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Thanks for your order with CD Baby!Now that's what I call customer service.
Your CDs have been gently taken from our CD Baby shelves with sterilized contamination-free gloves and placed onto a satin pillow.
A team of 50 employees inspected your CDs and polished them to make sure they were in the best possible condition before mailing.
Our packing specialist from Japan lit a candle and a hush fell over the crowd as he put your CDs into the finest gold-lined box that money can buy.
We all had a wonderful celebration afterwards and the whole party marched down the street to the post office, where the entire town of Portland waved 'Bon Voyage!' to your package, on its way to you, in our private CD Baby jet on this day, Sunday, October 23rd.
I hope you had a wonderful time shopping at CD Baby. We sure did. Your picture is on our wall as "Customer of the Year". We're all exhausted but can't wait for you to come back to CDBABY.COM!!
*If you're the curious type, go here for a listen to what I bought. I checked out some reviews after I ordered the discs (because that's how I do things over here in Backwardland) and read this funny, dead-on little review by Ayun Halliday:
This is kids' music that's balm to every mother's savaged nerves, not to mention an honest antidote to all the sugar-coated, synthesized treacle-fudge that's pawned off as "fun for the whole family".
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- be occupying more of my free time than television through something called "blogging";
- spawn so many fantastic "blogs" that some of them would be turned into books, also known as "blooks"; and as a result
- spawn a literary prize just for blooks.
The panel of judges includes Cory Doctorow, one of the editors of BoingBoing (point of note: I used to buy BoingBoing regularly in the early '90s, when it was only a print zine. Are you impressed? Because there was no point in my mentioning that if you're not impressed), and Paul Jones, one of the great minds behind, among other things, Project Gutenberg.
Looking at the shortlist of Blooker finalists makes me worry, though. I mean, I've been frittering away my time on the internet for years, so how have I managed to miss so many of these blogs? Has my frittering been for naught? Perhaps I'm not the skilled fritterer I've always believed myself to be. But that's a dark path of thought I shall not follow today.
I took a few minutes to tool around some of the contenders' blogs, and so far I'm rooting for Gus Openshaw's Whale-Killing Journal, if only because it -- on top of my friend Shona's urging -- have me now hankering to read Moby Dick. And that's no small feat, let me tell you.
From the introduction:
On June 11, 2004, an Oakland, California cat food cannery worker began keeping an online diary (known as a "web log" - or "blog" for short) to enlist the public's aid in finding the whale he alleged had eaten his wife, infant son and arm. The first few entries appear below.But why click and scroll when, in just a couple of days, this blog apparently will be available in old-fashioned book form "at BarnesandNoble.com and in bookstores throughout the Seven Seas." Arrr, matey... that's good readin'!
Edited later to add: I take those last three paragraphs back. After reading Carrie's post in the comments section, I went to Gary Openshaw's Whale-Killing Journal and actually read several entries, rather than just superficially enjoying the premise the way I did in my last go-through. And not to mince words, but it kinda sucks. Sorry, Gary Openshaw. I wish you the best of luck on the high seas. Don't take any crap from that whale.
So... can anyone else give me their informed scoop on these Blooker contenders? Who are you rooting for, if anyone?
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So yesterday's post got me thinking about all the shelving that I've discovered and that some of you nice folks have emailed me.
Give yourself a minute or two to look at this picture and understand what you're seeing.
See, the books (or DVDs or what-have-you) are individually secured in those little strappy things that look not unlike the handstraps you see on the bus, and they sort of cantilever themselves into position. It's called the Joya Shelf, masterminded by the Israel-based 16:54 Design Group. Not content to just sit back and enjoy the credit for this rather nifty, if somewhat S&M dungeon-y, contraption, the folks at 16:54 try to also sell us on the fact that "when clustered, the collective top surface of the books or DVDs become another usable surface." People, people... you had me at S&M dungeon.
What I like about this regal_zzz shelving is that it's designed to make the most of funny nooks and small spaces by wrapping around corners.
What I dislike about it is that I don't get how it's supposed to hold books. Why, oh why, is that such an impossibility for furniture designers? I can't tell you how many times I've been momentarily dazzled by the coolness of a shelving system, only to come up short when I try to visualize how my books aren't going to topple over the edges. Still, it's a zippy shade of red, and that goes a long way for me.
So get this. This free-standing set of shelves, from the Netherlands-based design firm Maartenbaas, is made of industrial clay, which is hand-modelled on top of metal skeletons, after which the entire surface is painted with colored lacquer. (Lest you think I actually know something about industrial design, I pretty much copied and pasted that from their website.)
It sort of looks like something you'd find in a Tim Burton film, or on a set for a live-action Flintstones movie. Not my taste, and it seems more like display shelving than book shelving, but hey, at least people are trying.
Also from the Netherlands, but more to my taste, is this Variants shelving from Studio Roosegaarde.
Apparently, it was specially commissioned and designed for several public libraries, which is exactly ninety-seven shades of friggin' awesome. My local library, bless its heart, uses the kinds of battered formica tables that one sees in United Church basements, except unlike the church tables, the ones in our library are also adorned with signs warning patrons not to leave their property unattended because there are thieves actively working in the library. But I digress. (But seriously. Thieves! In libraries! I can now pinpoint the exact moment when I lost my last vestige of childlike innocence.)
The final part of this post is dedicated to Carrie, who I know, like me, has serious respect for Serious Shelves.
I'm not too proud to admit that I peed my pants a little bit when I first set eye on these OIKOS shelves. (This level of disclosure is what separates us serious bloggers from the also-rans.) If I had these bad boys in my home, I can't help believing that my world would be a better place. A better, bookier place -- where nobody steals your bookbag when you're not looking.
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Más especificaciones: Mejores vendedores (119). Litros Con Tapa De Plastico A Rosca. Uline stocks a wide selection of jars including glass jars and plastic jars.
Nuestras líneas de envases de vidrio ofrecen gran variedad de productos que se ajustan a lo que usted necesita. Tarros de vidrio extra blancos o ámbar o envases de plástico diseñados para almacenar productos de cuidado personal. Se compone de olla base, tapa y tirador plástico para un fácil agarre de la misma.
Los frascos de vidrio son muy usados para contener conservas, ya que ,bien. Si la tapa es de plástico , deberás lavarla con detergente y una vez seca, pasarle. Pvc Esfera x 1cc con Tapa difusora metalica.
BOTELLA JUGO PLASTICO CON TAPA. Esto es debido a que el vidrio evita el proceso denominado “migración” de aditivos y monómeros, qué si suele darse en los envases de plástico. El vidrio es un material totalmente reciclable, pudiendo ser reprocesado ilimitada cantidad de veces . Las tapas de los frascos tiene animalitos plásticos pegados y. De un tiempo a esta parte los frascos de vidrio se han tornado imprescindibles en la casa. Si bien antes estaban relegados a la mermelada de la abuela, hoy .
Frascos para organizar el baño. Características de las tapas para tarros de vidrio. Muchos ejemplos de oraciones traducidas contienen “ frascos de vidrio ”. Espumador, goteador pulverizador 15. TAPADORA AUTOMATICA LINEAR PARA TAPAS DE PLASTICO Màquina automàtica para el cierre frascos en vidrio con TAPAS DE PLASTICO a presiòn. Descubrí la mejor forma de comprar online.
Si estás reutilizando frascos de vidrio de salsa, mayonesa, mermelada,. Alrededor de los frascos pon las tapas y comienza a hervir. Adiós a las botellas de plástico : consejos para dejar de contaminar nuestro planeta.
FRASCO DE VIDRIO CON TAPA ROSCA – cms. Como abrir frasco de vidrio que tiene tapa de metal sin romperlos. Estos vienen totalmente sellados con. Distribuidora de envases para cosmética, tarros, envases y frascos de vidrio ,. Con tapa metalizada oro con disco y obturador. El motivo ha sido el haber encontrado en los tarros de vidrio una.
Los tapones de plástico (de botes, botellas, briks, etc.) y tapas metálicas (de tarros de vidrio ) son parte del envase y se deben reciclar en el contenedor amarillo. ALBAREN – ENVASES ESTÁNDAR DE PLÁSTICO Y VIDRIO. Continúa colecta de frascos de vidrio con tapa de plástico para el Banco de Leche.
Si cuentas con envases en desuso, por favor no lo tires ¡Donalos! Envases de Plástico y Vidrio. No aceptamos filtros de aceite, filtros de aire ni latas de aerosol.
Botellas y frascos de vidrio : Aceptamos de todos los colores. Puede reciclar tapas y etiquetas.
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LUXEMBOURG & MCLEAN, Va. -
Value accretive transaction underpinned by €2.4 billion (NPV) of readily executable synergies.
Creating a stronger multi-orbit operator with ~60% of revenue in high growth segments.
Enhances competitive offerings to deliver customer value through segment-relevant solutions.
Expanded cash flows, profitable growth outlook, & strong balance sheet drive total shareholder return.
(BUSINESS WIRE) -- SES S.A. (“SES”) and Intelsat S.A. (“Intelsat”) announce an agreement for SES to acquire Intelsat through the purchase of 100% of the equity of Intelsat Holdings S.a.r.l. for a cash consideration of $3.1 billion (€2.8 billion) and certain contingent value rights. The combination will create a stronger multi-orbit operator with greater coverage, improved resiliency, expanded suite of solutions, enhanced resources to profitably invest in innovation, and benefit from the collective talent, expertise, and track record of both companies.
The combination will deliver greater value for customers and partners, as well as providing a compelling alternative in the new era of growth, innovation, and competition for the satellite communications industry.
The transaction, which is subject to relevant regulatory clearances/filings and customary provisions concerning cooperation and measures in seeking such regulatory clearances, which are expected to be received during the second half of 2025, is fully supportive of SES’s financial policy and is underpinned by expected total synergies equivalent to 85% of the total equity value of the transaction. The transaction has been unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of both companies and Intelsat shareholders holding approximately 73% of the common shares have entered into customary support agreements requiring them to vote in favour of the transaction.
Delivers €2.4 billion (NPV) of synergies (85% of equity consideration) with 70% executed within 3 years after closing.
Expands multi-orbit satellite-based capabilities, spectrum portfolio, and global ground network to serve customers.
Increases revenue in high demand and growing Networks segments representing ~60% of expanded revenue base.
Combines complementary investment in space, ground, and network innovation to unlock future value and opportunity.
Brings together a wealth of collective talent, expertise, engineering knowledge, and go-to-market capabilities.
Company(1) will benefit from gross backlog of €9 billion, revenue of €3.8 billion, and Adjusted EBITDA of €1.8 billion.
Medium-term Adjusted EBITDA growth driving future free cash flow (FCF) generation outlook.
Commitment to investment grade metrics with net leverage below 3 times within 12-18 months after closing.
Commitment to annual dividend of €0.50 per A-share with expanded FCF base supporting potential for future increases.
Adel Al-Saleh, CEO of SES, commented: “This important, transformational agreement strengthens our business, enhances our ability to deliver world-class customer solutions, and generates significant value for our shareholders in a value accretive acquisition which is underpinned by sizeable and readily executable synergies.
In a fast-moving and competitive satellite communication industry, this transaction expands our multi-orbit space network, spectrum portfolio, ground infrastructure around the world, go-to-market capabilities, managed service solutions, and financial profile. I am excited by the opportunity to bring together our two companies and augment SES’s own knowledge base with the added experience, expertise, and customer focus of the Intelsat colleagues.
Going forward, customers will benefit from a more competitive portfolio of solutions with end-to-end offerings in valuable Government and Mobility segments, combined with value-added, efficient, and reliable offerings for Fixed Data and Media customers. This combination is also positive for our supply chain partners and the industry in creating new opportunities as satellite-based solutions become an increasingly integral part of the wider communications ecosystem.
Our expanded business will deliver sustained EBITDA growth and strong cash generation, in turn supporting incremental profitable investment in capabilities and solutions to fulfil rapidly expanding and evolving customer demand while also delivering sustained returns to shareholders.”
David Wajsgras, CEO of Intelsat, commented: “Over the past two years, the Intelsat team has executed a remarkable strategic reset. We have reversed a 10-year negative trend to return to growth, established a new and game-changing technology roadmap, and focused on productivity and execution to deliver competitive capabilities. The team today is providing our customers with network performance at five 9s and is more dedicated than ever to customer engagement and delivering on our commitments. This strategic pivot sets the foundation for Intelsat’s next chapter.
By combining our financial strength and world-class team with that of SES, we create a more competitive, growth-oriented solutions provider in an industry going through disruptive change. The combined company will be positioned to meet customers’ needs around the world and exceed their expectations.”
All financial information in this press release is stated using a foreign exchange (FX) rate of €1: $1.09. Pro forma (combined) revenue and gross backlog is adjusted to eliminate intercompany transactions. Pro forma leverage is after acquisition costs including related fees. The financial outlook assumes nominal satellite launch schedule and nominal satellite health status. Net Present Value (NPV) of expected synergies includes expected realisation costs. Further information regarding the financial information presented is provided below (see page 5).
Overview of the transaction
On closing of the transaction (subject to receipt of relevant regulatory clearances and other relevant requirements expected during the second half of 2025), SES will pay $3.1 billion (€2.8 billion) to acquire 100% of the equity of Intelsat Holdings S.a.r.l. in a transaction which implies an Enterprise Value of $5.0 billion (€4.6 billion). The transaction will be financed from existing cash and equivalents (which stood at €2.4 billion on 31 March 2024) and the issuance of new debt, including hybrid bonds. Additionally, SES will issue contingent value rights in respect of a portion of any potential future monetisation of the combined collective usage rights for up to 100 MHz of C-band spectrum.
Prior to closing, both company’s existing management teams will maintain their focus on executing against their respective near-term business and financial objectives, as well as closing of the transaction.
The combined SES will continue to be headquartered and domiciled in Luxembourg, while maintaining significant presence in the U.S., notably in the greater Washington, D.C. area.
Highly accretive acquisition
The transaction will be free cash flow accretive to SES from Year 1 and brings together two trusted operators with a combined gross contract backlog of €9 billion, growth-oriented portfolios concentrated on Networks segments with expanding demand, shared vision of delivering seamless end-to-end customer solutions, and complementary investment in innovation, while also sharing strong balance sheet metrics and long-term cash generation fundamentals.
By integrating the two companies, SES expects to deliver synergies with a total net present value (NPV) of €2.4 billion (after approximately €155 million of estimated realisation costs), representing an annual run rate of €370 million of which approximately 70% is anticipated to be executed within 3 years after closing of the transaction. The NPV of the synergies is equivalent to 85% of the total equity value of the transaction, while opportunities to realise further synergies will be explored before and after closing.
Most of the synergies are expected to be executed from the combination of selling, general, and administrative savings as well as optimisation of third-party capacity costs and future efficiencies in procurement. The remaining synergies will be captured from optimising the combined satellite fleets and ground infrastructure with the process expected to start soon after closing.
Creating a stronger multi-orbit operator in the new market landscape
Bringing together these two companies, with the associated synergies, will create a stronger multi-orbit operator better able to compete in a fast-moving satellite communications landscape and respond to the evolution of competing communications technologies.
With a combined fleet of more than 100 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and 26 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites, the combined SES will benefit from enhanced coverage, greater network resiliency, complementary spectrum (C-, Ku-, Ka-, Military Ka-, X-band, and Ultra High Frequency) rights, and improved service delivery utilising an expanded network of ground segment assets.
By end-2026, 8 new GEO (including 6 software-defined) satellites and 7 new MEO (O3b mPOWER) satellites are expected to be launched adding further redundancy and additional growth capacity.
On a pro forma basis, Government, Mobility, and Fixed Data segments with expanding customer demand for reliable, high-performance connectivity solutions anywhere on land, at sea, or in the air will represent around 60% of SES’s total expanded revenue base of €3.8 billion, underpinning the group’s orientation to valuable growth segments.
The integrated company will have a stronger financial profile compared with the standalone SES, with combined gross backlog of €9 billion (on 31 December 2023) underpinning future cash flow visibility, expected Adjusted EBITDA of €1.8 billion (year ended 31 December 2024) demonstrating robust profitability, and expected Adjusted EBITDA less CapEx of €0.8 billion (year ended 31 December 2024) supporting recurring cash generation fundamentals.
In turn, the stronger financial profile enhances the ability to better invest in future network infrastructure, customer solutions, and future use-cases and/or business diversification opportunities with a better risk profile, than could be done by the two companies on a standalone basis.
Strengthening competitive positioning with enhanced customer solutions
With the creation of a stronger multi-orbit operator, customers across Government, Mobility, Fixed Data, and Media segments will benefit from an expanded set of capabilities and solutions which will enable them to expand their network reach, add further resiliency, improve productivity across their operations, and bring world-class experiences to their end-users.
The combined company will be able to better meet growing Government demand for secure, reliable, and high-performance connectivity for a wide range of mission-critical applications. Customers will benefit from the integrated, multi-orbit solutions of both companies and their expertise in delivering trusted services for some of the most demanding government agencies and missions around the world.
In Mobility, customers will be better served from bringing together the two companies’ complementary offerings, notably Intelsat’s commercial aviation division which today is serving nearly 3,000 connected aircraft, and SES’s maritime business which includes supporting five major cruise line operators via fully managed, multi-orbit connectivity agreements. The combination will also support the evolving needs of channel partners across the segments.
In Fixed Data, customers will be able to take advantage of the combined company’s expanded multi-orbit network coverage, complementary innovations in software-defined delivery, and competitive offerings capable of seamless integration with cloud and 5G applications. Both companies have a proven record serving the requirements of major telecommunications companies, mobile network operators and cloud service providers in this growth segment.
In Media, the transactions brings together complementary capabilities for customers including pay-TV operators, free-to-air/free-to-view platforms, public and private broadcasters, and sports & events brands who will have access to global audience reach with improved redundancy features via a competitive range of broadcast solutions, plus additional value-added services.
Building sustained total shareholder return
Based on the 2024 financial outlook, the combined company is expected to generate approximately €3.8 billion in annual revenue (after adjusting for intercompany eliminations) and is expected to deliver low- to mid-single digit average annual growth over the medium-term. Growth will be driven by the combination of high growth Government, Mobility, and Fixed Data businesses, anchored by a Media business with solid cash generation fundamentals, despite contracting capacity demand in mature markets due to expansion of terrestrial broadband networks and changing consumer viewing habits against which the combined company will be better positioned to compete.
Including the benefit of OpEx synergies, 2024 pro forma Adjusted EBITDA of approximately €1.8 billion is expected to increase by a mid-single digit average annual growth rate. Adjusted EBITDA includes around €175 million of Intelsat non-cash revenue.
The two companies are expected to invest combined CapEx of approximately €1 billion in 2024, with an average of €600-650 million per annum for the period 2025-2028 including synergies. The combination of growing EBITDA and decreasing CapEx will support future free cash flow expansion, supporting future investment in innovation and shareholder returns.
The transaction is expected to deliver an internal rate of return of more than 10%. On closing, Adjusted Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA is forecast to be around 3.5 times before reducing to below 3 times within 12-18 months after closing, consistent with SES’s commitment to maintain investment grade balance sheet metrics. SES will maintain an annual base dividend of €0.50 per A-share (€0.20 per B-share) with a stable to progressive dividend policy.
Guggenheim Securities acted as lead financial advisor to SES. Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC acted as co-financial advisor. Deutsche Bank Securities Inc also acted as a financial advisor. Morgan Stanley and Deutsche Bank AG, Filiale Luxembourg are providing committed financing for the transaction. Both Guggenheim Securities and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC rendered a fairness opinion to SES’s Board of Directors. Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Arendt & Medernach, Hogan Lovells, and Freshfields served as legal counsel to SES.
PJT Partners served as financial advisor to Intelsat and rendered a fairness opinion to the Intelsat S.A. Board of Directors. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, and Elvinger Hoss Prussen served as legal counsel to Intelsat.
Financial information presented in this press release
Accounting recognition and measurement principles: SES financial information presented using the recognition and measurement principles of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Intelsat financial information uses those of U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The financial information presented for SES and Intelsat does not apply a consistent set of accounting policies.
Currency conversion: all financial numbers based on an assumed foreign exchange (FX) rate of €1: $1.09. Pro forma financial information are aggregations of the corresponding SES and Intelsat financial information, adjusted for the elimination of material intra-group transactions. Financial Outlook information is conditional on nominal satellite health and nominal launch schedule.
The following Additional Performance Metrics (APMs) are used: “Adjusted EBITDA” is reported EBITDA excluding significant special items as defined by SES and Intelsat respective managements, including (but not necessarily limited to) reorganisation costs and the impact of U.S. C-Band repurposing; “Gross Debt” represents current and non-current borrowings plus 50% of perpetual hybrid bonds; “Adjusted Net Debt” represents current and non-current borrowings plus 50% of perpetual hybrid bonds, less cash & cash equivalents; “Net Leverage” refers to Adjusted Net Debt divided by Adjusted EBITDA; “Capital Expenditure (CapEx)” represents net cash absorbed by investing activities excluding acquisitions, financial investments, and U.S. C-band repurposing; and “Gross Backlog” represents expected future revenue under existing customer contracts and includes both cancellable and non-cancellable contracts.
Presentation for investors and analysts:
A presentation of the transaction for investors and analysts will be hosted at 9.30 CEST on 30 April 2024 and will be broadcast via webcast and conference call. The details for the conference call and webcast are as follows:
+44 (0) 33 0551 0200
+33 (0) 1 70 37 71 66
+49 (0) 30 3001 90612
+1 786 697 3501
The presentation is available for download from https://www.ses.com/investors/financial-results and a replay will be available shortly after the conclusion of the presentation.
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SES has a bold vision to deliver amazing experiences everywhere on earth by distributing the highest quality video content and providing seamless data connectivity services around the world. As a leader in global content connectivity solutions, SES owns and operates the world’s only geosynchronous orbit and medium earth orbit (GEO-MEO) constellation of satellites with the unique combination of global coverage and high performance. By leveraging its vast and intelligent, cloud-enabled network, SES delivers high-quality connectivity solutions anywhere on land, at sea or in the air, and is a trusted partner to the world’s leading telecommunications companies, mobile network operators, governments, connectivity and cloud service providers, broadcasters, video platform operators and content owners. SES’s video network carries over 6,400 channels, reaching 363 million households, delivering managed media services for both linear and non-linear content. The company is headquartered in Luxembourg and listed on Paris and Luxembourg stock exchanges (Ticker: SESG). Further information is available at: www.ses.com.
Intelsat’s global team of professionals is focused on providing seamless and secure, satellite-based communications to government, non-governmental organisations, and commercial customers through the company’s next-generation worldwide network and managed services. Bridging the digital divide by operating one of the world’s largest and most advanced satellite fleet and connectivity infrastructures, Intelsat enables people and their tools to speak over oceans, see across continents and listen through the skies to communicate, cooperate, and coexist. Since its founding six decades ago, the company has been synonymous with satellite industry “firsts” in service to its customers and the planet. Leaning on a legacy of innovation and focusing on addressing a new generation of challenges Intelsat team members now have their sights on the “next firsts” in space as they disrupt the field and lead in the digital transformation of the industry.
Forward looking statements
This communication contains forward-looking statements. Generally, the words “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “contemplate,” “predict,” “forecast,” “likely,” “believe,” “target,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “potential,” “may” and similar expressions or their negative, may, but are not necessary to, identify forward-looking statements.
Such forward-looking statements, including those regarding the timing and consummation of the transaction described herein, involve risks and uncertainties. SES’s and Intelsat’s experience and results may differ materially from the experience and results anticipated in such statements. The accuracy of such statements is subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions including, but not limited to, the following factors: the risk that the conditions to the closing of the transaction are not satisfied, including the risk that required approvals of the transaction from the shareholders of Intelsat or from regulators are not obtained; litigation relating to the transaction; uncertainties as to the timing of the consummation of the transaction and the ability of each party to consummate the transaction; risks that the proposed transaction disrupts the current plans or operations of SES or Intelsat; the ability of SES and Intelsat to retain and hire key personnel; competitive responses to the proposed transaction; unexpected costs, charges or expenses resulting from the transaction; potential adverse reactions or changes to relationships with customers, suppliers, distributors and other business partners resulting from the announcement or completion of the transaction; the combined company’s ability to achieve the synergies expected from the transaction, as well as delays, challenges and expenses associated with integrating the combined company’s existing businesses; the impact of overall industry and general economic conditions, including inflation, interest rates and related monetary policy by governments in response to inflation; geopolitical events, and regulatory, economic and other risks associated therewith; and continued uncertainty around the macroeconomy. Other factors that might cause such a difference include those discussed in the prospectus on Form F-4 to be filed in connection with the proposed transaction. The forward-looking statements included in this communication are made only as of the date hereof and, except as required by federal securities laws and rules and regulations of the SEC, SES and Intelsat undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Additional Information and Where to Find It
In connection with the proposed transaction, SES intends to file with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-4 that also constitutes a prospectus of SES. SES also plans to file other relevant documents with the SEC regarding the proposed transaction. No offer of securities shall be made, except by means of a prospectus meeting the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. INVESTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS ARE URGED TO READ THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT, PROSPECTUS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS THAT MAY BE FILED WITH THE SEC CAREFULLY AND IN THEIR ENTIRETY IF AND WHEN THEY BECOME AVAILABLE BECAUSE THEY WILL CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROPOSED TRANSACTION. Investors and shareholders will be able to obtain free copies of these documents (if and when available), and other documents containing important information about SES and Intelsat, once such documents are filed with the SEC through the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of the documents filed with the SEC by SES will be available free of charge on SES’s website at www.ses.com or by contacting SES’s Investor Relations Department by email at [email protected]. Copies of the documents filed with the SEC by Intelsat will be available free of charge on Intelsat’s website at www.intelsat.com or by contacting Intelsat’s Investor Relations Department by email at [email protected].
No Offer or Solicitation
This communication is not intended to and shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. No offer of securities shall be made, except by means of a prospectus meeting the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
All financial information in this press release is stated using a foreign exchange (FX) rate of €1: $1.09.
1) Pro forma (combined) revenue (2024E) and gross backlog (at 31 December 2023) is adjusted to eliminate intercompany transactions. 2024E Adjusted EBITDA includes Intelsat non-cash revenue of ~€175 million. Financial outlook assumes nominal satellite launch schedule and nominal satellite health status.
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240429202060/en/
SES Investor Relations
Tel: +352 710 725 261
SES External Communications
Tel: +352 710 725 500
Tel +1 571 419 9305
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Bron: Euro-Med Monitor, 20 januari 2024 ~~~
Genève – Het Israëlische leger heeft 94 universiteitsprofessoren gedood, samen met honderden leraren en duizenden studenten, als onderdeel van zijn genocidale oorlog tegen de Palestijnen in de Gazastrook, die sinds 7 oktober 2023 voortduurt, aldus Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor in een verklaring van zaterdag.
Volgens Euro-Med Monitor heeft het Israëlische leger academische, wetenschappelijke en intellectuele figuren in de Gazastrook het doelwit gemaakt van doelbewuste en specifieke luchtaanvallen op hun huizen zonder voorafgaande kennisgeving. Degenen die het doelwit waren, zijn samen met hun familieleden en andere ontheemde gezinnen doodgedrukt onder het puin.
De eerste gegevens geven aan dat er geen rechtvaardiging of duidelijke reden is voor het aanvallen van deze mensen, aldus de mensenrechtenorganisatie uit Genève.
Onder de slachtoffers bevinden zich 17 mensen met een professorstitel, 59 met een doctorstitel en 18 met een masterdiploma, aldus de rechtenorganisatie. Vanwege problemen met documentatie als gevolg van bewegingsmoeilijkheden, de verstoring van communicatie en internet en het bestaan van duizenden vermiste personen, suggereren schattingen van Euro-Med Monitor dat er nog meer academici het doelwit zijn, waaronder academici met gevorderde diploma’s, van wie het overlijden niet is vastgesteld.
De getroffen academici studeerden en doceerden in verschillende academische disciplines, en veel van hun ideeën dienden als hoekstenen van academisch onderzoek in de universiteiten van de Gazastrook. De rechtengroep voegde eraan toe dat gezien de systematische en wijdverspreide vernietiging door het Israëlische leger van culturele gebouwen, waaronder instellingen van grote historische betekenis, het zeer waarschijnlijk is dat Israël opzettelijk elk aspect van het leven in Gaza tot doelwit maakt.
Israël vernietigde systematisch elke universiteit in de Gazastrook in fasen in de loop van de meer dan 100 dagen durende aanval. De eerste fase omvatte het bombarderen van de Islamitische en Al-Azhar universiteiten. De andere universiteiten kregen soortgelijke aanvallen te verduren; sommige, zoals de Al-Israa Universiteit in het zuiden van Gaza, werden volledig verwoest nadat ze aanvankelijk waren gebruikt als militaire kazernes. De Israëlische media gaven op woensdag 17 januari een videoclip vrij waarin de explosie van Al-Israa te zien was. De explosie vond plaats 70 dagen nadat het Israëlische leger de school had omgebouwd tot kazerne en later tot tijdelijke detentiefaciliteit.
Volgens voorlopige schattingen hebben de voortdurende Israëlische aanvallen op de Gazastrook geleid tot de dood van honderden universiteitsstudenten, meldde Euro-Med Monitor. De rechtenorganisatie wees erop dat het vernietigen van universiteiten en het doden van academici en studenten het moeilijker zal maken om het universitaire en academische leven te hervatten wanneer de genocide eindigt, en zei dat het jaren kan duren voordat studies kunnen worden hervat in een omgeving die volledig is verwoest.
Volgens het Palestijnse ministerie van Onderwijs zijn er 4.327 studenten gedood en 7.819 anderen gewond geraakt, terwijl 231 leraren en bestuurders zijn gedood en 756 gewond geraakt tijdens de voortdurende aanvallen. Ondertussen zijn 281 staatsscholen en 65 UNRWA-scholen in de Gazastrook geheel of gedeeltelijk verwoest.
Negentig procent van de staatsscholen heeft directe of indirecte schade opgelopen en ongeveer 29% van de schoolgebouwen is nog steeds buiten gebruik omdat ze volledig zijn verwoest of zwaar beschadigd. Er zijn 133 andere scholen die als opvangcentra worden gebruikt in de Strook.
Israël’s wijdverspreide en opzettelijke vernietiging van Palestijnse culturele en historische eigendommen, waaronder universiteiten, scholen, bibliotheken en archieven, toont haar duidelijke beleid om de Gazastrook volledig onbewoonbaar te maken, waarschuwde Euro-Med Monitor. De aanvallen creëren een omgeving zonder basisvoorzieningen en -behoeften en kunnen de bevolking van de Gazastrook uiteindelijk dwingen om te emigreren.
Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor benadrukte dat het aanvallen van burgerobjecten door strijdkrachten, in het bijzonder historische of culturele artefacten die beschermd worden door speciale wetten, niet alleen een ernstige schending is van het internationaal humanitair recht en een oorlogsmisdaad volgens het Statuut van Rome van het Internationaal Strafhof, maar ook onder de misdaad van genocide valt.
Opm: Israel heeft 75 jaar lang elk aspect van het leven van Palestijnen bemoeilijkt en veelal bijna onmogelijk gemaakt. De culturele en educatieve ontwikkeling kon het echter nier tegenhouden. Palestijnse muziek, dans, theater, film , proza, poezie, en grafische kunst is overal op de wereld bekend en gewaardeerd. En het opleidingsniveau van Palestijnen was hoger dan dat van veel westerse landen. Een 14 jarige vrouwelijke studente uit Gaza won bijvoorbeeld in 2013 de internationale wiskundige competitie ( in schril contrast met de racistische beweringen van westerse media, dat vrouwen in Palestina geen ontwikkelingsmogelijkheden zouden hebben).
Het doelbewust vernietigen van culturele en educatieve instituten, inclusief de hoog opgeleide universiteitsmedewerkers, is alweer een bewijs dat hier sprake is van de doelbewuste en geplande genocide van het Palestijnse volk.
Ook op de West Bank is de zionistische apartheidstaat al begonnen met een militaire aanval op alle universiteiten, op studenten en op het personeel.
De Universiteiten van Amsterdam onderhouden echter nog steeds een warme samenwerking met de aparttheidsuniversiteiten in Haifa, Tel-Aviv en West-Jeruzalem en verboden meermaals sprekers van de Palestijnse academische samenleving binnen hun instituut
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Jesień w Górach San Juan nadaje ciepła nawet groźnym, zawsze pokrytym śniegiem czterotysięcznikom, których jest tu aż trzynaście. Strome kolosy wydają się łagodniejsze, kiedy porastające zbocza drzewa przybierają jesienne barwy. Poszukiwacze złota, którzy przybyli tu pod koniec lat 50-tych XIX wieku nie mieli złudzeń, że będą walczyć o przetrwanie w trakcie srogiej zimy. Podróż z Denver w region górniczy w Górach San Juan była niebezpieczna i potrafiła trwać długie tygodnie. Życie górnika w tym najwyżej wyniesionym regionie wydobywczym w Stanach Zjednoczonych i zdecydowanie jednym z najsurowszych, z bajką nie miało nic wspólnego. Niejeden śmiałek zakończył tu żywot, a wielu z pewnością pozostawiło po sobie odmrożone palce, uszy, a może i całe kończyny. Można tu było równie szybko zbić fortunę, jak i stracić dorobek życia. Skrajne emocje nie były rzadkością, a euforia potrafiła zmienić się w rozpacz dosłownie w oka mgnieniu. Mimo wielu kryzysów na przestrzeni ostatnich 150 lat, górnictwo złota i srebra trwało w tym regionie USA do końca XX wieku. Dziś jedną z najważniejszych gałęzi gospodarki jest oczywiście turystyka.
Górnictwo koncentrowało się w rejonie Colorado Mineral Belt, czyli długiego na 480 km obszaru bogatego w metale szlachetne. Pas rozpoczyna się w Boulder i kieruje na południe, kończąc w malowniczym pasmie górskim San Juan, stanowiącym południową część Gór Skalistych w Kolorado. Rozwój górnictwa w regionie przyczynił się do uznania Kolorado osobnym terytorium w 1861. Wcześniej obszar ten był częścią Terytorium Kansas.
Dziś w Górach San Juan kwitnie turystyka. Jest to bowiem obszar pełen historycznych miasteczek, które opowiadają bogatą historię górniczego pogranicza. W Górach San Juan spektakularne górskie widoki przeplatają się z reliktami przeszłości, w postaci wiktoriańskiej architektury górniczych osad, nadal obecnymi w krajobrazie szybami dawnych kopalni oraz wyrzucającymi kłęby dymu lokomotywami oryginalnej kolei wąskotorowej, przewożącej niegdyś złoto i srebro, a dziś organizującej przejazdy turystyczne pomiędzy Durango i Silverton. San Juan Skyway, czyli droga krajobrazowa tworząca blisko 400 km pętlę rozpoczynającą się w Cortez, która mijając Telluride, Quray, Silverton, Durango ponownie dociera do Cortez, to najlepszy sposób na poznanie regionu.
Gorączka złota i początki górnictwa w Kolorado
Minęło zaledwie 10 lat od gorączki złota w Kalifornii, kiedy rzesze poszukiwaczy skierowały swe kroki ku współczesnemu Kolorado. W 1858 William Green Russell natrafił na złoto w Little Dry Creek, które dziś znajduje się na przedmieściach Denver. Wiadomość o odkryciu rozprzestrzeniła się po kraju lotem błyskawicy. Ówczesne gazety zaroiły się od nagłówków anonsujących odkrycie „nowego eldorado”. Wraz z poczytnymi tytułami pojawili się też poszukiwacze. Gorączka złota określana mianem Pike’s Peak Gold Rush trwająca od lipca 1858 do lutego 1861 ogarnęła blisko 100 tys. poszukiwaczy.
Nazwa Pike’s Peak Gold Rush pochodzi od najwyższego szczytu południowej części Gór Skalistych. Wznosi się on na wysokość ponad 4300 metrów w pobliżu współczesnego miasta Colorado Springs. Tereny, które objęła gorączka złota znajdują się zaś około 140 km na północ od tego górskiego szczytu. Był on jednak na tyle charakterystyczny w krajobrazie, że cały region górniczy otrzymał jego nazwę.
Zanim amerykańscy poszukiwacze pojawili się w Górach San Juan, dotarli tu wcześniej Hiszpanie, poszukując swego eldorado. Już 250 lat temu zapuszczali się na górskie tereny Kolorado poszukując złota i srebra. Niewielkiej skali ich górnictwa nie da się jednak porównać do regularnego i zoorganizowanego wydobycia kruszców przez gnanych gorączką złota amerykańskich poszukiwaczy.
W 1860 Charles Baker dotarł w miejsce, gdzie dziś znajduje się miasteczko Silverton. Kiedy natrafił na złoto, nic nie mogło powstrzymać pochodu górników. Legendy o szlachetnych kruszcach czekających na śmiałków, okazały się nagle prawdziwe. Gorączka złota dotrała w malownicze, ale niegościnne Góry San Juan.
Poczatkowy entuzjazm przystopowały nieco trudne warunki jakie oferował ten górski region. Śnieżne i mroźne zimy, praca wysoko w górach, odosobnienie, które trwało miesiącami ostudziły zapał wielu poszukiwaczy, którzy liczyli, że szybko się wzbogacą. Rozczarowani, opuszczali krainę, która miała być początkiem ich dostatniego życia. Region ożywił się ponownie po zakończeniu wojny secesyjnej w latach 1861-1865. Górnictwo zapuściło tu swe korzenie na dobre.
Srebro w Górach San Juan odkryto 20 lat później i to ono przynosiło największe zyski aż do tzw. panki 1893, kiedy ceny tego kruszcu poszybowały w dół. W latach 80-tych XIX wieku w rejonie Red Mountain pomiędzy Quray i Silverton natrafiono na bogate żyły srebra. Jeszcze przed 1883 srebro wydobywało tu blisko 40 kopalni, tworzących okręg górniczy Red Mountain.
Fortuny zbijano równie szybko, jak je tracono
Kolorado było żyłą złota dla wszystkich posiadających smykałkę do robienia interesów. Przyciagało zarówno wszelkiej maści oportunistów, jak i tęgie biznesowe głowy. Jedną z takich postaci był niewątpliwie Otto Mears, który osiedlił się w Górach San Juan w czasach gorączki złota i odegrał istotną rolę we wczesnym rozwoju Kolorado. Można powiedzieć, że znalazł się w odpowiednim miejscu i czasie aby zbić fortunę i rozpocząć przygodę z polityką. Jemu zawdzięczamy słynny Million Dollar Highway, płatną drogę przebiegającą przez przełącz Red Mountain pomiędzy Silverton i Quray. Dziś jest to część trasy krajobrazowej San Juan Skyway, słynącej z zapierających dech krajobrazów. W 1889 Mears ukończył budowę kolei wąskotorowej, która połączyła Silverton z okręgiem górniczym Red Mountain. Tory kolejowe biegły niemal równolegle do wybudowanej przez niego płatnej drogi. Wcześniej, w 1882, kolej połączyła Durango z Silverton. Podobno przedłużenie linii kolejowej pomiędzy osadami i kopalniami zmniejszyło koszt transportu kruszczów i towarów z 60$ do 12$ za tonę. Mears zarabiał krocie na swoich inwestycjach drogowych i kolejowych, pobierając opłaty za transport kruszców i pasażerów.
Otto Mears znany był z wydawania ważnym osobistościom i przyjaciołom karnetów na bezpłatne przejazdy jego kolejami. Niektóre z nich były wykonane ze szczerego złota i srebra. Takie prezenty doskonale przekonywały najbardziej zagorzałych oponentów…
Okręg górniczy Red Mountain w szczytowym okresie rozwoju, wydobył w srebrze, złocie, ołowiu, cynku i miedzi równowartość 30 milionów dolarów. Tylko jedna z kopalni, a mianowicie Yankee Girl, w trakcie 16 lat istnienia wydobyła 12 milionów dolarów w rudzie srebra. Aż do początku XX stulecia była uznawana za jedną z najbardziej opłacalnych kopalni w Stanach Zjednoczonych.
Rozwojowi górnictwa w bogatych w srebro Górach San Juan sprzyjał Bland-Allison Act z 1878. Ustawa zoobowiązywała rząd USA do zakupu srebra po cenach rynkowych. Z kruszcy wybijano obiegowe srebrne monety. Akt stał się trybem napędowym rozwoju osad górniczych. Jego uchylenie spowodowało tzw. panikę 1893 i stało się ich gwoździem do trumny. Bizensy upadały jeden po drugim, wydobycie srebra przestało być rentowne, kopalnie zamykano, tętniące niegdyś życiem miasteczka zmieniały się w ghost towns. Szyb najbardziej rentownej niegdyś kopalni Yankee Girl, nadal jest doskonale widoczny w krajobrazie, symbolizując równie szybki rozwój, jak i upadek boomu górniczego w południowo-zachodnim Kolorado.
Gorączka złota przekleństwem dla rdzennej ludności
Odkrycie metali szlachetnych w Górach San Juan doprowadziło do rozwoju górnictwa oraz związanego z nim dramatycznego napływu osadników, roszczących sobie prawa do ziemi i żadających gwarancji swobodnych poszukiwań. To oczywiście kolidowało z interesami rdzennej ludności, żyjącej na tych terenach od setek lat. Presja rosła wraz z intensyfikacją przemysłu wydobywczego i chęcią urbanizacji przynoszącego korzyści materialne regionu.
Ute byli spychani ze swych ziem od dziesięcioleci, a podpisywane porozumienia nie były w żaden sposób respektowane. W jednym z pierwszych porozumień Ute zobowiązali się oddać poszukiwaczom w użytkowanie obszar na wschód od współczesnego Gunnison. Wzamian otrzymali roczną rentę. Słowa nie dotrzymał jednak ani rząd, ani poszukiwacze. Ci ostatni nie traktowali porozumienia poważnie, licząc na ostateczne przejęcie ziemi. Z kolei rząd uwikłany w wojnę secesyjną zwyczajnie nie wywiązywał się z wypłacania renty. Sytuacja była bardzo skomplikowana i pokazywała totalną ignorancję rządu, szczególnie biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że nie wszystkie lokalne grupy Ute wyraziły zgodę na to porozumienie.
W 1868 zaproponowano nowy traktat, w którym za równowartość 60 tys. dolarów rdzenna ludność zobowiązała się pozostać w zachodniej części Gór San Juan, oddając wschodnią poszukiwaczom i osadnikom. Tym razem porozumienie podpisały wszystkie lokalne grupy Ute.
Rzeczywistość okazała się jednak bardziej zagmatwana niż słowa traktatu. Porozumienie nie satysfakcjonowało bowiem rdzennych mieszkańców, ani tym bardziej żądnych zysków poszukiwaczy kruszców. Indianie zapuszczali się więc nadal na wschód, polując i korzystając z ziem, tak jak robili to ich przodkowie, a górnicy na ich zachodnie tereny w poszukiwaniu kolejnych żył kruszców. Ci ostatni chcieli ziemię w posiadanie i nie chcieli jej z nikim dzielić, zwłaszcza z „czerwonoskórymi”.
Kolejne porozumienie pozbawiło ziemi tych, którzy mieli do niej największe prawo. W 1873 zawarto traktat Brunot, w którym rząd wykupił od Ute blisko 4 miliony akrów w zachodniej części Gór San Juan. Kwoty jakie zaoferował rdzennej ludności za zamieszkiwaną przez nich od pokoleń ziemię, były po prostu skandalicznie niskie. W czasie kiedy osadnicy kupowali od rządu znacznie gorszej jakości ziemię po 1,25$ za akr, Ute płacono 7,5 centa za akr. 7,5 centa za akr ziemi, która kryła pokłady złota i srebra o olbrzymiej wartości.
Sytuacja powoli wymykała się spod kontroli. Polityka wymuszania zmiany sposobu życia rdzennych mieszkańców i presja ze strony górnictwa oraz rozwijących się w regionie biznesów doprowadziły w końcu do wrzenia wśród Ute. Napięcie osiagnęło punkt krytyczny w 1879 kiedy doszło do Masakry Meekera, w którym z rąk Ute zginął agent do spraw indiańskich i jego 10 towarzyszy. W konsekwencji rząd rozpoczął procedurę wysiedlenia Ute z bogatych w kruszce ziem Kolorado na teren wschodniego Utah.
Do ostatecznego usunięcia rdzennych Ute z Kolorado istotną rolę odegrał też wspomniany wcześniej Otto Mears. Daleki od sentymentów Mears był raczej bezlitosnym przygranicznym przedsiębiorcą, dla którego rdzenna ludność stanowiła przeszkodę w swobodnym rozwijaniu inwestycji, na których zbił swoją fortunę. Na korupcję lokalnych liderów rdzennej ludności wyłożył z własnej kieszeni grube pieniądze, płacąc 2$ każdemu Ute, który podpisał porozumienie. Wyrugowanie Indian z ich ziemi leżało w interesie jego kariery politycznej i finansowej. W latach 80-tych XIX wieku wybrano go bowiem do legislatury Kolorado. W tym samym czasie wprowadzał również w życie plany budowy kolei wąskotorowej z Silverton do Quray.
Przykład Otto Mearsa doskonale pokazuje realia epoki, w której sentymenty były warte zdecydowanie mniej niż bryłki złota i srebra. Ówczesny świat kręcił się wokół kruszców, które okazały się przekleństwem dla rdzennej ludności. Otto Mears jest też doskonałym przykładem na to, że historia nie jest wynikiem niezaleznych od nas zbiegów okoliczności, czymś zewnętrznym i niezależnym od naszych działań. Wbrew przeciwnie, historię tworzą ludzie. Historia jest zbiorem ludzkich historii.
Górnicze miasteczka dawniej i dziś
Wraz z rozwojem górnictwa powstawały pierwsze osady, które z czasem przyjmowały bardziej permanentny charakter, nabierając cech miejskich.
Kiedy myślę o typowym miasteczku z dzikego zachodu zawsze widzę taką oto scenę. Na spływającą błotem główną ulicę miasta wjeżdża dyliżans, pokryty kurzem i brudem długiej podróży. Z hotelu wybiega młody chłopak, otwierając drzwi powozu, z którego usiłuje wydostać się z wdziękiem kobieta. Wszechobecne błoto, kałuże i koleiny wywołują na twarzy młodej damy wyraz niezadowolenia. Nie sposób bowiem przekroczyć ulicy nie brudząc sukni w rzece brązowej mazi, spływającej miejską drogą. Hotelowy chłopiec rzuca więc na ziemię deskę, która pomaga damie pokonać dystans pomiędzy dyliżansem a hotelem, wywołując wyraz ulgi na jej zmęczonej podróżą twarzy. W tym czasie z pobliskiego saloonu wychodzi chwiejnym krokiem pijany jegomość, upadając twarzą prosto w największą kałużę, klnąc i przeklinając swoje niepowodzenie. Dwóch schludnie odzianych mężczyzn opuszcza bank i kieruje się do saloonu aby uczcić szklaneczką dobrego trunku kolejne górnicze inwestycje, które przyniosły im fortunę. Zaczepiają ich dwie niemłode już kobiety lekkich obyczajów. Upojeni sukcesem wręczają im po kilka monet i zabierają ze sobą do baru. Z szubienicy zwisa ku przestrodze ciało lokalnego przestępcy, którego złapano po długich miesiącach poszukiwań. Czy tak wyglądało życie na górniczym pograniczu? Z pewnością taki obraz utrwaliły filmy fabularne i książki przygodowe, które niegdyś dosłownie pochłaniałam dziesiątkami.
Z całą pewnością osady górnicze minionej epoki różniły się od urokliwych turystycznych miasteczek, w których dziś przy filiżance kawy i jajkach z bekonem zachwycamy się wiktoriańską architekturą. Granica życia i śmierci była tam bardzo cienka. Przemoc, wysoka przestępczość, srogi klimat, surowe warunki życia, choroby, pogoń za zyskiem, szybkość z jaką fortuny powstawały i jak szybko rozpływały się w powietrzu, nieustanne ryzyko utraty życia, euforia granicząca z rozpaczą, szczęście szybko zmieniające się w depresję, to była codzienność górniczego pogranicza.
Podobno w Silverton, najprężniej rozwijającym się miasteczku regionu przestępczość była tak duża, że aby ukrucić bezkarność lokalnych bandytów, władze zatrudniły w latach 80-tych XIX wieku w roli szeryfa siejącego postrach Bata Mastersona. Zastąpił on wcześniejszego przedstawiciela prawa, zastrzelonego przez dwóch przestępców, którzy zbiegli do Silverton z Durango. Podobno wzięli nogi za pas na samą wieść o przybyciu Bata Mastersona do Silverton.
Moimi ulubionymi miasteczkami w tej części Kolorado są niewątpliwie Silverton i Quray. Obydwa leżą wzdłuż drogi krajobrazowej San Juan Highway.
Silverton prawa miejskie otrzymało oficjalnie w 1875, choć już wcześniej kwitła tu osada górnicza. Mimo, że zaledwie rok później populację miasta szacowano na 500 osób, to bez wątpienia przewinęły się przez nią tysiące. Podobno istniało tu aż 40 otwartych całą dobę saloonów. Obok nich usadowiły się salony gier, gdzie kwitł hazard, domy publiczne i sale taneczne, oferujące górnikom odrobinę miejskiego życia, którego byli spragnieni.
W latach 60-tych XX wieku Silverton nadano status historycznego miasta. Dobrze zachowana architektura minionej epoki stała się kanwą kilku popularnych hollywoodzkich produkcji. Dziś dawne budynki mieszczą hotele, sklepy i doskonałe restauracje. Gdyby nie mijani na ulicach turyści miasteczko wydawałoby się zatrzymane w czasie.
Kolej wąskotorowa Durango-Silverton jest jedną z największych atrakcji miasta i regionu. Mijane po drodze krajobrazy są po prostu bajeczne. Historia kolei wąskotorowej, która powstała na fali boomu górniczego liczy 135 lat. Niegdyś wagony przewoziły wydobywane w regionie szlachetne kruszce, dziś zapełniają je turyści, podobno aż 200 tys. rocznie. Kolej podąża wzdłuż rzeki Animas i jej wąwozu, szlakiem przetartym w 1882, kiedy tory kolejowe połączyły Durango z Silverton. Lokomotywy są oryginalne i pochodzą z lat 20-tych XX wieku. Podobnie niektóre z wagonów. Pociąg pojawia się w kilku hollywoodzkich produkcjach, z których najważniejsza to „Butch Cassidy i Sundance Kid” z 1969, gdzie Paul Newman i Robert Redford biegają po dachu pociągu w trakcie napadu.
W okolice Quray, gdzie znajdował się okręg górniczy Red Mountain, poszukiwacze dotarli w 1875. W latach 80-tych XIX wieku osada była drugim co do wielkości miastem regionu. Historia głosi, że w początkach istnienia jej istnienia mieszkało tu więcej mułów i koni niż ludzi…
Nazwa Quray wywodzi się od imienia lokalnego lidera rdzennej ludności Ute, który zanim przybyli poszukiwacze kruszców, miał tu swoją kabinę. Miasto leży w przepięknych okolicznościach przyrodu. Z trzech stron otaczają je wysokie, pokryte śniegiem szczyty górskie, zamykając dolinę niczym pudełko. Sceneria przywodzi na myśl antyczny amfiteatr.
Większość zabudowy pochodzącej z okresu 1880 – 1900 została odrestaurowana i tętni życiem dzięki turystyce, Wybudowany w 1888 gmach lokalnego sądu pojawił się w westernie z 1969 „True Grit” (Prawdziwe Męstwo) z Johnem Waynem. Film był w większości nagrywany w scenerii przepięknych Gór San Juan.
W szczycie swego rozwoju miasteczko oferowało ku uciesze mieszkańców i górników 35 saloonów. A w Red Light District na Second Street swe usługi oferowało aż 100 kobiet lekkich obyczajów.
Quray i jego okolice słynną z zapierającej dech scenerii. W drodze do Silverton możemy podziwiać Red Mountain. Czerwona Góra to właściwie trzy szczyty, które wyróżniają się w krajobrazie przez kolor, który nadaje im obecna w nich ruda żelaza. Znajdują się tu również liczne wodospady oraz gorące źródła.
Złoża kruszców były dla Kolorado objawieniem i przekleństwem. Górnictwo było tak samo odpowiedzialne za rozwój ekonomiczny Kolorado, jak i za skażenie środowiska naturalnego. W latach 90-tych XX wieku miała tu miejsce katastrofa ekologiczna, spowodowała wyciekiem cyjanku z kopalni Summitville. Oczyszczanie środowiska naturalnego kosztowało i nadal kosztuje krocie. Górnictwo jest też pośrednio odpowiedzialne za pozbawienie ziemi tych, którzy mieli do niej największe prawa, a manowicie rdzennej ludności, którą wysiedlono, uznając za przeszkodę na drodze do swobodnego czerpania korzyści z zalegających tu bogactw naturalnych.
Z drugiej strony to właśnie infrastruktura rozwinięta na potrzeby górnictwa pomogła w rozwoju regionalnej turystyki, która jest dziś jedną z głównych sił napędowych regionu Gór San Juan. Pozostawione w krajobrazie relikty epoki przyciągają rzesze turystów, zafascynowanych opowieściami dawnych poszukiwaczy przygód. Ośrodki narciarskie w Telluride, historyczne miasteczka Silverton, Quray i Durango, oryginalna kolej wąskotorowa, oszałamiające swym pięknem górskie krajobrazy, choćby w rejonie przełęczy Mollas, czy Lizard Head, spływające kolorami malownicze zbocza gór, które zawdzęczają swe barwy zawartym w nim minerałom i wreszcie majestatyczne pokryte śniegiem strome szczyty, wznoszące się na ponad 4000 m. n.p.m., to tylko część atrakcji, które ma do zaoferowania południowo-zachodnie Kolorado.
Tekst powstał w oparciu o poniższe źródła
• SMITH, D., E., NINNEMANN, J., L. 2006. San Juan Bonanza: Western Colorado’s Mining Legacy. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
• Artykuł poświęcony Górom San Juan w Colorado Encyclopedia
• Artykuł poświęcony gorączce złota w Kolorado
• Artykuł poświęcony historii miasteczka Silverton w Kolorado
• Artykuł poświęcony górnictwu złota i srebra w Kolorado
• Artykuł poświęcony okręgowi górniczemu Red Mountain
Jeśli masz pytania dotyczące tematów poruszanych na blogu napisz do mnie [email protected]
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How to cite: Şanverdi A, Karagöz EN, Yola ML. Devices used by 112 personnel in the covid-19 pandemic process, validation and problems encountered. Akıllı Sistemler ve Uygulamaları Dergisi (Journal of Intelligent Systems with Applications) 2021; 4(2): 86-94.
Full Text: PDF, in English.
Total number of downloads: 819
Title: Devices Used by 112 Personnel in the Covid-19 Pandemic Process, Validation and Problems Encountered
Abstract: The emergency health service is for all interventions that are made up of people who have received special education in their field, who work together in order to provide the best emergency response to the sick and injured in the shortest time possible in line with the possibilities available. In this context, although the emergency health service provided during the pandemic process requires the implementation of special procedures for healthcare professionals, it is important in the validation of the biomedical devices used during the provision of this service. Especially the fact that this process was a disaster that took place in an unexpected time period caused everyone to be caught unprepared and this situation caused the current workload of healthcare workers to increase even more. In this study, we conducted a literature search to shed light on the problems experienced by 112 emergency healthcare professionals during the pandemic period and how the validation of the biomedical devices used by these personnel in the ambulance should be. The type of research is descriptive research. The Covid-19 pandemic was accepted as a case and the literature was reviewed, with this case being the focus. During the literature search, up-to-date keywords such as "emergency health service, Covid-19, disaster preparedness, emergency aid unit employees, biomedical device technologies", which are also mentioned in the keywords, were scanned. Care was taken to ensure that the studies included in the review section were up to date and in accordance with the academic guide. In addition, due to the limitation of resources in the validation section of the research, assistance was received from the relevant legislation and expert medical company engineers and from the active staff in the field of healthcare professionals' problems. As a result of this research, we have reached the conclusion that legal regulations should be made regarding the problems experienced by healthcare professionals due to the pandemic and that existing standards related to device validation should be updated after the pandemic.
Keywords: Emergency health service; disaster preperadness; Covid-19; 112 emergency aid unit employees; biomedical device technologies
Başlık: Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde 112 Personelinin Kullandığı Cihazlar, Validasyonu ve Karşılaştığı Sorunlar
Özet: Acil sağlık hizmeti, hasta ve yaralılara eldeki imkanlar doğrultusunda en iyi acil müdahaleyi mümkün olan en kısa zamanda vermek için birlikte çalışan, alanında özel eğitim almış kişilerden oluşan, kişilerin sağlık bakımından tam bir iyilik haline tekrardan döndürülmesi için yapılan bütün müdahalelere acil sağlık hizmeti denir. Bu bağlamda pandemi sürecinde verilen acil sağlık hizmeti sağlık çalışanları açısından özel prosedürlerin uygulanmasını gerektirmekle birlikte bu hizmetin verildiği sırada kullanılan biyomedikal cihazların validasyonuda önemlidir. Özellikle bu sürecin beklenmedik bir zaman diliminde gerçekleşen bir afet olması herkesin hazırlıksız yakalanmasına sebep olmuş ve bu durum sağlık çalışanlarının mevcut iş yükünün daha da artmasına sebep olmuştur. Biz bu çalışmada 112 acil sağlık hizmeti veren profesyonellerin pandemi döneminde yaşadığı sorunlara ışık tutmak ve bu personellerin ambulans içerisinde kullandığı biyomedikal cihazların validasyonunun nasıl olması gerektiğiyle alakalı literatür araştırması yaptık. Araştırmanın türü Tanımlayıcı araştırmadır. Covid-19 pandemisi bir vaka olarak kabul edilip bu vaka odak noktası olmak üzere literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Literatür taraması sırasında anahtar kelimelerde de belirtilen "acil sağlık hizmeti, Covid-19, afetlere hazırlık, acil yardım birimi çalışanları, biyomedikal cihaz teknolojileri" gibi konu bütünlüğünü bozmayan ve aynı zamanda güncel anahtar kelimeler taratıldı. Derleme kısmına dahil edilen çalışmaların akademik kılavuza uygun ve güncel çalışmalar olmasına özen gösterildi. Ayrıca araştırmanın validasyon bölümündeki kaynak kısıtlılığı nedeniyle ilgili mevzuatlar ve konunun uzmanı medikal şirket mühendislerinden ve sağlıkçıların problemleri bölümünde de sahada aktif çalışan personelden yardım alınmıştır. Bu araştırmanın sonucunda ise sağlık çalışanlarının pandemi dolayısıyla yaşadığı sorunlarla alakalı kanuni düzenlemeler yapılması gerektiği ve cihaz validasyonlarıyla alakalı var olan standartların pandemi sonrası güncellenmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaştık.
Anahtar kelimeler: Acil sağlık hizmeti; afetlere hazırlık; Covid-19; 112 acil yardım birimi çalışanları; biyomedikal cihaz teknolojileri
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W opracowaniu za przedmiot badań przyjęto finansowanie nakładów inwestycyjnych, ponoszonych przez podmioty gospodarcze sektora publicznego i prywatnego w latach 1991-1999. Reasumując rozważania, autorka stwierdziła, że podstawowym źródłem finansowania działalności inwestycyjnej w badanych przedsiębiorstwach były środki własne inwestora. Na drugim miejscu znalazły się krajowe kredyty bankowe. Natomiast udział kredytów zagranicznych w finansowaniu nakładów inwestycyjnych był niewielki.
The research shows that the main source of financing the investment activity in the enterprises surveyed was the investor's own resources. The second source of financing the investment expenditure comes from the domestic bank credits. After relatively small interest between 1992 and 1994, in the next years the investment projects of business entities were more frequently financed by the domestic bank credit. The resources originating directly from abroad finance the greater and greater part of the investment expenditure of the analysed enterprise group. However, the share of foreign credits in financing the investment expenditure is still quite small. Between 1991 and 1999, financing the investment expenditure through budgetary resources that was incurred by the studied enterprises definitely decreased. Also, the expenditures that are not financed comprise therefore a smaller part. (original abstract)
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“It’s likely that 80 percent [estimate of functional human DNA] will go to 100 percent. We don’t really have any large chunks of redundant DNA. This metaphor of junk isn’t that useful." — ENCODE lead researcher Ewan Birney.1
"If the human genome is indeed devoid of junk DNA as implied by the ENCODE project, then a long, undirected evolutionary process cannot explain the human genome... If ENCODE is right, evolution is wrong." — evolutionary biologist and atheist Dan Graur2
Humans and other mammals have about 3 billion "letters" of DNA. If evolution produced complex mammals like humans, we should expect most DNA to have no function, because:
- 3 billion DNA letters is much more function than evolution could produce, given even best-case scenarios.3 4
- Humans also get about 70 mutations per generation.5 Most mutations that have any effect on an organism are harmful.6 If even 14% of DNA has a specific sequence, then humans and other mammals would receive almost 10 new harmful mutations each generation, causing all offspring to have more harmful mutations than their parents.7 8 9 Function would perpetually decline with each generation. If evolution can't even preserve the function in our DNA, it could not have created it.
However it wouldn't make sense for a designer to create large amounts of non-functional DNA. The only junk DNA would be that which has been destroyed by mutations since the original design.
Most human DNA has not yet been tested to see if it has a function.11 But we can still extrapolate from known data:
- At least 85% of DNA is copied (transcribed) into RNA.12
- When and where DNA is copied to RNA occurs in specific patterns that depend on the cell type and the stage of development.13 11 12
- Among DNA copied to RNA transcripts in the human brain, about 80% are taken to specific locations within their cells.14 13
- Enough RNA has been tested for function that we can "draw broader conclusions about the likely functionality of the rest."11
If at least 85% of DNA is copied to RNA, and at least 80% of those RNAs are taken to specific locations within cells, 85% * 80% = at least 68% of human DNA is used in a functional way. And likely much more because these are both lower-bound estimates. As function continues to increase as more DNA is studied, it is reasonable to think that perhaps even 99%+ DNA is in use.1 This is not to say that every DNA letter within these sequences requires a specific sequence.
Within a functional element of DNA, not all letters have to have a specific sequence. But how many do?
- If 85% of DNA is copied to RNA transcripts, 80% of those RNA transcripts are functional (transported to specific locations),13 and 66% of that RNA requires a specific sequence,15 then these three numbers multiplied suggests at least 45% of DNA requires a specific sequence.
- At least 20% of DNA consists of either specific sequences where proteins bind to it, or instructions for making proteins (exons),16 and much known function that exists outside of protein binding spots and exons.
- About 95% of mutations that cause noticeable effects are outside of the 1-3% of DNA that creates proteins.17 18 From this (calculated below) we can extrapolate that at least 30% of DNA has a specific sequence.
- About 16% to 30% of either human DNA, or RNA copied from it, is shared (conserved) with distantly related mammals.19 Distant enough that if we assume they evolved from a common ancestor, then mutations would have had enough time to scramble this DNA if it were non-functional.
Since these are each under-estimates, and partially non-overlapping, the true amount of sequence-specific DNA is likely greater.
The data on the amount of functional DNA nullifies the argument that almost all DNA is junk and is therefore not designed.
Furthermore, at least 16-45% of DNA has a specific sequence, and likely much more. This implies humans get at least 16 to 45 harmful mutations per generation--far too many for evolution to even prevent declining function.
Evidence is what is expected in one view and not expected in competing views. Therefore the large amounts of functional DNA is evidence that organisms were designed.
The following sections outline this data in greater detail.
Rather than using only to categories of function and junk, this article takes a more nuanced approach:
- Sequence-Specific Function: These are nucleotides where a substitution mutation will alter the function or efficiency of a functional element, even if only very slightly. Sequence-specific function is a subset of the DNA that is in functional elements.
- Functional Elements: Functional elements are sequences of DNA that perform a specific function. Some of their nucleotides are sequence-specific functional while others can be swapped with no detectible effect on function. Or in more technical terms: a sequence of nucleotides that "affects the production, processing, or biological activity of a particular nucleic acid or protein, or the binding of other molecules."20
- Junk DNA: These nucleotides can be removed without degrading any functional elements.
Other definitions are often used in the debate over how much DNA is functional, but most are less precise. Because most genome studies focus on the human genome this article does same, as there is the most data is available there.
As defined above, functional elements have DNA where substitution mutations may or may not degrade function, but their removal would break function. Although "most elements in the human genome have not been subject to functional analysis,"11 we have four reasons to think the majority of human DNA is part of functional elements:
DNA is transcribed when it is copied to RNA. In 2013 genome researchers noted:
We found evidence that 85.2% of the genome is transcribed. This result closely agrees with [ENCODE's estimate of] transcription of 83.7% of the genome... we observe an increase in genomic coverage at each lower read threshold implying that even more read depth may reveal yet higher genomic coverage.12
ENCODE is an ongoing project by the United States National Institute of Health (NIH) to find function of the various sequences of human DNA. The project involves hundreds of scientists and hundreds of millions in funding. Prior to the more recent estimate of 85.2% transcription, ENCODE found in 2012:
The vast majority (80.4%) of the human genome participates in at least one biochemical RNA- and/or chromatin-associated event in at least one cell type.16
The following chart21 summarizes the results of various functional tests performed by ENCODE in 2012:
The third bar above (all RNA) shows that in 2012, at least 75% of DNA was found being copied to RNA. The tan regions in the first three bars corresponds to regions of DNA where about "one transcript copy per cell"21 was detected. Bars four through fourteen show the amount of DNA seen to be participating in other types of activity that implies function.
Many tests for function do not overlap other tests. This chart21 illustrates the intersections of some of the tests. Note that almost all DNA is colored by at least one test of function:
Biochemical evidence: These blue regions show DNA that participates in the activities in the previous chart. Genetic evidence: This green region shows DNA that causes a noticeable change in function if modified. Evolutionary evidence: This red circle shows DNA that is the same in both humans and some distantly related mammals. Protein-coding: This purple circle shows DNA that is directly used to make proteins. |
However, ENCODE critics often counter-argue that DNA being copied to RNA and participating in the other biological activities is not enough evidence that DNA is functional. Genomicist Dan Graur is among these critics:
ENCODE ignores the fact that transcription is fundamentally a stochastic process. Some studies even indicate that 90% of the transcripts generated by RNA polymerase II may represent transcriptional noise. In fact, many transcripts generated by transcriptional noise exhibit extensive association with ribosomes and some are even translated
Dan Graur goes on to discuss why ENCODE's tests for histone modification, open chromatin, transcription factor binding, and DNA methylation alone are not necessarily indicators of function. Fair enough. But several additional evidences suggest transcribed DNA is likely functional:
Human development involves a single fertilized egg cell dividing into trillions of cells to eventually produce an adult human. These resulting cells come in many different types such as the various types of bone, muscle, and nerve cells. We see different cell types use different sections of DNA at different stages of development, in precise and reproducible patterns.
For example, Genome researcher John Mattick describes his observations of DNA being copied to RNA in the human brain and elsewhere:
Some are only expressed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, others in particular layers of the cortex, and others in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.13
[T]he vast majority of the mammalian genome is differentially transcribed in precise cell-specific patterns to produce large numbers of intergenic, interlacing, antisense and intronic non-protein-coding RNAs, which show dynamic regulation in embryonal development, tissue differentiation and disease with even regions superficially described as "gene deserts" expressing specific transcripts in particular cells... Assertions that the observed transcription represents random noise (tacitly or explicitly justified by reference to stochastic ("noisy") firing of known, legitimate promoters in bacteria and yeast), is more opinion than fact and difficult to reconcile with the exquisite precision of differential cell- and tissue-specific transcription in human cells.11
Other genome researchers have noted the same:
[T]he lincRNAs we identified have many characteristics that are inconsistent with noise, including specific regulation of their expression, the presence of conserved sequence and evidence for regulated processing. Furthermore, these lincRNAs are strongly enriched with intergenic sequences that were previously known to be functional in human traits and diseases.12
Independently, the developmental and tissue-specific expression of most ncRNAs provides perhaps the most compelling case for their widespread functionality. A study of ncRNAs expressed in mouse brain by in situ hybridization showed that the majority (623 out of 849) are selectively expressed in discrete functional regions of the brain, sometimes with evidence of specific subcellular localization. Moreover, expression signatures and dynamic regulation of hundreds of ncRNAs has been observed across tissue types and in various developmental systems, from Drosophila embryogenesis to differentiation of mammalian ES cells, T-cells and muscle cells 14 [Mattick is a co-author of this paper]
If "transcription is fundamentally a stochastic process" as Graur argues, we should not expect transcription to be so precisely regulated.
John Mattick observed that among non-coding RNA produced in the human brain, about 80% of it was taken to specific locations within cells:
A study of ncRNAs expressed in mouse brain by in situ hybridization showed that the majority (623 out of 849) are selectively expressed in discrete functional regions of the brain, sometimes with evidence of specific subcellular localization.14
In 80% of the cases where we had sufficient resolution to tell, these RNAs [in the human brain] are trafficked to specific subcellular locations. So this is not some fuzzy random signal: their expression is extremely precise, both in terms of the cell specificity and in terms of subcellular localization.13
John Mattick describes his experience:
In fact almost every time you functionally test a non-coding RNA that looks interesting because it's differentially expressed in one system or another, you get functionally indicative data coming out.13
[W]here tested, these noncoding RNAs usually show evidence of biological function in different developmental and disease contexts, with, by our estimate, hundreds of validated cases already published and many more en route, which is a big enough subset to draw broader conclusions about the likely functionality of the rest.11
But is Mattick merely just assuming this DNA is functional without proper investigation? Or perhaps mutations are merely activating nonfunctional DNA, causing the "disease contexts?" No. Rather, disabling this DNA causes loss of function, as can be seen in Mattick's numerous citations:
- "Knockdown of lincRNAs has major consequences on gene expression patterns, comparable to knockdown of well-known ES [embryonic stem] cell regulators."22
- "Decreased capacity for cell migration was also observed for SPRY4-IT1 knockdown." (although knocking it out also negatively affected melanoma cells)23
- "We identified lncRNAs required for neurogenesis. Knockdown studies indicated that loss of any of these lncRNAs blocked neurogenesis"24
- "Knockdown of MEN ε/β expression results in the disruption of nuclear paraspeckles."25
- "Knockdown of Zfas1 in a mammary epithelial cell line resulted in increased cellular proliferation and differentiation."26
It's also notable for Mattick to find this much function because "loss-of-function tests can also be buffered by functional redundancy, such that double or triple disruptions are required for a phenotypic consequence."21 This means that many genes will not produce a noticeable effect when disabled, because when one gene is disabled, cells often automatically enable other genes to do the same job.
Estimating Minimum DNA in Functional Elements
If at least 85% of DNA is copied to RNA, and at least 80% of RNA transcripts are taken to specific locations within a cell, then we could estimate that perhaps 85% * 80% = at least 68% of DNA is within functional elements. And likely much more because these are both lower-bound estimates, not all DNA must be transcribed to have function, and not all RNA must be taken to a specific sub-cellular location to be functional.As defined above, DNA that is sequence-specific has nucleotides where a substitution mutation will alter the function or efficiency of a functional element, even if only very slightly. We have several criteria by which to estimate how much DNA is sequence-specific:
We also know that "the nucleic acids that make up RNA connect to each other in very specific ways, which force RNA molecules to twist and loop into a variety of complicated 3D structures."27 This places many of the nucleotides transcribed to RNA in the sequence-specific category.
Below is a diagram15 with 13 examples of various known functional RNAs:
This list shows the number of cross-linked RNA nucleotides (connections where the RNA folds back on itself) per total nucleotides for each of the functional RNAs:
MAT2A: 26 / 41 CTLA4: 12 / 15 FOS: 12 / 15 GRIA1: 26 / 34 CACNAD2D1: 22 / 37 |
COL5A2: 14 / 21 UBE2W: 14/ 18 CLCN5: 28 / 47 BCL11B: 20 / 24 |
MALAT1: 36 / 56 POP1: 40 / 62 long int. 19931: 60 / 86 long int. 16685: 62 / 110 |
Adding these gives 372 cross-linked nucleotides out of 566 total nucleotides, or 66%. From this we can make a lower-bound estimate of the percentage of nucleotides in functional RNAs that are sequence-specific: Since cross-linked RNA nucleotides require a specific sequence, this means at least 66% of the nucleotides within functional RNAs are sequence-specific. Although some of the others will be specific also.
Above we estimated at least 68% of DNA is within functional elements. Multiplying this number by the 66% give us at least 45% of DNA being sequence-specific. This should be treated as only a very rough estimate; a placeholder until better data is available.
The diagram above comes from a study looking at conserved DNA to find functional RNAs. Some may argue this introduces a bias, because RNAs with less specific sequences would be less likely to show up in a conservation study. However compare those above to a functional RNA such as MiRNA-95, where "its conservation is limited to the primate lineage and a few other higher mammals"28 but has 60 out of 7929 (76%) cross-linked RNA nucleotides.
ENCODE estimated in 2012 that 20% of the genome is made of exons or has a specific sequence that proteins use to determine where to latch on to DNA:
[E]ven with our most conservative estimate of functional elements (8.5% of putative DNA/protein binding regions) and assuming that we have already sampled half of the elements from our transcription factor and cell-type diversity, one would estimate that at a minimum 20% (17% from protein binding and 2.9% protein coding gene exons) of the genome participates in these specific functions, with the likely figure significantly higher.16
Because this paper previously mentions primate-specific DNA, some critics claim the 20% only applies to the regions of human DNA shared with other primates. However, leading ENCODE researcher Ewan Birney references the 20% in regard to the entire human genome:
A conservative estimate of our expected coverage of exons + specific DNA:protein contacts gives us 18%, easily further justified (given our sampling) to 20%.30
A review in 2012 looked at 920 studies involving the genomes of thousands of people17. They found that only 4.9% of function altering mutations occurred within protein-coding DNA (red slice in figure B):
Likewise another broad research review found only 4% of function altering mutations (105/2593) were within coding regions.18
From this we can estimate what percentage of DNA is subject to deleterious mutations.
Within coding regions, a 2011 study18 found 79 non-synonymous and 26 synonymous function altering mutations. About 30% of protein coding mutations are synonymous. If synonymous nucleotides were as functional as non-synonymous nucleotides we should expect 30%*(26+79) = 31.5 of them to be function-altering. But only 26 of them are functional, suggesting that they are only 26/31.5=83% as functional as non-synonymous sites.
At least 75%31 of amino-acid altering mutations within exons are deleterious, which implies that 75%83% =62.25% of mutations at synonymous sites are deleterious. Combining the synonymous and non-synonymous rates gives 75% 70% + 62% * 30% = 71.1% of mutations within exons being deleterious. Although one bacterial study estimated that as many as 95% of mutations within exons are deleterious.6
If 2% of DNA is protein coding, and only 4.9% of harmful mutations fall within protein coding DNA, that means non-coding DNA is 2% / 4.9% = 41% as specific in sequence as coding DNA. Coding DNA is 71% sequene specific, so about 71% * 41% = 29% of non-coding DNA nucleotides are sequence-specific.
Putting it all together: 2% x 71% + 98% x 29% = 30%. That means GWAS studies suggest at least 30% of DNA is sequence-specific.
This is an under-estimate because mutations within non-coding DNA likely to have a smaller effect than mutations in coding DNA, and are thus harder to detect.32 Thus It is likely that even fewer than 4-5% of function altering mutations are within coding DNA.
Some argue these numbers are invalid because genome-wide association studies may be showing false positives due to statistical noise. However, the mutations identified as function altering in the 2012 study above usually map to known regulatory features:
Fully 76.6% of all noncoding GWAS SNPs either lie within a DHS or are in complete linkage disequilibrium with SNPs in a nearby DHS.17
Other researchers have noted the same:
Of the 9184 GASs, 8733 (95.09%) and 5853 (63.73%) were mapped to at least one regulatory features, including promoter or enhancer, regulatory motifs, DNase footprinting sites, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and conserved sequences, using the HaploReg and RegulomeDBdatabases, respectively. Moreover, many of these GASs were predicted to be associated with multiple regulatory features, suggesting their dynamic regulatory functions.33
Why do only a tiny fraction of nucleotides map to function discovered in genome-wide association studies?
- Human genomes are highly identical. Genome-wide association studies can only probe function where variation exists, and not enough genomes are yet available.
- Where variation does exist, multiple people with the same variation must be surveyed to rule out effects caused by environment, diet, or exercise.
- Most known traits have not yet been tested in genome-wide association studies.
- Many non-coding alleles exist in high copy numbers. A mutation disrupting only one of them would likely not show a phenotypic effect that would show up in a GWAS.
As ENCODE researchers explain: "At present, significantly associated loci explain only a small fraction of the estimated trait heritability, suggesting that a vast number of additional loci with smaller effects remain to be discovered"21
Assuming common descent is true: If two distantly related organisms have some of the same DNA, it is likely functional. Because otherwise over tens of millions of years, random mutations in each species would have changed the DNA enough that it is no longer recognizable as similar. In other words: whatever mutated that DNA didn't survive. Such DNA is called conserved DNA, or DNA that is under selection.
Constrained DNA is a similar concept: DNA shared by members of a species that can't mutate or else something breaks.
But what does shared DNA mean under the assumption of common design, instead of common descent? If any two organisms have shared DNA, that means the DNA hasn't mutated since creation and therefore should be sequence-specific functional. Even the 95-96% of DNA shared between humans and chimpanzees34 would imply that 95-96% of DNA is sequence-specific.
In 2014, ENCODE researchers estimated that 16 to 26% of DNA (conserved+lineage specific constraint) is preserved by natural selection:
[E]stimates that incorporate alternate references, shape-based constraint, evolutionary turnover, or lineage-specific constraint each suggests roughly two to three times more constraint than previously (12–15%), and their union might be even larger as they each correct different aspects of alignment-based excess constraint... Although still weakly powered, human population studies suggest that an additional 4 - 11% of the genome may be under lineage-specific constraint after specifically excluding protein-coding regions, and these numbers may also increase as our ability to detect human constraint increases with additional human genomes...21
Another study estimated at least 15.6-30% of DNA is conserved when DNA's resulting RNA structure is also taken into account:
Our findings provide an additional layer of support for previous reports advancing that >20% of the human genome is subjected to evolutionary selection...
the RNA structure predictions we report using conservative thresholds are likely to span >13.6% of the human genome we report. This number is probably a substantial underestimate... A less conservative estimate would place this ratio somewhere above 20% from the reported sensitivities measured from native RFAM alignments and over 30% from the observed sensitivities derived from sequence-based realignment of RFAM data...
the majority (87.8%) of the ECS predictions reported herein lie outside annotated sequence-constrained elements...
we can postulate a revised lower bound of functional sequence in the human genome at ~15.6%.19
Some studies of conserved mammal DNA estimate lower amounts, but they do not take shape and RNA structure conservation into account,35 do not include lineage-specific conservation, or they were done before more mammal genomes were available for study.
Furthermore, this is not to say that natural selection can actually maintain 16-30% of the DNA in a mammal. With this much function, harmful mutations would arrive faster than natural selection can remove them, as is described below in the Genetic Load section.
The above sections use four different criteria to very roughly estimate the lower-bound amount of sequence-specific DNA:
- From RNA structure + DNA in functional elements: At least 45%
- From protein binding + exons: At least 20%
- From disease + trait association: At least 30%
- From conservation: At least 16 to 30%
Since these are each under-estimates, and partially non-overlapping, the true amount of sequence-specific DNA is likely greater. It is therefore very unlikely that all four are wrong and the amount of sequence-specific DNA is less than these numbers.
But what does shared DNA mean under the assumption of common design, instead of common descent? If any two organisms have shared DNA, that means the DNA hasn't mutated since creation and therefore should be sequence-specific functional. Even the 95-96% of DNA shared between humans and chimpanzees34 would imply that 95-96% of DNA is sequence-specific.
Intelligent Design (ID) proponents predicted that most DNA would turn out to be functional. However evolutionary theory both predicts and requires that most DNA in complex organisms (with large genomes and low reproductive rates) will be junk. Two main reasons:
The neutral theory of evolution claims that most of the DNA differences between complex organisms is by chance, and not because natural selection favored organisms having those mutations. The reasoning is as follows:
- In typical populations of complex organisms, natural selection can only help spread or remove mutations that have a strong effect. Otherwise, random chance is the dominant factor in deciding which organisms reproduce and pass on their genes.
- Since most mutations have very little effect on an organism,36 6 neutral theory is a mathematical reality.37 "[T]he revolution is over. Neutral and nearly neutral theory won," as biologist PZ Myers described.38
Only about 5 to 10% of DNA is shared between humans and more distantly related mammals such as horses, dogs, and mice.39 Therefore if these animals all evolved from a common ancestor, given neutral theory, the large majority of DNA not shared by these mammals would have come about by chance and not natural selection. Since DNA that exists only by chance will have a random sequence, it is therefore highly unlikely to be functional. Evolutionary biologist and intelligent design critic Dan Graur explains:
...there exists a misconception among functional genomicists that the evolutionary process can produce a genome that is mostly functional.40
If the human genome is indeed devoid of junk DNA as implied by the ENCODE project, then a long, undirected evolutionary process cannot explain the human genome.2
This is not to say that mutations in almost all DNA would have no effect. The whole purpose of this article is to argue the opposite.
If evolutionary theory is true, then most DNA in complex organisms must have no function because a highly neutral evolutionary process could create nothing better. Therefore large amounts of functional DNA is good evidence against evolutionary theory.
Genetic load is the average decrease in fitness due to deleterious (harmful) mutations in a population. If the genetic load is too high, the population will not survive.
Organisms with more DNA generally have more mutations, since cells are more likely to make errors when copying more DNA. And the more DNA in an organism that is functional, the more likely it is that mutations will break important functions. Humans get about 100 mutations per generation.5
But if most DNA does nothing, or does not have specific information, then most mutations will be harmless. Therefore, evolutionary theory both predicts and requires only a small amount of DNA in large genome organisms (like us and other mammals) will be functional.
Writing in 1972, Susumu Ohno was among other early geneticists who recognized this problem:
The moment we acquire 105 gene loci, the overall deleterious mutation rate per generation becomes 1.0 which appears to represent an unbearably heavy genetic load... Even if an allowance is made for the existence in multiplicates of certain genes, it is still concluded that at the most, only 6% of our DNA base sequences is utilized as genes7
By "genes," Ohno is referring to functional elements, not only protein coding genes.
The fact that a high deleterious mutation rate leads to fitness decline has been tested using computer simulations. In one study with strong natural selection and only 10 harmful mutations per generation, fitness continued to decline perpetually.8
If evolution cannot even maintain these large amounts of functional DNA in complex organisms, then it could not have created it. Therefore large amounts of functional DNA is good evidence evolutionary theory is incorrect.
This section addresses various objections to the idea that most of the human genome is functional.
This objection is addressed in a companion article:
The C-Value Paradox
Some organisms have many times more DNA than others of similar complexity. Some argue that therefore most DNA in most complex organisms must be junk, and thus are not designed. This article provides data suggesting otherwise.
In 2014 when biologist Craig Venter's team built the first artificial yeast chromosome, they left out 20% of the DNA. The yeast still functioned just fine:
[T]here are over 50,000 base pairs that were either deleted, inserted or changed in that chromosome of 250,000 base pairs, and it works."41
However, like many other organisms, the yeast genome is known to be full of redundant fallback systems that kick in when primary systems fail. In c. elegens (a simple worm), it's 89-96% of genes.42 Physiologist Dennis Noble explains in a recent lecture, at 16:27:
"Simply by knocking genes out we don't necessarily reveal function, because the network may buffer what is happening. So you may need to do two knockouts or even three before you finally get through to the phenotype. ... If one network doesn't succeed in producing a component necessary to the functioning of the cell and the organism, then another network is used instead. So most knockouts and mutations are buffered by the network.... [at 19:40] Is this an unusual result, ... or is it general? This study went through all 6000 genes in the organism yeast. knocking them out one by one. 80% of the knockouts were silent. So this physiological process of buffering against gene change is general. It's usual in fact. Now that doesn't mean to say that these proteins that are made as a consequence of gene templates for them don't have a function. Of course they do. If you stress the organism you can reveal the function. ... If the organism can't make product X by mechanism A, it makes it by mechanism B."43
ENCODE, 2014 also remarked about how redundancy can allow functional DNA to be disabled or removed without noticing an effect:
Loss-of-function tests can also be buffered by functional redundancy, such that double or triple disruptions are required for a phenotypic consequence.21
Therefore removing a functional but redundant section of DNA will not have an effect on the phenotype.
And as Dennis Noble noted, other genes have functions that are only needed in specific environments.44
Another possibility is that the sequences removed were once functional but had previously been disabled by mutation in wild-type yeast.
This objection depends on the assumption that all organisms were created by an unguided process of mutation and selection. In other words, if evolution is false then this objection is meaningless. An example of such reasoning:
- Humans and mice have about 10% of their DNA in common (conserved).
- Humans and mice evolved from a common ancestor that lived about 80 million years ago.
- Since evolution is a very slow process,3 4 it could not have created much additional function during those 80 million years.
- Therefore not much more than 10% of human and mouse DNA is functional.
Functional genome researchers recognize the fault of this reasoning:
[R]elative conservation imputes function, but lack of (discernable) conservation imputes nothing... differential expression (including extensive alternative splicing) of RNAs is a far more accurate guide to the functional content of the human genome than logically circular assessments of sequence conservation, or lack thereof.11
Functional sequences include but are not limited to sequences under purifying selection at the nucleotide level45
Since several known functional long ncRNAs, such as Xist and Air, are poorly conserved, it is evident that relative lack of conservation does not necessarily signify lack of function.14
A study in 2013 showed that it's very common for transcription factor proteins to bind to random strings of DNA,46 suggesting it was careless of ENCODE to use protein binding to detect functional DNA. Biochemist and ID critic Larry Moran similarly argued: "We also expect that a lot more of the genome will be transcribed on rare occasions just because of spurious (accidental) transcription initiation."47
However a study in 2017 looked at places in DNA where proteins latch on, across 75 organisms including humans, mice, fruit flies, and yeast:
Using in vitro measurements of binding affinities for a large collection of DNA binding proteins, in multiple species, we detect a significant global avoidance of weak binding sites in genomes.48
This is significant because:
Most DNA binding proteins recognize degenerate patterns; i.e., they can bind strongly to tens or hundreds of different possible words and weakly to thousands or more.48
If proteins bind to DNA largely at random then we would expect to see mostly weak binding. But we see mostly strong binding. Therefore most DNA-protein binding indicates function.
However, protein binding and seeing at least 85% of the DNA copied to RNA don't stand alone as evidences of function. As mentioned above:
- DNA is usually copied to RNA in precise patterns depending on cell type and developmental stage.
- These RNAs are usually transported to specific locations within cells.
- When tested, these RNAs usually affect development or disease.
- Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) find ~95% of disease/trait associated alleles are outside protein coding DNA.
These four points are incompatible with transcription being the result of random, promiscuous binding. Likewise, non-coding DNA researcher John Mattick comments:
Assertions that the observed transcription represents random noise... is more opinion than fact and difficult to reconcile with the exquisite precision of differential cell- and tissue-specific transcription in human cells.11
Some argue that in the paper Kellis et al 2014,21 the ENCODE team recanted from their 2012 assertion that 80% of DNA is functional. However the paper merely lists various, often-non-overlapping lower-bound tests for function, some of which are less than 80%. For example they write:
Genome-wide biochemical studies, including recent reports from ENCODE, have revealed pervasive activity over an unexpectedly large fraction of the genome, including noncoding and nonconserved regions and repeat elements. Such results greatly increase upper bound estimates of candidate functional sequences.21
Likewise figure 2 in the paper shows the large majority of DNA covered with some evidence of function. The authors then contrast this with the evidence that if evolutionary theory is true, then most DNA cannot be functional. But they do not try to reconcile these two contradictory facts. What does the ENCODE team actually believe about function? Biochemist and junk DNA proponent Larry Moran commented on a 2015 ENCODE workshop:
The overwhelming impression you get from looking at the presentation is that all the researchers believe all their data is real and reflects biological function in some way or another.49
About 44% of human DNA is made up of transposons and transposon-like repetitive DNA elements.50 Some have argued that hundreds of millions of years ago, the genomes mammal ancestors were much smaller. Over time, transposons duplicated themselves throughout mammal genomes. Those that created copies of themselves within frequently used regions of DNA copied themselves faster than those that didn't. Therefore these transposons are only transcribed in developmental-stage and cell-type specific patterns because the DNA regions where they inserted themselves were already specifically regulated.
Yet this idea fails because transcription often begins within transposons themselves. The transposons are often providing the transcription start sites, not hijacking them:
up to 30% of human and mouse transcription start sites (TSSs) are located in transposable elements and that they exhibit clear tissue-specific and developmental stage–restricted expression patterns51
TEs, and in particular ERVs, have contributed hundreds of thousands of novel regulatory elements to the primate lineage.52
Moreso, evolutionarily successful transposons would only need to integrate themselves into regions actively transcribed in germline cells (since that DNA is inherited), while integrations into actively transcribed regions in other cell types wouldn't matter. Yet we see these sequences being transcribed not primarily in regions active in germlince cells, but in all cell types. Thus this is also inconsistent with mosttransposon-like elements in our genomes originating from selfishly copying themselves.
This idea of transposon co-option is also incompatible with other observations discussed above: transcripts are usually taken to specific sub-cellular locations, and when tested they usually affect development or disease.
A future article will give an overview of the known functions of various types of DNA elements. For now:
The full regulatory potential of transposon-derived sequences is unknown, but appears to include a range of functions. They are largely transcribed in a regulated manner, and feature promoters to drive specific expression. Important roles have also been demonstrated for Alu-derived RNAs in the regulation of RNA polymerase II during heat shock and the regulation of alternative splicing, translation and mRNA stability]. Similarly, it has been shown that transcripts derived from retrotransposons can regulate chromatin structure in transposon-rich regions such as centromeres and neocentromeres, that LINE L1 retrotransposition can mediate somatic mosaicism in neuronal precursor cells, and that the transcription of inverted repeats that serve as boundary elements can influence gene expression. Moreover, a recent study has shown that 6–30% of cap-selected mouse and human RNA transcripts initiate within repetitive elements, that approximately 250,000 of these transcripts are generally tissue specific, and that transposon-derived sequences located immediately upstream of protein-coding loci frequently function as alternative promoters and/or express non-coding RNAs, identifying some 23,000 candidate regulatory regions derived from retrotransposons. In addition, repetitive sequences may be included as parts of larger transcripts, including many ncRNAs whose functions have been demonstrated, such as Xist, Air, Kcnq1ot1, BORG, DISC2, NTT and Xlisrts, suggesting that these elements may be functional modules common among ncRNAs as well as mRNAs.14
Among the RNA where ENCODE could estimate its abundance, 70% were detected at levels below "one [RNA] transcript per cell."21 ENCODE critics cried fowl, claiming that such a low abundance could not possibly be functional.
But this number is just an average. ENCODE studied 147 cell types at various stages of development. If an RNA had 500 copies in one cell type and one stage of development, the average could still be less than one if it wasn't present in any other cell types or developmental stages. Additionally a transcript from HOXA (an RNA that everyone agrees is functional) was detected at an abundance of only 0.13 copies per cell. Another functional RNA was found at only "0.0006 transcripts per cell, indicating expression in only a small subpopulation of the cells sampled."53
These objections are less common, so they are covered more briefly:
"Genome size is negatively correlated with effective population size:"
Dan Graur raised this objection on slide 46 of a presentation in 20132, citing a 2005 study of ray-finned fish.54 This correlation would be predicted by selfish gene theory because "evolution can only produce a genome devoid of 'junk' if and only if the effective population size is huge and the deleterious effects of increasing genome size are considerable"40. However Graur's argument was addressed by T. Ryan Gregory in 2008, who showed that fish genome sizes would have been set long before fish were divided into their current population sizes:
it is apparent that genomes reached their current sizes in most fishes long before contemporary microsatellite heterozygosities were shaped55
"ENCODE used transcriptionally abnormal cell lines:"
In 2013 Dan Graur argued "ENCODE used almost exclusively pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells, which are known as transcriptionally permissive environments"40 But this misconception was corrected by an ENCODE researcher:
The vast majority of the RNAseq was performed in GM12878 or K562 (but we looked at a lot of different cell types, see here... That assertion is completely false and I don't want that misinformation being spread... We used K562 because it is transcriptionally normal.56
Because of such problems, one researcher remarked of Graur's 2013 paper:
Graur wrote such a negative paper that it was hard to read... Graur’s criticism is so over-the-top that it’s not worthy.57
"The Stat3 transcription factor indicates promiscuous protein binding:"
Dan Graur also made this argument in 2013.40 The problem here is that Graur merely assumes the remaining possible binding sites were non-functional, even though they were never tested. Among the 14 that were tested, 12 (86% of them) were functional. This is particularly notable since Stat3 is less specific than other transcription factors in what it binds to:
we scanned the whole mouse genome sequence finding a total of 1,355,858 putative binding sites. Such a high number is not unexpected taking into account the loose sequence requirements for Stat3 binding.58
In Why repetitive DNA is essential to genome function (Biol Rev, 2005), James Shapiro and Richard Sternberg identify over 80 roles for repetitive sequences.
Micromanagers: new classes of RNAs emerge as key players in the brain (Science News, 2008) provides an overview of many known functions of non-coding RNA.
Reddit AskScience interview with the ENCODE Team:
One researcher wrote:
That said, I can’t help but notice a trend: over time, 'junk DNA' is disappearing. Good riddance: this is just a term for DNA that we don’t have any guesses about its function. The more we learn about the genome, the more functions we uncover, thus fewer unknowns and a more seemingly 'useful' genome. Where will it end? I have no idea, but many people are looking (though more are always needed!).
Another researcher wrote:
It's been my experience that anytime we have to quibble over a soft definition, we are missing a larger point. A better question would be, what percentage of the DNA sequence could be removed with ABSOLUTELY NO effect? I would guess that it's very, very small.
That comment was later deleted. Biochemist and prominant junk DNA proponent Larry Moran also became involved in the discussion.
In this thread from 2013, an ENCODE scientist defends the ENCODE conclusions in a debate with an evolutionary biologist.
Five Things You Should Know if you Want to Participate in the Junk DNA Debate, 2013. Biochemist and ID critic Larry Moran outlines why he thinks most DNA is true junk. Most of his reasons are based on the idea that evolution couldn't have produced anything better.
In December of 2014, well known genomicist and ID critic Dan Graur (cited frequently here) wrote a blog post about an earlier version of this article.
"'Almost every nucleotide is associated with a function of some sort or another, and we now know where they are, what binds to them, what their associations are, and more,' says Tom Gingeras, one of the study’s many senior scientists... If every cell is included, functions may emerge for the phantom proportion. 'It’s likely that 80 percent will go to 100 percent,” says Birney. “We don’t really have any large chunks of redundant DNA. This metaphor of junk isn’t that useful.'" ↩
Dodson, Edward O. "Note on the Cost of Natural Selection." The American Naturalist. 1962.JBS Haldane was an evolutionary biologist well known for his work in developing the modern evolutionary synthesis. Calculating the implications of Haldane's model, Dodson explains: "Haldane (1957) has published calculations which indicate that it takes no less than 300 generations to replace a gene by ordinary selection pressures, and that this evolutionary process cannot be speeded up by simultaneous selection for more than one gene....we arrive at a maximum of something over 200 gene substitutions over the past million years for the genus Homo." Since on average the mutation rate is the fixation rate, 300 generations with about 100 mutations per generation would give 30,000 neutral mutations per 1 beneficial mutation that fixes. 29,999 / 30,000 is 99.997% of fixed mutatiosn being neutral.
Mirrors: Local screenshot ↩ ↩ ↩ -
Moran, Larry. Comment on "Breaking news: Creationist Vincent Torley lies and moves goalposts." Sandwalk Blog. 2014.Joe Felsenstein is a well known population geneticist who has published a criticism of Haldane's limit. When he and biochemist Larry Moran (both Intelligent Design critics) were asked to estimate the number of beneficial versus neutral differences between human and chimps, they replied: "Updated numbers suggest 44 million point mutations and something like 2 million insertions/deletions for a grand total of 46 million mutations. We don't know how many of those were beneficial (adaptive) leading to ways in which modern chimps are better adapted than the common ancestor. (Same for humans.) My guess would be only a few thousand in each lineage." 1 - 3000 / 23,000,000 is 99.987% of fixed mutations being neutral. ↩ ↩ ↩
Lind, Peter A. et al. "Mutational Robustness of Ribosomal Protein Genes." Science. 2010.The authors tested two ribosomal proteins in salmonella typhimurium and found:
"most mutations (120 out of 126) are weakly deleterious and the remaining ones are potentially neutral." The authors did not detect any beneficial mutations. They suggest their study is more sensitive than others because "Mutagenesis studies of single proteins rarely include the use of high-sensitivity assays of fitness and analysis of synonymous substitutions (SOM references)... it is conceivable that the relatively high frequencies of apparently neutral mutations observed in certain experimental systems are mainly a consequence of the limited sensitivity of the assays and that the proportion of deleterious mutations is very high even when synonymous substitutions are included." ↩ ↩ ↩ -
"The moment we acquire 105 gene loci, the overall deleterious mutation rate per generation becomes 1.0 which appears to represent an unbearably heavy genetic load [...] Even if an allowance is made for the existence in multiplicates of certain genes, it is still concluded that at the most, only 6% of our DNA base sequences is utilized as genes." By "genes" Ohno does not necessarily mean only protein coding regions, but rather any functional region of DNA. ↩
Gibson et al. "Can Purifying Natural Selection Preserve Biological Information?" World Scientific. 2011.The authors simulated 10 mutations per generation, ↩
"Simulations based on recently published values for mutation rate and effect-distribution in humans show a steady decline in fitness that is not even halted by extremely intense selection pressure (12 offspring per female, 10 selectively removed). Indeed, we find that under most realistic circumstances, the large majority of harmful mutations are essentially unaffected by natural selection and continue to accumulate unhindered... With a mutation rate of 10, almost half of all deleterious mutations were retained, with a nearly constant accumulation rate of 4.5 mutations per individual per generation." ↩
"if the deleterious mutation rate is too high, the species will go extinct. We don't know the exact minimum number of deleterious mutations that have to happen per generation in order to cause a problem. It's probably less than two (2). It's probably not as low as 0.5. It should be no more than 1 or 2 deleterious mutations per generation." ↩
Hangauer et. al. "Pervasive Transcription of the Human Genome Produces Thousands of Previously Unidentified Long Intergenic Noncoding RNAs." PLoS Genetics. 2013.Mirrors: Archive.is | Local excerpt with notes ↩ ↩ ↩
"At a threshold of one RNA-seq read, we observed reads mapping to 78.9% of the genome and, if additional evidence of transcription is taken into account including the full structures of known genes, spliced ESTs and cDNAs, we found evidence that 85.2% of the genome is transcribed (Figure 1A). This result closely agrees with the recently published findings from the ENCODE project in which evidence for transcription of 83.7% of the genome was uncovered. Interestingly, even with 4.5 billion mapped reads, we observe an increase in genomic coverage at each lower read threshold implying that even more read depth may reveal yet higher genomic coverage." ↩
"In 80% of the cases where we had sufficient resolution to tell, these RNAs [in the human brain] are trafficked to specific subcellular locations. So this is not some fuzzy random signal: their expression is extremely precise, both in terms of the cell specificity and in terms of subcellular localization." ↩
Marcel E. Dinger et al. "Pervasive transcription of the eukaryotic genome: functional indices and conceptual implications." Briefings in Functional Genomics. 2009. ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
"Independently, the developmental and tissue-specific expression of most ncRNAs provides perhaps the most compelling case for their widespread functionality. A study of ncRNAs expressed in mouse brain by in situ hybridization showed that the majority (623 out of 849) are selectively expressed in discrete functional regions of the brain, sometimes with evidence of specific subcellular localization" ↩
"New families of human regulatory RNA structures identified by comparative analysis of vertebrate genomes." Genome Research. 2011.See the diagrams of functional RNAs in figure 5. 66% of nucleotides are cross linked and thus at least that much has a specific sequence.
Mirrors: Archive.is ↩ ↩ -
The ENCODE Project Consortium. "An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome." Nature. 2012. ↩ ↩ ↩
Maurano, Matthew T. "Supplementary Materials for Systematic Localization of Common Disease Associated Variation in Regulatory DNA." Science. 2012.See figure S1 for the pie chart of SNP locations. The caption states "only 4.9% of GWAS SNPs lie in coding sequence." The study says "coding regions were defined by the CCDS Project (downloaded from the UCSC genome browser at http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hg19/database/ccdsGene.txt.gz on March 5, 2011" ↩ ↩ ↩
Freedman, Matthew L. "Principles for the post-GWAS functional characterization of cancer risk loci." Nature Genetics. 2011.See table 1 in the paper. Note that a pre-print version of this study listing Alvaro N.A. Monteiro as the lead author does not include the table.
Mirrors: local screenshot | Archive.is ↩ ↩ ↩ -
Smith, Martin et al. "Widespread purifying selection on RNA structure in mammals." Nucleic Acid Research. 2013.Mirrors: Archive.is
In 2013, John Mattick and three other biologists published a study comparing RNA structure across mammals, finding that 13.6% to 30% of it was conserved independent of DNA sequence:
"When applied to consistency-based multiple genome alignments of 35 [placental and marsupial, including including bats, mice, pigs, cows, dolphins and human] mammals, our approach confidently identifies >4 million evolutionarily constrained RNA structures using a conservative sensitivity threshold that entails historically low false discovery rates for such analyses (5–22%). These predictions comprise 13.6% of the human genome, 88% of which fall outside any known sequence-constrained element, suggesting that a large proportion of the mammalian genome is functional."
"Our findings provide an additional layer of support for previous reports advancing that >20% of the human genome is subjected to evolutionary selection while suggesting that additional evidence for function can be uncovered through careful investigation of analytically involute higher-order RNA structures. Furthermore, our approach entails an empirically determined false discovery rate well below that reported in previous endeavors (i.e. 5–22% versus 50–70%), supporting the widespread involvement of RNA secondary structure in mammalian evolution."
"the RNA structure predictions we report using conservative thresholds are likely to span >13.6% of the human genome we report. This number is probably a substantial underestimate of the true proportion given the conservative scoring thresholds employed, the neglect of pseudoknots, the liberal distance between overlapping windows and the incapacity of the sliding-window approach to detect base-pair interactions outside the fixed window length. A less conservative estimate would place this ratio somewhere above 20% from the reported sensitivities measured from native RFAM alignments and over 30% from the observed sensitivities derived from sequence-based realignment of RFAM data. Our data complement recent findings from the ENCODE consortium, which report that 74.7% of the human genome is transcribed in multiple cell lines and that many novel unannotated genes are detected when sequencing RNA from subcellular compartments."
"The resulting ECS [evolutionarily conserved structure] predictions encompass 18.5% of the surveyed alignments that, in turn, span across 84.1% of the human genome."
"With regards to the genomic distribution of hits, the majority of predictions lie within intronic and intergenic regions [see figure 4B]... Predictions are roughly 2-fold enriched (odds ratio) in annotated exons, with the highest enrichment observed in protein-coding regions... about half of the ECS predictions we report overlap repeat elements... The prevalence of ECS structures is strongly enriched in Alu elements, which are known to form conserved RNA secondary structures."
"the majority (87.8%) of the ECS predictions reported herein lie outside annotated sequence-constrained elements."
The paper was long and highly technical, but thankfully it was summarized in a press release:
"While other studies have shown that around 5-8% of the genome is conserved at the level of DNA sequence, indicating that it is functional, the new study shows that in addition much more, possibly up to 30%, is also conserved at the level of RNA structure."
Conserved sequences (those shared with other mammals) only provide a lower estimate to how much is functional. They also comment that RNA's require a specific structure to be functional:
"the nucleic acids that make up RNA connect to each other in very specific ways, which force RNA molecules to twist and loop into a variety of complicated 3D structures."
But how could RNA secondary structure be conserved if the DNA encoding for it is not? Analysis of the fitness effect of compensatory mutations (HSFP J, 2009) may explain:
"It is well known that the folding of RNA molecules into the stem-loop structure requires base pair matching in the stem part of the molecule, and mutations occurring to one segment of the stem part will disrupt the matching, and therefore, have a deleterious effect on the folding and stability of the molecule. It has been observed that mutations in the complementary segment can rescind the deleterious effect by mutating into a base pair that matches the already mutated base, thus recovering the fitness of the original molecule (Kelley et al., 2000; Wilke et al., 2003)." ↩ ↩ -
Behe, Michael J. "Experimental evolution, loss-of-function mutations, and "The first rule of adaptive evolution." Quarterly Review of Biology. 2010.Michael Behe defines a "functional coding element" as "a discrete but not necessarily contiguous region of a gene that, by means of its nucleotide sequence, influences the production, processing, or biological activity of a particular nucleic acid or protein, or its specific binding to another molecule."
Mirrors: Michael Behe's LeHigh U. Faculty Page | Scribd | Archive.is ↩ -
Kellis et.al. "Defining functional DNA elements in the human genome." PNAS. 2014.Figures #1 and #2 show detected functional DNA by different methodologies.
Mirrors: Archive.is | Local excerpt with notes ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩ -
Mitchell Guttman et al. "lincRNAs act in the circuitry controlling pluripotency and differentiation." Nature. 2011. ↩
Divya Khaitan et al. "The Melanoma‐Upregulated Long Noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 Modulates Apoptosis and Invasion." Molecular and Cellular Pathobiology. 2011. ↩
Hongjae Sunwoo et al. "MEN ε/β nuclear-retained non-coding RNAs are up-regulated upon muscle differentiation and are essential components of paraspeckles." Genome Research. 2009 ↩
Marjan E. Askarian-Amiri et al. "SNORD-host RNA Zfas1 is a regulator of mammary development and a potential marker for breast cancer." RNA. 2011 ↩
New insight into the human genome through the lens of evolution." Garvan Institute. 2013.Mirrors: Archive.is Archive.org ↩
Frankel, Lisa B et al. "A non-conserved miRNA regulates lysosomal function and impacts on a human lysosomal storage disorder." Nature. 2014.Mirrors: Archive.is ↩
Axe, Doug. "Estimating the Prevalence of Protein Sequences Adopting Functional Enzyme Folds." J. Mol Biol. 2004. Doug Axe (an intelligent design proponent) tested a protein with degraded function to see how many amino acids could be replaced: "about one in four random single-residue [amino acid] changes are functionally neutral. The proportion would be somewhat lower under conditions requiring a higher level of function." ↩
Mattick, John S. "The Genetic Signatures of Noncoding RNAs." PLOS Genetics. 2009.The author states: "Most variations in regulatory sequences produce relatively subtle phenotypic changes, in contrast to mutations in protein-coding sequences that frequently cause catastrophic component failure."
Mirrors: Archive.is ↩ -
Chen, Geng. "Re-annotation of presumed noncoding disease/trait-associated genetic variants by integrative analyses." Scientific Reports. 2015.Mirrors: Archive.is ↩
Preuss, Todd M. "Human brain evolution: From gene discovery to phenotype discovery." PNAS. 2012. ↩ ↩
"One consequence of the numerous duplications, insertions, and deletions, is that the total DNA sequence similarity between humans and chimpanzees is not 98% to 99%, but instead closer to 95% to 96% (41, 48, 49), although the rearrangements are so extensive as to render one-dimensional comparisons overly simplistic." ↩ ↩
Eyre-Walker, Adam et al. "The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations." Nature. 2007.The authors state: "relatively few amino-acid-changing mutations have effects of greater than 10% in humans, and that most have effects in the range of 10-3 and 10-1" Mutations in synonymous regions and non-protein coding genes would have even less of an effect.
Mirrors: Archive.org | Archive.is ↩ -
Lynch, Michael. "The Origins of Eukaryotic Gene Structure." Mol Bio Evol. 2006.Michael Lynch is a highly respected population geneticist. He writes: "The neutral (or nearly neutral) theory that emerged from this work still enjoys a central place in the field of molecular evolution" and "it is difficult to reject the hypothesis that the basic embellishments of the eukaryotic gene originated largely as a consequence of nonadaptive processes operating contrary to the expected direction of natural selection."
Mirrors: Archive.is ↩ -
Myers, PZ. "The state of modern evolutionary theory may not be what you think it is." Pharyngula Blog. 2014.PZ Myers is a developmental biologist well known for his criticisms of Intelligent Design. Myers writes: "the revolution is over. Neutral and nearly neutral theory won."
Mirrors: Archive.is ↩ -
Meader et al. "Massive turnover of functional sequence in human and other mammalian genomes." Genome Res. 2010.Figure 2 shows how much DNA (of 3 billion base pairs total) is shared between humans (homo), macaca monkeys, mice (mus), rats (rattus), horses (equus), cows (bos), and dogs (canis).
Mirrors: Archive.is ↩ -
Graur, Dan. "On the Immortality of Television Sets: 'Function' in the human genome according to the evolution-free gospel of ENCODE." Genome Biology and Evolution. 2013.Mirrors: Archive.org | Local excerpt with notes ↩ ↩ ↩ ↩
Conant, Gavin C. and Andreas Wagner. "Duplicate genes and robustness to transient gene knock-downs in Caenorhabditis elegans." Proc Biol Sci. 2004. ↩
Hillenmeyer, Maureen et al. "The chemical genomic portrait of yeast: uncovering a phenotype for all genes." Science. 2008. ↩ ↩
"because complete deletion of most yeast genes (~80%) has no obvious phenotypic consequence in rich medium, it is difficult to study their functions. To uncover phenotypes for this nonessential fraction of the genome, we performed 1144 chemical genomic assays on the yeast whole-genome heterozygous and homozygous deletion collections and quantified the growth fitness of each deletion strain in the presence of chemical or environmental stress conditions. We found that 97% of gene deletions exhibited a measurable growth phenotype, suggesting that nearly all genes are essential for optimal growth in at least one condition." ↩
Niu, Deng-ke. "Can ENCODE tell us how much junk DNA we carry in our genome?" Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2013. ↩
White, Michael A. "Massively parallel in vivo enhancer assay reveals that highly local features determine the cis-regulatory function of ChIP-seq peaks." PNAS. 2013.The lead author summarizes the paper on his blog. (Archive.is). He also tweeted: "One of our Nature reviewers said this paper should not be published in any journal, ever." ↩
Qian, Long and Edo Kussel. "Genome-Wide Motif Statistics are Shaped by DNA Binding Proteins over Evolutionary Time Scales." Physical Review X. 2016. ↩ ↩
Mills. Ryan E et al. "Which transposable elements are active in the human genome?" Trends in Genetics. 2007. ↩
Fort, Alexandre et al. "Deep transcriptome profiling of mammalian stem cells supports a regulatory role for retrotransposons in pluripotency maintenance." Nature Genetics. 2013.Mirrors: Ohio.edu | Local screenshot ↩
Jacques, Pierre-Étienne et al. "The Majority of Primate-Specific Regulatory Sequences Are Derived from Transposable Elements." PLOS Genetics. 2013. ↩
Mercer, Tim R. et al. "Targeted RNA sequencing reveals the deep complexity of the human transcriptome." Nature Biotechnology. 2012. Mirrors: ResearchGate. ↩ ↩
"we selected ~50 loci that included both annotated protein-coding genes and functionally characterized lncRNAs... Assuming an average human fibroblast cell contains ~300 fg of mRNA per cell27, we estimate that the lncRNAs we discovered were present at an average of ~0.0006 transcripts per cell, indicating expression in only a small subpopulation of the cells sampled. By comparison, we calculate HOXA to be present at an average ~0.13 transcripts per cell, consistent with previous estimates." ↩
S, Yi. "Genome size is negatively correlated with effective population size in ray-finned fish." Trends Genet. 2005. ↩
Gregory, T. Ryan. "Population size and genome size in fishes: a closer look." Genome. 2008. ↩
Reddit user west_of_everywhere. "Comment on How come there's a Amoeba with 200 times larger gene set than humans?" Reddit. 2013. ↩
Vallania, Francesco et al. "Genome-wide discovery of functional transcription factor binding sites by comparative genomics: The case of Stat3." PNAS. 2009. ↩
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PEN to Protest outside FCO Thursday in Solidarity with Nabeel Rajab, Coinciding with his Trial Hearing
2016-10-06 - 1:25 ص
Bahrain Mirror: The "ENGLISH PEN" association called to join its solidarity stand outside the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, on King Charles St., London. Along with PEN, along with Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy and Index on Censorship on Thursday (October 6), from 12:00 noon until 1:00 pm. The protest intends to express solidarity with human rights activist Nabeel Rajab, and urge the British government to speak out on his behalf.
"We are now joining forces to urge our own government to do more to pressure its ally Bahrain to respect freedom of expression and release Rajab unconditionally," PEN added.
The organization addressed those who can't take part in the protest, saying, "If you're unable to join the protest you can still show your support for Nabeel Rajab ahead of Thursday's hearing by sharing details of his situation on social media with the hashtag #ReleaseNabeel."
"Last month, English PEN joined BIRD, Index and others to stage a protest outside the Embassy of Bahrain, marking Rajab's 51st birthday and calling for his release. The organizations were also among more than 20 rights groups to urge governments around the world to speak out on his behalf," PEN further stated in the statement published on its website.
It indicated "Meanwhile, concerns for his health and well-being are mounting, in light of the poor conditions in which he continues to be held."
According to PEN, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office has expressed ‘concern' over the re-arrest of Nabeel but has not called for his release. It also noted, "At the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva in September 2016, the UK stated it will be continuing its technical assistance to Bahrain and encouraged ‘constructive and inclusive dialogue.'"
"We believed that the UK's statements do not reflect the facts on the ground, nor the fact that Bahrain's human rights situation is worsening. Nabeel Rajab's charges, all related to his free expression and carrying lengthy prison terms, and the ongoing detention and persecution of other peaceful activists are a reflection of Bahrain's failure to reform", the UK-based association went on saying.
It is expected that Nabeel Rajab is due to be sentenced this Thursday, 6 October 2016, and faces up to 15 years in prison if found guilty. PEN clarified, "The charges against him include spreading "false or malicious news, statements, or rumors" during wartime, "offending a foreign country" and "offending a public institution" under articles 133, 215 and 216 of the Penal Code, in connection with comments made on Twitter in 2015 documenting allegations of torture at the Central Jaw Prison and criticizing the Saudi coalition war in Yemen."
Following the publication of a letter from Nabeel Rajab in the New York Times, the Public Prosecution Office has also charged him with ‘intentionally broadcasting false news and malicious rumours abroad impairing the prestige of the state', for which he could face an additional year in prison, PEN added.
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I’m up in Mountain View, California for the Mountain View Arts and Wine Festival this weekend. My first order of business – BREWERY!
My lovely friend and former roommate from college, Joelle, picked me up at my hotel and brought me to Tied House Brewery & Cafe.
Internets, meet JoelleFace. JoelleFace, meet internets.
We got the taster platter of all eight of their beers. Alpine Gold, Cascade Amber, Ironwood Dark, New World Wheat, Amber Light, Oatmeal Stout, Passionfruit Ale and IPA. I enjoyed the amber, oatmeal stout and IPA, but he only one I really liked was the Ironwood Dark (which won gold at the GABF 2010) – Very malty, dense caramel/chocolate notes with an incredibly smooth finish. I wasn’t able to get that much aroma from the glasses they gave us, but once it warmed up it gave of wafts of toasty coffee. I would like to say that the Amber Light and Passionfruit Ale were DISGUSTING! Amber Light tasted exactly like Budweiser (which I had my first and last taste of a few months ago), and the Passionfruit Ale was plastic-y and artificial tasting. Neither Joelle nor I had more than a sip of each.
I refused to even acknowledge those crap-beers.
I got over it quickly though, and enjoyed the Ironwood Dark, Oatmeal Stout and IPA to my heart’s content. Twelve ounces total of beer on a Friday night – WOOHOO! I’m getting old and responsible.
JoelleFace’s friend Dan showed up. This picture describes how the rest of the night went until I had to head back to the hotel around 10:30pm so I could sleep for a few hours before waking up at 4am for setup.
EXCEPT THAT DIDN’T HAPPEN. Turns out my hotel room is next to some very “frisky” neighbors who were “frisking” about from midnight until 5am, when I had to leave for work. Banging on the wall only seemed to encourage them…
Innocence has been lost.
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Former Empire actor Jesse Smollett is facing a new six-count indictment for filing false reports last year that he was the victim of a hate crime.
According to USA, Today Smollett had told police that he was beaten by two masked men while walking near a Chicago apartment. On January 29th 2019, he said the attackers shouted racial and anti-gay slurs poured a chemical substance over him and wrapped a noose around his neck.
CNN reports that, while Chicago police initially investigated the incident as a hate crime, prosecutors later claimed, Smollett paid the two men brothers, Abel and Ola Osen to stage the attack for publicity.
Court documents indicate that on January 22nd, 2019 Jesse Smollett received a threatening letter at the studio where the show Empire is filmed. It came with a white powdery substance that was later determined to be ibuprofen, Jesse, was said to be disappointed by the studio’s handling of the letter.
According to prosecutors, Smollett asked the brothers to attack him on the night of January 28th close to his Streeterville apartment, he asked one of the brothers to hurt him, but not too badly and for one of the brothers Ola to put a rope around his neck and pour gasoline on him and shout at him this is maga country.
He then gave the brothers $ 100 to buy rope, gasoline ski masks, gloves for the attack On January 29th, he also pointed out to the brothers where he wanted the attack to take place, pointing out a surveillance camera that would capture the Incident he instructed them to pour bleach instead of gasoline and not to bring through cell phones.
He then gave a $ 3,500 personal check payable to Abel. A delay due to a late flight Jesse was on caused a delay that pushed the plan back to 2 a.m. on the 29th, the actor called Abel at 12:49 a.m. once his plane landed
Minutes later the brothers hailed an uber switching to a cab Midway that took them three blocks from the scene. The attack took place at 2:04 a.m. as instructed, though, the attack happened out of the view of the camera.
The brothers fled the scene afterwards taking a taxi home. The actor had initially been indicted on March 2019 for 16 counts of felony disorderly conduct before charges were all dropped.
Just weeks later, a prosecutor says Smollett had forfeited his $10,000 and done community service. Following backlash from the dismissal, a judge assigned special prosecutor Dan Webb to look into why the original charges were dropped.
After considering the serious nature of the false police reports and the resources expended by Chicago PD to investigate his allegations, they have now determined, there are reasonable grounds to further prosecute, adding that it is in the interest of justice.
Another major factor that contributed to his decision is that the Cook County State Attorney’s Office could not provide evidence of similar cases.
Smollett is due in court on February 24th.
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Prague has been under communism for 40 years but is now back to being capitalist. It’s one of Europe’s very popular tourist destinations and deciding to have a vacation here is definitely worth the buck!
Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic and there are many sightseeing places here as well as restaurants and nightlife venues to cater their locals as well as the tourists. If you go to Prague make sure you visit their historical venues and enjoy the rich history of this beautiful city. Visit the Castle which is at the highest point of the city. Go and have your pictures taken at the Schwarzenberg Palace and after that, you can go and check out their Archbishop’s palace which is just the opposite of it. There are different museums too and kids would surely love visiting their Aircraft Museum.
If sightseeing is not really your thing and you prefer to have a full tummy then visit some of their great restaurants here. If you have your kids along then go to Albio which is a wholesome restaurant that caters both the olds and the little ones. For tacos and chimichangas, don’t miss out on Amigos. You’d definitely end up saying “delicioso”! For local foods, go to Country Life which is inexpensive and you’d be amazed that it’s always jam-packed!
And of course, if you are in Prague, visit their churches as well. They are religious people and it wouldn’t hurt if you pay your respect and be thankful for a wonderful trip to Prague that you are now enjoying.
27 February 2009
26 February 2009
When in Moscow, you are going to find the Red Square right in the heart of it. This is, by far, one of the most talked about areas of Moscow. Here you are going to find the great State History Museum, and take a stroll down the black cobble stone roads. It really is a great place to see. From there you may want to make your way over to Lenin Mausoleum. Here you can see the great embalmed body of Vladimir Lenin. Although you can not take cameras or phones, it is still a must see. The fact that it's free to see helps as well!
If you are an opera fan, then you can not leave Moscow without stopping in to see the Novaya Opera. The tickets to get in are normally about 200RUB and the show is worth it. However, there is more to do in Moscow than just go to the opera. In fact, some of the best food you will ever eat is found right here.
If you are looking for food in Moscow there are a few things that you are likely to come across. First of all is Georgian cuisine. This is a must have when in Moscow. Do keep in mind that it is a bit spicier than Russian food, but it is still good. You are also likely to come across Japanese places as well. Moscow became big into sushi back in the 90's. However, one thing that you will not find a lot of is Chinese food. Moscow never really took to it the way that America did.
24 February 2009
One reason to go to Central America is because of the pristine rain forest that it offers. Due to the fact that there is a rain forest here, the area is full of multi-coloured birds, as well as howler monkeys. If that is not enough for you, then you can choose to go hiking or even river rafting. This is a place that is perfect for people who like a little adventure on their holiday. After, all of that you can head over to the Mayan ruins in Copan in Honduras. If you're looking for a little bit more rest and relaxation, then do not worry. Central America has you covered with that as well. Head over to the Bay Islands, where you can take some scuba diving lessons and see the dazzling coral reef under your feet!
All of this sounds pretty nice, right? But what about prices? Well, $8 will buy you a pretty hearty dinner there. Not only that, but most nice hotels are only about $25 a night! Some places will charge less if you do not mind sleeping in a hammock. Either way, you can see that this is not a place that is going to break the wallet. The flight will cost you more, prices start from £600 per person.
20 February 2009
Bring out the child in you and experience Disneyland all over again. Join Mickey and his friends as they show you why being a kid used to be so much fun. The lights show in Sleeping Beauty’s castle followed a fantastic display of fireworks will definitely have you wanting more and more.
For a more adventurous time, try Ocean Park, Hong Kong’s very own marine theme park, and go wild as you shriek at some of their spectacular rides. You can also see cute adorable pandas; ride a cable car and they even have a three storey aquarium. Food outlets are scattered all over the place just in case you get famished from all your walking and screaming.
The Star Ferry is a great way to get from Hong Kong Island, their main business district, to Kowloon which is known as the Shopper’s Paradise since it’s very affordable. Once you get to Kowloon, you can visit the Avenue of Stars if you want to see Hong Kong’s magnificent skyline. When it gets dark, visit Tsim Sha Tsui where all the buildings are lit up to experience the amazing light show.
From the airport, you can take a shuttle if your whole family is with you or you can ride a cab if you’re travelling alone. Once you get to the city, walking is your best option to take in all the sights and to be able to scour all the good finds plus you get to taste all the scrumptious street foods in this country.
Experience a different culture and eat authentic dim-sum to your heart’s desire. Live it, Love it, Hongkong.
16 February 2009
Of course, a lot of places in Asia are like that, so what makes Bali so much better? Well first of all, you can have a lot of luxury here with very little money. Even the places that are “budget” hotels have amazing carved wooden furniture and jewel fabric! If that is not enough, for about $10 you can also rent out a beach bungalow! This is a great way to enjoy the beauty of Bali. The hotels normally offer massages at good prices as well. Most of the time, they are about $20, but as you can guess, they are well worth the money.
Last, but not least, you will never run out of things to do. That is because there are a ton of great late night dance clubs in Bali as well. This allows you to get out there and dance it up with the locals. All the people in this area are just looking to have a lot of fun. You are bound to run into some people from your country as well. After all, a lot of people love to travel to this area.
10 February 2009
If you truly want to experience the best of Fiji, consider getting a cruise and in these islands, the best cruise ship to consider is the Reef Escape Cruise. Don’t be deceived by its small capacity. Even though it only has the capacity for 120 passengers their services and amenities is world class and highly personalized.
The Reef Escape Cruise will show you the best of the islands. Each stop is a unique experience that deals with nature, the local culture and shopping. It’s a family friendly cruise so you could bring everyone and enjoy the islands together.
There are two types of cruise you can take in Reef Escape. The first type of cruise is the Yasawa Islands cruise. The cruise will concentrate on the north western portion of the Fiji. You should be able to enjoy snorkeling, visiting different villages and enjoying local food. This part of the islands is composed of 12 islands which could be more than enough to learn more and have fun in Fiji.
If you want to explore Fiji more, Reef Escape could take you to the beautiful and remote islands in the north. You’ll be visiting Taveuni and Vanua Levu Islands along with the visit to the town of Levuka in the island of Ovalau. These places offer a unique experience wherein you can snorkel on top of clear waters with miles and miles of reefs and different forms of life underwater.
09 February 2009
There are three parts of Dubai you have to know especially if you have different needs when you visit this city. Their central suburban area is called Bur Dubai, while their Business District is called Deira. If you have an expensive taste and would like to be closer to the beach, then Jumeirah is the place for you.
If you’re feeling the heat, head on the Beach Park which is located in Jumeira. A public beach and picnic resort which has clean amenities to refresh you when you feel the need to dip in water that’s cool and revitalizing.
Of course, for your shopping needs visit Bur Juman Centre which is in the heart of the Business District. A huge mall which offers different boutiques and of course, food shops to pump up your energy when you’re too pooped from shopping. If you want to save on your shopping, go to Karama Shopping Street. It’s not fancy like the mall but you’re sure to get a lot of bargains here especially if you want to bring home souvenirs.
Experiencing Dubai is definitely an exciting activity for anybody who wants to see and live through something different. Did I mention you can even go dune bashing in the desert using 4 wheel drive jeeps? Now that’s something to look forward to.
Holidays in Dubai (flight + hotel) from £442.
06 February 2009
Luxor is not just a recent major attraction. In fact, Luxor has been a major attraction for thousands of years! The Romans and the Greeks at their time had already recognized Luxor as a tourist destination. Now, Luxor remains as one of the world’s most favored destination especially by people who love to walk down the paths in history.
Check out the Luxor temple built by Amenophis III which is connected to Karnak temple or go and visit the Luxor museum where you’ll find ancient toms and statues from the Ancient Egypt. The Valley of the Kings is a chilling place to visit where you’ll find ancient tombs from the 18th to 19th Dynasties. Of course, visiting ancient tombs is very exciting. You’d see how the ancient Egyptians burry their dead and you’d also learn about how these people died through their tombs. It’s amazing what you can learn from the dead, really.
Travelling to Luxor is very rewarding and you must at least visit this place even once in your lifetime. It’s a must go to place and experience the past and enjoy the present.
05 February 2009
With Eclipse luxurious cruise ship, you’d be just 1 of the maximum of 48 total passengers. Not that much people on board so you can mingle without feeling too overcrowded. It also prides itself with the classic décor and great woodwork. You’d feel the luxury of this cruise just by walking along this small yet rich ship. Feel the ambiance and the breeze while dining at their al fresco dining space. Lounge around while enjoying the view of the Galapagos Islands and have as much fun and filled memories as you can. Bring your family along and enjoy this great experience together.
So, what do you get from choosing Eclipse ship? You won’t only have an extremely fun and exciting experience while you are aboard the ship but you can avail of their wonderful offer as well. If you choose to have your cruise aboard the Eclipse, you will also get a free air ticket to the Galapagos Islands. Not only that but you will get free entrance tickets to the Galapagos National Park as well and a 2-night stay at their selected 4-star hotel in the area. So, there’s really no reason for you not to choose the Eclipse cruise ship for your Galapagos Islands getaway!
04 February 2009
The first thing that you want to do in Cape down is to explore Table Mountain. The way that you choose to get up Table Mountain is something that you will have to decide on your own. After all, there are tons of ways to get up there. However, once you are up there, you are going to have an aerial view of all of Cape Town. It's one of the most memorable moments you will ever have in your life.
No matter how you choose to get up the mountain, once you get back down you are going to be ready to eat. In Cape Town, this is actually a good thing. This is because Cape Town has some of the best places to Wine and Dine. Not only are you going to find some of the best food in all of Africa, you are also going to find some places that carry wine that was made locally right there in Cape Town. This is going to be the best wine you have ever had.
So all of this sounds good, but what makes Cape Town your number one spot to visit in Africa? Is it the amazing sunsets? Is it the great wine? Or is it the whole experience altogether? Well, for most people, the thing that stands out to them is swimming with the Penguins! Most people do not think of Penguins in Africa, but they are in Cape Town. If you go to Boulders Beach on a summer day, you will be able to watch the penguins swim about the ocean. Not only that, but most of them are use to people. If you start building sandcastles on the beach, they will come and help you!
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WordPress is very easy to use but sometimes it’s to easy. You can install a new WordPress plugin is just few seconds and even change your entire website design is just a few clicks.
But every ever wonder if the new plugin that you have just installed is a treat or a trick?
We have talked a lot on plugins security from the eye of the developers but in this special Halloween post we want to talk about your website security as an owner.
WordPress plugins are powerful and you can find many new plugins released every day into the WordPress plugin directory, but here is a fact that you probably don’t know about the WordPress plugin directory.
Anyone can submit a new plugin to the directory and no one really check it.
Now I know your would say that the WordPress team review every plugin but, the team only review the first plugin version that you send, and a plugin developer can upload a new version of the plugin and no one really is going to check it.
Now imagine if the new version has security issues or even worse, may the plugin developer has intentionally injected some backdoor code that will be able him to control your website completely.
You are probably asking yourself why would a plugin developer will add this kind of backdoor code in his plugin that will able him to control my website.
The answer is very simple it’s all about the money.
If I as a plugin developer can control a website, I can inject links and even alter the content of the website, I can drive traffic to a specific offer or product or even simpler I can sell the links from your website to anyone that want incoming links to his website.
Scarry? No so much you can easily solve it. here how you as a website owner can avoid it:
- Don’t install a new plugin unless you are familiar with the developer or you have read a lot of good reviews on the plugin inside the WordPress codex.
- Check the plugin developer website, if he is serious about his work he will most likely have a website behind is his plugins
- Do a daily backups of your website so if something is going wrong you can always return tor previous state.
- Don’t install too many plugins, install just the ones that you must have and remove all the other from your website installation completely – don’t just deactivate them, delete them!
Follow these tips and you will have a more secure website with less worries.
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Domáca starostlivosť o nohy (nielen) v letnom období
Naše nohy nosia váhu nášho tela po celý život, bez prestávky. Zaslúžia si teda vhodnú a pravidelnú starostlivosť, ktorá by mala byť samozrejmosťou po celý rok.
Priznajme si však – viac nás vzhľad našich nôh trápi v lete, keď nosíme otvorenú obuv, alebo sa prechádzame pri vode, na dovolenke naboso.
Vtedy intenzívne riešime nevzhľadné nechty, otlaky a mozole, popraskané päty alebo suchú svrbiacu pokožku na celej ploche chodidla. Tieto problémy nás môžu postretnúť aj po intenzívnej turistike, cvičení v teplom počasí v uzavretej obuvi, alebo po plážovom volejbale, ktorý sme odohrali v horúcom piesku.
Je dôležité predísť problémom s chodidlami a venovať im čas na starostlivosť v domácom prostredí. Máme na mysli samozrejme trochu viac starostlivosti, než ako len občasné ostrihanie nechtov na nohách.
Kedy je najvhodnejší čas na domácu pedikúru?
Urobte si čas, ideálne podvečer, aby ste sa už nemuseli obúvať.
Ako začať? Aký je správny postup?
Pripravte si domáci vlažný kúpeľ – voda by nemala byť ani príliš studená, ani príliš horúca. Pridajte do vody kúpeľovú soľ, môžete pridať aj pár kvapiek vonného oleja. Ak máte nohy príliš vysušené, siahnite po špeciálnych prípravkoch do kúpeľa, ktoré obsahujú ureu (má hydratačný účinok, pomáha pokožke viazať vodu). Kúpeľ by mal trvať 10-15 minút, využite tento čas na príjemnú relaxáciu.
Po kúpeli sa pustite do odstránenia zrohovatenej a popraskanej pokožky na nohách, obzvlášť venujte pozornosť pätám. Pri práci používajte pemzu alebo pilník, uprednostnite však radšej jemnejší brúsny povrch pilníku. Vyhýbajte sa nástrojom, ktorými by ste si mohli spôsobiť poranenie (orezávače, skalpely atď.), a pokiaľ máte cukrovku, platí pre vás zákaz používania ostrých nástrojov.
- Odstraňujte suchú zrohovatenú pokožku s mierou – nikdy nie až do „ružova“. Zničili by ste tým prirodzený ochranný film na nohách, za čo by sa vám pokožka na nohách „odvďačila“ ešte vyššou produkciou zrohovatenej vrstvy.
Na záver si môžete naniesť krémový píling na nohy a jemne ich premasírovať. Nevynechajte ani oblasť predkolenia. Následne píling poriadne zmyte vlažnou vodou, nohy si poutierajte do sucha a nezabudnite aj na priestor medzi prstami.
Strihanie nechtov – ako to teda je s tým rovným strihom na nohách?
Už ste to počuli x-krát, že nechty na nohách sa strihajú rovno. Áno, je to pravda, ale striháme ich čo najrovnejšie, s ohľadom na prirodzený tvar nechtov. Nechty by nemali byť príliš krátke, ani príliš dlhé (že by presahovali brušká prstov). Po strihaní si nechty vždy zahlaďte pilníkom, aby sa nestrapkali. Kožtičku okolo nechtov môžete jemne zatlačiť pomarančovým drievkom smerom do nechtového lôžka.
Čím si mám natierať nohy?
Pokožka na chodidlách potrebuje tiež hydratáciu a výživu. Telové mlieka, krémy na ruky nedokážu poskytnúť pokožke na nohách tie zložky, ktoré potrebuje. V drogériách alebo v lekárňach nájdete veľký výber prípravkov starostlivosti o chodidlá (peny, krémy, emulzie, masky..), každý si nájde niečo pre seba. Pokiaľ si chcete byť istý účinkom, poraďte sa s odborníkom (pedikérom/pedikérkou), ktorý dokáže posúdiť stav vašej pokožky na nohách a navrhne aj vhodnú starostlivosť.
Nech už si vyberiete akýkoľvek produkt na hydratáciu alebo výživu, nezabudnite na krátku masáž nôh (chodidlá i predkolenia). Krém sa vplyvom masáže rýchlejšie vstrebe do pokožky a zároveň trochu uľavíte namáhaným svalom na nohách.
A stačí raz za čas?
Doprajte si túto domácu starostlivosť raz za 10-14 dní. Vaše nohy sú predsa vašou vizitkou, a to nielen v lete. Ak starostlivosť o ne zanedbáte, môžu sa objaviť rôzne zdravotné komplikácie, ako sú napríklad bolestivé praskliny na pätách, zarastajúce nechty, mozole, kurie oká alebo sa môže objaviť obávaná mykóza (plesne na nohách, nechtoch). Liečba mykózy zaberie veľa času, tak jej nedajte šancu! Pravidelnou domácou starostlivosťou o chodidlá predíďte možným problémom a vychutnajte si letné obdobie s ošetrenými nohami, vyloženými hoci aj na stôl … veď bude čo ukazovať!
- foto: cz.depositphotos.com
Tip redakce Kalorické Tabulky
V našich uzavřených skupinách Hubneme a jíme zdravě s Kalorickými tabulkami a Chudneme a jeme zdravo s Kalorickými tabuľkami na Slovensku se kromě nastavování aplikace probírá často i toto téma. Těší nás, že díky tomu víme, že o své nohy pečují mnohdy i muži, zvlášť když nachodí v rámci svých pohybových aktivit hodně kilometrů. A snad ještě jedna (asi logická) zajímavost: muži na domácí péči moc nejsou, ale využívají profesionálních služeb pedikérek, což ostatně doporučujeme aspoň jednou za čas všem.
20.7.2021 Mgr. Horváthová Judita Články, Jak si udržet zdraví
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Picked up Saltwater Vampires after falling in love with Eagar’s Raw Blue. For me, this one was not in the same league. But there were lots of things I enjoyed and appreciated about it.
Saltwater Vampires is like a weird mesh of old-world type vampires invading the very contemporary Rocky Head music-festival scene – an old-school sensibility meets a young, hip awareness complete with all the typical modern teen emotions. For me, it wasn’t quite a perfect match, and that was my main problem with the book. I appreciated it, but I didn’t really get it. I felt there was perhaps a little too much going on. The way the three distinct story overtones overlapped was all a little too complicated, with the different stories becoming distractions from the other stories to the point where I couldn’t really commit to any of them.
I liked the ‘contemporary YA’ overtone the best, and this is what I think Eagar excels at. Jamie and his gang of friends and vamp-busters are all funny and likeable and totally cool and all the rest, and their interactions are true to life and affectionately written. I liked where Eagar was taking their emotional stories, but the nature of the book – with all it’s time-jumping and shifting perspectives and what-not – means I never really got involved, like I did with Carly in Raw Blue.
This is a book all unto its own genre – it’s not a conventional vamp story, especially as we’ve come to know them from YA, and it’s not quite contemporary Aussie YA-lit. I do feel that with everything that was going on, it was more suited to an adult readership. Of course I’m all for YA pushing conventions, but I felt the plot, pacing, stories, scope, etc, would just be a better fit for ‘adult fiction’. But I did enjoy its novelty, and also the fact that these vamps were ugly and nasty – something to be scared of, disgusted by, instead of romanticised and smitten by. The whole book had a good grittiness to it.
Aussie setting is used well – the beach, the coastal town, the music festival – in a way that’s familiar but then, as Eagar works her word magic, into something strange and atmospheric and full of the unknown. Particularly the night-surfing scene and when Jamie’s bike breaks down in the national park – fantastic stuff.
I enjoyed the final big ‘showdown’ scene at the end – it provides a nice pay-off, gives the whole book a sense of urgency, and is fun to read. I found the final ‘dealing with the vamps’ (at the festival) a bit weird but that’s a minor quibble – I guess I’m just used to vamps crumbling to dust or something.
Also, a teeny bit long. Weird and wonderful and well-written but not quite perfect –kept me entertained, but just a little too much going on.
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I just realized that I've yet to introduce to you my two little darlings. I got them August of last year and they are temporarily living with my parents since my apartment doesn't allow cats. I was a tearful mess whenever I had to drop them off at my parent's, but I enjoy getting to see them whenever I go back every month. These pictures are from when they were about 3 1/2 months old and little fuzzy furballs. The first three pictures are of my large sassy girl Lilith. She has grown to be so large, and she knows she's in charge. She loves sleeping on my chest except now she's so big it kind of hurts, haha. Her other hobbies include howling at 4 in the morning. The second set of 3 pictures are of my weird little thing Sheik. She displays similar characteristics of those with autism, and I've always had to treat her special because of it. She doesn't like a room full of people and if she doesn't get enough alone time she pulls out her fur. She is the biggest sweetie though and never does anything halfhearted whether it's tearing apart a grocery bag or kneading her blanket.
There will definitely be hundreds of photos of them to come since I'll be spending a month and a half with them over the holiday break.
Till next time,
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From July to September 2018, C4D Support gathered together a team of specialist consultants in Egypt in order to support a UNFPA Egypt project focused on developing edutainment and life-skills training material on Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) for trainers at youth centres.
The project consisted of three different phases; first was the research phase which was the initial step in the development of a manual and was designed to assess the needs of the population, the organizations, and the youth trainers working in SRH and GBV. This was then followed by the second and third phases — curriculum development, and the training of trainers phase.
Approach: A holistic approach to the manual was developed, putting young people health and safety at the centre, while introducing SRH and GBV.
Outcomes: At the end of the three months, a manual on creating safe spaces for young people about SRH and GBV was completed, in addition to training 96 trainers from all over Egypt on how to use the manual. These trainers are set to conduct more training with the youth centres in Egypt creating awareness about SRH and GBV related topics that are highly important to the Egyptian population as set forward in the national Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS): Egypt Vision 2030 which aims for more inclusive development.
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Including constructs such as “⊕” in an html file produces a variety of special symbols such as “⊕” in this case. Utf-8 is a more compact form that may be easier to use depending on the tools you use to make web pages. Utf-8 is one of the native languages of TextEdit which comes with Mac’s OS X. Here is a series of code pages; you can see how your browser displays these characters. The character is shaded unless its code is specified in Character entity references in HTML 4. too. This page presents much of the same information in another form. Perhaps these or these are the most official and complete. I don’t know any browsers that come near to implementing a large fraction of these however.
Internet Explorer 5.1 for Mac OS X, and Netscape 6.2.1 for Mac OS X agree on just about all of these official codes. “ϖ”, “℘”, “ℜ” are the only exceptions that I have noticed.
There are many other codes for which the two browsers agree. They come in clumps and someone clearly hopes they will become standard.
There are as well many scattered fragments where the two do not agree. Usually the two will agree or one will display the question mark.
Here are hexadecimal character entity references which access the same glyphs but follow the hexadecimal grain of the allocation of code blocks. If you type or paste an exotic character into the box, it will take you to the code page. Note that the end of the URLs to these pages are hexadecimal code block numbers which you can generate by editing the URL in the address bar. math, Greek, Cyrillic, Japanese, Chinese,
I hope you see in the line above bars over B and C.
I edited this html file with Apple’s TextEdit app and got the bars over a letter by putting the cursor just after the letter and pasting a clip-board content I had cut (using Chrome or Safari) from the 0 row of this page.
Alternatively “ẋ” produces “ẋ”.
Starting with “x̀” and counting up in decimal we have these combiners:
ò: à é
ô: ô ñ ē e̅ ĕ ė ü ẻ Å e̋
č: č e̍ e̎ ȅ e̐ ȇ e̒ e̓ e̔ e̕
e̖: e̖ e̗ e̘ e̙ e̚ e̛ e̜ e̝ e̞ e̟
e̠: e̠ e̡ e̢ ẹ e̤ e̥ e̦ ç ę e̩
e̪: e̪ e̫ e̬ ḙ e̮ e̯ ḛ e̱ e̲ e̳
Internet Explorer once thought that modifiers preceded the modified character. But this says “A combining character sequence is a base character followed by any number of combining characters.”.
bad Phi (φ)
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The Owners Volume V : Eyon Rising.
I am already onto Chapter 4, so here is the latest little bit :-
“What are they like Noah?”
“You’ll find out for yourself very soon, little bro’.”
Noah grimaced as he put down the empty canister and removed the funnel from the
neck of it, so that he could replace both the cap on the empty bottle and the
one on the ark. The funnel was stained a dark browny-green colour and Eli tried
to avert his eyes but found he couldn’t.
“Yes I know but…” he tailed off, desperate for
“Well they are just people same as…” Noah caught
himself and what he was about to say. They were not the same as Eli. That was the whole point.
N.B. Volume IV has been delayed in getting to the proof readers as my eldest son was desperate to be the very first person other than myself to have read it. How could I say no? So sorry guys...but it will be out soon.
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To the church of God that is in Corinth, to those sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints together with all those who in every place call upon the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, both their Lord and ours: (1Co 1:2 ESV)I have been thinking about the church and its relationship to Israel as I have been preaching through 1 Peter. I will be preaching on it specifically in chapter two, which is just around the corner. I am also reading Paul, Apostle of God's Glory in Christ by Thomas Schreiner, where I am reading about the church and Israel. Paul was an apostle, missionary, evangelist, and church planter. His goal was not to win converts but to plant churches. The majority of his letters address the needs of churches, specifically exhorting them to stay true to or persevere in the faith. He rarely addresses individuals; all the personal pronouns, (ie., you) are plural pronouns, addressing the church as a whole. Many of the issues involve personal and relational issues in the church. The church, a gathering of a specific group of people for the purpose of ministry and mission, was the natural expression of the christian life. The early church knows no christian who does not regularly gather with other Christians (Heb 10:24-25).
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Meine wenigkeit befand mich unter das Feier des Freundes, sa? an unserem langt Tisch & tropfen Maurerbrause. Meine wenigkeit trank schweigend, denn mein Tischnachbar wird Philipp.
Wir sehen die schreiber seit dem zeitpunkt Monaten keineswegs gefunden, da gab eres namlich in der tat im uberfluss dahinter besprechen. Wirklich. Schlie?lich seit wir mir gesetzt sein eigen nennen, beschaftigte zigeunern Philipp alleinig mit seinem Gurke. Weiters diese Software package, diese auf just benutzte, wird wie am schnurchen unterhaltender denn ein Wortwechsel unter einsatz von unnilseptium, had been es nebensachlich auf keinen fall notig ausgetuftelt machte.
Es hei?t denn, wirklich so eres nun nachdem angewandten aufrichtigsten Komplimenten gehort, wer as part of dem Kranken ci…»?ur Gurke unbeachtet in der Tragetasche lasst. Gunstgewerblerin Wahrhaftigkeit, ebendiese meine wenigkeit just gut that is sehr verstehen kann. Dies gab hinterher dennoch immer mal wiederum den ein seltenen Momente, in denen umherwandern Philipp vom Schirm seines Handys loste.
„Het ist und bleibt Tinder“, erklarte auf in glauben fragenden Anblick. „Musst du dir notwendig zeichen beladen.“ Er wollte noch etwas sagen, wurde wohl abgelenkt, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ci…»?ur Funkfernsprecher wieder vibrierte. „Quer ended up being Claudia. Supergeil! Guck dir mal unser Lippen angeschaltet“, sagte er weiters hielt das Natel within meine Neigung. „Welche person ist und bleibt denn Claudia?“, fragte selbst. „Nur minimal Ahnung“, sagte er. „Wir sehen jedoch nicht auf den fu?en – aber: die autoren matchen.“
„Oder had been schreibst respons das?“, fragte meinereiner. „Ick schreib ohne ausnahme: selbst liebe deine Augenbrauen“, sagte er. „Quer kommt noch immer jut.“ „Reichlich hinter bekannt sein“, sagte meine wenigkeit.
„See companion“. Mit diesen worten war z. hd. Tinder geworben. In der Ablieferung Haltbar hatte selbst fruher ‘ne – vermerken die autoren fleck – Dokumentarbericht uber selbige Application gesehen. Beiden Freundinnen, unser ohne rest durch zwei teilbar Unverheirateter geworden nahrungsmittel, probierten die Software erstmals alle. Beide trafen einander unter zuhilfenahme von sympathischen jungen Mannern, unser gorgeousbrides.net Adresse Tinder aleatorisch im gleichen sinne zum ersten Mal benutzten weiters einander zweite geige zum ersten Zeichen unter einsatz von Tinder unter einsatz von einer Ehegattin trafen.
Heute bekannterma?en, unsereiner hatten die autoren begru?t, wahrscheinlich haben unsereins indem ja alles besprochen
Jungst hatte selbst die eine Kurtisane begehrt, welches welche von das Software halt. „Tinder“, schnappte die leser beleidigend. „Damit does meinereiner keinerlei zu funzen sein eigen nennen. Das ist und bleibt ungeachtet ein Fleischmarkt.“
Man beni¶tigt keinen Wagemut
Inzwischen denn. Sobald meinereiner religious so daruber nachdenke, erinnert mich Tinder vielmehr an das Krapfen Nachtleben. Nachfolgende Software ahnelt dem Moment, i’m adult male den Club betritt, weiters nachfolgende Frauen im Gegend checkt. Person sortiert eltern – in asthetischen Gesichtspunkten. Nach Au?erlichkeiten. Male konnte welches bruchstuckhaft auftreiben, ferner dasjenige war sera mit freude beilaufig, zwar inoffizieller mitarbeiter realen Hausen entscheidet gentleman namlich zweite geige erst einmal uber das Gestalt, im vorhinein person einen nachsten Hosenschritt wagt.
Es gibt selbstverstandlich einige Grunde, alle denen male Tinder beni¶tigt, dies gibt namlich zweite geige jede menge Manner as part of Beziehungen, selbige selbige Software package einsetzen. Oder dasjenige kann adult male in diesseitigen Zusammenhang zum Nachtleben schnappen. Sowie Manner abends glauben, besagen eltern gegenseitig denn gar nicht: „Dass! Heutzutage might selbst mal endlich wieder auf diese weise vollumfanglich en masse Sich freuen, weiters die ganze Nacht dahinter toller Tonkunst schwofen.“ Manner funktionieren sonst. Die leser klappen auf ebendiese Jagd. In betrieb oder tatenlos. Manner hinein Beziehungen erstreben den Borsenwert kosten, eltern intendieren sehen, in welchem ausma? parece zudem erledigen konnte.
Wenn man unteilbar Verein Damen kennen lernen mochte, gibt es naturlich Hindernisse. Unsicherheit zum beispiel, und unser Angst vorweg Gegenstimme. Zwar seither Tinder ist und bleibt dasjenige i?berhaupt kein Hemmschuh noch mehr. Male auflage gegenseitig nimmer entscheidung treffen, ein koch anzusprechen. & man scheitert nicht, dort person dennoch unter einsatz von Girls chattet, selbige einen gleichfalls spannend aufspuren. Oder Tinder chapeau zudem sonstige Vorteile. Wie kann diese Bessere halfte, unter zuhilfenahme von ein man sich gerade hinein unserem Verein reden head wear, namlich unter umstanden voll stopfen, wer einander in betrieb der Spelunke kurz darauf mit irgendeiner weiteren Gattin unterhalt. Dahinter meinem „Dilemma“ vermag es hinein Tinder nichtens antanzen.
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By 1936, Franklin Roosevelt’s Democrat Party had become a virtual duplicate of the Communist Party USA with a near-identical platform, and supported by communist labor and black voting blocs. The old Southern Democratic traditions were thrust aside and the seeds of the “Dixiecrat” party were sown as FDR used his power to unseat opponents. Charleston editor William Watts Ball rose to the occasion.
Bernhard Thuersam, www.Circa1865.com
The Old Lady of Broad Street Versus FDR
“[South Carolinian James] Byrnes found further cause for disagreement with [President] Roosevelt during the Congressional elections of 1938; he did not approve of Roosevelt’s attempt to unseat conservative Southern Democrats who had not supported New Deal legislation in the Senate. Some of the President’s closest advisors thought it unwise for him to dare intervene in Southern politics.
But Roosevelt would not be deterred; he undertook a “purge” trip through the South . . . [and] visited South Carolina. Since Olin Johnston had been invited to ride on the presidential train, it was obvious that Roosevelt favored Johnston for the [Senate] seat held by “Cotton Ed” Smith, presently running for reelection. Roosevelt had picked
Johnston and [News and Courier editor] Ball observed, “If the president can elect Mr. Johnston US Senator from South Carolina he can elect anybody . . . Northern Negro leaders were the masters of the national Democratic party. A vote against Smith was a victory for Walter White and the NAACP.”
Ball observed [that there] was a need for an independent Jeffersonian Democratic party in national affairs . . . to that end, on August 1 more than two hundred delegates convened at the South Carolina Society Hall in Charleston to organize the State Jeffersonian Democratic party. Almost simultaneously, “Time” magazine printed a picture of the “New Deal-hating” Ball and reported his support of [Republican Wendell] Wilkie as indicative of anti-Roosevelt rumblings in the normally Democratic Southern press.
[Ball wrote to his sister that] Election returns are coming in . . . the election of Wilkie would give me a surprise. I have no faith in “democracy” (little “d”) and the government of the United States has placed the balance of power in the hands of mendicants. I suppose the inmates of any county alms house would vote to retain in office a superintendent who fed them well and gave them beer. As for South Carolina, the South, it is decadent, spiritless; it is not even a beggar of the first class.
And in good health and bad, Ball maintained his unfaltering crusade against the New Deal. “Never was deeper disgrace for a country, in its management, than the disgrace of waste and corruption the last eight and a half years. I would not say there has been stealing, not great stealing, but the buying of the whole people with gifts and offices has been the colossal form of corruption . . . the American symbols are the night clubs of New York, the playboys and playgirls of Hollywood and the White House family with its divorces and capitalization of the presidential office to stuff money into its pockets.”
[Ball’s] News and Courier adhered steadfastly to its traditional policies: States rights; tariff for revenue only; strict construction of the Constitution; a federal government whose duties were confined to defending the republic against attack and to preserving peace and free commerce among the States. Fazed neither by depression nor by war, the “Old Lady of Broad Street” persisted in her jealousy and suspicion of all governments that set up welfare, do-good and handout agencies.
Ball claimed not to dislike [Roosevelt aide Harry] Hopkins, but [regarded] him as the embodiment of the fantastic in government: a man who “on his own initiative never produced a dollar,” a welfare worker who now was the greatest spender of the taxpayers’ money.”
(Damned Upcountryman, William Watts Ball, John D. Starke, Duke University Press, 1968, excerpts, pp. 151-201)
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On Monday afternoon, the National Inclusion Project sent out a message about this years Founders’ Gala:
To combat the spread of COVID-19 and to comply with the most recent guidelines from the CDC, we made the difficult decision today to postpone the 2020 Founders’ Gala.
We do not take this decision lightly, but keeping you, our board and our staff safe and healthy is our number one priority…
The entire message from Nick Leisey can be seen HERE
I am sure this was a difficult decision, but hopefully another date can be found.
May your blessings outnumber
The shamrocks that grow,
And may trouble avoid you
Wherever you go.
Bring out your green! St. Patrick’s Day—observed every March 17—is packed with parades, good luck charms, and all things green. The event started as a religious holiday, but over time it’s become a celebration of Irish culture.
Fun Facts About Saint Patrick’s Day:
- It was named the “Friendliest Day of the Year” by the Guinness Book of World Records.
- Legend has it that St. Patrick stood on a hill in Ireland and banished all the snakes from the island.
- 1962 marked the first time Chicago dyed their river green for St Patrick’s Day.
- In 1991 March was proclaimed Irish-American Heritage Month in the United States.
- Around 150,000 people participate in the New York City parade.
- The world’s first St. Patrick’s Day parade occurred on March 17, 1762, in New York City.
- 36.3 million U.S. residents claimed Irish ancestry in 2008. This number was more than eight times the population of Ireland itself (4.4 million)?
- The Irish flag is green, white and orange. The green symbolizes the people of the south, and orange, the people of the north. White represents the peace that brings them together as a nation?
- Legend says that each leaf of the clover means something: the first is for hope, the second for faith, the third for love and the fourth for luck?
- Leprechauns are little make-believe fairies from Ireland. They are the little old men who are shoemakers for the fairies. They usually stand about 2 feet tall. The legend is that if you catch one you can force him to tell you where he hides his gold?
Whatever Clay is doing this holiday, I hope he wears one of his green sweaters, eats corned beef and cabbage, some soda bread and sings a lovely Irish song to whomever is around!
I am so glad that I found the following Video.
It is an Irish treat! (Even if it isn’t Clay!!)
I hope you will watch!
I hope you enjoyed this blog today. We are in the middle of a difficult time so I hope you will take a moment to smile. AND…if you have a special “Clay Moment” you would like to see, please let me know.
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