sight words are words that can't be sounded out because they are impossible to sound out, would waste time if we had to keep sounding them out every time, etc. Students memorize these words. These are words like-- the, he, she, they, we, are. Sight words are taught at all levels in a student's education, and there are actually lists of sight words for different subjects all the way from pre-k to college.\n\nHope this helped! It was long-winded but I very much enjoy teaching reading!"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
83ojdf | how does amazon manage sourcing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/83ojdf/eli5how_does_amazon_manage_sourcing/ | {
"a_id": [
"dvjd3wn",
"dvjgugz"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"It depends on the seller. For some sellers, they do buy directly into their own warehouses so that they can guarantee 2-day delivery on those items. That’s for Prime items.\n\nFor other sellers like the company I work for, Amazon just handles the orders and it’s up to the company themselves to fulfill them and provide tracking. There’s a lot of rules for that though.",
"A family friend works there, her job is to find sellers. Specifically animal related items, to join in and sell through amazon. On top of that, amazon is like ebay and anyone can sell through it. Which bring issues like faked reviews that you need to be carefull for."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
4500n0 | what does internet companies gain from throttling internet speed beside charging more for less throttled speed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4500n0/eli5_what_does_internet_companies_gain_from/ | {
"a_id": [
"czu6bnn",
"czu9r5k"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Bandwidth, mostly. The more users they can connect on the same cable, the more costs they can cut. Especially with fiber lines, it costs huge amounts to run new ones underground.",
"Imagine the internet company's network like a bunch of streets going through the city. Every request you make on the network is like a car driving through those streets. Some of them are wide streets and others are small.\n\nWhen they talk about bandwidth you can imagine a flow of cars driving along a street. Since there are no speed limits on the internet, as long as there aren't many cars around everyone can go as fast as their car can possibly go. The maximum number of cars traveling at their maximum speed is a somewhat reasonable way to think of 'total bandwidth'\n\nRouting is where the complications come in. You can think of these like traffic lights (it's actually pretty different, but close enough to get the concept). When a car decides it needs to go left, it hits an intersection and waits to be redirected to a different street by the traffic light. Everyone behind that car needs to slow down and wait for them to be dealt with before they can continue or move to a different lane. The more traffic on the road, the more frequently this happens and every time this happens everyone has to slow down a little bit.\n\nNow the mayor of internet city really loves to claim that their streets are the fastest streets in the world. They've set the speed limit higher than any other city in order to attract people to come visit. As more and more people head to the city, more and more of these routing slowdowns happen - eventually causing everyone to travel pretty slowly compared to the advertised speed limits.\n\nEveryone was always yelling at the mayor for making ridiculous claims about having the 'fastest roads in the world', when in reality it's just a non-stop traffic jam. In order to get around this problem the mayor declares that the drivers that use the road the most often are now required to drive in slower 'heavy user' lanes, which frees up space for the visitors to start driving fast again.\n\ntldr; The advertised speeds of a company's internet are only true until they get too many subscribers, at which point they have to resort to throttling heavy users to give the majority the speeds they were promised.\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
1mde1j | afl/australian rules football | My Australian friend introduced this too me but I find it too confusing, a little help? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mde1j/eli5_aflaustralian_rules_football/ | {
"a_id": [
"cc84tna",
"cc85kou",
"cc868p5",
"cc86w0d",
"cc8gpu9",
"cc8j2no"
],
"score": [
61,
21,
25,
7,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"There are two teams with 18 players on the field. The goal of the game is to kick the ball between the goal posts at your designated end of the field, this is worth 6 points. \n\nOn either side of the goal posts are 2 smaller posts. If you get it inside the smaller posts you score a point which, as its name implies, is worth a point. You also only score a point if it goes between the two goal posts but the last touch of the ball by a player was not a kick. For example if an opposition player touches it on the way through.\n\nYou may not throw the ball at any point. To transfer from player to player you must either kick the ball or do a 'handpass'. A handpass is holding the ball in one hand and punching it with the other so it flies in the direction you want. Because you punched it you get around the rule of no throwing the ball.\n\nIf the ball is kicked and then caught without touching the ground it is called a 'mark' and the player that marked the ball has the option to stop and kick the ball without the opposition trying to stop him.\n\nIf a goal is scored the ball is taken back to the middle of the ground by the umpire and thrown in the air. The teams then try to get control of the ball to kick it through their goals.\n\nIf a point is scored the team who is in opposition of the team that controls that goal gets to kick it out from that goal to (hopefully) their own players.\n\nThis is the basics of the game, everything else is just little nuances that you will pick up as you watch.\n\nGo Blues (even though we seem to be losing right now)",
"Additionally, as it is a winter sport the players must wear very short shorts and sleeveless jerseys. This is the opposite to the summer sport cricket where it is essential that players wear long pants, long sleeve shirts and a woollen vest.",
"let's say the woolloomooloo drop bears are playing the nar nar goon emus\n\nif baz kicks an inside-out torp down the fat side to the 50, gaz can kick a reverse checkside between the sticks.\n\nor jobe can go down the corridor to the top of the square. boy oh boy wowee! buddy nearly takes a screamer. eddie crumbs it and snaps. but it's a poster. they still need three straight kicks to be in front.\n\nhope this helps",
"You are only allowed to follow the team \"Collingwood\" if you have less than 5 teeth & have carnal knowledge of your sister. ",
"The key point to AFL is that it is the only sport I can think of where you get rewarded for missing.\n\nAlso, you have an infinite amount of space within which you can score a goal or a point.\n\nAlso the Commission who runs the game is essentially a law unto themselves and has an amazing amount of political power in Melbourne. \n So much so it has put me off from ever being an AFL Member again.",
"A slimmer version of the NFL ball.\n\nMust be kicked or handballed(basically punched) in order to be passed from person to person.\n\nThe ball must touch the ground once per 10 meters(I think?)\n\n4 goal posts make up 3 scoring areas per side.\n\nMiddle area = 6 points\n\nOuter 2 areas = 1 point\n\nIf the ball hits the 2 middle posts, it counts as 1 point\n\nIf the ball hits the 2 outer posts, it counts as out of bounds.\n\nIf the ball goes out of bounds without touching the ground, it passes to the opposite team.\n\nIf the ball goes out of bounds while touching the ground, an umpire(referee) throws it back into play over his \nhead while facing away(to prevent bias).\n\nThere's a bunch of other rules, but that's the gist of it."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
64amyv | why are companies allowed to put misleading super-delicious-looking renders of their food on packaging and menus? why aren't they required to put a realistic pic? | Isn't there a law against false advertising? Isn't the concept of getting food artists to make a fast food cheeseburger look like the best thing you'll ever eat instead of a morose processed lump legally dubious at best, if not morally questionable? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64amyv/eli5_why_are_companies_allowed_to_put_misleading/ | {
"a_id": [
"dg0nwoj",
"dg0ocy4",
"dg0ybei",
"dg10yov",
"dg164bt",
"dg16hhd",
"dg19qai"
],
"score": [
49,
4,
7,
13,
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"There's a difference between an artistic rendering and the live product. There are no federal or state legislations that require that the image sold should look perfectly like the image displayed.\n\nNow what the product has in it is different, it must contain all necessary items that are advertised for FDA and Dietary regulations to apply. You can't sell things to people without knowing exactly what's in them.\n\n",
"These companies aren't really required to make beautiful food, just provide what they advertise, which is what they are doing. They are showing you all of the items you get. Making it appetizing is the only right thing to do since it's an advertisement. ",
"just FYI all those McDonald's burgers are really original burgers you are buying too, the thing is they use different lighting and they move all content to one side and take photo from the best angle, but in the end it's same burger as you buy, blaming them they are selling you different product their defense works be they just reshuffle content for easier holding in your hand\n\nmaybe it's same case with many other products\n\nBTW all Ikea catalogue is just computer renders and I don't see people complaining about it, same goes for all smartphone advertisements, almost no company use actual products",
"In many places the food has to be the real item... but it's kind of like the difference between a model having their makeup meticulously applied for a photoshoot vs wearing it for a day. The burgers are constructed from the real ingredients by artists and presented in the best possible light. They're positioned so that you can see all the ingredients, even the bits that would be hidden in the middle of the burger.\n\nSee videos like _URL_1_ (pizza) or _URL_0_ (burger). It's all \"real\", but it's also the very very best possible version of real.\n\nThe ",
"FWIW, I don't mind glamour shots of food used in advertisements; however, misleading food quantities are where I draw the line. If a menu photo shows 15 deep fried mushrooms, but only 5 show up when I order it, that makes me angry. A slight discrepancy in quantity is normal, but not a 66% smaller quantity than is displayed on the menu.",
"The renders of the food they advertise are meant to convey what to expect content wise, not actually deliver a perfect product.\n\nIf you've ever watched the McDonald's video on this, they say the entire process is done so that you can see everything that is on the burger at once.",
"Depends on the country. Here in Czechia (and I believe it is EU law) they actually are required to do just that else its considered misleading the customer. Also its about the good will of the company because its impossible to set legally what is still ok and what not\n\nI worked for a huge food corp and i remember when the pizza marketing team decided to photoshop packing of some mini pizzas they were bringing in from another country to look LESS rich with topping because the image looked nothing like the real thing... "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/oSd0keSj2W8",
"https://youtu.be/NFzAPAJWAf4"
],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
1gqont | how does a theremin work? | I just watched [this](_URL_0_) video, and it just looks like she's wiggling her hands | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gqont/eli5_how_does_a_theremin_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"camuk89"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The controlling section usually consists of two metal antennas which sense the position of the player's hands and control oscillators for frequency with one hand, and amplitude (volume) with the other, so it can be played without being touched. The electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker. \n \n - _URL_0_"
]
} | []
| [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qA_vnWV9EJQ"
]
| [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin"
]
]
|
|
458sku | why have colleges become the focal point of the political correctness movement? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/458sku/eli5_why_have_colleges_become_the_focal_point_of/ | {
"a_id": [
"czvz2rz",
"czvzvwe",
"czw3qj7",
"czw6311",
"czw6332",
"czw7vcn"
],
"score": [
14,
3,
7,
6,
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Because colleges are filled with people who are just going out into the \"real world\" in many ways. They're finding out who they are, and how they feel, and ways of describing the way they feel that they didn't know exist. And they're surrounded by young folk who are more likely thatn any others to protest.",
"Many colleges have always been this way, either to the left or the right. In the seventies and eighties quite a few students had professors that cut their teeth on the liberal politics of the sixties. The so-called Christian schools like Liberty U. were a sort of direct response to people feeling that if they didn't tow the Marxist-Leninist line, their grades would suffer. So instead of promoting classically liberal thinking where all well thought-out ideas were accepted as legitimate, they created an oppressive atmosphere of conformity. This is not good, of course, no matter what political persuasion is doing it. But when it does happen, say goodbye to the so-called socratic method and hello to the game of saying what you think the instructor wants to hear.",
"Simply, it's where the remnants of second wave feminism went after the movement \"died\" due to having achieved their goals. \n\nThis is the third wave, and they've been doing this since the 90s. The old PC and the new are the exact same source of people. It's taken time for liberal arts to be taken over enough for it to hit main stream, as well as the growth of open online communities.\n\nTldr the dross of 2nd wave feminism (the legit one) kept pushing their radical ideas. Disease festered, and now we have an epidemic. \n\nChristina Sommers has been speaking out against them for over two decades. ",
"They always have been. \nKids are taught early on they are smarter and more modern than everyone else, and now they get the opportunity to instruct the rest of the world on how to live and act, what they are to believe, and what issues are and are not important. And then they enter the real world and it swallows them whole. Has been happening for generations. ",
"They always have been. \nKids are taught early on they are smarter and more modern than everyone else, and now they get the opportunity to instruct the rest of the world on how to live and act, what they are to believe, and what issues are and are not important. And then they enter the real world and it swallows them whole. Has been happening for generations. ",
"lots of free time. Your not worried about the mortgage, the kids, the bills. Tons of free time to think about what bothers you and then the time to act on it. Im not saying its a bad thing...but the real world takes up a lot of your free time. 8 hours work, 30m lunch, 30m drive to and from work, 30m making dinner, 30m eating dinner, 15m shower, ect...the day gets really short. I understand that school isn't Animal House but its not anywhere near the time sink that real life is."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
84cgr8 | how do worms know where they're going? | I don't think they have eyes, do they? Do they have like light-sensitive orbs or do they go by touch? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/84cgr8/eli5_how_do_worms_know_where_theyre_going/ | {
"a_id": [
"dvotjro",
"dvowhcl",
"dvpbgy5"
],
"score": [
41,
2,
12
],
"text": [
"worms don't have noses but can detect odors with chemoreceptors expressed on their bodies. they can also orient in response to touch and temperature information.\n\nsource: am neuroscientist",
"Just yesterday saw an article saying that worms have wee little receptors in their front end that detects the magnetic field. So maybe their instinct is tied to that in some way.",
"Worms don't have the neural capacity to care where they are going. They don't have the neural capacity to understand the concept of location. Worms have no idea where they are, where they are going, or even that they're moving at all. They sense and respond by reflex. They bend in response to higher concentrations of chemicals."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
2ylc55 | why does there seem to be no limit on how much a us president may spend on personal vacation(s)? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ylc55/eli5_why_does_there_seem_to_be_no_limit_on_how/ | {
"a_id": [
"cpalbrv",
"cpald15",
"cpaleto"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The bulk of those costs is for Air Force One, and the president isn't allowed to travel in any other way. Things like food, lodging, personal entertainment, etc. are all paid for by the president himself, so the difference between a \"lavish\" vacation and one where they're staying with their parents and watching Netflix isn't picked up by the taxpayers.\n\nObama happens to originally be from the state with the longest flight time from Washington, so his per-trip cost out there is going to be higher than a president who is just going back and forth from, say, Texas.",
" > Surely in a democratic society these lavish expenditures cannot be deemed \"reasonable\", can they?\n\nThese sort of opinion based questions aren't what Eli5 is for. If you want to discuss redditors predictions (\"at what point will congress say \"no'\") or what's redditors consider reasonable you should try /r/politicaldiscussion. This has been removed.",
"Obama actually has taken relatively few vacation days compared to previous presidents:\n_URL_0_\n\nAs far as the spending goes, it isn't because he is lavish, it is because a president needs to be able to do everything that he can do in the White House while on vacation. It is a lot more than just security detail (which too is important - the secret service, armored cars, etc). Obama's staff travels with him. He can still receive briefings, make decisions, use secure connections to remotely talk to whoever he needs to. Imagine taking your entire office with you on vacation. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[
"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/compared-to-past-presidents-obama-takes-few-vacations/"
]
]
|
||
f4eb0m | why is it when you try to download an android app, it asks you for way more space than the app takes? | Example: You have an android device with 4GB of storage, and you have 500MB left. You want to download an app that's 60MB. You get a message in the Playstore asking you to free up more storage, even though you already have the space. Sometimes, even smaller apps ask for vast amounts of storage (i.e: a 5MB app asking for 200MB). Why is this? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f4eb0m/eli5_why_is_it_when_you_try_to_download_an/ | {
"a_id": [
"fhy168b",
"fhpwhil",
"fhq2rze",
"fhqaggv",
"fhr6xxi"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"One thing that I didn't see mention specifically, is that some apps have the base app which is the size shown in the Playstore, but then after installation they need to download a much larger file to actually function. This download will typically come from the app developers server and not from the Playstore. This is common with a lot of mobile games.",
"Might be extra space needed for cache and other operating space that is accumulated while using the app, so it asks for enough head room",
"when you download an app its usually compressed which basically means 60mb could turn into 120mb. the finished install size is in addition to the original download of 60mb. some app compression goes beyond just double the download size though. also - each install is handled differently depending on your android device so different finished installs would be different across the variable android device market. \n\nplaystore is basically just the roller coaster operator that tells you \"you need to be at least this tall to ride\" as far as far as installation goes. there are more factors to take into consideration but \"you need to be at least this tall\" or have x amount of space.",
"Same reason the dresser you pick up at Ikea is smaller when it's in it's unassembled box than the display\n Products are packaged for distribution, not in it's immediately functional State. It needs to be unpacked, assembled and installed",
"Apps save data too you know.\n\nAlso, the download size from the store is in compressed Form."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
1luwrs | how do those laser distance measurers work? | I find it fascinating how a single push of a button finds a measurement with such amazing accuracy. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1luwrs/eli5how_do_those_laser_distance_measurers_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"cc2z2ss",
"cc33v3a"
],
"score": [
13,
2
],
"text": [
"It measures the time it takes for the light to bounce back, basically millionths of a second. It then does some quick math, basically dividing the time by 2 and then multiplying that by the speed of light. ",
"I see a lot of \"answers\" but none of them explain how the beam is reflected.\n\nFor instance, on the moon, there's a 3d mirror. Meaning one mirror for each axis. By hitting that with the laser, it gets perfectly reflected because each mirror reflects the beam by 1 axis, so a total of 3. This means the beam will go back with a perfectly parallell, but opposite-facing vector, hitting its own source.\n\nThen, of course, you take the time, cut it in half (because of two trips), and divide it into the speed of the beam, and bam. Distance."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
|
fdjxky | in movies, a character gets gasoline poured on to them as a sort of threat they will be set on fire(and usually are set on fire(and usually are set on fire), to question them. would gasoline poured on you make you really 'high' and pass out or otherwise unable to speak? if not, why not? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fdjxky/eli5_in_movies_a_character_gets_gasoline_poured/ | {
"a_id": [
"fjhxemf"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Depends - it wouldn't be good for you either way, but as long as you didn't ingest it or inhale a lot of vapors, you'd be okay for a little bit."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
6l35b9 | ] is inflation infinite, will i wake up one day and find a load of bread is a hundred dollars? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6l35b9/eli5_is_inflation_infinite_will_i_wake_up_one_day/ | {
"a_id": [
"djqqk6b"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Depends on how long you gonna sleep/live. :D If you take an constant Inflation rate of 2 % per year and a bread that costs 1$it would take 233 years till It is at 100$"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
1ksyx0 | why do insects/arachnids with such tiny brains have lightning-fast movements and reflexes compared to larger organisms? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ksyx0/eli5_why_do_insectsarachnids_with_such_tiny/ | {
"a_id": [
"cbs9yfr",
"cbsbrmb",
"cbsc27f"
],
"score": [
13,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Weight increases cubically while size increases linearly. This means that the power to weight ratio of smaller creatures is much higher than larger ones, and this allows them to accelerate their relatively lighter bodies much more quickly.",
"I'm starting to think that a lot of questions on ELI5 are created because the person inquiring has made some sort of false assumption.\n\nWhy are you linking the size of the brain with speed of motion?",
"Reflex time consists of brain time, travel time, and muscle time.\n\nFor a small creature, travel time and muscle time are greatly reduced.\n\nIn addition, they are usually operating on instinct. Where a smarter creature has to take time to decide which of many options it might choose, the insect is only smart enough to react in one way, but it will do it very quickly."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
4ktnpl | why is it that you can't go to a liquor store and buy alcohol to bring home on sundays (in certain areas) but you can go out to a bar on sundays and drink all you want? doesn't that promote drinking and driving (in a way)? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ktnpl/eli5_why_is_it_that_you_cant_go_to_a_liquor_store/ | {
"a_id": [
"d3hn9jf",
"d3hnimi",
"d3hnyfd",
"d3ho97m",
"d3hp46q"
],
"score": [
3,
7,
18,
2,
4
],
"text": [
"Your question really depends on state law and local ordinances. Who knows why the legal scheme was designed the way it was? It may even be unintentional. Or perhaps you're mistaken, and bars in your area are also restricted (though people could go elsewhere). If you provide your location, perhaps someone with specific knowledge of the political history could chime in.\n\nI think it's safe to say that people who advocate for banning alcohol sales on Sundays would prefer to include bars in that restriction.",
"There is no \"why\" required for laws. It was whatever the legislators and the lobbyists thought was a good idea at the time.",
"Liquor laws in the US are not logical. There's no point in trying to rationalize them or make coherent sense out of them.\n\nThey're a mishmash or religious moralising, tax collecting & industries trying to guarantee monopolies.",
"Odds are they were made at different times and the bars were not allowed to operate on Sundays if at all when the Liquor Store had its schedule restricted. \n\nThere are still cities and counties in the US that ban all sales of alcohol. ",
"These are a group of laws called blue laws which are essentially laws that are designed to force people into being good Christians. Liquor stores, and many other businesses, can be required to be closed on Sunday in a transparent effort to force people into attending Sunday mass. In some small towns the laws actually forced people to attend.\n\nTldr: the laws exist like that to coerce people into attending church"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
||
377fx7 | in the u.s., how is public radio organized, and how does it work? | My local station is WMAW. What is the relationship between that local station and NPR, MPB (Mississippi Public Broadcasting), Public Radio International, and other local stations who they play programming from (such as a WBUR in Boston who make "On Point")? What do each of these entities actually do and why do I hear their names mentioned? What is the relationship between them? Who decides which programs to run? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/377fx7/eli5_in_the_us_how_is_public_radio_organized_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"crkak95"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"In some states, the public radio stations are managed at the state level, along with public TV stations. That's the case in Mississippi. In some other states, the public radio stations are separate, often run by universities.\n\nIn either case, the relationship with NPR is that they are NPR member stations, and pay money to NPR for the right to run their shows. So, when your NPR station has a fundraising drive, it's not just to pay for the staff salaries and the cost of transmitting the signal -- it's also to pay for All Things Considered and other NPR shows.\n\nSome NPR stations produce their own shows and sell them through NPR, like On Point. So, in that scenario, your donation to MPB helps pay the bill to NPR, part of which goes to WBUR for the cost of producing On Point."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
4g4pcm | how do trees not deplete soil of nutrients? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4g4pcm/eli5how_do_trees_not_deplete_soil_of_nutrients/ | {
"a_id": [
"d2ej5t1",
"d2eja3f",
"d2elfj7",
"d2eltgf"
],
"score": [
2,
4,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"If the question is \"How do trees continually obtain nutrients?\":\n\nNitrogen fixing bacteria, such as *Rhizobium*, are responsible for much of the elemental nutrients available to plants. Using atmospheric nitrogen, these symbiotic bacteria they continually produce solid nitrogen which the plants can use to produce chlorophyll. In return, the roots nodules provide a home and subsistence. For this reason, you'll often find diverse bacterial colonies around plant roots.\n\nIf the question is \"How do trees prevent from depleting the soil of nutrients\":\n\nThis isn't to say trees cannot deplete soils of nutrients. Blocking the flow of minerals and nutrients from rain, wind and other environmental conditions may cause nutrient soil depletion, to which the tree may die or trigger a cellular stress response. This stress response may make certain cellular proteins more stable, change enzyme production, reduce energy consumption, and prepare it for a non-ideal condition.",
"They absorb nutrients, but rather slowly. So the nutrients in the soil are generally replaced by other forces before the effect of the tree is noticeable.",
"Trees don't get a lot of nutrients from the ground. Trees are 95% carbon, which comes from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trees absorb the carbon and release the oxygen for most other life to use. So the reason they don't easily deplete the ground of nutrients is that they don't draw many nutrients from it.",
"Dead leaves and needles return to the forest floor and are turned into soil through microbial activity. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[],
[]
]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.