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cuxcql | what is the difference between a first american edition and printing and simply the first edition and printing? | In the long run does it make that much of a difference? Especially when they are published in the same year?
It seems like it should make a difference and Google was so confusing on this. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cuxcql/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_a_first/ | {
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"First American editions refer to books that were initially printed in Europe.\n\nThe first American edition of a book is the first print run of a book made in America. Depending on the book this might have been decades after the initial print run of a book in Europe.\n\nThis impacts the value of the book as collectors consider the initial true print runs to be more valuable."
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70ry8z | the sun puts out a constant wave of energy. energy cannot be created or destroyed. there's a layer of ozone around earth. according to these facts, there should be more and more energy constantly getting funneled into our planet, and less escaping. is this true, and what could we do with it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70ry8z/eli5_the_sun_puts_out_a_constant_wave_of_energy/ | {
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"energy escapes our planet via infrared emmissions roughly as quickly as it comes in.\n\ntheres a slight imbalance which we know as global warming, very impactful, but minor relative to the total amount coming in vs out.\n",
"The ozone doesn't stop the energy from the sun from radiating back out into space. Greenhouse gases *do* keep much of the sun's energy inside the earth's atmosphere, but not all of it.\n\nIt's still enough to be causing global climate change via warming, however.\n\nAnyway, the energy that's trapped in this way is typically in the form of heat, which when spread out over a large area, is pretty much impossible for us to utilize for any useful work. It's very high-entropy.",
"Earth radiates most of the incoming energy back off into space as heat and reflects a decent portion as well.\n\nA small percentage is captured by plants and used to activate chemical reactions.",
"The Sun is constantly adding energy to the planet Earth, yes. However, a lot of heat leaves Earth and flies off into space, mostly in the form of infrared light. It flies off into the inky blackness of space and is never seen again. The more the Sun heats the Earth, the hotter it gets, the greater the temperature difference between the Earth and space, and therefore the higher the rate of heat transfer. These actions form a relatively stable equilibrium. Of course, that equilibrium accounts for things like ice ages and very warm periods so it's not as though society could weather the most drastic swings in that equilibrium."
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7kyyxv | i read that as fat is gained, lots of blood vessels are generated. can someone explain this in more detail and what happens to these blood vessels as fat is lost? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7kyyxv/eli5_i_read_that_as_fat_is_gained_lots_of_blood/ | {
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"The process is called angiogenesis. Basically as more adipose tissue is accumulated, small vasculature will be generate to supply it with oxygen like and other cellular tissue. But often the accumulation of fat out matches the rate of angiogenesis cause tissue to not get proper oxygen supply causing hypoxia and feel death. This cellular death and damage is one of the reasons obesity or directly correlated to increased risk of some forms of cancer developing. Due to increased cellular damage and mutation.\n\nAs to where the gained vasculature goes when fat is lost? I am not completely sure. Good question! But I would assume the material would be recycled and repurposed or excreted.",
"The former part of your question is answered by u/iammuchburrito, so I'll just talk about the latter.\n\nNothing happens to the blood vessels, because the fat isn't \"lost\" the way it sounds like it is. When the body taps fat reserves for energy, it doesn't kill and eat the cells. Rather, it accesses their internal reserves, and they shrink.\n\nThis has obvious metabolic benefits - it's more expensive to create a new cell than to \"refill\" an existing one, so reuse of fat cells makes sense.\n\nHowever, it has equally obvious disadvantages in an environment where caloric excess is more common than caloric restriction. Once you've gained weight (therefore adding fat cells), it is difficult to lose it; the cells don't go away. And once the cells exist, it is easy to \"refill\" them, so weight goes back on very quickly.\n\nAnd since all the fat tissue has blood vessels - they're living cells, of course, so they require blood supply just like all other living tissue in your body does - it is difficult to mechanically remove it. Any attempt to \"suck\" fat out has to consider the amount of internal bleeding which will result from shredding living tissue."
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2ocs8b | why isn't there a waiter/waitress union? | Been in the business for 4 years now and have never understood this. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ocs8b/eli5_why_isnt_there_a_waiterwaitress_union/ | {
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"High turn over; hugely different employment circumstances; demographically young; small-business sector hiring policies.",
"There are very few good unions in the USA. But it doesn't mean that's the case everywhere. In Finland, there is a general agreement that applies to waiters. [source](_URL_0_)\n\nThis is something unusual, for instance academically educated engineers are not unionized in the USA, but here it's like 80%."
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1kks5q | tracert/traceroute and it's purpose. | Can someone please explain to me what is traceroute for and what it's use for? thanks! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1kks5q/eli5_tracerttraceroute_and_its_purpose/ | {
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"It traces a route. (Smart ass response ahoy!)\n\nIt'll try to send a packet to a specified node, and for each step of the journey it'll figure out where it is and get the information back to you. This is useful for mapping a network and/or determining if certain links are down sometimes. Also good just to know what you can expect latency to be like if you always need at least 3 nodes between you and the desired node.",
"It lets you see where the problem is when you can't reach specific sites (or when they are slow). Seeing every step on the route makes it much simpler to work out where in the network the problem is located. ",
"Go to DOS prompt and type in \"tracert www._URL_0_\" and you will see a list of servers. This is the route your internet is using for this website. Typically the path from your computer > > local exchange > > ISP regional backbone > > international backbone > > google backbone > > googles load management > > _URL_0_ server. Hope that helps."
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59h2r2 | how are submarines refuelled at sea? | I was reading a current news story regarding warships being refuelled at port, which were *probably* travelling with submarines.
This implies that the submarines would not be refuelled at port, as not to give their existence away.
So i was wondering how, if at all, are submarines refuelled at sea?
Or is it because these are nuclear submarines or they do not require refuelling during the journey?
Thank you
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59h2r2/eli5_how_are_submarines_refuelled_at_sea/ | {
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"Nuclear submarines does not need much fuel. However they do need consumables like food and spare parts. There are also quite a lot of diesel submarines in use as they can be smaller and more nimble. Both types of crafts can be resupplied in sea by having two ships at the same speed next to each other and throw a line between the ships using a crossbow. Once you have a line you can send over a rope and then a cable and then a fuel line or a basket with supplies or people. It is also possible to use lighter boats between the vessels if they can slow down and the sea is calm enough.",
"Submarine tenders -- but apparently the russians don't have any of these vessels any more. Likely they can take normal supplies like other ships do from normal supply vessels though.\n\n_URL_2_\n\nHere's a pic of a US sub tender at work.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nand info about the pictured vessel\n\n_URL_0_",
"Nuclear submarines have all the fuel they will ever need from the time they first launch. The USS Nautilus submarine's core was built into the sub itself and was not designed for refueling (modern subs may no longer be built this way). Since the nuclear core is capable of turning seawater into both oxygen and drinking water, the only \"refueling\" that's needed is food and supplies for the crew.\n\nWhen discussing submarines supporting other warships, keep in mind that the crew of a submarine is pretty small, typically less than 200 total personnel. To contrast, there are thousands of men and women aboard an aircraft carrier at any given time. It's relatively simple for the carrier or one of the other warships in the group to carry additional supplies for the submarines if necessary.",
"You actually want people to know you HAVE the submarines. You simply do not want them to know where they go when out of port. So mostly you refuel/restock them normally at the ports. \nHowever new prototypes etc. would mostly be restocked on sea to not get spotted. \n\n"
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2awy69 | how do voice actors with myriad voices do it? | Is there something physically different for voice actors like Mel Blanc, Seth MacFarlane, or Tara Strong? Or can anyone do what they do with enough training and practice? For example, give me 20 years and I could likely play piano reasonable well. But I doubt I could ever really make my voice sound so completely different. It's not just the acting skills they have. They really sound very different. Katey Sagal is as good an actor as Billy West, but he can just make his voice sound like it's from another body. How? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2awy69/elif_how_do_voice_actors_with_myriad_voices_do_it/ | {
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"It's a mix of genetic diversity and practice, with the former contributing more than the latter.\n\nMost people can carry a tune decent enough to contribute to \"Happy Birthday\". Many people can sing decently. A few people can sing well. And very people can sing extremely well, using a huge range of notes and techniques to add to their music. Some of it is practice but most of it is because that practice is just letting them use their voice to its best ability, just like studying makes a smart person have better grades.\n\nSame goes for voice actors that can assume different characters, accents, and personas. Their genes have given them the ability to quickly swap between voices and they could do so reasonably well without a whole lot of practice. Their genetics have granted them a flexible voice and bundled it with the cleverness to manipulate it quickly into other characters. And when they practice and are interested in doing it, they can do amazing things with their voice.",
"I believe it is mostly a difference in perception and control, i.e. not physical skills but CNS ones. \n\nSome people are really good at identifying the difference between accents, and that is an essential skill when doing character voices. You have to be able to identify the sounds before you can make them.\n\nIn MacFarlane's case, you have the neutral, midwestern accent that belongs to Brian. You have a thick New England accent with plenty of stammers coming from Peter, and the stuffy aristocratic accent of Stewart. Even if he didn't change the timbre of his voice, these characters would be distinguishable.\n\nBut MacFarlane is a reasonably skilled singer (seriously, he put out an album of standards a while back), which probably helps him with the breath and vocal control necessary to raise his voice into Stewart's range and down into Peter's range without sounding awkward. And, he's good enough to do it instantly -- some of character voice actors will read the script for each character separately, but MacFarlane will read Stewart and Brian's lines and have a conversation with himself.",
"Seth McFarlane has something like 3 unique voices, which is hardly a myriad. He also speaks with nearly the same cadence with each of his voices.\n\nSorry for the kneejerk reaction, but I cant stand his name to be up there with Mel Blanc, Tara Strong, and Billy West. Just aint right."
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27u3ur | how do spaceships fly without atmosphere to push against? | If there is no atmosphere in space to propulse against, how does a rocket propel through space, if it isn't pushing against anything? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27u3ur/eli5how_do_spaceships_fly_without_atmosphere_to/ | {
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"Rockets produce thrust via momentum transfer. Newton's Third Law says that Every Action produces and Equal and Opposite Reaction. The mass times the velocity of the exhaust of the rocket produces an equal force in the direction opposite of that exhaust.",
"They turn rocket fuel into exhaust, and then push it backwards. The process of turning rocket fuel into exhaust also generates the energy needed to push it backwards. They are pushing against their own, very small \"atmosphere\".",
"You may have noticed that a lot of rockets have stuff flying out the back really fast? \n\nThat stuff used to be going at the same speed of the rocket, and for it to be moving in the opposite direction, it must have accelerated. The stuff that flies out must have mass, which means that there was a force exerted on them to get them to move. Newton's 3rd law says that an equal force must have been exerted in the opposite direction. \n\nThe particle that's flying out doesn't have a large mass, but it has a huge acceleration, meaning that the force was sizable. (Newton's 2nd Law: F=MA). An equal force was exerted on the rocket, then, which has tremendous mass, and therefore did not accelerate as much. If you send millions of these little particles flying out the back, then those little accelerations add up and you can change your speed by thousands of km/h in just seconds. \n\nIf you want, you can think about it this way. Stand on a skateboard with good bearings, or on ice, or in a small boat. Get a bunch of footballs. Start throwing the footballs all in the same direction. You will find yourself moving in the opposite direction that you threw the balls. You're not pushing on your environment like a get or a car, you're only pushing on the balls. Congratulations, you are now a rocket. \n\nIn contrast, kick the ground, press against the ice with skates, or start paddling. You're now moving yourself in the same way that any non-rocket moves itself, by pushing against the environment. ",
"....you don't push against atmosphere..."
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3b4e4i | how do dead pixel fixers work? | I just saw one on [/r/InternetIsBeautiful/](_URL_0_). Why does changing the color very frequently help?
Feels like starting a defect engine again and again and again ... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b4e4i/eli5how_do_dead_pixel_fixers_work/ | {
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"When these pixel fixers work, it's because the pixel is stuck, and not dead. \n\n\nMy understanding of it is, the signal telling the pixel to change color, never reaches the destination. \n\n\nWhat the fixers do, is change the color rapidly so that the signals are, in a way, forced to the pixel, so over a long period of time (an hour or two, I think) the pixel becomes unstuck, and will function as normal."
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3lx11s | why can we just pump water into deserts to solve rising sea levels? | Either build canals into desert areas or pump via long pipelines. Generations before us have taken on far more complex engineering challenges with less tech and resources. Why is this not viable? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lx11s/eli5_why_can_we_just_pump_water_into_deserts_to/ | {
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"The surface of the oceans across the world is about 500 million square kilometers (roughly two hundred million square miles).\n\nTo reduce the level of the earth's oceans by one millimeter (about one 25th of an inch), you'd have to pump five hundred thousand cubic kilometers - or about 120000 cubic miles of water (a cube that's 50 miles on each side) into a desert... AND THEN KEEP IT THERE and don't let any of it evaporate or it'll just fall back into the oceans as rain.\n\nAnd that's just for reducing the level of the oceans by one millimeter.",
"Huge effort and nearly no effect, as stated from the_original_Retro. Also Keep in mind it's salt water and probaby will ruin the Environment."
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4tvz3j | #eli5 how do we know what animals see? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4tvz3j/eli5_how_do_we_know_what_animals_see/ | {
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"First off, dogs don't see black and white. They're dichromatic, able to see blue/green, but not trichromatic, so they can't see red or colors that are made up of red.\n\nWe can tell by looking at the structures of the eye themselves. We can see human eyes have 3 types of color-sensing cells in their eyes: red, blue, green. We see dogs only have two types of color-sensing cells: blue and green. Therefore we can pretty accurately determine what they can or can't see.\n\nRed toys look grey to dogs. If you want to get your dog a bright colorful toy, get something green, blue, or yellow."
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3idr2n | how can you tell when something is written well? | I always hear people talk about how a movie or a video game has good lines written into it, but I can never seem to figure it out. One example that I hear a lot is in Batman: Arkham Asylum, with one of the Riddler's tapes describing the answer to a riddle.
_URL_0_
People say that that's an example of good writing, but what makes it good? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3idr2n/eli5_how_can_you_tell_when_something_is_written/ | {
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"Good writing makes you forget that you're reading. It has a cadence and realism to it that doesn't pull you out of the story. It's neither too sparse or too flowery to provide distraction. \n\nIt often has layers of subtext as well. What a character says on the surface may mean something completely different given the context in which it is said. It can reveal underlying changes in the characters arc. An example I always remember is from the movie 'Pitch Black' where Riddick says \"tell them Riddick died on that planet\". What he's really saying in subtext is that he's a different person now because of what happened to him through the course of the plot - he's learned how to self-sacrifice. \n\n\n\n"
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3ayoee | how are space probes directed with such precision? | If they are sending probes decades beforehand to arrive at a certain point in space how on earth do they get these things on such a specific course? Are they constantly altering it or is it pretty much set from day one? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ayoee/eli5_how_are_space_probes_directed_with_such/ | {
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"Well, on Earth there's a ton of air particles and all sorts of other stuff that gets in the way when you're flying something around that can knock it off course. In space, bumping into something is a non issue. The only things you really have to account for are gravity from significantly large objects like planets and moons. Compared for all the stuff like air resistance you have to account for on Earth, planning a voyage in space is relatively simple.\n\nThat said, there are constant minor course corrections because you can't account perfectly for everything, but again, nothing like what you have to do while flying on Earth.",
"The course is mostly set by the angle and speed that the probe leaves Earth. We know where the planets, moons, etc. will be in the future, so it's fairly straightforward to set a probe on a path to reach a given destination.\n\nFor navigation, antennas send a signal to the probe and back, and the time it takes for the signal to return gives the distance and speed. Probes also typically have cameras that look for stars or the sun, and an onboard computer compares the images to what's expected to determine orientation. There is usually a thruster for minor course corrections to keep the craft traveling to the proper destination."
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olt78 | how to play snooker | There's a snooker table at my local "pub" but I don't know how to play. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/olt78/eli5_how_to_play_snooker/ | {
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"On a break you must hit one of the red balls with the cue (white) ball. Every time you sink (*pot*) a red ball you must call and hit a colored ball. If you pot the colored ball, it is returned to its original position on the table. \n\nYou can continue like this until there are only colored balls left, then you must pot them in order - yellow > green > brown > blue > pink > black\n\nEvery red ball is worth 1 point. Colored balls are 2,3,4,5,6,7 in the same order as above. The person with the highest score at the end of the game wins.\n\nFouls are similar to those in pool and vary from a minimum penalty of 4 to a maximum of 7 (depending on what color ball was missed/wrongly potted).\n\n\nIt may sound complicated but once you play a couple games, you'll start keeping score in head. Oh, and no jump shots allowed, so try to 'snooker' your opponent - force them to make a foul by putting them in positions where they can't hit the ball they have to. While you're learning, this is the easiest way to win (and to get better at positioning the ball post-shot)."
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dg7ihv | most of the two headed animals i see are turtles. is there a reason why they are more common than other two headed animals, or is it just a coincidence? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dg7ihv/eli5_most_of_the_two_headed_animals_i_see_are/ | {
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"The main reason from what I understand is that, for a turtle/tortoise, they tend to live a very long time, and so two-headed animals in zoos tend to live ages and outlive other animals with two heads, meaning there's a lot of living two-headed turtles in captivity. There's nothing about turtles or tortoises that make it more common (someone please correct that if I'm wrong).\n\nIt's actually observed more often in livestock, as we breed them far more often. However, livestock doesn't tend to live that long as is, and many deformed animals don't survive.",
"Two headed turtles can actually survive, most of the other animals die very early on in their life or even before they hatch or are born."
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827vok | if there are sin taxes on items harmful to the body such as alcohol and tobacco products to discourage purchasing them, why aren’t there any on unhealthy foods? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/827vok/eli5_if_there_are_sin_taxes_on_items_harmful_to/ | {
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"1. Some cities have and there have been various propositions nationally to introduce taxes on unhealthy things like sugar-laden sodas. As these are extremely popular products, there is generally very low public support for such measures. And unlike tobacco which produces harmful secondhand smoke and alcohol which can present a public safety issue in the event of public drunkeness or drunk driving, unhealthy foods don't produce a public safety issue. They tend to only harm the people eating them.\n\n2. The science on what is healthy or unhealthy tends to change based on which industry's been funding studies/what health crazes are sweeping the nation. For years, fat was the enemy and everything high fat was seen as unhealthy. Then, sugar was the enemy and we started better understanding and teaching people about the different types of fat, good fat vs bad fat, etc. Then, we realized that the artificial sweeteners we replaced sugar with have their own set of downsides.",
"Some cities have tried to do this (like Chicago's tax on Soda), but in the end people do not want extra taxes on things. People protested hard and finally got it removed. People in general are more okay with taxes being put on things such as tobacco because the majority of people don't smoke. However the majority of people in America do eat unhealthy foods, so it would effect more people.",
"Even if it would be practical to set appropriate taxes on something this complicated, it's unclear if this should be the government's role at all. Laws should certainly shield us from some dangerous situations and substances, but there has to be a balance between protection and intrusiveness. The government isn't my mother and we can't turn the world into a rubber room with all sharp corners padded."
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9aa4ap | why do airplanes have x amount of seats and x-20 amount of spaces for carry on luggage? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9aa4ap/eli5_why_do_airplanes_have_x_amount_of_seats_and/ | {
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"Because they can be configured in different ways.\n\nYou can see this just by looking at the seatmaps for A321s of [Jetblue](_URL_0_), [American Airlines](_URL_2_), and [Spirit](_URL_1_). You'll notice that they have different numbers of seats (200, 181, and 218 respectively), this means that the Spirit flight has significantly more people fighting over the overhead space than the JetBlue or AA flight.\n\nThere are also different designs for overhead bins that result in more or less useful volume. There are also different policies and enforcement levels for carry-on luggage which can result in lots of large bags being poorly stowed and taking up far more space than they should\n\nBoeing and Airbus sell the plane, the airlines decide how many people they want to cram into that shell. More people in the tube means less volume of cargo available per person"
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[
"https://www.seatguru.com/airlines/JetBlue_Airways/Jetblue_Airways_Airbus_A321_B.php",
"https://www.seatguru.com/airlines/Spirit_Airlines/Spirit_Airlines_Airbus_A321_V2.php",
"https://www.seatguru.com/airlines/American_Airlines/American_Airlines_Airbus_A321_V2.php"
]
]
|
||
eufimw | why does withdrawal cause the symptoms it does (nausea, sweats, shaking, disorientation, etc)? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eufimw/eli5_why_does_withdrawal_cause_the_symptoms_it/ | {
"a_id": [
"ffp2hn1",
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"text": [
"Drugs and alcohol work by supplying an artificial boost of a chemical to the body. This chemical boost then provides a noticeable effect to the user: Stimulants make you more alert, depressants make you sleepy, painkillers remove pain. \n\nAnd on a one-shot or limited use basis your body accepts that the drugs are doing their job. \n\nIf you start using some of these drugs (pain killing narcotics and alcohol are in this department), your body starts going \"that is to much of that, that needs to stop\" and starts to re-calibrate all of the sensory that normally controls those system. This is what is referred to as \"getting a tolerance to the drug\". Then to get the same perceived effect, the user would have to take more of the drug. Eventually your body gets a tolerance to *that*, and the cycle repeats. \n\nSo what happens when you take the drugs away? \n\nYour body has been conditioned to always have some of the drug in the system and all of the sensory and maintenance systems are now working on the assumption you always have some drugs. So when the drugs go away, the systems that use those drugs, produce those drugs or monitor those drugs are completely thrown out of whack and have to compensate. So your entire body is trying to figure out how to make everything work again. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nA quick analogy:\n\nYou are a tight rope walker with a balance pole. Today, someone adds a very small weight to one side. Its only a small weight so you can keep doing it. the next day a little more weight is added to the same side, so you compensate by holding the pole differently. Over the next couple of weeks more weight is added and you have to do more and more things to compensate, including shifting your grip, moving the pole to the other side and leaning side-wise to stay balanced on the balance wire. \n\nThen one day, someone comes along and knocks all of the extra weights off of your pole, with little or no warning. Then you have to straighten yourself out, shift your grip again, move the pole, and all of these all at once instead of the gradual loading that occurred in the other direction.",
"Bc what the other ppl said plus neorotransmitters are how your brain makes your body work. And again, drugs stimulate them to the point your body can’t stimulate them anymore without the help of drugs. So different parts of the brain are affected like the part that regulates temperature. Also parts of your brain associated with pleasure and calmness are imbalanced. As parts of your brain sense distress they send out distress signals. It becomes a cycle that feeds itself and gets worsen over time. That’s why it takes so much time to heal. You need as much repetition fixing your brain as you had destroying it."
]
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| []
| [
[],
[]
]
|
||
4vnf5l | why is e-mail not end 2 end encrypted, and whatsapp, imessage etc are? | I know PGP etc exist, but there is no easy way to send end to end encrypted emails. The most sensitive information are all send using plain text e-mails.. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vnf5l/eli5_why_is_email_not_end_2_end_encrypted_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"d5zs3er",
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"score": [
2,
4,
2
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"text": [
"You *can* do end-to-end encrypted email. But for compatibility reasons it's not the default -- not everyone has encryption/decription software on their device.",
"Email is decades old -- from an era where encrypting all emails would have been prohibitively computationally expensive. \n\nWhatapp and iMessage are only a few years old, built for devices with much faster processors.\n\nIf email was invented from scratch today, it would be encrypted. That said, there are many add-ons to email to allow encryption and other means of security, but they require both the sender and recipient to be using the same encryption/authentication mechanism.",
"Email is really, really old. Network-based email systems existed before the public discovery of public-key encryption (the classified discovery may have predated email).\n\nThe International Telecommunication Union (ITU) developed X.400, which was an email system that supported end-to-end encryption and was mandated for use as the official email system of various military and government organizations.\n\nThe problem with end-to-end encryption is that it requires trusted authorities and those authorities had to verify the identity of each individual email user. This is prohibitively expensive.\n\nPGP got around that by using its \"web-of-trust\" model, but at the end of the day, the average Internet user didn't understand encryption and it just simply never gained enough of a foothold to be generally used."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
]
|
|
9w83xx | why do you say “hanged himself” and not “hung himself”? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9w83xx/eli5_why_do_you_say_hanged_himself_and_not_hung/ | {
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"text": [
"It’s just one of those things in English. Hanged is reserved for hanging people and hung is really anything else.",
"Most words become the \"correct\" word to use when enough people decide that a word has a certain meaning, and society agrees on it for the purposes of practically understanding each other. \n\nAfter hundreds of years of use of the verb \"to hang\" in this way, it became practical for understanding each other and better conveyed intention to use the terminology \"hung\" when referring to hanging an object, and \"hanged\" when referring very specifically to the act of putting someone to death by the method of hanging. It was a distinction that became especially important to make when the act of putting criminals to death by hanging was more commonly used.\n\nI've heard it said that \"hung\" implies a continual action (aka, the picture on the wall is hung and it remains hung until it falls or is taken down), whereas \"hanged\" is an event that is over when the human being has died from hanging. But even if that's true, the main reason is that to say \"hanged\" removes all confusion and makes it very specifically clear that the person who was hanged was killed in this very particular way.\n\nSince to commit suicide by hanging is the same situation, the phrase \"hanged\" sticks for this, too.",
"When an executioner 'hangs' a person, they are not just lifting them up onto a rope and dangling them. The act of 'hanging' a person is a specific procedure, tying their neck in a particular way and dropping them from a certain height with the intention of breaking their neck and causing immediate death. \nSo this process is differentiated from just dangling something, e.g. hanging a picture, by having a different word for the past form. 'Hanged'. ",
"To be hanged is the act. If you were dangling from rope climbing gear that slipped you could say you were hung up there for a while. But, when people decided you should be hanged as a punishment, we say you were hanged. It's like how you get fired, are fired, were fired, could be fired. Hanged is the action that happened regardless, not the state you were in. You were hung up in your hanging, while you were being hanged. \n\n",
"They used to be separate words. Hangen meant execution and hang meant like to suspend something. Over time the present tenses of each word became the same while they kept their respective past tense conjugations, hanged and hung. ",
"In old German it used to be \"henken\" instead of \"hängen\", but only for the execution. Thus the Henker. I'm not sure but I don't even think henken was exclusively \"to hang\", but included other sorts of executions. \nSo the two words once had different meanings but became commonly used as one, only differing in the past tense form"
]
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[],
[],
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3d4rp1 | taxes under bernie sanders | Im assuming they will skyrocket, but on what and whom? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3d4rp1/eli5_taxes_under_bernie_sanders/ | {
"a_id": [
"ct1r8tc"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"His stated position on taxes is to remove deductions that benefit corporations, and raise taxes on capital gains (which would primarily hit wealthier people) and on the top 2% wealthiest Americans. \n\nOf course, it's worth noting that he doesn't become King of America if elected, and how taxes would change under him depends on the willingness of the rest of government to go along with his ideas."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
8b8ayy | why breathing out doesn’t work when we’re choking ? | The air we breath out should be enough to push the foreign airway obstructing object out. Like in a blow pipe.
But it’s not. Why that ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8b8ayy/eli5_why_breathing_out_doesnt_work_when_were/ | {
"a_id": [
"dx4p3sj",
"dx4pgmk",
"dx55s89"
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"score": [
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2,
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"text": [
"Ever drink a beverage with a straw that has solid chunks of stuff like fruit or bobas in it? If it's an extremely tight fit, it takes a LOT of force to blow or suck the object through. If there's air gaps around the object in the straw, it's much easier to pull it through.\n\nIn short, if something's wedged in your airway, if you exhale sharply, the vast majority of the air will flow through any gap between the object and the side of the airway. It might be enough to dislodge it, but it might not.\n\nAdditionally, if you start choking if you don't have full lungs, there's no way to inhale air to breathe out deeply. You're stuck with what you have in your lungs at the moment. The less air, the more force it takes to generate the same amount of pressure.",
"I think it's hard to get enough force, especially when you don't have a full breath and your body is trying to gasp instead. But this is how the Heimlich maneuver works, by assisting that air to forcibly expel. If you don't have anyone to do it for you, bend over the back of a chair, being careful to get it below your xyphoid process ( the pointy bone where your ribs come together) get a good grip on the seat, and jam that sucker in and up into your belly as hard as you can.",
"You can... if you have enough air in your lungs to push it out with enough force. But chances are when you are choking, you won't have that kind of luxury."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
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|
8v46fg | are fishes and other underwater creatures in danger when there are storms or is it still relatively safe for them beneath the surface? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8v46fg/eli5_are_fishes_and_other_underwater_creatures_in/ | {
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3,
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"text": [
"Most of the water movement occurs very near the surface so fish which wanted to avoid the storm could simply move deeper. As a rule of thumb at depths of greater than half the wavelength the water motion is less than 4% of that at the surface. Also a fish in open water is unlikely to be given much trouble by a strong current because, being fish, they can breath perfectly fine and don't really have anywhere to be.",
"A dozen meters of water is an excellent buffer against any storm disturbance. Water is much heavier than air, so what are very strong winds doesn't translate into very strong currents.",
"Hurricanes can wreck shallow reefs with wave action, but outside of shallow water and powerful storms, there's not much impact in the ocean. I can verify this from personal experience: was diving once and didn't even realize a rainstorm had blown in until we got to the surface. \n\nIn freshwater, storms have a larger impact because rainfall washes into the rivers and streams and increases the flow by a large amount. Local animals and plants do have adaptations to deal with this, but some still get washed down stream or even killed if they get unlucky."
]
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| []
| [
[],
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||
1t8sx9 | this idea for storing and using captured co2 emissions sounds pretty amazing. is it feasible? | The ideas presented in this video: _URL_0_ are pretty smart. However, although it presents a workable model, is it feasible financially? What are the costs to capture CO2? The film does not speak about this.
The part where the idea about utilization of captured CO2 starts at 8:40. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t8sx9/eli5_this_idea_for_storing_and_using_captured_co2/ | {
"a_id": [
"ce5hq80"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Eh. Liquifying co2 at those scales would be very energy expensive. not to mention the whole storage and pumping system. Also bring the liquid co2 underground is not a very permanent solution. It would quickly turned into a gas if it ever got the chance and any small crack would allow it to escape again. Even if no crack forms people later on me accidentally open the well the leasing All co2 out "
]
} | []
| [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GR-AA3dINRs#t="
]
| [
[]
]
|
|
9rm4eg | why are some criminals deported and not imprisoned? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9rm4eg/eli5_why_are_some_criminals_deported_and_not/ | {
"a_id": [
"e8hwhq0",
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3
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"text": [
"It will depend on a number of factors.\nBeing able to successfully convict someone would be a large issue with it. \nYou might be able to prove they attended the match and were in the area but not that they did anything illegal.\nYou might also have had plea deals in order to avoid harsher sentences and so on.\nCan't really get more specific than that without looking at individual cases.\nBare in mind that France has a judicial system different to the US and Canada.\n\nDeportation is not a joke either, especially if you committed a minor crime. It would likely mean that they lost money on plane tickets, hotels and so on and may be barred from re-entering France.\n",
"Balance of cost against desire to punish. Minor crimes, why pay the cost of housing and feeding? Just kick them out and record that they can't be allowed back in. More serious crimes and you might imprison as an example then report but it's unlikely that the sentence for a local would be imprisonment if it was just rowdy behaviour."
]
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| []
| [
[],
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|
||
od2bo | the constitutional basis of civil rights act of 1964. | Specifically, the part that makes discriminatory employment practices by private companies illegal. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/od2bo/eli5_the_constitutional_basis_of_civil_rights_act/ | {
"a_id": [
"c3gbddg"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The 14th amendment. Bam."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
21lkzu | where does the ebola virus come from? | Is it an animal virus like chicken pox or swine flu? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21lkzu/eli5_where_does_the_ebola_virus_come_from/ | {
"a_id": [
"cge78nj"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
" > Is it an animal virus like chicken pox or swine flu?\n\nProbably, but they haven't identified the specific animal reservoir yet. It's commonly believed to be one or more species of bat though, for various reasons. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
dhzn1o | why are burns separated into 1st 2nd and 3rd degree? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dhzn1o/eli5_why_are_burns_separated_into_1st_2nd_and_3rd/ | {
"a_id": [
"f3s97zr"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"A first degree burn doesn't burn very deap and usually only effects the epidermis (top layer of skin) and it's symptoms are pain, redness, and maybe some swelling.\n\nA second degree burn generally burns into the papillary region of skin. It's symptoms are blisters, pain, splotchy skin, severe swelling, etc.\n\nA third degree burn makes it to the recticulary region which has blood vessels and connective tissues which support things like hair. It's symptoms are that the skin turns white, becomes leathery, and is relatively painless\n\nA fourth degree burn burns deeper and will usually cause things like charring.\n\n\n\nThe reason we break it into classifications is because how you treat a first degree burn is different from a second degree burn because the two actual primarily damage different systems. It's easier to create superficial classifications that encode this information than to have your nurse say to the ER staff \"yeah the burn has slight blistering leading me to suspect its reached the papillary region of skin but there are parts turning white so we may have to treat the recticulary region\"\n\nI mean they could say \"it's mostly second degree burns with soen third degree burning\"\n\n\nThis is a slight simplification of both what the different burn degrees mean and why we use classifications.\n\n\nTL;DR it's easier to use abstracted classification systems than to relay all of the information and it can make treatment not only faster but more accurate. Given that not all burns are treated the same it's easier to treat the classification of burn than to try and come up with a unique treatment for each individual burn, and especially when the treatment in the long run will be the exact same."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
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||
2p3gux | when your hands are cold and you put them under lukewarm water it feels burning hot. if you can get past the perceived heat, will you actually get a burn? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p3gux/eli5_when_your_hands_are_cold_and_you_put_them/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmt52bd",
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"score": [
13,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"IIRC cold cause blood vessels to contract and \"sink\" deeper into parts of your body. The sudden rush of hot water causes a rush of blood to the skin and your brain interprets this as pain. ",
"Basically different sensations your nerves feel have different priorities, but the intensity felt is the strongest intensity. So warm/hot has priority over cool/cold. Running your hands under warm water means you will feel some level of warmth. Since your hands are very cold the intensity of that feeling is very high, causing it to feel very hot.\n\nYou won't get burned by the warm water anymore than you normally would.",
"Your nerves were numbed by the cold, and are now waking up. There is also the factor of your nerves adjusting to the previous temperature, and now being over sensitive (just like your eyes when you go from somewhere dark to somewhere bright).\n\nAn actual burn is caused by your flesh cooking (or starting to...), this simply isn't possible with warm water, no matter how it feels when your hands are really cold. Obviously you don't want to use water that is actually hot, stick to temperatures which you normally would be comfortable with.\n\nTL;DR: Your nerves are being over cautious and/or waking up. Use common sense to avoid burning yourself."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[],
[],
[]
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|
||
2g452n | what was 9/11 like for george bush and other top government officials and military personnel? | Basically as the question states what was it like for them, where did they go, what happened, who did they speak to etc... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g452n/eli5_what_was_911_like_for_george_bush_and_other/ | {
"a_id": [
"ckflc8q"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Ari Fleischer, Former WH Press secretary for George Bush, is doing whole recollection on twitter about the events on that day...\n\nYou can find it [here](_URL_0_)"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"https://twitter.com/AriFleischer"
]
]
|
|
2d4n9v | when two hydrogen atoms fuse the energy released come from mass, but you still have two protons. what mass was converted into energy? | A few weeks back, my buddy was given this problem by his professor. He asked for help, and after countless attempts at putting this into a google-able question and sifting through his textbook we gave up. Its been on my mind ever since and I don't think I can continue living a normal life until I understand. When the reaction ends, you end with the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons and a large amount of energy released in the form of EMR. Help. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d4n9v/eli5_when_two_hydrogen_atoms_fuse_the_energy/ | {
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"score": [
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"text": [
"are all the electrons in the same places? what about orbitals and covalent bonds?",
"I'm pretty sure this is answered by the mass defect. Basically, the sum of the protons, neutrons, and electrons alone are slightly more than the sum of all their masses together. The difference is the energy produced. ",
"at some points in the process, protons convert to neutrons and neutrons break down into other particles. after googling \"hydrogen fusion\", it's apparent that two hydrogen atoms (protons) fusing will produce deuterium (a neutron and a proton). some energy release comes from that. i dont really understand it, and its probably beyond the scope of ELI5.",
"Since nobody has answered this yet, it's because of the [nuclear binding energy] (_URL_0_).\n\nBasically, a small component of the mass of each hydrogen atom is stored potential energy, and that potential energy is released when the atoms fuse into helium. Note that mass and energy are equivalent and related through e = mc^2 .\n\nIt's like having two magnets come together. When they are apart, they have very slightly more mass than when they are together, because they have potential energy from being \"high up\" in a magnetic field. When the magnets come together, energy is released in the form of heat and sound. If you had a sensitive enough scale, you would notice the mass of the magnets to be slightly less when together.\n"
]
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| [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy"
]
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|
6751cn | why would an asthma medicine increase risk for death due to asthma? | So I saw a commercial for a type of asthma medicine, but one of the side effects was increased risk of death due to asthma related symptoms. I'm very confused, please help. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6751cn/eli5_why_would_an_asthma_medicine_increase_risk/ | {
"a_id": [
"dgnqbl0"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Drug companies are required by law (at least in the US) to report everything that occurred during their clinical trials, even if it isn't clear that the drug caused that side effect.\n\nFor some drugs there are literally tens of thousands of people participating in trials; if conceivably one of them died of an asthma-related cause, they would have to report that as a possible side effect."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
6qm6qn | how do magnetic stripe cards/readers access account information? | When you swipe a debit/credit card, how does the reader know how much is in the account or how much credit is available without internet access? How does the mag stripe work in general? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qm6qn/eli5_how_do_magnetic_stripe_cardsreaders_access/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkycpce"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
" > Without internet access\n\nRight there is your problem. They *do* have internet access, either at the moment when they're verifying your card, or some time later when they send all of the day's purchases off to the card processors to be handled.\n\nThe magnetic strip stores enough information to identify the account, then the card reader sends a message to the credit card company saying \"This is merchant XYZ looking to charge $A.BC to card number PDQ.\" The credit card company looks at the transaction, decides if it seems reasonable, then sends back a \"yea\" or \"nay\" and the card is either accepted or declined. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
2v1852 | why are companies able to loan money to other parts of the same company? why is any interest involved? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v1852/eli5why_are_companies_able_to_loan_money_to_other/ | {
"a_id": [
"codjnwo",
"codkbri"
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"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Many big companies have divisions that operate independently of each other. They have their own accountants and are responsible for the own revenues and expenses.\n\nWriting up a loan allows the company leadership to accurately track who is making what and who is spending what.\n\nCharging interest discourages unprofitable sections of the company from continuously borrowing money.",
" > Why is any interest involved? \n\nBecause if Division A has money to loan to Division B, there has to be a reason for them not to invest it in some other way. Shareholders demand (as they should) that the company as a whole operate in such a way that maximizes return, and if Div. A is loaning money for free, that's not happening."
]
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| []
| [
[],
[]
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|
||
1wbojy | why do fast food joints bother with promo items when they could simply keep them on menu? | For example, every 4 months or so, Taco Bell comes up with some amazingly delicious burrito or crunch wrap only to take it down 2 weeks later. Why? Why would they deprive me of such deliciousness that I would have no problem buying every time I come in? If they had kept the Beefy Crunch Burrito on menu, I might've become a regular customer. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wbojy/eli5why_do_fast_food_joints_bother_with_promo/ | {
"a_id": [
"cf0qxni"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Maybe they were just testing it out.\n\nIn some cases like the McRib, they buy pork when it is the cheapest and thats why its just a temporary thing."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
bjpp8j | why is vomiting dangerous for your heart as opposed to, say, sprinting? | Is it the risk of electrolyte imbalance, or something else as well? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bjpp8j/eli5_why_is_vomiting_dangerous_for_your_heart_as/ | {
"a_id": [
"ema61hb"
],
"score": [
5
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"text": [
"Vomiting isn’t necessarily “bad for your heart” per say. When you vomit, that leads to dehydration, reduction of acid so your body’s metabolic reactions might shift a little bit, or sometimes, though extremely uncommon and definitely an exception, it might be a symptom of a heart attack (primarily) in older women with other comorbidities. \n\nVomiting also stimulates your vagus nerve, so it will temporarily slow your heart rate down and drop your pressure a little bit while you vomit, usually returning your vitals back to what they were though. \n\nSprinting works your heart and initiates aerobic metabolism for energy. The danger that comes into place is typically for people who have heart failure and essentially their heart can’t keep up with the demand for oxygen and energy secondary from sprinting. There are a few other more complex cases, and by no means does that cover every case, but that’s about it in a nutshell."
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
|
61g1fz | why do waffle fries taste different than every other fry cut? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61g1fz/eli5_why_do_waffle_fries_taste_different_than/ | {
"a_id": [
"dfe75h4"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Many frozen waffle fries are lightly battered and seasoned with flavors like red pepper, onion powder and garlic powder. "
]
} | []
| []
| [
[]
]
|
||
b22o93 | what happens if you don't register with the selective service system? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b22o93/eli5_what_happens_if_you_dont_register_with_the/ | {
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"From the Selective Service website: Failing to register or comply with the Military Selective Service Act is a felony punishable by a fine of up to $250,000 or a prison term of up to five years, or a combination of both. Also, a person who knowingly counsels, aids, or abets another to fail to comply with the Act is subject to the same penalties.\n\nIf a man fails to register, or provides Selective Service with evidence that he is exempt from the registration requirement, after receiving Selective Service reminder and/or compliance mailings, his name is referred to the Department of Justice for possible investigation and prosecution for his failure to register as required by the Act. For clarification, if a man is exempt from registering with the Selective Service System, his name is not forwarded to the Department of Justice. The federal law stipulates that names are to be submitted to the Department of Justice annually.\n\nThe more immediate penalty is if a man fails to register before turning 26 years old, even if he is not tried or prosecuted, he may find that some doors are permanently closed. \n\nAdditionally, you're ineligible for federal student loans or grants, and cannot get a job in the federal government."
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d0mqom | why do cpus get so hot even though we put a small amount of voltage into them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d0mqom/eli5why_do_cpus_get_so_hot_even_though_we_put_a/ | {
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"But we are putting a lot of current (amps) into them, and the current is what actually causes metal to heat up when electricity flows into it.\n\nThat's why long distance power lines run at such high voltages - to mitigate the power lost to heat in the wires.",
"Voltage is not energy on its own. Voltage multiplied by current is power, or how quickly energy is flowing. One volt at one hundred amps is the same as a thousand volts at a tenth of an amp. For instance, my computer has a five-hundred-watt power supply. It takes in 120-volt AC, and (assuming near-perfect efficiency which is unrealistic) 4.2 amps. It then outputs a lower voltage, let's say twelve volts, at 42 amps. The total power through the system is the same in both cases (500 watts), but the voltage is substantially lower. CPUs don't require a lot of voltage to run, as typically that voltage only has to trip a few transistors in a row, but when you have billions of these things running in parallel (the voltage is supplied separately to each one), then you have a lot of power consumption.",
"Power (Watts) = Voltage x Current (Amps) \n\nSo..if the chip runs at 60Watts under full load and it's using 1.4V, you can divide the 60/1.4 to give a current draw of around 43A..which is a lot"
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dyxsfk | what does mdma actually do and why must you take long breaks between use? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dyxsfk/eli5_what_does_mdma_actually_do_and_why_must_you/ | {
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"f844rsv"
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"Imagine your brain as having a series of interconnected sponges.\n\nEach sponge holds different chemicals which it releases in various situations.\n\nWell, our good friend Molly here wrings out your entire supply from the feel good sponge, and it takes time to regenerate that supply. \n\nYou can take measures to improve rebound such as taking 5-HTP which is a precursor to Seretonin, which is the sponge in question.\n\nHonestly, what amazes me is that it's chemically very close to Meth, but has none of the addictive problems that come with it.\n\nThat's wild."
]
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6oajj8 | why does sand squeak when you walk on it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6oajj8/eli5_why_does_sand_squeak_when_you_walk_on_it/ | {
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"text": [
"I believe you are referring to the sound of the sand grains rubbing past each other. The vibration created from this friction vibrates the air and creates a frequency of vibration that your ears pick up as a sound. "
]
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4dq2vh | how do people with less than 10 subscribers get hundreds of thousands of views in just days? usually in animal, people fight compilations, or tv clips? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dq2vh/eli5how_do_people_with_less_than_10_subscribers/ | {
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"Assuming you're talking about Youtube, Reddit is a great example. The only way that those videos really have to expand quickly is to be shared around through different websites.\n\n/r/videos is a great example of this (with small videos growing very quickly if they're entertaining or interesting) and allows for small videos discovered by just a few dozen people to grow to the dozens or hundreds of thousands of views, and then websites like Buzzfeed also post them for even more views.",
"You are on Reddit so just imagine a random video makes it to the front page. That video is going to get a lot of views but most of those people aren't going to subscribe. I give you an example, there is video of a guy road raging against a motorcycle rider that over the last couple of days has been super popular on Reddit and was included in news stories of the incident. It was reposted probably 4 different times just in /r/motorcycles and I have seen it in at least 7 other subreddits. The guy only had like one other video on his channel and that one road rage video got almost 700k views in 2 days. He also went from 0 to a little over 4k subscribers in those 2 days. \n\n Basically luck is how people with few subscribers have a video get hundreds of thousands of views in a few days. \n\n_URL_0_"
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f3f5l9 | how have small tribes ensured or maintained genetic diversity? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f3f5l9/eli5_how_have_small_tribes_ensured_or_maintained/ | {
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"They don't really. cousin marriage is traditional in lots of places. I don't think anyone really likes incest, it's not good, but the risks of it are exaggerated (because it's gross). It doesn't generate new defects out of nothing. So small populations kinda just end up with the problems they end up with generation after generation and if they aren't fatal the first time they continue to be not fatal going forward.",
"They normally intermingle with neighboring tribes, which in turn mingle with other tribes, some island isolates tribes do have some issues with genetic diversity.",
"There is extremely few cases of small tribes surviving completely isolated from everyone else. Some of the most isolated tribes might only interact with their neighboring tribes once or twice a year. And in doing so they will often have marriages between members of the tribes and therefore get some genetic diversity.",
"A lot of them haven't, at least not to what we'd consider to be an optimal level. And that's not always guaranteed to be a problem. \n\nWhile a population can eventually reach a point where inbreeding has created so many birth defects that children rarely live to adulthood, it takes a very long time for that to happen unless there was already a strong predisposition for those defects present within the gene pool. In the short term, a loss of genetic diversity will just make a population more vulnerable to being wiped out by external factors like a new pathogen, sudden climate shifts, or the depletion of some vital resource. Humans tend to be uniquely talented at anticipating and avoiding these risks in our day to day lives compared to most species living on the planet, meaning it's a lot easier for us to endure even with that heightened vulnerability.",
"Answer: they often have elaborate kinship systems that dictate who's allowed to marry who. Often those extend outside the tribe to other tribes with whom they have some traditional association. This can result in a much larger network of genetic exchange.",
"OP's premise is flawed. These tribes often didnt (need) to keep their genepool diverse.\n\nInbreeding is generally considered bad because it heightens the selective pressure for recessive genes. In short term this means diseases with recessive inheritence are seen more often which causes the population size to shrink. In the long term these faulty genes will die out and the population will often recover until it reaches a new equilibrium.\n\nAnother reason why inbreeding is bad is that it leaves a population vulnerable to be wiped out completely by illnesses. Diverse populations will have a higher chance of a subpopulation surviving. But this is kind of where op has it backwards: if the tribes dont interact with the outside world pathogens wont even be transmitted."
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5cid8a | parents of reddit. what is the purpose of "baby on board" stickers? is it to advise other drivers that you ability to drive is somehow impaired, or is it to request other drivers change their behavior somehow? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5cid8a/eli5_parents_of_reddit_what_is_the_purpose_of/ | {
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"It's so first responders know to check the back seat in a bad accident that leaves you incapacitated or dead",
"It's for new parents to annoyingly proclaim their new addition to the world besides the endless facebook posts",
"It's a myth that people believe they need it for first responders look for the kid. In reality first responders will always check the whole car front to back. Baby seats and even boosters are huge so they will be pretty noticeable to anyone looking. Plus if the stickers real purpose was to alert first responders then it would also need to tell them how many to look for. ",
"The latter is correct. When these came out in the 80s it was meant to alert other drivers so that they would be (hopefully) more cautious when driving around you.",
"First responders instinctively check an entire wreck for people. They don't do it *super* hard if they see a sticker. Also, the sticker might be destroyed in a wreck, and it's senseless to think that they'll do their job with less fervor.\n\nIt's there to encourage people, even subconsciously, to drive safely. It might indicate that a rear collision will have worse results and suggest people keep more distance (ie distance they should already be keeping). It also might suggest that a driver could become suddenly distracted. But again, it's not warning anyone of anything they shouldn't be aware of: give cars space."
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14zk1x | how logarithm counting works | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/14zk1x/eli5_how_logarithm_counting_works/ | {
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"text": [
"Video: [Logarithms, Explained](_URL_0_)"
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6xth7n | how is machine learning and artificial intelligence different from each other? | AFAIK, both involve a machine to learn certain tasks and evolve over time and get better at it. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6xth7n/eli5_how_is_machine_learning_and_artificial/ | {
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" > both involve a machine to learn certain tasks and evolve over time and get better at it.\n\nFalse. That does not apply to AI\n\nAI most often refers to a process that can evaluate and intelligently react to its enviroment. A Chess AI will not evolve over time and get better. It will not learn chess from the ground up. It will be given an algorithm to scan the game for possible good moves and is programmed to be able to evaluate the current board, but it does no organic learning. Once you start the AI it will never change its skill.\n\nMachine learning involves the computer learning patterns and discovering its own solutions trough a wide array of strategies and via trial and error. AI can do that, but is just ad apt to describe computers who are told the method to find the solution beforehand.\n\nMachine learning is a sub field of AI research. It is one tool in a toolbox, but AI does not need it for all tasks and in some tasks it is just the wrong tool.",
"This is mostly just a \"unclear use of words\" problem. In the sense that you are referring to they are the same, but when people say that AI is something different then they are talking about what should be (and officially is... just commonly is not) called General Intelligence/General Purpose AI/Superintelligence. \n\nThe idea idea of a GAI is, that it is closer to a human brain than a comupter, or, in fact, is a simulation of a human brain, wich is one of the theoretical ways it could be created. It will not only learn to solve a problem, it will solve a problem, and then afterwards select the next problem to solve, set the parameters for solving this new problem, work it out, and then choose a next problem to solve, like a human brain does. It does not just work in a single field, it can do anything, adapt to solve anything you throw at it, it will answer your physics test, write a novel, paint a picture, let a robot build a house, and play microsoft pinball at the same time.\n\nThe comparison of AI to GAI is very much like the comparison of a computer to a human, the computer does a limited number of things really well, but the human can, with enough time and energy, learn to solve *anything*, do *anything*, and he can make the active decision wich of those unlimited tasks he could theoretically do he wants to fulfill, and learn how to do it. ",
"Machine learning (ML) is more of a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), like how eagles are a subspecies of birds. I don't think it's meaningful to compare the differences between them when they are subsets of each other, so I'll just explain their relationship instead: Machine learning is applied to AI, but not all AI uses machine learning.\n \nAI involves decision making based on algorithms and heuristics. Conventionally, without the use of machine learning, those algorithms are pre-programmed by a human being and dictates the action the AI will take, no matter how stupid the action turns out to be. This means that AI without machine learning is only as \"smart\" as the programmer programmed it to be, so if the algorithm the AI follows is flawed or sub-optimal (which is the fault of the programmer), the AI will always make that bad choice.\n\nThis is where AI with machine learning comes in. Without going too much into the technical details, the AI is programmed with an objective in mind and is tasked to achieve it, but is not told how to achieve it. It hence performs different actions determined at random, each time figuring out what helps it get closer to its objective and what hinders it. From there it literally \"learns\" how to achieve the objective by selecting and remembering the actions that helped it get closer to the objective, and after numerous tries - sometimes thousands, depending on the complexity of the task - it will develop its own algorithm."
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abn26r | eating before or after working out. | Should you eat before exercise or after? And why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/abn26r/eli5_eating_before_or_after_working_out/ | {
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"If you are concerned about weight loss, then it really doesn't matter what time you eat. Calories add up the same at any time during the day. However, if you want to perform well during your workout, I would eat before. By feeding your body with carbs and calories, you will give yourself a boost of energy that will lead to a better workout. That being said, don't eat a large steak dinner or anything like that, because then it will slow you down.\n\nOne myth about fat loss is that you can eat as much as you want after a workout, and it \"won't count\". Please keep in mind that this is complete bullshit. Calories don't care what time of day it is, or what you are doing.\n\nEDIT: A pre-workout meal would be something like a banana, a bowl of Rice Krispies, or anything else that is light and has carbs. For myself, peanut butter gives me energy like nothing else. I will usually have a spoon of peanut butter or a peanut butter wrap before a workout."
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2tb4r6 | why did human males evolve the ability to be angry for no apparent reason? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tb4r6/eli5_why_did_human_males_evolve_the_ability_to_be/ | {
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"text": [
"Because human females evolved the ability to be a bitch for no apparent reason"
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lzqui | will every date feature in the number pi. | Since this number is seemingly infinite, and so is time [citation needed] - will every date exist in some format or one format? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lzqui/eli5_will_every_date_feature_in_the_number_pi/ | {
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"The vast majority of real numbers are infinite and contain every possible finite sequence of numbers in any base. So regardless of the way you decide to format it, this is true for those numbers - called [normal numbers](_URL_0_)\n\nHowever, it is currently unknown whether or not this is the case for pi. Since most numbers have this property, and there are no obvious reasons why pi wouldn't have this property, most mathematicians suspect that pi is normal. But proving this is *very* difficult. \n\n\n",
"The vast majority of real numbers are infinite and contain every possible finite sequence of numbers in any base. So regardless of the way you decide to format it, this is true for those numbers - called [normal numbers](_URL_0_)\n\nHowever, it is currently unknown whether or not this is the case for pi. Since most numbers have this property, and there are no obvious reasons why pi wouldn't have this property, most mathematicians suspect that pi is normal. But proving this is *very* difficult. \n\n\n"
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5h7htl | when we let out a battle cry while lifting something heavy, does it actually help in anyway or is it just in our heads? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5h7htl/eli5_when_we_let_out_a_battle_cry_while_lifting/ | {
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"IIRC shouting and swearing has been found to reduce the sensation of pain, so there is a chance it helps a little.",
"Try something: stand up, hold out your arms to the sides, and get a buddy to press down on them. Try to resist. Do it twice: once while holding your breath, and once while exhaling. You should be noticeably stronger when exhaling.\n\nWhen lifting stuff, your \"battle cry\" is an excuse to exhale. The noise itself doesn't help, but the fact that you're breathing does.",
"I was given a judo lesson as a kid. Just one, mind you, but the one thing I took away from it is that when you make a sound while you're striking, the idea is that it tightens your core muscles and gives you a bit more power. I'd say that's what's happening here."
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3q9138 | why do cartoons artists highlight interactable objects in animations? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3q9138/eli5_why_do_cartoons_artists_highlight/ | {
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"If something is going to be in motion, it is given a simpler color pallet to make the job of frame by frame animation much easier. Backgrounds, which don't move much, can be drawn in detail.",
"If I remember correctly it's because the background is drawn first and anything that moves is drawn in afterwards. So when it's drawn on top of the background the colors seem a little off.",
"The animation is being drawn on a different layer than the background. Back in the day they used clear sheets to draw the animations on and played them over scenes. They just stack up the sheets with the animated characters on it and you just have to redraw the characters and not the whole image. This does mean though that what's going to move will be far more obvious then what won't move, as the colors used animation are simpler to speed up the drawing process.\n"
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4fe0ed | why do toilets reverberate? | I went in a forest once and noticed it makes so much less sound. Why aren't toilets designed so they don't amplify everything?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fe0ed/eli5_why_do_toilets_reverberate/ | {
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"Because they're big ceramic bowls. You could make one out of foam rubber, but I can see some downsides to that.",
"Toilets reflect sound because they are hard and smooth. You could make a silent stealthy toilet by making the inside of it a bumpy texture. Take a second to picture that. Now take a second to imagine how much of a BITCH it would be to clean all the shit out of the tiny little spaces. I'll take the noisy bowl any day rather than a quieter one that smells and looks covered in shit all the time.",
"Reason 1) Forests are very big and bathrooms are very small. Sound is a wave that likes to bounce off of things. When you poop in a bathroom, the bathroom is usually a closed room. The sound of your poop gets trapped in the room and bounces around so more of the sound waves go into your ears. In the forest, the sound waves can just leave. They can go out into the forest or up into the sky.\n\nReason 2) Bathrooms usually hare made of different materials than forests. Depending on your bathroom, it might be home to materials like porcelain, aluminum, steel, tiles (ceramic), or linoleum. Forests contain mostly dirt, trees, and smaller plants like bushes and grass. Forest materials are much better at absorbing sounds than bathroom materials are. So when you poop in a bathroom, the sound bounces off of the reflective surfaces and into your ears. When you poop in the woods, the sound gets absorbed and doesn't bounce back to your ears as much.\n\nToilets could be made out of a noise dampening material, but it might not work well with poop. Porcelain is good at not letting poop stick to it. Other, quieter materials like plastic or wood aren't as smooth so more poop will stick to them. And a lot of the loudness of pooping is due to the shape of your bathroom and the materials in your bathroom. Try bringing a toilet out to the forest for a poop. It'll be much quieter."
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3qa8eo | how/why are college sports so big in america? | Being English, it is mind-blowing to see how big college level sports are in the states. The scale/professional and crowd attendence of college football games for example, is immense. Such games even have media coverage. We have nothing like that over here at university level. In fact, even students of the university do not attend and support thier teams in my experience. How/why are college level sports so big in America then and are the players treated like celebrities like it appears? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qa8eo/eli5_howwhy_are_college_sports_so_big_in_america/ | {
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" > We have nothing like that over here at university level. \n\nBear in mind that the professional sports mechanisms in the usa have no promotion/relegation system. The under leagues of English Football take up the fan energy and talent pool of NCAA sports, by and large. ",
"In many places there are no professional teams. This makes college level the go to top level competition.\n\nFor example, there are no professional American football teams in Iowa, so the University of Iowa and Iowa State's football teams attract enormous crowds and are followed by pretty much any football fan in the state.\n\nAs for players being treated like celebrities, it's certainly not to the same extent as at the professional level, but top flight college players definitely enjoy a degree of celebrity, particularly concerning where they might go in their professional careers.",
"Another major factor is that these college leagues serve as sort of a minor league, development league almost, for American Football. ",
"College Sports are biggest in areas of America where no professional sports teams exist, or are not that good, I.E. Alabama, Oregon, Oklahoma.",
"sports in the states at the collegiate are so huge because they make money. They are a multi-million income source for their respective schools, so while art and other extracurricular activities are important their aren't supported by the schools as much. And they can make so much money because they don't pay the talent, what other business can compete, so at that level college sports took control of the market.\n\nFootball and basketball use the NCAA as a recruitment tool for their professional teams much more than any other sport, so the best young athletes are encouraged to attend which draws more fans, which makes more money. \n\nNow its tradition. ",
"In addition to serving markets underserved by pro sports, people tend to have greater emotional attachment and stake in college sports. For a lot of people, their parents, themselves, and their children attended these schools. This also leads to a much larger (and emotionally invested) fan base, with some schools having hundreds of thousands of alumni spread across the country.",
"There are two big factors here in the US as opposed to England when it comes to sports that drives this.\n\n\nFirst is the size of the US. Think of where you are now, and how long of a drive it would be to your nearest pro soccer team. Heck even just consider EPL clubs....probably an hour at most? There are some places in the US where you could be a 10 hour drive or more from the nearest top level, professional sports team. \n\n\nSecond, age restrictions. In European football, many times teams will sign and start kids as young as 15 or 16. In US sports, most leagues mandate that they have to be closer to at least 20-21. College sports provide exposure and development in lieu of an academy system. ",
"One thing that I will add is that college football is more fun to watch because you have a lot more variety in athleticism on the field, so the play is more interesting and volatile. At the professional level everyone is so athletic and good that it kind of washes out. ",
"I'm not sure anyone can explain HOW or WHY other than its just FUN. Nothing compares to a college (American) football gameday atmosphere. College rivalries in America have existed since there were college sports: _URL_0_. I think the world is really just now seeing it with communication modernzation aka /r/cfb.",
"American football was made popular by colleges and universities, then the pro leagues formed, not the other way around. The colleges and universities spent many years and lots of money creating the market for American football. The pro leagues were formed to try to capitalize on that market. In fact, a popular anecdote is when the pro leagues were still in a fledgeling state, a college star named Jim Thorpe mentioned he was thinking of going pro, most thought he was kidding as the pro leagues were considered a joke. By the time the NFL became the powerhouse it is today, the college scene was a well entrenched participant.",
"Because there's usually one main professional league with a limited number of teams. There's no 2nd Division league and therefore, no promotions to the main league. This means that unless your city already has its own professional team, or a team moves to your city, you'll never have a pro team around you.\n\nAnd that's where universities come in. They bring sports to different places that otherwise wouldn't see any professional sports around. Also universities, specially those competing at the NCAA level, invest lots of money in their teams and oftentimes have nothing to envy to professional teams (except that that students are paid nothing). Some NCAA coaches even make more than $2M per year. Professional leagues also recruit a lot of players from those universities after they graduate.",
"One factor is the level of connectedness people feel with collegiate teams. I went to a major university and the fact that I went to the same school as the athletes made it feel more like MY team than my closest geographical pro team. My parents paid tuition to that school, so they feel more connected to the team, and so on. \n\nSource: my ass ",
"Geographical local with respect to professional sports teams is a big part of it as others have said. Another big thing, is the culture and pride associated to the universities in your state. People feel tied and associated with universities when their friends, family, etc. have attended the schools. Then there is always the thrill of watching amateurs play. Mistakes are made. People who shouldn't do well can develop and become an important part of games. You see people blow up who you'd never expect. Personally, I watch college sports much more intently than professional atheltics. I find them to be a lot more exciting and the culture tied to them is much more diverse than that which you see tied in professional sports. ",
"When you think about English teams, they are all rooted in geography and local culture. You support Maidenhead because you're from there etc. For college sports, this is the only time some people get to support a team that a) is based on where they are at so they can actually go and see games b) can't be relocated on the whim of a greedy billionaire who is upset they aren't getting enough tax-dollar money to build a new stadium every 5 years.",
"For me it's more than pro sports could ever be, it's about the town I call home and the people I have grown and lived with, some of these players of my team live or have lived in my neighborhood. It's a sense of community. It just fits what it means to be an American I suppose. As a 2nd generation American it's hard for me to explain I think because it's a sense of establishment for my family. The university is a place we have learned, worked, and spent much time at. It's special.",
"One answer I haven't seen:\n\nThere's a ton of fucking money to be made, so universities and the NCAA and the sports media hurl more cash at it to make it even bigger. These expenditures often fall on the undergrad programs in the form of budget cuts and tuition hikes.",
"I would add that alumni stay loyal to their school and pass it down to their children. So, if you have a school with a major program and no professional sports around you, your community just kind of rallies around the school and there's a lot of pride involved. \n\nPride in a school breeds rivalries. One state against another one. Especially in more rural areas. Louisiana vs Alabama for example. To most people in those states (I'm from Louisiana), we don't have much to be proud of...but if we can win a national championship, that's bragging rights for a year. Who cares if we're the 48th state in education...our Tigers are the champs!\n\n*and one more thing. A lot of times college sports are more fun to watch because the athletes are still at an amateur level. You'll see some more mistakes and sometimes plays that happen aren't as much of a \"sure thing\" as they are in the pros. It makes the games feel more exciting and pure. Like they're doing it for the love of the game and not a contract. ",
"I think it's because college has kind of a family tie for a lot of people. I go to the University of Georgia, and while we're having a disappointing season so far, it's still a great tradition. My parents both went here in the glory days of Herschel Walker and Larry Munson, and the fact that I get to root for the same team, in the same town, in the same stadium is just awesome to me. Also, the athletes are more relatable at this level. I take political science with a couple of guys that are on the football team, and I met our rising star, Nick Chubb (may his leg heal soon) at a dining hall on campus last year. And to me, no NFL game will ever compare to sitting in the student section on a Saturday in Athens. Seriously, the hype is unreal. Check out some of the videos the school makes.\n\n_URL_0_ ",
"It's a matter of geography and population density. The US is huge compared to any single country in Europe and had large areas with little population per unit area. There aren't enough people in say, Montana, to support a professional team. However, they can have University sports. Alternatively, look at a big city with a high population like NYC. They have tons of pro teams in all sorts of different sports. ",
" > Being English, it is mind-blowing to see how big college level sports are in the states.\n\nRemember, it's not all sports. It's primarily gridiron, men's (and to an extent women's) basketball, and sometimes men's hockey. The other sports largely mirror your experience in England when it comes to the collegiate level.",
"I'll just take the point of view of a random fan: me. I like college basketball more than pro ball. One reason is that its less predictable. These are just 18-22 year old kids playing, so they are still much more susceptible to making errors, especially under pressure. You can get behind underdogs better (there always seems to be that one team that sneaks into post season and makes a big run against the big boys). It makes it more exciting to me. In the NBA, in contrast, you can kinda predict the final 4 teams to a fairly good degree of accuracy at the start of the year.",
"Plus pretty much every head college football coach is the highest paid STATE employee. Some states have college basketball and college hockey head coaches as the highest paid state employees. ",
"Americans rally behind their colleges the way Europeans rally behind their countries or regional teams.",
"To me I always felt like the effort put in by college teams tend to be more. Pros are usually signed for 3+ year contracts with signing bonuses. College athletes have the drive to go pro so they try to overperform to get noticed by scouts",
"Op, how many pro soccer teams are there in london? Off the top of my head, aresenal, tottenham, chelsea, fulham, west ham, and crystall palace and that is just the premiership.\n\nThe united states is very large and to put teams in every city like there are in for soccer in uk would make the leagues way too large especially as in the us there is no relagation like in european soccer. So for somebody in the middle of nebraska, iowa, south dakota etc where there are no professional teams within a short drive then all they have is the college.\n\nAnother factor is that certain schools have a mystique about them when it comes to sports. Norte dame which is in indiana was very dominate in college american football for decades, so much so that they are able to negotiate there own tv contract outside of the one the ncaa has for their networks. (Their are even several.movies about notre dame football)\n\n",
"Think of it like... How can you have so many soccer leagues that make money. I mean there is like 5 different levels of top competition. We have minors in baseball but no one really gives a shit and NCAA football and Basketball are the 'minors' for the pros in those sports. Also if you have not watched NCAA March Madness do yourself a favor and do so... even if you dont like basketball",
"And in some states High School sports (football) is followed by huge crowds. \n\nSource: I'm from Texas ",
"I agree with a lot of what other people have said, but there's one additional significant factor that I haven't seen mentioned: the NFL is the only major professional sports organization that doesn't allow professional clubs to sign a player until he is at least 3 years out of high school (so an American football player can't make his professional debut until he is 21 or 22 years old at the earliest). If you want to watch the best 18-22 year old American football players on the planet, you have to watch college football.\n\nIn fact, part of the fun of watching college football is trying to predict which college stars will go on to be NFL stars, and which ones will go bust, and arguing with your friends about which college players your NFL team should draft each year.",
" > Being English, it is mind-blowing to see how big college level sports are in the states.\n\nCollege level sports aren't big. College football is HUGE. College basketball is big. Nobody gives a shit about anything else ( soccer, lacrosse, swimming, tennis, etc and women's sports ).\n\n\nCollege football is big because that's where football was popularized. College football used to be dominated by ivy league schools back in the day and it was national news when harvard play yale, etc. The same thing with basketball. Basketball was invented by an american immigrant and was popularized at the college level.\n\n\n > How/why are college level sports so big in America then and are the players treated like celebrities like it appears?\n\nA lot of them are treated as celebrities and a few of them will become celebrities because they will become stars in the NFL/NBA.\n\n\n\nThe US has a culture of sports. It starts with the pee-wee leagues and goes straight up to the professional level. High schools also have support as well. My high school had a football stadium. So supporting a team carries over from childhood to adulthood.",
"As an Englishman who went to Lincoln, Nebraska (go Cornhuskers) with work....just wow. It's beyond anything I've seen in the UK for professional football. The whole city turned red. ",
"Only football and basketball are popular. Baseball is not really talked about. Professional Football and basketball have failed to develop any sort of minor league system on par with baseball (which I argue is why it's not a popular college sport). They use college as a developmental league instead. Many colleges are located in relatively rural parts of the country with no corresponding professional team. Schools like Notre Dame, Alabama, Duke, NC state, Boise state, Vanderbilt, auburn, Kansas are in areas with small/local TV markets. This relative isolation creates a lot of enthusiasm for people who need their fix of competitive sports. ",
"More people can relate since they go to college or know those in college (as students, employees, teachers, etc if not athletes).\n\nIn many ways, it's everything the pros are not (if not that the pros semi-deliberately move away from: players pick the teams, not vice versa). \n\nAlso, the monopoly effect of teams is far less pronounced. ",
"Basketball/American Football have rules designed in their professional leagues that an athlete cannot join the professional league until a certain age. Soccer/Rugby/Golf in Britain don't have these rules - in the US many times we do get to see the best players in the world in or near their prime compete with University sports, where in England - the most competitive players are already in the professional league. Seeing the upcoming draft class compete for professional sports is also a major draw here in the states. ",
"My reason...\n\nI'd rather watch kids passionately try to make a career out of something they love (college), than watch a bunch of millionaires do their jobs(pros).",
"There is a lot of passion amongst the players in college and high school sports that is sometimes lacking in professional sports. ",
"We have lots of colleges here. I could just as easily ask you how a relatively small country like Britain can have so many soccer teams with so many devoted fans.",
"Because we figured out how to make millions off of the players while not having to pay them.",
"Because you don't have to pay college athletes. Seriously, there are a lot of complex topics to cover with regard to why sports is so profitable within the US but college is so important because you don't have to pay them like you do professionals. It is awful and predatory. ",
"For the most part, because they act as farm programs for NBA (Basketball) and NFL (American Football) players. \n\nWhereas Hockey and Baseball players actually come up through professional and semi-professional minor leagues, Basketball and American Football teams recruit from graduating college athletes.\n\nSo what may seem to an outsider like over-focus on purely academic competition, in reality it's tracking the upcoming rookies of the professional leagues.",
"Americans don't believe in 2nd divisions. this means that if you want to support your local club, its your university. theres no gloucester city - Cheltenham derbies going on here, but we have plenty of local universities with very well coached and well funded teams that create very good rivalries.",
"there are many, many colleges who have been playing football for over a hundred years now. There are lots and lots of tradition. Each fan base has it's own culture. Part of our culture to, is to attend a top university, and usually the best party schools have good football teams and these colleges just eat up application fees and tuition. Colleges make a ton of money by fielding top ranked football teams, which is why they can afford hundred million dollar stadiums ",
"I've actually noticed this myself as I have lived in America all my life and have moved to Australia the last two years. \n\nI think it's because sports is just a big culture overall and we are really competitive in it- there are so many serious programs for any sports that start out when you are kid (peewee leagues and such). And it just gets progressively bigger and more serious as you get older (club teams etc.). \nA lot of high schools make a lot of revenue off ticket sales for games- such as Friday night football games as well (usually goes back to the program or sometimes can help fund other stuff). Sports just become a big part of the high school culture- it gives students something to do on Friday nights and promotes a sense of school pride. \n\nAlso, sports have become a way for disadvantaged students to make it to college. You probably have heard so many stories of college/professional athletes who were able to go to college because of a sports scholarship. I noticed that there is nothing like that here in Australia- no colleges will give you a scholarship for sports the way America does. But I think it's a great system because it provides an opportunities. "
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2z8yfu | how is congress allowed to server for so long, yet in 1947 they limited presidents to 2 terms citing "too much power for too long is a threat to our freedom" | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2z8yfu/eli5_how_is_congress_allowed_to_server_for_so/ | {
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"Because the president has more power than any single congress person. Congress has the weight of a bunch of people to negate any single one persons views. The president does not. Keeping a president for too long can start to lead to going back to a monarchy/dictatorship. Keeping a congressman/woman for a long time doesn't do that.",
"Because congressmen individually do not hold a lot of power or influence as an inherent part of their office. One congressman can't do a damn thing without the support of at least half his chamber (more in the senate for practical purposes).\n\nThat said, congressional term limits are being seriously discussed as part of a potential constitutional convention called by the states.",
"The office of the president arguably has more power than an individual senator or representative, as he is the sole head of his hierarchy, while the others are members of an assembly of (again, arguably) equal figures.\n\nThat's not to say that there have not been calls for term limits for those positions as well, but thus far the support for such has been insufficient for it to be made law.",
"Because each individual Congressperson only has 1/535 of the overall power. An individual Congressman, while influential, can't personally do much. \n\nBut, term limits have [been proposed](_URL_0_) at the federal and state levels. The second answer to your question is \"because we haven't passed a law for term limits\"",
"Any one congressman has a very limited amount of power. As a whole, they have quite a bit, but the parts can and do change regularly. The president has much more power than just signing bills into laws. He also acts as \"head of state\" the figurehead of American government both domestically and abroad , he's commander and chief of the armed forces, he can tell congress what goals he wants them to achieve (Fix healthcare, or financial reform.) he also has the ability to sign executive orders. All of these equate to much more power than any one congressman",
"Who is going to pass the constitutional amendment to limit congressional terms? Congress?",
"I'm sure you know that the Constitution originally had no term limit for presidents and until Roosevelt 2 it was just a tradition set by Washington to serve no more than 2 terms.\n",
"The argument is that the president is 1 person with the full power of 1 of the 3 branches of govt (Arguably the president has MORE than 1 third the total power of the federal government) where as congress is a collection of people with less individual power. \n\nHowever, it's mostly because Congress is the law making body and they don't want to limit their own terms, because setting a term limit puts an expiration date on their job. ",
"It was really a reaction to FDR, who was the first to go longer than 2 terms and \"violate\" the gentleman's agreement that existed. \n\nThey're also much less concentrated: even a senator is 1 of 100. The executive has a lot of power, and rightly so. I'm not saying it's the best system, but it does alright.",
"The correct answer: Representatives have short terms ( 2 years ) to force them to adhere to the people , to represent. Senators have longer terms so that they may make harder decisions without having to worry about reelection as often. ( Short Answer )",
"After FDR, the Republican's feared another president that would take the reins of power for so long, making them a permenent minority, so they ran a successful campaign to limit the time a President can spend in office. \n\nAlthough FDR was a powerful President, he never came anywhere near the power that others in long-term positions in other countries have. In fact, most of his power did not come from the fact that he was in office for so long, but more from the depression and the war. The people legitimately wanted him as president, at least at the time.\n\nWhat's particularly interesting is that the Republicans did get this admendment passed, but somewhat regretted it after Eisenhower was elected, because he was someone who could have easily spent another term in office.\n\nAnother thing to remember with this is that length in time does not necessarily create power, nor corruption. Many of our most powerful senators currently are those who are relatively new. Leadership may take awhile to get into, but leadership is not necessarily where the power is. \n\nFor example, you have people like Bernie Sanders and Ron Paul, who while you may agree or disagree with their positions, are hardly ever seen as corrupt, but have been there for years.",
"There is a new Congress elected every two years. Senators have longer-lasting terms, but elections are staggered so that roughly 1/3 of all senators are up for re-election in a given election year. EDIT: Combined Senate and House of Reps in my answer!",
"This is something that looks crooked but is actually extremely beneficial. There are benefits to having long-serving legislators with institutional knowledge that don't translate well to the President's office.\n\nThere are a lot of complicated parts to a congressperson's job that have to be learned over a period of years. The procedures of their chamber and committees, the relationships between members, the intricacies of their districts, and the actual substance of the issues they focus on are the most obvious examples. \n\nSome states (Florida) have term limits on their legislatures. What ends up happening is that by the time a member has some idea of how things work, they're kicked out along with their staff. It leads to a situation where they lean very heavily on lobbyists to do even basic things (write bills, vet nominees) because they don't know how to do them and don't have anyone they can ask about it. \n\nThe President's role doesn't require nearly as much institutional knowledge, and the people that run for it generally have a pretty good background in how government works. People who run for Congress often come equipped with little government experience.",
"Every Member of Congress is subject to term limits every two years.\n\nEDIT: *Representatives are subject to term limits every two years. Senators are subject to term limits every six years.",
"To quote President Bartlett \"It turns out we have term limits - they are called elections.\"",
"You might find [the twenty-seventh amendment](_URL_0_) interesting. It's the amendment that says that any pay increase to Congress only takes affect for the next session of Congress.\n\nThe interesting part of the 27th amendment is that it was introduced in 1789, but not ratified until 1992. If ratified within a few years of its introduction, it would've been the first constitutional amendment after the Bill of Rights. As it turned out, it was ratified twenty years after the voting age was dropped from 21 to 18.\n\nThe only people that could institute term limits on Congress are the members of Congress. Republicans actually campaigned on this issue in 1994, but did not have the required majority to pass the amendment (they actually held a majority in Congress, but you need a two-thirds majority of 290 votes to make a constitutional amendment). One could argue that they were grandstanding and knew they would never make the majority required, but they still got to say that they tried their best and point a finger at the Democrats for blocking the amendment.\n\nAll that said, a senator or representative is limited in how much power they wield because they are diluted by the rest of Congress. Whether or not it is diluted enough is left as an exercise to the reader.",
"The problem is that, in order to be an effective Congressman, you have to spend a lot of time there learning the ins and outs and cultivating relationships.",
"Washington had set a precedent of presidents running for only two terms before stepping down. Prior to Roosevelt being elected 4 times over, many had tried to run for the third term including Grant and Teddy. I think the Republicans, who controlled both the House and the Senate, wanted to prevent another Roosevelt and codify the Washington precedent of only 2 terms for President."
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4f8jfg | lotr: how were the race of dwarves undone? in the hobbit movies they seem so strong/wise, then in the fellowship movies they're almost non-existent. so what happened? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4f8jfg/eli5lotr_how_were_the_race_of_dwarves_undone_in/ | {
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"Way back in the year Third Age 1980 (LotR takes place in 3018-9, for context), the dwarves of Moria delved too deep and awoke *a* balrog (yes, there are multiple). They tried to fight it off, but balrogs are pretty much literal demons, so it was to no avail. They killed off many of the dwarves, including Durin VI. Later, Thrór, king of Erebor, grew similarly greedy, and attracted the attention of Smaug. As you know from the Hobbit, Smaug took over and forced the dwarves out of their home. A few decades into his exile, Thrór decided to try reclaiming Moria, but you also know from the Hobbit how that went.\n\nEventually, in 2941, his grandson Thórin, with the help of 12 other dwarves, Gandalf the Grey, and Bilbo Baggins, reclaimed Erebor for the dwarves and spent the next 60 years rebuilding their once great kingdom, with some help from the dwarves of the Iron Hills to the east. As part of the reconstruction efforts, he sent a group of dwarves to Moria, lead by Balin, to recolonize the Misty Mountains. But by 2994, this proved to be a doomed expedition, as they rewoke Durin's Bane, the balrog from earlier.\n\nOverall, it's not that the dwarves are weak or non-existent in LotR. It's that they've finally reclaimed some land for themselves after all that history, and, except for Gimli and Glóin attending the Council of Elrond, were too busy with reconstructive efforts to care as much about the War of the Ring."
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7r9vh7 | how do swipe card and their readers work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7r9vh7/eli5_how_do_swipe_card_and_their_readers_work/ | {
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"There is a strip of magnetic tape on the back of the card. There is a magnetically sensitive reader head in the swipe machine. As you slide the card through the machine the tape on the card creates a tiny electrical signal due to the interaction of the magnetized tape and the reader head that changes as the card slides through. These small changes represent the data stored on the card which includes the card number and I believe also the expiration date. ",
"All i know is that its some type of signal because my note 8 (pretty sure only samsung has this) when i swipe my note 8 over a card reader it works like a normal card and NO im not talking about NFC. even if a card reader doesnt accept nfc, android pay or apple pay my note 8 will still work as a debit card by signal. its pretty cool!"
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t2xxv | git | I came from SVN and can't really grasp the idea of git. Please explain like I'm 5. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/t2xxv/eli5_git/ | {
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"Subversion is based on a client/server model, whereas git is based on an entirely distributed model. Okay, so what does that mean, exactly?\n\nWith Subversion, you have one central computer that hosts the One True (tm) repository. Alice, Bob and Carol have been assigned to work on the CatSimulator project. Alice, Bob and Carol each check out a copy of the code and start working. Each developer can only do two things. They can put new code in the central repository, and they can update their local copy with code others have put in the central repository. Let's say Bob is working on making the cat walk and run and Carol is working on making the cat chase a red dot. In order for Carol to get her work done, she needs what Bob is working on. The only safe way for Bob to share his code with Carol is to put it in the central repository so she can download it from there. However, this means that not only will Carol get Bob's code, but Alice will, too. In this scenario, the central repository is the *server* and Alice, Bob and Carol are the *clients*.\n\nGit works differently, in that it is distributed. We will explore the same scenario. Alice, Bob and Carol are new to the CatSimulator project. In stead of checking out from a repository, Alice, Bob and Carol each *clone* the repository. With Subversion we started out with a single repository, then when Alice, Bob and Carol came along we still had the one repository, and three working copies, one each with Alice, Bob and Carol. With Git, we started out with one repository, but after Alice, Bob and Carol come along, we end up with four repositories. There is the original repository, and then Alice, Bob and Carol each have a full copy of the entire repository.\n\nNow, Alice, Bob and Carol get to work. Each of them writes code and stores their work in their own local repositories. Because of how Git was built, it is safe to move code from any one repository to any other repository. This means that if Carol's work chasing the red dot relies on Bob's work for doing walking and running, Bob can send that code directly to Carol. There's no need to go through the original repository and share that code with everyone all at once.\n\nThis is a good thing for a number of reasons. Let's say Carol is eager to get her work done. So eager, in fact, that she is willing to work with Bob's code even if it is only half finished. With Subverison, in order to get the code to Carol, Bob would have to put his half finished code in the central repository, not knowing whether this half finished code might impact Alice negatively. If they are using Git, Bob and Carol can collaborate together without impacting other people working on the project.\n\nThis distributed model is also more reliable. Let's say you have a team in California and a team in New York. The California team all work together and the New York team all work together. With Subversion you need to have a single central server. Let's say the server is in California. Now let's say a big earthquake hits and power goes out. Obviously, the earthquake itself will prevent the California team from doing work. There shouldn't be any reason the team in New York should stop what they're doing, except for the fact that they have no way of sharing code apart from going through the server in California, which isn't working. With Git, each member of the New York team has a full copy of the repository, and they can send code to each other without any problem. With Git, the crisis in California only affects business in California.\n\nIn that case, eventually power will be restored and everyone gets back to work. Now there's a fire in the server room. The Subversion server is lost, along with the entire history of the project. This is very difficult to recover from... unless you're using Git. There will often be a \"blessed\" Git repository sitting on a server somewhere. Fortunately, if there's a fire in the server room, you haven't lost any information, because every developer working on the project has a copy of the entire repository. All you have to do is set up a new computer and clone any of the developers' repositories."
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xgb2l | wifi encryption and security. wep/wpa/wpa2/etc. | How exactly do they work? What do they do? What's the difference? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xgb2l/eli5_wifi_encryption_and_security_wepwpawpa2etc/ | {
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"Your WiFi is just a radio, transmitting and receiving signals. *Anyone* nearby can listen in, and potentially steal passwords, credit card numbers, and other personal information.\n\nSo we encrypt the signals. Encryption is basically mathematical scrambled messages that can be unscrambled by intended recipient. Bad guys can still listen in, but the will only see gibberish.\n\nWEP, WPA and WPA2 are different flavors of encryption used with WiFi. A really determined bad guy can can break encryption, and once they figure out how, it is necessary to roll out stronger encryption protocols. "
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17jtsl | - sinkholes | So, periodically, these perfectly round openings appear beneath roads, or under houses, or out in the middle of nowhere. Invariably, we're talking about something that appears bottomless, and maintains its shape along its path of descent with the regularity of something straight outta Minecraft. What gives? How do these form? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17jtsl/eli5_sinkholes/ | {
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"Sinkholes form in a few ways and almost always involve moving water. Recently sinkholes have been forming because large underground 'caverns' that are full of ground water are being depleted and the large empty cavity left over when the water is gone can't support the weight of what's above it. \n\nAnother common way is more man made and usually involves faulty plumbing in water delivery systems. Imagine if you had a tank full of sand and a hose running through that tank that had a hole in it. When you run water through the hose it will, bit by bit, carry that sand away and the sand above it will fall down to replace it. \n\nNow put this on a larger scale and then cover the surface with concrete or pavement. When enough sand is carried away with the leak in the pipes, the rigid ground above will eventually collapse under the weight of buildings/cars/whatever and you have a 'sudden' sinkhole where a house used to be. "
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3xdyrn | why do yellow tinted glasses seem to improve vision? | For example: if wearing sports goggles with yellow lenses, it feels like your vision is slightly improved or enhanced versus not wearing them. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xdyrn/eli5_why_do_yellow_tinted_glasses_seem_to_improve/ | {
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"Bright colored eyewear increases contrast, so it seems like you can see better. This is why you see competitive shooters wearing eyepro that is bright like yellow.",
"Also, your eyes focus longer wavelengths better than shorter - which is why blue fairy lights and blue displays are harder to read - particularly in the dark when your pupils are dilated. Yellow filters out the blue, making the resultant image on your retina less confusing."
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4hvhtj | do people with autism realize they have autism? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4hvhtj/elif_do_people_with_autism_realize_they_have/ | {
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"It depends on the severity of the case. Most people with autism though do realize that they aren't like everyone else. ",
"Autism is a \"spectrum\" disorder. For a clear example, those formerly referred to as having \"aspergers\" are on now know to be on the spectrum and they are typically high-functioning, very self-aware and deeply connected to their difference from others. On the other end of the spectrum you have people who are very low functioning, deeply disconnected with their surroundings and social relationships and we have little understanding how much they do and don't understand. Then there is a massive gray area with differing levels of understanding. ",
"Some most definitely do. A well known example is [Carly Fleischmann](_URL_0_) who found a way to break the communication barrier and talk about her experiences with others. Her insights are helping to change the face of how Autism sufferers are treated.",
"My brother is disabled, not autism but something very similar.\n\nHe's aware that he is not like other people his own age. In his words (sign language) other people are \"smart\" and he is not. He does not have a firm understanding of what it means to be disabled or not. He definatly knows that he's different and that people don't want to be his friend. \n\nIn our entire lives I've only ever had a handful of conversations with him about the topic (normally he ignores any attempt to talk about it,). He doesn't like talking about it, so it's hard to have long conversations (something that's already hard enough because of his communication deficiencies). \n\nWhen we do talk about it, he's very honest but also very sad. He knows he has no friends, and points to his head when I ask him why. He's frustrated that he can't speak words and is very sad that he has no real friends. I tell him that I'm his friend, and we hug but his eyes are still sad. \n\nI love him more than anything and just want him to have a happy life. Day to day, he's happy, but when we have deeper conversations I can see a sadness that he does not express day to day.",
"Autistic person here. Does that answer your question? \n\nTo follow up with what everyone else is saying, higher functioning autistic individuals, assuming they have been diagnosed, are aware of their diagnosis. The line blurs in lower functioning individuals, where they have trouble understanding basic communication or ideas. If they are capable of understanding, most of the time specialists can figure out how to tell this to them. \n\nMost autistic people just have cognitive trouble that prevent them from interacting or learning normally. In my case, I needed speech therapy and extra educational support before high school. I'm a high functioning autistic person, and if you were to talk to me in person, you'd never know it. ",
"I am a special education teacher of high school students who have autism (they are on the lower-functioning end of the spectrum). They were not aware of it until we recently did a few disability awareness lessons, and things really clicked for them-they saw the list of common behaviors for people with autism and noticed they possess a lot of them. One of my students has started asking other people if they have autism as well. I think in the area of special education, there can be a tendency to tip toe around disabilities and not talk to students about what their disability means, so not everyone is aware of their diagnosis. For example, students know they are in separate classes but do not know what their disability is or that they have an IEP. This has been the case with the majority of high schoolers with disabilities that I have encountered. "
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bdip0v | why do suvs get rain on the rear window at highway speeds? | Just wondering why SUVs, hatchbacks, etc. get serious rain accumulation on the rear window while driving at highway speeds. You’d think the aerodynamics of moving quickly would put all rain on the windshield, especially since most vehicles with rear wipers have the roof extending partially over the window, via a lip, spoiler, etc. So why does so much rain still wind up back there? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bdip0v/eli5_why_do_suvs_get_rain_on_the_rear_window_at/ | {
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"text": [
"The steep drop off at the rear of the vehicle can create an area of low pressure which actually pulls air (and rain) back toward the vehicle [like this.](_URL_0_)"
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argzyr | why can chinese nationals buy american businesses / real estate, but not vice versa? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/argzyr/eli5_why_can_chinese_nationals_buy_american/ | {
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"North America is a relatively open market, and these investors pay cash, which is attractive to sellers. In China the market is mostly closed to those outside the government",
"America is a nation of immigrants. China is not.\n\nMaybe because of this, China is still more closed off to outsiders. ",
"Many countries impose restrictions on foreign ownership of land and real estate. The US is one exception to the rule where it generally does not have any restriction on private land/real estate ownership from foreigners. \n\nChina is still a socialist country and one of their tenets is that the State owns all capital in the country. To the extent it has relaxed this stipulation and private companies now exist in China. However, land is still fully owned by the government. All land in China is leased from the government (typically 60 years, I believe). There are apartments that foreigners in China are allowed to buy though (in certain areas and certain designated complexes). "
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3os23j | with $18 trillion in national debt, how do democratic presidential candidates want to make college free, more welfare, more healthcare, etc? where does the money come from? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3os23j/eli5_with_18_trillion_in_national_debt_how_do/ | {
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"Changing tax structure. For instance college savings funds are tax free, the proposal to make community college free is to tax this and use that money. \n\n",
"The Affordable Care act actually saves money on the deficit (when people couldn't pay their medical bills before and didn't pay the hospital, who do you think paid that?). As far as college free, we spend a lot of money on things that we probably shouldn't spend money on.\n\nLet's say there are 30 million people in the US right now who wanted a 4 year degree, and the college of their choice cost $20,000 per year, that would have been paid for simply by not attacking Iraq. But we, as a country, chose to go to war instead.\n\nAlso, having your population be more educated does have long term returns on investment.\n\nThe money comes from our revenues. We, as a country, just need to determine what our priorities are. Currently, the priority is to spend more money on our military than the next 16 countries combined. If you're wondering why I focused on military and defense spending, it's because it's about 55% of our annual budget. It's the easiest place to take money from, logically, but the hardest to take money from politically.",
"Countries don't die, so the debt doesn't have to be paid down by a certain timeline as it would in the case of an individual's debt. Everybody freaks out because the debt keeps rising, but institutions and other nations only lend or deal with us because they have faith in the dollar and in America's ability to make payments on it's debts in increments.",
"Things they don't teach you in school so I'll try:\n\nALL money is debt. That's the best way to look at it. In systems where there is a gold standard, for example 1 dollar = 1 ounce of gold (I wish,) we can equate money to \"things.\" However our modern systems equate money to debt. Just to drill this in Money = Debt. The dollar bill in your hand represents debt. \n\nYou are thinking, how, wait, what? Well we used to back that up with gold, but we got the bright idea that we could have WAY more money if instead it represented what people would do at a later date. \n\nAnd think about it. That's how it all began right? Tim would drop by and be like \"Brah, I need some new horseshoes, I'll owe you one.\" You would churn that out for him and next week hit him up cuz you be need'n some new digs. \n\nOur current system is just a really, really advanced way of doing that. \n\nRight, so the national debt. It really doesn't matter much. Everything operates in debt. Most families have mortgages, most countries have debt, businesses, etc. It usually works out better for everybody to operate in this fashion. \n\nBut WHY? \n\nWell if Tim was like I need some horseshoes and you were like, eh, I don't need nothing so I won't make them. The whole thing would stall out a bit. This is what happens in the real world also. \n\nLets say there is this guy Bill and he has this great idea for a computer program called Boxes. However he has NO money. The world would need to wait till he raises 1.5M to get started in 40 years. Or as it is today, he could just get a loan. \n\nWhere does the money come from? Sorta out of thin air. The money in service isn't very interesting, it has value, because people believe it has value. So lets just talk about new money. Banks call up the government and \"borrow it.\" Then just hand it out to deserving people. Kinda scary in a ELI5 way isn't it? ",
"Using the same methods Obama did to close Guantanamo Bay, end hostities in the Middle East, eliminate loopholes in corporate taxes, expand child care credits, create the foreclosure protection fund, and auto-enrollment in 401K. \n\nIt's called a campaign. Politicians make promises in campaigns. A lot of them are never fulfilled. ",
"There are a couple good answers here, but one of the things I didn't see - thought it doesn't add a ton to the conversation - is a piece of wisdom an old econ teacher of mine gave me.\n\n > If you give money to poor people, they'll spend it down the street and in town. If you give money to rich people, they'll invest it overseas.\n\nIt's important to remember that the Republican ticket is on the idea that tax cuts = domestic investment. It's a fallacy, while investing in students necessarily improves the long term income potential of the entire nation. There's no reason to saddle students with debt unless the goal is to keep wages down (increase demand for employment at the same time impeding firm entry into the market).",
"The thing with free college, high levels of welfare and healthcare is that these things actually cost LESS money than the alternative. Human capital is THE greatest driver of national growth there is, both economically and socially, and increasing funding to tertiary education is the absolute best way to increase the future earnings potential of your citizens, whilst simultaneously ensuring the future of your economy.\n\nIncreasing welfare levels actually decreases the deficit. You know how Republicans always go on about how decreasing the top tax rate will increase revenues due to dynamic benefits? This isn't true for top tax rates, but it is true for government spending that targets the lowest deciles in the nation, as they tend to spend their money the moment they receive it, and it moves around the economy more than you spent originally, to the tune of about $1.20 per dollar spent.\n\nAs for healthcare, it's actually absurdly expensive in the US at the moment, as a % of GDP you spend far away the most in the developed world. Single-payer systems were adopted originally because they massively decreased the amount countries spent on healthcare (for reference, you currently spend about 15.3% of GDP on healthcare, the UK and Australia, the two best healthcare systems in the world, spend 8.4% and 8.7% respectively). You combine these three things and you actually have a massively reduced deficit, with a more educated, healthier workforce, and hopefully a country where the 'working poor' doesn't exist.\n\nFinally, national debt and deficit doesn't mean anything for the US. You don't need to run a surplus, but you do need to run a government deficit large enough to ensure that the private sector isn't also running a deficit, as your net foreign holdings are negative. Total assets in the economy = Public sector assets + private sector assets + net foreign holdings, if foreign holdings is negative then either the public sector or private sector must run a deficit. Long-term private sector deficits are really, really bad for an economy, so the US runs a long-term public sector deficit instead.",
"Most of the comments are discussing specific policies and abstract economic concepts. I'll instead try to address what I see as the main incorrect assumption that is causing you confusion. Specifically, the idea that “We are in debt, therefore we cannot spend money.”\n\nWhen we say that the US national debt is $18 trillion dollars, the phrase \"national debt\" is more important than the number \"18 trillion,\" even though the number gets much more attention (law of headlines: badness of money numbers is inversely proportional to goodness of view counter numbers). This is because national debt is very different from personal debt, and the distinction completely changes the consequences of that big number.\n\nMy personal debt is a big number that I owe the bank. If I don't pay them back by the deadline, the bank breaks my legs, takes my lunch money, and we call it even (Not actually true, but close enough for eli5). Debt sucks because it leads to broken legs (not broken arms, that’s a different eli5 thread) and a lack of lunch money. This prevents me from working and so I starve and die.\n\nWe have established how and why debt is bad. Now let’s describe national debt and why it is merely dangerous rather than lethal (when handled responsibly and kept out of the reach of small children). As I said, national debt is different from personal debt. The government did not borrow money in one big loan from one big bank the way I did. Instead the government borrows a little bit of money from lots of different places, such as American citizens, foreign governments, corporations, Jewish lizards, etc. Individually these debts are trivial, but when combined they become a sum so large that we literally need to invent bigger computers to keep track of it (Not actually true, but close enough for eli5).\n\nThat’s bad, no denying it. Really really bad. We’re talking survivalist-wet-dream-collapse-of-society-back-to-the-dark-ages BAAAAAAAAAD (Not actually true, but close enough for eli5). But you remember how the big national debt is actually composed of smaller individual debts? Since each of those debts were created separately, they come due at different times. Instead of the $18 trillion total crashing down all at once, it’s spread out into a bunch of more manageable payments that will unfold over the next 10, 20, 30, etc. years. Tomorrow we need to pay $1000, the next day $100, the day after that $100,000,000,000, $42 after that, and so on and so forth until either the debt is paid in full or the sun expands into a red giant cleansing the Earth with cosmic flame and celestial fury that scatters the sterile ashes of our pale blue dot into the eternally silent cold trackless void of space. Y’know, whichever happens first.\n\nBasically, this means that as long as we can always scrounge up just enough money at the end of the month to make our payments, nobody will try to break our legs or steal our lunch money. Theoretically, we could just procrastinate forever and use the summed debt total as a [random number generator.] (_URL_0_) It’s not a very mature or tasteful strategy and it prematurely grays your hair, but we’ve been doing it this way for [two hundred years] (_URL_1_) without it biting us on the ass *too* badly. \n\nPersonal debt is incapacitating, while national debt is inconvenient (sometimes to the point of economic collapse, but usually manageable). An $18 trillion personal debt is a red number on my bank account statement. It means I don’t have money to spend. An $18 trillion **national** debt total is a conceptual representation of future money at a later date. Here in the present day the money still exists, it has not been collected yet and we can still do stuff with it. To oversimplify, Democrats believe that we will be better off investing the money we have right now. The hope is that this investment will pay off in the form of a better educated and healthier citizenry that is productive enough to meet the monthly payment, thereby delaying the end of the world (which is functionally identical to saving the world).\n\nBut this brings us back to your original question: where does the money come from?\n\nYeah, about that. Can I borrow some money? I’ve got a foolproof plan to pay you back double next week. I’ll need about $3.50\n"
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6mhjbi | is the edge of a circle with an infinite radius curved or straight? | I recently came across [this](_URL_0_) page, and while i think that i understand it a little, i don't see why it would be straight. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6mhjbi/eli5_is_the_edge_of_a_circle_with_an_infinite/ | {
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"There are arguments for both. So the best answer is that it is both. Infinity is not a number but a limit. So a lot of math does not work the way you might think it works. The edge of a circle with infinite radius would fit all the definitions of both a curved line and a straight line.",
"A circle with an infinite radius is undefined. The limit of the deviation from strait over a defined distance approaches zero as the radius approaches zero.\n\nThat is, if you can define any value of almost strait, you can then pick a large enough radius that will let you satisfy that requirement for almost strait.",
"The curvature of a circle is defined to be the reciprocal of the radius:\n\nκ ≡ 1/r\n\nTake the limit as r → ∞, then κ → 0.\n\nI.e. path with zero curvature is a straight line.",
"Yes, no, both, and neither.\n\nThe thing about infinity is definitions of things like \"circle\", \"radius\", \"straight\" and \"curved\" kind of break down. It is necessary to extend those definitions to handle infinity, and there is often no one correct way to do that.",
"There is no such thing as a circle with infinite radius. A circle is a set of points satisfying (x-a)^2 + (y-b)^2 = r^2 for some center point (a, b) and radius r. “Infinity” is not a radius; no two points are infinitely far apart.\n\nWhat you *can* do is look at what happens to a circle when r increases without bound. As r increases, the curvature decreases. The radius is always finite, and the curvature is always positive. But the *limit* of the curvature is zero."
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6hicpp | why do extremely hot temperatures feel good sometimes? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6hicpp/eli5_why_do_extremely_hot_temperatures_feel_good/ | {
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"Because you were stuck at work where you have been sitting down all day, everything is artificial and the a/c was on too strong as usual. When you get outside your body finally feels a sense of \"living\" and you feel good. "
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3dd7xk | how can certain games advertised on facebook (eg "league of angels") used copyrighted materials from games like league of legends and world of warcraft, without getting sued? | Example:
_URL_0_
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dd7xk/eli5_how_can_certain_games_advertised_on_facebook/ | {
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"It's not like you automatically get sued just because you use other people's material. Its really up to the owner of the content if they want to or not. Maybe they actually have a deal, who knows.",
"I always thought that these ads aren't noticed by the original games, as they aren't really big-time games, just ads that pop up now and then. I've never seem them around for too long, which makes me believe they're taken down rather quickly when noticed.\n\nAnother option would be that Riot simply doesn't think it's worth the effort to sue League of Angels for using their ads, as this takes time and effort. *Maybe* they could also sue for damages, but I doubt it worth their time. (only studied a small bit of business law)",
"By flying under the radar, primarily. Most big companies either don't notice it or decide that suing is not worth the effort.",
"I've heard that a lot of these games are made and hosted outside the US (primarily in China) where they're really hard to sue, so unless they're actually a threat they don't bother doing anything about them.",
"League of Angels is in a market of pay-to-win games which focus on rapid profit at the expense of quality. Their business model is to launch a new server on an almost-daily basis, get \"high spender\" customers to pay to win, and not worry about longevity.\n\nIn China there is a large supply of such games, so their programming/art expenses are minimal. If they get sued, they lose out on some licensing/translation costs, but they never had a serious investment in the intellectual property in the first place, so they shrug and move onto the next game.",
"To add to what has already been said here. What people and companies like this do is put this stuff on what we used to call \"bulletproof hosting\". Basically hosting that doesn't give a shit about a cease and desist order. Mainly because usually it has no jurisdiction. Most people mention China but in reality I think it's more likely to be one of the many islands with shady banking etc. \n\nSpeaking of shady banking. These guys still need merchant accounts to process Credit Cards. Since suing them is pretty much pointless since you will never collect from Joe Blow who is based out of some island somewhere. About the only thing you can do is force the company who is accepting their Credit Cards to stop doing so. But that too takes time and requires effort. And usually they will just reskin and use a different merchant account to pop right back up. "
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9jkbgv | how does the food we eat turns to breast milk? is it digested or just the nutrients or the blood gets converted (how?) what is the process? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9jkbgv/eli5_how_does_the_food_we_eat_turns_to_breast/ | {
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"Lactogenesis, or the process of changes to the mammary glands to begin producing milk, begins during the late stages of pregnancy. The delivery of the placenta and the resulting dramatic reduction in progesterone, estrogen, and human placental lactogen levels stimulate milk production.\n\nI[This may be helpful](_URL_0_) "
]
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[
"https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/lactation/"
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||
40y4bz | how would i secure billions of dollars if the fdic only insures $250k? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40y4bz/eli5_how_would_i_secure_billions_of_dollars_if/ | {
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"In some cases you might buy other things (houses, cars, etc.) that are worth money that you could separately insure. You might also invest in businesses or other things that are insured. You can also split up cash between banks. So if you are insured for $250k at one bank, you can have another $250k at another bank.",
"The FDIC is a US government guarantee (which means it's very similar to US government credit), so most people use short term US government bonds (Treasury Bills aka T-Bills to keep large sums of money safely). \n\nThe very paranoid may add Swiss bonds or gold to protect against a US government default. ",
"Billionares actually don't keep their money cash in the bank.\n\n/u/joshdick wrote [here](_URL_0_)\n\nBillionaires do not keep their money in one place. They have diversified portfolios, owning stocks, bonds, businesses, real estate, etc.\nThey definitely don't have a savings account sitting around with $1B in it. That's because inflation risk hurts the rich most of all. To keep their wealth from being worth less every year due to inflation, they need to put it to work by investing it, thereby earning more than inflation eats away at it.\n\nBut in addition to investing in diversified asset classes, the filthy rich also spread their money among multiple brokerages and financial advisors. That's to make sure that if one brokerage goes out of business or one financial advisor tries to steal their money, they won't lose everything.\n\nOne tool used a lot by the rich for estate planning is trusts. Trusts are legal entities (like a corporation or a non-profit or a real person) where the rich can put money outside of their estate. Wills can be contested in probate after you die, but trusts are much harder to fight in court.\n\nTL;DR of that is: Banks at most pay you 1% interest. Inflation is 2-3% a year. Assuming 3%, you lose $12,672,343 a year. Nearly 13 million! Diversiy"
]
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azyp9t | why is chocolate that you melt and then let solidify again less shiny than the original bar? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/azyp9t/eli5_why_is_chocolate_that_you_melt_and_then_let/ | {
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"text": [
"There's something called \"tempering\" it means you need to get the chocolate to a certain degree in order to be shiny and not melt so easy",
"There's a specific heating/cooling process called tempering that gives it a more shiny finish:\n\n_URL_0_",
"Chocolate is formed using rigidly controlled temperatures, called tempering. This forms a uniform crystalline structure out of the fat molecules, resulting in the texture and shine we all know and love. That crystalline structure is a bit tetchy, so melting it will change it enough that it's no longer shiny.\n\nHere's a link, for more details:\n\n_URL_0_",
"Chocolate actually crystallize into different crystal structures depending on how brutal the temperature change was.\n\nHere is a nice video that explains the issue: _URL_0_"
]
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"https://youtu.be/3-EKcYqKEec"
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|
||
8i53yj | how can the effects of acid rain can be reduced? not to be confused with how we are preventing acid rain? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8i53yj/eli5_how_can_the_effects_of_acid_rain_can_be/ | {
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"text": [
"Are you wanting to limit the damage caused by acid rain, rather than an explanation of how to reduce the formation of acid rain? If so, neutralisation would be about the only method. Adding an alkali to the things being damaged. Farmers already add alkali to soil to reduce the acidity. Its not really practical for most things though. "
]
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| []
| [
[]
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|
||
2dg59y | why did greece allow much of their olympic facilities to fall into disrepair? | I saw [these pictures](_URL_0_) and I am confused as to how Greece let the facilities get this way instead of using them | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dg59y/eli5_why_did_greece_allow_much_of_their_olympic/ | {
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"They are broke, the entire country ran out of money and had to get massive bailouts from the EU just to stay solvent",
"A few reasons the number 1 would be money. Greece has had a rough time recently and money is spread thin. Reason two ties into reason one, which is that a lot of olympic events people don't give a shit about when its not the Olympics, so why would they spend money on preserving venues that the regular Greek people don't care about, when they have very little money. \n\nIts also not that uncommon, even in a place like the US, for olympic venues to not last very long. If you look at the atlanta olympics many of those venues are either gone or not what they use to be. Hell the olympic pool from the Atlanta olympics is in florida (no I have no idea how they transported it).",
"* Greece is facing serious economic problems, and has to be careful about its financial priorities\n* if a country didn't need the Olympic facilities before the events, it is unlikely they will need them after...it is pretty common for them to fall into disrepair or be torn down, especially in smaller, poorer countries"
]
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| [
"http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2014/08/athens-olympic-venues-in-ruins-ten-years-after-the-games/?fb_action_ids=697242013656526&fb_action_types=og.likes#49"
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8k4qsa | how do movie channels make profit without any adverts? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8k4qsa/eli5_how_do_movie_channels_make_profit_without/ | {
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"text": [
"What movie channels are you talking about specifically?",
"Assuming you mean HBO and Showtime and Starz and the like, it's because you pay a subscription for those channels. So you are paying your subscription fee to the cable company who then pays part of that out to the movie channel company.",
"Movie channels like HBO, Stars, Epix, showtime and others are considered Premium Cable channels. The most common way to get access to them is to buy a cable tv package with access to premium cable channels, which costs more than a basic cable bundle. They get a monthly per subscriber fee from the service you buy your package from. HBO has the most amount of subscribers, somewhere around 34 million., and they get a few dollars per subscriber. You can also buy a subscription to those channels directly through their “Over the Top” services like HBO Now, which cost $15/month.",
"Like others have said, He's probably talking about channels like HBO and Cinemax. They are subscription based, where a subscriber will pay approx $15 a month for each of those, whereas \"regular\" cable channels like AMC and FX are funded by commercials paid for by the company advertising. "
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2h5bv7 | why is the minimum legal age to use just about every internet feature 13? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2h5bv7/eli5_why_is_the_minimum_legal_age_to_use_just/ | {
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"ckpiapz"
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"text": [
"The [Children's Online Privacy Protection Act](_URL_0_) (COPPA) of 1998 is US Federal law that prohibits the collection of personal information for children under the age of 13.\n\nSince most major internet services do business in the US, they need to follow the law"
]
} | []
| []
| [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act"
]
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|
||
6qsv0c | what do the 4 letters associated with a radio station mean(kptz, kexp etc...)? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qsv0c/eli5_what_do_the_4_letters_associated_with_a/ | {
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"text": [
"Those are call letters, used to give each station a unique name with the FCC since the same frequency can be used by many stations around the country. Stations that start with K are west of the Mississippi River and stations that start with W are east of it."
]
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| []
| [
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|
||
d827z1 | how can you find out if someone died in their sleep? | I often hear headlines like: '_ died peacefully in their sleep', but how do the people who examined the body know it was sleeping while the person died? I hang out in my bed all the time while I'm awake so it can't be just the fact that they are found dead in their beds.. And I imagine if you die that the bodily sensations would maybe wake you up (like during the chest pain of a heart attack?) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d827z1/eli5_how_can_you_find_out_if_someone_died_in/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Answer: The family of someone who recently passed doesn’t want to hear than grandma died screaming in pain and gasping for breath, so they just tell you she died in her sleep.",
"One indicator I've heard (my father works with hospice care) is how they are lying when found. If there is pain and panic etc. You can often tell the person has been twisting and turning. However, this is just an indication of course, and often it is something you say if there is no real evidence for how the person has died."
]
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3nci5s | how could the governments of usa / uk have given such large payouts to the banks when they failed and then the money go to large bonuses to the people who were responsible for the failures? | Maybe this should be a out of date / out of the loop thing - do forgive - I'm trying to educate myself about the world and...I cannot understand how this can be a thing? And, is this what that whole Occupy thing was against? And, if so, why didn't the occupy thing work and ...further, why hasn't some vigilante just popped off these bankers? How many actual people were involved? Was it 6 or 60? (Sorry, I'm trying to understand this - but if anyone has any crayons and can draw pictures...that would help!) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nci5s/eli5_how_could_the_governments_of_usa_uk_have/ | {
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"text": [
"Without banking the UK would be nothing. We have nothing left, London is a gigantic fraudulent bubble fueled by corrupt, laundered money and banks and without it we're nothing - that's why nobody will touch the bankers or the Russians. \n\nOne thing is for sure, the bubble in London can't just keep going. \n\n",
"Money was given to the banks because if the banks collapsed it very likely would have destroyed the econonomy.\n\nThe money wasn't just given to the CEOs, although a portion was.\n\nI'm not going to say what Occupy was against or not, as I feel like it was broad enough that there would be plenty of interpretation there.\n\nBut part of the reason people aren't as upset about the bailout is that it appears to have worked. Banks didn't fail, AND the US taxpayers were repaid that money as a whole, with profit.\n\n_URL_0_"
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[],
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j4p5u | [li5] proxy servers? | Can anyone explain to me how proxies and proxy servers work? How can you use them to access sites that are otherwise banned? I understand that you basically go through them to get to the site, but what makes it so that the network you are on still can't detect it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j4p5u/li5_proxy_servers/ | {
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"text": [
"Essentially it's like having a middle man in your deal. I'll relate it to buying a house. You pay or get someone to find houses for you to talk to the owners. You then negotiate through the real estate agent who talks to the owners. \n\nSimply put you have someone relaying the exact same information your sending so that instead of the information as being pinned as coming from YOU, its pinned as coming from the MIDDLE MAN.",
"You used to write letters to Danny, but your mother discovered that Danny was teaching you to swear. Your mother spoke to the mailman and asked him never to let you send letters to Danny any more, and not to deliver any mail from Danny either.\n\nThat sucks. You liked Danny so much. You told your uncle Bob about this, because he's a cool guy. Bob said, \"No worries, write a letter to Danny, and send it to me\". Awesome! You wrote Danny a letter and addressed it to Uncle Bob. The mailman collected your mail and checked there was none for Danny. There wasn't, he only saw mail addressed to Uncle Bob. So he took it and delivered it to Uncle Bob.\n\nUncle Bob got your letter, put it back in a new envelope and sent it to Danny. Danny read your letter and replied. He didn't reply directly to you, oh no! The mailman would have stolen that letter. He replied to Uncle Bob.\n\nUncle Bob got Danny's letter, put it in a new envelope for you, and sent it back. Your mailman saw a new letter for you, but because it was sent by Uncle Bob, he let you have it. You opened it, and read Danny's reply.\n\n\"Hey man. Sorry that your mom is being such a bitch. And that mailman, what a fucking prick. Let's burn his house down or something. Danny\".\n\nAnd that's how a proxy server works."
]
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1rjw75 | what is wrong with eating horse? | Before I'm crucified for being an animal hater, What is wrong with eating horse meat. Why is it suddenly taboo in recent times? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rjw75/eli5what_is_wrong_with_eating_horse/ | {
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"nothing. ppl just have their heads stuck up their asses.",
"There are a number of countries where they eat horse. Some of those European countries that had the horse meat controversy weren't complaining that it was horse meat they were complaining that it was labelled as beef and thus was false advertising. ",
"You know how good horseradish tastes on steak? Imagine using it where it belongs... mmmmmmmm",
"There are some chemicals that are medicinal to horses, but are toxic to humans, but there's nothing wrong with eating horse, if it's correctly reared. It's lean, and exceptionally nutritious.\n\nThe recent furore was because several food companies claimed that their products were beef, but is was horse. The media revealed false advertising, but people now dislike horse by thoughtless association.",
"Cultural aversions to eating some animals based on irrational reasons is quite common. The three main reasons are either 1) affection for the animal 2) disgust for the animal in question 3) religious view or myths about eating the animal. \n\nThe first one is pretty easy. American's love dogs, cats and horses and the idea of eating them makes them sad. \n\nThe second one includes things like bugs or squid and those bird eggs with a baby chick inside; it all depends on how you were raised. IIRC cheese was disgusting for many Chinese people until they got used to the idea, \"eating rotten milk?!\"\n\nThird can be Jews and Muslims not eating pork or Hindus not eating beef. \n\n",
"I always find it funny how social norms and behaviors (such as not eating horses) developed so long ago and previous generations just deemed certain animals to be edible, while others are not.\n\nLike, how did that go down?\n\n(A hunter/gatherer encounters a wolf pup)\n\"I love this one's eyes. Let's take it and domesticate it.\"\n\n(A hunter/gatherer encounters a young wild boar)\n\"Oh man! Fuck this thing... Fuck it. I'm going to eat this shit.\"",
"Horses are given medicine that is not safe for human consumption. So slaughtered horses are given to zoo's and the like instead.\n\nHorses are beloved pets to many people. So they have moral issues with it. That is why I wouldn't eat horse.\n\nThe popularity of certain food can go in waves,lamb has gone down hill in the U.S.",
"Nothing.\n\nIn the UK, we've recently found out practically most of the cheap beef we are being sold is actually, horse.\n\nUntil people were *told* it was horse, people just ate it and never knew any different."
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2vvkpr | if wolfs were tamed by men and became dogs through artificial selection , which was the progenitor of cats? | Also how and why they tamed the progenitor of cats nowadays?
We all know why men would need a dog in that time and how he and the dog would benefit from this relationship, but the cat???
I'd like say that I like more cats than dogs, but just curious to know some facts. thanks | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vvkpr/eli5_if_wolfs_were_tamed_by_men_and_became_dogs/ | {
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"Cats actually domesticated themselves. Their ancestors found that hanging around humans was advantageous because of all the little rodents running around our food supplies.",
"There are small house cat like cats in the wild so it's not like they started with tigers. \n\nThey were kept around because they kill rodents "
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6s2wwj | what is the difference between programs and algorithms? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6s2wwj/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_programs_and/ | {
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"An algorithm is a procedure to accomplish a single task when written out step by step so that it can be followed exactly the same way every time given a set of parameters. It doesn't have to even be digital. The precedure for tying your shoelaces is technically an algorithm. The procedure for determining the square root of a number is an algorithm. \n\nA program is a collection of algorithms written in a machine readable format (e.g. a programming language, that can be compiled down to machine code). Which can do something as simple as print a single letter on a tape drive, or a complicated as processing a string of data from over the internet into a video to be displayed on a monitor.",
"An algorithm is just a collection of instructions to do something. But that's pretty abstract, it's not tied to the specific way its done. For example there's a maze solving algorithm that goes like this: \"Whenever you reach an intersection in the maze, take an unmarked path at random if available, then mark it. If no unmarked paths are available, take a path with a single mark at random and give it a second mark. Do not follow any path marked twice.\" This is an algorithm, but its not a program, how you perform it, or how a machine performs it will be different, but you can still all perform it. \n\nHowever if you take that algorithm and you write it up in a programming language, to perform that algorithm on a piece of hardware, on a system that can execute that code, then you have a program. \n\nThe algorithm is the logic, the program is how its implemented. ",
"If you needed to wash your hands, I could give you an algorithm of go to a sink, get some soap, lather up, rinse off the soap and dry your hands.\n\nA program for washing your hands would be something like:\n\n-if you're sitting down at a table, put your hands on your seat and move your seat far enough away from the table to give yourself room to stand up. Then, stand up. \n\n- if you're sitting not a table, stand up.\n\n- if you're lying down, put your hands on the ground and push yourself up to a sitting position. \n\n- if you're sitting on the floor, put your hands on the floor and push yourself forward until you can stand. Then stand up. \n\n- if you are not standing, say something that will make the programmer question every decision they've made in their life. \n\n- if you are standing, determine fastest route to bathroom. \n\n- if you do not know fastest route to bathroom, determine fastest route to leave current room.\n\nEtc,etc",
"By some definitions, there isn't a difference, but the way the words are usually used:\n\nAn algorithm is a method of solving a problem, involving a set of logical/mathematical instructions.\n\nA program is a set of computer instructions that a computer can understand and run.\n\nA program doesn't have to contain any algorithms. For example, the beginner \"Hello world\" program only displays some words. It doesn't take any input and doesn't solve any problem. If you programmed a basic calculator, it probably wouldn't use anything that a computer scientist would call an \"algorithm\", since all it does is arithmetic. There's no special method to adding 2 + 2; the CPU just adds them.\n\nOn the other hand, an algorithm doesn't have to be done with a computer program. For example, I could teach you how to sort a deck of cards from least to greatest. Flip through the cards one by one, and every time you see a card that is out of order, keep moving it up in the deck until it's in order. Do this at most 51 times and the deck will be sorted. That's an algorithm.\n\nIf you wrote a computer program that sorts a virtual deck of cards, then you'd be writing a program that uses an algorithm.",
"Algorithms are instructions that show humans how to do something.\n\nPrograms are instructions that show computers how to do something.\n\nHumans translate algorithms into programs through code. When they make a mistake, that's called a bug. To fix it they have to reverse the translation from code back into an algorithm by using a rubber duck. The programmer then compares what they told the computer to do (program) to what a human told them to do (algorithm), and make adjustments until the two match.\n\n\nHere is an example:\n\nYou can use a linear search algorithm to find a particular card in a deck of cards by turning each card over one by one until you find the one you were looking for. \n\nIf you want a computer to do the same thing you need to translate that algorithm into something a computer can understand, like:\n \nvar deck = ['2 clubs', '3 hearts', '9 spades', ... ];\nvar i = 0;\n\nwhile (i < deck.length) {\n if (deck[i] === '9 spades') break;\n i = i + 1;\n}\n\nconsole.log('9 of spades is card number ', i);\n\n---\n\n",
"Algorithms are approaches to solving a problem. Programs are the exact, formally-specified steps to perform.\n\nSay I give you a list of names, and ask you to put them into alphabetical order. You have a lot of algorithms - different approaches - that you might use. \n\n * Maybe you go through the list and collect all the 'A' names into a pile, then all the 'B' names, and so on, then sort those other piles by the second letter of the name, and so on. That would be a recursive strategy.\n * Maybe you keep one part of the list as 'sorted', and the rest 'unsorted', and carefully move names into the right place in the 'sorted' half. That would be an insertion sort algorithm.\n * Maybe you just pick two names, and if one should come earlier in the alphabet than the other, you swap them. You keep doing this until the list looks sorted. That's a bubble sort algorithm.\n\nGiven the description of the _algorithms_ above, you could probably figure out the details of what you need to do. But to tell a computer what to do, you need to be much more exact. If we say \"keep two lists, one 'sorted' and one 'unsorted'\", _how do we do that in the code?_ That's the program. Maybe you make two different lists in memory and copy names between them. Maybe you leave it as one big list, but you just remember how many 'sorted' ones you have at the top. There's advantages and disadvantages to each implementation, but the basic overall algorithm is the same."
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4pdx4c | our natural body temperature is 38°c but we feel hot and start sweating in the 20-30°c range. why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4pdx4c/eli5_our_natural_body_temperature_is_38c_but_we/ | {
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"the body produces heat through normal cellular processes. It must be able to transfer that heat to its sourroundings or it will overheat itself.",
"We heat ourselves up (through \"burning\" food) so as to keep our bodies at 37C *given that the outside air temperature is a little under 20C*.\n\nIf the air temperature rises, we have to either lower the rate at which we burn food, or take measures to cool ourselves down (by sweating, driving more hot blood to the surface, etc), or both."
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6p41rn | how does express/overnight/2 day shipping work in extremely rural areas? | I'm not talking about the people who live in a small town just outside a big city, or a "small town" that isn't one at all, and is only small in relation to a major metropolis.
I'm talking extremely rural, "monthly daytrip to the grocery store" small town or country living in states like Wyoming and Montana, where you can be 6 hours from an airport.
Is there a USPS guy who's assigned to just pick up stuff from the nearest airport and drive six hours to deliver it? And in places with such low population density, it's not like there's a lot to deliver... does he make that trip every day for just a handful of people?
tl;dr: I've ordered Amazon Prime in both Los Angeles and Valentine, Nebraska and both arrived in two days. How? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6p41rn/eli5_how_does_expressovernight2_day_shipping_work/ | {
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"Companies like Amazon have many filling centers all across the country and world, so the product you selected will usually be retrieved from a warehouse closest to the shipping destination. If you order something from a department store or chain store, that will definitely be the case. Most products are not unique, one of a kind things and therefore they can be shipped from various different locations.\n\nAs to how fast shipping works for the people in the most rural, isolated areas, the answer is that it usually doesn't. The US Postal Service will deliver mail to a person's home regardless of how isolated they are, and mailmen do in fact go on ridiculously long daily drives for a few people in certain places.\n\nBut private companies like FedEx and UPS can decide where they ship to, and they will exclude the most isolated areas because it is not cost effective to send products there. People who live in a trailer way out in the desert or a cabin on top of a mountain will then maintain a PO Box in the nearest town where they can pick up their products. ",
"Check the details in your Amazon ***Prime*** Agreement. There may be a clause that adds more time to the delivery. In any case, they just find the nearest delivery service and offer a special fee for priority delivery, an incentive that usually works.",
"Amazon is now being even more aggressive than \"mailing\" it from a warehouse near you... in some cases they deliver it on an Amazon-owned vehicle to your local post office in the middle of the night, and the post office delivers it to your door that morning/day.\n\nSo if a massive waste of effort/resources is going on to get that package into your small town... it might be Amazon, not USPS, who is putting in that money/effort. Amazon does a lot of stuff to gain and keep customers long-term that doesn't make them much profit right now. \n\nA normal customer who walks into a post office and tries to ship something overnight will find there are distances and remote locations that cannot be covered overnight, even with their most expensive option.\n\nFedEx and UPS will go further out of their way to make ridiculous deliveries, at a ridiculously high cost. Yes, they might send someone to a town in the middle of nowhere just for you, but they won't be doing it cheap. "
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1v8yz6 | what would happen if socci cannot host the olympics? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v8yz6/eli5_what_would_happen_if_socci_cannot_host_the/ | {
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"*This* close to the scheduled events, I would imagine that the IOC would be forced to cancel this year and perhaps reschedule at another site for next year as no alternative site would be able to throw such an event with only three week's headstart. In the past with sufficient time, sites have been changed for backups: Innsbruck '76, and one other time that I can't recall offhand. ",
"It depends what you mean 'cannot host'. If you mean say, due to lack of snow, there are various backup plans - artificial snow, or move events to an alternate, less convenient site that would be further away and would have snow. In 2010 Whistler BC had a backup plan of Cyprus Mountain in Vancouver which would actually have been more convenient but a worse overall skiing experience. \n\nIf you mean say due to protests or political instability the only option would be to cancel and host somewhere else. \n\n"
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59n9xx | samsung's wireless phone charger | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59n9xx/eli5_samsungs_wireless_phone_charger/ | {
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"In short: There is a coil in your charger and a coil in your phone. The coil in the charger emmits a magnetic field for which he uses electricity. The Coil in your phone does exactly the opposite, it generates electricity from the magnetic field. For mor information look up Transformer on wikipedia."
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2swxec | what is happening when i randomly want to eat everything? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2swxec/eli5_what_is_happening_when_i_randomly_want_to/ | {
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"Lower blood sugar levels (even for a non-diabetic person) can lead to the desire to binge eat, especially when one is tired (less rational). There can also be a psychological feeling of desperation to fill yourself because you will be going to sleep for the day (likely considered to be an obsessive compulsive trait). I liken the phenomenon to bears hibernating but at a much less grandiose scale."
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1mb57z | if wars are so good for industry in the us, why does the stock market tank when we're about to start one? | I've seen this happen with Libya, Syria, and any time the US gets involved in the middle east. Rumors of intervention cause the stock market to drop, and pulling back causes the stock market to rise. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mb57z/eli5_if_wars_are_so_good_for_industry_in_the_us/ | {
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"War is only good for the economy in that way when it causes the government to spend massively and pump money into the economy. Putting the entire country and economy on a war footing during WWII did that. Going to war on a small scale while cutting taxes and trying not to affect the wider society at all does not. \n\nTo paraphrase John Ralston Saul, if we want to get those economic benefits, we'd best get down to *seriously* blowing things up. Which is of course a completely insane position if meant seriously... ",
"Oil. A lot of oil comes from the Mideast. More conflict in the Mideast could potentially delay or reduce the amount of oil sold worldwide which pushes up the price. Since businesses rely on oil, its potential cost is factored into their stock value.\n\nWars themselves aren't good for the economy. However, government spending can kickstart a sagging economy. If people aren't buying/selling/hiring enough, the government can step in and spend money as stimulus. That money doesn't have to be spent on war though. We'd be far better off investing in schools/libraries/scientific research, since then we get economic stimulus as well as something more productive.",
"The market loves certainty. Traders want to know what the rules are, who the players are, and what to expect so they can plan. Markets lag during elections and then activity picks up after the election because people know what to expect. That's why there was so much cash sitting in money markets during large rallies the last four years or so. People were uncertain. Obamacare/tax changes/etc. They didn't know what the rules were going to be so they didn't want to risk putting money in.\n\nWar is kind of the same. What's going to happen? Is it a short war or a long war? What materials are we short on? Is this going to affect the oil market? Is this going to affect trade agreements. No one knows.\n\nTL;DR The markets hate uncertainty.",
"Forget about the notion that the stock market goes down the economy is bad and the stock market is up the economy is good. While stocks are based off of the economy, the important thing to remember is that stocks are generally traded by people with feelings and emotions. The reason stocks go up or down is directly affected by people's feelings and perceptions of the economy and industry etc. When people get really scared, they sell and intelligent people buy their stock at a discount. Once their fears are squashed out and they realize the world isn't going to end, they start buying but the people who bought when it dropped are the ones making the money.",
"While war spending as a whole can boost demand and industry, the uncertainty about how a war would play out, what that would mean for oil supplies, companies invested in the region etc. isn't clear.\n\nE.g. A war in Syria. Well.. if by 'war' you mean 300 cruise missiles fired into the country and that's the end of it, then not a whole lot would change. But if the Syrians decide to shoot sarin gas at Turkey, Greece, Israel and Jordan then... those countries economies could have some issues. The russians could try and block the suez for shipping, which would delay oil shipments etc. etc. etc.\n\nThe stock market moves immediately on short term concerns. While killing 10 000 people in Greece with Sarin gas would be unfortunate, it would not, in the grand scheme of things materially degrade the Greek economy. But you don't know what is going to happen in a war, and that's what people are afraid of. You don't want to find out that fancy new factory built in Turkey is the one factory in the country the syrians manage to destroy when they try and shoot back sort of thing.\n\nMarkets make large moves around small changes in risk and then correct as people get a better sense of how much risk has actually changed. "
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1xeabj | why are there no (or at least very few) woman pedophiles? (and rapists) | Never have I once heard on the news about a pedophilia, rape or child porn case where the suspect was a woman.
What makes men more likely to be a pedophile? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xeabj/eli5_why_are_there_no_or_at_least_very_few_woman/ | {
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"First, there are female rapists and pedophiles. The ratio is very much skewed towards men (by one estimate, 10 to 1 for pedophilia) but it happens. As a rule of thumb, mass media are a bad way to figure out how often something happens. Crime has been dropping for many years now, but you'd never know it by watching the news.\n\nStill, there's a large sex difference. In the case of pedophilia, it's hard to say. Psychological research is mostly limited to the small minority who get caught, and who likely don't represent the overall group well. ",
"It's because their boobs get in the way"
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d5xba7 | a question about neurology: why is it said that amphetamines effect people differently based on whether or not they have adhd? | I’ve heard that even though it’s a stimulant for the average person, it makes people with ADHD more mellow and focused. I’m wondering if I’ve understood that correctly, and if so, why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d5xba7/eli5_a_question_about_neurology_why_is_it_said/ | {
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"I have ADHD and I've always been told it fills the impulse link in my brain so that I can think before I say or do things, whereas for others this link is already there so it heightens it. \n\nThe other guy that commented is kinda right to be fair- my brain is far too fast for my body and I often stutter or mumble and speak very quickly because I'm already thinking of four sentences ahead !\n\nSame with physical actions, I do things before thinking which often gets me into trouble 🙃\n\nHope this helps I'm currently sat in a ward waiting for a colonoscopy and thought this would help ease the anxiety of a camera going up my pooopyhole",
"There are places in the brain where area 1 sends a signal to area 2 and area 2 becomes more active in response. There are other places where area 2 receives that signal and becomes less active. Both situations are normal and happen in most regions of the brain. \n\nIn people with ADHD the second scenario isn’t happening properly. Area 2 isn’t receiving the “be quiet” signal from area 1 so it’s more active than it should be, leading to the symptoms of ADHD.\n\nStimulants work to resolve this because they stimulate/activate/wake up area 1 to tell everyone to shut up. Everyone receiving that signal shuts up since they haven’t heard area 1 in a while so even a little noise from there is powerful. \n\nIn a normal brain that signal to shut up isn’t as strong to the receiving areas because they’re used to getting the message. So when you give them a stimulant, the shut up signal just gets lost in all the other noise.",
"I have Add and I've been told by my doctor that it's just a myth. She said something along the lines that the effects are the same whether or not you have Ahhd or not. BUT if you have Adhd it often helps to relieve some of the symptoms of Adhd that makes life hard sometimes and makes you function more like a \"normal\" person.\n\nThink of it this way. If you have Adhd, it treats your symptoms. If don't have Adhd, well then there's nothing to treat so its not gonna have the same \"effect\" on you. As far I know tho, it's physical effect on your body and brain are the same whether or not you have Adhd.",
"Interesting question! I'm not an expert, but here's an article: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) that hopefully you can access. It was studying the effects and addictive potential of amphetamine-type medications in people with and without ADHD. It seems to suggest that the medications had pretty similar symptoms in people with and without ADHD – it increased concentration in both, though the change in those with ADHD *may* have been bigger, narrowing the gap between the groups. Also, the people with ADHD wanted the medications more, suggesting that the effect of the medication made more of a difference to them.\n\nSource: \n\nKollins, S.H., English, J., Robinson, R. et al. Reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate in adults with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacology (2009) 204: 73. _URL_1_",
"So there's a bunch of receptors in your brain that are involved in the process of memory retention. The way that your memory retention works is that a piston with the Information that you are passively/actively remembering fires and attaches to the receptor for a time, and your brain then gathers as much of the info as possible before it releases. This is why you dont always remember everything about events and stuff, just the important things. The chemical that is responsible for both firing the piston as well as keeping it attached to the receptor connected long enough to retain memories is dopamine.\n\nPeople with adhd have a dopamine deficiency that essentially causes the piston to fire, connect, and release too quickly, resulting in only a partial amount of information compared to those who have normal dopamine levels. \n\nStimulants let the receptors latch on for longer periods of time, which gives their brain an opportunity to work closer to how someone who doesnt have adhd would.\n\nNote, adhd isn't diagnosed very well (it's literally just a questionnaire, no medical tests other than possibly an ekg if your family has a history of heart issues, and that's just to determine the amount of medication you can safely take.) so while there are a ton of people who really have this problem and have a genuine need for the medication, there are also those who just have a self discipline problem. Those who dont actually have it and who take amphetamines and end up having different severe mental issues as a result is where all the stigmas come from. \n\nPeople who take stims and become hyperactive are doing so because they're overloading their pistons, and they dont have adhd\n\nSource: Ive have adhd my entire life, but went undiagnosed till I was an adult and paid attention to specific patterns of behavior that were uncontrollable despite by best effort.\n\nThis was a huge topic on the Joe Rogan subreddit (due to his unnecessarily negative/ignorant take on the subject). I'm borrowing the OPs analogy with pistons. Here is a link to that thread. It's a good read to see it from the perspective of those who do deal with this on a daily basis, and how much of the stigma really exists. He also explains it in more detail\n\n_URL_0_",
"The ELI5 version is that in people with ADHD the part of their brain that helps them calm down is sleeping, so you take the stimulant, and it wakes that part of the brain up, which is then able to tell the rest of the brain to calm down.\n\nTaking Adderal before bed helps me sleep, because i dont sit there thinking about everything under the sun, and every speck of dust under me making me unconfortable, etc.",
"I am diagnosed with this but rarely medicate. As I understand it from my life it was a lack of a safe environment growing up forcing me to be much more alert and have no coast time. I have 0 issue focusing when shit hits the fan but slow stability feels like hell."
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k4uk4 | the xenosaga series | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k4uk4/eli5_the_xenosaga_series/ | {
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"Ha! I feel for you. I have detailed knowledge on Xenogears (the final installment that was released 1st) but I lack the the ability to condense that down to 5yr old level. Anything that references that much religion, science and psychology requires a doctorate to condense that down to even a 25yr old level.\n\nI wish you luck in this endeavor.",
"Alright, I was writing a gigantic synopsis of the plot of the first episode(which I am playing), but then I realized that you didn't specifically ask for that. What would you like explained?",
"Ha! I feel for you. I have detailed knowledge on Xenogears (the final installment that was released 1st) but I lack the the ability to condense that down to 5yr old level. Anything that references that much religion, science and psychology requires a doctorate to condense that down to even a 25yr old level.\n\nI wish you luck in this endeavor.",
"Alright, I was writing a gigantic synopsis of the plot of the first episode(which I am playing), but then I realized that you didn't specifically ask for that. What would you like explained?"
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8yu2w8 | why does japan have so many cool flavours in their snacks? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8yu2w8/eli5_why_does_japan_have_so_many_cool_flavours_in/ | {
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"Culture.\n\nThe basic of it is they have seasonal flavors (extra only out at certain times like sakura) and special flavors. Culturally it's a thing in Japan, expected. So companies always try to come up with temporary new special flavors.\n\nThe all the time flavors aren't always more than, say, the us but they stand out. We might not think of the fifty chocolate variations as different but we do notice variations on something unusual. \n\nMost importantly is that people try them. Plus, producing a limited run for Japan would be different from a limited run in the US. Even just distribution wise. Though chips in the US are doing it a lot more, so.",
"They *sound* cool, but that's about it. I've heard people get buyers remorse over things like houses and cars and shit but I've only ever had it over the occasional 200 yen bag of chips when I was feeling frisky.",
"Part of it is culture (flavors they’ve always desired & made) & the other part is just that Japan is a gimmicky culture. \nThey love that shit. \nHell, I love that shit. Give me those melon chips. ",
"They have *all* the flavours, including all the cool ones. But if you dig a little deeper you'll also find all of the weird flavours too. Things like seawater flavoured icecream, I mean why?",
"A LOT of these flavours are actually the same as other specialty flavours and are available in other countries as well, people just don't notice thanks to package design, food colouring, and marketing. For example, different teriyaki flavoured products are the same as the onion flavours in the US, sakura flavours taste EXACTLY like strawberry instant oatmeal, and anything melon flavoured is the same as anything blue-hawaiian flavoured— one just uses green food colouring and the other uses blue.",
"Because there is a market for it. As in, if you make something new and interesting, people will buy it. In western countries the consumers are more whiny and don't like venturing out of their comfort zone ",
"It doesn't. You only hear about things from Japan that are different from things that you are used to because... that's how news travels. \n\nJapan is just like the US in that there is a huge marketing industry that does everything it can to get peoples attention. You are somewhat immune to the US version of that because you are bombarded with US / English style marketing all the time. The Japanese version of it catches your attention because it wasn't designed to catch *your* attention, and thus looks even weirder to you.",
"I heard their 7 eleven is amazing and filled with very good food (youtubers). We need a global one here in the states. Specifically in Illinois and by Illinois I mean Chicago.",
"After living in Japan it was amazing seeing the different flavored Kit Kats like soy sauce , fish, cherry blossoms, etc... And they even have can coffee made from people like Coca Cola and such. I had a Japanese friend who did marketing for a food brand and I asked him why such cool things aren't in Japan. I mean Nestle could easily send new flavors everywhere. He told me that in the American market when you introduce new flavors and such people believe go crazy thinking in the the end of the world and that is a bad thing. Like look when they changed the formula for Coke people were going crazy as if they devoted thier life to it and we're now saying that it was ruined and such even though barely anything changed. Whereas in the Japanese market they release it and they are more than happy to try new things and use it as a survey.\n\nTDLR: American's don't like change ",
"Are you telling me the people I work with that travel from Japan have more than Seaweed or Fish flavored snacks they could be sharing",
"This is why people I know think (SCP-261)[_URL_0_] is a weird, wild vending machine and my Kyoto friend is like \"why is this an SCP, I've seen like three of these\". Vending machine game is god-tier in Japan and they have the weird goods to stock it.",
"Because they don't feed their children chicken tenders. They're introduced to Conplex flavors from a young age.\n\nThis whole kids menu thing sucks.",
"It's actually really simple: because Japanese people will buy them. Where I live (Boston area), even doce de leite is too exotic for most supermarkets (at least the ones that aren't in Hispanic or Brazilian areas). You go to the wafer section, and they have chocolate, strawberry, and maybe one other flavor. The thing is, companies *make* more flavors than that, but supermarkets don't want to buy them because they think customers won't buy them and they'll just end up expiring on the shelf, costing them money.\n\nIn Japan, their traditional flavors aren't just chocolate and strawberry; there's a variety of local traditions that people like. Shoyu, for example, and matcha (green tea), taro, ume, etc. This the Japanese equivalent of the vanilla/chocolate/strawberry axis, roughly. But in addition to that, people like the Western flavors too. On top of that, Japanese people are willing to buy different flavors; there aren't enough Americans who like that stuff for it to be profitable here. I'm assuming you live in Canada or the UK (given your \"flavours\" spelling -- though there are probably lots of other places in the world where they spell it that way), and those places aren't exactly famous for their variety of flavors. People in many places in the West tend to be pickier eaters for some reason.\n\nSometimes, crazy flavors do make their way over, but it's never the same crazy flavors, which is kind of annoying when I hear about some flavor I want to try that's not available. Lay's did that with their chips a few times; they'd have this big promotion where they had new flavors for people to try, and some were great and some were total bullshit. I think they chose the flavors by contest. I would love to be able to try all the flavors that Pringles makes around the world, for example, but we don't even get that many of the flavors available *here*. I think that if companies *want* to make interesting flavors and market them, people would buy them, but perhaps only in certain places. My local fancy sandwich/grocery place has interesting flavors of things all the time and people buy them there. Usually the interesting flavors are for the trendier items -- there's kind of a beef jerky trend around here, so there are many flavors of expensive jerky to be had. There are $8 bars of chocolate infused with whatever and swirls of who cares (and they're tasty, which I know because I've stupidly bought them on occasion, but not $8 tasty). If someone can find a trend that it fits into, they can market whatever craziness they want and still make money. But in Japan, there's just a better market for interesting snack flavors!"
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1xzzrt | why is it that most animals can eat carrion, but we humans will become horribly ill if we do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xzzrt/eli5_why_is_it_that_most_animals_can_eat_carrion/ | {
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"Most animals, especially scavengers have special bacteria and enzymes in their digestive tract that can safely break down and digest rotting meat and plant matter without the animal becoming ill. ",
"As long as it hasn't gone too long - and especially if we cook it - humans can eat carrion without getting sick."
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8vgw58 | how the hell do our eyes move? like they sort of just look in different places seemingly on their own | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8vgw58/eli5_how_the_hell_do_our_eyes_move_like_they_sort/ | {
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"_URL_1_\n\nHere are all the muscles that control your eyes' movements. As you can see there are quite few so your eyes are able to move quite precisely.\n\nNot much for an eli5, but the way the muscles move are like balancing a ball on a board that you can move up and down like this game: _URL_0_\n\nYou can move the ball all directiom because you control the board in 4 directions: front, back, left and right. Its the same as with your eyes only woth your eyes it's up, down, left and right.\n\nEdit: first picture is now in english, with the muscles showing what motion the eye makes.",
"Muscles attach them to the skull from various directions. To look right, you tense the muscle on the right side while relaxing the one on the left. \n\nSince we (obviously) can't see these muscles, we never really become aware of moving them, but if you stay up for a long time (I'm talking well over 24 hours) while focusing on something close to you, they will get noticeably tired. ",
"There are a few tiny muscles attached to the back of the eyeball. They can point it or even rotate it.\n\nFun fact: you have 2 systems in your brain to control your eyeballs. Look at a moving object and you have no problem following it with your gaze. But try to look at a wall and smoothly move your gaze over it - that's impossible. Your eyes will move in discrete jumps instead. ",
"Is there ever a position where the muscles are at rest, like just closing your eyes and having them point straight ahead? Kind of like a car in neutral. When sleeping I know we look around such as in REM state, but are they actually ever, well, in neutral? ",
"How the hell do my fingers move? Like they sort of just move around seemingly on their own",
"It is a seamless system of nerves and muscles. Without getting to much into detail, mainly two cerebral nerves (III and VI; i ll skip the IV which only plays a minor role). \n\nVI innervates the muscle responsible for lateral movement (sideways, looking right with the right eye and looking left with with the left one). III innervates all the rest of the muscles except for the afromentioned sideways movement, meaning up, down, rolling movement. \n\nSo, how do you look to the right, since it will need an input for the right eye and (!) the left eye? But as we have read for the right eye to move right, you have to need input from VI. For the left eye to move right you need input from III. Since both eyes needs to be coordinated, they are linked over the MLF System in the brainstem, meaning III and VI are connected over the MLF network to work in synch. This generating a seamless gaze. \n\nSidenote: Damage to the MLF System will result in a asynchronous gaze (one eyeball lags) when looking sideways. Hallmark symptom for example Multiple Sklerosis. ",
"This reminds me of ice hockey goalies who do eye exercises so they can acquire, focus and track puck movement more readily. Example - _URL_0_",
"Partly related and blew my mind the first time I read this: _URL_0_\n\nWhen your eyes move from one point to another, you should technically be seeing a blur. Instead, your mind cuts out the blur and replaces it with two scenes: one from before the movement, and one from after.\n\nThis results in an illusion known as the \"stopped clock illusion\" where the second hand of a clock appears to stay still longer than 1 second when you first look at it. ",
"Since the answer is already there I wanted to add alittle more to the subject of your eye moving. It involves why chickens can't look around and move there entire head instead. Your eye glancing from one object to another is so fast the everything that was in-between those two objects can't be processed by your brain. To fill that fraction of a second of time, your brain replaces it with whatever your eyes stopped on. For example, next time you're around an analog clock look away from it and then quickly glance at it. What you'll notice happen is the second hand on the clock will seem to pause in place longer that it should and continue going. The trait chickens have of not moving their eyes and only their head is to remove this missing amount of time, for chickens any time missed when looking around could give their predators a bigger opportunity to kill them. ",
"I understood a different question to what's being answered by everyone, which I would love to know the answer of: \n\n\"How do our eyes choose what to look when they move around not by our own volition?\"\n\nDoes that make sense?",
"And why are there some things (anatomical usually) that we can't Not look at or that require mental effort to keep our eyes from looking at them?",
"How do our eyes focus on different things? Like now I'm focusing on my phone and the background is not in focus, and then I can focus on the background and blur the phone. I know how a camera does it but not eyes!",
"Control of eye-movements is pretty complex. \n\nA lot of people have talked about the muscles controlling the movement of our eye-balls without really mentioning the system governing that control. \n\nIn essence at any given moment there are two signals that are governing where we direct our eyes. \n\nOne signal is basically our \"executive\" function. When you're trying to perform a task or intentionally looking at an object, this is the signal that is taking precedence. \n\nThe other signal is actually our visual input itself. People talk about something \"catching your eye\" or \"capturing your attention\" and these ideas are actually not that far off. \nWhen there are very \"salient\" features (high contrast to their surroundings) they tend to lead us to fixate our gaze on them. \n\nThese two signals seem to be integrated in a brain structure called the [superior colliculus](_URL_0_) with the stronger signal at any given moment governing where the eyes go. "
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ct0fcm | new tvs boast the ability to display more colors. what colors can't a tv display? | New TV's are HDR, or high-dynamic range and they boast the ability to show 10 or 12 bit color. Once there are enough "bits", does that mean that they will be able to show every color? How many bits is enough? Or are there colors that TVs and computer monitors will never be able to show? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ct0fcm/eli5_new_tvs_boast_the_ability_to_display_more/ | {
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"Theoretically, there is no number of bits which would be able to display \"all colors\". However, many TVs can already display PRACTICALLY all colors.",
"Read this [wiki article](_URL_1_) about color depth. TV's nowadays are well past the point where the \"number of colors\" is noticeable, because the pixels of RGB color are very small and can be combined to form pretty much all the hues.\n\nHowever, you may see the difference in \"the number of colors\" on, for example, the printed label for a package of paper towels. They may only use a few colors of ink, and have to use the \"patterns of dots\" to simulate other colors. For example, you can use red and white ink to simulate [various shades of pink](_URL_0_).\n\nTV's use red, green, and blue pixels. They only have 3 colors, really, but they can make each pixel bright or dim to various levels. The pixels are so small that you don't even see them, and at some point the number of (mathematically) possible combinations is beyond what we can distinguish with our eyes.",
"There are multiple factors at play. \n\nThe number of bits doesn't necessarily mean \"redder\" reds or \"greener\" greens. But it does mean more possible distinct colors. Color encoding is a tradeoff between the number of distinct colors possible (bit depth) and the spectral distance between the rgb primaries (gamut). \n\nThe more you spread the primaries, the more vibrant the color, but the more distance you have between, say, red and green. More distance between primaries means that each step from color A to color B becomes more spread out. This results in seeing the transition from one color to the next. This effect is referred to as banding. Google color banding for image examples.\n\nTo compensate for banding you can increase bit depth, because increasing bit depth increases the number of possible steps between colors.\n\nColor primaries are fixed by hardware, meaning a green LED can only produce a single wavelength of green (by design). The combination primaries defines the gamut. Various gamuts are defined by standards organizations, namely the ITU. \n\nIt is possible to generate a gamut that is wide enough to encompass the full visual spectrum (there is already a published system for this) and to encode it with higher bit depths (32 bits is probably enough). However in order to display a full spectrum image (or near enough) you would need a custom display with many more than 3 primaries and a decoding system to map the 3 encoded primaries to the 'x' number of display primaries. With current technology the cost would be phenomenal. \n\nOn top of all this there is contrast ratio (brightness compared to darkness) which also affects gamut and depth, but that's perhaps a topic for another day."
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depth"
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2g8lps | why has eli5 completely lost its original purpose? | Per the subreddit guidelines:
> *ELI5 is for requests for easy-to-follow explanations of complex concepts and subjects. That means no questions that are just looking for straightforward answers...* **ELI5 is absolutely not a repository for any question you have.**
Look at the ELI5 front page now, and pretty much all the top posts of the month/year/etc.
It has *clearly* just become a repository for random questions, with absolutely zero concern for whether or not it's a "complex subject" needing layman's answers.
Were there ever mods, or any enforcement or even interest among the subscribers regarding the purpose of this sub, or has it basically just become a random question repository and nobody cares?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g8lps/eli5_why_has_eli5_completely_lost_its_original/ | {
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"The true reason why this is happening is because redditors see this: \n/r/answers current subscribers: 77,857 \n/r/explainlikeimfive current subscribers: 3,274,893\n\nThe likelihood of someone getting a fast, accurate answer to their question is much greater in ELI5 and most subscribers of ELI5 seem more than happy to help someone out and answer any question posed to them. ",
"Because it has become popular. The more people you get, the more you get that don't read the rules. Particularly if they aren't regulars here, and just pop in because they know questions are answered here. ",
"Judging a subreddit by what is upvote[d] is only one way to judge content. There have been a lot of good ELI5, like people asking about the situation in the Ukraine, the Crimea, the most recent flair up in Gaza, and so forth.\n\nYou just need to do a bit more work to find good content.",
"It is like basic cable channels: the more popular you get, the more you stray from your original purpose."
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114gay | what the huge deal with spacex is, what happened and why is it so significant? | I keep seeing pictures of the launch and I think it has something to do with a trip to the international space station but I'm just not sure. If anyone could clarify that'd be great, thanks! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/114gay/eli5_what_the_huge_deal_with_spacex_is_what/ | {
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"It's the first privately owned (ie. not built by a government) spaceship to dock at the ISS. It's going to deliver cargo for NASA, something that right now has only been achieved by huge government funded space programs. ",
"First off, a list of entities that have launched a spacecraft into orbit and landed it safely back on Earth:\n\n* Soviet Union/Russia\n* USA\n* China\n* Japan\n* European Space Agency\n* SpaceX\n\nSpaceflight is an enormously complex and (traditionally) expensive undertaking that only governments and gigantic, publicly funded agencies have managed so far. SpaceX is doing it at a fraction of the cost and development resources.\n\nAlso, America has basically been stuck with buying cargo flights from Europe and Russia since the Shuttle has been retired. SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft are built, launched and operated from America.\n"
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3hsdy4 | why are so many currencies around the world plunging in value? | I've read many articles reporting on the drops in value but few have explained why in a way a five-year-old can understand. Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hsdy4/eli5_why_are_so_many_currencies_around_the_world/ | {
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"There are three specific drops that I can think of right now: the Chinese yuan, the euro, and the Russian ruble.\n\nThe yuan has only recently taken a step drop. This appears to be entirely engineered by China's central bank. From time to time they will devalue their currency by just printing more of it. This makes the yuan cheaper relative to foreign currencies, making Chinese goods cheaper and improving their trade surplus ([source](_URL_0_)).\n\nThe euro and ruble on the other hand appear to be suffering from investor uncertainty. The E.U. is still dealing with Greece and the potential economic harm that a default would bring. The Russian economy is suffering under the weight of sanctions imposed both by the United States and by some countries in Europe over their actions in Ukraine. In both cases this creates uncertainty among investors about how much the ruble and euro are going to be worth in the future. This leads them to exchange the euros and rubles they are holding for currencies they see as more secure such as the U.S. dollar. This leads to an increased supply of euros and rubles and a decreased supply of dollars. This in turn makes the dollar more valuable than the other two currencies.\n\n"
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"http://www.businessinsider.com/china-just-devalued-its-currency-2015-8"
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|
1yd6qa | why aren't multi-cpu desktop pcs more prevalent? | These days it seems that multi-GPU PCs are becoming more prevalent with most modern PCs able to support 4 GPUs in SLI but why is it that multi-CPUs PCs aren't so prevalent? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yd6qa/eli5_why_arent_multicpu_desktop_pcs_more_prevalent/ | {
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"Almost all modern PCs do have multiple CPUs, just not as separate discrete components. It makes more sense to pack them onto one physical die (and call them cores).",
"The multiple CPUs often deal in cores. In trying to push the envelope in computing they found that multiple cores saw performance boosts while keeping power consumption down. This also keeps cost down. Today we see more and more cores as people are continually trying to find the most efficient and cost reducing means of pushing computing. In a sense multi CPU is different than multi GPU due to that fact that GPUs are like little computers within computers with their own cooling, processing, ram, etc.\n\n Many GPUs are also split up like the CPUs with two GPUs combined to make one unit. The gtx690 and HD7990 are good examples where they are just integrated dual GPUs (titan is so expensive because it is just one mega GPU). ",
" > These days it seems that multi-GPU PCs are becoming more prevalent\n\nThey're not that prevalent outside of a *very* small minority of rich enthusiasts.\n\nThe reason you don't see multi-CPU machines is because Intel and AMD have designed their processors so that the only ones you can use in a multi-CPU arrangement are their high-end server chips (the Xeon and Opteron).\n\nIt hasn't always been this way. In 1999/2000, there was a very popular, relatively inexpensive, motherboard, the [Abit BP6](_URL_0_) that would allow you to run multiple 'standard' Intel CPUs. This was in the Pentium 2/3 era. Many people used them with overclocked Celeron (Intel's budget processor line).\n\nThese days, consumers have enough options with dual and quad core CPUs that it's not really an issue. Most games are *still* unable to make effective use of multiple processors and, since most server CPUs actually have slower clock speeds, getting a ridiculously expensive 24-core Xeon machine would actually be *worse* for gaming than a 4-core i7 machine."
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2syjyq | why do senior citizens get discounts, and poorer people don't? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2syjyq/eli5why_do_senior_citizens_get_discounts_and/ | {
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"There are plenty of programs and benefits for poor people, the problem is proving you're poor (it's much easier to prove you're a senior, just show your driver's license). For example, check out the YMCA: they offer free services to poor people, but you gotta prove it.",
"Senior discounts aren't mandatory. They're usually offered voluntarily by the store as an incentive to get older people to shop there. And it works, the store I work in offers a 3% discount to seniors on Wednesdays, and the store is always mobbed.\n\nCouple that with the fact that it's a lot easier to tell if someone's a senior than if they're poor, and that poor people do qualify for assistance such as food stamps to aid them in their grocery purchases.",
"Discounts are not necessarily indicative of altruism. They can be done as a gesture of respect, which I believe veteran's and senior citizen discounts mostly fall under. Or to entice increased business from a certain demographic, such as students or the typical sale you see in grocery/clothing/etc stores.",
"Because senior generally have money to spend and time to kill. So by offer as small discount you can generally keep a place kind of busy during non peak hours. "
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6aklnj | why is/has russia historically always been a poor country despite it's massive geographical and strategic location? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6aklnj/eli5_why_ishas_russia_historically_always_been_a/ | {
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"it all comes down to size.\nRussia has a huge population but actualy a realy small population per square km. Same goes for natural rescourses and even for acces points. Russia is a huge widespread country which makes a good infrastructure near impossible. The cold climate in most parts makes it hard to generate enough food. \n\nFuthermore, because of it's size and difference in population demographic Russia has always been a difficullt country to govern.\n\nBecause historicly \"strong\" leaders rule Russia with an iron fist, the people tend to live hard lives. The succesfull space program is actualy a result of the government investing a LOT in this field.\nThis was at the cost of even the basic needs of the population.\n\nNowadays the country is rather poor and the government system is powerfull but slow and stubborn.\n\nI'd go as far as saying Putin doesnt want his people to have too many advanced (communication) tools. The elite can just buy american goods and the general population is \"better off\" if they dont have too many luxury goods.\n\n\nMostly my 2cents so this may all be rubbish...",
"In addition to what others have said, Russia really has not had a historically stable, deep, warm-water port. It has \"access\" to all of those oceans but most of its routes are blocked by ice for portions of the year and NATO in other areas. \n\nFor example, Russia has to run a massive gauntlet to reach the Atlantic both through the Baltic Sea past many U.S. allies or through the GIUK gap that is heavily patrolled. It would be practically impossible for them to trade in the Atlantic if NATO were ever inclined to cut them off. This is also why the U.S. maintains friendly relations with Turkey, to provide NATO influence in the Black Sea at the Bosphorous. \n\nOne of Russia's biggest weaknesses has always been a lack of year round trade in warm waters. This is why Russia is going full bore into the Arctic. As climates warm and the Arctic Ocean becomes more navigable, Russia will see a massive boom in trade and military influence. This is also why every arctic nation (except the US) is stepping up its arctic military presence.",
"I don't think this could be explained simply at all. There are so many possible explanations that it's hard to choose one. For example:\n\n1) Size and geography. Awful climate and huge distances make delivering materials and goods inside Russia a pain, a very costly and slow process. In old times, the Czar's new laws could take over a year to reach far-away province, and year would pass again before he could get any feedback from there. Roman Empire, for example, was smaller, positioned around a sea which allowed fast shipping of goods and information and further linked with Imperial Roads.\n\nTo this day, everyone wonders why the roads in Russia are so bad. Part of it is corruption, but climate also plays a large role: the temperature in spring (and now even in winter) can go from freezing to thawing and back a lot of times, which is a sure way to destroy a road.\n\n2) Climate in general plays another important part. It is simply costlier to produce anything in Russia, if only because you need to keep your workers warm and well-fed with high-calorie food.\n\n3) Not having a good access to the ocean, Russia missed on colonialism. While the rest of the Europe plundered Americas, Russian Empire only had Siberia. Which was also rich, but see 1: a voyage to the New World and back from Spain or Portugal or England could take less time than a expedition behind the Ural Mountains.\n\n4) Due to its position, religion and politics, Russia almost never had any allies, but plenty of enemies. That meant a lot of wars, and a lot of military spending.\n\n5) It is often argued that the Mongolian conquest set Russia back several hundred years, and it still hasn't caught up with the rest of the West. Some authors trace Russian preference for a strange combination of the strong hand rulers and low-level disregard for official laws as a result of Mongol rule, and count it as an impediment to achieving greatness.\n\n6) In XX century, it might also be argued, Communism was THE problem for Russia, as it both limited innovation due to planned economy shortcomings _and_ isolated USSR from the rest of the developed world, cutting goods and ideas exchange.\n\n7) The disastrous management of the dissolution of Communist regime destroyed the big part of the economy. It was a perfect storm of incompetence and malice: factory machines, even the ones that were not very obsolete, were sold for scrap and funds transferred out of country to buy property in London or somewhere else.\n\nThe list can go on and on. Taken by itself, each explanation seems weak: you can always find a country where the same problems apply, but which now has better living standard. However, it must be noted that everything here happened to _one_ country. I.e. Canada has the same cold climate as Russia, but it never lost a large portion of its population in a World War. Germany, on the other hand, lost a lot of people and has its industry destroyed, but it had USA to help it rebuild (Marshall's Plan), while USSR had to go it more or less alone. China was as isolated as USSR, but it had a lot of spare population to rent out as a cheap workforce for the rest of the world, and managed to change from planned economy to state-run Capitalism without any major hitches.\n\nIt also should be noted that Russia is not as poor as it might seem from reading Reddit. The representation of Russia in western social media is highly skewed to \"funny\" (i.e. stereotype-confirming) pictures and videos. Almost nobody wants to see a happy, sober Russian man or a beautiful part of Russian city, it just don't bring the sweet karma (I'm not saying it's a conspiracy, but really, who would read /r/ANormalDayInRussia if it was about people going to offices, shopping for groceries or playing with their children?).\n\nBut life in bigger cities actually isn't bad, there are expensive cars, nice clothes, modern electronics. It's small towns and villages where poverty is the worst, because there is no work there. Then again, USA has \"speed trap towns\" and rural South.",
"Until WW1 Russia was rich and influentlial. Tsars were directly related to the english crown for example. Then there was the revolution that ended the tsars and later there was stalin and his bunch. Many educated and wealthy russians fled during those times. On top of that they are geographicly isolated. They have acces to everything and at the same time are furthest away from everything."
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