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congress022630.txt_1 | Marianne-Europe | Open Government | Various open data | null | None | None | French | Spoken | 1,420 | 2,313 | Council of Europe
Conseil de l'Europe
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CONGRESS022630
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
Congrès des pouvoirs locaux et régionaux de l'Europe
Strasbourg, le 16 juin 1998
CPL/GT/CEAL (5) 1
s:\delai.jsVearcomp2Nquestf2
Groupe de Travail
sur
"La Charte européenne de l'autonomie locale"
2e QUESTIONNAIRE
SUR LES COMPÉTENCES DES COLLECTIVITÉS LOCALES
adressé aux membres du Groupe d'experts indépendants
sur la Charte européenne de l'autonomie locale
Il s'agit d'un second questionnaire légèrement différent du premier et plus complet, notamment pour
ce qui concerne la définition précise des compétences locales. Il est demandé aux experts qui ont
déjà répondu au premier questionnaire de bien vouloir compléter leurs réponses en cas de nécessité
et, surtout, de répondre aux questions nouvelles.
Il est à noter que les collectivités concernées par ce questionnaire sont les collectivités
décentralisées non dotées de pouvoirs législatifs (donc à l'exception notamment des entités
fédérées).
Il est demandé aux experts de distinguer précisément dans chacune de leurs réponses entre
les communes et collectivités de deuxième et éventuellement de troisième niveau (province,
département, comté, région, etc).
1.
Quels sont les principes généraux sur lesquels repose la répartition des compétences entre
les collectivités locales et le pouvoir central ?
2.
Quelles sont les classifications usitées en matière de compétences (compétence.^
facultatives/obligatoires, normatives/d'exécution, ...) ? Distingue-t-on entre des intérêts
locaux, généraux ou mixtes ?
3.
Indiquer notamment si la distinction entre compétences propres et compétences déléguées
est reçue. Si oui, quel est le critère de répartition entre les deux, à quel niveau (législation,
jurisprudence, pratique, doctrine) cette distinction s'établit-elle et quelles sont les
conséquences qu'on y attache (sur le plan notamment du contrôle, du financement ou de la
responsabilité) ?
4.
De quelle manière les compétences sont-elles définies :
a.
existe-t-il une clause générale de compétence et, si oui, à quel niveau de norme :
(constitution, loi, règlement) ?
b.
existe-t-il une énumération des diverses compétences des collectivités locales ? dans
quel type de norme :est-ce que la question des compétences est traitée ou même
simplement évoquée dans la loi générale (organique ou loi-cadre) sur les collectivités
locales ou le gouvernement? ;existe-t-il une loi-cadre sur les compétences des
collectivités locales ?
c.
votre pays a-t-il choisi la première ou la deuxième solution ou les deux à la fois ?
d.
quels sont les rôles respectifs des pouvoirs législatif et exécutif dans l'attribution des
compétences locales ?
5.
Les collectivités locales ont-elles le droit de prendre des initiatives dans des domaines qui
ne sont pas expressément exclus de leur compétence générale ou attribués à d'autres
autorités ? Ce droit est-il reconnu dans la loi ou dans la Constitution ou résulte-t-il des
principes généraux d'interprétation en vigueur ? A quelles conditions une collectivité locale
peut-elle se voir interdire d'intervenir dans une matière ?
6.
Dans quelle mesure le principe de subsidiarité tel qu'il est établi à l'article 4 paragraphe 3
de la Charte européenne de l'autonomie locale est-il consacré ? Est-il à la base des normes
répartitrices de compétences ou s'agit-il d'une condition d'exercice par les différentes
collectivités des compétences qui leur sont attribuées ?
7.
Les collectivités locales ont-elles la possibilité de donner leur point de vue en cas de
modification de leurs compétences (notamment par voie de consultation) ?
8.
Les compétences générales des collectivités locales sont-elles pleines, entières et exclusives ?
9.
Les collectivités ont-elles effectivement la capacité de gérer leurs compétences ? Pensez-vous
que les collectivités locales prennent en charge dans votre pays « une part importante des
affaires publiques ? Les moyens financiers dont elles disposent sont-ils proportionnés à ces
compétences? A défaut de pouvoir réaliser une évaluation comparative globale entre les
compétences et les moyens financiers, il sera sans doute possible de fournir une répartition
fonctionnelle des dépenses (par exemple en % du total consacré à tel ou tel type d'action :
éducation, action sociale...)-De même serait-il intéressant de connaître des exemples concrets
montrant les écarts entre l'importance de la compétence et les finances attribuées. Les lois
réalisant des transferts ponctuels entre l'Etat central et les collectivités locales peuvent
également fournir des indices concrets de la manière dont le législateur ou le gouvernement
conçoivent dans votre pays l'application du principe d'équivalence entre les ressources et les
charges.
10.
Dans quelle mesure et selon quels critères les collectivités locales sont-elles appelées à
exécuter des fonctions pour le compte d'autorités supérieures ?
11.
Citer de manière détaillée les compétences des collectivités territoriales en distinguant entre
la commune et la collectivité de deuxième ou de troisième niveau (province, département,
comté, région, etc) non dotées de pouvoirs législatifs (donc à l'exception notamment des
entités fédérées) en les regroupant selon les rubriques prévues ci-dessous.
Préciser à chaque fois dans quelle mesure les collectivités concernées disposent d'un pouvoir
réglementaire ou d'un pouvoir d'exécution, notamment sur le plan individuel, ainsi que le
mode de financement de la compétence en cause lorsqu'il ne s'agit pas des impôts locaux ou
de la subvention générale. Donner à tout le moins la répartition fonctionnelle des dépenses des
collectivités pour ce qui concerne leurs budget et comptes.
A noter qu'une présentation sous forme de tableaux n'a pas été retenue de manière à permettre de
fournir au lecteur une information aussi précise que possible.
a.
Sécurité, police et justice
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
sécurité en général et maintien de l'ordre public
police (en ce compris le statut du personnel de police)
justice (notamment pour ce qui concerne les locaux)
protection civile
lutte contre l'incendie
registres de la population (en ce compris les étrangers) et des électeurs
b.
Education
Indiquer les compétences en matière de programme, personnel (statut et salaires), bâtiment
(construction et entretien) en distinguant selon les différents niveaux d'enseignement (préscolaire,
primaire, secondaire, supérieur, professionnel et technique, ainsi que l'éducation des adultes, etc).
c.
Santé
Indiquer notamment les compétences en matière d'établissements de soins pour ce qui concerne les
bâtiments (construction et entretien), le personnel ainsi qu'éventuellement le matériel. Compléter
cette rubrique par tout autre élément intéressant en la matière.
d.
Action sociale
Indiquer les diverses compétences des collectivités pour ce qui concerne les crèches et garderies
pour enfants, l'aide aux familles, l'aide à la jeunesse et à la vieillesse, les maisons de repos et l'aide
sociale en général, en ce compris les handicapés, les minorités et les étrangers. Préciser si ce?
prestations sont payées par les collectivités locales pour leur propre compte ou pour le compte de
l'Etat.
e.
Aménagement du territoire et urbanisme
Préciser le rôle exact des collectivités territoriales dans l'élaboration des plans d'aménagement de
l'espace et leurs compétences en matière de délivrance des autorisations de lotir et de bâtir, ainsi que
pour ce qui concerne la protection des monuments et des sites (patrimoine culturel et ancien).
f.
Logement
Expliciter le rôle des collectivités territoriales en matière de logement, notamment pour ce qui
concerne les logement sociaux à loyer modéré, la rénovation des bâtiments, etc.
g.
Environnement
Détailler le rôle des collectivités territoriales en matière de prévention et de lutte contre la pollution
de l'eau (épuration), de l'air, des sols et par le bruit, ainsi qu'en matière d'ordures ménagères et de
déchets (stockage, tri, traitement, incinération), d'abattoirs et de cimetières ainsi que pour la chasse
et la pêche.
h.
Culture, loisirs et sports
Indiquer le rôle des collectivités territoriales pour ce qui concerne les musées, bibliothèques,
théâtres, salles de spectacle, sports, loisirs, les parcs et les espaces verts.
i.
Circulation et transport
Préciser les compétences des collectivités territoriales en matière de police de la circulation routière,
voirie, modes de transports collectifs par route (bus, tramways) ou par rail, ainsi que pour ce qui
concerne les infrastructures tels que les gares, ports aéroports,...
j.
Énergie
Préciser le rôle des collectivités territoriales en matière de distribution d'énergie (gaz, eau, électricité,
k.
Économie
Préciser les compétences des collectivités en matière d'économie, d'agriculture, de commerce et
d'industrie, ainsi que de tourisme et d'emploi (promotion de l'emploi, lutte contre le chômage,
formation professionnelle). Préciser à cet égard l'importance du principe de la liberté du commerce
et de l'industrie au regard du droit des collectivités locales d'intervenir en matière économique.
1.
Cultes
Quel est le rôle exact des collectivités territoriales en matière de cultes ?
Pour ce qui concerne les associations de communes, indiquer de la manière la plus précise possible
les différents domaines dans lesquels celles-ci interviennent.
12.
Existe-t-il aujourd'hui un débat sur la manière dont les compétences locales sont définies ?
Quels sont les éléments de ce débat et les perspectives d'évolution ?.
| 1,311 |
https://openalex.org/W2605332431 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,017 | Comparisons of the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale—Parent Version in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Anxious Children | Magdalena Glod | English | Spoken | 10,968 | 21,575 | Glod M, Cresswell C, Waite P, Jamieson R, McConachie HR,
Don South M, Rodgers J. Comparisons of the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the
Spence Children's Anxiety Scale - Parent Version in Children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Anxious Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (2017)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3118-0 Glod M, Cresswell C, Waite P, Jamieson R, McConachie HR,
Don South M, Rodgers J. Comparisons of the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the
Spence Children's Anxiety Scale - Parent Version in Children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Anxious Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (2017)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3118-0 Copyright: © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. DOI link to article: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3118-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3118-0 Comparisons of the Factor Structure and Measurement
Invariance of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale—Parent
Version in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
and Typically Developing Anxious Children Magdalena Glod1 · Cathy Creswell2 · Polly Waite2 · Ruth Jamieson3,6 ·
Helen McConachie4 · Mikle Don South5 · Jacqui Rodgers1,3 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale—Parent
version (SCAS-P) is often used to assess anxiety in chil-
dren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), however, little
is known about the validity of the tool in this population. The aim of this study was to determine whether the SCAS-
P has the same factorial validity in a sample of young peo-
ple with ASD (n = 285), compared to a sample of typically
developing young people with anxiety disorders (n = 224). Poor model fit with all of the six hypothesised models pre-
cluded invariance testing. Exploratory factor analysis indi-
cated that different anxiety phenomenology characterises
the two samples. The findings suggest that cross-group
comparisons between ASD and anxious samples based on
the SCAS-P scores may not always be appropriate. Keywords Anxiety · SCAS-P · Measurement invariance ·
Autism spectrum disorder · Anxiety disorders Date deposited: Newcastle University ePrints - eprint.ncl.ac.uk J Autism Dev Disord
DOI 10.1007/s10803-017-3118-0 S.I. : ANXIETY IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS Introduction Anxiety is a common health concern in children with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), affecting between
11–84% (White et al. 2009) compared to 3–24% of typi-
cally developing children (Green and Ben-Sasson 2010). A meta-analysis (Van Steensel et al. 2011) reported that
nearly 40% of individuals with ASD display clinical levels
of anxiety and anxiety is one of the most common comor-
bid psychiatric disorders in children with ASD (Simonoff
et al. 2008). Furthermore, anxiety problems can lead to
increased maladaptive behaviour (Kim et al. 2000), unem-
ployment, and chronic mental health difficulties among
young people with ASD (Farrugia and Hudson 2006). Although the recognition of anxiety problems in ASD has a
long history, starting as early as with the first description of
autism by Kanner (1943), the assessment and treatment of
anxiety in individuals with ASD has only recently begun to
receive the empirical attention it needs and deserves (Rodg-
ers et al. 2012; White et al. 2009). There remains a critical
need for the development of valid and reliable assessment
measures to accurately identify anxiety in children and
young people with ASD. 1
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Level 3,
Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen
Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK 4
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Level
3, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary,
Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK Introduction Rates reported
for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety
disorder (SAD) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
vary widely across studies in ASD (2.6–36.7% for OCD;
0.5–27.3% for SAD; and 1.2–45.2% for GAD; Van Steen-
sel et al. 2011). Understanding this variability is important
and it may be that it is influenced by a number of factors,
including the specific challenges of accurately measuring
anxiety in ASD. y
The presentation of anxiety in children with and with-
out ASD shares some common features, such as social
fears that are characteristic of social phobia (Settipani et al. 2012). However, there may also be some unique aspects of
anxiety in ASD, for example there is evidence for an asso-
ciation between anxiety and both sensory over-responsivity
(Ben-Sasson et al. 2008; Green and Ben-Sasson 2010) and
impairment in social functioning in ASD (Bellini 2004,
2006). Thus, young people with ASD may be predisposed
to anxiety as a result of a range of ASD-specific factors. Furthermore, there is also evidence that anxiety can exac-
erbate some of the features of ASD, such as repetitive
behaviours (Sofronoff et al. 2005). Kanner (1943) observed
that “an insistence on sameness, and the repertoire of fixed
behaviours and routines” appeared to have a strong asso-
ciation with anxiety (Kanner 1943, as cited in; Gillot et al. 2001, p. 277). Features of ASD and symptoms of anxiety
may however overlap and prove difficult to delineate (Gje-
vik et al. 2010). For example, repetitive behaviours seen in
ASD can be difficult to differentiate from the compulsive
behaviours found in OCD (Zandt et al. 2009). Also atypi-
cal anxiety symptoms have been reported to be associated
with ASD symptomatology, strengthening the overlap and
relationship of anxiety and repetitive and restricted behav-
iours in ASD (Kerns et al. 2014). Furthermore, Mikita
et al. (2016) suggested putative links between predispos-
ing ASD traits and subsequent anxiety responses, possi-
bly underpinned by a distinct pathophysiological mecha-
nism. The authors indicated a possibility of distinguishing
a distinct nosological category of individuals with ASD
and comorbid anxiety that should be researched in its own
right. That highlights the need for measures that include
anxiety-related items that are specific to the phenomenol-
ogy of anxiety in ASD (Rodgers et al. 2016). Rodgers and
colleagues (2016) have recently developed the first autism-
specific anxiety scale (ASC-ASD) with evidence of good
reliability and validity. Introduction * Jacqui Rodgers
[email protected]
1
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Level 3,
Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen
Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
2
Anxiety and Depression in Young People (AnDY)
Research Clinic, School of Psychology and Clinical
Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate,
Reading RG6 6AL, UK
3
School of Psychology, Newcastle University, 4th
Floor, Ridley Building 1, Queen Victoria Road,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
4
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Level
3, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary,
Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
5
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245
TLRB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
6
Present Address: Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS, Glasgow,
Scotland, UK 1
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Level 3,
Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen
Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK 2
Anxiety and Depression in Young People (AnDY)
Research Clinic, School of Psychology and Clinical
Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate,
Reading RG6 6AL, UK 2
Anxiety and Depression in Young People (AnDY)
Research Clinic, School of Psychology and Clinical
Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate,
Reading RG6 6AL, UK 3
School of Psychology, Newcastle University, 4th
Floor, Ridley Building 1, Queen Victoria Road,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK 3
School of Psychology, Newcastle University, 4th
Floor, Ridley Building 1, Queen Victoria Road,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK MacNeil, Lopes and Minnes (2009) reported that young
people with ASD have higher levels of anxiety than typi-
cally developing children and comparable levels of anxi-
ety to typically developing clinically anxious children. As
is the case among typically developing populations, some
forms of anxiety appear to be more common than others in
children with ASD (Van Steensel et al. Introduction 2011); for example
specific phobias are more common than separation anxiety 4
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Level
3, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary,
Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK 4
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Level
3, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary,
Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK 5
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245
TLRB, Provo, UT 84602, USA 6
Present Address: Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS, Glasgow,
Scotland, UK (0123
1 3 (0121 J Autism Dev Disord these instruments has been called into question. Van Steen-
sel, Deutschman and Bögels (2013) evaluated the parent-
report Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disor-
ders (SCARED-71; Bodden et al. 2009) for use in ASD. They reported that although psychometric properties of the
measure were comparable for ASD and anxiety-disordered
groups, alternative cut-off scores were recommended for
young people with ASD. White, Schry and Maddox (2012)
provided mixed evidence for the reliability and validity
of both the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children
(MASC) and the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inven-
tory-4 ASD Anxiety Scale when used with adolescents
diagnosed with high functioning autism. The authors found
that the measures had acceptable internal consistency, and
there was evidence of discriminant validity, however,the
youth self-report was found to have a questionable valid-
ity. Kaat and Lecavalier (2015) evaluated the self- and
parent-reported revised child anxiety and depression scale
(RCADS) and a more recent version of the MASC among
youth with ASD and raised some concerns regarding the
construct validity of anxiety in ASD as measured by these
scales. More concerns were particularly raised about the
interpretation and validity of child/youth self-report anxi-
ety screening measures in the ASD group (Mazefsky et al. 2011; White et al. 2012). Moreover, acceptable internal
consistency, modest convergent validity, and question-
able divergent validity in separating anxiety from attention
problems in ASD on the RCADS suggested that more con-
vincing evidence is needed to use the tool in ASD (Sterling
et al. 2015). and panic disorder. Sukhodolsky et al. (2008) report the
prevalence rates for specific phobias, separation anxiety
and panic disorder in children with ASD aged between 5
and 17, as 31, 10.5 and 0.0%, respectively. 3 ASD Sample This group consisted of parents of 285 children and ado-
lescents with ASD, recruited from four sources. Most chil-
dren and adolescents (211participants, 181 male, mean age
in months = 147.95, SD = 24.1; range 8–16 years old) were
seen by health and education teams in the North East of
England, recruited through Daslne (Database of Children
with Autism Spectrum Disorder Living in the North East);
McConachie et al. 2009). The second group consisted
of those who took part in the Beating Anxiety Together
(BAT) project (McConachie et al. 2014), an intervention
programme created for children and adolescents with ASD
who also had comorbid high anxiety (21 participants, 20
male, mean age in months = 137.05, SD = 16.22; range
8.92–13.58 years old). The third group (19 participants,
16 male, mean age in months = 139.74, SD = 29.66; range
8.83–15.58 years old) took part in the UK part of the ‘Fun
and Games’ study investigating decision making styles
used by individuals with ASD (Boulter et al. 2014; South
et al. 2014). Finally, 34 participants (29 male, mean age in
months = 139.50, SD = 35.90; range 7.05–17.09 years old)
were recruited for a study based at Newcastle University,
UK, investigating the relation between executive function-
ing, sensory processing and anxiety (Darus, unpublished
PhD). All children were diagnosed through a multidiscipli-
nary team assessment following the guidelines of the UK
National Autism Plan for Children (Le Couteur 2003). All
met criteria for ASD on the Autism Diagnostic Observation
Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al. 2000), administered and rated To our knowledge, there has been no attempt to use
measurement invariance to compare separate clinical
groups. The aims of this study were two-fold. Firstly, to
determine the factor structure for the SCAS-P in a sample
of young people with ASD and to compare it with the fac-
tor structure derived from a sample of clinically-anxious
young people without ASD, and in the combined sample to
ensure adequate fit to consider invariance. Secondly, to use
measurement invariance techniques to determine whether
SCAS-P items function in the same way in children with
ASD and anxious children without ASD, in order to estab-
lish whether cross-groups comparisons using the SCAS-P
are appropriate and meaningful. Introduction The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale-Parent (SCAS-P;
Spence 1998) is frequently used in ASD research (Chalfant
et al. 2006; McConachie et al. 2014; Rodgers et al. 2012;
Russell and Sofronoff 2005; Sung et al. 2011). The SCAS-P
is a parent-completed questionnaire for assessing the sever-
ity of a range of anxiety symptoms. It has been reported to
be a reliable and valid tool for screening anxiety symp-
toms in typically developing children (Nauta et al. 2004). The parent-report measure also has high correspondence
with the well-validated self-report Spence Children’s Anxi-
ety Scale (SCAS; Nauta et al. 2004). Russell and Sofronoff
(2005) found both parent and child versions of the question-
naire had high internal reliability in ASD samples. Findings
from the recent psychometric work done on the question-
naire showed that there was overall moderately good agree-
ment between caregivers’ and ASD children’s reporting of
anxiety symptoms using the SCAS-P and the SCAS (Magiati
et al. 2014); and suggested that the SCAS-P could be a use-
ful screening tool for anxiety disorders in ASD (Zainal et al. 2014). A recent systematic review of outcome measures used
in anxiety intervention studies for high-functioning children
with ASD suggested that the SCAS-P, its revised version, the
RCADS, and the SCARED had the most robust measurement Generally, the assessment of anxiety in ASD has relied
on measures originally validated for use in typically devel-
oping populations (White et al. 2009). Given the distinct
challenges of measuring anxiety in ASD, the precision of 1 3 3 J Autism Dev Disord properties (Wigham and McConachie 2014). However, there
was little or no evidence for some aspects (e.g. responsive-
ness to change and content validity). Little is yet known about
the reliability or validity of the SCAS-P as a measure of anxi-
ety in children with ASD. parents rate the frequency of occurrence of anxiety symp-
toms on a four-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 0
(never) to three (always). Thus, higher scores indicate
increased levels of anxiety. SCAS-P mean norms for the
total score in healthy children and young people range
between 11.8 and 16, increasing to 30.1 to 33 in anxiety
disordered children and adolescents (Nauta et al. 2004). Participants The study involved analysis of archival data pooled from
several different settings. Introduction The scale provides a total anxiety score as well as six sub-
scale scores developed to reflect symptoms characterized
by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis-
orders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV): panic and agoraphobia;
separation anxiety; social phobia; physical injury fears;
OCD, and GAD. The proposed 6-factor structure has been
supported by confirmatory factor analyses (Nauta et al. 2004). The SCAS-P is reported to have satisfactory to
excellent reliability and shows acceptable validity for anx-
ious children (Nauta et al. 2004). properties (Wigham and McConachie 2014). However, there
was little or no evidence for some aspects (e.g. responsive-
ness to change and content validity). Little is yet known about
the reliability or validity of the SCAS-P as a measure of anxi-
ety in children with ASD. It remains unclear whether the SCAS-P measures the
same constructs in ASD as it does in typically developing
clinically anxious children (without ASD). Moreover, the
subsequent question of whether this instrument measures
the construct in the same way, should also be addressed to
enable valid comparisons of observed scores across groups
to be made. Further investigation is required to enable con-
fidence that the scale functions in the same way across clin-
ical groups. In order to establish whether a given measure of a par-
ticular latent construct (such as anxiety) performs similarly
across the groups, it has been suggested that measure-
ment invariance should be first performed (Vandenberg
and Lance 2000). Only then can meaningful comparisons
between groups be made as measurement invariance anal-
ysis indicates whether the instrument measures the same
construct in the same way across different populations or
groups (Millsap and Kwok 2004).For example, Garnaat
and Norton (2010) assessed measurement invariance of the
Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale across four racial/
ethnic groups (namely, White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic). They found generally stable properties although high-
lighted some concern that some scales may underestimate
diagnosis of OCD in Black groups. ASD Sample Due to concerns raised
about both validity and interpretation child/youth self-
report anxiety measures in the ASD group, the parent ver-
sion of the SCAS was the main focus of this study. Anxious Sample The anxiety-disorder group included data from parents
of non-ASD, clinically anxious children and adolescents
referred to the Berkshire Child Anxiety Clinic, University
of Reading, UK. SCAS-P data from this sample was col-
lected from parents of 224 (150 male) children and adoles-
cents with a mean age in months of 144.92 (SD = 32.82,
range 8–17 years old). The mean total score of the SCAS-P
was 38.47 (SD = 17.02). The means of subscales were as
follow: panic attack and agoraphobia: 5.44 (SD = 4.93),
separation anxiety: 7.56 (SD = 4.26), physical injury fears:
4.60 (SD = 2.77), social phobia: 9.11 (SD = 4.35), obses-
sive compulsive: 3.98 (SD = 3.57), generalized anxiety dis-
order: 7.78 (SD = 3.63). Measure The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale-Parent Version
(SCAS-P; Spence 1998) is a 38-item checklist, where The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale-Parent Version
(SCAS-P; Spence 1998) is a 38-item checklist, where 1 3 1 3 J Autism Dev Disord an experienced diagnostician (Consultant Clinical Psychol-
ogist). The assessor and the consensus team independently
allocated diagnoses and CSRs. Following the administra-
tion of 20 child or 20 parent interviews, inter-rater reliabil-
ity for each assessor was checked, and if assessors achieved
reliability of at least 0.85 they were then required to dis-
cuss one in six interviews with the consensus team (to pre-
vent inter-rater drift). Overall reliability for the team was
excellent. As different assessors interviewed the parent and
child simultaneously reliability figures for parent and child
report were calculated separately. Reliability for presence
or absence of diagnosis on the ADIS-C/P was kappa = 0.98
(child report), 0.98 (mother report); and for the CSR intra-
class correlation = .99 (child report), 0.99 (mother report). Reliability for presence or absence of maternal diagnosis
on the ADIS was kappa = 0.97; and for the CSR intra-class
correlation = .99. Primary anxiety diagnoses for the sam-
ple were generalised anxiety disorder (n = 55), social pho-
bia (n = 61), separation anxiety disorder (n = 40), specific
phobia (n = 41), OCD (n = 3), agoraphobia without panic
disorder (n = 9), anxiety disorder not otherwise specified
(ADNOS; n = 5), and panic disorder (n = 10). from video by trained raters who maintained over 80%
agreement with consensus ADOS ratings. In all cases, one
parent completed the SCAS-P, reporting on their child’s
symptoms of anxiety. The mean of the SCAS-P total score
was 33.85 (SD = 19.65) in the ASD sample. The means of
subscales were as follow: Panic attack and agoraphobia:
4.75 (SD = 4.48), separation anxiety: 5.97 (SD = 4.12),
physical injury fears: 4.87 (SD = 3.24), social phobia: 7.26
(SD = 4.90), obsessive compulsive: 5.00 (SD = 3.93), gen-
eralized anxiety disorder: 6.00 (SD = 3.76). Analysis Plan All analyses were conducted using SPSS 21 (IBM SPSS
Statistics for Windows, Released 2012) and AMOS 21.0.0
(Arbuckle 2012) software programs. There were missing
values only in our anxious sample. There were no particu-
lar patterns in the missing data, allowing the data to be
treated as missing completely at random. Participants with
over 20% of missing item level data were removed (n = 3)
to minimalize randomness in our dataset. For the remaining
participants the maximum likelihood estimation method of
data imputation was used to complete the dataset. (
)
For that sample, on receipt of referral, parents completed
a number of screening questionnaires to ensure that anxi-
ety was the primary concern. This screening included the
Social Communication Questionnaire to screen for char-
acteristics of ASD (Rutter et al. 2003). Where children
scored above clinical cut-offs (≥15) further investigations
were conducted to ensure that children did not meet crite-
ria for ASD. All children met diagnostic criteria for a pri-
mary anxiety disorder as established by the Anxiety Disor-
ders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV structured interview
(ADIS-C/P; Silverman and Albano 1996), a structured
diagnostic interview with well-established psychometric
properties (Silverman et al. 2001). Where children met
symptom criteria for a diagnosis they were assigned a clini-
cal severity rating (CSR) ranging from 0 (complete absence
of psychopathology) to eight (severe psychopathology). As
is conventional, overall diagnoses and CSRs were assigned
if the child met diagnostic criteria on the basis of either
child or parent report, and the higher CSR of the two was
taken. Only those who met symptom criteria with a CSR of
four or more (moderate psychopathology) were considered
to meet diagnostic criteria. Assessors (psychology gradu-
ates) were trained on the administration and scoring of the
ADIS and ADIS-C/P through verbal instruction, listening
to assessment audio-recordings and participating in diag-
nostic consensus discussions. The first 20 interviews con-
ducted were then discussed with a consensus team, led by Confirmatory Factor Analysis In the anxious, ASD and combined (both anxious and
ASD) samples, six models, including: (1) one factor, (2)
six uncorrelated factors, (3) six correlated factors, (4) six
correlated factors and one higher order factor, (5) five cor-
related factors and generalized anxiety as one higher-order
factor, and (6) five correlated factors (with GAD subscale
excluded), were tested. The goodness of fit indices are sum-
marised in Table 1. Overall, fit indices fell below the generally recom-
mended ranges for good fit in each model. Due to poor
models’ fit subsequent invariance testing was not conducted
as there was not enough evidence to assess invariance. Measurement Invariance The measurement invariance technique can be implemented
by running a multi-group analysis of the factor structure
that underlies the data of two groups (Byrne and Camp-
bell 1999). The following sequence of four nested models
is usually tested (see Cheung and Rensvold 2002; Schmitt
and Kuljanin 2008): configural invariance; metric invari-
ance; scalar invariance; and residual (uniqueness) invari-
ance. In the configural invariance model, the same factor
structure is implied for two or more groups of participants
entered into the analysis. The values of the parameters (i.e. factor loadings, intercepts, residual variances) may vary
across the groups, as no equality constraints are imposed. In the metric invariance model whether the values of the
factor loadings are the same across groups is tested; hence
item loadings are constrained to be equal across groups. Scalar invariance tests latent factor mean differences across
groups and is evaluated by constraining the intercepts of
measures to be the same across groups. In the residual
model items unique variances are constrained to be equal Confirmatory Factor Analysis Confirmatory Factor Analysis In order to determine the factor structure of the SCAS-P, a
confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), using structural equa-
tion modelling, in AMOS, was conducted with data from
the anxious and ASD samples separately, and then in the
combined sample, in order to determine the best-fitting fac-
tor structure and assess invariance. Six hypothesised mod-
els were tested subsequently. Five were the DSM-IV-based
symptom models suggested by Nauta et al. (2004) includ-
ing: (1) one factor, (2) six uncorrelated factors, (3) six cor-
related factors, (4) six correlated factors and one higher
order factor, and (5) five correlated factors and generalized
anxiety as one higher-order factor. For anxiety disordered
children, as suggested by Nauta et al. (2004), support was
found for six intercorrelated factors (separation anxiety,
generalized anxiety, social phobia, panic/agoraphobia, 3 3 J Autism Dev Disord OCD, and fear of physical injuries) and a model with gen-
eralized anxiety as the higher order factor for the other five
factors. There is no support in the literature that either of
the models would fit ASD sample. The sixth model tested
in this study was based on work done by Jamieson et al. (unpublished thesis, 2012) who suggested that five corre-
lated factors (with GAD subscale excluded) might be the
best-fitting factor structure for children and adolescents
with ASD. All models were tested in order to establish
whether any of the hypothesised models would provide the
fitting factor structure for either of the samples. across the two (or more) comparison groups. As suggested
by Chen (2007), suggested differences in both CFI (delta
CFI <0.01) and RMSEA (RMSEA <0.015) values were
considered when comparing two nested models e.g. metric
and scalar invariance. Preliminary and Descriptive Statistics Examining the SCAS-P samples, anxious and ASD par-
ticipants did not significantly differ on age. A significant
difference was found for gender, with more female partici-
pants in the anxious sample. However, this difference rep-
resents the general sex ratio typical for the ASD population,
with more males than females diagnosed with the condition
(Werling and Geschwind 2013). i
Model fit was evaluated using established recommenda-
tions identified as “best behaved” on the basis of previous
research (Brown 2006, p. 85; Hu and Bentler 1999). For
example, we followed recommendations that χ2/df ratio
(Bryant and Yarnold 1995) should be close to zero and
that root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)
values close to 0.06 represent good fit (Hu and Bentler
1999), whilst values less than 0.08 are indicative of accept-
able fit, and values between 0.08 and 0.10 represent poor
model fit (Browne and Cudeck 1993). It is recommended
that the comparative fit index (CFI) is greater than 0.95, but
a level greater than 0.9 being acceptable (Hu and Bentler
1999). It is also recommended that the Tucker-Lewis index
(TLI) is greater than 0.90 to demonstrate good fit (Brown
2006). The non-significant Chi square (χ2) statistic (Brown
2006) may be used an indicator of fit, however, because it
is greatly influenced by sample size (Stevens 2002), we did
not use in isolation from other recommended goodness of
fit indices. The Chi square difference test was also used to
compare competing models. Table 1 Fit indices for six
hypothesised models for the
anxious, ASD and combined
sample Post‑hoc Analysis In both the eight
and seven factor solutions in the ASD sample and the eight 1 3 1 J Autism Dev Disord Recommended goodness of fit indices values demonstrating good model fit: χ2/df ratio close to zero,
RMSEA <0.6, CFI >0.95 and TLI >0.9 (Brown 2006; Hu and Bentler 1999)
Hypothesised Model:
χ²
df
χ²/df
p
CFI
TLI
RMSEA
Model 1: one factor
ANX
2250.07
665
3.38
<0.001
.53
.50
.103
ASD
2428.89
665
3.65
<0.001
.66
.64
.097
Combined
3984.07
665
5.99
<0.001
.60
.58
.099
Model 2: six uncorrelated factors
ANX
2171.05
665
3.27
<0.001
.55
.53
.101
ASD
2833.2
665
4.26
<0.001
.58
.55
.107
Combined
4173.27
665
6.28
<0.001
.58
.56
.102
Model 3: six correlated factors
ANX
1685.40
650
2.59
<0.001
.69
.67
.085
ASD
1908.08
650
2.94
<0.001
.76
.74
.083
Combined
2855.66
650
4.39
<0.001
.73
.71
.082
Model 4: six correlated factors and one higher order factor
ANX
1703.40
659
2.59
<0.001
.69
.67
.084
ASD
1937.68
659
2.94
<0.001
.75
.74
.083
Combined
2878.88
659
4.37
<0.001
.73
.72
.081
Model 5: five correlated factors and generalized anxiety as one higher-order factor
ANX
1711.32
661
2.59
<0.001
.69
.67
.084
ASD
1941.39
661
2.94
<0.001
.75
.74
.083
Combined
2880.18
661
4.36
<0.001
.73
.72
.081
Model 6: five correlated factors (with GAD subscale excluded)
ANX
1134.13
454
2.49
<0.001
.73
.70
.082
ASD
1257.59
454
2.76
<0.001
.79
.77
.079
Combined
1839.60
454
4.05
<0.001
.77
.75
.077 Recommended goodness of fit indices values demonstrating good model fit: χ2/df ratio close to zero,
RMSEA <0.6, CFI >0.95 and TLI >0.9 (Brown 2006; Hu and Bentler 1999) of being in crowded places (like shopping centres, the mov-
ies, buses, busy playgrounds)’ and item 28 ‘All of a sudden
my child feels really scared for no reason at all’) grouped
together with one GAD item (item 22 ‘when my child has
a problem, (s)he feels shaky) and one physical injury item
(item 21 ‘My child is scared of going to the doctor or den-
tist’). Post‑hoc Analysis Due to the poor model fit with any of the six hypothesised
models, we investigated the factor structure of the SCAS-
P in the anxious and ASD samples with exploratory factor
analysis (EFA). Parallel analysis and Velicer’s minimum
average partial (MAP) test were performed to determine the
number of components in the factor analyses. These vali-
dated procedures are superior to the eigenvalues greater-
than-one rule (O’Connor 2000). In the ASD and anxious
sample parallel analysis indicated an eight factor solution. The MAP test indicated six factors in the ASD sample and
seven factors in the anxious sample. When differences in
test results emerge, optimal decisions should be made after
considering the results of both analytic procedures bearing
in mind that the MAP test tends to underextract the num-
ber of factors, whereas parallel analysis tends to overextract
the number of factors (O’Connor 2000). Post‑hoc Analysis A second factor related to the majority of the physi-
ological symptoms of anxiety (item 32 ‘My child’s com-
plains of his/her heart suddenly starting to beat to quickly
for no reason’, item 12 ‘My child complains of suddenly
feeling as if (s)he can’t breathe when there is no reason for
this’, item 30 ‘My child complains of suddenly becoming
dizzy or faint when there is no reason for this’ and GAD
item 18 ‘when my child has a problem, (s)he complains of
his/her heart beating really fast’). These three items relate
to physiological symptoms of panic experience, includ-
ing the ability to recognise those symptoms (e.g. increased
heart beat) and communicate those changes in the body
functions to others. factor solution in the anxious sample, one factor consisted
only of two items. The six factor solution in the ASD sam-
ple and seven factor solution in the anxious sample were
considered as the most optimal. Maximum Likelihood
extraction with oblique rotation was used because high cor-
relations between the components were found (above 0.4
and below −0.4 in both groups) (Tables 2, 3). For both groups the social phobia factor was derived and
was very similar to the original social phobia factor (Nauta
et al. 2004), with only item seven (‘My child is afraid when
(s)he has to use public toilets or bathrooms’) not loading
onto that factor. Also an OCD factor was derived that was
similar to the original suggested by Nauta and colleagues
(2004), however it consisted of only four items in the ASD
group and three items in the anxious group. For the ASD
group the other four factors comprised mostly of items
belonging to the OCD, GAD, panic attack and agorapho-
bia, and separation anxiety subscales. Interestingly, panic
attack and agoraphobia items loaded on two different fac-
tors. One factor included four items (item 19 ‘My child
suddenly starts to tremble or shake when there is no reason
for this’, item 25 ‘My child feels scared if (s)he has to travel
in the car, or on a bus or train’, item 27 ‘My child is afraid A split in the original panic and agoraphobia factor was
also found in the anxious sample. Post‑hoc Analysis Content—summarized items content. E Eigenvalue. Communali-
ties reported are post-extraction. Reported R2 and E derived from unrotated factor solution. Bold loadings >|.40|
Table 2 (continued)
Item
Content
Communalities
Factor 1
R2 = 33.46
E = 12.72
Factor 2
R2 = 6.27
E = 2.38
Factor 3
R2 = 5.05
E = 1.92
Factor 4
R2 = 4.41
E = 1.67
Factor 5
R2 = 4.19
E = 1.59
Factor 6
R2 = 3.29
E = 1.25
34
Small closed places
.25
−.07
−.06
−.05
.16
.33
.08 Loading derived from maximum likelihood estimation with oblimin rotation. Content—summarized items content. E Eigenvalue. Communali-
ties reported are post-extraction. Reported R2 and E derived from unrotated factor solution. Bold loadings >|.40| Loading derived from maximum likelihood estimation with oblimin rotation. Content—summarized items content. E Eigenvalue. Communali-
ties reported are post-extraction. Reported R2 and E derived from unrotated factor solution. Bold loadings >|.40| mind that parents might not always be aware of all anxi-
ety-related behaviours that children exhibit, unless they
verbalize their subjective and individual experiences. It is
likely, particularly for our ASD sample, that parents were
not aware of some of the symptoms or their severity and
frequency. The reason why we could not find the baseline
model of the SCAS-P in the anxious sample is unknown. other factor was more agoraphobia specific (e.g. item 34
‘My child is afraid of being in small closed places, like tun-
nels or small rooms’). Also OCD items separated into two
distinct factors in the anxious typically developing group,
with one relating to compulsions (e.g. item 37 ‘My child
has to do certain things in just the right way to stop bad
things from happening’), the other to obsessive thoughts
(e.g. item 17 ‘My child can’t seem to get bad or silly
thoughts out of his/her head’). Another factor that was indi-
cated for the anxious group comprised of various separa-
tion anxiety, GAD and panic attack and agoraphobia items
(e.g. item 33 ‘My child worries that (s)he will suddenly get
a scared feeling when there is nothing to be afraid of’). The
last factor consisted of two separation anxiety items (item
five ‘My child would feel afraid of being on his/her own at
home’ and item 14 ‘My child is scared if (s)he has to sleep
on his/her own’) and one physical injury fears item (item
two ‘My child is scared of the dark’). Post‑hoc Analysis Some of the items loaded
on to a physiological symptoms of anxiety factor (with
additional items from the original GAD factor) while the 1 3 3 J Autism Dev Disord or analysis of SCAS-P in ASD sample
s
Factor 1
R2 = 33.46
E = 12.72
Factor 2
R2 = 6.27
E = 2.38
Factor 3
R2 = 5.05
E = 1.92
Factor 4
R2 = 4.41
E = 1.67
Factor 5
R2 = 4.19
E = 1.59
Factor 6
R2 = 3.29
E = 1.25
.51
−.12
−.04
.41
.05
.04
.47
−.32
−.11
.00
−.03
.30
.44
−.34
.05
.03
.04
.21
.41
−.33
−.13
.15
.04
.05
.03
−.84
−.08
−.18
−.02
.08
.02
−.77
−.06
.01
−.00
.07
.03
−.71
−.12
−.00
.03
−.02
.02
−.59
−.05
.20
.02
−.08
−.04
−.54
−.03
−.02
.21
.05
−.07
−.04
−.91
.08
−.04
−.09
−.03
−.01
−.89
.04
−.12
.09
−.07
−.08
−.53
−.05
.13
.10
−.00
−.08
−.44
.05
.20
.06
−.02
−.09
−.11
.69
−.01
−.06
−.10
−.14
−.10
.59
.05
.11
.20
−.02
−.04
.58
.01
−.02
.07
.06
−.09
.58
.08
−.05
.01
−.09
.02
.47
.25
.06
.28
.18
−.27
−.05
.55
−.02
−.07
−.09
−.16
.05
.52
.05
.26
−.03
−.18
−.11
.51
.13
−.04
−.11
.11
.12
.45
.06
.30
.00
−.04
.12
.45
.24
−.14
−.20
−.05
.14
.40
.18
−.10
−.05
.05
−.06
.04
.80
.16
.02
−.04
.03
.03
.65
.00
−.04
−.11
.01
−.02
.64
.16
.05
−.22
−.05
.07
.43
.39
−.36
.04
.25
−.02
.12
.18
−.18
−.25
.22
.07
.00
−.21
−.23
−.09
.24
.39
.01
.21
−.33
−.11
.28
−.22
.22
.09
−.34
−.07
.05
.27
−.02
−.12
.10
.03
.21
.01
.14
.15
.10
−.09
.27
.10
.09
.02
−.12
.01
.22
.11
.11
.35
.02
−.22
.07
.26
.22 Table 2 Rotated factor loadings in exploratory factor analysis of SCAS-P in ASD sample
Item
Content
Communalities
Factor 1
R2 = 33.46
E = 12.72
Factor 2
R2 = 6.27
E = 2.38
Factor 3
R2 = 5.05
E = 1.92
Factor 4
R2 = 4.41
E = 1.67
Factor 5
R2 = 4.19
E = 1.59
Factor 6
R2 = 3.29
E = 1.25
4
Feeling afraid
.67
.51
−.12
−.04
.41
.05
.04
36
Bothered by bad or silly
thoughts or pictures
.70
.47
−.32
−.11
.00
−.03
.30
17
Bad or silly thoughts
.54
.44
−.34
.05
.03
.04
.21
20
Something bad will happen
to him/her
.59
.41
−.33
−.13
.15
.04
.05
26
What other people think of
him/her
.74
.03
−.84
−.08
−.18
−.02
.08
9
Make a fool
.68
.02
−.77
−.06
.01
−.00
.07
10
Do badly at school
.61
.03
−.71
−.12
−.00
.03
−.02
6
Take a test
.47
.02
−.59
−.05
.20
.02
−.08
31
Talk in front of the class
.43
−.04
−.54
−.03
−.02
.21
.05
18
Heart beating really fast
.79
−.07
−.04
−.91
.08
−.04
−.09
32
Heart suddenly starting to
beat too quickly
.78
−.03
−.01
−.89
.04
−.12
.09
12
Can’t breathe
.41
−.07
−.08
−.53
−.05
.13
.10
30
Becoming dizzy or faint
.42
−.00
−.08
−.44
.05
.20
.06
5
Own at home
.55
−.02
−.09
−.11
.69
−.01
−.06
8
Being away from parent
.57
−.10
−.14
−.10
.59
.05
.11
2
Dark
.43
.20
−.02
−.04
.58
.01
−.02
14
Sleep on his/her own
.39
.07
.06
−.09
.58
.08
−.05
38
Stay away from home
overnight
.45
.01
−.09
.02
.47
.25
.06
19
Tremble or shake
.55
.28
.18
−.27
−.05
.55
−.02
25
Travel in the car, or on a bus
or train
.46
−.07
−.09
−.16
.05
.52
.05
22
Feels shaky
.57
.26
−.03
−.18
−.11
.51
.13
21
Doctor or dentist
.29
−.04
−.11
.11
.12
.45
.06
28
Scared for no reason
.64
.30
.00
−.04
.12
.45
.24
27
Crowded places
.46
−.14
−.20
−.05
.14
.40
.18
35
Do some things over and
over again
.60
−.10
−.05
.05
−.06
.04
.80
37
Certain things in just the
right way
.55
.16
.02
−.04
.03
.03
.65
13
Keep checking
.49
.00
−.04
−.11
.01
−.02
.64
24
Think special thoughts to
stop
.39
.16
.05
−.22
−.05
.07
.43
1
Worries about things
.56
.39
−.36
.04
.25
−.02
.12
3
Funny feeling in stomach
.37
.18
−.18
−.25
.22
.07
.00
7
Public toilets and bathrooms .46
−.21
−.23
−.09
.24
.39
.01
11
Something awful will hap-
pen to someone in the
family
.48
.21
−.33
−.11
.28
−.22
.22
15
School in the mornings
.34
.09
−.34
−.07
.05
.27
−.02
16
Dogs
.08
−.12
.10
.03
.21
.01
.14
23
Heights
.20
.15
.10
−.09
.27
.10
.09
29
Insects or spiders
.16
.02
−.12
.01
.22
.11
.11
33
Suddenly get a scared
.56
.35
.02
−.22
.07
.26
.22 Table 2 Rotated factor loadings in exploratory factor analysis of SCAS-P in ASD sample Table 2 Rotated factor loadings in explora
Item
Content
Comm
4
Feeling afraid
.67
36
Bothered by bad or silly
thoughts or pictures
.70
17
Bad or silly thoughts
.54
20
Something bad will happen
to him/her
.59
26
What other people think of
him/her
.74
9
Make a fool
.68
10
Do badly at school
.61
6
Take a test
.47
31
Talk in front of the class
.43
18
Heart beating really fast
.79
32
Heart suddenly starting to
beat too quickly
.78
12
Can’t breathe
.41
30
Becoming dizzy or faint
.42
5
Own at home
.55
8
Being away from parent
.57
2
Dark
.43
14
Sleep on his/her own
.39
38
Stay away from home
overnight
.45
19
Tremble or shake
.55
25
Travel in the car, or on a bus
or train
.46
22
Feels shaky
.57
21
Doctor or dentist
.29
28
Scared for no reason
.64
27
Crowded places
.46
35
Do some things over and
over again
.60
37
Certain things in just the
right way
.55
13
Keep checking
.49
24
Think special thoughts to
stop
.39
1
Worries about things
.56
3
Funny feeling in stomach
.37
7
Public toilets and bathrooms .46
11
Something awful will hap-
pen to someone in the
family
.48
15
School in the mornings
.34
16
Dogs
.08
23
Heights
.20
29
Insects or spiders
.16
33
Suddenly get a scared
feeling
.56 3 J Autism Dev Disord Loading derived from maximum likelihood estimation with oblimin rotation. Post‑hoc Analysis Items from across a
range of the original subscales loaded on to the other fac-
tors in the anxious sample, with factor four including items
ranging from separation anxiety to being scared of dark-
ness, and factor five including items related to anxious
thoughts and factor seven encompassing specific phobias. Using EFA, a six-factor model was established for
the ASD sample, and a seven-factor model was found to
describe the anxious sample best. The findings here for
both groups differ from the SCAS-P factor structure sug-
gested by Nauta et al. (2004), who found that six correlated
factors fit the data obtained from the parents/caregivers of
anxiety-disordered children best. Indeed, for the clinically
anxious group we only found partial support for the panic
attack and agoraphobia, OCD and social phobia factors. However, even within these factors some anomalies were
found. Even less support for the original factor structure of
the SCAS-P was found in the ASD sample. The study showed limited support for the original fac-
tor structure of the SCAS-P. It is a novel, inconsistent with
previous emotional functioning and personality literature
(e.g., Hoelzle and Meyer 2009; Hopwood and Donnellan
2010; O’Connor 2002) finding. Some concerns, however,
have been raised previously with regards to the validity
of the SCAS-P, particularly of the GAD subscale for use
with typically developing children. Spence et al. (2001)
argued that this sub-scale could indicate more negative
affect and autonomic responding than generalized anxiety,
and found little support for a separate GAD-subscale. The
content validity of the GAD subscale has been also ques-
tioned because it lacks overt reference to excessive worry
(Chorpita et al. 1997), which is considered to be a central
feature of GAD in childhood and adolescence. Our findings
support these concerns, as a distinct GAD factor was not
found in either our anxious or ASD samples. The physi-
cal injury fear factor was also not established for either of
the samples. The reliability of the subscale, however, has
been questioned previously, with unacceptable to ques-
tionable Cronbach’s alpha reported across community and
clinical samples in various countries (Arendt et al. 2014;
Whiteside and Brown 2008; Zainal et al. 2014). Although
in the RCADS, a revised version of the SCAS-P, the meas-
urement properties of GAD appeared to have improved Discussion The first aim of this study was to determine the factor struc-
ture for the SCAS-P in a sample of young people with ASD
and to compare it with the factor structure derived from a
sample of clinically-anxious young people without ASD,
and in the combined sample to ensure adequate fit to con-
sider invariance. However, due to poor model fit and inabil-
ity to find an adequate baseline model for further between-
group model testing, measurement invariance analyses
could not be performed. Inability to find a model with a
fixed number of factors in each group for the measure that
has an established factor structure for use with typically
developing samples was an unexpected outcome. Similarly,
White et al. (2015) could not pursue the multigroup invari-
ance factor analysis on the MASC parent version (but could
on the MASC self-report), because the CFA undertaken on
the typically developing anxious youth did not confirm the
conventional MASC-P structure. Discussion Content—summarized items content. E Eigenvalue. Communali-
ties reported are post-extraction. Reported R2 and E derived from unrotated factor solution. Bold loadings >|.40|
Table 3 (continued)
Item
Content
Communali-
ties
Factor 1
R2 = 25.66
E = 9.57
Factor 2
R2 = 8.32
E = 3.16
Factor 3
R2 = 6.35
E = 2.41
Factor 4
R2 = 5.50
E = 2.09
Factor 5
R2 = 4.16
E = 1.58
Factor 6
R2 = 3.79
E = 1.44
Factor 7
R2 = 3.69
E = 1.40
34
Small closed
places
.47
.05
−.02
−.05
.08
.09
−.01
.67
25
Travel in the
car, or on a
bus or train
.39
.01
.10
−.04
−.14
−.07
−.19
.48
27
Crowded
places
.45
.01
.19
−.07
−.19
−.14
−.18
.42
23
Heights
.21
.06
−.12
.02
.03
−.08
.12
.41
1
Worries about
things
.44
.09
.32
−.05
.18
−.22
−.24
.04
7
Public toilets
and bath-
rooms
.35
−.01
.20
−.05
.19
.18
−.25
.38
11
Something
awful will
happen to
someone in
the family
.47
.27
.12
.07
.31
−.28
−.20
.00
16
Dogs
.12
0.04
−.07
−.04
.30
.04
.15
.03
21
Doctor or
dentist
.24
0.10
.09
.04
.10
−.08
−.04
.36
24
Think special
thoughts to
stop
.46
0.21
−.08
−.20
.19
−.11
.03
.35
28
Scared for no
reason
.43
0.16
−.05
−.05
−.06
−.26
−.37
.14
29
Insects or
spiders
.26
−0.08
.19
−.18
−.02
−.11
.26
.31
30
Becoming
dizzy or
faint
.43
0.39
.04
−.04
−.25
.15
−.03
.21 Loading derived from maximum likelihood estimation with oblimin rotation. Content—summarized items content. E Eigenvalue. Communali-
ties reported are post-extraction. Reported R2 and E derived from unrotated factor solution. Bold loadings >|.40| Loading derived from maximum likelihood estimation with oblimin rotation. Content—summarized items content. E Eigenvalue. Communali-
ties reported are post-extraction. Reported R2 and E derived from unrotated factor solution. Bold loadings >|.40| (Wigham and McConachie 2014), evidence on psychomet-
ric properties of this tool remains patchy and requires fur-
ther investigations.i comparison to other measures, there was lack of evidence
for a number of reliability and validity characteristics of
the questionnaire. An important limitation to this study is that our anxious
sample consisted of clinically referred individuals; and our
ASD sample consisted of participants recruited to various
studies, hence our sampling procedure might have impacted
our findings. Discussion It is important to bear in 1 3 3 J Autism Dev Disord J Autism Dev Disord
1 3
Table 3 Rotated factor loadings in exploratory factor analysis of SCAS-P in anxious sample
Item
Content
Communali-
ties
Factor 1
R2 = 25.66
E = 9.57
Factor 2
R2 = 8.32
E = 3.16
Factor 3
R2 = 6.35
E = 2.41
Factor 4
R2 = 5.50
E = 2.09
Factor 5
R2 = 4.16
E = 1.58
Factor 6
R2 = 3.79
E = 1.44
Factor 7
R2 = 3.6
E = 1.40
32
Heart sud-
denly start-
ing to beat
too quickly
.71
.86
.10
−.06
.04
.02
.05
−.12
18
Heart beating
really fast
.67
.81
−.02
−.04
.04
−.05
.06
.02
12
Can’t breathe
.63
.75
.07
.01
.09
.02
.00
.06
19
Tremble or
shake
.51
.51
−.09
−.17
−.17
−.04
−.10
.16
22
Feels shaky
.51
.42
−.07
−.17
−.30
−.06
−.19
.17
9
Make a fool
.71
−.06
.83
−.09
−.01
−.07
−.02
−.08
26
What other
people think
of him/her
.69
−.03
.83
−.02
−.01
−.14
.06
−.05
10
Do badly at
school
.59
.01
.76
.03
.04
−.01
.04
.06
31
Talk in front
of the class
.41
.05
.58
−.04
−.15
.12
−.05
.02
6
Take a test
.37
.21
.52
.02
−.01
.09
−.03
.07
37
Certain things
in just the
right way
.84
−.01
−.12
−.93
.00
−.08
.01
−.06
35
Do some
things over
and over
again
.56
.03
.07
−.71
−.02
.01
−.08
.02
13
Keep checking .47
.24
.21
−.48
.15
−.00
.07
−.05
5
Own at home
.49
.07
−.14
−.06
.58
−.02
−.25
.02
14
Sleep on his/
her own
.43
−.04
−.06
−.10
.55
−.10
−.19
.03
2
Dark
.36
−.04
.08
−.01
.54
−.15
−.02
.08
17
Bad or silly
thoughts
.65
.04
.06
−.07
.03
−.74
−.02
−.00
36
Bothered by
bad or silly
thoughts or
pictures
.66
−.04
−.05
−.19
.06
−.74
.02
.04
20
Something
bad will
happen to
him/her
.52
.23
.13
.08
.16
−.45
−.05
.14
38
Stay away
from home
overnight
.53
−.02
.01
−.16
.19
.11
−.65
.09
8
Being away
from parent
.54
.03
.08
−.05
.24
−.07
−.61
−.02
15
School in the
mornings
.38
.01
.23
−.03
−.14
−.07
−.48
−.06
4
Feeling afraid
.48
.10
−.02
.03
.23
−.26
−.47
−.04
3
Funny feeling
in stomach
.42
.17
.02
.07
−.11
−.15
−.46
.13
33
Suddenly get
a scared
feeling
.50
.15
−.03
−.05
−.15
−.30
−.45
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a
link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were
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the SCAS-P to establish its reliability and validity, par-
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score. We suggest that a further caution is needed when
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anxiety disorders in a community clinic setting. Behaviour
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typically developing youth. To use the scale as a reliable
measure of anxiety in young people with ASD further work
is needed. Researchers and clinicians should not rely solely
on the scores obtained from the SCAS-P when assessing
anxiety symptoms in individuals with ASD. Further and
more systematic quantitative and qualitative research would
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http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000073474193 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000073474193 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?iiif=fkz|1810.0|010.0|0115|1|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000073474193_1 | Europeana | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Feldkircher Zeitung | None | German | Spoken | 4,140 | 7,235 | Redaktion: Schmiedgasse Nr 02. Thalheim Mittwoch u. Donnerstag. — Preis: für Feldkirchen z fl. 20 kr. ganz-, fl. 50 kr. halb- u. 80 kr. vierteljährlich; per Post im Inland viertelj. 20 kr. mehr. Keldkircher Zeitung Zehnte Jahrgang. Eintrittsgeld: 2 kr. für den Raum eine zweispaltigen Artikel. Inserate besorgen bei senstein Vogler in Basel, Frankfurt. Hamburg, Wien und Berlin. Briefe und Gelder werden franko abgestempelt. Donnerstag Nr. 5. 15. Jänner 1870. Feldkirch, 24. Januar. Es wetterleuchtet, donnert und blitzt drüben, wir sprechen heut nur von der Art und Weise, wie die Resolutionen des "Vereines der Verfassungsfreunde", d.h., seine in der Verfassungsfrage gefassten Beschlüsse, und über andere Gegenstände wurde nicht verhandelt, beantwortet werden. Man will Vorwürfe zurückweisen, gibt sich aber keine Mühe, die Gründe der Gegenpartei auch widerlegen, Politisieren wir also nochmals, obwohl es uns bald zum Überdrusse wird, Antworten zu verlangen, die entweder nicht gegeben werden oder nur aufweichend ausfallen. Ihr Führer eines Teiles einer deutschen Bevölkerung in einem kerndeutschen Lande steht im Bunde mit den leidenschaftlichsten Gegnern des Deutschtums in Österreich. Das ist eine Wahrheit, und so lange Ihr uns nicht haarscharf das Gegentheil beweisen könnt, bleibt es eine Wahrheit, und wird es auch bleiben; denn gegen offenkundige Tatsachen sind keine Beweise möglich. Als Führer werdet Euch zwar auf Leugnen und Verdrehen verlegen, womit Ihr immer etwas ausrichtet bei Jenen, welche Ihr an der Nase herumzuführen gewohnt seid. Dennoch erheben wir unsere Stimme, um Euch den Vorwurf in's Gesicht zu schleudern, büßt Ihr alles besudelt und beschmutzt, was in Österreich der deutsche Geist geleistet und begründet hat; wir erheben unsere Stimme, um Euch zu sagen, dass Ihr den Eurigen dazu beitragt, um die Deutschen in Österreich zu "schmachbedeckten Heloten" zu machen. Leute, die aus dem schon oft genug amputierten österreichischen Staats-Körper noch weitere unabhängige Staaten heraus schneiden wollen, die den Deutschen in Böhmen verbieten möchten, Österreicher zu sein; Leute, die einen durch deutsche Waffen schon vor Jahrhunderten zertrümmerten Staat wieder aufrichten wollen, um ihn von Österreich so viel als möglich loszureißen und mehr als zwei Millionen Deutsche zu unterjochen, sind Eure Bundesgenossen. Ist das nicht Aller? Ist Eure Stirne frech genug, das zu leugnen? Thut, was Ihr wollt. Die Tatsache steht fest, dass Ihr jenen gehörig, welche unsere Stammesbrüder mit der Vernichtung bedrohen. Während jedes Nationalen, sei es auch noch so klein, rühmsüchtig auf seine Erfindung ist, treibt Ihr, deutsche Männer, ein sauberes Handwerk. Verzeiget uns, wenn wir Euch deutsche Männer nennen, es geschieht bloß deshalb, weil Euch deutsche Mütter geboren. Was Ihr anstrebt, was Ihr tut, haben wir Euch gesagt, geht fragen wir aber: Wollen Eure Leute, dass in Österreich Attentat auf ihre eigene Nationalität gelinge? Nein - das wollen sie nicht, so gewiss nicht, als die Liebe zum eigenen Volke, diese so natürliche Liebe bei unseren Landsleuten nie mehr unterdrückt werden kann. Wir kommen nun zum zweiten Teil Eurer politischen Thätigkeit, indem wir die besondere Stellung Vorarlbergs zu Österreich genauer ins Auge fassen, eine Stellung die ganz die gleiche Geltung, wenn seine Bewohner nicht deutsch, sondern irgend ein Anderes redeten. Klein sind wir einmal, ein Vorarlberger Staatsrecht nützt uns nichts, eine Vorarlberger Staatsbürgerschaft ebenso wenig. Ist es nun nicht zu unserem offenen Schaden, wenn der Umfang des Gebietes der österreichischen Staatsbürger immer kleiner wird, wenn außer dem ungarischen noch ein schweizerisch oder gar ein böhmischer Staat entstehen? Droht uns nicht die größte Gefahr, wenn nach ungarischem Beispiel noch ein weiterer Ausgleich geschaffen wird, der Jenen, die man dazu zwingt, den größten Teil der Schulden überlässt? Kann es uns gleichgültig sein, wenn wir nach einer weiteren Zersplitterung der Reichsvertretung nicht mehr in der Lage sind mitzuraten und unser Votum abzugeben, wenn über Angelegenheiten entschieden wird, die unsere Zukunft, unsere Existenz tief berühren? Soll es uns gleichgültig sein, wem in Österreich, das wir unser Vaterland nennen, die Freizügigkeit beschränkt wird, wenn Böhmen und Polen die Deutschen als Ausländer betrachten? Antwort ist uns doch auf alle diese Fragen. Wenn Ihr es aber nicht könnt, so beschweret Euch nicht darüber, dass Eure Tätigkeit den Unwillen der Patrioten hervorruft. Doch wir sind mit unseren Fragen noch nicht zu Ende. Da Ihr Euch als Volksmänner gebärden, so sagt uns einmal: Was habt Ihr für das Volk geleistet? Es ist Euch jüngst der Vorwurf gemacht worden, dass Ihr zu jener Zeit Euch wohl befunden habt, wo man mittels eines allumfassenden Polizeiapparats unsere Herzen und Nieren prüfte, ob nicht eine Spur von Freiheitsdrang darin zurückgeblieben. Ja, Ihr waret die Anwärter der Gewalt, Eure Leute waren es, die damals regierten. Der große Bach und der jetztige Wühlhuber Tunn waren und sind Ultramontane vom reinsten Wasser. Beide haben die zarte Freiheitspflanze von 1843 entblättert, zerschnitten und zuletzt mit ihren Wurzeln aus der Erde gerissen. Die Liberalen mussten unter unsäglichen Schwierigkeiten das Saamenkorn wieder in die Erde legen und sie ruhten nimmer. Wir fürchten nicht, dass sie die Oberhand gewinnt und sind deshalb sicher, dass sich Heide Hänser mit Mehrheit im Sinne des Adressentwurfs des Herrenhauses von Graf Auerfeld aussprechen werden. Wir müssen uns darauf beschränken, die hervorragendsten Stellen desselben zu bringen, welche auf das Bedauern der Thronrede über die Oppositionen der Nationalitäten Antwort geben. Es sind die bedeutsamen, kräftigen Worte, welche die gewissenlosen Gleichspieliker mit vernichtender Wucht treffen. Es sind die nämlichen Gedanken, welche die Verfassungsfreunde von Vorarlberg in ihrer letzten Versammlung ausgesprochen haben. Die Stelle in der Adresse lautet wörtlich: Das Herrenhaus teilt das lebhafte Bedauern, dass den Grundlagen des legislativen Schaffens in der Verfassung die tatsächliche und allgemeine Anerkennung von mancher Seite noch verweckt wird, aber es darf seine Überzeugung nicht unausgesprochen lassen, dass es sich bei dem Bestehen und auf dem Standpunkt einer nach reiflicher Erwägung mit voller Rechts-giltigkeit zu Stande gekommenen Verfassung wohl nicht mehr darum handeln könne, für deren tatsächliche und allgemeine Anerkennung erst zu werben, sondern nur darum, dieser Verfassung durch ausdauernde Handhabung und sorgfältige Durchführung, durch treue beharrliches Festhalten und Übermachung des in ihr gewonnenen Rechtsbodens allenthalben Achtung und Geltung zu verschaffen. Eine vom Geiste der Verfassung durchdrungene, einheitlich in sich geschlossene Regierung, die dabei auch die Mittel in sich selbst, um widerstrebenden Elementen wirksam zu begegnen, besitzt, hiebei auch die Mittel in sich selbst, um widerstrebenden Elementen wirksam zu begegnen. Auf diesem Wege allein wird aber auch jene allgemeine tatsächliche Anerkennung, insoweit sie überhaupt erreichbar ist, allmählich erworben werden. Den Ansprüchen der Königreiche und Länder, ihre besonderen Verhältnisse auf eine ihnen entsprechende Weise selbst ordnen zu können, ist, unseres Erachtens, durch die Bestimmungen der Verfassung jeder mit dem Bestand und der Machtstellung des Reiches vereinbarer Spielraum bereits gegeben. Es ist insbesondere bei der erst in der letzten Session stattgehabten Verfassungsveranstaltung in dieser Richtung mit Zugeständnissen weittragender Art bis an den äußersten Rand jener Grenze vorgegangen worden, welche bestehen muss und nicht überwindlich werden darf, wenn die Gewalt der Gesetzgebung nicht zu Gunsten von Sonderstellungen einzelner Königreiche und Länder empfindlich geschwächt, die allgemeine Wohlfahrt nicht tief erschüttert und der Reichsverband selbst nicht weiterer Lockerung und allmählicher Auflösung preisgegeben werden soll. Erfüllt von dem lebhaftesten österreichischen Gefühl, spricht das Herrenhaus es daher offen an, dass es für Veränderungen der Verfassung in der bezeichneten Richtung nicht das Wort zu führen vermag. In der bayerischen Kammer hat der Zweikampf zwischen den Liberalen und den Patrioten wieder begonnen. Die letzteren verfügen über acht Stimmen mehr als die Gegner und benutzen dieses Übergewicht, um insoweit es geht, die für die Fortschritts-Partei günstigen Wahlresultate anzufechten. Die Patrioten wollen keinen Pardon geben. Der nochmalige Ausbruch einer Minister-Krise in München gehört somit nicht zu den unmöglichen Dingen. Die Präsidentenwahlen fielen selbstverständlich ultramonarchistisch aus. Paris ist in ungeheurem Aufruhr in Folge eines traurigen Ereignisses. Prinz Peter Bonaparte hat den Journalisten Viktor Noir gelöwen. Der „Constitutionnel" teilt folgende Details über den Vorgang mit: Der Prinz warf Nochefort in einem Briefe vor, ihn vermittelst der Feder eines seiner Werkzeuge persönlich beleidigt zu haben. Am 11. d.J. begaben sich Viktor Noir und Ulrich Fonvielle zum Prinzen, als Kartellträger Pascal Grousset's, welcher den betreffenden Artikel der „Marseillaise" unterzeichnet hatte. Als jene Herren eingetreten waren, fragte sie der Prinz: ob sie die von Nochefort geschickten „Werkzeuge" seien. Hierauf schlug Viktor Noir dem Prinzen heftig ins Gesicht, und Fonvielle, der ohne Zweifel eine Erwiderung von Seiten des Letzteren vorhersah, zog einen Revolver aus seinem Paletot. Gegen einen so gewaltigen Angriff gegenüber nahm der Prinz rasch eine Pistole von einer Waffen-Etagere und gab Feuer auf Viktor Noir, welcher verwundet noch die Treppe hinabging und dort umfiel. Der Justizminister ordnete die unmittelbare Verhaftung Peter Bonaparte's an, und der Kaiser hat diese Maßregel gebilligt. Die gerichtliche Untersuchung hat bereits begonnen. — Das offizielle Journal veröffentlich ein Dekret, das den höchsten Gerichtshof zusammenberuft, um über Peter Bonaparte wegen der gegen ihn erhobenen Anklage auf Tötung ab zu urteilen. Von der Sprache, die der bekannte Nochefort in seinem Blatt „Marseillaise" führt, wollen wir unseren Lesern als Probe das mittheilen, was er über diese Affäre schreibt. Es heißt: „Mord, begangen durch den Prinzen Peter Napoleon Bonaparte an dem Bürger Viktor Noir. Mordversuch, begangen durch den Prinzen Peter Napoleon Bonaparte an dem Bürger Ulrich v. Fonvielle. Ich hatte die Schwäche zu glauben, dass ein Bonaparte etwas anderes sein könnte als ein Mörder. Ich hatte gewagt mir einzubilden, dass ein loyales Duell in dieser Familie möglich wäre, wo der Mord und der Hinterhalt Tradition und Brauch sind. Mein Mitarbeiter Paschal Gronsset hat meinen Irrtum geheilt, und heute beweinen wir unser armes und liebes Freund Viktor Noir, den der Bandit Peter Napoleon Bonaparte ermordet hat. Seit 18 Jahren befindet sich Frankreich in den blutbefleckten Händen dieser Gurgelabschneider, welche, nicht damit zufrieden, die Republikaner in den Straßen niederzukämpfen, sie in schmutzige Fallen locken und sie zu Hause zu erwürgen. Französisches Volk! Findest du nicht, dass es jetzt genug ist? Henri Nochefort. Die zweite feierliche Sitzung des Concils ist nicht ganz nach dem Wunsch der päpstlichen Curie ausgefallen, und die da bei von derselben erwarteten Resultate sind keineswegs zur praktischen Geltung gekommen. Vor einigen Tagen hielte nämlich Pius IX. die Patriarchen der orientalischen Riten um sich versammelt und ihnen mit Aufwand vieler Beredsamkeit ausgemacht, wie ungemein nützlich für das Seelenheil ihrer Sprenger es wäre, wenn sie sich sämtlich der allgemeinen römischen Kirche anschließen und gleichsam in derselben, als ihrem gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkte, aufgehen würden. Zugleich enthielt er ihnen als Oberhaupt dieser allgemeinen Kirche den väterlichen Willen, vor Allem freiwillig und im Angesicht des jetzt tagenden ökumenischen Concils auf das Recht zu verzichten, die Bischöre im ganzen Umfang ihrer patriarchalischen Diözesen selbstständig zu wählen, welches ihnen bekanntlich nach den orientalischen Satzungen von uralten Zeiten her zusteht. Mit dieser vom Papst Pius in seiner üblichen salbungsvollen und einschmeichelnden Weise vorgetragenen Proposition stieß er aber einmal an einen energischen Widerstand, der ihn so aus der Fassung brachte, dass er sich, wie im Vatikan die Sagen geht, mehrere Stunden nach dieser ansregenden Szene nicht erholen konnte. Der Patriarch von Konstantinopel erklärte sich nämlich, gleich nachdem der Papst seine Ansprache beendet hatte, mit erhobener Stimme auf die entschiedenste Weise gegen ein so unerwartetes Ansinnen, welches, wenn es zur Ausführung käme, die von den Altvornehmern ererbten Institutionen der morgenländischen Kirche gänzlich über den Haufen werfen müsste. Auch die anderen bei der Audienz anwesenden Patriarchen schlossen sich den von ihrem ehrwürdigen Mitbruder geäußerten Überzeugungen unbedingt und einstimmig an und gaben die einhellige Erklärung ab, dass sie sich dem Fall in gar keine weitere Erörterung mehr einzulassen gesonnen seien, worauf sie sich mit lauten Ausrufungen der Missbilligung sämtlich aus dem päpstlichen Gemächer entfernten. (Silbersechser.) Zufolge Ministerial-Bestimmung werden die Sechser-Kreuzerstücke vom Jahre 1343 und 1349 im Wege der Zahlung oder Verwechslung noch bis Ende Jänner 1370 bei den Steuerämtern angenommen. Diese Münze strömt noch zahlreich aus dem Auslande, wo sie einen echten Silberklang halten, nach dem heimatlichen Boden zurück und ist auch noch hierlandS häufig im Publikum verbreitet, da der ErziehungStern ein wohl zu kurz gegriffen sein mochte. Geschäftsleute dürften daher kein Risiko auf sich laden, wenn sie diese Münzsorten wenigstens noch im Semester, ohne Provisions-Verlangen im Verkehr annehmen, und so der Staatsverwaltung in ihrem Streben entgegenkommen, durch den UmlagerungSorte unsere Monarchie mit der neuen klin genden Scheidemünze in hinreichendem Bedarf zu versehen. Übrigens wäre eine Erinnerung zur Einziehung der genannten Silbersechser (keineswegs aber auch der abfälligen Papierzehner) um einen oder zwei Monate sicher im Interesse des allgemeinen Verkehres gelegen (Aufhebung des Zeitungsstempels in Ungarn). Das königlich ungarische Ministerium hat von Neujahr 1870 an den Zeitungsstempel im Gebiet der ungarischen Krone aufgehoben, dagegen die Stempelpflicht andlicher Zeitungen aufrecht erhalten. Werden die in Ungarn erscheinenden Zeitungen, Ankündigungs- oder Anzeigeblätter in die vom Reichsrat vertretenen diesseitigen Königreiche und Länder eingeschrieben, so müssen sie beim Grenzübertritt, unter Haftung des Empfängers, mit dem österreichischen Stempel von 1 Kreuzer für jedes Exemplar versehen werden. Wir begrüßen die erstgenannte Auflassung des Zeitungsstempels, welcher die literarische Tätigkeit auf dem Gebiete der Tagespresse so sehr hemmt, als einen wohlbegründeten Ausfluss einer zeitgemäßen Gesetzgebung in Ungarn und knüßt daran die Erwartung, dass auch die diesseitige österreichische Monarchie auf dieser Bahn ehestens nachfolgen will und uns die Schranken, die uns auf ungünstige Weise von Ungarn trennt, wobei wir bei dieser Stempelfrage wie das Ausland behandelt werden, vergessen lässt. Hoffen wir auf günstige Entscheidung unseres Reichsrates, dem bereits eine hierauf hinzielende Petition vorliegt. Auch für die Auflassung oder wenigstens für eine bedeutende Herabmindrung der mit 31 kr. unverhältnismäßig hoch gegriffenen Zeitungs-Inscinationsebieth hier ist ein Platz, der sich als ein Hemmschuh nicht nur für die Presse, sondern auch für den Verkehr darstellt, muss entschieden das Wort ergriffen werden, zumal es scheint, dass die diesseitige Gesetz in einzelnen Provinzen verschieden streng gehandhabt wird. (Fabrik-Inspektoren.) Nach dem Gesetzentwurf betreffend die Regelung des Verhältnisses zwischen Arbeitsgebern und Hilfsarbeitern, werden Fabrikinspektoren vom Staat als überwachende Organe bestellt werden, die die Einhaltung der zum Schutz der Arbeiter gegebenen Gesetze sicherzustellen haben. Die Fabrikinspektoren werden jedoch nicht einseitig als Vertreter der Arbeiter sein, sondern auch die Interessen der Arbeitsgeber wahrzunehmen und beiderseits wohlthätig vermittelnd zu wirken haben. Der Fabrikinspektor hat die Überzeugung zu verschaffen, ob das Gesetz wirklich durchgeführt wird und hat auf Beseitigung vorkommender Übelstände sofort einzudringen. Deshalb genießt er in Ausübung seiner Funktionen die Rechte der öffentlichen Beamten. Er ist berechtigt, sämtliche Fabrikslokationen und die Fabrikschule zu besichtigen, in die im Gesetz bezeichneten Verzeichnisse, Arbeitsbücher und Reglemente Einsicht zu nehmen, alle ihm geeigneten Personen zu vernehmen, nötigenfalls unmittelbar einzuschreiten und Hilfe der politischen Behörden anzurufen. Jeder Fabrikinspektor wird wenigstens einmal im Jahre sämtliche ihm unterstehende Fabriken besuchen und jährlich einen Hauptbericht an den Handelsminister erstatten. Diese Berichte sollen veröffentlicht werden. Ausdrücklich ist den Fabrikinspektoren untersagt, von den Fabrikbesitzern oder deren Stellvertretern ein Nachtlager oder eine Mahlzeit anzunehmen. In Götzen, 13. Jänner. (Zur Ergänzung) Entweder Herr Pfarrer oder es haben die „Schmutzblätter" wie die meisten Zeitungen, das „Vorarlberger Volksblatt" natürlich Ausgenommen zu nennen pflegt, gelogen. Er sagte nämlich am 2. Jänner von der Kanzel: „An der Geschichte von Barbara Bryk ist kein Körnchen Wahres, wie sie in solchen Berichten worden ist". Dem Pfarrer muss man glauben; denn was der von der Kanzel sagt, ist heilig. Etwas muss doch hinter jener Geschichte stecken; es ist keine Zeitung so schlecht, als sie eine so schauderhafte Begebenheit als reine Erfindung in die Öffentlichkeit gäbe. Wer lügt hier? (Wenn auch die gerichtliche Untersuchung für die Klosterfrauen einig schwer Gravierendes ergeben hat, als man anfänglich annehmen musste, wo sogar der Bischof von Krakau sich bei Anblick des armen Geschöpfes zum bekannten Ausdruck: „Ihr seid Fürien und keine Weiber" hinreißen ließ, so steht die Tatsache fest, dass eine Person ohne Vorwissen des Gerichtes jahrelang in einem abscheulichen Loch eingesperrt war, und es ist erklärungsreich, dass so etwas nur möglich ist. Weniger gegen die Klosterfrauen, als gegen die schreckliche Ordensregel empört sich das Rechtsgefühl. In Götzen, 12. Jänner (Schulwesen). In der hierigen Schule werden die Kinder verhalten, die Stoffsammlung von Künste anzuschaffen. Da die Zulassung der Lehrbücher Sache der Landes Schulbehörde ist, kommt es nur seltsam vor, wie man das katholisch-pädagogische Machwerk so ohne weiteres ohne Bewilligung einführen darf. In Bregenzerwald, 12 Jänner. (Lehre ränge ich genheit.) Mehr als 30 Lehrer aus Vorarlberg waren bei dem Lehrertage in St. Gallen und Alle gingen mit dem Entschlüsse heim: „Ein Verein von Lehrern muß auch im Vorarlberg sein. So der Rechenschaftsbericht des kath. pävag Vereines. Fürwahr, es war ein herrlicher Gedanke! Wir besprachen denselben auf unserer Heimreise aus der Schweiz mit der vollsten Begeisterung. Denn wir hatten dort gesehen, was die Lehrerschaft ist und sein soll. Es war eben in der freien Schweiz, wo sich alle Teile derselben, die Lehrer ohne Unterschied des Ranges, der Konfession und der Gesinnung zu einem und demselben edlen Zwecke vereinigten. Auch von uns Österreichern sprach man dort und Vorarlberger sprachen auch und zwar in einer Weise, daß wenigstens die Tendenz ihrer Reden den ausgezeichnetsten Belohnung verdiente. Und wie wurde nun jener herrliche Gedanke ausgeführt? Leider nicht in dem Sinne, wie er dort geherrscht. Wir haben keinen Lehrerverein bekommen. Die, die es unternommen, einen solchen zu gründen, ließen sich zu sehr von einer Partei leiten, und es entstand vielmehr ein Verein von Pfarrern und Kaplanen und durch ihn ein Mittel, dass die Lehrer, die durch das neue Gesetz von der alten Botmäßigkeit befreit wurden, auch noch sorgen getreue Knechte jener Herren zu sein das Vergnügen haben. Das Prinzip eines Lehrervereins ist und kann nur das sein, Schule und Lehrerstand zu haben. Wie es diese Leute aber in der Beziehung meinen, ist bekannt genug. Wer es noch nicht weiß, der soll sich in solchen Herren nur ein Gespräch einlassen und er erfährt, dass unsere Lehrer genug Bildung, unsere Schule so gut wie die im Auslande, das neue Schulgesetz aber ein Unsinn sei. Gewiss Beweis genug, dass ihnen am allerwenigsten um Verbesserung der Schule, um Hebung des Lehrerstandes zu tun ist. Denn wem es um Erneuerung der Schule, um Hebung des Lehrerstandes zu tun ist, der muss auch dessen Mängel, nicht im Inneren dessen Vorzüge hervorheben. — Aber natürlich, an Mängeln glaubt man gar nicht. Oder soll vielleicht das in neuerer Zeit vielbesprochene Aussatzbuch alle dies Gesagte Lügen strafen? Nun, denn wir leben in einer Zeit, wo es gediegene Schulbücher gibt. Ich genaue mir die Versicherung zu geben, dass der, welcher z. B. Kleins Werke lenkt, keine Anwandlung empfindet, die Künstliche „Stoffsammlung" zu wählen. „Ein Verein von Lehrern soll auch im Vorarlberg sein". Dao iolte nun nach dritten Hälften wieder Lösung werden; aber diesmal sollte sie sich bewähren. Es sollte ein eigenlicher Lehrerverei gegründet werden. Viele, viele Lehrer Vorarlbergs sind voll Erwartung, dass diese recht bald geschehen möge. Zu versichtlich wäre zu erwarten, dass die tüchtigsten Kräfte des Landes betreten würden und dass er daher mit gutem Erfolge jeder Art wirken könnten. Und wäre ein solcher Schritt wohl zu einer Zeit wünschen wertiger als gerade jetzt? Jetzt, wo es sich darum handelt, den neuen Gesetzen Eingang und volle Geltung zu verschaffen, wo jene so thätig sind, die nicht für Schule und Lehrer sind. Berufstreue Lehrer können da unmöglich dem Indifferenzsinndigen huldigen, es muß ihnen an der Sache gelegen sein und wird sich solches auch zeigen. Also vorwärts! Innsbruck, 11. Jänner. (Gegen die Landtags-Majorität) haben sich neben den Gemeindeverwaltungen von Salzburg, von Wilen und der großen Gemeinde Ampezzo ausgesprochen. (Über den Weiberrummel in Tarrenz) berichtet der T. Bote folgendes: Bekanntlich sträubten sich die Tarreiner gegen die Einführung der Lesebücher in die Schule. Da ließ die Bezirkshauptmannschaft die betreffenden neuen Schulbücher nach Tarrenz schaffen, wo sie in einem Hause an der Imst entgegengeleitet wurden. Am 7. d. M., kam der Amtssdiener der k.k. Bezirkshauptmannschaft dorthin, um die Bücher zu verteilen. Schon Tage zuvor soll dort eine auf den Empfang des Amtssdienern bezügliche Parole ausgegeben worden sein. Im Dorf wurde er von einer Schaar Volk, zunächst Weiber, mit Gejohle und argen Drohungen empfangen. Er flüchtete sich in die Schule; als er über die Treppe hinaufstieg, wollten ihn noch Einige bei den Rockschößen von derselben herunterreißen, doch gelang es ihm glücklich in das Schulzimmer zu kommen. Dort traf er den Herrn Kooperator und einigen Kindern und als er gesagt hatte, weshalb er von der Bezirkshauptmannschaft geschickt worden sei, wie es ihm der Herr Koordinator die Tür mit dem Bedeuten, der Amtsdiener habe hier nichts zu schaffen. Er mußte sich daher nun wieder auf die Gasse unter die beehrte Menge begeben. Unter dem gleichen Geheul und den gleichen Drohungen des Pöbels gelangte er endlich in die Schule nach Obertarrenz. Dort fand er den Herrn Kurer und einen Gemeinderat. Er richtete seinen Auftrag aus, und die Beiden geleiteten ihn sodann bis außerhalb des Dorfes, von wo er unbehelligt den Rückweg nach Imst antrat. Die gerichtliche Untersuchung soll bereits eingeleitet sein. Ob sie die Aufwiegler finden wird? Schweiz, Bern. (Das Gotthard-Committee) sieht sich von Schwierigkeiten aller Art von allen Seiten umringt, wie der „Bund" schreibt und das voreilige Frohlocken nach dem Bekanntwerden des Concurrenzprotokolls, dass jetzt das große Unternehmen als gesichert zu betrachten sei, dürfte nicht zumindest dazu beigetragen haben, ihm seine Stellung zu erschweren, wenigsten in der Schweiz, wo Unverstand und Selbstsucht vielfach, und namensreich in Tessin, die egoistische Sicht geltend machen: die Gotthardbahn werde so wieso hergestellt, man habe jetzt nur dafür zu sorgen, so wenig als möglich an dieselbe bezahlen zu müssen. Wenn demnach die Gotthardbahn-Frage nicht unter so günstigen Anspängen in das neue Jahr eintritt wie viele noch im Oktober hofften, so bieten andererseits die Persönlichkeiten, welche an der Verwirklichung der großen Verkehrsidee arbeiten, die Gewähr, dass sie das Projekt, bei dem nicht bloss ihr Interesse, sondern auch ihre Ehre beteiligt ist, nicht aufgeben werden ohne das Äußerste versucht zu haben. Unter solchen Umständen wäre es ebenso vorhinein vor dem Gelingen des Unternehmens zu verzweifeln, als es verfrüht war, dasselbe im Oktober schon als gesichert zu erklären. Lokales. Wenn auch die „Feldkircher Liedertafel" schon seit Jahren durch ihre Tüchtigkeit sich eine hervorragende Stellung unter den Gesangvereinen erworben hat und ihre Aufführungen stets dem wohlverdienten Beifall sicher sind, so hat der am 13. d. M. von derselben veranstaltete Sängerabend alle Erwartungen weit überliefert. Sämtliche Nummern des auserlesenen Programms wurden mit außergewöhnlicher Präcision und Sicherheit, mit Wärme und Verständnis ausgeführt und es war nur eine Stimme des Lobes und der Anerkennung, mit dem anwesenden Publikum, welches, angeregt durch die vorzüglichen Darbietungen, in bester Stimmung war und derselben milenter durch stürmischen Beifall lauten Ausdruck gab. Aus den einzelnen Nummern übergehend, sind wir in Verlegenheit, welcher wir den Vorrang zuzusprechen sollen. Wenn wir das hinreißende Spiel der viel über unser Heimatland hinaus gekannten und gewürdigten Collovini, Herr Chorleiter PH. Schmutzer, bewundern, der seine schwierige Aufgabe mit staunenswerther Kunstfertigkeit löst und einen wahren Sturm von Beifall erzielte, weln wir der Herr Costenzer und Hagg, welche die zwei Duette: „Sonntagsseiler" v. Spohr und „Frühlings-Wiederkehr" v. Reißinger glänzend zur Geltung brachten, erwähnen so können wir nicht unterlassen, der beiden Chöre „Maiennacht" v. Abt und „Ständchen" mit Tenorsolo v. Nicht den letzten Platz in der Reihe nimmt das Volkstheater „der Vorwurf" von Schulz - Weida ein, dessen zarte, innige Weise mit richtigem Verständnis vorgetragen, zum Herzen des Hörers drang. Die Walzer „Wein, Weib und Gesang" von Johann Strauß, von der Liedertafel schwungvoll und mit Feuer gesungen, wirkte auf die erregte Tanzlust in solchem Grade, daß man sofort daran ging, den Saal zu räumen, und sich dann bis nach Mitternacht dem Tanzvergnügen hingab. Dieser Sängerabend wird jedem Theilnehmer in freundlicher Erinnerung bleiben, die Liedertafel aber darf sich zu demselben gratulieren, denn sie hat sich ein neues Blatt in ihre Ruhmeskränze eingefügt, das dem tüchtigen Chormeister derselben, Herrn Dr. Dessel, die größte Ehre gereicht. An die Verlassungsgesellschaften in Feldkirch und Umgebung. Nachdem die Versammlung des Vereins der Verfassungsfreunde am 21. Dez. 1869 die Zweckmäßigkeit, ja Notwendigkeit von liberalen Lokalvereinen ausgesprochen hat, so werden die Herren Mitglieder des Vereins der Verfassungsfreunde aus Feldkirch und der Umgebung eingeladen, Samstag den 25. d. M. abends 8 Uhr im Saal zum Ochsen zu erscheinen, um sich über die Gründung eines solchen Vereins zu besprechen. Es braucht wohl kaum gesagt zu werden, dass jeder liberale, der Verfassung anhängliche Bürger herzlich willkommen gegeben wird, und ist eine um so zahlreichere Beteiligung zu erwarten, als bei den äußerst geringen Kosten, die einem solchen Verein zufallen, voraussichtlich von der Einhebung einer Geldbeilage ganz abgesehen werden kann. Also nicht gesämt, wo es gilt, die Sache der Freiheit und des liberalen Bürgertums zu fördern. Wir ersuchen auch, Kommentare wegen verspäteter oder unregelmäßiger Zusendung der Zeitung uns sofort mittels offener unfranzösischer Schreiben mit der Aufschrift "Zeitungs- Kommentar" anzuzeigen. Zugleich bemerken wir, dass Nr. 1 und 2 bereits vergriffen sind und neue eingetretene Abonnenten nicht mehr nachgeliefert werden können. Die Redaktion. Der ergebenst Unterzeichnete beehrt sich anzuzuzeigen, dass er während der Faschingszeit sich hier im Gasthaus „zum Bären" aufhalten werde und sich den Herrn Gastgebern sowie verehrten Privatgesellschaften mit einer wohlbesetzten, tatfesten Streichmusik, bestehend aus 5 Personen, zu Bällen, Kränzchen oder sonstigen Unterhaltungen. Besonders macht er darauf aufmerksam, dass er sowohl Quadrillen, als auch die neuesten Walzer und Polkas in großer Auswahl aufzuführen in der Lage ist. Hochachtungs voll Josef Ripper samt Gesellschaft gegenwärtig im „Bären" in Feldkirch. 6. Mann, der schon mehrere Jahre in größeren Fabrikgeschäften als Comptoirist tätig war, der eins, und dopp. | 37,655 |
https://github.com/kkuhnen/herald/blob/master/src/components/builder/world/Builder.vue | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | herald | kkuhnen | Vue | Code | 53 | 198 | <template>
<div>
<h3 class="name">{{ resource.user.name.toUpperCase() }}</h3>
<div v-if="resource.read_only" class="color-text-50">read only access</div>
</div>
</template>
<script lang='ts'>
import { Component, Prop, Vue, Watch, Mixins } from "vue-property-decorator";
import WorldView from "@/components/builder/world/WorldView.ts";
@Component
export default class Builder extends Mixins(WorldView) {
@Prop() resource!: any;
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
@import "@/styles/colors.scss";
h3.name {
color: $color-text;
}
</style> | 33,149 |
7471440_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,995 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,619 | 2,233 | | iLEMMON, Justice.
This is an action to recover damages sustained by plaintiff in an automobile accident in which the tortfeasor was driving her own automobile while in the course and scope of her employment. The tortfeasor's liability insurer undisputedly provided primary eover-age for the accident. The dispute presently before the court, raised by motions for summary judgment, involves the liability insurer's contention that the tortfeasor's employer's business automobile insurer also provided primary coverage under the policy's "Other Insurance" provisions, which stipulated primary coverage for liability assumed by the insured (the employer) under an "insured contract." The principal issue is whether the employment relationship between the employer and the employee constituted an "insured contract," as defined in the employer's policy.
|2Plaintiff was involved in a two-car accident with an employee of the St. Martin Parish School Board. The driver was in the course and scope of her employment, but was driving her own automobile when the collision occurred. Plaintiff filed this action against the other driver and her liability insurer, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company.
State Farm then filed a third party demand against Titan Indemnity Company. While conceding that its policy provided primary coverage for the accident, State Farm asserted that Titan's business automobile policy issued to the St. Martin Parish School Board provided co-primary coverage for the accident.
Both parties filed motions for a summary judgment on the issue of primary insurance coverage under Titan's policy, which provided for "Other Insurance" as follows:
5. OTHER INSURANCE
a. For any covered 'auto' you own, this Coverage Form provides primary insurance. For any covered auto you don't own, the insurance provided by this Coverage Form is excess over any other collectible insurance....
, " . . " b. Regardless of the provisions of para-f , . * graph a above, this Coverage Forms . . " Liability Coverage is pnmani for any J & r j j » liability assumed under an insured contract", (emphasis added).
State Farm conceded that the coverage provided by Titan's policy would be excess absent the language of Paragraph 5(b). See Juan v. Harris, 279 So.2d 187|3(La.1973). State Farm contended. howev^Tthat the School Board, in the employment agreement between the School Board and its employee, assumed liability for its employee's tortious conduct and the employment agreement therefore constituted an "insured contract" under the "Other Insurance" provisions of Titan's policy.
The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Titan, holding that Titan's policy provided only excess coverage and therefore was not available until the State Farm policy limits were exhausted.
The court of appeal reversed. No. 93-1464 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 6/1/94); 638 So.2d 682. The court held that Titan's coverage was also primary, because the employment contract between the employee and the School Board was an "insured contract" under the "Other Insurance" provisions of the Board's policy and Titan's coverage was primary for any liability assumed by the Board under an "insured contract."
We granted certiorari. 94-2204 (La. 12/9/94); 647 So.2d 1100. For the following-reasons, we now reverse and reinstate the judgment of the trial court.
An insurance policy is a contract between the parties and should be construed by using the general rules of interpretation of contracts provided in the Civil Code. Louisiana Ins. Guar. Ass'n v. Interstate Fire and Casualty Co., 93-0911 (La. 1/14/94); 630 So.2d 759, 763; Smith v. Matthews, 611 So.2d 1377, 1379 (La.1993). The interpretation of a contract is the determination of the common intent of the parties. The words of a contract must be given their generally prevailing meaning, and when the words of a . , . , , contract are clear and explicit and lead to no , , absurd consequences, no further mterpreta- ,. , , . t. * ¿1. • * ¿ * tlon may made m search of the intent of parties. La.Civ.Code arts. 2045-2047.
M critical issue is whether the em-Payment agreement constituted an Ji>ured contract" within the contemplation of the business automobile policy. Titan's Pollcy defined an insured contract" as:
1. A lease of premises;
2. A sidetrack agreement;
3. An easement or license agreement in connection with vehicle or pedestrian private railroad crossings at grade;
4. Any other easement agreement, except in connection with construction or demolition operations on or within 50 feet of a railroad;
5. An indemnification of a municipality as required by ordinance, except in connection with work for a municipality; or
6. That part of any other contract or agreement pertaining to your business under which you assume the tort liability of another to pay damages because of "bodily injury" or "property damage" to a third person or organization, if the contract or agreement is made prior to the "bodily injury" or "property damage." Tort liability means a liability that would be imposed by law in the absence of any contract of agreement, (emphasis added).
State Farm contends that the School Board, in contracting to hire its employee, assumed the employee's tori liability because La.Civ.Code art. 2320 renders an employer liable for the torts of its employee committed in the course and scope of employment. State Farm therefore argues that the employment agreement constituted an "insured contract" and rendered Titan's coverage primary under Paragraph 5(b) of Titan's policy.
Titan, on the other hand, argues that the School Board did not "assume the tort liabili ty of another" under the employment contract, but that the Board's liability for its employee's torts arose vicariously by operation of law. An assumption of liability by contract, according to Titan, implies that the liability would not exist without the assumption, and since La.Civ.Code art. 2320 imposes liability on an employer for the tortious conduct of its employee, the Board never "assume[d] the tort liability of another."
|5The key word is "assume." The definition of "assume" is "to take on, become bound as another is bound, or put oneself in place of another as to an obligation or liability." Black's Law Dictionary 122 (6th ed.1990). A second definition is "to take upon oneself (the debts or obligations of another)." Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary 91 (1989).
Under these definitions, the word "assume" in Titan's policy requires some exercise of volition on the part of the insured to undertake or incur liability which did not exist prior to the assumption. In this case, the employment contract merely gave rise to the status of the School Board as an employer. It was the law governing that status, and not any contractual assumption of liability, which made the School Board liable for its employee's tort. Furthermore, the word "another" in the pertinent policy provision, which apparently refers to an unrelated person for whom the Board would not be liable in the absence of contractual assumption of liability, supports the conclusion that the provision does not apply to the employees for whom the insured is vicariously liable by operation of law.
State Farm further argues that since an insurance policy is an adhesionary contract, any contradiction or ambiguity should be construed against Titan, the party who drafted the policy. See La.Civ.Code art. 2056; Insurance Co. of North America v. Solari Parking, 370 So.2d 503, 507 (La.1979). This general rule of construction, however, only applies when there are two equally reasonable interpretations of the contractual provision in question. Louisiana Ins. Guar. Ass'n v. Interstate Fire and Casualty Co., 93-0911 (La. 1/14/94); 630 So.2d at 770.
In the present case, the named insured was the Board, which could only incur liability through the actions and omissions of its employees. Acceptance of State Farm's suggested interpretation of the policy would lead to the finding of primary coverage in every case, thereby rendering meaningless and without effect the excess ^provisions for non-owned automobiles in Paragraph 5(a) of Titan's policy. Each provision of a contract must be interpreted in light of the other provisions, and a provision susceptible of different meanings must be interpreted with a meaning that renders it effective rather than one which renders it ineffective. La.Civ. Code arts. 2049-2050.
Moreover, the Civil Code articles and corresponding jurisprudence which mandate strict construction are primarily designed to protect an unwary policyholder from the "small print" often injected into insurance contracts by those with superior bargaining power. See Golz v. Children's Bureau of New Orleans, 326 So.2d 865, 869 (La.1976). The present case involves a dispute between two insurance companies, and the insured is afforded the same protection regardless of whether Titan's coverage is interpreted to be primary or excess.
We therefore conclude that the School Board's employment agreement with its employee was not an "insured contract" by which the School Board "assume[d] the tort liability of another." Accordingly, the coverage provided by Titan's policy is excess.
The judgment of the court of appeal is reversed, the judgment of the trial court is reinstated, and the case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
Judge Charles R. Lindsay, Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, sitting by assignment in place of Justice James L. Dennis. Pursuant to Rule IV, Part 2, § 3, Judge Lindsay was not on panel.
. 1. State Farm's policy provided: "[I]f our vehicle liability coverage applies, we are liable only for our share of the damages. Our share is the percent that the limit of liability of this policy bears to the total of all vehicle liability coverage applicable to the accident." State Farm's policy limits were $100,000. The limits of Titan's policy were $1,000,000. Therefore, if State Farm is correct that Titan's policy also provided primary coverage, State Farm will be liable for only a small portion of the damages. Otherwise, State Farm will be liable for the first $100,000 of damages, with Titan liable only for any damages in excess of that amount..
| 36,421 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33529214 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,015 | Stack Exchange | Pepzter9, bootstrap714, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3758934, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5442006 | English | Spoken | 742 | 1,435 | php search, show php template based on search return
I am still learning and any help would be appreciated. HTML is pretty bare bones. No styles or anything like that yet, all on just localhost for testing. So I do not have a example set up live.
I am using just PHP and a table in phpmyadmin. The files I have are index.php(form is here), search.php(search code stored here), provider1.php, provider2.php, provider3.php, provider4.php.
So far I have a table that is stored with these columns:Provider,state full name, city, state, zip code. I have a search form that users enter a zip code and if the zip code matches a row in the table, it looks at the provider, checks which one it is (provider1, provider2, provider3, provider4).On the search.php it echos out how many choices they have, where the city state is from the zip code and then also echos the zip code that they entered.
My question is how can I tell it so if that zip code has a provider, to use that provider.php. Example:
92804 = provider1, so then use provider1.php and also still echo out they city and state that goes with that zip code.
index.php:
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>search</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="search.php" method="get">
<input type="text" name="search" placeholder="zipcode..."/>
<input type="submit" value=">>"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
search.php:
<?php
mysql_connect("localhost","root","root") or die("could not connect");
mysql_select_db("zipcodes") or die("could not find db");
//collect
if (isset($_GET['search'])) {
$searchq = $_GET['search'];
$searchq = preg_replace("#[^0-9a-z]#i","",$searchq);
$query = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM `TABLE 1` WHERE `Zip Code` = '$searchq'") or die("could not search");
$count = mysql_num_rows($query);
if($count == 0) {
$output = 'There was no search results!!';
}else {
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($query)) {
$city = $row['City'];
$state = $row['State'];
$provider = $row['Provider Name'];
$output = '<div> '.$provider.' '.$city.' '.$state.' </div>';
}
}
}
switch ($provider) {
case "provider1":
//put code here that tells it to use provider1.php
break;
case "provider2":
//put code here that tells it to use provider2.php
break;
case "provider3":
//put code here that tells it to use provider3.php
break;
case "provider4":
//put code here that tells it to use provider4.php
break;
default:
echo "No provider, try again";
}
?>
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title><?php echo $provider ?> in <?php echo $city ?>, <?php echo $state ?></title>
</head>
<body>
This is just a results page for testing. This page needs to know what zip to match to a provider, then go to that page.
<p>You have <?php echo $count ?> choices</p>
<p>Your provider is <?php echo $provider ?></p>
<p>You are located in <?php echo $city ?>, <?php echo $state ?> </p>
<p>The zip code you searched was <?php echo $searchq ?></p>
</body>
</html>
provider1.php:
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title><?php echo $provider ?> in <?php echo $city ?>, <?php echo $state ?></title>
</head>
<body>
This would be a template for provider1
<p>You have <?php echo $count ?> choices</p>
<p>You are located in <?php echo $city ?>, <?php echo $state ?> </p>
<p>The zip code you searched was <?php echo $searchq ?></p>
</body>
</html>
Is this possible to do? or do I need to use something like laravel to get it started or some type of framework.
What are the data sets you are dealing with? Is it just pure integers between a set range?
If so you could just do something like this:
if($provider > 92804 && < 92806){
include 'provider1.php';
}elseif($provider > 92807 && < 92809){
include 'provider2.php';
}else{
// No provider, try again
}
Alternatively you may be able to use something such as the preg_match function which would probably be the better scalable solution when dealing with large data sets.
I did not know I could just use "include" and then the template that I needed. This is simple enough and does the trick. This may be for a new question, or you can point me in the right direction, when it does search, the url is /search-zip.php?search=92804. Is there a way to clean this up, I looked and it looks like something to do with php route? Any help appreciated. Thank you.
Yes you can do that, you may change it to something such as /search-zip.php/92804. To do this you could use rewrite rules, do some research on them. A term for cleaning up the URL in reference to what you mean is sometimes referred to as "pretty urls", searching this on the web will also return a number of related results to your question.
| 4,929 |
https://github.com/HIOTio/original_HIOT/blob/master/platform/ui/src/app/main/navbar/navbar.component.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | original_HIOT | HIOTio | TypeScript | Code | 336 | 1,370 | import { Component, HostBinding, HostListener, Input, OnDestroy, OnInit, ViewChild, ViewEncapsulation } from "@angular/core";
import { ObservableMedia } from "@angular/flex-layout";
import { NavigationEnd, Router } from "@angular/router";
import { PerfectScrollbarDirective } from "ngx-perfect-scrollbar";
import { Subscription } from "rxjs/Subscription";
import { NavigationService } from "../../core/components/navigation/navigation.service";
import { MatchMedia } from "../../core/services/match-media.service";
import { MainComponent } from "../main.component";
import { NavbarService } from "./navbar.service";
@Component({
selector : "hiot-navbar",
templateUrl : "./navbar.component.html",
styleUrls : ["./navbar.component.scss"],
encapsulation: ViewEncapsulation.None,
})
export class NavbarComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy
{
public; @HostBinding("class.close") isClosed: boolean;
@HostBinding("class.folded") isFoldedActive: boolean;
@HostBinding("class.folded-open") isFoldedOpen: boolean;
@HostBinding("class.initialized") initialized: boolean;
@Input("folded") foldedByDefault = false;
@ViewChild(PerfectScrollbarDirective) perfectScrollbarDirective;
public matchMediaWatcher: Subscription;
constructor(
private mainComponentEl: MainComponent,
private matchMedia: MatchMedia,
private NavigationService: NavigationService,
private navBarService: NavbarService,
public media: ObservableMedia,
private router: Router,
)
{
navBarService.setNavBar(this);
this.NavigationService.onNavCollapseToggled.subscribe(() => {
setTimeout(() => {
this.perfectScrollbarDirective.update();
}, 310);
});
this.matchMediaWatcher =
this.matchMedia.onMediaChange
.subscribe((mediaStep) => {
setTimeout(() => {
if ( this.media.isActive("lt-lg") )
{
this.closeBar();
this.deActivateFolded();
}
else
{
this.openBar();
}
});
});
router.events.subscribe(
(event) => {
if ( event instanceof NavigationEnd )
{
if ( this.media.isActive("lt-lg") )
{
setTimeout(() => {
this.closeBar();
});
}
}
},
);
}
public ngOnInit()
{
this.isClosed = false;
this.isFoldedActive = this.foldedByDefault;
this.isFoldedOpen = false;
this.initialized = false;
this.updateCssClasses();
setTimeout(() => {
this.initialized = true;
});
if ( this.media.isActive("lt-lg") )
{
this.closeBar();
this.deActivateFolded();
}
else
{
if ( !this.foldedByDefault )
{
this.deActivateFolded();
}
else
{
this.activateFolded();
}
}
}
public openBar()
{
this.isClosed = false;
this.updateCssClasses();
}
public closeBar()
{
this.isClosed = true;
this.updateCssClasses();
}
public toggleBar()
{
if ( this.isClosed )
{
this.openBar();
}
else
{
this.closeBar();
}
}
public toggleFold()
{
if ( !this.isFoldedActive )
{
this.activateFolded();
}
else
{
this.deActivateFolded();
}
}
public activateFolded()
{
this.isFoldedActive = true;
this.mainComponentEl.addClass("hiot-nav-bar-folded");
this.isFoldedOpen = false;
}
public deActivateFolded()
{
this.isFoldedActive = false;
this.mainComponentEl.removeClass("hiot-nav-bar-folded");
this.isFoldedOpen = false;
}
@HostListener("mouseenter")
onMouseEnter()
{
this.isFoldedOpen = true;
}
@HostListener("mouseleave")
onMouseLeave()
{
this.isFoldedOpen = false;
}
public updateCssClasses()
{
if ( this.isClosed )
{
this.mainComponentEl.addClass("hiot-nav-bar-opened");
this.mainComponentEl.removeClass("hiot-nav-bar-closed");
}
else
{
this.mainComponentEl.addClass("hiot-nav-bar-closed");
this.mainComponentEl.removeClass("hiot-nav-bar-opened");
}
}
public ngOnDestroy()
{
this.matchMediaWatcher.unsubscribe();
}
}
| 30,266 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3130939 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,019 | Stack Exchange | PrincessEev, clathratus, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/583016, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/597568, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/649502, user8115948 | English | Spoken | 382 | 1,139 | What is the derivative of an iterated product like $ \frac{d}{dx}\prod \limits_{i=0}^n \ln(y_i^{x - 1})$?
Suppose the following function with pi notation, with the pi denoting the iterated product, multiplying from $i = 0$ to $i = n$:
$$\prod_{i=0}^n \ln(y_i^{x - 1})$$
That is, the natural logarithm of $y$, subscripted by $i$, to the power of $x - 1$.
What is the derivative of this product - to be clear, its derivative with respect to $x$, not $y$?
For future reference, it is preferred you write your posts in MathJax on MSE. I have already done that for you, with some rewording and such to clarify your intent. Generally, though, it will be preferred if you include your own attempts at this problem in your post - people on MSE respond better when you include your own attempts and work, your own understanding of the problem, and the context where this pops up. As-is, I feel your post will likely accumulate downvotes and close votes despite my edits. You're more than welcome to edit your post to include these details though.
A few further comments, now on the problem itself. What are the $y_i$'s, necessarily? Also, have you considered simply brute forcing with the product rule? There's a generalization for when you have more than $2$ functions as a product and you're trying to take the derivative of them. It's touched on in this MSE post -- https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1348251/proving-the-product-rule-for-n-functions
Hi sorry this is my first post on MSE so I didn't know to use MathJax. Thank you for editing. I am not able to solve this as I don't understand how to proceed, and searching for the answer has proved fruitless thus I posted here.
We don't even need a product rule. We have
\begin{align*}
g(x) = \prod_{i=0}^{n}\ln(y_i^{x-1}) = (x-1)^{n+1}\prod_{i=1}^{n}\ln(y_i)
\end{align*}
And so
\begin{align*}
\frac{d}{dx} g(x) = (n+1)(x-1)^{n}\prod_{i=0}^{n}\ln(y_i)
\end{align*}
Very well done! +1
Define $\alpha=\prod_{i=0}^n \ln(y_i)$. Note that $\alpha$ is simply a constant. Use logarithm properties, use the power rule for derivatives and you're done.
$$f(x)=\prod_{i=0}^{n}\ln{y_i}^{x-1}=\prod_{i=0}^{n}(x-1)\ln{y_i}$$$$\alpha(x-1)^{n+1}\implies \dfrac{\mathrm df}{\mathrm dx}=\alpha(n+1)(x-1)^n$$
$$\boxed{\dfrac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dx}\prod_{k=0}^n \ln{y_i}^{x-1}=(n+1)(x-1)^n\prod_{k=0}^n\ln y_i}$$
Let
$$f(x)=\prod_{i=0}^{n}f_i(x)$$
and let $$g^{(m)}(x)=\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^mg(x),\qquad m=0,1,2,...$$
as well as $\delta_{ij}$ denote the Kronecker Delta.
We have that
$$f'(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\prod_{j=0}^{n}f_j^{(\delta_{ij})}(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\frac{f_i'(x)}{f_i(x)}f(x)$$
We use this with the choice
$$f_i(x)=\ln(y_i^{x-1})=(x-1)\ln y_i$$
which gives $$f_i'(x)=\ln y_i$$
So
$$f'(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\frac{1}{x-1}\prod_{j=0}^{n}(x-1)\ln y_j$$
$$f'(x)=(x-1)^n\sum_{i=0}^{n}\prod_{j=0}^{n}\ln y_j$$
$$f'(x)=(x-1)^n\left(\sum_{i=0}^{n}1\right)\prod_{j=0}^{n}\ln y_j$$
$$f'(x)=(n+1)(x-1)^n\prod_{j=0}^{n}\ln y_j$$
| 26,735 |
jg158zd3233_1 | GATT_library | Open Government | Various open data | 1,947 | Second session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment : Draft Charter | None | English | Spoken | 451 | 667 | UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
ECONOMIC CONSEIL RESTRICTED
AND ECONOMIQUE E/PC/T/W/185
SOCIAL COUNCIL ET SOCIAL 11 June 1947
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
SECOND SESSION OF THE PREPARATORY COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED
NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT
Draft Charter.
The Delegation of the United States of America submit
the following proposals for amendment, of Article 30 of the
Draft Charter:
SECTION D. SUBSIDIES
Article 30
General undertaking regarding subsidies -- Elimination of
export subsidies -- Exceptions
1.
2. (a) No Member shall grant, directly or indirectly,
any subsidy on the expertation of any product, or establish
or maintain any other system, which results in the sale of
such product for export at a price lower than the comparable
price charged for the like product to buyers in the domestic
market, due allowance being made for differences in the
conditions and terms of sale, for difference in taxation,
and for other differences affecting price comparability,
Provided that this sub-paragraph shall not prevent any Member
from exempting exported products from duties or taxes im-
posed in respect of like products when consumed domestically,
from remitting such duties or taxes which have occrued, or
from using the proceeds of such duties or taxes to make
payments to domestic producers;
COMMENT: The proposed addition is to make quite
clear that the proviso does not exempt
subsidies paid out of the proceeds of
processing taxes from the requirements
of paragraph 1. The New York Drafting
P.T.O. E/PC/T/W/185
page 2
Committee considered this clear and
deleted the reference to paragraph 1
that had been in the proviso. The
proposed revision should remove any
doubt.
(b)
3.
4. (a) In any case of subsidization of a primary com-
modity, if a Member considers that its interests are seriously
prejudiced by the subsidy or if the Member granting the sub-
sidy considers itself unable to comply with the provisions
of paragraph 2 of this Article within the time limit laid
down therein, the Member may have resort to the procedures of
[the difficulty may be determined to be a special diffi-
culty of the kind referred to in] Chapter VII [, and in that
event the procedure laid down in that Chapter shall be fol-
lowed];
COMMENT: The procedure of Chapter VII requires
the determination by a study group or
a commodity conference that there is a
special difficulty.
(b)
5.
6. Any determination required by or appropriate to the
operation of this Article shall be made through [under pro-
cedures established by] the Organization by consultation
among the Members substantially interested in the product
concerned [in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 66].
COMMENT: The revised paragraph would incorporate
the provisions of Article 66, paragraph
4, thus eliminating the cross reference..
| 508 |
https://github.com/zalando-zmon/zmon-scheduler/blob/master/src/test/java/de/zalando/zmon/scheduler/ng/alerts/AlertPropertiesChangedTest.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,019 | zmon-scheduler | zalando-zmon | Java | Code | 259 | 1,026 | package de.zalando.zmon.scheduler.ng.alerts;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
/**
* Created by jmussler on 08.06.16.
*/
public class AlertPropertiesChangedTest {
private final static Map<String, String> hostFilterProperties = new HashMap<String , String>() {{
put("id", "entity-1");
put("type", "host");
put("application", "zmon-scheduler");
}};
private final static Map<String, String> applicationFilterProperties = new HashMap<String , String>() {{
put("id", "entity-1");
put("type", "application");
put("application", "zmon-scheduler");
}};
private final static Map<String, String> typeHostFilter = new HashMap<String , String>() {{
put("type", "host");
}};
private final static Map<String, String> typeHostFilterTwo = new HashMap<String , String>() {{
put("type", "host");
}};
private static AlertDefinition emptyAlertFilter = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition emptyAlertFilter2 = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition oneFilter = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition twoFilter = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition twoFilterOther = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition nullFilter = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition hostFilter = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition applicationFilter = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition excludeFilter = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition excludeFilterChanged = new AlertDefinition();
private static AlertDefinition nullExcludeFilter = new AlertDefinition();
@BeforeClass
public static void setupMocks() {
oneFilter.setEntities(Arrays.asList(typeHostFilter));
twoFilter.setEntities(Arrays.asList(typeHostFilter, typeHostFilter));
twoFilterOther.setEntities(Arrays.asList(typeHostFilterTwo, typeHostFilterTwo));
nullFilter.setEntities(null);
hostFilter.setEntities(Arrays.asList(hostFilterProperties));
applicationFilter.setEntities(Arrays.asList(applicationFilterProperties));
excludeFilter.setEntitiesExclude(Arrays.asList(hostFilterProperties));
excludeFilterChanged.setEntitiesExclude(Arrays.asList(applicationFilterProperties));
nullExcludeFilter.setEntitiesExclude(null);
}
@Test
public void testEntitiesFilterEmpty() {
assertEquals(false, emptyAlertFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(emptyAlertFilter2));
}
@Test
public void testTwoNonEmpty() {
assertEquals(true, oneFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(twoFilter));
assertEquals(true, twoFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(oneFilter));
assertEquals(false, twoFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(twoFilter));
}
@Test
public void testNullTrue() {
assertEquals(true, nullFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(twoFilter));
assertEquals(true, twoFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(nullFilter));
}
@Test
public void testFilterPropertiesChange() {
assertEquals(true, hostFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(applicationFilter));
}
@Test
public void testFilterRemoveChange() {
assertEquals(true, twoFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(oneFilter));
}
@Test
public void testNoChange() {
assertEquals(false, twoFilterOther.compareForAlertUpdate(twoFilter));
}
@Test
public void testExcludeFilters() {
assertEquals(false, excludeFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(excludeFilter));
assertEquals(true, excludeFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(excludeFilterChanged));
assertEquals(true, excludeFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(nullExcludeFilter));
assertEquals(true, nullExcludeFilter.compareForAlertUpdate(excludeFilter));
}
}
| 33,950 |
https://github.com/heinersuter/Alsolos.Commons.Wpf/blob/master/Alsolos.Commons.Wpf.UnitTests/Controls/HierarchicalDataGrid/MyItem.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | Alsolos.Commons.Wpf | heinersuter | C# | Code | 90 | 341 | namespace Alsolos.Commons.Wpf.UnitTests.Controls.HierarchicalDataGrid
{
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using Alsolos.Commons.Wpf.Controls.HierarchicalDataGrid;
using Alsolos.Commons.Wpf.Mvvm;
[DebuggerDisplay("{Name}")]
public class MyItem : BackingFieldsHolder, IHierarchicalDataGridItem
{
public MyItem()
{
SubItems = new List<MyItem>();
}
public string Name
{
get { return BackingFields.GetValue<string>(); }
set { BackingFields.SetValue(value); }
}
public string Text
{
get { return BackingFields.GetValue<string>(); }
set { BackingFields.SetValue(value); }
}
public int Number
{
get { return BackingFields.GetValue<int>(); }
set { BackingFields.SetValue(value); }
}
public IList<MyItem> SubItems { get; set; }
public IList<IHierarchicalDataGridItem> Children
{
get
{
return SubItems.Cast<IHierarchicalDataGridItem>().ToList();
}
}
}
}
| 33,769 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Wolf | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Lisa Wolf | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa Wolf&action=history | German | Spoken | 156 | 307 | Lisa Wolf (* 28. August 1963) ist eine deutsche Schauspielerin; sie spielte u. a. in den Filmen Die Tänzerin und Verschollen in Thailand, in dem Liebesdrama Der rote Vogel, sowie in einigen Fernsehserien.
Leben
Vielen Zuschauern wurde sie ab 1988 durch die Rolle der Susi Rohr in der Fernsehserie Büro, Büro bekannt. 1993 spielte sie eine Hauptrolle, neben Constanze Engelbrecht und Friedrich von Thun, in dem Dreiteiler Der rote Vogel. Im Jahr 2000 übernahm sie die Rolle der Oberschwester Katharina Schell in der Fernsehserie Klinikum Berlin Mitte (Folge 1 bis Folge 13).
Filmografie (Auswahl)
2000: Klinikum Berlin Mitte - Leben in Bereitschaft
1998: Zugriff
1997: Kommissar Schimpanski
1996: Verschollen in Thailand
1994: Die Männer vom K3 - Ende eines Schürzenjägers - Regie: Gero Erhardt
1993: Glückliche Reise – Puerto Rico
1993: Der Rote Vogel (Teil 1–3)
1991: Sag mal Aah!
1990: Second Hand
1989: Die Tänzerin
1988: Büro, Büro
Weblinks
Einzelnachweise
Filmschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1963
Frau | 39,474 |
expositorsgreekt05nico_20 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,897 | The expositor's Greek Testament; | Nicoll, W. Robertson (William Robertson), Sir, 1851-1923 | English | Spoken | 7,705 | 14,665 | As to Hort’s suggestion on the word κύριος, that the original was ὅτι 6 (λαὸν σώσας), 1 think the fact of the variants is better explained by Spitta, who considers that the abbreviations I€, KC, 6€ might easily be confused, if the first letter was faintly written, and that 1“ This is an error: the two best MSS. of ῥ represent wavra.” α. INTRODUCTION 247 the mention of τὸν µόνον δεσπότην καὶ Κύριον Ἰ. X. in the preceding verse would naturally lead a later copyist to prefer iC, a supposition which is confirmed by Cramer’s Catena, p. 158, εἴρηται γὰρ πρὸ τούτων περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὡς εἴη ἀληθινὸς θεὸς οὗτος ὁ µόνος δεσπότης 6 κύριος ο ὁ ἀναγαγὼν τὸν λαὸν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου διὰ Μωσέως Spitta himself however holds that 6€ is the true reading, as it agrees with the corresponding passage in 2 Peter ii. 4, 6 Θεὺς ἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων οὐκ ἐφείσατο, and with Clement’s paraphrase (A4dumbr. Dind. iii. p. 482) : “ Quoniam Dominus Deus semel populum de terra Aegypti liberans deinceps eos qui non crediderunt perdidit”. There is no instance in the New Testament of the personal name “Jesus” being used of the pre- existent Messiah, though the official name “Christ” is found in 1 Cor. x. 4, 9, in reference to the wandering in the wilderness. But in the second and later centuries this distinction was less carefully observed. Thus Justin M. (Dial. 120), speaking of the prophecy in Genesis xlix. 10, says that it does not refer to Judah, but to Jesus, τὸν καὶ τοὺς πατέρας ὑμῶν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐξαγαγόντα, and this use of the name was confirmed by the idea that the son of Nun was a per- sonification of Christ (see Justin, Dial. 75; Clem. Al. 183; Didymus, De Trin. 1. 19, Ἰούδας καθολικῶς γράφει, ἅπαξ γὰρ κύριος ᾿Ιησοῦς λαὸν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου σώσας κ.τ.λ.; Jérome, C. ου. 1. 12; Lact. Inst. 4. 17, “Christi figuram gerebat ille Jesus, qui cum primum Auses vocaretur, Moyses futura praesentiens jussit eum Jesum vocari’’). In the ex- planatory note I have stated my reasons for considering that the article before µή did not belong to the original text. Ver. 12. οὗτοί εἶσιν [ot] ἐν ταῖς ἀγάπαις ὑμῶν σπιλάδες συνευωχούµενοι ἀφόβως ἑαυτοὺς ποιµαίνοντε.. The article here is omitted by NK and many inferior MSS. with vg. (but not syrr. or sah. or boh.), and some of the patristic quotations. I agree with Dr. Chase in thinking that it is out of place here, as in ver. 5 above. There is not only the difficulty of construction (ot . . . σπιλάδες), but the very bold assump- tion that the signification of σπιλάδες will be at once apparent. If we omit the article, ἀφόβως should be attached to συνευωχ. as by Ti. In syrr. it is joined with ποιµαίνοντες. Ver. 19. οὗτοί εἶσιν ot ἀποδιορίζοντες, ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες. ἀποδιορίζοντες add. ἑαντούς C vulg. syrr. Om. SABKL 13, ete. Schott, B. Weiss, and Huther-Kiihl suppose the words ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες to be spoken by, or at least to express the feeling of οἱ ἀποδιορίζοντες: “welche Unterscheidungen machen, sc. zwischen Psychikern und Pneumatikern, wobei dann der Verfasser diese Un- terscheidungen in seiner drastischen Weise sofort zu ihren Ungunsten 248 INTRODUCTION umkehrt”. This explanation seems to me to give a better sense than the gloss approved by Spitta, ot τὰ σχίσµατα ποιοῦντες; for one cause of the danger which threatens the Church is that the innovators do not separate themselves openly, but steal in unobserved (παρεισεδύῃσαν, ver. 4), and take part in the love-feasts of the faithful, in which they are like sunken rocks (ver. 12); and, secondly, it is by no means cer- tain that the word ἀποδιορίζω could bear this sense. ἀφορίζω is used in Luke vi. 22 of excommunication by superior authority, which of course would not be applicable here. On the other hand, it seems impossible to get the former sense out of the Greek as it stands. Even if we allowed the possibility of such a harsh construction as to put Ψψυχικοί in inverted commas, as the utterance of the innovators (and should we not then have expected the contrast ψυχικοί, πνευµα- τικοί 2), still we cannot use the same word over again to express Jude’s “drastic”? retort. This difficulty would be removed if we supposed the loss of a line to the following effect after ἀποδιορίζοντες :— ψυχικοὺς Spas (or τοὺς πιστοὺς) λέγοντες, ὄντες αὐτοὶ ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες. The opposition Οἱ ψυχικοί to πνευµατικοί is familiar in the writings of Tertullian after he became a Montanist. The Church is carnal, the sect spiritual. So the Valentinians distinguished their own ad- herents as pneumatici from the psychict who composed the Church. These were also technical terms with the Naassenes and Heracleon (see my notes on James iii. 15), and were probably borrowed by the early heretics from St. Paul, who uses them to distinguish the natural from the heavenly body (1 Cor. xv. 44), and also to express the pre- sence or absence of spiritual insight (1 Cor. ii. 14 f.) ψυχικὸς ἄνθρωπος οὐ δέχεται τὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ Θεοῦ, pwpia yap αὐτῷ ἐστιν . . . 6 δὲ πνευματικὸς ἀνακρίνει πάντα. The innovators against whom St. Jude writes seem to have been professed followers of St. Paul (like the Marcionites afterwards), abusing the doctrine of Pree Grace which they had learnt from him (ver. 4 τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριτα µετατιθέντες εἰς ἀσέλγειαν), professing a knowledge of the βάθη τοῦ Θεοῦ (1 Cor. ii. 10), though it was really a knowledge only of τὰ βάθεα τοῦ Σατανᾶ (Apoc. ii. 24), and claiming to be the true δυνατοί and πνευµατικοί, as denying dead works and setting the spirit above the letter. This explains the subsequent misrepresentation of St. Paul as a heresiarch in the Pseudo-Clementine writings. Vv. 22, 23. (Text of Tischendorf and Tregelles) καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλέγχετε διακρινοµένους, οὓς δὲ σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες, οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ, μισοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον Χιτῶνα. (Text of WH. and INTRODUCTION 240 B. Weiss) καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλεᾶτε διακρινοµένους σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες, οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν Φόβω μισοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα. In App. to WH. it is added, “Some primitive error probable: perhaps the first ἐλεᾶτε an interpolation” (Sel. Readings, p. 107). 22 ἐλέγχετε AC 13. Vulg. Boh. Arm. Aeth. (Eph. Theophyl. Oec. Comm. Cassiod.). ἐλεᾶτε SBC? Syrh. ἐλεεῖτε KLP (Theophyl. Όεο. ἐλίέ.), ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζετε (hic) Syrp. Clem. 773. διακρινοµένους ABCN. 13. Vulg. Syrr. Boh. Arm. Clem. 773, διακρινόµενοι KLP +. 23. οὓς δὲ (1st) NACKLP 13 Vulg. Syrh, Boh. Arm. Om. B., δὲ Syrp. Clem σώζετε SABC 13 Vulg. Boh. Arm. Aeth., ἐν 6Bw σώζετε KLP +, ἐλεεῖτε Clem. 773 (quoted below), ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ Syrp. ἐκ πυρὸς NABCKLP 13 Arm., ἐκ τοῦ π. Boh. Om. σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες SyrpP. ἁρπάζοντες οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ ABN 13. Vulg., Arm., om. ἁρπάζοντες Boh., ἁρπάζοντες ἐν φόβῳ C. Syrh, ἁρπάζοντες KLP +. Tischendorf makes the matter clearer by giving the consecutive text of versions and quotations as follows: Vulg. Et hos quidem arguite judicatos, illos vero salvate de igne rapientes, aliis autem miseremini in tumore, Ar®. Et quosdam corripite super peccatis eorum, et quor- undam miseremini cum fuerint victi, et quosdam salvate ex igne et liberate eos. Ar?. Et signate quosdam cum dubitaverint orbos (?) et salvate quosdam territione, abripite eos ex ἰσπε. Aeth. quoniam est quem redarguent per verbum quod dictum est (Aeth??. propter pecca- tum eorum), et est qui et servabitur ex igne et rapient eum, et est qui servabitur timore et poenitentia. Arm. Et quosdam damnantes sitis reprehensione, et quosdam salvate rapiendo ex igne, et quorundam miseremint timore judicando (? indicando). Cassiodor. 142 Ita ut quosdam dijudicatos arguant, quosdam de adustione aeterni ignis eripiant, nonnullis misereantur errantibus et conscientias maculatas emundent, sic tamen ut peccata eorum digna execratione refugiant. Mr. Horner states that vv. 22, 23 are omitted in Sah. He translates Boh. as follows: καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλέγχετε διακρινοµένους, οὓς δὲ σώζετε ἐκ τοῦ πυρός (al. om. τοῦ), οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε (al. φέρετε) ἐν φόβω. Commentaries of Theophylact and Oecumenius, κἀκείνους δέ, εἰ μὲν ἀποδιΐστανται ὑμῶν--- τοῦτο γὰρ σηµαίνει τὸ διακρίνεσθαι---ἐλέγχετε, τουτέστι Φανεροῦτε τοῖς Tact τὴν ἀσέβειαν αὐτῶν: εἴτε δὲ πρὸς ἴασιν ἀφορῶσι, μὴ ἀπωθεῖσθε, ἀλλὰ τῷ τῆς ἀγάπης ὑμῶν ἐλέῳ προσλαμβάνεσθε, σώζοντες ἐκ τοῦ ἠπειλημένου αὐτοῖς πυρός’ προσλαμβάνεσθε δὲ μετὰ τοῦ ἐλεεῖν αὐτοὺς καὶ μετὰ φόβου. In all these it will be observed that three classes are distinguished as in the text of Tregelles and Tischendorf, and in A, οὓς μὲν ἐλέγχετε διακρινοµένους, οὓς δὲ σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες, οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβω, and ἐν, οὓς μὲν ἐλεᾶτε διακρινοµένους, οὓς δὲ σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες, οὓς 250 INTRODUCTION δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβω. We should draw the same conclusion from the seeming quotation in Can. Apost. vi. 4 (οὗ µισήσεις πάντα ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλὰ) οὓς μὲν ἐλέγξεις, οὓς δὲ ἐλεήσεις, περὶ ὧν δὲ προσεύξῃ (οὓς δὲ ἀγαπή- σεις ὑπὲρ τὴν ψυχήν σου), which occurs also, with the omission of the cause οὓς δὲ ἐλεήσεις in the Didaché ii. 7. . Two classes only are distinguished in the following: Syrp. Et quosdam de illis quidem ex igne rapite; cum autem resipuerint, miseremint super eis in timore, representing καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζετε, διακρινοµένους δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβω. Syrh. et hos quidem misere- mint resipiscentes, hos autem servate de igne rvapientes in timore, representing καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλεᾶτε διακρινοµένους, οὓς δὲ σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες ἐν φόβῳ. Clem. (Adumbr.) quosdam autem salvate de igne rapientes, quibusdam vero miseremini in timore,’ representing οὓς δὲ σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες, οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβω. Clem. Sivom. vi. 773, καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζετε, διακρινοµένους δὲ ἐλεεῖτε, implying that he was acquainted with two different recensions. With these we may compare the texts of B, followed by WH. and B. Weiss, καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλεᾶτε διακρινοµένους σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες, οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβω, of C, καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλέγχετε διακρινοµένους, οὓς δὲ σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες ἐν Φόβω, and of KLP, καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλεεῖτε διακρινόµενοι, οὓς δὲ ἐν φόβῳ σώζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες. St. Jude’s predilection for triplets, as in vv. 2, 4, 8, in the examples of judgment in vv. 5-7, and of sin in v. 11, is prima facie favourable to the triple division in this passage. Supposing we take A and §& to represent the original, consisting of three members, a b c, we find B complete in a and c, but confused as to b. As it stands, it gives an impossible reading ; since it requires οὓς µέν to be taken as the rela- tive, introducing the subordinate verb ἐλεᾶτε, depending on the prin- cipal verb σώζετε; while οὓς δέ, on the other hand, must be taken as demonstrative. WH suggest that ἐλεᾶτε has crept in from below. Omitting this, we get the sense, “Some who doubt save, snatching them from fire; others compassionate in fear’’. It seems an easier explanation to suppose that ἐλεᾶτε was written in error for ἐλέγχετε and ots omitted in error after διακρινοµένους. The latter phenomenon is exemplified in the readings of Syrp. and Clem. Sir. 773. The texts of C and KLP are complete in a and 3, but insert a phrase from cin b. The most natural explanation here seems to be that the duplication of ἐλεᾶτε in a and c (as in 8) caused the omission of 1The paraphrase continues, id est ut eos qui in ignem cadunt doceatis ut semet ipsos liberent. (It would seem that this clause has got misplaced and should be in- serted after rapientes.) Odientes, inquit, eam, quae carnalis est, maculatam tunicam ; animae videlicet tunica macula (read maculata) est, spivitus concupiscentiis pollutus carnalibus. INTRODUCTION 251 the second ἐλεᾶτε, and therefore of the second οὓς δέ. The reading διακρινόµενοι in KLP was a natural assimilation to the following nominative ἁρπάζοντες, and seemed, to those were not aware of the difference in the meaning of the active and middle of διακρίνω, to supply a very appropriate thought, viz., that discrimination must be used; treatment should differ in different cases. The real difficulty however of the triple division is to arrive at a clear demarcation between the classes alluded to. ‘The triple divi- sion,” says Hort (4p. p. 107), “gives no satisfactory sense ” ; and it certainly has been very diversely interpreted, some holding with Kiihl that the first case is the worst and the last the most hopeful: “ Die dritte Klasse . . . durch helfendes Erbarmen wieder hergestellt wer- den kénnen, mit denen es also nicht so schlimm steht, wie mit denen, welchen gegeniiber nur ἐλέγχειν zu tiben ist, aber auch nicht so schlimm, wie mit denen, die nur durch rasche, zugreifende That zu retten sind’’; while the majority take Reiche’s view of a climax: ‘“a dubi- tantibus minusque depravatis . . . ad insanabiles, quibus opem ferre pro tempore ab ipsorum contumacia prohibemur”. My own view is that Jude does not here touch on the case of the heretical leaders, of whom he has spoken with such severity before. In their present mood they are not subjects of ἔλεος, any more than the Pharisees con- demned by our Lord, as long as they persisted in their hostility to the truth. The admonition here given by St. Jude seems to be the same as that contained in the final verses of the Epistle written by his brother long before: ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ ἐπιστ- ρέψῃ τις αὐτόν, γινώσκετε ὅτι 6 ἐπιστρέψας ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου. The first class with which the believers are called upon to deal is that of doubters, διακρινόµενοι, men still halting between two opinions (cf. James i. 6), or perhaps we should under- stand it of disputers, as in Jude 9. These they are to reprove and con- vince (cf. John xvi. 8, 9, ἐλέγξει περὶ ἁμαρτίας ὅτι οὐ πιστεύουσιν εἰς ἐμέ). Then follow two classes undistinguished by any special characteristic, whose condition we can only conjecture from the course of action to be pursued respecting them. The second class is evidently in more imminent danger than the one we have already considered, since they are to be saved by immediate energetic action, snatching them from the fire; the third seems to be beyond human help, since the duty of ΄ the believers is limited to trembling compassion, expressing itself no doubt in prayer, but apparently shrinking from personal communica- tion with the terrible infection of evil. We may compare with this St. Paul’s judgment as to the case of incest in the Church of Corinth (1 Cor. v. 5), and the story told about Cerinthus and St. John. i“ my ‘ i dann ie Ny My ae Ms i ΐ Me ΩΜΗ i δν vas ay πι. if iis f |! ΙΟΥΔΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ. 1. ΙΟΥΔΑΣ ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοῦλος, ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ιακώβου, τοῖς] ἐν 1 τοις θεῳ .. . και εν |ησου conj. H (Sel. Read. p. 106). Vv. 1, 2.—Salutation. Jude a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who have received the divine cal- ling, beloved of the Father, kept safe in Jesus Christ. May mercy, peace and love be richly poured out upon you! I. ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοῦλος. The same phrase is used by St. James in the In- scription to his epistle, also by St. Paul in Rom. and Phil. In 1 Pet. the phrase used is ἀπόστολος |. X., in 2 Pet. δοῦλος καὶ ἀπόστολος. It is, 1 think,a mistake to translate δοῦλος by the word “ slave,” the modern connotation of which is so different from that of the Greek word (cf. 2 Cor. iv. 5). There is no opposition between δουλεία and ἐλευθερία in. the Christian’s willing service. It only be- comes a δουλεία in the opposed sense, when he ceases to love what is com- manded and feels it as an external yoke. ἀδελφὸς δὲ ᾿Ιακώβου. Cf. Tit. i. 1, Φδοῦλος Θεοῦ, ἀπόστολος δὲ “I. X. See Introduction on the Author. τοῖς ἐν Θεῷ πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις καὶ ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστῷ τετηρηµένοις κλητοῖς. On the readings see Introduction on the text. The easier reading of some MSS., ἡγιασμένοις for ἠγαπημένοις, is probably derived from 1 Cor. i. 2, Ἡγιασμένοις ἐν Χ. *l. There is no precise parallel either for ἐν Θεῷ Hy. or for Χριστῷ τετ. The pre- position ἐν is constantly used to express the relation in which believers stand to Christ: they are incorporated in Him as the branches in the vine, as the living stones in the spiritual temple, as the members in the body of which He is the head. So here, ‘‘ beloved as members of Christ, reflecting back his glorious image ’’ would be a natural und easy conception. Lightfoot, commenting on Col. ili. 12, ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἅγιοι καὶ ἠγαπημένοι, says that in the N.T. the last word ‘‘ seems to be used always of the objects of God’s love,”’ but it is diffi- cult to see the propriety of the phrase, ‘Brethren beloved by God in God”, Ἠγαπημένοι is used of the objects of man’s love in Clem. Hom. ix. 5, τῶν αὐτοῖς ἠγαπημένων τοὺς τάφους vaocis τιμῶσιν, and the cognate ἀγαπητοί is constantly used in the same sense (as below ver. 3), as well as in the sense of “beloved of God”. If, therefore, we are to retain the reading, I am disposed to interpret it as equivalent to ἀδελφοί, “beloved by us in the Father,” i.¢., ‘‘ be- loved with Φιλαδελφία as children of God,” but I think that Hort is right in considering that ἐν has shifted its place in the text. See his Select Readings, p. 106, where it is suggested that ἐν should be omitted before Θεῷ and inserted before *Inoov, giving the sense “to those who have been beloved by the Father, and who have been kept safe in Jesus from the temptations to which others have succumbed,” ἠγαπημένοις being followed by a dative of the agent, as in Nehem. xii, 26, ἀγαπώμενος TO Θεῷ ἦν. κλητοῖς is here the substantive of which ἠγαπημένοις and τετηρηµένοις are predicated. We find the same use in Apoc. xvii. 14 (νικήσουσιν) ot per’ αὐτοῦ κλητοὶ κ. ἐκλεκτοὶ κ. πιστοί, in St. Paul’s epistles, as in Rom. i. 6, ἐν ots ἐστε καὶ ὑμεῖς, κλητοὶ ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ, © Cor. i. 24, κηρύσσομεν Χριστὸν ἐσταυρω- µένον, ᾿Ιουδαίοις μὲν σκάνδαλον ... αὐτοῖς δὲ τοῖς κλητοῖς Χριστὸν Θεοῦ δύναμιν. We have many examples of the Divine calling in the Gospels, as in the case of the Apostles (Matt. iv. 21, Mark i. 20) and in the parables of the Great Supper and the Labourers in the Vineyard. This idea of calling or elec- tion is derived fromthe O.T. See Hort’s n.on I Pet. i. 1 Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκλεκ- τοῖς: ‘* Two great forms of election are spoken of in the O.T., the choosing of Israel, and the choosing of single 254 IOYAA ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ e— Θεῷ πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις ] καὶ ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστῷ τετηρηµένοις κλητοῖς. 2. ἔλεος ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη. 3. ᾿Αγαπητοί, πᾶσαν σπουδὴν ποιούµενος γράφειν ὑμῖν περὶ τῆς. ηγαπηµενοις AB WN; ηγιασµενοις KLP. Israelites, or bodies of Israelites, to perform certain functions for Israel. . . . The calling and the choosing imply each other, the calling being the outward expression of the antecedent choosing, the act by which it begins to take effect. Both words emphatically mark the pre- sent state of the persons addressed as being due to the freeagency of God.... In Deuteronomy (iv. 37) the choosing, by God is ascribed to His own love of Israel: the ground of it lay in Himself, not in Israel... . As is the election of the ruler or priest within Israel for the sake of Israel, such is the election of Israel for the sake of the whole human race. Such also, still more clearly and emphatically, is the election of the new Israel.”’ For a similar use of the word “‘call” in Isaiah, cf. ch. xlvili. 12, κ. 1.7. The chief distinction between the the ‘‘calling’’ of the old and of the new ‘dispensation is that the former is rather expressive of dignity (‘“‘called by the name of God”’), the latter of invitation ; but the former appears also in the N.T. in such phrases as James ii. 7, τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ᾽ ὑμᾶς, and 1 Pet. ii. Q, ὑμεῖς δὲ γένος ἐκλεκτόν, βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα . . . λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιγ. The reason for St. Jude’s here character- ising the called as beloved and kept, is because he has in his mind others who had been called, but had gone astray and incurred the wrath of God. Ver. 2. For the Salutation see my note on xalpew, James i. 1, and Hort’s excellent note on 1 Pet. i. 2, χάρις... πληθυνθείη. We find ἔλεος and εἰρήνη joined in Gal. vi. 16, and with the addi- tion of χάρις in 1 Tim. i. 2, 2 Tim. i. 2, 2 John 3. The mercy of God is the ground of peace, which is perfected in the feeling of God’s love towards them. The verb πληθυνθείη occurs in the Saluta- tion both of 1 Peter and 2 Peter and in Dan. vi. 25 (in the letter of Darius), εἰρήνη ὑμῖν πληθυνθείη, cf. 1 Thess. iii. 12, ὑμᾶς δὲ 6 κύριος πλεονάσαι Kai πε- ρισσεύσαι TH ἀγάπῃ eis ἀλλήλους. ᾿᾽Αγάπη (=the love of God) occurs also in the final salutation of 2 Cor. ἡ χάρις τ. κυρίου Ἰησοῦ καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, and in Eph. εἰρήνη τοῖς ἀξελφοῖς καὶ ἀγάπη μετὰ πίστεως ἀπὸ Θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου Ἰ. X. Cf. 1 John iii. 1, ἴδετε ToTaTHv ἀγάπην δέδωκεν ἡμῖν 6 πατὴρ ἵνα τέκνα Θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, where West- cott’s n. is “The Divine love is infused into. them, so that it is their own, and be- comes in them the source of a divine life (Rom. xii, το). In virtue of this gift they are inspired with a love which is like the love of God, and by this they truly claim the title of children of God as partakers in His nature, 1 John iv. 7, 1g.” The same salutation is used in the letter of the Smyrnaeans (ο. 156 A.D.) giving an account of the martyrdom of Polycarp, ἔλεος καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ ἀγάπη Θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χ. πλη- θυνθείη. The thought of ἔλεος and ἀγάπη recurs again in ver. 21. Vv. 3, 4.—Reasons for Writing. He had been intending to write to them on that which is the common interest of all Christians, salvation through Christ, but was compelled to abandon his intention by news which had reached him of a special danger* threatening the Gospel _ once for alldelivered tothe Church. His duty now was to stir up the faithful to defend their faith against insidious as- saults, long ago foretold in ancient pro- phecy, of impious men who should change the doctrine of God’s free grace into an excuse for licentiousness, and deny the only Master and our Lord Jesus Christ. Ver. 3. ἀγαπητοί occurs in vv. 17 and 20, also in 2 Pet. iii. 1, 8, 14, 17, 1 Pet. ii. II, iv. 12 and James. It is common in the Epistles of John and of Paul, sometimes with pov attached, as in 1 Cor. x. 14, Phil. ii. 12, and is often joined to ἀδελφοί, especially in James. The ἀγάπη of ver. 2 leads on to the ἀγαπητοί here. They are themselves ἀγαπητοί because the love of God is shed abroad in their hearts. πᾶσαν σπουδὴν ποιούµενς. For πᾶσαν, see my n. on Jamesi. 2, and cf. 2 Pet. i. 5, σπουδὴν πᾶσαν παρεισενέγ- καντες, i. 15, σπουδάσω ἔχειν ὑμᾶς μνήμην ποιεῖσθαι, also Isocr. Orat. v. p. gi 6, πᾶσαν τὴν σπουδὴν περὶ τούτου * For this see the Introduction on Early Heresies. 8. IOYAA ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ 2355 κοινῆς ἡμῶν Ἰ σωτηρίας ἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι ” ὑμῖν παρακαλῶν > γι - ο , a κ , ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστει. Ίκοινης ημων] κ. υµων boh.; om. ηµων KLP + ; σωτηριας] add. και ζωης N. "γραψαι] γραφειν NY. ποιεῖσθαι, Plato, Euthyd. 304 ε, περὶ οὐδενὸς ἀξίων ἀναξίαν σπουδὴν ποιοῦνται. Jude was busy on another subject, when he received the news of a fresh danger to the Church, which he felt it his duty to meet at once. Whether he lived to carry out his earlier design, and whether it was of the nature of a treatise or of an epistle, we know not. It is noteworthy that there is a similar allusion in 2 Peter iii. 1 to an earlier letter now lost. Com- pare Barn. iv. 9, πολλὰ δὲ θέλων γράφειν 2 + = γράφειν ἐσπούδασα. κοινῆς σωτηρίας. Cf. Tit. i. 4, κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν, Ign. Eph. i., ὑπὲρ τοῦ κοινοῦ ὀγόματος καὶ ἐλπίδος with Light- foot’s n., Jos. Ant. το. 1. 3 (Hezekiah besought Isaiah to offer sacrifice) ὑπὲρ τῆς κοινῆς σωτηρίας. Bede explains as follows: ‘omnium electorum communis est salus, fides, et dilectio Christi”. Jude puts on one side the address he was pre- paring on the main principles of Chris- tianity (probably we may take vv. 20 and 21 as a sample of what this would have been) and turns to the special evil which was then threatening the Church. " ἀνάγκην ἔσχον Ὑράψαι. Cf. Luke xiv. 18, ἔχω ἀνάγκην ἰδεῖν αὐτόν, Heb. Vile) 27; α. also. Elut. (Cate M7: 24) ἀνάγκην ἔσχεν ἐκβαλεῖν ἀσχημονοῦσαν τὴν γυναῖκα. There is a similar com- bination of γράφειν and γράψαι in 3 John 13. The aor. γράψαι, contrasted with the preceding pres. γράφειν, im- plies that the new epistle had to be writ- ten at once and could not be prepared for at leisure, like the one he had pre- viously contemplated. It was no wel- come task: ‘necessity was laid upon him”. ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστει. '' Το contend for the faith,’ almost equivalent το the ἀγώνισαι περὶ τὴς ἀληθείας in Sir. iv. 28, see 1 Tim. vi. 12, ἀγωνίζου τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως, and εἰς ὃ κοπιῶ ἀγωνιζόμε- vos, Col. i. 29. We may compare étra- µύνειν, ἐπαναπαύειν νόµῳ, Rom. ii. 17 and Clem. Strom. iii., p. 553, ἐπαγωνιζό- µενος τῇ ἀθέῳ δόξῃ. It is possible (as is shown by the following examples) for spiritual blessings, once given, to be lost, unless we use every effort to maintain them. The redemption from Egypt was a fact, as baptism into the name of Christ is a fact, but, unless it is borne in mind and acted upon, the fact loses its efficacy. τῇ ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστει. The word πίστις here is not used in its primary sense of a subjective feeling of trust or belief, but in the secondary sense of the thing believed, the Truth or the Gospel, as in ver. 20 below, Gal. i. 23, 6 διώκων ἡμᾶς ποτε viv εὐαγγελίζεται τὴν πίστιν ἤν ποτε ἐπόρθει, also Gal. iii. 23, Phil. i. 27, συναθλοῦντες τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, where see Lightfoot, Acts vi. 7. In the same way ἐλπίς is used in a concrete sense for the object or ground of hope (as in Col. i. 5, τὴν ἐλπίδα τὴν ἀποκειμένην ἡμῖν, r Tim. i 1, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τῆς ἐλπίδος ἡμῶν, Tit. ii. 13, προσδεχόµενοι τὴν µακαρίαν ἐλπίδα), and φόβος for the object of fear, Rom. xiii. 3, 1 Pet. iii. 14. ἅπαξ. Used here in its classical sense ‘once for all,’ as below ver. 5, and in Heb. vi. 4, τοὺς ἅπαξ dwticbévras, ib. 1X.) ο 27, X12, © Εεῖ ii. 18. This ex- cludes the novelties of the Libertines, of. Gal. 1.09. The later sense ‘“‘ on one occasion ”’ is found in 2 Cor. xi. 25, ἅπαξ ἐλιθάσθην, 1 Thess. ii. 18, καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς ἠθελήσαμεν ἐλθεῖν. παραδοθείσῃ. Cf. Philo M. i. 387, πιστεύει τοῖς ἅπαξ παραδοθεῖσι. The Christian tradition is constantly referred to by the Fathers, as by Clem. Al. Str. vii. where we read of η ἀληθὴς παράδοσις (ρ. 845), ἤ ἐκκλησιαστικὴ π. (p. 8go), ἡ θεία π. (p. 896), ἡ πάντων τῶν ἀποστόλων π. (Ρ. goo), ai τοῦ Χριστοῦ π. (p. gor), and even in; the Ν.Τ. as in 1 Cor. xi. 2, κάθως παρέδωκα ὑμῖν τὰς παραδόσεις κατέχετε, 2 Thess. ii. 15, 1 Tim. vi. 20, τὴν παραθήκην pvAakov. For an account of the gradual-formation of the Creed, see A. E. Burn’s Introduc- tion to the Creeds, ch. ii., 1899, and com- pare the comment in my larger edition, ° p. 6r {. τοῖς ἁγίοις. Used generally of Chris- tians who were consecrated and called to be holy, as in 1 Cor. 1. 2, Phil. i. 1, where see Lightfoot. The word contains an appeal to the brethren to stand fast against the teaching and practice of the Libertines. IOYAA ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ 4- 4. παρεισεδύησαν } γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι, οἱ πάλαι προγεγραµµένοι 3 ~ A / > ο) ‘ a nose A / , εἰς τοῦτο τὸ Kpipa, ἀσεβεῖς, τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα µετατιθέν- 1 παρεισεδνησαν B, WH; παρεισεδυσαν SACKLP + Ti., Treg. 256 Ver. 4. Nature of the Threatened Danger. It is stealthy; it is serious enough to have been predicted long ago; its characteristic is impiety, showing it- self in the antinomian misuse of the Gospel of God’s free grace, and in the denial of God and Christ. Ver. 4. Ἠπαρεισεδύησαν yap τινες ἄνθρωποι. For this form which is found in B and adopted by WH, Veitch cites διεκδυῆναι in Hippocr. i. 601, and com- pares ἐφύην, ἐρρύην. The aor. is here used with the perfect force, as in ver. ΤΙ ἐπορεύθησαν, etc. cf. Blass, Gr. p. 199, my edition of St. James, p. ccii., and Dr. Weymouth there cited. The verb occurs in Demades 178, ἄδικος παρεισδύνων λόγος εἰς τὰς τῶν δικαστῶν γνώµας οὐκ ἐᾷ συνορᾶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν, Clem. ΑΙ. p. 650, ὅπως εἰς THY τῶν αἰνιγμάτων ἔννοιαν ἡ ζήτησις παρεισδύουσα ἐπὶ τὴν εὕρεσιν τῆς ἀληθείας ἀναδράμῃ, D. Laert. ii. 142, λαθραίως παρεισδύς eis τὴν πατρίδα, Ῥ]αε. ΛΜ. p. 216 B, τὰ ἀρχαῖα νόμιμα ἐκλυόμενα ἑώρα, ἄλλα δὲ παρεισδυόµενα µοχθηρά, other examples in Wetst. The noun παρείσδυσις occurs in Barn. il. 1Ο, iv. 9, ἀντιστῶμεν ἵνα μὴ σχῇ παρείσδυσιν 6 µέλας, Clem. Al. p. 189, ἀκροσφαλὴς ἡ τοῦ οἴνου παρείσδυσις. Similar compounds are παρεισφέρω in 2 Pet. i. 5, παρεισάγω in 2 Pet. ii. 1, παρείσακτος in Gal. ii. 4, διὰ τοὺς παρεισάκτους wWevdadéAdovs οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλεν- θερίαν ὑμῶν, Rom. vy. 20, 2 Macc. ΠΠ. 1 παρεισπορευόµενοι λεληθότως εἰς τὰς κώμας, SO παρεισέρπω, παρεισπέµπω, παρεισπίπτω. The earliest prophecy of such seducers comes from the lips of Jesus Himself, Matt. vii. 15, προσέχετε ἀπὸ τῶν ψευδοπροφητῶν, οἵτινες ἔρ- Χονται πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐν ἐνδύμασι προβάτων, ἔσωθεν δέ εἰσι λύκοι ἅρπαγες, cf. Acts XxX. 29, 30, and Introduction on the Early Heresies in the larger edition. οἱ πάλαι προγεγραµµένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα. ‘Designated of old for this judgment.” Cf. 2 Pet. ii. 3, οἷς τὸ κρίµα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργει. The word πάλαι precludes the supposition that the second epistle of Peter can be referred to.* The allusion is to the book of Enoch quoted in vv. I4, 15. In νετ. 18 below the same warning is said to have been given by the Apostles. The phrase ot προγ. is in apposition to τινες ἄνθρωποι, cf. Gal. i. 7 with Lightfoot’s n., Luke xvili. 9, εἶπεν δὲ πρός τινας τοὺς πεποιθότας ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτοῖς. For προγ., cf. Rom. xv. 4, ὅσα yap προεγράφη εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν διδασκαλίαν ἐγράφη. The word is in- tended to show that they are already doomed to punishment as enemies of God. As such they are to be shunned by the faithful, but not to be feared, because, dangerous as they may seem, they cannot alter the Divine purpose. Dr. Chase compares Hort’s interesting note on 1 Peter ii. 8, eis ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν. By ‘“‘this” Spitta understands “that judgment which I am now about to de- clare,” i.e., the condemnation contained in the word ἀσεβεῖς used by some ancient writer. Zahn however remarks that οὗτος usually refers to what precedes, and he would take τοῦτο here (with Hof- mann) as referring to παρεισεδύησαν. Better than this logical reference to some preceding or succeeding word is, I think, Bengel’s explanation “ the now impend- ing judgment,” Afostolo iam quast cer- nente penam. ἀσεβεῖς. This word may be almost said to give the keynote to the Epistle (cf. vv. 15, 18) as it does to the Book of Enoch. τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα µετα- τιθέντες εἰς ἀσέλγειαν. With this we may compare 1 Peter ii. 16, μὴ ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα ἔχοντες τὴς κακίας τὴν ἐλευθερίαν, 2 Peter ii. 19, ἐλευθερίαν ἐπαγγελλόμενοι, iii. 16, δυσνόητά τινα, ἃ οἱ ἀμαθεῖς στρεβλοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἀπώλειαν, Rom. iii. 1, 2, 5-8 (If man is justified by free grace and not by works, then works are unnecessary), ib. Vi. τ, το απ. 2x.) © Com το ρα τ. John viii. 32-36, Gal. v. 13, ἡμεῖς ἐπ᾽ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε" µόνον μὴ τὴν * Zahn, it is true, following Schott and others, argues in favour of this reference, holding that πάλαι may be equivalent to “lately”; and the word is of course very elastic in meaning; but unless the contrast makes it clear that the reference is to a recent past, I think we are bound to assign to the word its usual force, especially here, where it stands first, giving the tone as it were to what follows, snd is further confirmed and explained by ἕβδομος ἀπὸ Αδάμ in ver. 14. ά ο ΙΟΥΔΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ 257 τες εἰς ἀσέλγειαν καὶ τὸν µόνον δεσπότην 1 καὶ κύριον ἡμῶν ᾿Ιησοῦν 1 δεσποτην] add. θεον KLP, syrr. +. ἐλευθερίαν eis ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί. For µετατιθέντες see Gal. i. 6, for ἀσέλγειαν 2 Peter ii. 2, πολλοὶ ἐξακολουθήσουσιν αὐτῶν ταῖς ἀσελγείαις, ib. ii. 7, 18, 1 Peter iv. 3, and Lightfoot on Gal. ν. 19, ‘‘A man may be ἀκάθαρτος and hide his sin: he does not become ἀσελγής until he shocks public decency. In classical Greek the word ἀσέλγεια generally signifies insolence or violence towards another. . . . In the later lang- uage the prominent idea is sensuality . . . Cf. Polyb. xxxvii. 2, πολλὴ δέ τις ἀσέλγεια καὶ περὶ τὸς σωματικὰς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῷ συνεξηκολούθε.. Thus it has much the same range of meaning as UBpis”. On the meaning of χάρις see Robinson, Ephes. p. 221 f. The form χάριν is used elsewhere in the N.T., except in Acts xxiv. 27. τὸν µόνον δεσπότην καὶ κύριον ἡμῶν ᾿Ιησοῦν Χριστὸν ἀρνούμενοι. So 2 Peter ii. I, τὸν ἀγοράσαντα αὐτοὺς δεσπότην ἀρνούμενοι. On the denial of God and Christ see 1 John ii. 22, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀντίχριστος, 6 ἀρνούμενος τὸν πατέρα καὶ Tov vidv, Tit. i. 16, Θεὸν ὁμολογοῦσιν εἰδέναι, τοῖς δὲ ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται βδελυκ- τοὶ ὄντες καὶ ἀπειθεῖς καὶ πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἀδόκιμοι, Matt. x. 33, ὅστιςᾶν ἀρνήσηταί µε ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἀρνήσομαι κἀγὼ αὐτὸν ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ πατρός pov, ib. xxvi. 70 (Peter’s denial). Such denial is one of the sins noticed in the book of Enoch, Xxxvili. 2: “ When the Righteous One shall appear ... where will be the dwelling of the sinners and where the resting-place of those who have denied the Lord of Spirits?’ Ib. ΧΙ. 2, xlv. 2, xlvi. 7, xlviii. το: “* They will fall and not rise again . . . for they have denied the Lord of Spirits and His Anointed ”. Two questions have been raised as to the meaning of the text, (1) is τ. µόνον δεσπότην to be understood of the Son, (2) what is the force of dpveto@ar? The objection to understanding δεσπότης of our Lord is that in every other passage in the N.T., where δεσπότης occurs, except in 2 Peter ii, 1 (on which see n.), it is spoken of God the Father; that, this being the case, it is difficult to under- stand how Christ can be called τὸν µόνον δεσπότην. It seems to me a forced ex- planation to say that the phrase µόνος δεσπότης has reference only to other earthly masters. No Jew could use it in this connexion without thinking of the one Master in heaven. Again pévos is elsewhere used of the Father only, as in John v. 44, τὴν δόξαν τὴν παρὰ τοῦ µόνου Θεοῦ οὐ Γητεῖτε, xvii. 3, ἵνα γινώσκωσίν σε τὸν µόνον ἀληθινὸν Θεον Rom. xvi. 27, µόνῳ σόφῳ Θεῷ διὰ ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ, 1 Tim. i. 17, τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν αἰώνων. .. µόνῳ Θεῷ τιμὴ κ. δόξα, ib. vi. 15, 16, ὅ µακάριος κ. μόνος δυνάστης ὃ µόνος ἔχων ἀθανασίαν, and by Jude himself, below 25, µόνῳ Θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν διὰ Ἰ. X., τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν, δόξα. Wetst. quotes several passages in which Josephus speaks of God as 6 µόνος δεσπότης. On the other hand, the phrase, so taken, seems to contradict the general rule that, where two nouns, denoting attributes, are joined by καί, if the article is prefixed to the first noun only, the second noun will then be an attribute of the same subject. In the present case, however, the second noun (κύριον) belongs to the class of words which may stand without the article, see Winer, pp. 147-163. A similar doubtful case is found in Tit. ii. 13, προσδεχόµενοι τὴν µακαρίαν ἐλπίδα καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Χ. Ἰ. ὃς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἵνα λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς, where also I should take τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ to refer to the Father. Other examples of the same kind are Eph. v. 5, οὐκ ἔχει KAnpovopiav ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ Θεοῦ (where Alf. notes ‘‘ We cannot safely say here that the same Person is intended by X. κ. IOYAA ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ 4- Ὑπομνῆσαι δὲ ὑμᾶς βούλομαι, εἰδότας πάντα,] ὅτι 2 Κύριος ὃ ἅπαξ λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας τὸ δεύτε- υμας παντα $YKL 31 syrr. Clem. Theoph. Oecon.+; vpas απαξ παντα B;. απαξ παντα AC? 13 vulg. + Ti. Treg. WH; απαξ παντας H. (Sel. Read. p. 106) ὅτι SAB syrh; add. 6 C?KL syrp. 3 kuptos ΝΟΚΙ, syrh; Ἰησους AB + ; θεος C* syrp, Clem. ἁαπαξ λαον ΜΜ, 68, tol., syrr., boh. (οτι απαξ Ino. λαον) sah. arm. Did. Cassiod. λαον απαξ Clem.; λαον ABCL, Ti., Treg., WH. word, as in Tit. i. 16; but it is more naturally taken as explicit, as in r John ii. 22, where Westcott notes that a com- mon gnostic theory was that “ ‘ the Aeon Christ’ descended upon the man Jesus at His baptism and left Him before His passion. Those who held such a doc- trine denied . . . the union of the divine and human in one Person . . . and this denial involves the loss of the Father, not only because the ideas of sonship and fatherhood are correlative, but be- cause . . . it is only in the Son that we have the [full] revelation of God as Father.” The phrase τὸν µόνον δεσπότην might also refer to the heresy attributed to Cerinthus by Hippolytus (Haer. vii. 33, X. 21) οὐχ ὑπὸ τοῦ πρώτου θεοῦ τὸν κόσμον Ὑεγονέναι ἠθέλησεν ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ δυνάµ.εώς τινος ἀγγελικῆς, and Irenzus Haer. i. 26. See Introduction on Early Heresies in the large edition. Vv. 5-13. Illustrations of Sin and Fudgment Derived from History and from Nature. The judgment impending over these men is borne witness to by well-known facts of the past, and may be illustrated from the phenomena of nature. God showed His mercy in delivering the Israelites from Egypt, but that was no guarantee against their destruction in the wilderness when they again sinned by unbelief. The angels were blessed beyond all other creatures, but when they proved unfaithful to their trust they were imprisoned in darkness, awaiting there the judgment of the great day. The men of Sodom (lived in aland of great fer- tility, they had received some knowledge of God through the presence and teaching of Lot, they had been lately rescued from captivity by Abraham, yet they) followed the sinful example of the angels, and their land is still a prey to the fire, bear- ing witness to the eternal punishment of sin. In spite of these warnings the heretics, who are now finding their way into the Church, persist in their wild hallucinations, giving themselves up to the lusts of the flesh, despising authority, and railing at angelic dignities. They might have been taught better by the example of the archangel Michael, of whom we are told that, when disputing with the devil about the body of Moses, he uttered no word of railing, but made his appeal to God. These men however rail at that which is beyond their know- ledge, while they surrender themselves like brute beasts to the guidance of their appetites, and thus bring about their own destruction, following in the wake of impious Cain, of covetous Balaam, and rebellious Korah. When they take part in your love-feasts they cause the shipwreck of the weak by their wanton- ness and irreverence. In greatness of profession and smallness of performance they resemble clouds driven by the wind which give no rain; or trees in autumn on which one looks in vain for fruit, and which are only useful for fuel. By their confident speaking and brazen assurance they seem to carry all before them; yet like the waves bursting on the shore, the deposit they leave is only their own shame. Or we might compare them to meteors which shine for a moment and are then extinguished for ever. Ver. 5. ὑπομνῆσαι δὲ ὑμᾶς βούλομαι, εἰδότας ὑμᾶς πάντα. Cf. 2 Pet. i. 12, διὸ µελλήσω ὑμᾶς ἀεὶ ὑπομιμνήσκειν καίπερ εἰδότας, 10. i. 13, διεγείρειν ὑμᾶς ἐν ὑπομνήσει, 7b. iii. 1, διεγείρω ὑμῶν ἐν ὑπομνήσει τὴν εἰλικρινῆ διάνοιαν, Rom. XV. 14, πέπεισµαι δὲ ὅτι καὶ αὐτοὶ µεστοί ἐστε ἀγαθωσύνης, πεπληρωμένοι πάσης τῆς γνώσεως . . . τολµηροτέρως δὲ ἔγ- ραψα ὑμῖνιάπὸ µέρους ὡς ἐπαναμιμνήσκων tpas. The word εἰδότας justifies ὑπο- μνῆσαι: they only need to be reminded of truths already known, so that it is un- necessary to write at length. The re- peated ὑμᾶς contrasts the readers with the libertines of the former verse. The words in themselves might be taken ironically of persons professing (like the Corinthians) to “ know all things,’’ but * On the readings see Introduction. oy ΙΟΥΔΑ EMLZTOAH "ο. pov [τοὺς] μὴ πιστεύσαντας ἀπώλεσεν, 6. ἀγγέλους τε τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν ἀλλὰ ἀπολιπόντας τὸ ἴδιον οἰκητή- the broad distinction maintained through- out the epistle between ὑμεῖς and οὗτοι (the Libertines) forbids such an inter- pretation. If we read ἅπαξ πάντα with some MSS., it suggests something of anxiety and upbraiding, which may be compared with the tone of St. Paul in writing to the Galatians. See, however, the following note for the position of ἅπαξ. Instead of πάντα some MSS. have τοῦτο. The former finds some sup- port in Enoch 1. 2, “I heard everything from the angels,’’ xxv. 2, ‘‘I should like to know about everything,” Secrets of En. xl. 1, 2, ‘I know all things from the lips of the Lord. . . I know all things and have written all things in the books,”’ Ixi. 2 (quoted by Chase in Dict. of the Bible). It should probably be under- stood of all that follows, including the historical allusions, implying that those addressed were familiar not only with the O.T. but with rabbinical traditions: so Estius “ omnia de quibus volo vos com- monere”’. Bede’s note is ‘‘ omnia vide- licet arcana fidei scientes et non opus habentes recentia quasi sanctiora a novis audire magistris’’. In what follows he takes ἅπαξ with σώσας, “ita clamantes ad se de afflictione Aegyptia primo sal- vavit humiles, ut secundo murmurantes ‘contra se in eremo prosterneret superbos. . . - Meminerimus illum sic per aquas baptismi salvare credentes, ut etiam post baptismum humilem in nobis requirat vitam.”’ ὅτι Κύριος, ἅπαξ λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας, τὸ δεύτερον [τοὺς] μὴ πιστεύσαν- τας ἀπώλεσεν.] For text, see Introduc- tion on Readings. Clement in his Adumbrationes gives the paraphrase ‘*Quoniam Dominus Deus semel popu- lum de terra Aegypti liberans deinceps €os qui non crediderunt perdidit”’. τὸ δεύτερον has given rise to much discussion. According to the reading I have adopted, it contrasts the preceding saving with the following destruction. The deliverance from Egypt was the creation of a people once for all, but yet it was followed by the destruction of the unbelieving portion of the people, 2.6. by all but Caleb and Joshua (Num. xiv. 27, 37). So in 1 Cor. x. we have the privileges of Israel allowed, and yet all was in vain because of their unbelief. There seems less force in the connection of ἅπαξ with "σι. Exod. i004, ἵνα, εἰδότας: ἤδη would have been more suitable. For the opposition to τὸ δεύτερον, cf. Heb. ix. 28, 6 Χριστὸς ἅπαξ προσενεχθεὶς εἰς τὸ πολλῶν ἀνενεγκεῖν ἁμαρτίας ἐκ δευτέρου χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας ὀφθήσεται, Theoph. Avtol. ii. 26, ἵνα τὸ μὲν ἅπαξ ᾖ πεπληρωμένον ὅτε ἐτέθη, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον µέλλῃ πληροῦσθαι μετὰ τὴν . . + kptow, Liban. af. Wetst. ἐμοὶ δὲ ἅπαξ ἀρκεῖ γέλωτα ὀφλεῖν, δεύτερον δὲ οὐκέτι. I am inclined to think that the article before µή is an intrusion, as it seems to be before ἐν in νετ. 12. Omitting it, we can take δεύτερον with μὴ πιστεύσαντας, getting the sense: ‘‘In the 1st case of unbelief (in Egypt) * salvation followed; in the 2nd (in the wilderness) destruc- tion,” lit. “when they, a second time failed to believe, He destroyed them”’. If this was the original reading, it is easy to understand the insertion of τούς as facilitating the plural construc- tion after λαόν. We may compare the solemn utterance in Heb, x. 26, ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτανόντων ἡμῶν μετὰ τὸ λαβεῖν τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τῆς ἀληθείας οὐκ ἔτι περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἀπολείπεται θυσία, and the belief, apparently based upon it, in the early Church as to sin after baptism. Ver. 6. ἀγγέλους Te Tots μὴ τηρήσαν- τας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν . . . cis κρίσιν .. . τετήρηκεν.] Cf. Clem. ΑΙ. Adumbr. | 20,038 |
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another »i.x years.
Holtaook, Dwlii^t, educator, author, was
borr. Aiijr. 23. 18fi3. in Pouerhk.H imin. N.Y.
For twenty years he was principal of the
Morflan school of Clinton. Tonn.: and is now
for
owner
part
of The
Mining. .Y.
TTc
i-*
TTolhrook ^rhnol of Osthe autlior of The Talis-
man.
Holhrook. E.
D
lawyer. concrcRHinan. wan
bom in IS.Ifi in Elvria. Ohio. In 1865 «9 luwas a territorial deleirafe from Idaho to the
thirtv-ninth and fortieth eon?rc'«»af»«. TJe
died .Tune 18. 1870. in Idaho C' tv. Idaho.
Holbrook. Frederick, farmer, Brovernor.wan
bom Feb. 15. 1813. in Wareh ouHo Point,
Conn.
He was ednested fn the B. rkshiro
.
sn-mna'iiiim of Pittsfield. ;Ma<»s.
He wa<«
a partner in a bookstore for two vears: and
was then enffasH in farminir. Tn 1849-ffO
lie wa*? a memhfT of fbf Vermont state
senate: and in 1801-6.1 wan f^vemor of Vermont. In 1850-58 he was president of the
Vermont «itate afrriciiJtural society.
Holbrook. Florence, edncntor. author. w<i<<
bom In Peru. Til. Tn 1888-88 «he was prin
final of Oriklaiid
aclnHd: anrl ^i..
)ssO
haa been nrincipal of ForrcRtville school of
Chicaco. HI. She is the author of Element
arv neoeraidiv. T?..iirid the Year in "NTvfli
and Sonff: T]tp Hiawatha Primer; The Hawthorn Reader: The Book of Nature Myths;
and V .itiil.ind Heroes.
,
Holbrook. Tamei. inuraalist. author, wns
In 1812.
Prom 1845 he wns a special
bom
airent
of
llir
T'niti.d
States
postoflfice.
He
was the author of Ten Years Amonic the
Mailbaffs.
Ijn,
Conn.
He
died April 28. 1864. in
Bmok-
187
Holbrook, John Edwards, physician, naturalist, author, was bom Dec, 30, 1794, in
Beaufort, B.C. He was professor of anatomy
at the medi al cidlc^ iti Charleston for
more than thirty ^ears. Ue was the author
of American Herpetology; and lehthvology
of South Carolina. He died Sept. 8, 1871,
in Norfolk, Mass.
Helbroek, Martla Luther, physician, edi*
tor. author, was Imm Fch. 3. 1S:H. in Mantua, Ohio, lie was a physician of New York
City; professor of hyj^iene in the New York
medical college and hospital for women; and
iditor of ITie Herald of Health and .lournal
of Hypiene. lie was the author of Parturition Without Pain: Kating for Strcn^fth:
Hyjfiene of Brain and Nerves; Marriagi- and
Parentage: How to Strengthrn the Memoi y
.
Hyjnenic Treatment of Consumption; and
Home-Culture, or Race Improvement. He
died Aut:
1'!
lMif2.
in
New York
City.
Holbrook, Mellen Taft, soldier, was born
in Massachusetts. In 1802 he was captain
of the one hundre<l and seventy third regi-
ment New York infantry; and
in 1865 was
brevettcd hrigadier-pfenemi of volunteers.
He participated in the bptth's of Pleasant
Hill, La.; and also at Cane Kiver CrossingLa. He was honorably mustered out in
186.1.
Holbrook. Reginald Heber, educator, auwas horn April 10. 1845. in Rerea.
He was the president of the Normal
univensity of Lebanon. Oliio. He is the author of The New Method; First Principles
of Science of Education; and Outlinea of
thor,
Ohio.
I'nited States History.
Holbrook. Richard Thayer, educator, auwas bora Dec. 13, 1870, in Windsor
Conn. He was an instructor of rolanguaces at Yale collepe in 18061001 and at Columbia university in 190208: and since 1908 has been head of the de>
partnienf of Tfaliaii and old French pliilolo(fv at Bryn Mawr college. He is the author
thor,
Tjoeks.
tnaiire
of Boys and Men: Dante and Animal Klna^
dom and the tran^^Iator and editor of The
Farce of Master Pierre Patelin.
Holbrook. Silas Plncknev. lawyer, author,
was l>orn Tune 1. ITHfl. in Rranfnrt. S C. He
was the .•i!itlu)r of Sketches by a Traveller.
He died May 20.
in Piiieyllle, R.C.
Holcomb. George, lawyer, comrres.sman,
was born in 17S6 in Lanibertsville. N.J.
He wa« a meniher of the state leffislature in
1815: and in 1821-20 he was n rcpresontafire from New .Jersey to the seventeenth,
eitrhteenth. nineteenth and twentieth eonsres-ses.
He died Jan. 14, 1828, in Allen;
1
town.
N..T.
Holcomb, Silas Alexander, lawver. iiirist.
ffovemor. was born on Aug. 25, 1858. near
Princeton. Ind. He attained sneeess In the
practice of law: anrl in IROl 01 u;is iudtre
of the twelfth judicial district court of Nebraska. Tn 1804-08 he served two terms as
governor of V.hr;ivka: nnj in lOOO-O.'J was
judge of the state supreme court of Nebraska. HERRINQSHAWS LIBRARV OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
lit
Amasa, manufacturer, scieriHtate senator, was born June 18, 1787,
Holcombe,
ti»t,
Cranby, Conn.
in
He had no
competitorb
in ihe manufacturing of the reilecling telescope for twenty years; and he constructed
the first instrument and took the first Dagucrrean portrait in this county. He was
Justice of the peace for thirty-two years;
and was elected a state senator from Massachusetts in 1840. He died Feb. 27, 1873,
Mass.
Holcombe, Chester, diplomat, author, was
Oct. 16, 1847, in Winlieid, N.Y. In
1880 he was a member of the commission for
the negotiation of new treaty with China
in Southwick,
bori!
in 1882 assisted in negotiating a treaty with
Corea; and since 1885 has been concerned in
e.xtensive commercial and iinuneiul questions
in China. He is the author of The Keai
Chinaman; The Real Chinese
Quei>tion;
and
other works.
Holcombe, Henry, clergyman, autlior was
born Sept. 22. 17U2, in Virginia. In 1812-26
he was* pastor of the First baptist church
of Pliihidelpnia, Pu. He was the author of
Leeturi'H on Primitive Theology; and First
Fruits. He died
phia, Pa.
May
22, 1826,' in Philadel-
in
Poems; The Sexes Here and HereIn Both Worlds; The End of the
World; The New Tenant; Letters on Spiritual Subjects;
and Condensed Thoughts
About Christian Science. He died Nov. 28,
path;
after;
1893, in New Orleans, La.
Holden, Albert J., musician, organist, coinposer, was born in 1841 in Boston, Mass.
For thirty-five years he has been organist
at the Church of the divine paternity and
at the church of the puritans of New Y'ork
City. He has composed three hundred un
thems. hymns and other church music.
Holden, Alexander Martin, mrreliant. railroad ilireetor. banker, was born Oct. 11.1848.
in Miiulon, N.Y. He was prepared for colifge at the Rochester high scIkm)!. He has
iM-en extensively engaged in the mercantile
and banking business; and in 1870 established a bank at Honeoyc Falls, N.V., of
which he has since been proprietor. He was
one of the original proprietors of the Rochester southern railroad, a part of the Lehigh
Valley system, of which he has been n director for fifteen years. He is a stockholder
and director
Holcombe, Hosea, clergyman, author, was
lH>rn July 20. 1780, in I'nion district, S.C.
He was the author of CoMection of Sacred
Hymn^*; Anti-.Mission Principles E.xposed;
an<l
oiccs, a volume of verse; Scientific Basis
of Homu'opatliy; How I became a Honiujo-
lUntory of Alabama Baptists.
Jelfersoii eounty. .Ma.
ill
He
died
1H41
Holcombe, James Philemon, lawyer, educator, author, was born S -pi. 25, 1820, in
Lynchburg, 'a. He was professor of law
the university of Virginia in 1852-60;
of the confederate congress in
1861-63.
He was the author of Law of
Debtor and Creditor; Literature and I>;tters; Introduction to Equity Jurisprudence;
in
organized
and
in
the
many
Union
He
local enterprises.
school
of
Honeoye
educational matters.
He has been trustee and treasurer of
the Genesee Wesleyan seminary at Lima
since 1887; and in 1896 was a lay delegate
to the general conference of the methodist
episcopal church. He is a member of the
llochester historical society; and a member
Falls;
of several
is interested in
civic
and patriotic
societies.
Holden, Edgar, physician, surgeon, author,
and a member
was bom Nov. 3, 1838. in Hingham, Mass.
During the civil war he was a naval surgeon; and after 1864 was commissioned a
Leading Cases upon Commercial I^w; Di-
a successful physician of
gest of United States Supreme Court Decisions; and Merchants' Book of Reference.
He died Aug. 26, 1873, in Capon Springs,
Va.
Holcombe, Melvin Allen, educator, lawyer,
author, was born April 16, 1870, in Mauldcn,
Ky.
He haa
built
fifty-four
sehnol
houses; and is now profes-*or of mathematics
in the Berea college. He is author 6f The
History of Jackson County.
Holcombe, William Frederic, phvKieian.
genealogist, was born in 1827 in Sterling.
Mass. He was a physician in New York
City; and professor of eye and ear disi-astw.
He was the author of History of the Holcoml)es in America; and Family Records,
Their Importance and Value. He died in
1004 in Xew York City.
Holcombe, William Henry, physician, author, poet, was born May 2't, 1825. in Lynchburg. Va. He was a homu'opathic physician
of New Orleans; and was well known as
a Swedenborgian writer. He was the author
of Our Children in IT«>avcn: Lost Truths
of Christianity; The Other Life; Southern
surgeon in the United Slates army. He is
Newark. N.J.; and
since 1870 has been president of the medical board of the Mutual benefit life insurance company. He is the author of The
Waif From Minot's Ledge; and Health and
Mortality of Newark for Twenty Years.
Holden, Edward Singleton, educator, as(roiiomer. author, was born Nov. 5, 1846,
in St. Louis.
Mo. In 1866 he graduated with
the
<legree
of
B.S.
from Washington uniand in 1870
graduated from the
United
States
miliversity;
tary ar-adeiny. He waa
president of the iiniversitv of California
in
1885 88; and director «»f the Lick observatory in 1888-97.
Since 1901 he has been
lil)rarian of the I'nited
States
miliUiry
Me is the author of Astronomy for
Stu.hniN; Lite of .Sir William Herschel;
.Mnimgraph of the Central Parts of the Neb-
iicadi iny. HKRRIN<:SMAV S l.lliUAKV UK AMKUP AN MUM^HAPFfY.
ula of Orion; Notes on the Bn>tii>n System
of
Fortififalioii;
Aslronomiciil Hibliugra-
phy; Handbook of
Lii-k
Observatory;
tnd vicedcau
The
Mogul Kmp«rord of Hindustan; and many
works on Astronomy.
Holden, George Henry, nuturalit^t. author,
was born in 1H4S in AIa98aehuH»>tt8. He it*
Ih^ proprietor of a bird stor«' in Boston. Uo
19 the author of Canaries and Cage Birds.
Holden, Liberty Emery, journalist, college
president, was l*orn June 20, 18;J3, in Kayinond, Maine. He was professor of Knglish
literature at Kalamazoo college; and in
l.S(iI-62 was Kuperintendent of schools in
Tiflin, Ohio.
In 1862 he was admitted to
the practice of law.
He was one of the
founders and for twelve years wai* president of the Salt Lake academy of Utah.
^ince 188o he has been proprietor and editor
•f the Clevi'land Plain
Dealer of Ohio.
Holden, Louis Edward, educator, clergyman, college president, was born April 30,
1803, in Rome, N.Y. In 1885 he graduated
from Detroit college;
in
18!>l reeeivtd the
degree of M.A. from
that
institution
of
learning; also studied
in
the theological
seminary of Princeton,
N.J.; and
has also
received the degrees
of D.D. and LL.D. In
1891-99 he was pro
feasor of oratory at
Beloit college of Wisconsin.
In 18 9 1 he
«a> or«Iaiu«-d a pr«*sbyterian minister; and
Is
now u nicmlH-r of the presbytery of
Woosfcr. <»h o. He is also president of the
nnivtrsity of Wooster; and the author of
alnalil.>
ducat i<mal and religious cf>nlribu-
;
Raleigh Warner, manufacturer,
was born July 7, 1878, in Honcoye Falls, N.Y. He was educated at the Genesee W'esleyan seminary;
and graduated
with the degree of A.B. from the Syracuse
university. For several years he was cashier
of the Bank of Honeoye Falls, N.Y. and ia
now secretary and treasurer of the Rochester composite brick company of Rochester,
N.Y. He is prominent in several fraternal
and patriotic orders; and in 19U() was treasurer of the national ctinvention of the free
and accepted ma^M^ns. He is greatly interested in genealogy; and has contributed valuable articles on that subject to current litHolden,
genealogist,
;
erature.
Holden, Oliver, composer, was born Sept.
1763, in Shirley, Mass. He will always
remembered by his world-wide regal
hymn, Coronation, lie was a carpenter, and
in 1792 became a music teacher and publisher.
He died in 1834 in Charlestown,
Mass.
Holden, Warren, educator poet, was born
ISO
he was an associate justice of the supn uM- court of Rhode Island.
Holden, Warren, educator, poet, was born
Feb. 1, 1817, in Newark, N.J. He taught
scluKil in Pennsylvania, Virginia and New18,
be
I
Jersey, until called to
Girard college in 1852.
After forty -five years
i
tions
U:
American
literature.
Holden, Luther Loud, author. He is the
aurinT of Pi-r^is. a Tale of the White Mountains:
«»ld
1S»
the department of agriculture at the Iowa state college; and is
now superinten<lent of the agricultural extension departnwnt. In 1902 he organized
and was manager of the Funk brothers seed
company of Bloomington, HI. In 1904 he
conducted the first railway train for carrying agricultural instruction to farmers. He
is the author of Potato Culture in Michigan;
Sugar Beet Culture in Illinois; Selecting and
Preparing .Seed Corn and other Monographs.
in
'M^^HI
of service as professor
of
and A Summer Jaunt Through the
mathematics
in
that
institution,
he
retired in
1890
with a yearly pension. He is the author
of several volumes of
poems, entitled Fourteen Sonnets; Song of
W<.rl<l.
was
Holden, Perry Greeley, educator, author,
was Imiiu Oct. 13, 1865, in Do«lge county.
graduated from the Michigan
agricultural c o 1 e ge
with the degrees of
B.S. and M.S.; and
received the degree of
B.Ph. from the Michi-
-Minn.
I
gan
state
normal
sciKwl of Ypsilanti. In
1889 93 he was instructor in the Michigan agricultural college; in 1895 was professor of science at
Benzonia college of
Michigan; and wag superintendent of Benzonia county schools in
1895-96.
In 1896-1900 he was professor of
agronomy at the university of Illinois:
since 1902 has been professor of agronomy
the Sea;
pliy
ual
lie
Kvoliition:
'lie.l
in
l!Mi:{
of
AutobiograLove; Spirit-
and Discovery of .America,
in
Philadelpiiia.
Pa.
Holden, William Hiram, lawyer, librarian,
Ijorii June (J. 1S43. in Chicapi. III.
In
Sill he graduated from the We-t division
high scli«Hd of Chicago, HI.; and in lMi
•riaduated with the degree of LL.B. from the
I'nion Cfdiege of law. For twenty-one years
lie was treasurer of the Chicagti law institute; and is its librarian. For a time he
was ;i trustee of the xiniversity of Chicago;
president and director of the Bible institute
coiportaifc association; and for thirty years
was superintendent of the Sundaj' school
was
I
y HRHRINOSHAW'S MRHAUY OK .AAIKUK'AN niUGRAPHTT.
IDO
of IIm' Srcoiul liuplist cliiitrli of C'hicagi), 111.
Holden, William Woods, journaliHt, j,'ovrr-
nor,
was
[torn
Sow
Orange counbecame owner and edi-
24, 18 IS, in
N.C. In 1843 lit;
lie
tor of the Nortli Carolina Standard,
wa.H pro isictnal governor of North Carolina in 18(i.»; was the twenty-ninth governor
in 18t}!»-7:i.
In 1872 8t» he'was iMwtmasler
of Raleigh. XX'.
lie died Manh 1. 1H<>2,
in Haleigh. N.C.
Holder, Charles Frederick, litterateur of
ty.
I'a.Ha<iena.
Cal.,
wsi.s
horn Aug.
I8.)I,
in
In 1809-71 he was a niidshipthe I'nitetl States naval academy;
Lynn. Maj^s.
nan
at
resided in New York until 1885 and then
went to California. He was the founder and
h>r two yf ars editor of the California .Magaxino; in 18S8-8U was editor of the Lom Angeles Tribune; and has produced over forty
biNiks
and pamphlets on
promoters of the
cinnati. Ohio.
lawyer, jurist, was born
Aug. 23, 1851, in London, Kngland. In 1873
he began the practice of law in Chicago, III.
In 18l>8-190»> lie was judge of the superior
court of Cook county, III.; and since 1906
has U'cn j'ulge of the appellate court of.
Thomas
Franklin, educator, author, was born April 8, 18.')9, in Ontario,
1893
Since
Canada.
he has been professor
of mathematics at the
Northwestern univer-
Holgate,
sity of Kvanston, III.:
since 1902 has In-en
dean of the college of
liberal arts; and was
president
in
1904-0«. He is the author of works on geometry and contributor to mathematical
acting
iiml
was lM)rn Oct.
was a curator
211.
1808, in Lynn, .Mass.
He
in the American museum of
natural history of New York City. He was
the author of History of the North American Fauna; History of the Atlantic Right
Whales; and The Living World. He died
Feb. 28, 1888, in New York City.
Holder, Phebe A., educator, author, poet,
was born Nov. 27, 1824, in Berlin, Mass. .siu-
hah taught school in the high sch<K)ls of Lee
and Hinsdale for many years; and has devoted much time to literature.
Holdich, Joseph, clergyman, author, was
iKirn .|iril 2i>. 18(»4, in Kngland. He was a
method'st clergyman; and was secretary of
the Americnn bible society in 1H4JI-78.
He
was the author of Bible Historv; Life of A.
H. Hurd: an<l Life of Wilbur Fisk. He died
1S!I.;. ill Morristown. N..L
Holenshade, James C. C, merchant, man-
Apiil 10.
ufaciurer. founder, donor,
1828. in Cincinnati. Ohio.
was
Inirn
May
12.
He was engaged
hanlware business and in the manin
tin-
ufacture
*
^
of bolts in
incinnati. Ohio.
In
isilL when the first
<
call
was
made
for
army wagons, he «»rgani/ed an establishment which euiibled
him to turn out a perfect wagon every thir-
natcd thirty
lis
treasurer
benefit
foundeil
of
ty
minutes.
He invented a breach loading cannon.
He dothousand dollars, his salary
of Hamilton county. t«» the
families
of
the
soldiers.
He
and was one of the most active
Il-
linois.
historical, bi<»graph-
and seientilic subjects. He has been vicepresident of the Boston Keally c<mipany of
Pasadena; and president of the Pasadena
aeatleniy of sciences. He has In'en presij^ent
<if
the Pasadena Ixmrd of edumtion; and
wa» the founcler and is honorary president
of the Tuna chih.
Holder, Joseph Bassett, /oologist, author,
Ohio female college of Cin-
Holdon, Jesse,
journals.
Holladay, Albert Lewis, educator, college
IG,
president, was born .pril
1805, in
S|>otlsylvania county, 'a. In 1856 he whs
elected president of Hampden cidlege. Ho
dir.! Oct. 18, ISfMi, in Mansfield, Va,
Holladay, Alexander Quarles, soldier, edu.senator, college president, was
8, 1839. in Spottsylvania county,
1801 tJ.j he served in the confederate army «luring the civil war; then practiced law; and for four years was a nieinIkt of the Virginia state senate. For twenty-one years he was engaged in educational
work; and was president of the Stonewall.Jackson institute of Abingdon, "a.
cator,
lM)rn
'a.
f'tale
May
In
Holladay, Alexander R., congressman,
was
In 1849-53 lie was a representative from Virginia to the thirty-first
He died in
and thirty-second congresses.
Virginia.
Holladay, Lewis L., educator, college president, was Ixirn Feb. 23. 1832, in Spottsylvania «'ounty, Va. In 1889-91 he was presiiMirn in 'irginia.
dent of
•Inly 23.
Hampden Sidney
college.
He
died
1S91. in Virginia.
Waller, educator, mathematician, was iKirn April 7, 1840. in Persia. He
served in the civil war; and for years was
a professor of mathematics and sciences in
Virginia institutions.
In 1873-87 he conducted a lM)ys* ycluMd preparatory to colit ge in
New York City. He is nciw emeritus
professor of C<K»per institute.
Holland, Colley B., soldier, was born in
IK»]l-6'2
TfimcNsiH-.
In
he .served in the
civil war;; and in 18»J2 O.'i was enrolled as a
briipolier-general in the Missouri state mi-
Holladay,
litia.
Holland, Cornelius, physician, state senacongre-.sinan. was bom .July 9. 1782,
Maine. Tie was a member from Canton
of the Maine constitutional convention of
1819; a member of the state legislature in
tor,
in 11KUHIN(;SIIAVS r.mUAUY UK
IS20;
aiiut
In
2G.
ii
stale !M«imtor in I8i_' luul
he was
lS2y-.'{3
a
n-pn-^riitur
from Maine to the twenty-tirhl and
second fongu-sses.
He
died
18l'.'»
.luiic
ivi-
tw«'iity-
1870,
2,
in Canton, Maim*.
HoUaDd, Edmund Milton, actor, eonu'diun,
was born in 1H4S in New York ( ity.
Il«'
liofn identified with the Aineriean -la;;e
yearn; and has iH-en eoniieeted at
times with prumitient stnek eom|iatiie-<.
lie liao taken part in KU-n llnl<U-ii; Kternai
City; HafTle-^; and other |»rodueti«»ns. play
inj; the h.idin;; n>Ie>..
Holland, Edward Clifford, jnurnaliHt. |iovt.
was Uirn in 17U4 in ( liarh-stnn. SA".
lie
was the anthor of a volume of (•<les, Naval
Songs, and Dther Poems. Me <lied Sept. II.
]:as
for
AMKKH'AN lUOnilAPHV.
•
many
ilegr
1S24. in
(
I
arlesu.n.
was i>orn May 2, 1830. in Boston, .Mass.
He was formerly a unitarian oIerg nian in
Wisconsin; and the author of The
Ohio,
Reign of the Stoics;
.Stories
from
KolK^rt
Browning; The Rise of Intellectual Liberty
was
Inirn
June
22.
1811,
in
from
M.I),
.3
medical
<»f
1808 he
In
|eeeied the
degnv
of
.lellerson
e<dlege
of
Philadelphia. Pa.
In
1872 85 he was professor in the medical
ili'|iart ment
the
of
univer->ity
of
l^>uiHVille; in 1885-99 WaM
piolessor of medical ehi-niistry and toxicology in the .lellerson medical college; and
^inc(' 1887 lias been dean of the faculty of
that institution, lie is the author of Diet
lor the Siek; Common Poisons and Trine;
levtlNMik of .!«dical Chemistry aiid Toxicology; aiitl vari<ius Monographs and medilal paper-.
Holland, Josiah Gilbert, better known as
'limoihy Titeomh. lecturer, author, poet,
was iMirn duly 24, 1819. in Belchertown,
•
from Thales to Copernicus; Life <if Frederick Douglass; and Liberty in the Nineteenth
Century.
Holland, Frederick West, clergyman, an
thor,
ins|ituli(in
learning'.
S.t".
thor,
A.M. fn»m
»f
that
all
Holland, Edward Everett, hanker, eonpressman, was born Feb. 2tl. iStU. in Nanseniond eounty. Va. Sinee 1S1»2 lie has he»-n
president of the Farmera' bank <»I Nanseniond county; was ittat«* >w>nat(»r in l!M>7-ll.
In 1JU1-1.'> he was a memlM»r of the si.tys»H't>nd and sixty- third congresses.
Holland, Frederic May, clergyman, au-
191
Pt-nnsylvania. Sin«-e 1904 he has Ikhmi judge
if
the Cnited Stat«'s district i-ourt for the
eastern district of Pennsylvania.
Holland, James William, educator, author,
In
wa- Imhu in 1S49 in Nashville. Teiin.
1805 he gratluated from the university of
Louisville; and subsei|nently ret'eived the
He was ediThe !*»pringlield
.Mass.
tor of
Republican
1849-
in
and of Scribiier's
Magazine in 1870 81.
He was the author of
Kathi ina
B it t e r
.•swi-et
The Mistress
of The Manse;
The
M a r b e Prophecy;
or>;
Bo-ton,
Mass. He v»-a9 the author of Scenes in I'al
ostine; and nther works. He died March 20,
1895, in Cambridge, Mass.
Holland, George, actor, was born Dec. 6.
1791, in I-iondon, Kngland.
As a comedian
he never lost his identity in the characters
he personated, and frequently resorted to
grimace and extravagance to prov(»ke merriment.
He died Dec. 20, 1871. in New
;
:
I
(Jariieied Sheaves,
in-
eluding all liis pmMiis
up to 1873; The Puritan's
and
(iiiest.
York City.
tKh.r Poems.
Holland, Henry Ware, hiwyer, journalist,
.mthor, was Iw.rn in 1844 in New York. He
is a Boston lawyer and journalist
and the
author of William Dawes and His Ride with
Paul Revere.
Holland, James, congressman, was horn in
North Carolina. Tn 1795 97 and ISdl-H he
was n representative from North Carolina
Bonnieastle; .S'vetioaks
^iiss (Jilbert's Career: Nielxdas Minturii. His other
Works compri-e: (Jold Foil llamiiiered from
Popular Proverbs; History of Wolern Mas-achusetts; Letters to Young People; Lessons in Life; Conceriring the .lones Family;
Plain Talks on Familiar Subjects; and Life
of .hraham Lincoln. He died Oct. 12. 1881,
:
to the
fourth. s,.venth, eighth, ninth, tenth
He died in North
and eleventh congresses.
Carolina.
Holland,
Pa.
Xov.
James
B.,
lawyer,
jurist,
was
14.
He taught
TOunty commissioners; and
in 1893 95 was
MontgouM'ry county. Pa.
1S88-00 he was a naval odicer at Philadelphia
and in 1900 04 was United States
district attorney for the eastern district of
district attorni'y of
In
;
fiction:
"n
The Bay Path;
;
New York
City.
Robert Afton, dergyman. anwas born .luiie. 1S44. in Nashville,
Teiin. He is an episcopal clergyman of .St.
Ixuiis; and fcirmerly a clergvinan of the
niethodist faith. He is the autlwir of The
Holland,
llior.
1858, in .Montgoniery e<Minty,
school in Virg'nia and Pennsylvania: and in 1878-88 was elerk to the
county e<»nimissi«(ners of Montgomery county, Pa.
In 1887-9:} he was sidieitor for the
l»orn
In
.rtliur
Philosophy of the Real l*resen<-(
Relations
of Philosophy to Agnostieism and Religion;
The Proof of Immortality; Midsummer
;
Nighfs Dream, .tu Interpretation: Democracy in the Church: and What if* the Use
Coing fo Church.
of
Holland, Rupert Sargent, lawyer, author,
was
lK)rn
Oct.
15,
1878,
in
I/iuisville,
Ky. IIERRINGSHAWS LIBRARY OF AMERICAN RIOGRAPHV.
19%
1900 he graduated from Harvard colIn 1903 he was admitted to the praclaw; and since 1904 has been chief
attorney of the Legal aid society of Philadelphia, Pa. Ue is the author of The CitiIn
lege.
tice of
Hand Book; The Count at Harvard;
Builders of United Italy; The Man in the
Tower; and Historic Boyhoods.
Holland, William Jacob, cUrgynmn, naturalist, author, was born Aug. 10, 1848, in
Jamaica, West Indies, of American parentage. In 1874-91 he was a presbyter ian pastor at Pittsburg, Pa.; and since 1891 has
been chancellor of the Western university
zen's
of
Pennsylvania.
Since
1897
he has also
lx>en the director of the Carnegie museum
of Pittsburg. Pa.
In 1887 he was naturalist in the United States eclipse exposition
to Japan; and in that to West Africa in
1889.
He is authority upon zoology and
museum administration. He is the author
of The Butterlly Book; The Molh Book;
and of many scientitie and historical papers
publislied by the l iiitt-d States government.
Holland, William West, chemist and scientist of Baltimore, Md., was born Sept. 18,
1881, in Eastville, Va. He has received the
<legrees of A.B. and Ph.D. In 1907-08 he was
Carnegie research assistant, in 1908-10 a.ssistant to Professor Morse, and since 1910
has been research associate in the Johns
Plopkins university of Baltimore. He has
made researches in osmotic pressure.
Hollander, Jacob Harry, linancier. author,
wab Iwjrn July 23, 1871, in Baltimore. Md.
He was treasurer of Porto Rico; and associate professor of llnance at Johns Hopkins university. He is the author of The
Financial History of Baltimore; and Stud
ies in State T/^gislation.
HoUeman, Joel, educator, lawyer, congn-ssnnin, wan born Oct. 1. 1799, in the
county of Isle of Wight, Va. In 1839-41
he was a representative from Virginia to
the twenty-sixth congress.
He was subsequently in tiie state legislature for several
years, and was speaker of the house.
He
•lied Aug. 5, 1844, in Virginia.
Hollenback, John Wells, banker, philanthropist, was born March 15. 1827, in Wyalusing. Pa.
Since 1803 he has resided in
W' ilkesbarre. Pa.;
b«'-
cnmc prominent in local alTairs: and was
a membt-r of the city
council.
dent of
He
the
is
presi-
People's
bank and other institutions; and a din-etor
in
tions.
has
many
corjinra-
Since 1S(m he
a trustee of
bft-n
La Fayette rollfg*-;
|S!I2
since
has
bern president of the
ami
Used by the United States and foreign g*»vrnmeuts in the tabulating of ceiisiis re
turns. He resides in Washington, IXC
Holley, Alexander H., governor, was horn
in Connecticut.
He was the twenty-seeoii«l
Me
governor of Connecticut in 1857-58.
«
di«'d
in
Connecticut.
Holley, Alexander Lyman, civil engintHM.
was born
metallurgist, inventor, auilior,
.Inly 20, 1832, in Lakeville, Conn. He was
.1
lecturer on iron and steel manvifacture
in the Colundiia school of mines fr«)m 1879:
;ind an inventor of prominence. He was the
author of llailway Economics; and Treatise
on Ordnance and Armor. He died Jan. 25>,
1882, in Brooklyn, N.Y.
Holley, Charles F., lawyer, jurist. He wan
judge of one of the territorial courts of the
i nited States sometime prior to 1884.
Holley, George Washington, litterateur,
author, was born in 1810 in Connecticut.
For many years he was a resident at Niag-
ara Falls, N.Y. He is the author of Niug
ara. Its History and (leologj-; The Falls i»f
.Niagara; Magnetism or the New Cosmography.
Holley, Henry W., poet, was born May 5.
From an
1828, in Pierrepont Manor, N.Y.
early age he contributed extensively to periodical literature. His
poems have
.mS^H
/
*
'K^L*
lieen
in-
corporated in Poets of
America and various
other standard works.
He is the author of
three poetical works
ire.
in
Rhyme:
antl
Politicians
Poems
Other
What
and
Moods
entitled
Emotions
The
I
and
;
Think, a sat
the
is also
He
author of two works
in prose entitled The Higginsvillc Papers;
and Random Shots at Living Targets. He
died June 27, 1897, in Everett, Wash.
Holley, John M., lawyer, state legislator,
congressman, was bom in November, 1802,
in Salisbury, Conn. He was a meml>er of
the New York assembly in 1838-41; and in
1847-48 he was a representative from New
York to the thirtieth congress. Ho <Iie<l
Mardi 8. IS 18. in Javcksonville. Fla.
Marietta, Josiah Allen's wife,
was born in 1844 in New York.
popular humorous writer whosthome has always been at Ellisburg. N.Y
She is the auflior of My Opinions and Hetsey Boblwt's; My Wayward Pardner: .fo•«iah Allen's W'ife as a P. A. and a P. I.:
.•samantha at the World's Fair; Samantha
in Europe; Snmantha Among the Brellm-n:
Samantha at Saratoga; Samantha at the
Centennial; Samantha on the Race Prob
Holley,
nut'ior, poet,
She
is
lem.
hoard of that institution of learning.
Alarm.
Hollerith, Herman, inventor.
He is the
inventor of the electric tabulating machim-s
thor.
a
Poems:
Holley, Mrs.
Sweet Cicely; and
Mary
Josiah'-t
Austin, litterateur,
She was the author of Texas;
'
ati-
Ob- IIKKHINUSHAWS IJHItAKY OK AMKKH'AN
scriplivc;
aUv
thetl
aiid
Aug.
Memoir
2,
lH4(i,
ul
in
llolloy.
Orltaiis,
Uolley, Myion, n'turiiicr, »a& born A|»nl
29, 177U, iu Salisbury, Conn. W hen the anti^lavery leeling iH-gaii to iiianit'c»t itM-lf hf
livuiiiie one ot il> aUlu-renU.
Al tbis liine
lie wa« ullered a uoiuiiiatiou lo cungretis b}
the whig i>arty, provuieti he would not agi
tate thir« ijue^tiou; but thia prop<»i(iou lie
decltneil.
lie die«l .Mareli 4, IHll, in Ku-
ada with the
chrster, N.V.
HoUey, Orville Luther, Hurveyur,
(^iii'Imt.
editt.r,
s|H'eial
hiwyer,
author, waH boni .May I'J, I7U1, in
Salisbury, Conn. He «as surveor-gi'iieral
of the state of New York in Ifi'.iH; and »lur
ing the Ja^t ten years of liis life wa» employed in the ollice of the secretary ol New
Vork. He was the author of Description uf
New Vork City; and Life of Iteiijaiiiiii
i-'rauklin.
He died .March 26, lH«il, in .l
bany, N.V.
HoUick, Charles Arthur, botanist. geo|«igist, was born K»-b. ti, lb.")7, «»n Staten island, N.V.
In 1879 lie graduated from the
Columbia school of mines with the degree
of I'h.B. In i89tt he was president of I'ort
Richmond, N.Y.; and in 1897-1904 was com
missioner and president (»f Kielitiiond county, N.V.
He has been curator of the department of fossil botany in the .ew York
botanical garden; and is a niemlM^r of the
American association for the :idvaneeiiietil
of science. He is the author of Monograph-^
on Local (Jeology and Hotan
Flora oi
l lie
the AniUiy Clays; and other works.
Holliday, Ben, expressiiian. tounder, was
Utrn in 1819 in BourlN»n (-oiiiitv. Kv. He
founded Hollitlay's mail and ov<-rland ex;
press, which for ten year>« was the coniieci
ing link between the western frontier states
and the Pacific. He also established the fast
pony-express, and a line of twenty-three
steamers from Alaska to Mexico. He died
July 8, 1887, in Portland, Ore.
Holliday, Elias S., scddier. lawyer, c<ingressiiiaii, was l>orn March 5, 1S42, in Aurora, Ind. He was taken west by his partnts; and spent his early life on a tariii.
He was educated iu the common schools;
and later in life secured a partial academic
education. He served through the civil war
in a Kan.sas regiment. He studied law; and
in 1873 was admitted to practice. Since I87.*l
he has LM*en engaged in the pi act ice of his
profession in Rrazil, Ind. In 19i)l-<i9 he was
a representative from Indiana In the fifty
K'venth, fifty-eighth, titty-ninth and sixtieth
congresses as a republican.
Holliday, Frederick William
(
rnor,
third
«lied
McKay, gov-
was born in 1827. He was the thirtygovernor of Virginia in 1878 82. He
in
'irginia in 1899.
Hampden, journalist,
Holliday,
John
IS4«5. in Iiulianbanker, was iMirn May
apolis, Ind. He was the founder and editor
of the Indiana|iolis News, which was estabIishe<l in 1860; and from which he retired
MWlAlMl Y.
19i
in
Horace
New
IU(
1892.
In 1893 he organized the L'nion
trust (.-ompany. and became its president,
which position he resigned in 1899.
He
then foiiiKled in conjunct iim with W. .1.
Itichards, the Indianapolis Press, of which
M.>rvatiuiu> tlistorical, Gi'ogrupliicul, ai»«l l)e-
he
the I'llilor.
Hollingsworth, Levi, merchant, was born
Nov. 29, 1739, in ICIkton. .Md. He served
ill
the
tiHM
II
Montgniiieiy
the
as a
field
of the original
sent t«» Canthe paynn'iil of (Jen.
w'len it was investing
iiieiiilM-r
He was
of ritv eaaliv.
spi^cie tor
"h
army
and was
lea«lers
•lelphia.
He
d>-lpliia.
Pa.
of
i-iiiplnyed
.Mar>'li
Hollingsworth, David
congressman, was born
24,
A., soldier,
Nov. 21,
He was educated
^^^^
<
ion
lawyer,
1844,
pub-
and at
I'n-
He
college.
was
and
serv-
mayor
;
of
Flushing. Ohio. Since
18(i9 he has U^en an
i^^^
^j^^l^^^^.
^^^^V^^^B
Cadi/.,
Ohio.
^^^B^^^b^^^H
attor-
coun-
^l^^^^^^l^^^l
ty,
a
in
in the
to the practice of law
^Hj^^
^H^^hk^
^^^^^K
was
of
^ private .soldier, in
18G7 he was admitted
ti^^^
^^^mfr^^n
s:l
<»ther
IMiila-
1824. in Phila-
lic scIkmiIs
j|V
many
party in
the federal
die<l
Helniont, Ohio.
in
He was afterwanl one
services.
member
of the
Ohio; and
in
1879-
Ohio state senate,
1883 he was appointed attorney-general
of Ohio. In 1909-11 lie was a representative
from Ohio to the sixty first congress aa a
III
I
publican.
Hollins, George Nichols, naval
tillicer,
was
Sept. 20. 1X99, ill Baltimore, -Md. He
entered the iiavv as midshipiiiiin in 1814;
1M2.7) 111- was promoted lieiitenaiil, and in
ill
In 18»il he resigned fo
1844 eoiiimander.
join the confederate navy; and was coinmisHe died .Ian. 18, 1878,
sioiied eoiiinio«lore.
ill
Haltimore, .Md.
United States s»"UFrench,
HoUis, Henry
iitnr. was born Aug. 3o. 1869, in Conctir*!. N.
He lias Imi ii a candidate for congress
II.
and for governor. He was a niemlxT «»t the
lilted State> s. nate for the term of 1913-19.
Hollis, Ira Nelson, engineer, eilucator, autlinr, was Isnn March 7, 18.'it». in Mooresille.
ml.
In 1874 he entered the L'nited
States navy as a cadet engineer; in 1888
became as<>istaiit engineer; and in 1893 reSince 1893 he has
sigiie«l from, the, navy.
Ih'cii
professor of engineering at Harvard
He is the author of War Coluiiiversily.
lege Lectures »in Naval Ships; and History
«if the Frigiite Constitution.
Ik. Hi
I
I
Hollis, Thomas, merchant, philanthropist,
iHirn in Ii>.'i9 in Knglantl.
Aft<-r making two considerable' ihmatitms to Harvard
colleg*'. he gave in 1721 the fund i>y which
the Hollis prolessorsliip of divinity was
const itnted. In 1727 Im' iIso established n
was HERRINtJSHAWS LIBRARY OF AMERICAN lUOGRAI'HY.
194
professorship of iiiutlK'iiiatios aiul pliiloMiphy; and hia donations aniountL'd at tliul
tiint'
to
als(.>
gave
of
twenty
(ivf
ImkjIss
fi»r
and
Ht'l>i«"v
thousand dnllais. Hp
llit*
library, and a set
typen for
(Jrii'k
printin;^.. Ilf
Fflirnarv. I'-Sl, in London. Kn;;land.
Mollis, Wiliam Stanley, diplomat, was
dii>d in
Ijorn
April
4,
was an oHicor
HiISUtt, in Cht'ls««a. Mass.
in tlu- S. of ', and contuolt'd
«itli
tlic
n-^^i-
littli
.Ma>sa«-liUM-tts
voliintror militia.
He
nii'nt
has
Imtii
in th«' Ariu-r-
con-nhir
ican
ISS!»
•sine.'
was
scrvi*-:'
to con
snhii' a;;iMit
Dnral
l>an; in 1S!)2 to coniiul
Mo7,anil>i(pn>;
at
1S!»S
wa>
in
tiiin>.f<'rnd
to Lonrcni-o .Man|Ui-/.
and
in
ISiMMiKMl dur-
ing thr Hoer war was
charge of the* i-onsuhtti- at Pretoria.
Sinee 1H98 lie has Ix'i'n I'nitejl States consul at Lourenco Manpiez. Afriea.
HoUister, Franic Canfield, cducattu-, )>hysieian. was born dune 14. IHtWt, in (Jreenwieii, Conn.
In 181M» h«' Ixgan the private
praetiei' of medicine in New Vork City. Me
was instructor in the p«i.stgra<hiate medieal
eoilege; ami for tlirei* years was instruetor
at the New York poly<-linie. Since l!Mir» he
has iH-en physician al the !oiivi rneur an<l
St. lOli/alx ih !ii)-|iital<i at Itelievne, Conn.
Hollister,
Gideon Hiram, hiwyer. diplonnit, author, was idun Dtc. 14. IS17, in
Washington, (^'onn. lie wa~ a hiwyer of
]..itehtiehl. Conn.; ami was ininis|«<r to liayti
in IStiS «!<».
Me w:is hr author of .Mount
Hope, an his|ori«-al romance; History of
Conned icul Thonms a Hecket, a Tragedy,
and Other I'oems-. and Kinh-y Ihdiow. He
died March JL ISSl. in LitchlicM. Conn.
Hollister, Horace, pliy^ieian. author, U3i8
in
(
;
iMirn
in
phy-^ician
1S2J
in
and
He is
Lackawanna
I'ai.
th«>
He wa> a
of Scranton.
History of the
oal Notes.
l'cnn'^yl ania.
htcal
lii>torian
author
X'alicy.
«*f
and
t
Hollister, Mrs. Lillian M., educator, refornuT. author, was lN)ni in lS.'):t in Milford. Mieh.; and is the daughter of I'liineas
Kates, ii
pioneer of
lakland county, .Mieh.
She was educated in
-cIiooIh;
the
public
graduated from the
liigli sehiMd; and took
(
a
ciiur-e
training.
"choid
of
normal
Slie
taught
and studied
munie and literature.
;
Slie
tary,
an<l
has
been seen'
vice - president
preMident of the
Central
iem^'ranoe
woman
union
of
Detroit,
Midi.; and presijlcnt of the Wonnin's chrischristian
Model
.
IH'.U
in
pvoni«>t<>d
tian temperance union of unions of that city.
In 1S'J:1 she was elected great commander of
the l.jidies of the .Maccabees «if Midiigan;
and ^ince ISt)j has been supreme comnuindi r
of tile luidies of the Maceal)ees of the world.
For a ninnber of years she has Ik'vu state
parliatncntarian for the Wonnin's christian
lejii|M rane»> uni«m for Michigan. She is also
corn spond'ng secretary of the National
council of women of the I nited States. She
is tile author of The Manual of Parliamentary T»'rins and I'roceduie; I'ocket Manual
of I'arlianientarx 'i'erms; Convention How;
in
and other works.
Madison E., lawy«'r, jurist, was
in Cayuga «-«nnitv, N.V.
In
nioii:
I
Hollister,
horii
ISdS
IStM he wa'". ap|H)inted associate justice of
the I'nited State- territorial court of Idaho;
and was soon afterward made chief
justice.
He
died in Idaho.
Hollopeter, William Clarence, physician,
author, was l)orn about IS.'ilJ in Munsey, Pa.
He is a noted physician of Philadelphia.
Pa.; and attending physician in children's
diHoaseH at the Philadelphia an«l St. Joseph's hospitals.
He is the author of A
Textbook on Hay Fever.
HoUoway, David P., journalist, state senator, congres^iiiian, was liorn Dec (», ISOH,
in 'ayn«-.yillc. tHiio. In 1S;{;; he purchased
the Richmond Palladium, and was its editor
for M'vi'ial ycjirs. In 184^1 he was elected to
the lower branch of the state legislature of
Indiana: anil in 1844 to the state senate,
serving nine years. In IS.I.V)? he was a represciit:Uie from Indiana to the thirty-fmirtli
congre-<>.
In lH»il he was a)tpointed commissioner of patents. He died Sept. H». 188.3,
ill
Washington. D.C.
Holloway, Ephriam Samuel, noldier. was
in Ohio.
In IHiil in- was lirst lieutenreg'nient Ohi«i infantry; and in 18r»4 became majf»r. In 18»i.) he
was brevetled brigadier-general. He died
Sept.
lS'».->.
Ijorn
ant in the forty-first
Holloway, Mrs. Laura, author, was born
IS4H. ill Naslwillc. Tciui. She was
ten years on the r«litnrial stall of The
lirooklyn Eagle. She is the author of Indies of the White H«>ns"; .
Hmir with
.ug.
f«>r
Charlotte Hronte; The Hearthstone, or Life
al
of Oreat Men and
Chinese (tordon
Howard, the
Hero; Life of .Adelaide Neilson;
Home; The Mothers
Women:
Christian
The
:
Ituddhi-t Diet lh»«k The
ry; and Songs of the .Master.
;
Home
of Poet-
Holloway. William Lawson, lawyer, jurist,
was Imrii Nov. 8. 18(;7. in Kirksville, Mo.
in I8'»2 lit' was a«lmitted to the practice of
law: and since that time has practiced his
profession in .Montana.
In 1802 he was
elected county attorney of (iallatin county.
Mont. In intMl he- became c|i>trict judge of
the ninth judicial district; and since 1!)(>2
has Ih'cu an a-sociate justice of the supreme
court of Montana.
Holloway, Thomas W., merchant, fanner,
28. 182ft. near NevlM»rrv
was born .March D
1. SA
UERRINGSHLAW'S LIBRARY OF AMERICAN BRGRAPHY.
In 1846 le went to F'olumbia,
state;
the expital of bis
nnd
quently was placed in
charge of the freight
department of the Co
umbra ad treenville
railroad. The Postel
laing continual (23)
Sen Ty
was
austerred to that
place as agent.
(n
1802 was electel
shier of the bank
Newberry;
of
three years later engaged in unrelialising
and farming Since 18s le bas been the
eretary of the State ngrientral and me
chanical society of South Carolina and still
fills that online in Pomaria. The was promi-
ment in the affairs of the state grange, and
was the secretary until that order was s
perseded by the alliance,
Holloway, William Robeson, journalist,
diplomat, author, was baru De. 1836, in
Richmoud, hid. In 1800 he was admitted
to the practice of law; and in ENKI was
private secretary to Governor Murton.
1861 he parehased the Indianapolis Journal;
and was its editor for several years. F1
1889-st be was xxlmaster of Indianapolis.
Ind. In 1880 80 he conducted the Indiana
polis Times. In 1897-1994 he was emisul-
general for the United States to Halifax.
Nova Scotia, 1le is the author of Holla
way's Indianapolis.
Holls, George Frederick William, lawyer,
autler, wax from June 1, 1857, in Pro
sylvania. The was a prominent lawyer of
New York City. He was the author of
Franz Lieber, lis Life and Work; Napela
Sophia and Troutzu; Compulsory Voting:
The Peace Conference at the Hague.
He died in 1903 in Youkers, N.Y.
Holly, Charles F., lawyer. jurist. He was
appointed a judge of the United States.
court for the territory of Colorado.
del in Colorado.
Holly, Henry Hudson, architert, author,
was born in 1849 in New York. He is an
architect of New York City. He is the
author of Country Seats Church Architec
1: and Modern Dwellings in Town and
Country. He died in New York City.
lolly, James Theodore, rrymau. mis
wiary. bishop. was born tet, 3, 1829, in
Washington, D.C. He was educatest in
Washington, New York City, Bulalo and
Detroit; and is received the degrees of
D.D. l 1.1.D. 1851 I became a prod
rstaut episcopal clergyman; in 1856 61 wa
petor of St. Luke's church at New Haven,
Conn; in 1861-71 WDS a missionary ne
Haiti and in 1874 was ondained mission
ary bishop of Ilaiti.
I 1864-74 he was
ensal of Lileris ut l'ort an Prince, Haiti,
lu 1878 he was a delegate to the Lambeth
wafference in England.
Hollyer, Samuel, engraver, urlist, was
an Erb. 24, 1826, in London, England, He
has engraved portraits of Walt Whitman,
President turiteld; also Vietor iluge; and
also of Dickens, Tennyson, Bryant and
Longtrikow i their studies and many
others, including nineteen presidents of the
iled stating
Holm, Charles F., lawyer, organizer and
ditertor of 35 Nassan st, New York City.
was born March 5. 1862, in New York City.
He was alted in the private schools and
alliggs of New York City and Schwerenit
Germany. He organized thus United Nation
tank. Hudson Trust company, the
onsumers Brewing company, the Exchange
tiger ompag ud alere operate tranke
exportions. He is senior member of Her
wir of Holm, Witkok and Scarll; and
is comised and director of the Hudson Trust
perny. Intil El he was explain in the
tonto the
Holm, llerman Theodor, litauist, anthor.
was born Feb. 3. Txat, in impenhagen, Den
mark. In 19s he grabitated from the mui
versity of Capenhagen,
Hade to the wit
States in 1888; and
subsequently became
a mataralized Ameri
can citizen. bu 1881
taust
and zoologist to the
Danish north pole ex
pedition; and in 1884
SG trayell in West
tiendant us admist
and zalogist for the
government
For plant right years he was botanist as
sistant in the Smithsonian institution and
the United States departurnt of agrient
He is the author of nutraus Mono
graphon Bany, Morphology and Anu
omy.
Holman, Jesse Lynch, lawyer, jurist, was
born Ort. 21, 1781. in Danville, Ky, Abou
the year 1836 he was appointed United
States district Judge for the district al
Indiana. He died March 28, 1812, in Auro
ra, Irul.
Holman, John H., soldier, was born in
Maine. In 1861 43 he served in the visi!
war: and in 1885 was brevettesl ligadier
general of volunteers, He died June 26,
1883.
Holman, Joseph George, actor, was borRE
i 1761 in England. He rose to such dis
linet on i juveuile tragerly and high s
ely parts.
Some of his last renderings
were Hamlet. Elgat in King Lear. Hene
diet. Lord Townley, Mr.
v. an Duke
Ariza, He had mure onse and finish th
intensity wa a stadiurs erforther and
a well-lied, scholarly man. Sis or even
play came from his ey that were acted
on a few musions, but never pablished,
He died May 24, 181, in Rekawny, S.Y.
Digedy Google HEUUlNGisUAW 8 hlBKAUV OF AMKKICAN
Holman,
William
Steele,
luwvn.
vou-
gressuuuv waa bom Sept. H, 1822, in Verdstown, Ind. H« was a member of the convention to reviae the constitution of liuliin 1850; was a memb«r of the »tat«
legiskture in 1851; and was a jinl^c of the
court of common plfus in
In
18a9-Ur>,
and 188i-Ud ho was a
representative from Indiana to the thirty-
aua
im n
iilOGKAl'HY.
professor of surgery in the niediciil
department of the university of lllinoia.
He is the author of Surg.cal Eniergenciea.
senior
Holmes, Charles H., lawyer, congressnuui,
wutf boru Oct. 24, 1827, in Albion, N.V. llv
a noted lawyer of Albion, K.Y.; au«l iit
1808-71 he was u representatix e to the
is
lorty-ilrst vongrens an
u republican to
liil
a
vacancy.
thirty sfvcntli, thirt -i-iglitli. llu> f«>rlorlv lir^t, furly-Hfoinl, forty third,
tictli,
forty-seventh,
forty-fourt II,
forly-cighth.
forty iiiiil !i, tiflietli, lifty-fir-t. lifl s •^.conil
David, congre»8man, governor,
«l
L niled Slates senator, was Iwrn in 1"
In l7"J7-18oy he was u
eriek county, Va.
representative from irginia to the liftli,
democrat.
sexenlli. eighth, ninlli and tenth coiiin 1809-17 was governor of tin*
territory of Missi»Hippi; was the lirst governor of that state in 1817 1819 and 1825
27; and in 1819 27 he was I iiited Slates
aenator.
He died Aug. 20, 1832, in Wiuriiinglon, Miss.
sixtli,
titly-tliird congresses
died April 22, 1887,
:iti<i
He
u
in
Washington,
D.C.
Holme, John, poet, was born in llti^'hind.
He left in manuscript a long and interesting poem entitled
True Uelation of the
Flourishing State of Pennsylvania, which
wa.-> preserved i»y his descendants and pub
llshcd for the lirst time in Bulletin of Historieal Collections.
He died in 1701 in
Salem, N.J.
Holme, Thomas, civil engineer. va8 Immu
in 1625 in Ireland.
His map of the Province of Pennsylvania, together with
lii-^
Portraiture of the t iiy m I'hiladi lphia,
A
published e.t(-nsively in Kurope in 1083-84.
made hi- riaim familiar to tvery stu-
flas
dent of Amernaii
in
Pliiladelpliia.
He
liisiory.
dieil in
1(R)3
I'a.
Holmes, Abiel, clergyman, author, was
born Dec. 24, 176.3, in WiKidstoek. I onii.
Hf was a unitarian eierj»uiaM; pa>.iitr of
the Jr'irst Church of Cambridge in 17M21832.
He was the author of Life of Iv/.rn
Stiles;
History of ( "iinibridgf
Aniirioin
Annaltt; and Alemoir of the French Protectants. He died June 4, 1837, in Cambridge.
;
Mass.
Holmes, Adoniram Judson, iiuldter. lawyer, eongresaman, waa bom March 2, 1842.
in Wavne count v. Ohio. He serveil tlnoiiyli
out the war: and Ueanie first li<ui<iiaiil
lie was elected a representative in the luu.i
stat«'
legislature
in
IS.Sl
;
and
in
l.SS.J 8!)
he was u representative from Iowa to the
forty-eij^th, Ibrty-ninth an«l tiftieth eon
gresses as a republican. He died in 1U02
in Boone. Iowk.
Holmes, Alexander J.,
born ^'pL 29, 1845,
civil war he
wiui
During the
soldier,
clergyman,
in C^ixttackie. N.V.
scrt'ed as n soldier
in III*' scoiid regiment of the New ^ ork
volunteer cavalry.
He received a connner-
cial education; studied law; and in 1872
enttiTfl the ministry of the niethodisf epis
He has helped thnf missions
i-opal eliureh.
to a self supporting basis; and designed
'ind liuilt sIn ihureh''s and three parsr>iia;^c^^
He now
a pastorate in .lgnnac, .Mieh.
Holmes, Bayard Taylor, educator, surgeon, author, was born July 20, 1S."»2, in
Norih ili'ro, t. In ISSU-tlj he was eililor
of the North AmtMiean Practitioner; and
in IS!)."! was a candidate for mayor of Chi
cago on the socialist ticket,
ilv is now
lill.^
Holmes,
i i
si.xth,
gi-esses;
Holmes, David, ihrgynmn, author, wan
la 18i»tiburn in ItflO in Newburg, N.V.
73 he was in the ministry in the norllihe
ve-,iern Indiana cotiferen,H»- edite
Mirror of the Suul; and The Chrisliaii
i*renelier; and was the author of Pure Gold
in its Native Loveliness; and of a Diseu.ssion U|M)n the Atonement. I'ntversal Salvation, and Kndless Punishment.
He died tii
|H7:'> in I'aiiie (Jtoiind. Mieh.
Holmes, Edmund Meek, clergyman, educator, college president, was born Dee.
IS.'i'.f.* in
Hardin county. t)lii«t.
In 18S.'i 8;i
.
l
I
he tilled the chair of (ir«>ek in the .Sinipsiiii
in 1889 92 was iMesideilt Of tllill
iuilitution; and in 1894-1900 was in chnr};e
of Boone district. Dot Moines conference,
.md pastor in the metliodist episcopal
eolh'ge;
eliurcli.
Holmet, BHat BeHowi, edueator, lawyer,
eongre-snian. was Imiii M;iy 27, I8i»7. in
I'letcher, Vt.
In 1845-49 he was a reprrsentative from New Yoric to the twenty
ninth ami thirteitli ooogrcssea. He diml in
N'ew York.
Holmea, Kliaa Barton, lecturer. trnvchT.
author, was l>orn Jan. 8. INTO, in rhteai,»ii.
IKIKI he first leeliiMl in l liicagci;
111.
li'
and since tiieu has lectured in ni.-iny of tiit*
principal American cities. He is the author
«if The Burton Hidnn-s U-ctures, iu ten volJunes.
Holmea, Gabriel, lawyer, congressman,
gnvcmor. was Imm in 1709 in Sainson
comity. N.C.
Ill'
was in !<« North Caro
i
lina Hlate. senate in 1807; the ffnirlcenllt
governor of the state in 1821-24; and in
IS2.') 29 he was a representative fnnn North
Carolina to the nineteenth and twentieth
mngrcHKCA. He died Sept. 28, 1821), nenr
liiit.in. N.C.
<
Holmes, George, educator, lawyer. e«dleg,'
preMident. was born Aug. 21." 1820.
in
Ceorgetuuii. Bii1i-I) (hiijina.
In 18:57 he
was in instructcu- in the school of Virginia:
.uul subsequently taught in Georgia and
in South r'arolina.
In ISl.l h,. practiced
law in t harleston. S. C.
In 1840 he was HERRINOSHAW*8 LIBRARY OP AMERICAN BIOORAPMY.
ami
mrttlu'inatioH
njjpoiiitt'ti
of
i>roft'.H!*fjr
iiuturul »c-i»'iu't' ut the Baptist colUm* «>l
ilickiuond; aud in 1841 lie was «-l('i-(o<i
president of the university of Micbiguu.
He diod Nov. 4, IH!»-|, In Cliar1ott<^vill«,
X.(
in
ISt'iT,
.
Uolmes, Geoxfte £.» ntuger, was born Nov.
18tl2. in lAwnmcerille, N.Y. He Mtudicni
Im' was
in
ill
KuK'nr iiikI Aiiirric-a.
1»7
Htatt- le^i<,luturc in 182ti; and in 1839-51
he was a repres^'utative from Siuth Carolina to till- twi'iity sixth, t wenly-M-venlli.
tt^epty-eigiitb, twenty-ninth, thirtieth and
thirty-first oongresse««.
He died Feb, 24,
liai li'-ioii.
(
<
Holmes, James Gadsden, soldier, uiernmnufaeturer, was bom June 17,
II.
ehant,
cuniiectcd with the t'eiitral churcii u( Clii
cago. III.
In 180A-97 h« sang in operaw
<>r;<ti)riiis ill
Loiiddii. Parin and i>lti<r
;iii(l
capita In.
He died March
Kur«>iH*uii
1808, in Hnoxidc KalU. X.Y.
Holmes, George Kirby, ntati-'tifi.ui au-
education in the private schools uf his
native state; and then attended the South
Duriii}; thf
Caridina n»ilitary academy.
civil
war he Heretl in the confederate
as
private
a
in V
states army; entered
troop, sixth '^oi.th Carolina eavalry; wa>*
later ou the »tair of llutli-r'- cavalry brigade; and reeeiveil three commiHsions as
lieutenant in the .Siuth Carolina ntat*- volHii in adjutant ^i iit-ral in
unteer triHtps.
the South Carolina division j44lie United
the same
confederate veterans; and
fMifiition in the army of the North Virjfinia
united confederate veterans with rank of
brigadier general. For many years he was
actively engiig* d in the reniliser tra^ in
Ciiarh-ston, S.C., and in Baltimore, Md, He
ha.<< now retired from active business; and
is identified with the public and social wel-
thor, w.is Unii
rington, Manft.
May
In
U',
iinuL
ISoti, in
was
1877 he
to
law;
iiiul
sjMi-ial
liar
aclniitt(*«l
practirc
(lie
i»(
lM-<-aiiit'
ajjfiit
ill
char^'c of thf diviMion
of farin<«. hoiiiCH aud
mortga^«>H
the
in
L'nited btatea ceiisnn
of 1890.
He in now
fliiff of the division
production
of
diHtribution
ment
uiid
the
in
Stati'^ <|(|i,ut
I'liit.'l
of
agriculture.
He b
tbe author of
l".irrn»and Homeii; and
(Vn^iis K.'poi*- .11
tteni Iv'^tate Moitgagt-s.
Holtnet, GeoTfc Frederick, <>ducator. college presidfiit author, was horn in 1H2« in
British fiuiana.
In 184l» In- wan preMideiit
of I hi- university of MisMiM»ippi: and in
.
is.'»7
was <ho>cn
prof»'sM»r
of
nn>t
hi«'ti<r
liitralnre in th»' niiivi'r->if y of Viru' iiia. Ih
tin* antlior of a s« ri<-, of ii t l>0(>k^.
He ilied Nov. 4, 1897. in Iticlinumd. Va.
u:is
Holmes, Mrs. Georgians KUngle,
in
rhihi.l.lj.liia.
artist,
Sin-
V..
cHiucatcd in the private M-hoold and
weminnrieH of Pennsylvania.
She is the
author of two collff
v/HH
of
tionii
titled
|)oeiiii«
Name
of
published
|n n
en
Make Thy Way
and Mine; ami In
iianic
Klinj;le.
tht>
King,
the
the
under
<tf
Siic
an
artist
SIn'
fouii(l)il
I
Icorj^c
is
aNo
of nn-rit.
.Arthur's
liouie
for
dcHtitute
boys at Summit, N.J.,
in njeniory of a son
who (lieil at the age
^
nine years at Summit. N..I.
Holmes, Hector Adams, mechanic, invenwas born Jan. 7, 1829, in North Hero.
Vt.
H« was th«' invt'iitor of tin- twine
ot
tor,
binder.
He
died Oct. 22, 10U2. in Chicago.
HI.
Holmee* iMac Edward, planter, lawyer,
•vuipressman. was bom April «, 17!)t», in
He was elected to the
Charleston, S. C.
ill
lt;irl<
(
ston,
S.C.
He
rt
Cfived
hit
h^^
f.irc
of Mat'oii.
(
la.
Holmes, John, lawyer, jurist, congressman, t*nited States senator, author, was
Ixirn March 14, 177.'?. in Kingston. Mnsa.
He wa.s a mentU'i .»( the MasHachusetts
legislature in 1808-03 and 1812; waa a
cominisHioner under the tr<M'y
a ^tate s«'nator in IHl.'J l.j. in
he was a representative from Mas<ichu-i'tts to the fifteenth and sixteenth
eoiigresse-.i
and in 1819-33 he was I nited
States senator from Maine. He was I'nited
States district attorney; and Vnit^-d States
He
district Judge for Maine in IHIl 4:5.
was the author of The Stale-man. or Prin
eiples of Legislation. He died July 7, 1843,
in Portland, Maine.
Holmes,
clergyman,
McCIellan,
John
journalist, was born Jan. 22, 1834, in Livingston, N.Y.
He was for Hcveral years a
(ueii,f>er of the •'ihicaf ioii.i! and ini^^ionatv
Uiards of the Reformed church; president
of the general synod in 1876; a delegate to
the j>an presliyferian (otin il at T,"n<li>ii in
1HH8; and miKlerator of the pre»bytenaii
synod of New York in 1884. He waa alao
for some time ;ni associate editor of tlic
Christian Intelligencer.
iNiundaiv
of
Hr> .ind
1817-21
;
Holmes, Joseph Austin, educator, geolow 1-. horn Nov. 2.3. IS.'iO. in T-iiuiens,
gist,
S.C.
In 1881 he graduated from Cornell
university. Tn 1881-91 he was professnr of
giudogy and natural hi'-t«iry in the uniM r
-iiy of North Carolina; anil ainee 1891 ha-s
leetured on geology in that institution. He
is a special government expert for the invest igat inn of road huildiiig materials in
the soul III 11 -tates; and sinec 1904 has
luen emphtyed in the Cnited States geological survey.
1 | 40,556 |
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jankovice%20%28Pardubicei%20j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Jankovice (Pardubicei járás) | https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jankovice (Pardubicei járás)&action=history | Hungarian | Spoken | 27 | 90 | Jankovice település Csehországban, a Pardubicei járásban.
Népesség
A település lakosságának változását az alábbi diagram mutatja:
Jegyzetek
További információk
A Pardubicei járás települései
Bottal létrehozott cseh település cikkek | 32,019 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesuk%20Lale | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Lesuk Lale | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesuk Lale&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 104 | 176 | Luuk ang Lesuk Lale sa Indonesya. Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa Sulawesi Utara, sa amihanan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa sidlakan sa Jakarta ang ulohan sa nasod.
Hapit nalukop sa lasang ang palibot sa Lesuk Lale. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Lesuk Lale medyo hilabihan populasyon. Ang klima tropikal nga kasalupan. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Enero, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga luuk sa Sulawesi Utara | 36,807 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiban%20%28suba%20nga%20anhianhi%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Tiban (suba nga anhianhi) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiban (suba nga anhianhi)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 105 | 177 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Tiban.
Suba nga anhianhi ang Tiban sa Kamerun. Nahimutang ni sa rehiyon sa Adamaoua Region, sa amihanang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa Yaoundé ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Tiban mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Nigyer.
Ang klima nga savanna. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Abril, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Hulyo, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Septiyembre, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Niger (suba) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Adamaoua Region | 6,869 |
https://github.com/zeitlingerlab/Ramalingam_Lola_2020/blob/master/scripts/rpm_normalize_bigwig.r | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | Ramalingam_Lola_2020 | zeitlingerlab | R | Code | 81 | 362 | suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(optparse, warn.conflicts=F, quietly=T))
option_list <- list(
make_option(c("-b", "--bigwig"),
type="character",
default=NA,
help="Input BigWig file"),
make_option(c("-r", "--reads"),
type="integer",
default=1,
help="Read count normalization (in millions, default 1)"),
make_option(c("-s", "--size"),
type="integer",
default=150,
help="Fragment size normalization (default 150 bp)")
)
# OPTION PROCESSING
opt <- parse_args(OptionParser(option_list=option_list))
if(is.na(opt$bigwig)) {
message("No BigWig file specified.")
q(status=1)
}
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(rtracklayer, warn.conflicts=F))
message("Loading: ", opt$bigwig)
cov <- import(opt$bigwig, as="RleList")
cov <- cov / sum(as.numeric(sapply(cov, function(x) sum(as.numeric(x))))) * opt$reads * 1e6 * opt$size
new_bigwig <- gsub("\\.bw$", "_rpm.bw", basename(opt$bigwig))
message("Writing: ", new_bigwig)
export(cov, new_bigwig)
| 22,612 |
politickmylenk00masauoft_2 | Czech-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | Czech | Spoken | 7,719 | 18,844 | Pravý parlamentarismus máme v Anglii, v Ame- rice, ve Francii proticírkevní, kdežto u nás a v jiných katolických státech je parlamentarismus jen dle jména. Je docela jiný člověk, který musí v církvi mlčet, jako v katolické, než tam, kde v církvi jest svéprávný, kde laik vystupuje ve vě- cech svědomí, kde laik má dokonce i účast na boho- službě. Takový člověk bude v parlamentě samo- statnější než člověk, který mravně je odvislý od kněze. V katolických státech proto parlamenty hrají ubohou úlohu. Vedle reformace byla renaissance ; tu laická mravnost přichází k platnosti a mravnost na- mnoze již nekřesťanská. Máme dále odcírkevněni filosofie i vědy. Od Descartesa^'* počínajíc stojí věda a filosofie na zkušenosti a rozumu, a je přímo proti středověkým názorům o světě. V 18. století z těch tří směrů vzniká hnutí a nejširší vrstvy byly na tento moderní základ postaveny, toto hnutí jest tak zvané osvícenství. Svoboda myšlení, rozumu, má platnost. Vedle toho je vyvinut ideál přirozenosti: žeuství. — ^^ Reué Descarteg, filosof a matematik fran- 35 přirozené náboženství, ne církevní, přirozené právo, tudíž i přirozený stát, přirozený stav a při- rozená mravnost. Všechny filosofické systémy vrcholí v pokusu o svou ne- církevní ethiku a nejmodernější filo- sofie dává přednost filosofii prak- tické před teoretickou. Voluntarismus"* dnes a podobné pokusy je jen úsilí o novou mrav- nost, Nietzsche přehodnocuje atd. Lidé chtějí míti novou ethiku. V 18. století tužby ty se zhušťují v tom, co zove se úsilím humanitním. V Anglii skeptik Hume^^ za- kládá na humanitě celou společnost, ve Francii humanita více se formuluje politicky (práva člo- věka a občana), u Němců je více literární a filo- sofická (Lessing, Herder'^ a j.). Všichni mají ideál humanity. To je čistá člověckost, mravně a spo- lečensky člověčenství jako organisovaný celek. Z humanity se pak dovozuje právo národnosti vedle státu a církve, a proti státu a církvi. Člo- věčenství je organisace z národů, ne ze států, stát je něco umělého, historického, národ je něco přirozeného. Národnost přichází jako část člověčenstva k platnosti. Vedle národ- nosti vzniká nový pojem, lidovosti, uvědomění, co jest národ? Jen ti aristokraté, nebo každý jednot- livec, masa, lid. Z tohoto hnutí vzniká -také hnutí stavovské. A z těchto prvků, z tohoto hnutí osví- cenského, humanitního, vzniklo politické úsilí velké francouzské revoluce. Ona nese jméno „velká" (jako Alexandr „veliký"), protože je zde opravdu něco velikého, nového. couzský nfS9fi — lfí.^0^. — ^" filosofie zdůrazňující význam vůle. — " David Ilume, anglický filosof, u něhož pochybování (skepse) má velký význam (1711—1776). — " Lessing (1729— 36 7. — Demokratism a revoluce. — Pravá revoluce demokratická: aby lid byl připraven ujmout se otěži správy. — Konsiitucionalism demokratický a aristo- kratický. — Revolučnost proti legitimismu. — Revo- lučnost stavem trvalým. — Filosofické a náboženské prameny revoluci. — Právo na revoluci — mozková, filosofická revoluce podmínkou demokracie. — Evo- luce nevylučuje revoluci. Pokrok. Demokrat však hlavně věří v práci. — Problém revoluce je pro moderního člověka důle- žitý: 3Í byl lid nadobro prohlášen za suveréna'*. Revolucí rozumím stálý stav nového člověka, re- volučnost; revolucionář je kritik všeho starého a revolučnost jest nejen v politice, nýbrž i v litera- tuře, filosofii atd., jest to ideál postaviti spo- lečnost na docela jiný základ. Proto znam.ená r e- voluce převrat z gruntu. Proto jsou revoluce, jež přinášejí málo užitku. Revoluce v pravém slova smyslu, jakou si moderní demokrat přeje, jest, aby lid byl připraven převzíti otěže administrativy, konstituce a parlamentarism jest pouze začátek tohoto nedokončeného převratu. Jest spor mezi konservativními právníky, kdo dal konstituci; panovník, anebo vrátil král lidu, co uchvátil. V tom se liší konstitucionalism pruský od francouzského, aristokratický od demokratického. A konstituce, psaná konstituce, je původu církev- ního. (Viz Borgeaud-Jellinek.) Opět důkaz, jak demokratické hnutí s církevním souviselo. Proti revolučnosti stojí škola práva historického, která chce legitimní, starý absolutism přivésti k platnosti, po případě i ve formě caesarismu'^ no- 1781) a Herder (1744—1803), spisovatelé němečtí. — ' svrchovaného vládce. — '' samovládnosti císařovy. 37 vého absolutismu. (Napoleonism, caesarism.) Tím se vysvětluje ohromné zesílení reakce katolicismu, nejen politické, nýbrž i nábožensko-církevní. („Ro- mantism.") Máme revoluce r. 1830, 1848, ruskou v r. 1905—6, a dnes revoluci v Persii a j. Permanentní*" stav je revoluční, v Evropě, v Americe, v celém světě. Filosofie moderní vj^kládá spojitost veškeré re- voluce a politiky s církví; t. zv. filosofie nábo- ženská je, správně pojata a prováděna, také filo- sofií politickou. Mohu to osvětliti na filosofii Feuerbachově*^. Podle Feuerbacha náboženství je jen antropomorfismem*^, t. j. člověk na své bídě si idealisoval sám sebe, bůh je vlastně člověk. Dů- sledně nejen Stirner'*^ ale i Marx** a j. od kritiky theologie přešli ke kritice politiky, státu a společ- nosti vůbec. Bakunin*^ to silně vyjádřil slovy, že nebe je mužíkovi kořalnou, kořalna je nebem. Přirozeně filosofická revoluce levice Hegelovy*^ v Německu stala se revolucí 1848, jako ve Francii Rousseau, Voltaire, encyklopedisté, materialisté*^ \edli revoluci myšlenkově. Vznikl názor, že demo- kracie musí býti založena na beznáboženském a amorálnim stanovisku, humanistický atheism zdál *" trvalý. — 41 L. Feuerbach, německý filosof (1804—1872) . — " představa božství v lidské podobě, s lidskými víast- nostrai. — *' Max Stirner, duchaplný německý filosof (1806 — 1856), krajně háiící práva Jedince. — ** Karel Marx, zakla- datel německého" socialismu (1818—1883). — *" Eiiský revo- lucionář, anarchista (1814—1876). — *® levice Hegelova = radikální stoupenci německého filosofa Hegela v polovině 19. stol. (Feuerbach). — " Rousseau, filosof a vychovatel (1712—1778); Voltaire, spisovatel a myslitel (1694—1778); encyklopedisté, spisovatelé francouzští, kteří koncem 18. stol. vydali naučnou sbírku (encyklopedii) ; materialisté fran- couzští 18. stol. filosofové, vycházející od hmoty (mnozí 38 se býti jedinou zárukou aiuonarchismu". Feuerbach zejména v Ixusku se stal základem hnutí revoluč- nímu. Legitimisté" popírají právo na revoluci. Pro každého mj^slicího člověka jest právo na revoluci nesporný m. Každý myslící člověk má právo se bránit, a tím už jsem řekl: jakou revoluci. Smrt za smrt, řekl ruský revolu- cionář Stepňak. Ale to je mi málo, jen obrana fysická. Každý má povinnost se brániti mravné, 1. j. ničit absolutism duchovní. Mně je mozková, íilosofická revoluce nezbytnou podmínkou mo- derní dem-okracie. Mnozí říkají, revoluce se již přežila, místo re- voluce se prohlašuje evoluce''^ Ano, moderní člověk plně věří v pokrok. Uznává ' voluci, odmítá katastrofism^", připouští, že pokrok se děje krokem (po — krok!), ne skokem, že se děje přeměnami téměř infinitesimálními^S Víra \ pokrok také znamená, že dnešek je lepši než včerejšek, že stav společnosti a jednotlivce není zoufale špatný, evolucionista je optimista, věří, že zítřek bude lepší dneška. Přes to správné pozorování nás učí, že v oboru duchovni krise a revoluce jsou, prostě jsou, a tu- díž také politické revoluce nejsou evolucí vylou- čeny. Možno mít spor, nutna-li ještě revoluce, kde již je konstituce (ten spor se vede v marxismu!), pracovali také na Encyklopedii). — *^ amorální stanovisko nepřipouští mravního měřítka; atheism = bezbožectví; amo- narchism nepřipouští vlády jednoho (,,a" je řecká předpona značící ne-, bez-). — *" Legitimisté jsou stoupenci zákonného, starého řádu. — ^° Revoluce je náhlá, násilnická změna, převrat; evoluce znamená vývoj, změnu pomalou, přirozenou; „katastrofě" je řecké slovo téměř souznačné s latinským slovem rovoiutio, jen stupňovaného odstínu: shroucení. ^^ nekonečně 39 ale nikdo dnes nemůže zaručiti, že revoluce již ne- budou a že nebude revoluce definitivní, „velké". Demokrat věří také v práci, v práci drobnou, jak ji hlásal Havlíček, Dostojevskij a j.; nedávno zemřelý Bang^^ radil mládeži ve „Viktorii", aby se naučila těžkému umění být malými. 8. — Demokrat pochybuje o liheralisinu; jde mu o jeho demokratisaci a socialisaci. — Demokracie a ústavní formy: monarchie či republika? — Demo- kracie a socialism (marxism), komunism, anarchism. 9. — Uvědomělá demokratičnost žádá filosofického myšleni a poučení z dějin. — Myslící demokrat není slepým radikálem ani oportunistou — vyhýbá se však i zlaté střední cestě. Demokrat pohlíží na liberalism skepticky" (jméno liberál vzniklo ve Španělsku!), poněvadž libera- lism je starší názor. Konstituce, parlamentarism, konkurence hospodářská — to jest dnes hodně konservativní. Vyskytli se proto liberálové, jako Bentham, J. Stuart MilP*, kteří zastupují liberalism, tak zvaný radikální. Dějí se stále pokusy, libera- lism opravit, zdemokratisovat a socialisovat. Každý myslící člověk uznávaje obtíže pravé demokracie, nezapomene na obtíže monarchismu . .. Vidíme, jak monarchism zneužitím moci sám sebe podkopává. Hialými. — ^^ Bang, moderní romanopisec dánský. — ®' libe- ralism je hospodářská soustava, hájící především důsledné práva soukromého majetku a svobodné soutěže hospodářské a sociální a svobodomyslnosti vůbec; původně hnutí pokro- kové, na př. proti feudalismu středověkému; proti novému hnutí zejména socialistickému je liberalism ovšem konserva- tivní a nedemokratický. — ^* Skepticky = pochybovačně. — " Bentham (1748—1832), J. S. Milí (1806—1873), myslitelé 40 Ale 3a s demokratického stanoviska upozor- ňuji, že tato revoluce shora — a je jí všude hod- né — je také nebezpečna pro pravou demokracii — jest to demokracie negativní, více anarchism, jenž se takto šíří. Ale je to jeden z činitelů ve vývoji demokratismu. Nebezpečí ohrožující monarchism je netoliko mravní, ale také biologické"; je sporno, zdali dědičnost, podle principu aristokratického, je zdravá pro rod samý, šlechti-li se šlechta . .. Jest dále otázka, zdali demokracii m 0- n a r ch i e svědčí nebo republika. Ne- zvykejme si v politice lpít na slovech, neposuzujme skutečný stav národa podle psaného programu ústavního; tedy na př., co je demokratičtější, re- publika francouzská nebo anglická aristokra- ticko-oligarchická monarchie'^'^? Já se kloním k ná- zoru, že je monarchie anglická demokratičtější. Co je demokratičtější, Německo nebo Rakousko? Bez odporu Německo. Já nepochybuji o tom, že vý- voj vede k republice, ale pro posuzování demo- kracie tato forma ústavy jest věcí podřízenou, protože jde o celkovou administraci a ne pouze o formu ústavy. Konečně poměr demokracie k socia- lismu, dnes hlavně k marxismu. Marx filosoficky vychází z náboženského humanismu Feuerbachova, pozměnil jej však v materialism a positivistický amoralism". Před Marxem socialisté všichni zaklá- angličtí. — " biologie = obecná nauka o životě ústrojném. — " oligarchie = vláda několika málo lidí. — " učení positi- vistické přijímá nemožnost poznání o nadsmyslnu, připouští poznání jen rozumové, vědecké, na základě zkušenosti, em- pirie; mravnost uznává jen přirozenou, vyvinuvší se z potřeb člověka a společnosti; amoralistický je positivism v tom smyslu, že neuznává původní, vrozené mravní zásady. 41 dali socialism také mravně a nábožensky, Marx zakládá jej pouze na hospodářských poměrech a jejich vývoji (materialism historický neboli ekono- mický). Marxism je komunismem. Komunism se zavede sociální revolucí definitivní, ke které spěje kapitalism sám svým. vjd-iořisť ováním — proletáři světa se spojí a odstraní starý řád kapitalistický. Socialismus správně se staví proti upřílišenc- mu individualismu (původně slovo socialismu zna- mená tento antiindividualism) a dokonce proti anarcliismu. Anarchismem rozumíme buď pouze astatism, apolitism (antiparlamentarism atd.) nebo neorganisaci, resp. desorganisaci společnosti vůbec^*. Komunismu je několik druhů (k. vyrabědel — udílení výtěžku 'práce podle schopností nebo potřeby). Sám nejsem přívržencem komunismu, marxism odmítám filosoficky, socialism ak- ceptuji^'; nestačí starší filantropie pouze huma- nistická, socialism právem žádá sociální zákono- dárství. Socialism pro moderního demokrata jest také problémem filosofickým, nejen hospodářským, ačkoliv do velké míry ano, m.y chceme, aby bylo dost chleba, to jest dnes hlavní požadavek, ale člověk nežije pouze chlebem. Přicházím k tomu zakončení, že býti uvědo- mělým demokratem, znamená filosoficky m.yslet, tedy z historie čerpat poučení, postihovat histo- rický vývoj — filosofie historie. Problém zní, jak se dá sloučit determinace"" historického vývoje se svobodou jednotlivce, tedy problém o poměru historie a mravnosti. Přemýšlející demokrat bude — ^^ anarchism je odpor proti vládě, řádu, astatism odpor pioti stálil, apolitism proti politickým formám: neoreranisace je nedostatek uspořádáni, desorganisace stupňovaný nepořádek, zmatek. — ^" přijímám. — "^^ vj^mezenost, určenost. — ®^ neví- 42 se lišiti od slepého radikála. Radikalismus je do velké míry slepý, ale postavení k radikalismu my- slícího demokrata jest toto: nehledat mezi extré- my, mezi pravou a levou, tak zv. zlatou prostřední cestu. Radikalism, totiž levý, slepě empiristický", če- lívá radikalismu zprava. Nehledat tak zvanou prostřední zlatou cestu a chytrácky prokluzovat tou zlatou prostřední cestou mezi levicí a pravicí. Politický program z přemýšlení, z myšlení histo- rického, není slepou empirií", nýbrž zdůvodněným přesvědčením a přesvědčení není slepé. Myšlení politické překonává radikalism, nejen pravý, nýbrž i levý, myšlení není oportunismem"- a chytráctvím, třebaže právě politik myslící přihlíží ke skuteč- nosti — ovšem právě tu skutečnost všecku neak- ceptuje, neoddává se historismu slepě, nýbrž chce měnit. 9. — Demokratism proniká ponenáhlu. — Je novým názorem na svět a celý život, nejen na politiku. — Demokratism chleba, ale i ducha. — Demokratism žádá změny lidi a smýšleni, nejen programů a zří- zeni — Demokratism úsilím o nový život, demokrat novým člověkem. Demokratism proniká jen ponenáhlu; aristo- kratism nemizí najednou a nemůže být nahrazen pouze demokratickými programy a institucemi*^^ Anglické men not measiu^es''* je odpozorováno ze života. Všeobecné hlasovací právo samo nezaru- čuje demokratického smj-šlení; pravý demokrat doučí nic než empirii = zlcušenost. — "^ využíváni vhodných příležitostí, beze zřetele k zásadám. — "' zřízeními. — ®* „Lidé, nikoli zřízení, to jest, že na změnu sociálního řádu ne- stačí změnit vnější zřízení, zákony atp., nýbrž že na- před nebo zároveíi je nutno změnit lidi, jejich smýšlení. — 43 bude všude cítit a jednat demokraticky nejen v parlamentě, ale také v obci, ve straně, v kruhu svých přátel, v rodině. Demokracie je nový světový názor a nový způsob života. Plato jako odpůrce demokracie chtěl poznat demokracii podle chování oslova — to je zlá, ale přes to geniální předtucha demokratické svobody a zároveň výzva k demokra- tické důslednosti. Není proto bez významu, že idea pokroku a vý- voje byla hlásána a všeobecně přijata současně s požadavky demokratismu; souvislost je vnitřní a podstatná: aristokratism je absolutistický, kon- servativní a tradiční, demokratism je pokrokový a ohrožující, poněvadž spoléhá na zkušenost histo- rického vývoje, nikoli na zjevení. Demokratism je úsilí o nový život. Demokratism nezná jen rovnost poli- tickou (všeobecné volební právo . . .) , nýbrž též liospodářsko-sociální, mravní, nábo- ženskou a duchovní vůbec. Chceme býti co možná rovni. Jistá nerovnost je přirozená, nadáním, postavením atd. Chceme míti bratrství nejen v chlebě, ale také v právech, ve vědě, v mravnosti a v nábo- ženství. Nemá býti aristokratism kněžský, učenecký, kapitalistický, politický; zkrátka, demokratis- mus je celkový názor na svět, hlásající zásady rovnosti nejen hospodářské a politické, nýbrž také duchovní, mravní a náboženské. Demokratické požadavky nové doby jsou ve všech oborech, nejen v oboru hospodářském a politickém. Bylo by klamné mysliti, že domáháme se jediné demokratismu chlebového. Musíme žádati rovnost a bratrství všude, tedy nejenom politickou v zákoně, ale také náboženskou, mravní a duchovní. Chceme 44 demokrat isaci včdéní, mravnosti, náboženství, zkrátka, demokratismus znamená doslova: Vládu lidu, vládu lidskou naproti teokracii, vládě boha a ve skutečnosti knězi. Jest tedy demokratismus celý ná- zor na svět, a musí se stát novým člo- věkem, kdo chce býti doopravdy demo- kratický... 10. — Vůdcové v demokracii. — Výchova vůdců. — Vůdcové neviditelní. Válka a revoluce přivedly ku platnosti demokracii s principem majority a režimem parlamentárním. Rozšíření a uplatnění všeobecného práva hlasova- cího nutně rodí obtíže, s nimiž demokratický režim všude zápolí. Majorita sama o sobě nezaručuje správnosti, pravdy a práva; boj politických stran sílí stranickost a strany nevysílají do vlád, úřadů a parlamentů vždycky svých lidí nejlepších. Zna- lost a prakse administrační a politická nejsou volbami dost zaručeny; a proto právě v demokracii dán je veliký problém vůdcovství, jak vzdělat poli- tické vůdce a jak jim zabezpečit vedení. V monarchii tato věc byla rozhodnuta. Tento problém týká se vysokých škol v míře svrchované; studenti a profesoři jsou voliči, jsou vojáky, studenti jsou budoucími učiteli a úředníky, profesoři jsou poslanci a vyššími úředníky. Je již proto úkolem vysokých škol v řešení problémů sociálních a politických vydatně spolupůsobit. To neznamená účastnit se vždycky politické činnosti ve stranách a v parlamentě, nýbrž především za- bezpečit na vysokých školách poznatky a vzděláni pro politiku v pravém slova smyslu kulturní. Pravým vůdcem politickým není jen poslanec, mi- 45 iiistr nebo president, často vedou národy více a lépe vůdcové neviditelní, vůdcové již nežijící. Vysoká škola je především povolána, aby pěstovala, třeba že theoreticky, politiku vědeckou, aby učitelé a žáci vybředli z abstraktnícli neplodných hesel, z vřavj'^ stran a straniček, zapomínajících dost často na celek národní a státní. 11. — Demokracie musí se stát obecným názorem. — Nová Evropa a demokracie. — Mravní převychováni národů. — Ježíš ne Caesar. Nový člověk, homo Europaeus''^ nezrodí se pouze politikou -aiější, nýbrž hlavně vniterní — všichni národové budou po válce nuceni všechno své myš- lení věnovat hmotné a duchovní obnově. Vzájemné ubíjení není velikým činem — velikost historického okamžiku národové vytvoří procítěním válečných hrůz, analysí válečné horečky a přibližnou orientací, kam a jak další vývoj měl by spět, jestliže se roz- hodneme pro trvalý mír a pro humanitu. Demokracie musí se stát obecným přesvědčením, světovým názorem. V Prusku Němci zorganisovali násilné poněmčování Poláků, a našel se filosof (Ed. v. Hartmann) , který prohlásil ve jménu pruské idee nutnost vyhubení Poláků (,,Ausrotíen!") ; v Uhrách se maďarská oligarchie udržuje postří- lením slovenských, srbských a rumunsky^eh voličů a násilným potlačováním Školství, literatury a ja- z'jků; v Rakousku pangermáni diskutovali veřejně o svých plánech násilné germanisace celých národů; ruský carism následoval německého příkladu civilisovaná Evropa zůstala klidná a spokojena uprostřed všech těchto politických ohavností, až ^ člověk evropský. — "^^ němeokj' historik. 46 tato válka upozornila na nebezpečí, pod kterým nejen národové východní Evropy, ale celá Evropa úpěli léta a léta. Folitický úkol demokratické rekonstrukce Evropy musí býti dovršen a vlastně umožněn mravním pře- vychováním národů — buď demokracie nebo dynas- tický militarism, buď Bismarckism nebo politika rozumná a poctivá, buď násilí nebo humanita, buď hmota nebo duch! Politikové pruští a rakouští, nejhlasitěji císař Vilém, zdiu-azňují náboženský podklad své politiky a svých státu; avšak toto náboženství je náboženství politické: Prusko, Rakousko jsou zbytky theokra- tického imperialismu středověkého; demokracie je protivou a překonáním theokracie. Náboženství tím neztratí váhy a autority, naopak získá, bude-li osvobozeno od státu a libovůle abso- lutistických dynastů. Co v theola*acii bylo správné — idea katolicity, všelidskosti, člověčenstva jako orga- nisovaného celku, demokracií se neztratí. I demo- kracie doufá a pracuje k tomu, aby byl jeden ovčinec a jeden pastýř. Ježíš, ne Caesar — toť heslo demokratické Evropy, zejména, když se pojímá Caesar, jak jej vybájil Mommsen'"^, podávající ideál pangermánského impe- rialismu. 12. — Vítězství demokracie ve válce světové. — Světová demokracie osvobodila i nás. — Osud národa našeho spiat s moderní demokracii. „Věřím i já bohu, že po přejití vichřic hněvu, hříchy našimi na hlavy naše uvedeného, vláda věcí Tvých k Tobě zase se navrátí, ó 1 i d e český, a pro tuto naději Tebe dědicem činím všeho toho, co jsem koli po předcích svých byla zdědila a přes těžké a 4 47 nesnadné časy přechovala, nýbrž i v čemkoliv dobrém skrze práci synů mých a požehnáni bozi, rozhojnění jsem přijala, to všecko Tobě odkazuji." Proroctví-modlitba Komenského vyplnila se do- slova; náš národ je svobodný a nezávislý a vstupuje vážen a podepřen všeobecnou sympatií do společ- nosti evropských národů. Žijeme v pohádce? Tak se ptají politikové všech zemí a sám kladu si stejnou otázku; a přece je to všechno skutečná skutečnost, výsledek čtyřletého zá- polení všech národů světa. Svět rozstoupil se na dva tábory a v hrozném boji zvítězili ti, kteří hájili ideály spravedlnosti — zvítězili idealisté, zvítězil duch nad hmotou, právo nad násilím, pravda nad chytráctvím. Theokratická autokracie podlehla demo- kracii, spočívající na zásadách humanitní mrav- nosti. Berlín, Vídeň, Cařihrad hlásaly rouhavé učení, že jejich státy, ve skutečnosti i dynastie jsou z boží milosti, ba přímo zjevením a nástrojem, stát opírající se o militaristickou armádu postaven jako ideál proti národnosti, výboj a panství nad světem staly se cílem berlínského, vídeňského a cařihrad- ského carismu-imperialismu. Prušáctví, rakušáctví a džingiš-chanství nespojovalo se pouze zeměpisně; je vniterní shoda a příbuznost těchto tří přežitků středověké theokracie. Proti ní seskupily se moderní demokracie; demo- kracie nemiiitaristické, hájící ideály humanity. Pruský militarism, armáda vojenských specialistů, poražen lidovým vojskem, které teprve průběhem války musilo býti organisováno a ve zbrani vycvi- čeno; promyšlená příprava Německa a jeho vypo- čtený útok neobstály. Spojenci, věrni demo- kracii, prohlásili důsledně právo všech států a národů, nejen velikých, nýbrž i malých, na samo- statnost; president Wilson formuloval vedoucí zásady demokracie, obsažené v americké deklaraci ne- závislosti a ve francouzském prohlášení práv člo- věka a občana. Revoluce zvítězila nad legitiniistickou ztrnulosti: všecka politická moc pochází z lidu, aneb jak to řekl Lincoln: z lidu, lidem a pro lid; a presi- dent Wilson prohlásil jakožto cil války osvobození celého lidstva. Proti čtyřem centrálním mocnostem spojilo se celé lidstvo a jestliže souhlas národů kdysi považován za důkaz pro jsoucnost Boží, souhlas všech národů všech dilů -světa v této válce jest dů- kazem demokratické pravdy. Pruský mili- tarism a jeho spojenci byli a jsou mravně isolováni. My Cechové a Slováci nemohli jsme v tomto svě- tovém boji stát stranou; museli jsme se rozhodnouti proti Rakousko-Uhersku a Německu, a museli jsme vystoupit, neboť celá naše historie, její obsah a smysl vede nás k mocnostem demokratickým. Vj^budování našeho státu a jeho udržení proti německému náporu na východ, naše reformace a ideály, naše utrpení protireformačního násilí, způsobené Habsbiirky, zne- užívajícími náboženství pro své nízké hmotné cíle a naše probuzení, vedené ideou humanity a vyplýva- jící z ní demokracie — osud našeho národa přímo logicky jest spiat se západem a jeho moderní demokracií. 49 III. NÁRODNOST A HUMANITA. i. — Národnostní cit a idea. — Národnost od 18. sto- letí silou politickou, státotvornou, sociální a kul- turní. — Uvědomělý princip národnosti je úplftě moderní. Požadavek Spojenců^ aby malé národnosti byly respektovány stejně jako veliké, vyplývá z uznání národnostního principu'. Pro pochopení války a uzavření správného míru je velmi důležito, aby princip národnostní náležitě byl objasněn. Národnostní princip uplatňuje se v Evropě ener- gičtěji od 18. století, a sice netoliko politicky a sociálně, nýbrž i filosoficky, v literatuře, v umění a v celém životě. Od 18. století (2. polovice) lze pozorovat, jak v Itálii a v Německu se sílí touha a úsilí o sjednocení národů, rozdělených ve středo- věku na četné státy. O sjednocení a osvobození usilují zároveň porobení národové; na Balkáně, proti Turecku, povstávají Srbové, fiekové, Bul- haři, Albánci. Totéž se vidí v Rakousku a Rusku: od francouzské revoluce počínajíc, historikové za- znamenávají národní probuzení a obrození Oecliů a Slováků, Maďarů, Jihoslovanů a vůbec všech národů v Rakousku, v Rusku a jinde. Němců a Italů nevyjímajíc. Tento proces národní indivi- dualisace^ je tak mocný, že vznikají pokusy o osa- mostatnění slovenštiny, maloruštiny, provengalštiny ^ spojenců (Dohody) ve válce světové proti mocnostem ústředním. — * zásady. — ' postup národního rozlišování, osa- mostatňováni. bo a j. dialektů* a jařyků, posud literárná nepěstě- ných (irštiny a pod.). Vzniká, otázka řlámská*, norská, irská a 3. Filosoficky národnostní cit, idea zdomácňuje v celé literatuře; v 18. století na příklad počíná se studium národních písní, a mužové, .iako Herder' a jiní, usilují o to, postihnout v národních písních národnost, ducha národa, jak se obyčejně říká. V té době vzniká také zesílené studium jazyků a jejich srovnávání; vznikají vědecké obory germanistiky^ slavistiky, romanistiky^ Zároveň se všude pěstuje velmi pilně historie a všecky společenské vědy, a to s v3'sloveným cílem pochopit filosoficky podstatu vlastního a cizích národů ve všech projevech du- chovního života a porozumět vývoji vlastního ná- roda a člověčenstva . . . U všech národů pěstuje se vědomě filosofie národní — pangermáni®. jak uká- záno, jsou politickou organisací a filosofickou syn- thesí" toho ruchu v Německu. Vedle nich jsou v Rusku slavjanofilové, v Cechách a u Jihoslovanů humanisté, v Polsku messianisté", ve Francii; Itálii: Skandinávii — všude pod různou formou vi- díme stejné úsilí. Ze se v dějinách filosofie posud k této stránce nepřihlíželo, je jen důkazem, jak * nářečí. — ' Flániové, národ germánský, tvoří polovinu obyvatelstva v Belgii (vedle írancouzských Vallonů). — *) německý spisovatel 18. století, přítel Slovanů. — ' nauky o jazycích, písemnictví, dějinách národů germánských, slovanských, románských. — " Všeněmci. — ' složeninou, vý- tvorem. — ^^ Slavjanofilové učí, že obroda Ruska, Slovanstva, světa vyjde od ruského mužíka, prostého slovanského lidu (proti západníkům, stoupencům západní civilisace) ; huma- nisté, lépe humanitisté, stoupenci humanity, vidí smysl dějin v uskutečňování lidskosti (Masaryk) ; polští messianistó vidí spásu Polska a lidstva v obrode katolicismu, politicky v pomoci francouzské. 51 jednostrannou, úzkou a nepolitickou je školská filosofie, tento scholastický ostrov v rozbouřeném politickém a sociálním moři nové doby. Národnost je princip nový, moderní. Ve středo- věku Evropa byla organisována církví, císařstvím a státy; organisace společnosti byla theokratická a je do značné míry posud. V době staré národ- nostního principu také nebylo; jednotliví náro- dové sice stáli proti sobě, ale jako cizí proti ci- zímu; v národech samých každá část stála vedle a proti sobě. Jen občas projevovalo se vědomí ná- rodnosti (na př. u ;Reků v době Alexandrově"), ale uvědomělého principu národnostního nebylo. Odtud ve středověku a do 18. st. ten politický kalei- doskop evropské mapy. Reformací a renaissancí počíná uvědomování národnostní. Národní jazyky stávají se jazyky bohoslužebnými, překlad bible stejně posvěcuje jazyk lidu proti aristokratické církevní latině, řečtině atd. Vzniká národní nelatinská literatura ve filosofii, vědě a v krásné literatuře; literatura stává se kulturní mocí. Politicky sílí se demokracie a s ní jazyky lidu se uplatňují v parlamentech a v administraci; latina a franština ztrácejí své poli- tické privilegium. Filosofie 18. věku hlásá princip a ideál huma- nitní a francouzská revoluce prohlašuje práva člověka; Herder, „velekněz čistého člověčenství", prohlašuje národy za přirozené orgány člověčen- stva, odmítaje zároveň státy jako orgány „umělé". Evropa organisuje se politicky stále více podle ná- rodnostního principu. ^* Alexandra Velikého, starořeckého dobyvatele. 52 2. — Nárochíost a jazyk. — Národnost v literatuře, védč a filosofii, v iiméní, mravech a právech, ve státě a politice. — Národnost nejen citem, ale také ideou, láskou uvčdomélou, proíjramem: moderní vlaste- nectvi. — Vývoj národů: plemena, národnosti, kmeny. Jeden Adam či vicc? — Směšování plemen a změna národního charakteru. — Problémy vědy a filosofie národnostni. Národnost projevuje se prakticky jazykem, jazykem ovšem mluveným (jazyk mateřský) ; sta- tistika národů podává se podle jazyků, gramati- kové^' vyšetřují, do jaké míry se liší dialekty od skutečných jazyků. Není na př. sporu a nemůže být, že němčina a franština, že ruština a němčina jsou samostatnými, různými jazyky; ale je spor, je-li maloruština (ukrajinština) samostatným ja- zykem či dialektem, a tudíž Malorusové (Ukrajinci) zvláštním národem atd. Důležitost jazyka v určováni národnosti je po- chopitelná; jazyk slouží jako výrazový prostředek citům a myšlení člověka; le style c'est ťhomme" — platí i zde. A jazyk má ohromnou důležitost so- ciální — umožňuje styk lidí. Národnost, národní duch projevuje se proto v celé literatuře; o krásné literatuře se to všeobecně uznává — velicí básníci pokládají se za nejvýraznější representanty svých národů. Ale i vědy a filosofie mají svůj ráz ná- rodní — dokonce i matematika, věda tak abstraktní, liší se podle národů. Vědy a filosofie liší se podle národů i obsahem (to, co různé národy zajímá a více zajímá) i metodou. Stejně uznává se výtvarné umění za projev národnosti; avšak totéž lze říci " znalci mluvnice. — " „Sloh je člověk"; podle slohu poznáš člověka. 63 o náboženství, mravech a právu a o práci (práce a hospodaření je podle národů různé — různost národní stravy, kuchyně, obydlí atd.), a o státu a politice. Slovanským se na př. prohlašuje pravo- slaví, katolicism se pokládá za románský, pro- testantism za germánský; určuje se rozdíl mezi právem římským a germánským a slovanským, ukazuje se na rozdíl státu pruského od anglického a ruského atd. Všecky tyto problémy vyžadují pečlivého vyšetření; musíme se varovat ukvape- ných generalisací^* : na př. západní Slované jsou katoličtí, ale Cechové provedli první reformaci — v této skizze^^ má být na bohatý obsah vědecké národnostní filosofie jen upozorněno. Národnostní princip jeví se jako zvláštní a velmi silný cit, jako láska k mateřštině a celému bytu lidí, mluvících stejným nebo velmi příbuzným ja- zykem, a k půdě, na níž tito lidé bydlí; a není to pouze láska, vznikající z přirozeného zvyku (srv. nostalgii^®, nýbrž je to láska ví,ce méně uvědomělá, také idea — národové mají svůj kulturní a politický program, vypracovaný společnou historii a na- vzájem spravující tuto historii: je to moderní vlastenectví (patriotism) v tomto širokém a kom- plikovaném^^ smyslu, tedy nejen loyálnost^^ po starém způsobu k dynastii a panujícím třídám. Tedy opravdový národnostní princip, národnostní idea a ideál, jak se obyčejně říkává, netoliko národnostní cit a pud. Otázka, jak různí národové vznikají, jak se vy- víjejí a jak se národové individualisují, je dost sporná. Obyčejně si lidé představuji, že jisté části lidstva — právě národové — mají ^zvláštní společné " zevšeobecňování. — ^^ náčrtku. — " touha po domově, tesknota. — ^^ složitém. — ^* věrnost, oddanost. 54 fysické a duchovní vlastnosti; je názor, že lidstvo se dělí na plemena, (indoevropské, mongolské atd.), a plemena na národy, tyto pak na kmeny a ještě menší podrozdělení. S počátku věda ustanovila malý počet plemen (5) ; ale pokračující analysí" antropologové a etnografové'" rozhodují se dnes pro počet plemen mnohem větší, určujíce složitý komplex^^ znaků a vlastností, charakterisující ple- mena a národy. Ovšem — jak vznikla plemena? Konec konců: od jednoho Adama? Ci bylo Adamů více? Moderní evolucionism (darwinism" atd.) ještě nedal uspo- kojující odpovědi. Tu vzniká problém rasy, kterou mnozí při- jímají za vlastní h^sickou a psychickou" podstatu plemen a národností. Ukazuje se, že téměř všechny národy jsou silně smíšeny, že národa, že krve do- cela čisté není. Vzniká pak otázka: jsou smíšené národy silnější, kvalitati^Tiě-* lepší než nesmíšené? Jaké jsou meze a stupně prospěšného smíšení ná- rodů a plemen? Národové se postupem doby mění — do které míry a čím? Mění se tělesně (anatomicky) Icrížením nebo i zaměstnáním? Žitím v městech? Potravou? Snad i endemickými chorobami^'? A jak působí změna těla, resp. kostry, na duchovní vlastnosti? Mění se duchovní vlastnosti národů ne- závisle od vlastností tělových a čím? Mění se tyto vlastnosti samy od sebe, nebo vyvíjejí se vlivem du- chovních vlastností cizích? Přejímáním cizích ideí, zvyků, institucí atd.? Vzniká nesnadný problém " rozborem. — '° antropologie = nauka o člověku; etno- logie = nauka o národech. — ^^ soubor. — ^^ nauka o vývoji tvorstva, založena angl. přírodovědcem Darwinem (1809 — 1882). — " tělesnou a duševni. — " svou jakostí. — ^^ nemoci, nebo zvláštní formy určité nemoci, vyskytující se v určitém ná- rodě nebo zemi (z řec. en — v, démos = lid). 55 samobytnosti národů, samostatnosti a soběstačnosti 3e3ich kultury. Takové jsou v stručnosti problémy vědy nebo filosofie národnostní, která dosud není jako zvláštní odbor vědní přesně ustavena, otázky, jimiž se za- bývají historikové, antropologové, etnografové, geo- grafové, filosofové historie a sociologie, — rozsah a hloubka těchto studií v 19. století a v století na- šem jsou dalším důkazem, že národnost je obecně uznávaným principem, pronikajícím celý společen- ský život. 3. — Národnost a stát. — V Evropě vlče národu než států: státy národnostně smíšené. — Státy vznikly dobýváním. — Národ a stát: Goethe a Bis- marck. — Národnost silou demokratickou; starý stát aristokratický, theokratický, dynastický. — Vznik moderního státu demokratického. Velmi důležité pro pochopení a ocenění národ- nostního principu je určit přesněji poměr národ- nosti a státu. Pangermáni, třeba že se také dovo- lávají národnostního principu, staví stát nad národ- nost; v státu vidí summum^^ společenská organi- sace, nejvj^šší a vůdčí moc, a často prohlašují, že národnostní princip už je odbyt. Podobně jiní vy- hlašují církev za nejvyšší organisaci, jiní zase třídu proletářskou. Myslím., že správné je pokládat národ a národnost za cíl společenského úsilí, stát za pro- středek; ve skutečnosti každý uvědomělý národ usi- luje o svůj vlastní stát. Národnostní princip je poměrně nový, neustá- lený, kdežto stát je instituce velmi stará a tak vše- obecná, že již proto se mnohým zdá být stát nej- potřebnějším, pro lidstvo nejcennějším. ^' vrchol. 56 upozornil jyeiii již na rozdíl v politické organi- eaci Evropy, — západní i východní: vedle jednoho státu ruského mánie na západe mnohé státy. Je v Evropě 27 státii (německé státy — 26 — se ne- počítají.-' Fnkoiisko-Uhersko se bére za jeden). Národů je v Evropě více než dvaki*át tolik než států; etnografové a linguisté*^ so neshodují v ur- čování počtu zvláštních národů. Tak na pr. liší se od Finů Karelové, anebo se mluví o Fino-Karelích. Lotyši se od jedněch spojují s Litevci, druzí je od- dělují: Kašubové se počítají za národ od Poláků rozdílný, podobně se Ukrajinci oddělují od Rusů, atd. Problémy nejsou dost objasněny a proto není jednotné statistiky; lze jen přibližně udat, že v Evropě je 70 národů a jazyků (ne dialektů). Nepoměr počtu národů a států znamená, že je mnoho států národně smíšených; skutečně ryze ná- rodních států, států, tvořených jen jedním národem, takřka není; jen nejmenší státy jsou národní: Andora, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg. Dánsko (Portugalsko? Holandsko?). Všecky větší státy jsou smíšené; čím větší, tím smíšenější, může se říci. Třídí-li se smíšenost podle počtu národů, tož Německo (Prusko), Rakousko- Uhersko, Rusko a Turecko jsou nejsmíšenější. Smí- šenosti přibývá směrem od západu na východ. Tento nepoměr států a národů a faktum, že se národové ve smíšených státech domáhají nezá- vislosti, odkazuje k tomu, že státy vznikly v starší době a výbojem; jestliže Herder zove národy při- rozenými orgány lidstva a státy orgány umělými, tož tímto \ýrazem funkce států vůči národům při- bližně správně je charakterisována. V smíšených ''' t. j. nepočítají se jako samostatné státy Prusko, Sasko, Bavorsko atd. — '^ jazykozpytci. 57 státech jeden národ je panujícím národem státním; pravidlem je národ ten větší než podmanění náro- dové neplnoprávní — jen Rakousko je, jak bylo i Turecko, příkladem státu, v němž minorita po- mocí armády a autoritou dynastie panuje nad ma- joritou. Rozdíl národu a státu někteří pangermáni cha- rakterisovali heslem: Goethe — Bismarck^^ Národ je organisací kulturní, všekulturní, organisací volnou, danou přírodou, stát jsa především orga- nisovanou mocí, je podmanitelem národa vlastního i cizího. Stát nynější vyvinul se z původní vojenské a církevní (náboženské) organisace; jsa státem dynastickým a organisací jisté třídy (šlechta — plutokracie) , nešetřil rozdílů národních a proto jsou státy smíšeny. Státy byly vytvořeny v době, kdy duch panstvi- chtivosti a vykořisťování byl všeobecný a silný; zásada národnostní je poměrně nová, a byla ustá- lena jako protiva zásady státu. Národ vykonává vliv volně [viz na př. vliv Shakespeara, Byrona, Goethe atd.], stát v^^^konává svůj vliv svou donu- covací mocí (vliv Bismarcka, pokud byl v úřadě, na rozdíl od vlivu Goethe — ale vliv Bismarckových ideí po jeho smrti). Národ je organisací demo- kratickou — každý jednotlivec je povolán, každý se může uplatňovat, stát je organisací aristokra- tickou, donucující, potlačující: státy demokratické teprve vznikají. Státovědcové, zejména němečtí, mnoho si lámou hlavu výkladem vzniku a podstaty státu. Historie ucí, že je dvojí základní forma a kvalita spole- čenské a speciálně politické organisace: aristo- ''" Goethe jako zástupce kulturního Německa, Bismarck jako tvůrce politického Německa, německého státu. 58 kratičká a demokratická. Aristokracie je olig- urciiická a zvlúťUii íoriiia oii^^arcliie je mo- narchie, která na posavadniiii nizkém stadiu^'' kriticismu vědeckého i filosofického pojímána (nejen masami!) theokraticky: prvotní anthro- pomorfické myšlení" nedovedlo demokracie po- jmout, proto se monarcha stal představitelem a zároveň přímo zbožneným subjektem^- vší moci („mocnář"). Pojmy: Bůh a mocnář divně splývají. Všecky monarchie byly theokratickými a zejména ve středověku ustálena byla velká theokracie pa- pežsko-řimská; reformací se tato veliká theokracie rozpadla na theokracie menší. Tím vznikly mo- derní státy absolutistické, ale zároveň proti nim a v nich sílí demokratism. Tak na nynějším stadiu politického vývoje proti sobě stojí theokratická mo- narchie a začátky demokracie [republiky, konsti- tuční monarchie, úsilí autonomistické a federační — selfgovernemcnť'^ — uvnitř států]. Jednou z mocných sil demokratických je úsilí národnostní, úsilí podmaněných národů o politickou samostatnost a úsilí o uznání národnosti za vyšší, cennější princip, nežli je stát. V Prusku, Rakousku, Rusku, Turecku národnostní hnutí přirozeně se obracelo proti absolutismu a absolutism byl ne- přítelem národnosti. 4. — Rozličný význam slova národ. — Národ 'poli- tický. — Národ a lid. Slova : „n á r o d" užívá se také k označení všeho občanstva smíšeného státu; na př. „národ" š\ýcar- ský. „Národ" rakouský, protože je v Rakousku příliš mnoho národů a že tamní národnostní boje '" stupni. — ^* vykládající si zjevy podle obrazu človčka. — •'''' nositelem. — ^* samospráva (angl.). 59 jsou známy, se neužívá, ačkoli by se mohl užívati týmž právem, jako o Švýcarsku, Belgii a j. V státo- vedecké literatuře německé užívá se často terminu „národ politický" k označení všeho občanstva ve smíšeném státě nebo panujícího národa. Eozumí se, že různí národové, žijící déle spolu v jednom státě, mají namnoze stejné názory a stejné instituce, stejné a společné vzpomínky; právě proto se mluví o „národě" belgickém atd. Na druhé straně se mluví o národě skotském, irském a t. p.; v pří- pade Irska a Skotska běží o části nynější Anglie, jež ještě nedávno byly politicky samostatné a jejichž obyvatelstvo mluvilo, a částečně dosud mluví, i svým vlastním jazykem. Zase jinak se užívá slova „národ" o Bavorsku, Sasku, nebo jiných státech německých, nebo o Srbsku a Černé Hoře, jinak o Kanaďanech, Australanech, Američanech Spoj. Států; ale federační^* úsilí o těs- nější unii anglicky mluvících národů ukazuje, že národnostní cit přemáhá i geografii a různost způ- sobenou vzdáleností. Vidím také v přimknutí Ame- riky k Anglii"' jistý projev národnostního cítění. Budiž také upozorněno na rozdíl termínů: národ a lid (natio-populus, nation-peuple, nation-people, Nation-Volk) : národ užívá se oby- čejně více ve smyslu politickém — lid označuje více masu národa ve smyslu demokratickém. Užívání obou termínů, zejména také v důležitých projevech této války"^ je neustálené a dost nepřesné. 5. — Právo národů na sebeurčení. — Národnostní cit a idea a 7iárodnostnl právo. — Právo národů na seheurčeni vyplývá z mravní hodnoty humanitní ** sdružovací. — ''ve válce světové. 60 zásady. — Z uznání hodnoty lidské osobnosti vyplývá uznáni národů a útvarů společenských vůbec. — liovnoprávnost jazyků. — Otázky národ- nostní otázkami mezinárodními. — Všenémci pro stát protinárodni. Vilém pro Jehovu, ne pro Ježíše: demokratický stát spočívá na mravním, lidském zá- kladě, ne na základě náboženském. — A přece demokratická politika pod zorným úhlem věcnosti. Že národnost stala se mocí politickou, mohlo by býti jen historickým faktem, avšak Spojenci uzná- vají právo národů na sebeurčení; president Wil- son dovozoval, že žádný národ nesmí být donu- cován mít vládu, která není z něho a pro něho. Politikové tak zv. reální"', když se jiin to hodí, ochotně se uspokojují tím, co je, zaměňujíce fak- tický stav s právem; avšak to, co bylo a je, není samo sebou oprávněno — historie a společenský život je stálým bojem těch, kteří drží právo a spra- vedlnost proti těm, kdo se přidržují pohodlných fakt. — Třebaže národnost je velikou politickou mocí, národnostní právo dosud velmi nedostatečně je formulováno v moderních ústavách a zákonech; v zemích národně smíšených některá jazyková práva jsou kodifikována, ale posud není nikde přesnějšího právního vymezení pojmu národnosti, subjekt^^ jazy- kových a národnostních práv posud v žádném zá- koníku není lu-čen. Zdůvodnění národnosti po prvé se vyskytuje v uvedené formuli Herderově; tento nadšený hla- satel humanity vy^vozuje právo národů z principu humanitního: národ, ne stát, je přirozeným orgánem člověčenstva. Humanita v nové době, počínajíc ** věcní, řídící se skutečnými pomřry. — " nositel. 01 hvimanismem a reformací, ve smyslu extensivním (člověčenstvo) a intenshoiim^^ (člověctví), vše- obecně byla přijímána a stala se uznaným základem vší moderní mravnosti; 18. století je stoletím humanity a osvícenství, ve jménu humanity [filan- tropie, sympathie'' a t. p.J usiluje se o reformy ve všech oborech společenských institucí a činností. Z humanitismu dovozována také oprávněnost a nutnost demokracie, socialismu a národnosti; vůdcové a teoretikové demokracie a socialismu stejně jako vůdcové národnostního hnutí opráv- něnost a právo demolo-acie, socialismu a národnosti dovozovali přímo z křesťanského přikázání lásky k bližnímu — to byl sice spíše důvod taktický, ale ve skutečnosti není jiného základu mravnosti a tudíž ani politiky než láska k bližnímu, ať se zove filantropií, hiunanitou, altruismem, sympathií, rovností, solidaritou'*''. Humanitní princip francouz- skou revolucí byl prohlášen slavnou formulí: svo- boda, rovnost, bratrství a kodifikován jako právo člověka a občana. Přiznání hodnoty lidské osobnosti zaručuje hodnotu občanskou a právo organiso- vaných společenských těles — států, církví, ná- rodů, tříd, stran atd. a jejich podřadných složek; tomu neodporuje, že se společenským tělesům také přiznává hodnota utilitární — způsobilost usku- tečňovat jisté cíle pro jednotlivá individua a pro kolektivity.'*'' Jakmile se uzná oprávněnost lidské osobnosti, individua, uznává se také oprávněnost jeho jazyka ^* extensivní — Jdoucí do síiky, rozsáhlý; intensivní — jdoucí do hloubky, do nitra, silný; humanita po stránce vnější znamená organisaci člověčenstva, lidstva; humanita po stránce vnitrní znamená ideál uvědomělého, souladného člověka. — ^' slova podobného významu: láska k bližnímu. — *° pro jed- notlivé osoby a pro společenské útvary, skupiny. 62 (mateřského) ; to je samozřejmé ve státech, obý- vaných jedním národem, avšak vo státech národnč smíšených bývá oficiální uznání jazyka předmětem národnostních sporů, a jazyková práva musí být výslovné uznána a uzákončna. Proto, jak se upev- ííuje demokratism, uznávají se i národní jazyky v státní administraci; a kde podle středověké tra- dice platila latina a jazyky panujících tříd a národů (zvláštní postavení franštiny), znenáhla se v státní správě užívá i jazyků před tím neupotřebovaných a potlačovaných. Zejména to platí o státech národně smíšených, Rakousku, Rusku atd, . .. Jazyk (mateřský), jako prostředek dorozumí- vací, je intinmě spojen s myšlením, cítěním a celým duchovním a kulturním životem jednotlivců a ná- rodů; tou měrou, jakou se národové v Evropě účastnili kulturní práce, jak práce ta pokračovala a jak se zdokonalovala, jazykové se stávají kulturně bohatšími a cennějšími, a nastává kul- turní rovnoprávnost jazyků, odpovídající politické a mezinárodní rovnoprávnosti národů. Moderní komunikační prostředky umožnily částem národů, ovládaných různými státy, kulturní jednotu — ná- rodnost stala se uvědomělou mocí, jazyk jejím exponentem^\ a literatura v nejširším slova smyslu stala se výrazem a nejplatnějším orgánem národ- nosti. Proto se dnes politická nesamostatnost národů a části národů ve smíšených státech tak silně a tak všeobecně pociťuje a tak těžce nese. Jaké na př. bylo a je barbarství, roztrojit polský národ a za- kazovat v Prusku a Rusku i dětem polsky mluvit! Jakým právem jsou Poláci, Čechové a Slováci atd. ** projevem. 5 63 politicky potlačeni, když národové jini a menši (Dánové, Holanďané atd.) jsou volni? Není to přímo nesmysl, když Rumun v Rumunsku je volný, ale jeho soused a bratr v Uhrách potlačený? Proč mají mít Albánci svůj stát, ale Jihoslované ho mít nemají? A t. d.! Tento nepoměr v oficiálním hodnocení národnosti a státu vyplývá ze středověkého hodnocení státu církví nábožensky posvěceného, kteréžto hodnocení se přejalo novodobým absolutismem. Tento absolu- tism byl držen dynastiemi a aristokraciemi; když však v 18. století veliká revoluce (ta revoluce nebyla jen politická, ale také mravní a myšlenková) organi- sovala demokratism a republikanism, když absolu- tism, monarchism a aristokratism byl zeslaben, přišly také národnost a jazyk v státní administraci ku platnosti. Theokratické přeceňování a přímo apotheosa ^- státu — in concreto ■^^ dynastů — ustouplo demokratickému hodnocení; stát se stává ústředním orgánem správy, nikoli aristoki^atického panování, a stává se tudíž také prostředkem národů a jejich kulturního snažení. Odtud v celé Evropě úsilí všech národů o politické sjednoceni a osvobození, o politickou organisaci E^T:'opy na zá- kladě národnosti. Vnitřní historická souvislost demo- la^atismu a socialismu i národnosti vysvětluje, proč demokratické státy, Francie, Anglie, Itálie atd. a teď revoluční Rusko, slavnostně prohlásily právo všech národů na sebeurčení. A stejně jasno, proč militaristické monarchie středověkého rázu theokratického, proč Prusko, Německo, Rakousko a Turecko (Ferdinand bulhar- ský se k té trojici hodí velmi dobře) odporují prin- cipu národnostnímu, stavíce nad národnost stát a " zbožnění. — *^ urcitěji. 64 dovozujíce z tolio svého úzkého éííitisnm"''' zásadu, že se do „vnitřních" záležitostí jejich států Spojenci nemají práva vměšovat. Sebeui-čení národu se ovšem provést nedá, pokud tato farizejská zásada bude platit. Velký německý list už prohlásil řež Arménů za — vnitřní záležitost Tiu'ecka! Takovou vnitřní záležitostí bylo potlačo- váni Slovanů, Rumunů a Italů v Rakousko-Uher- sku, takou vnitřní záležitostí je kultiu-ní vraždéní Poláků v Prusku, a přece z těchto „vnitřních záleži- tostí" vznikla tato „vnější" světová válka. Notou Spojenců presidentu Wilsonovi národnostní otázky staly se otázkami mezinárodními; otázka Belgie, Srbů a Jihoslovanů vůbec, Alsaska-Lotrin- ska, Dánů v Slesviku, rakousko-uherských Italů, Ru- munů, Čechoslováků a Slovanů vůbec, otázka polská, jsou teď otázkami mezinárodními, otázkami Evropy a lidstva. Pangermáni se teď ovšem ideálům huma- nitním, třebaže byly hlásány největšími a nejlepšími Němci, jen vysmívají: jeden z jejich vynikajících vůdců, prof. Haase, výslovně prohlašuje, že láska k bližnímu může býti mezi individui, ale nemůže být I)řipuštěna, jedná-li se o národy. Na tomto mravním základě pangermáni formulují své útočné ryze materialistické požadavky: Němci si musejí upravit své hranice — Němci se musejí postarat o chléb pro své rostoucí obyvatelstvo — Němci jsou obklopeni cizími národy, proto musejí být militaristy atd. Jakoby druzí národové také neměli křivoiakých hra- nic a nebyli obklopeni (na př. my Cechové), a ne- měli starosti o chléb — ne, buď Kant nebo Bismarck, buď Schiller nebo Vilém, buď Lessing nebo Bern- hardi!^^ Car Vilém stále se dovolává boha, sám ** zdůrazuovúní státu. — " Kant, uěmecký filosof; Bismarck, státník; Lessing, spisovatel; Bernhardi, propagátor milita- rismu. 65 sebe prohlašuje za boží nástroj — Ježíše se ovšem nedovolává; avšak tento pruský Jahve*" je ve sku- tečnosti politická moc církve, státem uznávané a privilegované, která carovi a jeho státu v každé vesnici dává pastora jako božího gendarma. Už bylo řečeno, že evropské státy posud jsou teokra- tickými; proto demokracie všude stojí proti státům a církvím: demokracie má základ lidský, ne božský ve smyslu teokracie, má základ v mravnosti, ne v ofi- ciálním náboženství. Jen pokud mravnost — láska k bližnímu — je posvěcena pravým, čistým, nepoli- tickým náboženstvím, uznává i demokracie politiku sub specie aeternitatis/^ Taková politika je možná na základě Ježíšova učení a jeho obou přikázání a je možná jen na tomto základě . .. 6. — Otázka velmoci a národů a států malých; jejich federace. — Relativnost velikosti. — Dějiny učí, ze se malé státy tvořily vedle velkých. — Německý imperialism dějiny zavrhly. Pojem a význam velmocí v poslední době valně se změnil; počítá se teď velmocí méně, staré ustupují, nové nastupují. Měřítko velikosti stalo se vzrůstem lidnosti relativním.** Pangermáni uznávají jen tři, nejvýše čtyři velmoci v Evropě — Německo, Rusko, Anglii a ještě Francii; mnozí neuznávají ani Francie za velmoc. Ti pak, kteří akcentují zmíněné přiro- zené slabosti Ruska (nepoměr lidnosti k velikému území atd.), mluví jen o dvou velmocích, o Německu a Anglii. S toho hlediska se pak Německo často pro- hlašuje za velmoc par excellence" a tudíž za přiro- zeného pána Evropy a světa. *° starozákonní bůli. — " pod zorným úhlem věčnosti. — *^ závislým na okolnostech, tedy nestejným. — " nad jiné, ve vlastním smyslu slova. 66 Pangcrmáni se dovolávají historie, že prý vývoj vede k organisaci velikých státu, státu nenárodních, smíšených; našli se pak teoretikové, kteří smíšené státy prohlašují za vyšší, nežli státy pouze národní. | 46,729 |
https://github.com/NikolayDobrinski/SoftUni/blob/master/src/softuni/advanced/setsandmaps/SetsOfElements.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | SoftUni | NikolayDobrinski | Java | Code | 138 | 334 | package softuni.advanced.setsandmaps;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Set;
/**Description:
* We are given two sizes of sets of elements n and m. Then we are given n + m number of numbers,
* the first n we keep in the first set, the second m we save in the second set.
* We need to check which numbers are in both sets and print them.
*/
public class SetsOfElements {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
int lengthSetOne = scan.nextInt();
int lengthSetTwo = scan.nextInt();
scan.nextLine();
Set<Integer> setOne = new LinkedHashSet<>();
Set<Integer> setTwo = new LinkedHashSet<>();
for (int i = 0; i < lengthSetOne; i++) {
setOne.add(Integer.parseInt(scan.nextLine()));
}
for (int i = 0; i < lengthSetTwo; i++) {
setTwo.add(Integer.parseInt(scan.nextLine()));
}
setOne.forEach(e -> {
if (setTwo.contains(e)) {
System.out.print(e + " ");
}
});
}
}
| 1,821 |
https://github.com/Chamberlain91/Heirloom/blob/master/Examples/Examples.GameInput/Player.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, LicenseRef-scancode-other-permissive | 2,020 | Heirloom | Chamberlain91 | C# | Code | 591 | 1,719 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Heirloom;
using Heirloom.IO;
namespace Examples.GameInput
{
internal sealed class Player
{
public readonly SpritePlayer SpritePlayer;
public Vector Position;
public Vector Velocity;
private readonly Queue<Emote> _emoteQueue;
private float _emoteTimer;
private Image _emoteImage;
private bool _onGround = false;
private bool _flip = false;
public Player()
{
SpritePlayer = new SpritePlayer(LoadSprite(), "idle");
_emoteQueue = new Queue<Emote>();
}
public void Update(float dt, bool allowInput)
{
// Update physics
Position += Velocity * dt;
Velocity += (0, 500 * dt);
// Update sprite player
SpritePlayer.Update(dt);
// Hit "floor"
if (Position.Y > 0)
{
_onGround = true;
if (Velocity.X == 0F && SpritePlayer.Animation.Name != "idle")
{
SpritePlayer.Play("idle");
}
Position.Y = 0;
Velocity.Y = 0;
}
//
if (Position.X < -400) { Position.X = -400; }
if (Position.X > +400) { Position.X = +400; }
if (allowInput)
{
if (_onGround && Input.CheckKey(Key.Space, ButtonState.Down))
{
Velocity -= (0, 300);
SpritePlayer.Play("jump");
_onGround = false;
}
var pressLeft = Input.CheckKey(Key.A, ButtonState.Down);
var pressRight = Input.CheckKey(Key.D, ButtonState.Down);
if (pressLeft || pressRight)
{
// If on the ground, begin walking
if (_onGround && SpritePlayer.Animation.Name != "walk")
{
SpritePlayer.Play("walk");
}
if (pressLeft)
{
Velocity.X -= 300 * dt;
_flip = true;
}
else
{
Velocity.X += 300 * dt;
_flip = false;
}
}
else if (_onGround)
{
// Stop
SpritePlayer.Play("idle");
Velocity.X = 0F;
}
}
if (Calc.Abs(Velocity.X) > 200)
{
Velocity.X = 200 * Calc.Sign(Velocity.X);
}
// Emote logic
ProcessEmotes(dt);
}
private void ProcessEmotes(float dt)
{
// Compute the duration of emotes. The more emotes in the queue
// the shorter the duration, with a min of half second.
var emoteDuration = 1F + 3F / (_emoteQueue.Count + 1);
// Accumulate time
_emoteTimer += dt;
// When enough time has passed
if (_emoteTimer > emoteDuration)
{
_emoteTimer -= emoteDuration;
// If we have more emotes scheduled...
if (_emoteQueue.Count > 0)
{
// Set next emote
var emote = _emoteQueue.Dequeue();
_emoteImage = emote.Image;
}
// No more emotes...
else
{
// No emote to show
_emoteImage = null;
}
}
}
public void SubmitEmote(Emote emote)
{
if (_emoteImage == null)
{
// Show image
_emoteImage = emote.Image;
_emoteTimer = 0;
}
else
{
// Schedule for next appearance
_emoteQueue.Enqueue(emote);
}
}
public void Draw(GraphicsContext gfx, float dt)
{
// Draw current frame
gfx.Color = Color.White;
var matrix = Matrix.CreateTransform(Position, 0, (_flip ? -1 : 1, 1));
gfx.DrawImage(SpritePlayer.Image, matrix);
// Draw emote
if (_emoteImage != null)
{
gfx.DrawImage(_emoteImage, Position - (0, SpritePlayer.Image.Height + 2));
}
}
private Sprite LoadSprite()
{
//
var spritesheet = new Image("assets/p1_spritesheet.png");
// Extract sprites from sheet
var submap = new Dictionary<string, Image>();
var data = Files.ReadText("assets/p1_spritesheet.txt");
foreach (var line in data.Split('\n'))
{
var idx = line.IndexOf('=');
if (idx < 0) { throw new InvalidOperationException("spritesheet metadata invalid."); }
// Parse frame data
var name = line.Substring(0, idx).Trim();
var values = line.Substring(idx + 1).Trim().Split(' ').Select(s => int.Parse(s)).ToArray();
var rect = new IntRectangle(values[0], values[1], values[2], values[3]);
// Extract image from spritesheet
var image = Extract(spritesheet, rect);
submap[name] = image;
// Set image origin to bottom center
image.Origin = (image.Width / 2, image.Height);
}
const float FrameDelay = 1 / 10F;
var sprite = new Sprite();
sprite.AddAnimation(new SpriteAnimation("idle") {
{ submap["p1_front"], FrameDelay }
});
sprite.AddAnimation(new SpriteAnimation("jump") {
{ submap["p1_jump"], FrameDelay }
});
sprite.AddAnimation(new SpriteAnimation("walk") {
{ submap["p1_walk01"], FrameDelay },
{ submap["p1_walk02"], FrameDelay },
{ submap["p1_walk03"], FrameDelay },
{ submap["p1_walk04"], FrameDelay },
{ submap["p1_walk05"], FrameDelay },
{ submap["p1_walk06"], FrameDelay },
{ submap["p1_walk07"], FrameDelay }
});
return sprite;
static Image Extract(Image image, IntRectangle region)
{
var copy = new Image(region.Size);
image.CopyTo(region, copy, IntVector.Zero);
return copy;
}
}
}
}
| 10,482 |
https://github.com/wilebeast/FireFox-OS/blob/master/B2G/gecko/testing/mozbase/mozdevice/sut_tests/test_isdir.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,020 | FireFox-OS | wilebeast | Python | Code | 83 | 423 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
import os
import posixpath
from dmunit import DeviceManagerTestCase
class IsDirTestCase(DeviceManagerTestCase):
def runTest(self):
"""This tests the isDir() function.
"""
testroot = posixpath.join(self.dm.getDeviceRoot(), 'infratest')
self.dm.removeDir(testroot)
self.dm.mkDir(testroot)
self.assertTrue(self.dm.isDir(testroot))
testdir = posixpath.join(testroot, 'testdir')
self.assertFalse(self.dm.isDir(testdir))
self.dm.mkDir(testdir)
self.assertTrue(self.dm.isDir(testdir))
self.dm.pushFile(os.path.join('test-files', 'mytext.txt'),
posixpath.join(testdir, 'mytext.txt'))
self.assertFalse(self.dm.isDir(posixpath.join(testdir, 'mytext.txt')))
self.dm.removeDir(testroot)
self.assertFalse(self.dm.isDir(testroot))
self.assertFalse(self.dm.isDir(testdir))
self.assertFalse(self.dm.isDir(posixpath.join(testdir, 'mytext.txt')))
self.assertFalse(self.dm.isDir(posixpath.join('/', 'noroot', 'nosub')))
| 20,833 |
https://joomla.stackexchange.com/questions/15096 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | Thomas Kolasa, fruppel, https://joomla.stackexchange.com/users/1538, https://joomla.stackexchange.com/users/154, https://joomla.stackexchange.com/users/7690, jonboy | English | Spoken | 773 | 1,119 | Joomla random lack of access permission
When my user tries to edit an article in frontend, he gets "403 - you don't have permission to access(#some id of article)" and when he goes back in browser and tries again usually he can get access - sometimes he need to go back and try again few times. Now this is not happening all the time. I can even recreate this by adding user to different access group and after this trying to access some articles. Then I get 403 blabla, but after few tries I can access the articles editor.
What causes this? Is this because of some cache? Joomla cache is turned off, Apache cache is on. Maybe this is connected with my other stack question: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35009053/random-redirect-301-only-in-firefox or could this be caused by rare packet drops?
Also I wanted to post this on official Joomla forum but my ip at work is banned on that forum. I really appreciate any help.
I also posted this on stackoverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35031929/joomla-random-lack-of-permission-to-access
Sincerely,
Thomas
You shouldn't post your question on multiple sites (ie cross posting). See also this answer about cross postings on stackexchange: http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/64069
Well, thank You for such info - won't happen again, but as I can see there is planty of people who can point what I did wrong with my question but almost none who can say something useful about actual question... :(
Try it with turned off Apache cache. You're already guessing that it's the cache and that would be my first guess too :-)
Can you replicate the issue on a different environment, i.e locally? Have you installed any cache/seo 3rd party components or plugins recently? Check log files (Joomla and Server)?
that will be first thing I'll do tomorrow @johnny_s :) checking if same thing is happening on my pc on xampp :)
@fruppel I will make my server Administrator to turn off that cache :D and we will see what happens :)
I got a similar issue. Maybe my solution will help you.
I was not able to edit a second time my article and I was also receiving this message : You are not permitted to use that link to directly access that page (#article-id). The error was not appearing when my browser extension « Cache Killer » was activated and the same thing was going on with the mode debug. It could be a suitable solution for me, but not for my clients...
Take a look to your .htaccess file, if your site is not the primary one you should take a look to both of your .htaccess. Ex : home/mysite/mytestsite the .htacess of « mysite » will overrule the .htaccess of « mytestsite »
Search for : expiresdefault or ExpiresByType and comment it with a # and don't forget to clean your browser’s cache.
For my part it was :
ExpiresDefault "now plus 1 hour"
that I comment :
# ExpiresDefault "now plus 1 hour"
Clean your browser’s cache and that it.
I hope that my solution will help.
Hello @jean I had it already done that way so this isn't it, but thank You for suggestion. :)
It well could be a cache problem, Joomla by default does not cache pages when logged in precisely because of such issues.
Mainly adding an answer to note that Apache can be set to cache only specific extensions, so it should be set to cache only extensions for images, scripts, and fonts. This will still occasionally cause issues and will not add performance that much since browsers will usually just check if the file has changed which with HTTP/1.1 is reasonably fast. But it will reduce server load which your administrator will like.
Also, is your Joomla set to give pages .html extension? Your server might be set to cache static web pages and recognize such by the .html extension. That might be the actual reason for the issue, in which case you can fix it by changing a Joomla setting, without bothering an administrator at all.
Hello @Ville, my Joomla isn't set to add .html extension. Do I understand correctly that Apache cache should be set in Apache config, yes?
Please test this Pull Request/Patch:
https://github.com/joomla/joomla-cms/pull/9035
Can't do this today. I'll check back after trying that patch. Also could this be guilty of random 301 redirects (noticed only in Firefox browser)? Thx @Phil
saddly it didn't help :( I can't wrap my mind around it :/
Do you mean you could not work out how to apply the patch? or after applying the patch you still had issues?
after applying the patch I still have issues :(
| 26,112 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untunktahe | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Untunktahe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Untunktahe&action=history | English | Spoken | 36 | 69 | In Lakota mythology, Untunktahe is a water spirit.
Due to his pride, he constantly challenges against Waukheon.
He is rumoured to be associated with the destructive serpent demon Unhcegila.
References
Lakota mythology
Lakota culture
Water gods | 29,759 |
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helius%20%28Rhampholimnobia%29%20reticularis | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Helius (Rhampholimnobia) reticularis | https://min.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helius (Rhampholimnobia) reticularis&action=history | Minangkabau | Spoken | 42 | 114 | Helius (Rhampholimnobia) reticularis adolah langau dari famili Limoniidae. Langau ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Langau iko biasonyo tingga di tampek lambok. Larvanyo biasonyo dapek ditamukan habitatnyo di paraiaran ataupun semi parairan.
Rujuakan
Limoniidae | 92 |
https://github.com/vicasong/swagger-maven-plugin-with-proto-support/blob/master/src/test/java/com/wordnik/jaxrs/MyResource.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | swagger-maven-plugin-with-proto-support | vicasong | Java | Code | 185 | 557 | package com.wordnik.jaxrs;
import com.wordnik.sample.model.ListItem;
import com.wordnik.sample.model.Pet;
import io.swagger.annotations.*;
import javax.ws.rs.GET;
import javax.ws.rs.PathParam;
import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
import javax.ws.rs.QueryParam;
import javax.ws.rs.core.Response;
import java.util.List;
@Api(description = "Operations about pets")
@Produces({"application/json", "application/xml"})
public interface MyResource<T> {
//contrived example test case for swagger-maven-plugin issue #358
@GET
@ApiOperation(value = "Find pet(s) by ID",
notes = "This is a contrived example",
response = Pet.class
)
@ApiResponses(value = {@ApiResponse(code = 400, message = "Invalid ID supplied"),
@ApiResponse(code = 404, message = "Pet not found")})
public abstract Response getPetsById(
@ApiParam(value = "start ID of pets that need to be fetched", allowableValues = "range[1,99]", required = true)
@QueryParam("startId") Long startId,
@ApiParam(value = "end ID of pets that need to be fetched", allowableValues = "range[1,99]", required = true)
@QueryParam("endId") Long endId)
throws com.wordnik.sample.exception.NotFoundException;
//contrived example test case for swagger-maven-plugin issue #505
@GET
@ApiOperation(value = "Get a list of items",
notes = "This is a contrived example"
)
public abstract List<ListItem> getListOfItems();
//contrived example test case for swagger-maven-plugin issue #504
@GET
@ApiOperation(value = "Get a response", notes = "This is a contrived example")
Response testParamInheritance(
@PathParam("firstParamInterface") String firstParam,
@PathParam("secondParamInterface") String secondParam,
@QueryParam("thirdParamInterface") String thirdParam);
Response insertResource(T resource);
}
| 30,069 |
https://github.com/Rayllanderson/gerenciador-de-compras/blob/master/v3.0/api/src/main/java/com/rayllanderson/gerenciadordecompras/domain/dtos/user/JwtLoginInput.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | gerenciador-de-compras | Rayllanderson | Java | Code | 16 | 57 | package com.rayllanderson.gerenciadordecompras.domain.dtos.user;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class JwtLoginInput {
private String username;
private String password;
} | 42,095 |
bub_gb_u1HTSd5V6dwC_13 | Latin-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,576 | Tragoediae Sophoclis quotquot extant carmine Latino redditae Georgio Ratallero in supremo apud belgas regio senatu Mechliniae Consiliario, & libellorum supplicum magistro, interprete | Sophocles | Latin | Spoken | 3,385 | 7,171 | Hac quidem vos futuris? Acterim Cum sole, qua me perdidit, vitam exigam? Et cum celeberrima stirpe Laerti senis? Sic et tam feras per agenda doloribus Exulcerant, quam qua ferenda ab his mihi Respire nunc prolicio. Nam natura queis Univitrem dedit mentem malam, illa flience vos Instituit, ut similia cogitatiis Scelerata semper perpetrent, et te quoque Demutior everturum abire Pergama. Non te decebat, mei, si mens ea foret. Vetare, cum te iniuria illi tam graviter Ipsa fecerint, cum honore te ipsa averint Savi paterno, et judicio iniquo impot Sacic in tum, Vlyssen praevalent. his ne tu Laturus opem abis? Atque eodem me quoque Compellis? Haud facile equidem. Tu uti mihi Ilurasi Sophoclis Ilurasi, hamo me sine tandem patria, Scyros, tu degens tua, malos sine gene Utale disperire: ita duplici mihi Nunc te divinices beneficio, et duplici patrem. Nec arma cum malis sola ferre renuens Confert in improborum habeberis improbus. NEO. Fera illa funt culla dicis, atqui velim Monita Deorum audire te, melior iam Verbis habere fidem, atque amico cum viro, Importunus soluere hoc a littore. Ne Campos ne poteam Troya, & inimicissimum Claudo pede, affecto viam Atrei genus? NEO. Hos, pure qui plenum tetro pedem tibi Dolore, et atro liberabunt vicem: PHO. Vocem acerbam, quid loquutus es cedo. NE. Fila tibi video, mihi qua honesta conor, VH. Et res tua hac loqui Das erubescentibus testibus? NE. Minime equidem, ubi judicienda esseda adesse opis. Quid agis, Atridae utile ne id esse, animi? Nec Tibi sum amicus, amica ut hac oratio est. PH. Sed qui? Hoc libens qui proditum me vis meis? NE. Amice, te assistent, cave res efferant. VH. Si verba percipis, ista tu me perdidit. NE. Minime ego: sed tu verba non capis mea. PH. Hec utim Stridas me expulise intelligo. NE. Pepulere, sedet iterum vide incolumis vestes. Nunquam hoc modo me monte Troia ut coger. PHILOCTETES. NE. Icid agam igitur nullam quam adfero stipulationem Te per mouere copiam hoc igitur agam, Frustra laborem destnam confumere, Futo acerbum exigere vitamin arbitrio Salutis, ut nunc vix, expertem optima. PH. Sine me pati, quacunque oportebit pati. Amice, pollicitus es dextra, Ad patrios quod me reduceres domus, Resperce, neque diu moras traham amplius, Quelus modo memineris Troia: satis. Satis illa multis conflatit mihi lacrimis. NE. Eamus ergo si lubeat via. Lata vox. NE. In statu firmo nunc gradu. NE. Culpa reus sed huius Arguios apud Te sophuler, quid erit agendum? PH. Fortiter Contemne, NE. Silet si regna devallent mea? PH. At si hamo ego. NE. Silet rebus usui mihi tu eris? PH. Magni sagittis Herculis, NE. Sed quo modo? Via. A patria eos arcebo finibus tua. NE. Si quod iam ais, faciendum est, move gradum. Pro noce figas ore telluri oscula. HERCULES. Anapaestus ut in Graeco. Ne quo gregius longius auferas. Picante edit, nosros ante quam Auditus audieris. Vox love geniti Herculis auribus insonat. Hunc audis, huius vultum aspice: Te propter calefacientem venio Sede relicta: Consulta tibi secretum louis Pandem propongo, alio iubeo Flectere gregius, captos linque Cursum, nosro auribus excipe Proris monitus. Iambus. Fortuna me quibus impera afflixit modo, Via in Graeco tuis durum per immensos iter Trivis labores, gloria immortalis hac, Cura cernis ipse nunc, prius quam premia Sum consecutus. Atque ne erres, tibi etiam Patienda retinebant multa, ut hisce laboribus, Ut hac via ad perenne gratiam eris decus. Huc icque te foetum viro jungens, petes Troiam, et ibi mox morbo Icuaberis tetro, primumque cehiuos inter obtinens locum, cladium auctor folus omnium extitit, Parisi fagi tis auferes vitam meis. Deinde Marte, ubi direptum erit tuo ilium, Virtute (poli parta), primaque omnium Electa transmihi tés domum patrem ad fenem. Peanta, celeris Oeta ubi furgit iugis. Sed qua a Pelasgiam Iopolim sumes copiis, Monumenta telorum meorum, ea tumulo Affixa facrabis meo, atque te quoque Achille nate moneo: nam neque ille te sine vi neque sine fine eo Ilium excindes, sed ut miserere ferdempascui gemini funus, feri leones: serva cum tu, crille te. Hodie Ilium interea ego natum Apolloni, ut vectore pejus morbi liberet, mittam Aesculapium. Secundo diruo Troiam sagittis stat apud mei. Sed quando humum vabuit, ne mentibus Religio vestris, et Deum cura excidat: Huc cuncta posteriora dimittam Iuppiter. Pietas cum hominibus fuita moritur, tamen vivantque moriantur, ea haud unquam interit. O vos, quam optata auribus infonuit misis? O quam longi post patria aui, sed nunc concipio libens: Sane is obsequor, et ego justis. Novi, hic quoque ego accedo sententia. Heu, longas iam necelestiatis moras: Oportuna vocat tempus. Stat, quod promitto, greges. Fer timere ante salutem hominem. Dicam telluri, o antrum, o mea v indexerodia, irriguibus in pratis nymphae ejuxi degitis, in Pelago fragor terribilis sonans. Vbi sepe meum rupem excipit contectum specu, Immoduit caput imbuit ribus austri, ubi vocem meam hermai iter atterunt colles: Sape repetito ingeminans garrula gemitus reddidit Echo. Cum sera hyems me morbo affligeret, Vnc vos Lycis fontes, nunc vos fluodo nunquam fore credidi. Dulces limpha linquimus. Salutant undique ago Lemnos cinctus undique ponto, da nunc profler o garrula cursus findam tumidi. Tum armor a pelagi, Fluo me fata urgent, amicitiae et cui subiceta tacere omnia Damon, hac ita qui construit us, CHo. En propero confertim abeamus sociis affu, Nympha precemur pontigenas, Fortunatum ut tribuant reditum. FINIS PHILOCTETIS. Bruxelles, vi 1 1. Id. Maii. M. o. L illi. NICOLAS AUS NICOLAI GRUDIVS GEORGIVS RATALLER Dolam. X H I B V 1 T mihi, Georgi Ratallerc, superiores dies diebus, te literas Stephanus Stratus, quibus in extremis salutem mihi scripseras, non obliquum quidem testimonium animi erga me tuum: quod gratissimum mihi sane, ut debuit, fuit s hoc ipso vero die Tragœias tres, Aiacem, Antigonen, Elektram, quas de Grecis Sophoclis ita convertisti, ut videbaris edere dubitare non debere. Ego certe, Latinarii atua postquam legere coepi, ita sum admiratus, et que ita vehementer delectator inducere animam ut nequeam credere, istsedem unquam Grecis delectatum per quem suum Q. illum, M. Tullii Cicerois fratrem, maximum Sophoclis admiratorem, de quo magnificum non ignoras atque praecclarum illud elogium in de Finibus Ipsi, etiam M. Tullium, est quod credam, atque Licinium, si resurget, aliter longe de Elektra istatua, quam de Attilii, seriptoris ferrei, indicaturos esse. Quod utinam sapientissimi hominis, ac divini poetae (sic enim illum Cicero nominat) & reliquas Tragœias, in quibus illum sensu ad summam sensueltatem versatum ferunt, eundem itum ad modum traducas habereemus, quibus Grecis perire non contigit. Sed frustra optantur. Inter cedert. De ists quidem, quid secliaranim etiambulo ciant, in ipso venio, atque confido, sic te aliquando pellecturum, ut simile militemus. Equidem te hortari non dubito, mi Ratallerc, ut quamquam tua prudentia praecipuam curandam operam prudenter iudicas, aliquid tamen quotidie studias, et temporis in eo genere litterarum ponere nec desinas, qua quem ad modum nominantur, sic & humanissimi sunt, de ad celebritatem nominis illustissimae, atque urbane. Vale, meque tuum esse plane puta, atque Arnoldum fratris mei filium ad praecleeras studia frequenter hortare, rare, Bruxella. v. Obedris. M. n. L. TES GEORGIO RATALER, O S. P. y. Extrabatuit. ^ Tes id multis quidem annis egregias virtutes tuas, ingenijque dotes amplissimas, imperio teci maximi, Rataller, dexterime: tamen ex Italia revertus reverissimus illas Sophoclis Tragodias, quas summa mehercle felicitate Latinas reddidisti. Caps. Scetus beneficio nadirus, perlegi, ita deterpente incredibili tuo amore et desiderio ardeo coepi, ut quem antea de nomine tantum mihi cognitum, propter aliorum decens dinaturaiudicium, summis in hue laudibus extuleram, eundem ex eo tunc tempore, non modo diligere, verum etiam perpetuas quadam observantia, et veneratione prosequi non dubitarim. Memoria tenere Sceutum arbitror, quanta cum animi voluptate tunc in editionis versionis tuae admirandus verificatus, in qua non solum Cothurnam illam Sophoclis grandiloquentiam imitatus, verum etiam, observata in omnibus eisdem penitentiam carminis rationem divinam ipsius auctoris maiores felicissime incutus videaris. Neque siste pristina obscurus, et omnino studiorum meorum consensu Cornelius Scribonius Grapheus, apud quem tacitis nuncupatisque votis (sac peliminelae te ad me mentem et voluntatem dari exoptavi, qua reliquas etiam Tragoedias Sophoclis pari felicitate in Latinum sermonem convertere poires. Et quoniam abs te sadeus est, intellexi, conditu in posterum quotidianis penis flagitationibus impellere, agitare animum tuum in teque rogare etiam atque etiam, nondubitavi ut ea tanquam lucem frui patiaris, ex quibus olim summam laudem atque gloriam sis consecuturus. Neque vero te monere debent quo rimandum tetricorum hominum praeposterarum sententiarum, qui sub pretextu et specie jurisprudentiae (cuius tantum nomen atque titulum profitentur) non tam odio quodam inveterato erga omnes disciplinas, quam mera barbarie rerum ignorantia imbuti in optimarum artium studia peane convicia facere convenuertunt. Nam illi ipsi dum in perpetuis tenebris sine laude, sine gloria delitescent, splendori tuo non solum observare poterunt, verum etiam ne ipsi quidem ullam fabularum consiliorumque substantum memoriam ad potentam traducent. Quam firmiter si te tuaque omnia tibi cura est, si virtutes tuas, quibusnotetice, si denique scripta et monumenta tua ab interitu et oblivione vindicare cupis, consule in tempore rebus tuis, et reliquas tragoedias ab te Latinice donatas legendas, atque imprimendas quamprimum ad nos mitte, quas Calp. Sceto, Nicolo Grudio, et Graplico communicabimus, et denique dabimus operam, ut honori tuo cum dignitate, et simul potentiae memoriam infestuemus. Vale optimae Rationes, et me D. Petrus Manchius de meliore nota commendo. Antwerpia, 1. Novembris. M. D. LVII. Errata quae inter excudendum obrepserunt, hic corrige. Prior numerus faginae, et sfolertor versum signat. Inepitatem detestatus, veritus olovratu, Pag. i.v, 17. serentem. 20. 9. apud. ij. 5. tascuiie. 17. 12. ego. 50. 14. modo 31. 5. modo. 55. 1. Servetur Alex. 41. 2. Divinum sedabat. 5. Sequitur 49. 5. nec quid 52. 8. Nous nos v. S. obsecmus. p.75. in margine, cites, 75. in margine inc. Menna. 76. 15. At hoc 80. 24. author. 86. 6. illi amato. 90. 2. tuam 91. 24. nemo coarguere 51. 5. tropicio. 15. pugnam vbi. in margine Mentem 93. 11. Salutantil 101. in margine referentur 108. 16. futurum utantequam 18. vimim vicissim des tuis 106. iti. Erepte 112. 13. caecus 12. in Cui, 18. Hic serupus 122. 11. Strophium 117. 17. desertata: 16. vim incommodi 118. 6. gracile, la et cauta 140. 13. funus 143. 8. negligens. 148. 26. Arguio 151. 2. fursum deorsum 154. 9. nolo esse 11. Rumor in margine. Excusati patrem 156. 1. Dominari 139. 1. S. oburue 119. 9. Nec forte 171. 26. dolere 187. 18. animo 195. 14. Auribus 199. 36. quam 200. in margine advertere vrgent 107. in margine exagerrantem pra 210. 9. reliquit, 212. 10. alicornium perculsi 114. 2. atrocibus 214. 3. mortem meis. 8. inexorabilis 215. lubet nam dixeris 214. 11. Irque vis 216. vultune 218. 11. addunt xiv. 14. vbi est, causus vbi 139. 10. Universa verbis 19. delendae in vita. 21. Fadisque 140. id eucta est 243. 4. tibi est iter. 24. abii in exitium. 17. vaticinia 157. 4. differrunt 158. 18. Impetu 11. Imo 161. 2. modo. 164. ii- heu nuptiae, eheu nuptiae rija. 16. 27. Quid sic agit, panarum 290. in margine fungerentur, 290. aiunt mei 294. 13. vultro raihi 195. manibus? 299. 23. error 301. 19. Terrae 305. 25. malec 304. n. Me deferens, 305. 11. perius 307. in margine aquitumque 309. 15. Ineffiis 311. 11. Aethiopia equitur, alteram 314. 8. Sacui impetus. 316. 11. vita: unica 318. 11. Infamia hacque causa 310. 9, Sicum 316. infauastis 335. 38. Egregii 317. im. virginem. 337. contingat 339. 34. iudicium 354. 24. miserias 340. vos inclytas 7. fuinma pictas vos inclytas 344. i7,comraoucnt 3 45.16. accidat tibi, 548 ,3.nofti fatis.x 3 59**o.vinim tantum. ;6?.i4Tri- ftifiimos 368.4.ea:dcni 5.difHuunt.37i.9.fama:.379.i8.erga ,*8o ^.filebis lO.Noftfnc? ii.Noui at ifta 38i.i,va(lauit vrbem, 383.9. cum 388.j4.fa- cras, 391.17 tunicam 3 91. II. autumno 39^.?6.ftfepitus 4i8.3.Vcniamq; date 4<6.x4.omiiia, 417.11. pofsic 418.1. dextero 11.lnfpicc.4j9, ij.fub dio, 433. T9-Rumor meorum, 15. Me illi quidem 447. ic. Celanda quod nunc proferam. 4 10.4 .propcremus.465.»7,refpcrgct caput. 469.ii.conucr- tet 47o.;5doIonc fraude 47i.<8.Saciaccoraccl2mea 475. 19 auxilia tuli! 4 3. Achille nin 480.11 Abfeondet ’ - r ■•f 0'* • .9 « i’ ' '4: '■ ■*' 'i/, ■* ^ ^ * • » ••' • ' r# t " 'yv*- -« 4 - \* .. ■ L* . • f. ' «Us'A cVii?" ;'/->• •' ’ •■ •' > ' ; i -ij " .'if'*'' ■ ' %' r -v =•- "is?!» ■* ;'i- i ,I ^ f .. 'l .. ■ .. ^ » I - . .»#■ ,-v^- '■ . > ,. ■ l-i^ . !.(,-■ ^ r^?.- • ?*r.l '•?:'•• V ?T1 ’•'’•"''■'■■ ■■ ■ .T ■ • ■V r • • * • • •■■• - ^ ' j , *• 4 ^ (*AH«7U2*iirri2jr^7 «i' j t. ' V V.^ ' ^ ,- .. .. -.. ♦'■ ..i. ■•-,... ,. , •,■ ■'. ' -f- ;;•■•'■ -I 2 4 5' :iT''; rkjyl •r' .r ■7 ,-f\ -■ , J" . 7n f, -V-i'. •" ' — ■ . ' W -i ,v ■*r 'f- - , ii,.. •■ A-" X- ■j V : ■ -V .■4-Q A p. t-,-' ':> - > ^ -V^ r-^-j K. Soph. Philoct. Vbi Cepe meum rupe excifos Contemplum specus Immoduit caput sibilu antum Vbi vocem meam Herma iteraverunt colles: Secundum reperio suco Garrula gemitus Cum fera hyems i Tic vos Liceby f Hodie pod Michouam Dulces lymphae Carulae cursum findam tumidi eJMarmora pelagi, Quo me saecleravrgent sadus Et cui subiecta clangent omnia Damon, hac ita qui consueruit, En prosum confertim abeamus Societate, Nymphas precamur pontigenas. FINIS PHILOCTETIS. Bruxelles viii.Id.Maj. MDCCCLI. Salue undique ago Lemnos cinctus a Undique ponto, da nunc propero. NICOL AVS NICOLAI GRUDIVS GEORGIO RATALLERO s. P. Dolam. X H I B V I T mihi, Georgi Rationale, superioribus diebus desti litteras D. Stephanus Stratus, quibus in extremis salutaris, non ob cuburum quidem testimonium animi mei erga te. Quod gratissimum mihi fane, ut debuit, fuit: hoc ipso verum die Tragoedias tres, Aiacem, Antigonen, Eledram, quas de Graecis Sophoclis ita convertisti, ut videras esse dubitare non debere. Ego certe, Lata in statu postquam legere coepi, ita sum admiratus, et ita vehementer delector, inducere animum ut nequeam credere, ipsis unquam Graecis deletatum perspexisse. Qualis M. Tullius Ciceronis frater, maximum Sophoclis admiratorem, de quo magnificum non ignoras et praeclarum illud testimonium in de Finibus. Ipsum etiam M. Tullium, est quod credam, atque Licinium, si resuscitarent, aliter longe de Eledra statua, quam de Attilii, seriptoris recenti, judicaturo se sic. Quod utinam sapientissimi hominis jac divini poetae sic esset, enim illum Ciceronem nominat et reliquas Tragoedias, in quibus illum scipiebat ad summam senescendutem verborum ferunt, eundem itum ad modum traducas haberemus, quibus Graecis perire non contigit. Sed frustra optantur. Qua intercepit Jerunt. De ipsis quidem, qua etiam nemo exstinctus in verum, atque consido, edepol te aliquando perrecturum, ut similem illi posuimus. Equidem te hortari non dubito, mi Ratallere, vel quamquam litis prudenti praecipuari censanda operam prudenter judicas, aliquid tamen quotidie studis, & temporis in eo generi litterarum ponere nec definas, qua quem ad modum nominantur, sic et humanissime sunt, & ad celebritatem nominis illius ridiculose, atque quidque. Vale, meque tuum esse. Materiam, Sunt isti a multis quidem annis egregias virtutes tuas, ingenijque dotibus amplissimas semper recens maxima, Rarale, sive dorius funus: tamen ex Italia reverentus ubis illas Sophoclis Tragoediae, quas summa mehercule felicitate Latinus reddidit. Capsus Septem, beneficio naval, perlegi, ita derepente incredibili tuo amore et desiderio ardecoepi, ut quem antea de nomine tantum mihi cognitum, propter aliorum de cellentis doctrinam iudicium, summis visque audiobus extuleram, eundem ex eo tum tempore, norim modo diligere, quem etiam perpetuam quadam observantia, et veneratione prosequi non dubitarem. Memoria tenere Septum alitor, quantam cum animi voluptate tuis in lectione versionis tuae affluit, in qua non modo Cothurnatum illam Sophoclis grandiloquentiam imitatus es, verum etiam observata in omnibus eisdem penitus carminis ratione, divinam ipsum auxilium quam felicissime assecutus eisse videaris. Te his est praetera non obscurus, sed omnino studiorum meorum consensu Cornelius Scribonius Graecus, apud quem tacitis nuncupatisque votis s pecuniae mentem ac voluntatem dari exoptavi. Ili 5 qua Qua reliquas etiam Tragoedias Sophoclis pari felicitate in Latinum sermonem convertere posses. Ec quoniam abs te sed et intellexi, consilii in posterioris quotidianis pene flagitationibus impelleram et lacessere animum tuum et que rogas etiam atque etiam non dubitavi, ut ea tandem lucem frui patiaris, ex quibus olim summam laudem atque gloriam sis consecururus. Neque vero te monere debent quo tum damnam tetricorum hominum praeposita iudicia, qui sub pretextu ac specie jurisprudentiae (cuius tantum nomen atque titulum profitentur) non tam odio quodam inveterato erga omnes disciplinas, quam mera barbarie rerumque ignoratio imbuti, in optimarum artium studia paene convicia facere convertunnt. Nam illi ipsi dum in perpetuis tenebris sine laude sine gloria delituerunt, splendidori vice tuo non modo obesedient poterunt, verum etiam ne ipsi quidem ullam sagorum consiliorumque famam memoriam ad posteritatem traducent. Quare fit et tu aeque omnia tibi cura est, sive vis, si virtutes tuas orbis notefere, si denique scripta et monumenta tua ab interitu atque obliuione vindicare cupis, cogeris in tempore rebus tuis, et reliquas tragorias a te Latinitate donatas, legendas, atque imprimendas quamprimum ad nos mitte, quas Cassum, Scoto, Nicolo Grudio, et Grapheo communicabimus, et denique dabimus operam, ut honori tuo cum dignitate, et simulet posteritatis memori infernamus. Vale Optime Ratallcre, et me D. Petrus Manchicourtio demeliori nota commendo. Antuerpia, 1 1 1 r. Calendis Novembris. M. D. L VII- Errata qua inter excudendum obrepserent, corrige. Prior immersus palmam posterior veritus depugnabat. Inepsidus dicere, et verus, et Herostatus. Pag. 1 v, 17. ferentem. 10. 9. apud. 15. 5. Asciiuc, 17. 9. legi. 20. 14. modo. 31. 5. dode. 35. 16. Structur Aias. 41. 1. Divinum sedabat, Sevit 49. ne quid 55.18. Noaus 66.5. Nemoquis 5. obsecutus. p.73. in marg. caues. 75. in marg. inc. Menna. 76. 15. At hoc 80.14. Audor. 86.6. Illic amando. 90. 15. Tuam 91.14. Nemo coarguere 91.5. Imperio. 95. pugnam vbi. in marg. Mente. 95.11. Salutantil. 101. in marg. recentur. 108. 16. Futurum utantequam 18. unum vicissim des. tuis. 106. itf. Erepte. 111.15. Coercus 11. in Cun. 18. Hic serupus 12. in marg. Syrophiu. 117. 6. Desperatac. 16. virtute Ipecun. 118. 6. Geru, 10. & cauta. 140.15. Fundis 14. nedicens. 144. iadabas: 148.16. Arguio. 151. 14. Furfum defum. 154.5. Nolcstas. 154. in marg. Rex qui patrem. 156. Dominar. 159. 1. Stoburue. 169. 19. Nec forte? 171. 15. Dolore. 187.18. Animo. 193. 14. Auribus. 199.56. Quam loquente. in marg. Exaggerantne pr. 110.9. Reliquit. 113.10. Miserrimme perclus. 114. 13. Atrocibus. 115. 5. Morem mei. 8. Inexorabilis. 117.15. Lubet nam dixeris. 114.11. Irraque vis. 16. Vultunne. 118. at duorum. 114. 14. Vbi est, caeus vbi. 159. 19. Vivendum verbis. 20. Delendum in vita. 17. Fadisque, 140 lituista es 145.4 tibi est iter in abijt in exitium. 17. vau- cinia 167.4 differens 168. 18. Tempus, ri. Imo 161. modo, 64.11 heu nuptiae, eheu nuptii. 165.17. Quid si ducerit paraturura 190.10 marg. fungerentur, 190. 20. atunt, mei 194. 15. vitro mihi 198. mano- bus? Ap9.15. error 301.19. Terrae 505. nialct 504. Medeftrens, 305.11. petris 507. in miris aquilumque 509. 515. Insulis 511. Et in astu qua: alteram 314.8. Sui impetus. 316. n. vita: unica 318.11. Infamia hacque 310.19. Sicum insiertis 313.8. Egregii 517. 5. virginem. 317. x. comitatus 339. 14. iudicem. 355,4. resquincta: 357.11. miserias 540, vos inclytas 7. suum inma pectus vos inclytas 344.17. concurrebant 345.16. accidat tibi, 348. 3. nosti gaesis. 590. vinimontium. 61. 74. Tri- lidimos 368.4. eadem 5. diffusunt. 371.9. fama. 379.18. ergo 380. 1. filcis 10. Noxi at ista 381.1. vastavit urbem, 583.9. cum 388.14. facras, 391.17. tunicam 391.1. autumno 399.16. strepitus 418.3. Veniam quidque; date 416.14. omnia, 417.11. post 418.1. dextero in spacio. 419. 15. sub dio, 433.19. Rumor meorum, 15. Me illi quidem 447. 18. Candela quod nunc proseram. 48. 4. proprieamus. 465. 7. respexi caput. 469.11. converteret 470.15. dolos et fraude 471.18. Sacerdotes alterna mea 475. 15. auxilia tuli! 23. Achille nili 480.1. Ablccondct. V**" •« 4 * * - -4*^ V; ; > , _ ' -i; ^~l-.ti' :~ ,~ p - • ;,!• , r; -V'.' ; .'*■»?.’ •„ *■ „ : ^,* -■ -5 . _"»'• ■ •;lT:St.',‘t •-: rv' • . ilti ■ ^ * - -vr» '! ■*:•.' ^ « I «><>4?'^ »#•■’ ^W#4 , '' _, _ f-i# ' 444 ; r. i V •-•• ; ; % »4i /^- •=;•., ’.•• ' <*5>'' -|^] ^..;.•.l•^V. '. ; gr>4. afcvpKi;4i*ijv; .oow!j%/bri >4 ' 5'^ » •••■*'X| '■ l •4gr'^44 ; ■; n. ^ ^ • *'' i rj -"'T <•' ‘ii/vVr.r : -'. 'zr t k , ( I N M Ki ‘ • • V: <'>j ■ M4l».4l,..- / Digltizeil by Google I ,, 4 ^.■■ >j-. '■ > #i 3^‘ ,:il » I r f «*. | 15,168 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68258212 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | AdityaParab, DennoFreezy, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14576178, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1520278 | English | Spoken | 355 | 821 | React: how to pass / populate specific data into a component?
I want to build an easily maintainable and consistent layout component for team member biographies that are spread across multiple individual pages such as:
JohnDoe.JS
JaneDoe.Js
JonathanDoe.Js
I want to map a specific set of data onto a prebuild component, that is then placed on the individual pages.
John would receive the dataset with the ID of '1', Jane with the ID of '2.
This is the data to be passed into the component:
{
id: '1',
link: 'john-doe',
name: 'John Doe',
alt: 'John Doe',
title: 'Managing Director',
bio: 'works with retail and consumer-goods companies to guide growth, commercial and operational transformations'}
},
{
id: '2',
link: 'jane-doe',
name: 'Jane Doe',
alt: 'Jane Doe',
title: 'Operations Director',
bio: 'works with retail and consumer-goods companies to guide growth, commercial and operational transformations'},
This is the reusable component called TeamBio.js:
<div className="flex flex-wrap">
<div className="w-full md:w-1/2 h-screen overflow-hidden order-last lg:order-first md:order-first">
<div className="flex h-screen">
<div class="m-auto max-w-3xl px-5">
{TeamData.map((item, index) => {
return (
<div>
<h1 className="text-3xl xs:text-2xl md:text-3xl lg:text-5xl xl:text-6xl mb-5">{item.name}</h1>
<p className="text-xl leading-10 uppercase mb-5 text-gray-700">{item.title}</p>
<p className="text-xl leading-10 mb-5">{item.bio}</p>
</div>
);
})}
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className="bg-dsent-green w-full md:w-1/2 h-screen order-first lg:order-last md:order-last">
<img className=" object-contain h-screen w-full object-none object-bottom" src={require('{item.image}').default} data-aos="fade-up" alt="{item.alt}" />
</div>
</div>
Once this component is set to populate data using:
{TeamData.map((item, index) => {,
Every data entry is passed into the component. The data of John, Jane, and Jonathan overlap.
How, or on which level can I apply a filtering of data such as :
{TeamData.slice(1, 2).map((item, index) => {
to specify the data to be passed into the component?
What do you mean the data for different team members overlaps? As far as I can tell, what you have in TeamBio is correct. Although I'd suggest you take out the content within your .map and create a separate component out of it. But that, again, would raise the question of content overlaping.
Thank you for your question - {TeamData.map((item, index) => {,
leads to every entry of every person of the dataset being passed into the component.
| 10,614 |
https://github.com/ewinds/hzero-oauth/blob/master/src/main/java/org/hzero/oauth/security/custom/event/LogoutClearListener.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | hzero-oauth | ewinds | Java | Code | 97 | 443 | package org.hzero.oauth.security.custom.event;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener;
import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;
import org.springframework.security.oauth2.common.DefaultOAuth2AccessToken;
import org.springframework.security.oauth2.common.DefaultOAuth2RefreshToken;
import org.springframework.security.oauth2.provider.token.TokenStore;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.hzero.core.util.TokenUtils;
import org.hzero.oauth.security.event.LogoutEvent;
/**
* @author bojiangzhou 2020/08/24
*/
@Order
@Component
public class LogoutClearListener implements ApplicationListener<LogoutEvent> {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LogoutClearListener.class);
@Autowired
private TokenStore tokenStore;
@Override
public void onApplicationEvent(LogoutEvent event) {
HttpServletRequest request = event.getServletRequest();
String token = TokenUtils.getToken(request);
if (token != null) {
LOGGER.debug("logout clear access token :{} ", token);
tokenStore.removeAccessToken(new DefaultOAuth2AccessToken(token));
tokenStore.removeRefreshToken(new DefaultOAuth2RefreshToken(token));
}
HttpSession session = request.getSession(false);
if (session != null) {
session.invalidate();
}
}
}
| 30,755 |
US-92383110-A_5 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,010 | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,768 | 3,093 | 24. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 23, further comprising a plurality of the core chips, wherein each of the core chips further includes a chip-selection receiving unit that receives the first selection signal, the second selection signal, and a third selection signal to select one of the core chips, each of the second circuits in the core chips outputs a current to the first internal signal line selected by the chip-selection receiving unit among the first internal signal lines belonging to the first internal signal line group when the corresponding core chip is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit and the first internal signal line group is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit, outputs a current to the first internal signal line selected by the chip-selection receiving unit among the first internal signal lines belonging to the second internal signal line group when the corresponding core chip is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit and the second internal signal line group is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit, and does not output a current to the first internal signal line when the corresponding core chip is not selected by the chip-selection receiving unit.
25. A semiconductor device comprising: an interface chip; a core chip; a first internal signal line that includes a through silicon via penetrating the core chip and electrically connects the interface chip to the core chip; a current generation circuit that supplies a current to one end of the first internal signal line, the first internal signal line thereby producing at the other end thereof a voltage drop across the through silicon via; and a determination circuit that has a first input terminal connected to the one end of the first internal signal line and a second input terminal connected to the other end of the first internal signal line and outputs a determination voltage according to a potential difference between the first input terminal and the second input terminal.
26. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the interface chip further includes a processing circuit that processes a signal passing through the first internal signal line, and the processing circuit includes an output terminal connected to an external terminal of the semiconductor device.
27. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, further comprising a second internal signal line that includes a through silicon via penetrating the core chip and electrically connects the interface chip to the core chip, wherein the current generation circuit is provided in the interface chip, and a terminal through which a current generated by the current generation circuit flows is connected via the second internal wiring to the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip.
28. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 27, further comprising a third internal signal line that includes a through silicon via penetrating the core chip and electrically connects the interface chip to the core chip, wherein the determination circuit is provided in the interface chip, and a first input terminal of the determination circuit is connected via the third internal signal line to the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip.
29. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the current generation circuit including: a transistor that has a first controlled terminal connected to a first power supply potential, a second controlled terminal connected to the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip, and a control terminal; and an operational amplifier that has an output terminal connected to the control terminal of the transistor, a positive input terminal connected to the end of the first internal signal line in the interface chip, and a negative input terminal to which a voltage with a predetermined value is inputted, wherein the end of the first internal signal line in the interface chip is connected to a second power supply potential that is different from the first power supply potential.
30. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, wherein, a plurality of the first internal signal lines are provided, the current generation circuit outputs the current to each of the first internal signal lines, the interface chip further including: an internal-signal-line selection receiving unit that receives a selection signal to select one of the first internal signal lines; and a plurality of sixth switch elements each of which is provided between the end of the corresponding first internal signal line in the interface chip and the second input terminal, wherein each of the sixth switch elements electrically connects the first internal signal line to the second input terminal when the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit is selected by the selection signal, and electrically disconnects the first internal signal line from the second input terminal when the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit is not selected by the selection signal.
31. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, wherein, a plurality of the core chips are provided, each of the core chips further includes a chip-selection receiving unit that receives a selection signal to select one of the core chips, each of the core chips further includes a third switch element provided between the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip and the current generation circuit, each of the third switch elements electrically connects the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip to the current generation circuit when the chip-selection receiving unit is selected by the selection signal, and electrically disconnects the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip from the current generation circuit when the chip-selection receiving unit is not selected by the selection signal.
32. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 31, wherein each of the core chips further including: an internal circuit; an internal wiring that connects the internal circuit and a portion provided between the first internal signal line and the current generation circuit; and a second switch element provided between the internal wiring and the internal circuit, wherein the second switch elements of the core chips electrically disconnect the first internal signal line from the internal circuit when the first internal signal line is tested and electrically connect the first internal signal line to the internal circuit when the first internal signal line is not tested.
33. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, further comprising: a plurality of the core chips; and a plurality of the first internal signal lines, wherein each of the core chips further including: a chip-selection receiving unit that receives a first selection signal to select one of the core chips; a third switch element inserted between the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip and the current generation circuit; and a fourth switch element whose one end is connected between the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip and the third switch element and whose other end is connected to the first input terminal, the first input terminal is connected via the fourth switch element to the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip, the interface chip further including: an internal-signal-line selection receiving unit that receives a second selection signal to select one of the first internal signal lines, a plurality of fifth switch elements each of which is connected to the end of the corresponding first internal signal line in the interface chip; and a plurality of sixth switch elements each of whose one end is connected between the end of the corresponding first internal signal line in the interface chip and the corresponding fifth switch element and whose other end is connected to the second input terminal, the second input terminal is connected via each of the sixth switch elements to the end of each of the first internal signal lines in the interface chip, the third and fourth switch elements are electrically connected to each other when the chip-selection receiving unit is selected by the first selection signal, and electrically disconnected from each other when the chip-selection receiving unit is not selected by the first selection signal, and the fifth and sixth switch elements are electrically connected to each other when the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit is selected by the second selection signal, and electrically disconnected from each other when the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit is not selected by the second selection signal.
34. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, wherein an amplification factor of the determination circuit is variable, the semiconductor device further comprising: a voltage applying unit that applies a first predetermined voltage between the first input terminal and the second input terminal; a comparing unit that compares an output voltage of the determination circuit when the first predetermined voltage is applied by the voltage applying unit to a second predetermined voltage; and an amplification-factor adjusting unit that adjusts an amplification factor of the determination circuit based on a comparison result of the comparing unit in a direction that the second predetermined voltage becomes equal to the output voltage.
35. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 34, wherein the voltage applying unit amplifies the second predetermined voltage with a predetermined amplification factor to generate the first predetermined voltage.
36. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 25, further comprising: a first internal signal line group constituted by one or a plurality of the first internal signal lines each of which includes a plurality of through silicon vias; and a second internal signal line group constituted by one or a plurality of the first internal signal lines each of which includes a single through silicon via, wherein the interface chip further including: an internal-signal-line selection receiving unit that receives a first selection signal to select one of the first and second internal signal line groups and a second selection signal to select one of the first internal signal line in each internal signal line group; and a plurality of sixth switch elements each of which is provided between the end of the corresponding first internal signal line in the interface chip and the second input terminal, the sixth switch elements electrically connect the first internal signal line selected by the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit among the first internal signal lines belonging to the first internal signal line group to the second input terminal when the first internal signal line group is selected by the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit, and the first internal signal line selected by the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit among the first internal signal lines belonging to the second internal signal line group is electrically connected to the second input terminal when the second internal signal line group is selected by the internal-signal-line selection receiving unit.
37. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 36, further comprising a plurality of the core chips, wherein each of the core chips further includes a chip-selection receiving unit that receives the first selection signal, the second selection signal, and a third selection signal to select one of the core chips, each of the core chips includes a third switch element provided between the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip and the current generation circuit, the third switch elements connect the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip selected by the chip-selection receiving unit among the first internal signal lines belonging to the first internal signal line group to the current generation circuit when the corresponding core chip is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit and the first internal signal line group is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit, connect the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip selected by the chip-selection receiving unit among the first internal signal lines belonging to the second internal signal line group to the current generation circuit when the corresponding core chip is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit and the second internal signal line group is selected by the chip-selection receiving unit, and electrically disconnect the end of the first internal signal line in the core chip from the current generation circuit when the corresponding core chip is not selected by the chip-selection receiving unit.
38. A method of testing a semiconductor device, comprising: providing the semiconductor device that includes: an interface chip; a plurality of core chips; a plurality of internal signal lines each of which includes a plurality of through silicon vias each penetrating an associated one of the core chips and electrically connects the interface chip to the core chips; a first circuit that outputs, when activated, a current to an internal wiring, the internal wiring thereby producing a first voltage; a second circuit that outputs, when activated a current to the internal signal lines, the internal signal line thereby producing a second voltage that is related to voltage drops across the through silicon vias; and a determination circuit that has a first input terminal connected to receive the first voltage and a second input terminal connected to receive the second voltage, and determines a potential difference between the first and second input terminals; activating each of the first and second circuits; selecting a core chip among the core chips by a core chip selection signal; selecting an internal signal line among the internal signal lines by an internal signal-line selection signal; and causing the determination circuit to output a voltage according to a potential difference between the first input terminal and the second input terminal.
39. The method of testing a semiconductor device as claimed in claim 38, wherein the internal signal lines in one group among an I/O group, an address group, and a control signal group are selected based on the internal signal-line selection signal.
40. The method of testing a semiconductor device as claimed in claim 39, wherein an internal signal line is selected among the internal signal lines in the one group based on the internal signal-line selection signal.
41. The method of testing a semiconductor device as claimed in claim 38, wherein the voltage outputted from the determination circuit is supplied to an external terminal of the semiconductor device.
42. The method of testing a semiconductor device as claimed in claim 38, wherein the voltage outputted from the determination circuit is supplied to a redundant circuit that replaces the internal signal line in the semiconductor device with another internal signal line.
43. A data processing system comprising: a semiconductor device; and a controller connected to the semiconductor device, wherein the semiconductor device comprises: an interface chip; a core chip; and a first internal signal line that includes a through silicon via penetrating the core chip and electrically connects the interface chip to the core chip, wherein the interface chip includes a first circuit that outputs a first current to an internal wiring to produce a first voltage, wherein the core chip includes a second circuit that outputs a second current to the first internal signal line to produce a second voltage that is related to a voltage drop across the through silicon via, wherein the interface chip further includes a determination circuit that has a first input terminal connected to receive the first voltage and a second input terminal connected to receive the second voltage, and outputs a determination voltage according to a potential difference between the first input terminal and the second input terminal, wherein the controller issues a command relating to a read command to the interface chip, wherein the interface chip receives the command from the controller and issues the read command to the core chips, wherein the core chip receives the read command and outputs read data corresponding to the read command to the interface chip, and wherein the interface chip receives the read data from the core chip and outputs the read data to the controller.
44. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 8, wherein the interface chip further comprises a replica element connected to the internal wiring between the first circuit and a ground potential, and a first transistor connected to the internal wiring between the replica element and the ground potential, the inverted input terminal being connected to the internal wiring between the replica element and the first transistor.
45. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 44, wherein the interface chip further comprises a switch circuit in series with the internal signal line, and a second transistor connected to the internal signal line between the switch element and the ground potential, the non-inverting input terminal being connected to the internal signal line between the switch element and the second transistor..
| 17,402 |
https://openalex.org/W3197683999 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,021 | ROCK1 Mediates Retinal Glial Cell Migration Promoted by Acrolein | Kanae Fukutsu | English | Spoken | 6,346 | 12,395 | ROCK1 Mediates Retinal Glial Cell
Migration Promoted by Acrolein Kanae Fukutsu, Miyuki Murata, Kasumi Kikuchi, Shiho Yoshida, Kousuke Noda* and
Susumu Ishida Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate
School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Objective: Acrolein is a highly reactive aldehyde that covalently binds to cellular
macromolecules and subsequently modulates cellular function. Our previous study
demonstrated that acrolein induces glial cell migration, a pathological hallmark of diabetic
retinopathy; however, the detailed cellular mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of
this study was to investigate the role of acrolein in retinal glial cell migration by focusing
on rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinases (ROCKs). Methods:
Immunofluorescence staining for ROCK isoforms was performed using
sections of fibrovascular tissue obtained from the eyes of patients with proliferative
diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Rat retinal Müller glial cell line, TR-MUL5, was stimulated
with acrolein and the levels of ROCK1 were evaluated using real-time PCR and
western blotting. Phosphorylation of the myosin-binding subunit of myosin light chain
phosphatase [myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, (MYPT1)] and myosin light chain 2
(MLC2) was assessed. The cell migration rate of TR-MUL5 cells exposed to acrolein
and/or ripasudil, a non-selective ROCK inhibitor, was measured using the Oris cell
migration assay. Edited by:
Ryoji Yanai,
Yamaguchi University, Japan Reviewed by:
Audrey N. Chang,
University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, United States
Takayuki Kamiya,
Asahikawa Medical University, Japan Results: ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, were positively stained in the cytosol of
glial cells in fibrovascular tissues. In TR-MUL5 cells, the mRNA expression level of Rock1,
but not Rock2, was increased following acrolein stimulation. In line with the PCR data,
western blotting showed increase in ROCK1 and cleaved ROCK1 protein in TR-MUL5
cells stimulated with acrolein. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) suppressed acrolein-associated
Rock1 upregulation in TR-MUL5 cells. Acrolein augmented the phosphorylation of
MYPT1 and MLC2 and increased the cell migration rate of TR-MUL5 cells, both of which
were abrogated by ripasudil. *Correspondence:
Kousuke Noda
[email protected] Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Ophthalmology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Medicine Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that ROCK1 mediates the migration of retinal
glial cells promoted by the unsaturated aldehyde acrolein. Keywords: rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1, acrolein, retinal glial cells, cell migration,
diabetic retinopathy Received: 31 May 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Published: 03 September 2021 ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 03 September 2021
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.717602 Immunofluorescence Microscopy py
Paraffin sections of fibrovascular tissues were deparaffinized and
hydrated via exposure to xylene and graded alcohols, followed
by water. After microwave-based antigen retrieval in 10 mM
citrate buffer (pH 6.0), the paraffin sections were incubated in
10% normal goat serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 30 min
and then incubated overnight with a primary rabbit monoclonal
antibody against ROCK1 (1:50, EP786Y, Abcam, Cambridge,
MA, USA) and mouse monoclonal antibody against GFAP (1:50,
NCL-L-GFAP-GA5, Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany), or
mouse monoclonal antibody against ROCK2 (1:100, 610623,
BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and rabbit polyclonal antibody
against GFAP (1:200, Z033429, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa
Clara, CA, USA) at 4◦C, prior to exposure to Alexa Fluor
546 goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse
IgG, or Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor
546 goat anti-mouse IgG (1:500, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for
1 h at room temperature. Serial sections were incubated with
normal rabbit IgG (Abcam) and normal mouse IgG (Agilent) as
negative controls. Rho-associated
coiled-coil-containing
protein
kinases
(ROCKs) are ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinases,
which represent the main effector proteins of the RhoA and
RhoC pathways (11). In humans, ROCKs exist in two isoforms,
i.e., ROCK1 and ROCK2, and these enzymes mainly regulate the
organization of the actin cytoskeleton and associated dynamic
events such as cell contraction and migration (12). Among
more than 30 common ROCK substrates, one of the most
described targets is the myosin phosphatase target subunit
1 (MYPT1) of the myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP)
(12). ROCK-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1 hampers the
catalytic activity of MLCP, in turn resulting in an increase in
myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and subsequent cell
contraction. Previously, it was reported that cigarette smoking
induces barrier dysfunction through the ROCK pathway in
lung microvascular cells, indicating that the acrolein found in
cigarette smoke acts upstream of the ROCK cascade. In addition,
it was demonstrated that ROCK is involved in leukocyte-induced
diabetic retinal endothelial injury (13) and inflammatory
microvascular damage (14). Lines of evidence indicate that
ROCK participates particularly in the vascular injury and plays a
role in the pathogenesis of PDR. By contrast, the role of ROCKs
and its associated pathways in retinal glial cells, which also
participate in the progression of DR, remains uninvestigated. For immunocytochemistry, TR-MUL5 cells were seeded into
a 6-well plate with a cover glass and incubated for 24 h. Citation: Fukutsu K, Murata M, Kikuchi K,
Yoshida S, Noda K and Ishida S
(2021) ROCK1 Mediates Retinal Glial
Cell Migration Promoted by Acrolein. Front. Med. 8:717602. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.717602 Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide (1). During its
advanced stage, pathological neovascularization due to retinal ischemia causes the formation
of fibrovascular tissues at the vitreoretinal surface, which is a hallmark of proliferative diabetic
retinopathy (PDR). Vitreous traction against fibrovascular tissues subsequently leads to severe September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org Fukutsu et al. ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial the
unsaturated
aldehyde
acrolein,
especially
focusing
on ROCKs. complications such as vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal
detachment in PDR, both of which, without adequate treatment,
eventually result in severe visual impairment. Therefore, the
mechanisms implicated in the development of fibrovascular
tissue are of great significance to both clinicians and researchers. Specimens and Materials Fibrovascular tissue consists of small new vessels, extracellular
matrix, and cellular components, such as inflammatory cells,
fibroblasts, and glial cells (2). In the eye, there are two basic
types of macroglial cells: Müller glial cells and astrocytes
(3). Of these, Müller glial cells, which provide homeostatic,
metabolic, and functional support to neurons, can become
activated upon pathogenic stimuli (3) and migrate toward the
vitreoretinal surface in the diabetic retina (4). Since activated
Müller glial cells produce a variety of inflammatory cytokines
including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (5, 6), it
has been presumed that migrated Müller glial cells are one
of the major participants in the formation of fibrovascular
tissue. We previously investigated the triggers that facilitate the
migratory response of Müller glial cells and found that acrolein,
an unsaturated aldehyde, was one of the causative factors (7). Acrolein is a highly reactive aldehyde distributed in air pollutants
such as cigarette smoke (8) and is associated with the increase in
oxidative stress by reducing the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in
retinal capillary endothelial cells (9). In Müller glial cells, acrolein
is generated through polyamine metabolism under hypoxic
conditions (10) and accelerates cellular motility by inducing
chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) in an autocrine
fashion (7). Therefore, a growing body of evidence explicitly
suggests that acrolein is one of the trigger stimuli for glial cell
migration in the diabetic retina and therefore, plays a role in the
cell motility mechanism. Fibrovascular tissues surgically removed from patients with PDR
were used for immunofluorescence microscopy. All experiments
were conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration
of Helsinki, following approval from the Institutional Review
Committee of Hokkaido University Hospital (IRB #014-0293). Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients
after explaining the purpose and procedures of this study. Ripasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, was provided by Kowa Company,
Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org Cell Culture Conditionally immortalized rat retinal Müller cell line TR-
MUL5 from transgenic rats harboring the temperature-sensitive
SV 40 large T-antigen gene was provided by Fact Inc. (Sendai, Japan) (15). TR-MUL5 cells were cultured at 33◦C
in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Fuji Film Wako Pure
Chemicals, Osaka, Japan), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine
serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in an
atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. Immunofluorescence Microscopy The
cells were serum-starved for 17 h and stimulated with acrolein
for 23 h, followed by addition of ripasudil (2 µM) and incubation
for 1 h. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for
15 min and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min. Cells were incubated in 10% normal goat serum for 30 min
and then incubated with a primary mouse monoclonal antibody
against phosphorylated MLC2 (p-MLC2, 1:100, #3675, Cell
Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) at 4◦C overnight, prior to
exposure to Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-mouse IgG (1:400) and In this study, we explored the regulatory mechanisms
responsible
for
Müller
glial
cell
migration
induced
by September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 2 ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial Fukutsu et al. phalloidin (1:143, Cytoskeleton, Inc. Denver, CO, USA) for 1 h
at room temperature. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pre-treatment for 30 min. Another set
of the cells were also serum-starved for 17 h and stimulated
with H2O2 (100 µM) for 6 h as a positive control. Total RNA
was extracted from cells using TRI reagent (Molecular Research
Center, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) and reverse transcribed to
cDNA using GoScript reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison,
WI, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Analysis
of mRNA levels was performed on a StepOnePlus Real-Time
PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using GoTaq qPCR
Master Mix (Promega). The primer sequences used for real-
time PCR and the expected size of the amplified products were
as follows: 5′-ATGAACTTCAAATGCAGTTGGCT-3′ (forward)
and 5′-AATAAGGAATGCAGGCAGAACCA-3′ (reverse) for Nuclei
were
counterstained
with
4′,6-diamidino-2-
phenylindole (DAPI; Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis,
IN, USA), and photomicrographs were taken with a fluorescence
microscope (BIOREVO BZ-9000, Keyence, Osaka, Japan). Quantitative Real-Time PCR The expression levels of Rock1, Rock2, Mypt1, and Mlc2 mRNA
were examined with quantitative real-time PCR. TR-MUL5 cells
were seeded into a 6-well plate at a density of 4 × 105 cells
per well and incubated for 24 h. The cells were serum-starved
for 17 h and stimulated with acrolein for 6 h with or without FIGURE 1 | Localization of ROCKs in GFAP-positive cells in fibrovascular tissues of patients with PDR. (A) Representative fluorescent micrographs of ROCK1
immunofluorescence in fibrovascular tissues. (a) Green, GFAP (Alexa Fluor® 488). (b) Red, ROCK1 (Alexa Fluor® 546). (c) Blue, nuclei counterstained with DAPI. (d)
Merged image. Arrows indicate the co-localization of ROCK1 with GFAP in the fibrovascular tissue. (e) High-magnification image. (f) Negative control (mouse and
rabbit IgG) in sequential sections. (B) Representative fluorescence micrographs of ROCK2 immunofluorescence in fibrovascular tissues. (a) Green, GFAP (Alexa Fluor®
488). (b) Red, ROCK2 (Alexa Fluor® 546). (c) Blue, nuclei counterstained with DAPI. (d) Merged image. Arrows indicate co-localization of ROCK-2 with GFAP in
fibrovascular tissue. (e) High-magnification image. (f) Negative control (mouse and rabbit IgG) in sequential sections. Scale bars, 25 µm. FIGURE 1 | Localization of ROCKs in GFAP-positive cells in fibrovascular tissues of patients with PDR. (A) Representative fluorescent micrographs of ROCK1
immunofluorescence in fibrovascular tissues. (a) Green, GFAP (Alexa Fluor® 488). (b) Red, ROCK1 (Alexa Fluor® 546). (c) Blue, nuclei counterstained with DAPI. (d)
Merged image. Arrows indicate the co-localization of ROCK1 with GFAP in the fibrovascular tissue. (e) High-magnification image. (f) Negative control (mouse and
rabbit IgG) in sequential sections. (B) Representative fluorescence micrographs of ROCK2 immunofluorescence in fibrovascular tissues. (a) Green, GFAP (Alexa Fluor®
488). (b) Red, ROCK2 (Alexa Fluor® 546). (c) Blue, nuclei counterstained with DAPI. (d) Merged image. Arrows indicate co-localization of ROCK-2 with GFAP in
fibrovascular tissue. (e) High-magnification image. (f) Negative control (mouse and rabbit IgG) in sequential sections. Scale bars, 25 µm. September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org 3 ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial Fukutsu et al. cells were lysed in 1x SDS sample buffer [62.5 mM Tris-
HCl (pH 6.8), 2%SDS, 10% glycerol, phosphatase inhibitor
cocktail (PhosSTOP, Merck, Burlington, MA, USA) and protease
inhibitor cocktail (Complete mini, Merck)]. The cell lysates
were sonicated thrice for 5 s each on ice and centrifuged at
15,000 × g at 4◦C for 10 min. Quantitative Real-Time PCR Protein concentration was
measured using a BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher
Scientific) and adjusted to 2 mg/mL with 0.01% bromophenol
blue and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol. The samples were boiled at
95◦C for 3 min, separated using SDS-PAGE, and electroblotted
onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Merck). Membranes
were incubated with 5% skim milk for 1 h and then incubated
with primary antibodies against ROCK1 (1:5000, EP786Y,
Abcam), MLC2 (1:1000, #8505, Cell Signaling), p-MLC2 (1:1000,
#3675, Cell Signaling), MYPT1 (1:1000, #2634, Cell Signaling),
pMYPT1 (1:1000, #5163, Cell Signaling), and cleaved ROCK1
(1:1000, 154C1465, Novus biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA)
at 4◦C overnight, followed by incubation with goat anti-mouse
IgG (H+L) horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1:4000, Jackson
ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA, USA) or
goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) horseradish peroxidase conjugate rat Rock1 (NM_001389239.1), 156 bp; 5′-CTGCTGACTGA
GCGAACACT-3′ (forward) and 5′- ACCACGCTTGACAGG
TTCTT-3′ (reverse) for rat Rock2 (NM_013022.2), 84 bp;
5′-GCCTTGCCCTCAGAGGATCTA-3′ (forward) and 5′-CAT
TGGAGCTCCCTTCTGCTG-3′ (reverse) for rat Mlc2 (Myl2,
NM_001035252.2), 77 bp; 5′-GTCAGCTCAACAGGCCAAAC-
3′ (forward) and 5′-TCGCCGTCGTTCTCTGATTG-3′ (reverse)
for rat Mypt1 (Ppp1r12a, NM_053890.2), 152 bp; 5′-GGGAAA
TCGTGCGTGACATT-3′ (forward) and 5′-GCGGCAGTGGC
CATCTC-3′ (reverse) for rat Actb (NM_031144), 76 bp. The
PCR conditions used were 95◦C for 2 min, followed by 95◦C for
15 s and 40 cycles of 60◦C for 1 min. All data were calculated
using the 11Ct method, with the level of Actb mRNA as a
normalization control. GSH Assay TR-MUL5 cells were seeded into a 24-well plate at a density of
1 × 105 cells per well and incubated for 24 h. The cells were
serum-starved for 17 h and stimulated with 10–50 µM acrolein
for 3 h. Total GSH levels were measured using a total GSH assay
kit (Nikken Seil Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan), according to the
manufacturer’s protocol. Statistical Analysis All results are presented as the mean ± SEM. Student’s t-test was
used for pairwise statistical comparisons between groups, and
one-way ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test,
if appropriate, was used for multiple comparisons. Differences in
the means were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Western Blotting TR-MUL5 cells were seeded into a 6-cm dish at a density
of 8 × 105 cells per dish and incubated for 24 h. The cells
were serum-starved for 17 h and stimulated with acrolein for
24 h. For MYPT1 and MLC2 western blotting, ripasudil (0.08,
0.4, or 2 µM) was added 1 h before cell collection. TR-MUL5 FIGURE 2 | Effect of acrolein on transcriptional levels of Rocks, Mypt1, and Mlc2 in TR-MUL5 cells. The mRNA expression levels of (A) Rock1, (B) Rock2, (C) Mypt1,
and (D) Mlc2 when TR-MUL5 cells were incubated with acrolein (0–50 µM, n = 6 each). Values represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; N.S., not significant. FIGURE 2 | Effect of acrolein on transcriptional levels of Rocks, Mypt1, and Mlc2 in TR-MUL5 cells. The mRNA expression levels of (A) Rock1, (B) Rock2, (C) Mypt1,
and (D) Mlc2 when TR-MUL5 cells were incubated with acrolein (0–50 µM, n = 6 each). Values represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; N.S., not significant. September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org 4 ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial Fukutsu et al. (1:4000, Jackson Immunoresearch) at room temperature for
1 h. Signals were visualized using a SuperSignal West Pico
Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). migration. Silicone stoppers were then removed to allow cell
migration to the central detection zone for 24 h at 33◦C in an
atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. The cell migration area was
evaluated using BIOREVO BZ-9000 (Keyence) and analyzed with
a BZ-II analyzer (Keyence). RESULTS Migration capacity was assessed using the OrisTM Cell Migration
Assay kit (Platypus Technologies, Madison, WI, USA) according
to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, TR-MUL5 cells were
seeded into a collagen I-coated 96-well OrisTM plate at a density
of 1 × 105 cells per well and incubated for 24 h at 33◦C in
an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. The cells were starved
for 17 h and stimulated with 25 µM acrolein for 24 h. Ripasudil
(0.08, 0.4, or 2 µM) and the DNA synthesis inhibitor aphidicolin
(10 µg/mL) were added to the cells 1 h prior to the start of Tissue Localization of ROCKs in
Fibrovascular Tissues of PDR Tissue Localization of ROCKs in
Fibrovascular Tissues of PDR
Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine
the localization of ROCKs in fibrovascular tissues obtained
from patients with PDR. ROCK1 staining was observed in
clusters of GFAP-positive cells and vascular structures in
fibrovascular tissues (Figure 1A). Similarly, ROCK2 signals Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine
the localization of ROCKs in fibrovascular tissues obtained
from patients with PDR. ROCK1 staining was observed in
clusters of GFAP-positive cells and vascular structures in
fibrovascular tissues (Figure 1A). Similarly, ROCK2 signals FIGURE 3 | Effect of acrolein on protein levels of ROCK1, MYPT1, and MLC2 in TR-MUL5 cells. (A) Western blotting of total and cleaved forms of ROCK1 protein
when TR-MUL5 cells were incubated with acrolein (0–50 µM). (B,C) Densitometric analysis of the bands. (B) Total forms of ROCK1 protein (0–50 µM, n = 3 each). (C)
Relative cleaved forms of ROCK1 protein (0–50 µM, n = 4 each). (D) Total protein of MYPT1 and MLC2 in TR-MUL5 cells exposed to acrolein (0–50 µM). Values
represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05. FIGURE 3 | Effect of acrolein on protein levels of ROCK1, MYPT1, and MLC2 in TR-MUL5 cells. (A) Western blotting of total and cleaved forms of ROCK1 protein
when TR-MUL5 cells were incubated with acrolein (0–50 µM). (B,C) Densitometric analysis of the bands. (B) Total forms of ROCK1 protein (0–50 µM, n = 3 each). (C)
Relative cleaved forms of ROCK1 protein (0–50 µM, n = 4 each). (D) Total protein of MYPT1 and MLC2 in TR-MUL5 cells exposed to acrolein (0–50 µM). Values
represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05. September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 5 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial Fukutsu et al. mRNA levels of Mypt1 and Mlc2 were not changed after acrolein
stimulation (Figures 2C,D). were found in clusters of GFAP-positive cells; however, its
fluorescence staining intensity was relatively faint (Figure 1B). High-magnification images revealed that immunoreactivity of
ROCK1 and ROCK2 was the most abundant in the areas
surrounding the nuclei (Figures 1A,B). These data indicate that
ROCKs are predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of glial cells
in fibrovascular tissues. In accordance with real-time PCR data, western blotting
(Figure 3A)
revealed
an
increase
in
ROCK1
production
in TR-MUL5 cells stimulated with acrolein (n = 3 each,
P
<
0.05,
Figure 3B). Tissue Localization of ROCKs in
Fibrovascular Tissues of PDR Furthermore,
acrolein
increased
cleaved form of ROCK1 in a dose-dependent manner (n
= 4 each, P < 0.05, Figures 3A,C). The protein levels
of MYPT1 and MLC2 showed no increase with acrolein
stimulation (Figure 3D). ROCK1-pMYPT1-pMLC Pathway Is
Activated by Acrolein TR-MUL5 cells after acrolein stimulation (n = 4, P < 0.05,
Figure 4A). Furthermore, ROCK1 expression showed an ∼4-fold
increase in TR-MUL5 cells stimulated with acrolein compared
to the control cells, while the increase was abolished by NAC
in a dose-dependent manner (n = 3, P < 0.01, Figure 4B). In
response to hydrogen peroxide, ROCK1 expression showed an
∼4-fold increase in TR-MUL5 cells compared with the control (n
= 3, P < 0.05, Figure 4C). To examine the impact of acrolein and ripasudil on ROCK
activity, phosphorylation of MYPT1 and MLC2 was assessed in
TR-MUL5 cells. As shown in Figure 5, phosphorylation of both
MYPT1 and MLC2 showed increase in TR-MUL5 cells when
stimulated with acrolein, while the total protein levels of MYPT1
and MLC2 were unchanged (Figure 3D). In addition, ripasudil
reduced the acrolein-induced phosphorylation of MYPT1 and
MLC2 (Figure 5). As shown in Figure 6, immunofluorescence microscopy
revealed that acrolein stimulation increased organization of actin
stress fibers in TR-MUL5 cells, whereas actin depolymerization
was observed in the cells treated with ripasudil. The staining
signal of p-MLC2 increased with acrolein stimulation along with
actin fibers, and it was attenuated in the presence of ripasudil. Additionally, ripasudil administration caused cell body shrinkage
in TR-MUL5 cells. FIGURE 5 | Changes in phosphorylation of MYPT1 and MLC2 in TR-MUL5
cells treated with acrolein and ripasudil. Phosphorylation levels of MYPT1 and
MLC2 in TR-MUL5 cells after acrolein stimulation. Ripasudil suppressed the
increase of phosphorylated forms of MYPT1 and MLC2 induced by acrolein
stimulation in TR-MUL5 cells. Oxidative Stress Mediates ROCK1
Production in Retinal Müller Glial Cells
Under Acrolein Stimulation To evaluate the changes in expression of ROCKs and its
associated molecules in Müller glial cells stimulated with acrolein,
the mRNA levels of Rock1, Rock2, Mypt1, and Mlc2 mRNA were
assessed. Rock1 mRNA expression was significantly increased by
acrolein stimulation in a dose-dependent manner (n = 3 each, P
< 0.01, Figure 2A), whereas Rock2 mRNA expression decreased
in response to acrolein exposure (Figure 2B). In addition, the Based on the real-time PCR results, we focused on ROCK1
and examined whether oxidative stress is involved in acrolein-
induced ROCK1 production in Müller glial cells. Total GSH
levels were reduced from 4.19 nmol/mg to 1.56 nmol/mg in FIGURE 4 | Impact of acrolein stimulation on antioxidant defense systems in TR-MUL5 cells. (A) Total GSH levels when TR-MUL5 cells were exposed to acrolein for
3 h. (B) Rock1 mRNA levels in acrolein-stimulated TR-MUL5 cells with or without treatment of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (n = 3 each). (C) Rock1 mRNA levels in
TR-MUL5 cells treated with or without hydrogen peroxide (n = 3 each). Values represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. FIGURE 4 | Impact of acrolein stimulation on antioxidant defense systems in TR-MUL5 cells. (A) Total GSH levels when TR-MUL5 cells were exposed to acrolein for
3 h. (B) Rock1 mRNA levels in acrolein-stimulated TR-MUL5 cells with or without treatment of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (n = 3 each). (C) Rock1 mRNA levels in
TR-MUL5 cells treated with or without hydrogen peroxide (n = 3 each). Values represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org Fukutsu et al. ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial Ripasudil Attenuates Glial Cell Migration
Induced by Acrolein To evaluate the association between ROCK1 and the migration
of Müller glial cells, we performed a migration assay of TR-
MUL5 cells after acrolein stimulation with or without ripasudil. Acrolein accelerated the migration of TR-MUL5 cells compared
to the control (n = 4, P < 0.01), and ripasudil (0.4 µM, 2 µM)
attenuated this increase in migration (n = 4, P < 0.05, Figure 7). FIGURE 5 | Changes in phosphorylation of MYPT1 and MLC2 in TR-MUL5
cells treated with acrolein and ripasudil. Phosphorylation levels of MYPT1 and
MLC2 in TR-MUL5 cells after acrolein stimulation. Ripasudil suppressed the
increase of phosphorylated forms of MYPT1 and MLC2 induced by acrolein
stimulation in TR-MUL5 cells. FIGURE 5 | Changes in phosphorylation of MYPT1 and MLC2 in TR-MUL5
cells treated with acrolein and ripasudil. Phosphorylation levels of MYPT1 and
MLC2 in TR-MUL5 cells after acrolein stimulation. Ripasudil suppressed the
increase of phosphorylated forms of MYPT1 and MLC2 induced by acrolein
stimulation in TR-MUL5 cells. DISCUSSION In the present study, we demonstrated that: (1) ROCK
proteins are present in the cytosol of glial cells in the In the present study, we demonstrated that: (1) ROCK
proteins are present in the cytosol of glial cells in the FIGURE 6 | Changes in cellular morphology and stress fiber formation in TR-MUL5 cells treated with acrolein and ripasudil. Representative fluorescent staining
patterns of F-actin (green, Acti-stainTM 488) and p-MLC2 (red, Alexa Fluor® 546) in TR-MUL5 cells treated with acrolein (25 µM) and/or ripasudil (2 µM). Blue, nuclei
counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar, 50 µm. FIGURE 6 | Changes in cellular morphology and stress fiber formation in TR-MUL5 cells treated with acrolein and ripasudil. Representative fluorescent staining
patterns of F-actin (green, Acti-stainTM 488) and p-MLC2 (red, Alexa Fluor® 546) in TR-MUL5 cells treated with acrolein (25 µM) and/or ripasudil (2 µM). Blue, nuclei
counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar, 50 µm. September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 7 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial Fukutsu et al. RE 7 | Impact of ripasudil administration on acrolein-induced migration of TR-MUL5 cells. Representative micrographs of TR-MUL5 cell migration after acrolein
ation with or without ripasudil treatment. (A) Control. (B) Acrolein stimulation (25 µM). (C) Acrolein stimulation (25 µM) with ripasudil (0.08 µM). (D) Acrolein
ation (25 µM) with ripasudil (0.4 µM). (E) Acrolein stimulation (25 µM) with ripasudil (2 µM). (F) Cell migration analysis in TR-MUL5 cells after acrolein stimulation
r without ripasudil (n = 4 each). Values represent the mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. FIGURE 7 | Impact of ripasudil administration on acrolein-induced migration of TR-MUL5 cells. Representative micrographs of TR-MUL5 cell migration after acrolein
stimulation with or without ripasudil treatment. (A) Control. (B) Acrolein stimulation (25 µM). (C) Acrolein stimulation (25 µM) with ripasudil (0.08 µM). (D) Acrolein
stimulation (25 µM) with ripasudil (0.4 µM). (E) Acrolein stimulation (25 µM) with ripasudil (2 µM). (F) Cell migration analysis in TR-MUL5 cells after acrolein stimulation
with or without ripasudil (n = 4 each). Values represent the mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. significant process in fibrovascular formation in eyes afflicted
with PDR. DISCUSSION Notably, the current study exhibited that glial cell migration
induced by acrolein was suppressed by the non-selective
ROCK inhibitor ripasudil. We previously reported that acrolein
induces the production of the pro-inflammatory chemokine
CXCL1 and promotes glial cell migration in an autocrine
fashion (7). Enriching the previous findings, the present study
revealed that ROCKs are involved in acrolein-induced glial
cell migration. Furthermore, given the selective upregulation of
ROCK1 by acrolein, ROCK1 might be the focus of future studies
investigating the mechanism of glial cell migration regulated
by acrolein. y
g
In ROCK proteins, ROCK2 is known as the predominant
form of in ocular tissues (11). Since ROCK1 and ROCK2
exhibit a high degree of sequence homology, both kinases
essentially share not only a wide variety of downstream
substrates but also consequent cellular functions. In fact, the
ROCK isoforms promote the rearrangement of actin-myosin
cytoskeleton organization mediated by phosphorylation of
downstream target proteins, including MYPT1 and MLC2 (21). However, using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells derived from
ROCK1−/−and ROCK2−/−mice, it was elucidated that the
roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 are not strictly equal; i.e., ROCK1
is involved in destabilizing the actin cytoskeleton by regulating
MLC2 phosphorylation and peripheral actomyosin contraction,
whereas ROCK2 is required for stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton
by regulating cofilin phosphorylation (21). Therefore, selective
upregulation of ROCK1 by acrolein, which was demonstrated in
the present study, indicates that acrolein facilitates a transition in
the ROCK system to rearrange actin cytoskeleton and generate
contractile force in Müller glial cells, eventually leading to glial
cell migration. There are several limitations to this study. First, there
was a tendency toward decreasing migration rate in the
acrolein-stimulated glial cells treated with 0.08 µM ripasudil
administration, while identical concentration of ripasudil showed
no inhibitory effect to the phosphorylation of MYPT1 and MLC2. Second, the decrease of Rock2 in retinal glial cells stimulated
with acrolein was intriguing; however, the physiological and/or
pathological significance was not studied in the current study. Further investigation is warranted to obtain further mechanistic
insights into non-muscle myosin phosphorylation regulation
through ROCK1 signaling in glial cells. In summary, our data shed light on the regulatory mechanism
of Müller glial cell migration. The current results suggest that
acrolein and its downstream molecule ROCK1 are attractive
molecular targets for the prevention of fibrovascular tissue
formation in PDR. Cigarette smoking is known to produce an estimated 1017
oxidant molecules per puff(22). DISCUSSION fibrovascular tissues of patients with PDR; (2) the unsaturated
aldehyde acrolein increases the production of ROCK1, but not
ROCK2, in cultured Müller glial cells; (3) acrolein enhances
phosphorylation of MYPT1 and MLC2 through the ROCK1
cascade induced by oxidative stress; and (4) ripasudil, a specific
inhibitor of ROCKs, hampers formation and migration of
stress fibers in Müller glial cells. The current data provide
new insights into the mechanisms of glial cell migration, a Glial cells have increasingly gained attention as one of the
major participants in the progression of DR. While the activation
of glial cells represents some of the earliest events in the
pathogenesis of DR (16), macroglial cells are also implicated in
promoting proliferative changes through VEGF secretion and
internal limiting membrane degradation during the late stage of September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org 8 ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial Fukutsu et al. DR (17–19). Hence, elucidating the cellular behaviors of glial cells
in advanced stages of DR contributes to further understanding
of the pathological mechanisms underlying vision-threatening
disease. We previously demonstrated that acrolein-conjugated
proteins are localized in glial cells in the fibrovascular tissues
of PDR patients (20). The current data further demonstrated
that ROCK proteins are ubiquitously present in glial cells in
fibrovascular tissues and that acrolein stimulation increased the
production of ROCK1 in cultured Müller glial cells. Intriguingly,
acrolein stimulation decreased the expression levels of ROCK2. In addition, the expression levels of ROCK-associated molecules
including MYPT1 and MLC2 were not changed by acrolein
stimulation. Whereas, our group previously showed that acrolein
stimulation increases cell viability in cultured retinal glial cells
(7), the current data clearly demonstrated that increase of
ROCK1 protein is not simply attributed to the effect of acrolein
to the cell viability in cultured retinal glial cells. phosphorylation and F-actin bundling, which are characteristics
of stress fiber formation, in cultured Müller glial cells. Whereas,
immunofluorescent staining of total MLC2 protein was not
conducted in the present study, western blotting showed no
significant change in the expression of total MLC2, indicating
that the increased signal of p-MLC2 along with actin fibers in
the TR-MUL5 cells exposed to acrolein, at least in part, due to
the increase of MLC2 phosphorylation. In addition, since the
possible increase in MLC2 phosphorylation and F-actin bundling
was diminished by ripasudil, the present study demonstrated that
ROCKs are the downstream effectors of acrolein. DISCUSSION Previous studies revealed
that acrolein, a major cytotoxic factor in cigarette smoke
extract, rapidly binds to GSH (23) and induces oxidative
stress in the body (24–26). In line with these findings and
our previous data (7), the current data also showed that
acrolein reduces intracellular GSH levels in cultured Müller
glial cells. In addition, acrolein-induced Rock1 mRNA synthesis
was
remarkably
suppressed
by
NAC,
a
thiol-containing
antioxidant and precursor of GSH, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide, one of the representative
reactive
oxygen
species,
increased
de
novo
synthesis
of
Rock1. The
present
data
convincingly
demonstrates
that
depletion of GSH by acrolein increases intracellular oxidative
stress,
thereby
enhancing
ROCK1
production
in
retinal
glial cells. ETHICS STATEMENT The studies involving human participants were reviewed
and
approved
by
Institutional
Review
Committee
of
Hokkaido
University
Hospital. The
patients/participants
provided their written informed consent to participate in
this study. Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be
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aldehyde acrolein promotes retinal glial cell migration. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by Kowa Company, Ltd (Tokyo,
Japan), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (21K09667),
and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (20H03837, The authors thank Ikuyo Hirose (Hokkaido University) for her
skillful technical assistance. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Furthermore, although not quantified, acrolein appears to
augment phosphorylation of MYPT1 and MLC2, both of which
appears to be suppressed by ripasudil in cultured Müller glial
cells. In line with the western blotting data, immunofluorescence
microscopy also suggested that acrolein increased MLC2 KN contributed to conception and design of the study. KF,
MM, KK, and SY conducted the experiments. KF, MM, and KN
wrote sections of the manuscript. SI revised the first draft of the September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 9 Fukutsu et al. ROCK1 Blockade in Müller Glial 21H03091)
from
the
Japan
Society
for
the
Promotion
of Science. 21H03091)
from
the
Japan
Society
for
the
Promotion
of Science. manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read,
and approved the submitted version. REFERENCES Arita R, Nakao S, Kita T, Kawahara S, Asato R, Yoshida S, et al. A key role for ROCK in TNF-alpha-mediated diabetic microvascular
damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. (2013) 54:2373–83. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-1
0757 Copyright © 2021 Fukutsu, Murata, Kikuchi, Yoshida, Noda and Ishida. This is an
open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted,
provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the
original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic
practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply
with these terms. 15. Tomi M, Funaki T, Abukawa H, Katayama K, Kondo T, Ohtsuki S, et
al. Expression and regulation of L-cystine transporter, system xc-, in the
newly developed rat retinal Muller cell line (TR-MUL). Glia. (2003) 43:208–
17. doi: 10.1002/glia.10253 16. Rolev
KD,
Shu
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Ying
Y. Targeted
pharmacotherapy
against
neurodegeneration
and
neuroinflammation
in September 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 717602 Frontiers in Medicine | www.frontiersin.org 10 | 24,880 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Marelli | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Stefano Marelli | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefano Marelli&action=history | German | Spoken | 274 | 582 | Stefano Marelli (* 18. Februar 1970 in Cantù, Italien) ist ein Schweizer Schriftsteller und Journalist.
Leben
Im Jahr 2013 veröffentlichte er den Roman Altre stelle uruguayane (Andere uruguayische Sterne) und im darauffolgenden Jahr die Kurzgeschichtensammlung Pezzi da 90, storie mondiali (90 Stücke, Weltgeschichten), beide erschienen bei Rubbettino. 2016 kehrte er mit einem weiteren Roman in die Buchhandlungen zurück: Ein Dutzend, ein Roman auf den Spuren von Ernest Hemingway. Er hat als Journalist für Radiotelevisione Svizzera (RSI), das Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen in italienischer Sprache, gearbeitet und in regelmäßigen Abständen zahlreiche Kurzgeschichten in Zeitungen und Zeitschriften veröffentlicht.
In einem Artikel, der am 30. Dezember 2013 in La Repubblica erschien, zählte Gianni Mura ihn zu den hundert bedeutendsten Namen des Jahres 2013 und bewertete ihn mit 8/10.
Derzeit lebt er mit seinen beiden Söhnen in Sagno und arbeitet für den Teletext.
Veröffentlichungen
Altre stelle uruguayane. Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino Editore, 2013
Pezzi da 90, storie mondiali. Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino Editore, 2014
A dime a dozen. Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino Editore, 2017.
Literarische Auszeichnungen
2014 Selezione Bancarella Sport con Altre stelle uruguayane.
2014 Menzione Speciale al Premio letterario del CONI con Altre stelle uruguayane.
2013 Un libro per lo sport con Altre stelle uruguayane.
2012 Parole nel vento con Altre stelle uruguayane.
Weblinks
Il gol di Stefano Marelli è un'avventura fra fascismo e fútbol auf ilgiornale.it
Marelli è una vera scoperta della giovane letteratura italiana auf archive.org
Il grande romanzo nascosto nella «Busta 91» auf corriere.it
Stefano Martelli scrittore auf youtube.com
Stefano Marellis Werke auf worldcat.org
Einzelnachweise
Journalist (Schweiz)
Hörfunkjournalist
Zeitungsjournalist
Autor
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Italienisch)
Literatur (Schweiz)
Roman, Epik
Erzählung
Sachliteratur
Person (Chiasso)
Schweizer
Geboren 1970
Mann | 8,027 |
https://github.com/broniyasinnik/cpp_shad_students/blob/master/2017/sem1/seminar1/inout/run_cpp.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | cpp_shad_students | broniyasinnik | Shell | Code | 15 | 37 | echo "build program"
time g++ -O2 main_cpp.cpp
echo "run program"
time cat input.txt | ./a.out
| 17,290 |
1464423_2013_8 | SEC | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,261 | 9,004 | We do not currently have secured financing for our investments in MSRs and excess servicing spread. Direct leverage on these assets has been difficult to obtain due to the requirement of each Agency that its rights and interest in the MSRs and excess servicing spread remain senior to those of any lender extending credit. As we continue to aggregate MSRs and acquire excess servicing spread, the lack of available financing could place stress on our capital and liquidity positions or require us to forego attractive investment opportunities.
Our debt financing agreements require us and certain of our subsidiaries to comply with various financial covenants. As of the filing of this Report, these financial covenants include the following:
•
profitability at each of the Company and three of our subsidiaries, our Operating Partnership, PMC and PennyMac Holdings, LLC (f/k/a PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust Holdings I, LLC (“PMH”)), for at least one (1) of the previous two consecutive fiscal quarters, as of the end of each fiscal quarter, and at our subsidiary, PMC, for both the prior two (2) calendar quarters and the prior three (3) calendar quarters;
•
a minimum of $40 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents among the Company and/or our subsidiaries; a minimum of $40 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents among our Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries; a minimum of $25 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents between PMC and PMH; and a minimum of $10 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents at each of PMC and PMH;
•
a minimum tangible net worth for the Company of $860 million; a minimum tangible net worth for our Operating Partnership of $700 million; a minimum tangible net worth for PMH of $250 million; and a minimum tangible net worth for PMC of $150 million;
•
a maximum ratio of total liabilities to tangible net worth of less than 10:1 for PMC and 5:1 for the Company, our Operating Partnership and PMH; and
•
at least two warehouse or repurchase facilities that finance amounts and assets similar to those being financed under our existing debt financing agreements.
Although these financial covenants limit the amount of indebtedness we may incur and impact our liquidity through minimum cash reserve requirements, we believe that these covenants currently provide us with sufficient flexibility to successfully operate our business and obtain the financing necessary to achieve that purpose.
PLS is also subject to various financial covenants, both as a borrower under its own financing arrangements and as the servicer under certain of our debt financing agreements. The most significant of these financial covenants currently include the following:
•
positive net income during each calendar quarter;
•
a minimum in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $20 million;
•
a minimum tangible net worth of $90 million; and
•
a maximum ratio of total liabilities to tangible net worth of 10:1.
Our transactions relating to securities sold under agreements to repurchase contain margin call provisions that, upon notice from the applicable lender at its option, require us to transfer cash or additional securities in an amount sufficient to eliminate any margin deficit. A margin deficit will generally result from any decline in the market value (as determined by the applicable lender) of the assets subject to an agreement to repurchase, although in some instances we may agree with the lender upon certain thresholds (in dollar amounts or percentages based on the market value of the assets) that must be exceeded before a margin deficit will arise. Upon notice from the applicable lender, we will generally be required to satisfy the margin call on the day of such notice or within one business day thereafter, depending on the timing of the notice.
The transactions relating to mortgage loans and/or equity interests in special purpose entities holding real property under agreements to repurchase contain margin call provisions that, upon notice from the applicable lender at its option, require us to transfer cash or additional mortgage loans or real property, as applicable, in an amount sufficient to eliminate any margin deficit. A margin deficit will generally result from any decline in the market value (as determined by the applicable lender) of the assets subject to an agreement to repurchase. Upon notice from the applicable lender, we will generally be required to satisfy the margin call on the day of such notice or within one business day thereafter, depending on the timing of the notice.
Our Manager continues to explore a variety of additional means of financing our continued growth, including debt financing through bank warehouse lines of credit, additional repurchase agreements, term financing, securitization transactions and additional equity offerings. However, there can be no assurance as to how much additional financing capacity such efforts will produce, what form the financing will take or that such efforts will be successful.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Guarantees
As of December 31, 2013, we have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements or guarantees.
Contractual Obligations
As of December 31, 2013, we had on-balance sheet contractual obligations of $2.1 billion for the financing of assets under agreements to repurchase with maturities between January 2, 2014 and December 18, 2014 as well as forward purchase agreements with maturities between June 16, 2014 and June 30, 2014. We also had contractual obligations of $250.0 million in the Notes.
As of December 31, 2013, we had contractual obligations to purchase mortgage loans for resale totaling approximately $557.3 million. Of the $557.3 million in commitments to purchase mortgage loans for resale, we recorded IRLCs of $2.5 million on our balance sheet as assets under the caption Derivative assets and $1.3 million as liabilities under the caption Derivative liabilities.
All agreements to repurchase assets that matured between December 31, 2013 and the date of this Report have been renewed, extended or repaid and are described in Note 18-Mortgage Loans Acquired for Sale Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase, Note 19-Mortgage Loans at Fair Value Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase and Note 20-Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans Financed Under Agreements to Repurchase in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Payment obligations under these agreements are summarized below:
The amount at risk (the fair value of the assets pledged plus the related margin deposit, less the amount advanced by the counterparty and interest payable) relating to the Company’s assets sold under agreements to repurchase and forward purchase agreements is summarized by counterparty below as of December 31, 2013:
Management Agreement. We are externally managed and advised by our Manager pursuant to a management agreement, which was amended and restated effective February 1, 2013. Our management agreement requires our Manager to oversee our business affairs in conformity with the investment policies that are approved and monitored by our board of trustees. Our Manager is responsible for our day-to-day management and will perform such services and activities related to our assets and operations as may be appropriate.
Pursuant to our management agreement, our Manager collects a base management fee and may collect a performance incentive fee, both payable quarterly and in arrears. The term of our management agreement expires on February 1, 2017, subject to automatic renewal for additional 18-month periods, unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
The base management fee is calculated at a defined annualized percentage of “shareholders’ equity.” Our “shareholders’ equity” is defined as the sum of the net proceeds from any issuances of our equity securities since our inception (weighted for the time outstanding during the measurement period); plus our retained earnings at the end of the quarter; less any amount that we pay for repurchases of our common shares (weighted for the time held during the measurement period); and excluding one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP and certain other non-cash charges after discussions between our Manager and our independent trustees and approval by a majority of our independent trustees.
Pursuant to our management agreement, the base management fee is equal to the sum of (i) 1.5% per annum of shareholders’ equity up to $2 billion, (ii) 1.375% per annum of shareholders’ equity in excess of $2 billion and up to $5 billion, and (iii) 1.25% per annum of shareholders’ equity in excess of $5 billion. The base management fee is paid in cash.
The performance incentive fee is calculated at a defined annualized percentage of the amount by which “net income,” on a rolling four-quarter basis and before deducting the incentive fee, exceeds certain levels of return on “equity.” For the purpose of determining the amount of the performance incentive fee, “net income” is defined as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP and certain other non-cash charges determined after discussions between our Manager and our independent trustees and approval by a majority of our independent trustees. For this purpose, “equity” is the weighted average of the issue price per common share of all of our public offerings, multiplied by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (including restricted share units) in the four-quarter period.
The performance incentive fee is calculated quarterly and escalates as net income (stated as a percentage of return on equity) increases over certain thresholds. On each calculation date, the threshold amounts represent a stated return on equity, plus or minus a “high watermark” adjustment. The performance fee payable for any quarter is equal to: (a) 10% of the amount by which net income for the quarter exceeds (i) an 8% return on equity plus the high watermark, up to (ii) a 12% return on equity; plus (b) 15% of the amount by which net income for the quarter exceeds (i) a 12% return on equity plus the high watermark, up to (ii) a 16% return on equity; plus (c) 20% of the amount by which net income for the quarter exceeds a 16% return on equity plus the high watermark.
The “high watermark” is the quarterly adjustment that reflects the amount by which the net income (stated as a percentage of return on equity) in that quarter exceeds or falls short of the lesser of 8% and the Fannie Mae MBS Yield (the target yield) for such quarter. The “high watermark” starts at zero and is adjusted quarterly. If the net income is lower than the target yield, the high watermark is increased by the difference. If the net income is higher than the target yield, the high watermark is reduced by the difference. Each time a performance incentive fee is earned, the high watermark returns to zero. As a result, the threshold amounts required for our Manager to earn a performance incentive fee are adjusted cumulatively based on the performance of our net income over (or under) the target yield, until the net income in excess of the target yield exceeds the then-current cumulative high watermark amount, and a performance incentive fee is earned. The performance incentive fee may be paid in cash or in our common shares (subject to a limit of no more than 50% paid in common shares), at our option.
Under our management agreement, our Manager is entitled to reimbursement of its organizational and operating expenses, including third-party expenses, incurred on our behalf. Our Manager may also be entitled to a termination fee under certain circumstances. Specifically, the termination fee is payable for (1) our termination of our management agreement without cause, (2) our Manager’s termination of our management agreement upon a default by us in the performance of any material term of the agreement that has continued uncured for a period of 30 days after receipt of written notice thereof or (3) our Manager’s termination of the agreement after the termination by us without cause (excluding a non-renewal) of our MBWS agreement, our MSR recapture agreement, or our servicing agreement (each as described and/or defined below). The termination fee is equal to three times the sum of (a) the average annual base management fee and (b) the average annual (or, if the period is less than 24 months, annualized) performance incentive fee, in each case earned by our Manager during the 24-month period before termination.
Our management agreement also provides that, prior to the undertaking by our Manager or its affiliates of any new investment opportunity or any other business opportunity requiring a source of capital with respect to which our Manager or its affiliates will earn a management, advisory, consulting or similar fee, our Manager shall present to us such new opportunity and the material terms on which our Manager proposes to provide services to us before pursuing such opportunity with third parties.
Servicing Agreement. We have entered into a servicing agreement with our Servicer pursuant to which our Servicer provides servicing for our portfolio of residential mortgage loans. The loan servicing provided by our Servicer includes collecting principal, interest and escrow account payments, if any, with respect to mortgage loans, as well as managing loss mitigation, which may include, among other things, collection activities, loan workouts, modifications, foreclosures and short sales. Our Servicer also engages in certain loan origination activities that include refinancing mortgage loans and financings that facilitate sales of real estate owned properties, or REOs. The term of our servicing agreement, as amended, expires on February 1, 2017, subject to automatic renewal for additional 18-month periods, unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
The base servicing fees for distressed whole loans are calculated based on a monthly per-loan dollar amount, with the actual dollar amount for each loan based on the delinquency, bankruptcy and/or foreclosure status of such loan or the related underlying real estate. Presently, the base servicing fees for distressed whole loans range from $30 per month for current loans up to $125 per month for loans that are severely delinquent and in foreclosure.
The base servicing fees for loans subserviced by our Servicer on our behalf are also calculated through a monthly per-loan dollar amount, with the actual dollar amount for each loan based on whether the mortgage loan is a fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loan. The base servicing fees for loans subserviced on our behalf are $7.50 per month for fixed-rate loans and $8.50 per month for adjustable-rate mortgage loans. To the extent that these loans become delinquent, our Servicer is entitled to an additional servicing fee per loan falling within a range of $10 to $75 per month and based on the delinquency, bankruptcy and foreclosure status of the loan or the related underlying real estate. Our Servicer is also entitled to customary ancillary income and certain market-based fees and charges, including boarding and deboarding fees, liquidation and disposition fees, and assumption, modification and origination fees.
Except as otherwise provided in our MSR recapture agreement, when our Servicer effects a refinancing of a loan on our behalf and not through a third-party lender and the resulting loan is readily saleable, or our Servicer originates a loan to facilitate the disposition of the real estate acquired by us in settlement of a loan, our Servicer is entitled to receive from us market-based fees and compensation consistent with pricing and terms our Servicer offers unaffiliated third parties on a retail basis.
To the extent that our Servicer participates in HAMP (or other similar mortgage loan modification programs), our Servicer is entitled to retain any incentive payments made to it and to which it is entitled under HAMP, provided that, with respect to any incentive payments paid to our Servicer in connection with a mortgage loan modification for which we previously paid our Servicer a modification fee, our Servicer is required to reimburse us an amount equal to the incentive payments.
In addition, because we do not have any employees or infrastructure, our Servicer is required to provide a range of services and activities significantly greater in scope than the services provided in connection with a customary servicing arrangement. For these services, our Servicer receives a supplemental servicing fee of $25 per month for each distressed whole loan and $3.25 per month for each other subserviced loan; provided, however, that from and after January 1, 2014, the aggregate supplemental servicing fees for all loans that are owned by a third party investor and with respect to which we have acquired the related servicing rights (and that are not distressed whole loans) shall not exceed $700,000 in any fiscal quarter. Our Servicer is entitled to reimbursement for all customary, bona fide reasonable and necessary out-of-pocket expenses incurred by our Servicer in connection with the performance of its servicing obligations.
Mortgage Banking and Warehouse Services Agreement. We have also entered into a mortgage banking and warehouse services agreement (the “MBWS agreement”), pursuant to which our Servicer provides us with certain mortgage banking services, including fulfillment and disposition-related services, with respect to loans acquired by us from correspondent lenders, and certain warehouse lending services, including fulfillment and administrative services, with respect to loans financed by us for our warehouse lending clients. The term of our MBWS agreement expires on February 1, 2017, subject to automatic renewal for additional 18-month periods, unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
Under our MBWS agreement, our Servicer has agreed to provide the mortgage banking services exclusively for our benefit, and our Servicer and its affiliates are prohibited from providing such services for any other third party. However, such exclusivity and prohibition shall not apply, and certain other duties instead will be imposed upon our Servicer, if we are unable to purchase or finance mortgage loans as contemplated under our MBWS agreement for any reason.
In consideration for the mortgage banking services provided by our Servicer with respect to our acquisition of mortgage loans, our Servicer is entitled to a fulfillment fee based on the type of mortgage loan that we acquire and equal to a percentage of the unpaid principal balance of such mortgage loan. Presently, the applicable percentages are (i) 0.50% for conventional mortgage loans, (ii) 0.88% for loans sold in accordance with the Ginnie Mae Mortgage-Backed Securities Guide, (iii) 0.80% for HARP mortgage loans with a loan-to-value ratio of 105% or less, (iv) 1.20% for HARP mortgage loans with a loan-to-value ratio of greater than 105%, and (v) 0.50% for all other mortgage loans not contemplated above; provided, however, that PLS may, in its sole discretion, reduce the amount of the applicable fulfillment fee and credit the amount of such reduction to the reimbursement otherwise due as described below. This reduction may only be credited to the reimbursement applicable to the month in which the related mortgage was funded.
At this time, we do not hold the Ginnie Mae approval required to issue Ginnie Mae MBS and act as a servicer. Accordingly, under our MBWS agreement, our Servicer currently purchases loans saleable in accordance with the Ginnie Mae Mortgage-Backed Securities Guide “as is” and without recourse of any kind from us at cost less an administrative fee paid by the correspondent to us plus accrued interest and a sourcing fee of three basis points.
In the event that we purchase mortgage loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance in any month greater than $2.5 billion, our Servicer has agreed to discount the amount of such fulfillment fees by reimbursing us an amount equal to the product of (i) 0.025%, and (ii) the amount of unpaid principal balance in excess of $2.5 billion and less than or equal to $5.0 billion, plus (b) the product of (i) 0.05%, and (ii) the amount of unpaid principal balance in excess of $5 billion.
In consideration for the mortgage banking services provided by our Servicer with respect to our acquisition of mortgage loans under our Servicer’s early purchase program, our Servicer is entitled to fees accruing (i) at a rate equal to $25,000 per annum, and (ii) in the amount of $50 for each mortgage loan that we acquire. In consideration for the warehouse services provided by our Servicer with respect to mortgage loans that we finance for our warehouse lending clients, with respect to each facility, our Servicer is entitled to fees accruing (i) at a rate equal to $25,000 per annum, and (ii) in the amount of $50 for each mortgage loan that we finance thereunder. Where we have entered into both an early purchase agreement and a warehouse lending agreement with the same client, our Servicer shall only be entitled to one $25,000 per annum fee and, with respect to any mortgage loan that becomes subject to both such agreements, only one $50 per loan fee.
Notwithstanding any provision of our MBWS agreement to the contrary, if it becomes reasonably necessary or advisable for our Servicer to engage in additional services in connection with post-breach or post-default resolution activities for the purposes of a correspondent lending agreement, a warehouse agreement or a re-warehouse agreement, then we have generally agreed with our Servicer to negotiate in good faith for additional compensation and reimbursement of expenses to be paid to our Servicer for the performance of such additional services.
MSR Recapture Agreement. Effective February 1, 2013, we entered into an MSR recapture agreement with our Servicer. Pursuant to the terms of our MSR recapture agreement, if our Servicer refinances via its retail lending business loans for which we previously held the MSRs, our Servicer is generally required to transfer and convey to us, without cost to us, the MSRs with respect to new mortgage loans originated in those refinancings (or, under certain circumstances, other mortgage loans) that have an aggregate unpaid principal balance that is not less than 30% of the aggregate unpaid principal balance of all the loans so originated. Where the fair market value of the aggregate MSRs to be transferred for the applicable month is less than $200,000, our Servicer may, at its option, wire cash to us in an amount equal to such fair market value in lieu of transferring such MSRs. The initial term of our MSR recapture agreement expires, unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the agreement, on February 1, 2017, subject to automatic renewal for additional 18-month periods, unless terminated in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
Spread Acquisition and MSR Servicing Agreements. Effective February 1, 2013, we entered into a master spread acquisition and MSR servicing agreement (the “2/1/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement”), pursuant to which we may acquire from our Servicer the rights to receive certain excess servicing spread arising from MSRs acquired by our Servicer from banks and other third party financial institutions. Our Servicer is generally required to service or subservice the related mortgage loans for the applicable agency or investor. The terms of each transaction under the 2/1/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement are subject to the terms thereof, as modified and supplemented by the terms of a confirmation executed in connection with such transaction.
To the extent our Servicer refinances any of the mortgage loans relating to the excess servicing spread we have acquired, the 2/1/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement contains recapture provisions requiring that our Servicer transfer to us, at no cost, the excess servicing spread relating to a certain percentage of the unpaid principal balance of the newly originated mortgage loans. To the extent the fair market value of the aggregate excess servicing spread to be transferred for the applicable month is less than $200,000, our Servicer may, at its option, wire cash to us in an amount equal to such fair market value in lieu of transferring such excess servicing spread.
On December 30, 2013, we entered into a second master spread acquisition and MSR servicing agreement with our Servicer (the “12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement”). The terms of the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement are substantially similar to the terms of the 2/1/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement, except that we only intend to purchase excess servicing spread relating to Ginnie Mae MSRs under the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement.
To the extent our Servicer refinances any of the mortgage loans relating to the excess servicing spread we have acquired, the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement also contains recapture provisions requiring that our Servicer transfer to us, at no cost, the excess servicing spread relating to a certain percentage of the unpaid principal balance of the newly originated mortgage loans. However, under the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement, in any month where the transferred excess servicing spread relating to newly originated Ginnie Mae mortgage loans is not equivalent to at least 90% of the product of the excess servicing fee rate and the unpaid principal balance of the refinanced mortgage loans, our Servicer is also required to transfer additional excess servicing spread or cash in the amount of such shortfall. Similarly, in any month where the transferred excess servicing spread relating to modified Ginnie Mae mortgage loans is not equivalent to at least 90% of the product of the excess servicing fee rate and the unpaid principal balance of the modified mortgage loans, the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement contains provisions that require our Servicer to transfer additional excess servicing spread or cash in the amount of such shortfall. To the extent the fair market value of the aggregate excess servicing spread to be transferred for the applicable month is less than $200,000, our Servicer may, at its option, wire cash to us in an amount equal to such fair market value in lieu of transferring such excess servicing spread.
In connection with our entry into the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement, we were also required to enter into a Security and Subordination Agreement (the “Security Agreement”) with CSFB. Under the terms of the Security Agreement, we pledged to CSFB our rights under the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement and our interest in any excess servicing spread purchased thereunder. The Security Agreement was required as a result of a separate loan and security agreement between our Servicer and CSFB (the “LSA”), pursuant to which our Servicer pledged to CSFB all of its rights and interests in the Ginnie Mae MSRs it owns or acquires, and a separate acknowledgement agreement with respect thereto, by and among Ginnie Mae, CSFB and our Servicer. As a condition to permitting our Servicer to transfer to us the excess servicing spread relating to a portion of those pledged Ginnie Mae MSRs, CSFB required such transfer to be subject to CSFB’s continuing lien on the excess servicing spread, the pledge and acknowledgement of which were effected pursuant to the Security Agreement. CSFB’s lien on the excess servicing spread remains subordinate to the rights and interests of Ginnie Mae pursuant to the provisions of the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement and the terms of the acknowledgement agreement.
The Security Agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants by us that are substantially similar to those contained in our other financing arrangements with CSFB. The Security Agreement also permits CSFB to liquidate our excess servicing spread along with the related MSRs to the extent there exists an event of default under the LSA, and it contains certain trigger events, including breaches of representations, warranties or covenants and defaults under other of our credit facilities, that would require our Servicer to either (i) repay in full the outstanding loan amount under the LSA or (ii) repurchase the excess servicing spread from us at fair market value. To the extent our Servicer is unable to repay the loan under the LSA or repurchase our excess servicing spread, an event of default would exist under the LSA, thereby entitling CSFB to liquidate the excess servicing spread and the related MSRs. In the event our excess servicing spread is liquidated as a result of certain actions or inactions of our Servicer, we generally would be entitled to seek indemnity under the 12/30/13 Spread Acquisition Agreement.
Reimbursement Agreement. In connection with the initial public offering of our common shares (“IPO”), on August 4, 2009, we entered into an agreement with our Manager pursuant to which we agreed to reimburse our Manager for the $2.9 million payment that it made to the underwriters for the IPO (the “Conditional Reimbursement”) if we satisfied certain performance measures over a specified period of time. Effective February 1, 2013, we amended the terms of the reimbursement agreement to provide for the reimbursement of our Manager of the Conditional Reimbursement if we are required to pay our Manager performance incentive fees under our management agreement at a rate of $10 in reimbursement for every $100 of performance incentive fees earned. The reimbursement of the Conditional Reimbursement is subject to a maximum reimbursement in any particular 12-month period of $1.0 million and the maximum amount that may be reimbursed under the agreement is $2.9 million. The reimbursement agreement also provides for the payment to the IPO underwriters of the payment that we agreed to make to them at the time of the IPO if we satisfied certain performance measures over a specified period of time. As our Manager earns performance incentive fees under our management agreement, the IPO underwriters will be paid at a rate of $20 of payments for every $100 of performance incentive fees earned by our Manager. The payment to the underwriters is subject to a maximum reimbursement in any particular 12-month period of $2.0 million and the maximum amount that may be paid under the agreement is $5.9 million.
In the event the termination fee is payable to our Manager under our management agreement and our Manager and the underwriters have not received the full amount of the reimbursements and payments under the reimbursement agreement, such amount will be paid in full. The term of the reimbursement agreement expires on February 1, 2019.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices, real estate values and other market-based risks. The primary market risks that we are exposed to are real estate risk, credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, inflation risk and market value risk. A substantial portion of our investments are comprised of nonperforming loans. We believe that such assets’ fair values respond primarily to changes in the fair value of the real estate securing such loans.
Real Estate Risk
Residential property values are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions (such as an oversupply of housing); construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to building or similar codes. Decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could cause us to suffer losses.
Credit Risk
We are subject to credit risk in connection with our investments. A significant portion of our assets is comprised of nonperforming residential mortgage loans. The credit risk related to these investments pertains to the ability and willingness of the borrowers to pay, which is assessed before credit is granted. We believe that residual loan credit quality is primarily determined by the borrowers’ credit profiles and loan characteristics.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Changes in interest rates affect the fair value of, interest income and net servicing income we earn from our mortgage-related investments. This effect is most pronounced with fixed-rate investments, MSRs and ESS. In general, rising interest rates negatively affect the fair value of our investments in MBS and mortgage loans, while decreasing market interest rates negatively affect the fair value of our MSRs and ESS.
Our operating results will depend, in part, on differences between the income from our investments and our financing costs. Presently much of our debt financing is based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a fixed spread over the relevant index, as determined by the particular financing arrangement.
In the event of a significant rising interest rate environment and/or economic downturn, defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects. Furthermore, such defaults could have an adverse effect on the spread between our interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities.
We engage in interest rate risk management activities in an effort to reduce the variability of earnings caused by changes in interest rates. To manage this price risk resulting from interest rate risk, we use derivative financial instruments acquired with the intention of moderating the risk that changes in market interest rates will result in unfavorable changes in the value of our interest rate lock commitments, inventory of mortgage loans acquired for sale, MBS, ESS, mortgage loans and MSRs. We do not use derivative financial instruments for purposes other than in support of our risk management activities.
Prepayment Risk
To the extent that the actual prepayment rate on our mortgage loans differs from what we projected when we purchased the loans and when we measured fair value as of the end of each reporting period, our unrealized gain or loss will be affected. As we receive prepayments of principal on our MBS investments, any premiums paid for such investments will be amortized against interest income using the interest method through the expected maturity dates of the investments. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the MBS investments and will accelerate the amortization of MSRs and ESS thereby reducing net servicing income. Conversely, as we receive prepayments of principal on our investments, any discounts realized on the purchase of such investments will be accrued into interest income using the interest method through the expected maturity dates of the investments. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the accrual of purchase discounts, thereby increasing the interest income earned on the MBS investments.
Inflation Risk
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors will influence our performance more so than inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates. Furthermore, our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and any distributions we may make to our shareholders will be determined by our board of trustees based primarily on our taxable income and, in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair value without considering inflation.
Market Value Risk
Our mortgage loans and MBS are reported at their estimated fair values. The fair value of these assets fluctuates primarily due to changes in real estate values and other factors such as interest rates, the credit performance relating to the loans underlying our investments and the effectiveness and servicing practices of the servicers associated with each investment.
Generally, in a real estate market where values are rising or are expected to rise, the fair value of our mortgage loans would be expected to appreciate, whereas in a real estate market where values are generally dropping or are expected to drop, mortgage loan values would be expected to decrease.
The following table summarizes the estimated change in fair value of our portfolio of mortgage loans at fair value as of December 31, 2013, given several hypothetical (instantaneous) changes in home values from those used in the determination of fair value:
The following table summarizes the estimated change in fair value of our mortgage loans at fair value held by variable interest entity as of December 31, 2013, net of the effect of changes in fair value of the related asset-backed secured financing of fair value, given several hypothetical (instantaneous) changes in interest rates and parallel shifts in the yield curve:
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The following tables summarize the estimated change in fair value of MSRs accounted for using the amortization method as of December 31, 2013, given several shifts in pricing spreads, prepayment speed and annual per-loan cost of servicing:
The following tables summarize the estimated change in fair value of MSRs accounted for using the fair value option method as of December 31, 2013, given several shifts in pricing spreads, prepayment speed and annual per-loan cost of servicing:
Excess servicing spread
The following tables summarize the estimated change in fair value of our excess servicing spread accounted for using the fair value option method as of December 31, 2013, given several shifts in pricing spreads, and prepayment speed:
Accounting Developments
In December 2011, the FASB issued an Accounting Standards Update, (“ASU”), ASU 2011-11 to the Balance Sheet topic of the Codification. The amendments in this ASU affect all entities that have financial instruments and derivative instruments that are either (1) offset in accordance with the Offsetting Presentation section of the Balance Sheet topic or the Presentation section of the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the Codification or (2) subject an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement.
In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-01, Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures About Offsetting Assets and Liabilities, which clarifies which instruments and transactions are subject to the offsetting disclosure requirements established by ASU 2011-11. The ASU clarifies that the scope applied to derivatives accounted for in accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the Codification, including bifurcated embedded derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with the Offsetting Presentation section of the Balance Sheet topic or the Presentation section of the Derivatives and Hedging topic or subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement.
The amendments in this ASU require us to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangement to enable users of financial statements to understand the effect of netting to an entity’s financial position. The ASU amendments and the subsequent clarification of the amendment are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013, and are shown for all periods presented on the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of these ASU amendments did not have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
In January of 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-04, Receivables-Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40) (“ASU 2014-04”). ASU 2014-04 clarifies when an in substance repossession or foreclosure occurs, that is, when a creditor should be considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan such that the loan should be derecognized and the real estate property recognized.
ASU 2014-04 specifies that a creditor is considered to have received physical possession (resulting from an in substance repossession or foreclosure) of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan only upon the occurrence of either of the following:
a. The creditor obtains legal title to the residential real estate property upon completion of a foreclosure. A creditor may obtain legal title to the residential real estate property even if the borrower has redemption rights that provide the borrower with a legal right for a period of time after a foreclosure to reclaim the real estate property by paying certain amounts specified by law.
b. The borrower conveys all interest in the residential real estate property to the creditor to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. The deed in lieu of foreclosure or similar legal agreement is completed when agreed-upon terms and conditions have been satisfied by both the borrower and the creditor.
ASU 2014-04 also requires disclosure of the carrying value of REO and its recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction. ASU 2014-04 is effective for the Company for annual and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2014.
An entity can elect to adopt the amendments in this update using either a modified retrospective transition method or a prospective transition method. Under the modified retrospective transition method, an entity would apply the amendments in ASU 2014-04 by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to residential consumer mortgage loans and foreclosed residential real estate properties existing as of the beginning of the annual period for which the amendments are effective. The adoption of ASU-2014-04 is not expected to be material to our financial statements.
Item 7A.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
In response to this Item 7A, the information set forth on pages 92 and 95 is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 8.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The information called for by this Item 8 is hereby incorporated by reference from our Financial Statements and Auditors’ Report beginning at page of this Report.
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None
Item 9A.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. However, no matter how well a control system is designed and operated, it can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in our periodic reports.
Our management has conducted an evaluation, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Report as required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act. Based on our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of the end of the period covered by this Report, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992). Based on those criteria, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2013.
| 28,442 |
db473b75879ba90bffeab31a07a18ebc | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,001 | Code de procédure pénale, article R118 | LEGI | French | Spoken | 215 | 319 | Les analyses toxicologiques sont ainsi cotées, pour chaque expert, lorsque les dosages de plusieurs éléments ne peuvent être groupés en une seule opération : 1° Pour recherche et dosage de l'alcool dans le sang : B 50 ; Et, en cas de recours à la chromatographie en phase gazeuse : B 120 ; 2° Dosage de l'oxycarbonémie : B 50 ; 3° Dosage de l'oxyde de carbone dans l'atmosphère : B 50 ; 4° Dosage de la benzolémie : B 70 ; 5° Recherche et dosage du trichloréthylène et de l'acide trichloracétique : B 70 ; 6° Recherche et dosage d'un élément toxique dans les viscères : B 220 ; 7° Expertise toxicologique complète : B 1500 ; 8° Recherche et dosage des amphétamines dans le sang ou les urines : B 60 ; 9° Recherche et dosage des stupéfiants dans le sang ou les urines : B 150 ; 10° Recherche et dosage des stupéfiants (cannabis, amphétamines, cocaïne et opiacés) en ayant recours à la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse GC/SM B.800. 11° Recherche des médicaments psychoactifs en ayant recours à la chromatographie en phase liquide haute performance couplée à une barrette de diodes ainsi qu'à la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse GC/SM B.900. | 6,583 |
https://github.com/Canxr/Hummer/blob/master/examples/tenon-react/src/index/App.jsx | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | Hummer | Canxr | JavaScript | Code | 24 | 65 | import React from 'react';
function App() {
const message = 'Hello Tenon'
return (
<view className="page">
<text className="message">{message}</text>
</view>
);
}
export default App;
| 7,767 |
https://github.com/maxtoroq/MvcAccount/blob/master/samples/Mvc5/Views/Home/Index.cshtml | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | MvcAccount | maxtoroq | C# | Code | 11 | 53 | @{
Page.Title = "Home";
}
<h1>Hello</h1>
<a href="@Url.Action("", "Account.Account")">Account</a> (Use demo/demo)
| 46,373 |
https://github.com/weichuliu/hetero_scala/blob/master/src/main/scala/merger.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,016 | hetero_scala | weichuliu | Scala | Code | 683 | 2,497 | package merger
import common.Common._
import common.HFCommon._
import ufinder.UFinder.{Louvain => uLouvain}
import kfinder.KFinder.{Louvain => kLouvain}
import combiner.Combiner.{FastUnfolding => comFU}
import hfinder.HFinder.{FU => hfFU, Louvain_with_init_nsize => hfLV_nsize}
import collection.mutable.{Set => MSet, Map => MMap, Buffer, Seq => MSeq}
object Merger {
type Result = Seq[Seq[Int]] // single layer community result
def merge(clists:Seq[Result]):Result = {
val layers = clists.length // layers of overlapping results
val original_clist = clists.flatten
val nodenum = original_clist.flatten.max + 1
val nc_dict:Map[Int, Buffer[Int]] = Map((0 until nodenum).map{n => (n -> Buffer[Int]()) }:_*)
for ((c, i) <- original_clist.zipWithIndex; n <- c) {
nc_dict(n).append(i)
}
val cn_dict:MMap[Seq[Int], Buffer[Int]] = MMap()
for ((k, v) <- nc_dict.iterator) {
val seqv = v.toSeq
if (!cn_dict.contains(seqv))
cn_dict(seqv) = Buffer[Int]()
cn_dict(seqv).append(k)
}
val merged = cn_dict.values.toVector.toSeq // not toSeq
merged.map{_.toSeq.sorted}.sortWith(orderOfSeq)
}
private def fnMerge(fn:String, method:String) = {
val g = new HGraph
g.readfolder(fn)
method match {
case "hf" => g.detect_cmu
case "cm" => g.hfinder_detect_cmu
case _ => throw new Exception("method should be in hf|cm (fnMerge)");Seq[Seq[Int]]()
}
}
def fnMgCM(fn:String) = fnMerge(fn, "cm")
def fnMgHF(fn:String) = fnMerge(fn, "hf")
}
class HGraph {
import Merger._
var E:Seq[Seq[Int]] = Seq()
var lr:Seq[Int] = Seq()
var nr:Seq[Int] = Seq()
var subE_list:Seq[Seq[Seq[Int]]] = Seq()
var subG_list:Seq[SubGraph] = Seq()
def readfolder(folder:String) {
val _E = readNet(folder + "/hetero.net")
val (_lr, _nr) = lrnr(folder + "/.meta")
update(_E, _lr, _nr)
}
def update(E:Seq[Seq[Int]], lr:Seq[Int], nr:Seq[Int]) {
this.E = E
this.lr = lr
this.nr = nr
subE_list = rangeToPair(lr).map{case (a, b) => E.slice(a, b)}
subG_list = subE_list.map{new SubGraph(_, lr, nr)}
}
def detect_cmu:Result = {
val result_layers:Map[Int, Buffer[Result]] = Map((0 until nr.length).map{layer => (layer -> Buffer[Result]())}:_*)
for (SubG <- subG_list; (l, r) <- SubG.comdet) { // l: layer r:result
result_layers(l).append(r)
}
val result_merged_falldown = (0 until nr.length).map{l => merge(result_layers(l))}
val layer_start_id = rangeToPair(nr).map{x => x._1}
// get nid_falldown into nid, then merge all layers.
val result_merged = Buffer[Seq[Int]]()
for ((clist, l) <- result_merged_falldown.zipWithIndex; c <- clist) {
result_merged.append(c.map{n => n + layer_start_id(l)})
}
val new_nr = gen_nr_from_c(nr, result_merged)
val new_E = gen_E_from_C(E, result_merged)
val cc = comFU(new_E, lr, new_nr)
val c = retr_c(result_merged, cc)
c.map{_.sorted}.sortWith(orderOfSeq)
}
def hfinder_detect_cmu:Result = {
val result_layers:Map[Int, Buffer[Result]] = Map((0 until nr.length).map{layer => (layer -> Buffer[Result]())}:_*)
for (SubG <- subG_list; (l, r) <- SubG.comdet) { // l: layer r:result
result_layers(l).append(r)
}
val result_merged_falldown = (0 until nr.length).map{l => merge(result_layers(l))}
val layer_start_id = rangeToPair(nr).map{x => x._1}
// get nid_falldown into nid, then merge all layers.
val result_merged = Buffer[Seq[Int]]()
for ((clist, l) <- result_merged_falldown.zipWithIndex; c <- clist) {
result_merged.append(c.map{n => n + layer_start_id(l)})
}
val new_nr = gen_nr_from_c(nr, result_merged)
val new_E = gen_E_from_C(E, result_merged)
val newnsize:Seq[Int] = result_merged.map{_.length}.toSeq // each node sized 1
// val cc = hfFU(new_E, lr, new_nr, Some(newnsize))
val cc = hfLV_nsize(new_E, lr, new_nr, newnsize)
val c = retr_c(result_merged, cc)
c.map{_.sorted}.sortWith(orderOfSeq)
}
}
class SubGraph(val subE:Seq[Seq[Int]], val lr:Seq[Int], val nr:Seq[Int]) {
import Merger.Result
val (gtype, layerinfo) = subGraphTypeFinder(subE, nr)
val (compressedE, ond_layers) = compress
val nod_layers = ond_layers.map{case (l, d) => (l -> d.map{_.swap})}
val missed_node_layers = gen_missed_node
def falldownE = {
val layer_start_id = rangeToPair(nr).map{x => x._1}
val offsets = layerinfo.map{layer_start_id(_)}
subE.map{e => (e, offsets).zipped.map{_ - _}}
}
def compress = {
def gen_oldnew_dict(nodeset:MSet[Int]):Map[Int, Int] = {
// old_new_dict = {old:new for new, old in enumerate(sorted(nodeset))}
// note that zwi and enumerate are reversed
nodeset.toSeq.sorted.zipWithIndex.toMap
}
val falldown_subE = falldownE
val nodeset_in_layer = layerinfo.distinct.map{l => (l->MSet[Int]())}.toMap
for (e <- falldown_subE; (l, n) <- (layerinfo, e).zipped) {
nodeset_in_layer(l).add(n)
}
val on_dict_of_layer = nodeset_in_layer.map{case (l, nodeset) => (l -> gen_oldnew_dict(nodeset))}
val compressed_SubE = falldown_subE.map{e => (layerinfo, e).zipped.map{(l, n) => on_dict_of_layer(l)(n)} }
(compressed_SubE, on_dict_of_layer)
}
def gen_missed_node = {
val ond = ond_layers
ond.map{case (l, d) => (l -> ((0 until nr(l)).toSet -- d.keySet))} // as missed_node_layers
}
def comdet():Map[Int, Result] = {
def wrappedULouvain(E:Seq[Seq[Int]]) = {
Seq(uLouvain(E))
}
val cd_method_dict = Map("uni" -> wrappedULouvain _,"bi" -> kLouvain _, "tri" -> kLouvain _)
val result = cd_method_dict(gtype)(compressedE)
val real_results:MMap[Int, Result] = MMap(layerinfo.distinct.map{l => (l -> Seq())}:_*)
for ((layer, i) <- layerinfo.distinct.zipWithIndex) { // in case "uni", loop only once, i = 0
val nod = nod_layers(layer)
val real_result_missed = result(i).map{_.map{nod(_)}}
val real_result = real_result_missed ++ Seq(missed_node_layers(layer).toSeq)
real_results(layer) = real_result
}
real_results.toMap
}
} | 36,734 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 크로마토그래피 | https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=크로마토그래피&action=history | Korean | Spoken | 859 | 4,228 | 크로마토그래피()는 혼합물을 분리하는 실험적인 기법 중 하나이다.
크로마토그래피는 고정상과 이동상을 이용하여 여러 가지 물질들이 섞여 있는 혼합물을 이동속도 차이에 따라 분리하는 방법이다. 예를 들어 사인펜 잉크를 분리하는데 있어 사용이 되는 분필, 거름종이 등의 물질이 고정상이다. 이러한 고정상 위를 물 입자들이 이동을 하게 되는데 이때 물을 이동상이라고 본다. 이러한 이동상 속에 다양한 색소의 입자들이 각자의 속도에 맞게 이동을 하는데 이러한 이동 속도 차이에 의해 혼합물인 잉크가 분리되게 되는 것이다.
크로마토그래피의 원리
혼합물을 구성하고 있는 매우 유사한 성분들을 분리할 수 있는 중요한 분리법이다. 시료는 이동상에 의해 이동하는데, 이런 이동상은 관 속에 또는 고체 판 위에 고정되어 있는 용해되지 않는 정지상을 통해 지나간다. 두 상은 시료성분들이 이동상과 정지상 사이에서 분배 정도가 달라지도록 선택한다. 시료 성분 중에 정지상에 세게 붙잡히는 성분은 이동상의 흐름에 따라 천천히 움직이는 한편 정지상에 약하게 붙잡히는 성분은 빠르게 운반된다. 이동 속도의 이러한 차이 때문에 시료성분들은 정성적으로, 정량적으로 분석할 수 있는 불연속적인 띠로 분리된다.
정지상의 특성으로 나눈 크로마토그래피의 종류
평면 크로마토그래피 (Planar Chromatography)
평면 크로마토그래피(Planar Chromatography)는 정지상이 평면으로 존재하는 크로마토그래피 기법을 의미한다. 평면 정지상으로는 종이가 될 수도 있고 (종이 크로마토그래피), 유리 판이 될 수도 있다(TLC 크로마토그래피). 혼합물 속의 각 성분은 그들이 정지상과 얼마나 세게 결합하느냐에 따라 정지상에서의 이동 속도 차이가 나타나게 되고, 이는 분리의 원동력이 된다. 물질의 고유한 Rf값(Retention factor)을 판단함으로서 미지의 물질을 인식할 수 있다.
종이 크로마토그래피 (Paper Chromatography)
종이 크로마토그래피는 크로마토그래피 종이를 이용한 크로마토그래피 기법을 의미한다. 시료를 점으로 찍어둔 종이를, 용매를 얕게 채워둔 용기에 담근 다음, 밀봉한 구조로 이루어져있다. 용매가 종이를 타고 올라가다 보면 시료와 만나게 되며, 시료는 용매타고 올라가게 된다. 종이는 셀룰로스(cellulose)로 이루어져 있어서 극성을 띤다. 따라서 무극성을 띠는 용질이 종이를 타고 더 잘 올라가게 된다. 극성을 세게 띠는 물질은 셀룰로스와 더욱 더 잘 결합하게 되므로, 잘 올라가지 못하게 된다.
얇은 막 크로마토그래피(TLC thin-layer Chromatography)
얇은 막 크로마토그래피는 종이 크로마토그래피와 아주 유사하다. 시료가 정지상에 첨가되면, 용매와 함께 모세관 현상에 의해 정지상을 타고 올라가게 되고 그 속도의 차이에 따라 분리가 되는 원리는 종이 크로마토그래피의 원리와 같다. 그러나, 정지상으로 종이를 이용하는 종이 크로마토그래피와는 다르게 정지상으로 실리카 젤이나 산화 알루미늄 등의 흡착성이 있는 물질로 얇게 코팅되어 있는 유리판을 사용한다. 이 흡착성의 얇은 막이 정지상으로 사용된다. 얇은 막 크로마토그래피는 종이 크로마토그래피에 비해 빠르고, 정지상의 흡착성을 조절하여 해상도 조절이 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 얇은 막 크로마토그래피는 반응의 진행정도를 확인하거나, 혼합물 속 물질의 종류를 파악하거나, 물질의 순도를 확인할 때 많이 사용된다.
결과를 정량화하기 위해서 물질이 이동한 거리를 이동상이 총 이동한 거리로 나눈 값을 사용하는데 (이때 이동상은 정지상의 끝까지 올라가서는 안 된다), 이 비율을 Retardation Factor (Rf): 지연계수라고 부른다. 일반적으로, 물질과 정지상 사이의 친화도가 클수록 Rf값이 작게 측정된다. Rf값은 물질의 고유한 값이다. 따라서 화학자들은 미지의 물질의 Rf값을 통해 해당 물질이 어떠한 물질인지 인식할 수 있다.
이동상의 특성으로 나눈 크로마토그래피의 종류
기체 크로마토그래피 (Gas Chromatography)
기체 크로마토그래피(GC), 혹은 기체-액체 크로마토그래피(GLC)는 이동상이 기체인 크로마토그래피 기법을 의미한다. 기체 크로마토그래피 분리법은 항상 칼럼(Column)을 사용한다. 칼럼은 모세관 칼럼 또는 밀봉된 칼럼을 이용한다. 두 칼럼은 모두 비흡착성이고 화학적으로 활성이 없는 물질로 만들어졌다. 밀봉 칼럼(packed column)은 보통 스테인레스 철이나 유리로 만들며, 모세관 칼럼(capillary column)은 석영이나 용융 실리카로 만든다.
기체 크로마토그래피는 분석 물질의, 고체 상과 점성 액체상(viscous liquid)간의 분배 평형(partition equilibrium)에 기반을 둔다. 정지상은 아주 작은 지름의 유리 (보통 0.18~0.53 mm)나 용융 실리카 튜브에 부착되어 있다. 분석 화학적 실험 기법으로 자주 사용된다. 아주 높은 온도를 요구하기 때문에 생체 분자나 단백질은 변성될 위험이 있음에도 불구하고 생화학 실험에도 자주 사용된다.
액체 크로마토그래피 (Liquid Chromatography)
액체 크로마토그래피는(LC)는 이동상이 액체인 크로마토그래피 기법을 의미한다. 칼럼(Column)이나 평면에서 수행할 수 있다. 현대에 와서 액체 크로마토그래피를 주로 소량의 입자를 아주 높은 압력하에서 수행하게 되는데, 이를 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피(HPLC)라고 부른다.
고성능 액체 크로마토그래피는 이동상의 액체를 매우 높은 압력하에 두고 정지상을 구형의 입자로 가득 채워진 칼럼에 통과시키는 방법을 사용한다. 정지상은 보통 이동상보다 더 극성을 띤다. 예를 들면, 정지상으로는 실리카를 쓰고 이동상으로는 톨루엔을 쓴다.
기타 크로마토그래피 기법들
친화성 크로마토그래피 (Affinity Chromatography)
친화성 크로마토그래피는 특정 분자와 분석 물질간의 친화성의 차이에 기반을 두는 크로마토그래피 기법이다. 상당히 특이적이지만, 반응성이 좋지는 않다. 단백질을 분리하기 위해 생화학 실험실에서 종종 사용되는 실험 기법이다. 단백질을 히스티딘이나 바이오틴(biotin)이나 항원(antigen)으로 표식을 해놓으면 정지상에 특이적으로 결합하게 된다. 정제 과정이 끝나면 이 표식은 제거되며 순수한 단백질을 얻게 된다. 생체 분자와 금속(보통 아연, 구리, 철)과의 친화성을 이용하기도 한다.
이온 교환 크로마토그래피 (Ion-exchange chromatography)
이온 교환 크로마토그래피는 물질의 전하 차이를 이용한 이온 교환 매커니즘에 기반하는 크로마토그래피 기법이다. 이온 교환 크로마토 그래피는 주로 전하를 띠지 않는 정지상을 사용하며, 주로 전하를 띠는 양이온, 음이온, 아미노산, 펩타이드, 단백질을 분리하는데 사용한다. 정지상의 전하와 반대 전하를 띠는 물질이 더 늦게 용출된다는 원리를 사용한다. 단백질을 정제하기 위한 방법 중 하나로 널리 사용되고 있다.
크기 배제 크로마토그래피 (Size-exclusion chromatography)
크기 배제 크로마토그래피는 젤 침투 크로마토그래피 (gel-filtration chromatography) 로도 부른다. 물질은 크기에 따라 칼럼을 통과하는 속도가 다른데, 이를 이용한 크로마토그래피 기법이다. 작은 분자는 칼럼 속의 구슬 속에 구멍에 빠져 들어가 갇혀있게 되며, 상대적으로 용출 속도가 느리게 된다. 그에 비해 크기가 큰 물질은 상대적으로 구슬의 구멍 속에 들어갈 확률이 적으므로 이동상을 따라 빠르게 용출이 된다. 다른 크로마토그래피 기법에 비해 상당히 해상도가 낮아 보통 정제 과정의 초반 단계에 이용된다. 단백질의 구조를 변성시키는 과정이 거의 포함되어 있지 않기 때문에, 단백질의 삼차나 사차 구조를 결정하는데 상당히 도움이 된다.
이차원 크로마토그래피 (Two-dimensional chromatography)
몇몇 경우에는, 컬럼의 각 성분을 한 화학적 요법으로 분리하기 어려운 경우가 있다. 제대로 분리되지 않은 여러 물질들은 다른 물리-화학적 특성을 통해 분리할 수 있다. 정지상에 유지되는 매커니즘이 첫 번째 분리와 다르게 하면, 처음에는 분리되지 않았던 여러 성분들을 분리 할 수 있게 된다.
위에서 설명한 크로마토그래피 외에도 다양한 크로마토그래피들이 있다
외부 링크
크로마토그래피의 IUPAC 명명
러시아의 발명품
화학병리학 | 5,562 |
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3b729ddf-f1f7-11e3-8cd4-01aa75ed71a1_67 | Eurovoc | Open Government | CC-By | 2,014 | Регламент (ЕС) № 600/2014 на Европейския парламент и на Съвета от 15 май 2014 година относно пазарите на финансови инструменти и за изменение на Регламент (ЕС) № 648/2012 текст от значение за ЕИП | None | Finnish | Spoken | 11,055 | 32,278 | Kun rahoitusvälineellä näiden vapautusten puitteissa kauppapaikassa käydyn kaupan prosenttiosuus on ylittänyt 1 kohdan a alakohdassa tarkoitetun raja-arvon, sen toimivaltaisen viranomaisen, joka antoi luvan näiden vapautusten käyttämiseen kyseisessä kauppapaikassa, on kahden työpäivän kuluessa keskeytettävä niiden käyttö kyseisen rahoitusvälineen osalta kyseisessä kauppapaikassa kuudeksi kuukaudeksi arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen julkistamien, 4 kohdassa tarkoitettujen tietojen perusteella. 3. Kun rahoitusvälineellä näiden vapautusten puitteissa koko unionissa käydyn kaupan prosenttiosuus on ylittänyt 1 kohdan b alakohdassa tarkoitetun raja-arvon, kaikkien toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on kahden työpäivän kuluessa keskeytettävä näiden vapautusten käyttö koko unionissa kuudeksi kuukaudeksi. 4. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee viiden työpäivän kuluessa kunkin kalenterikuukauden päättymisestä kullakin rahoitusvälineellä unionissa käydyn kaupan kokonaisvolyymin edeltäviltä 12 kuukaudelta, rahoitusvälineellä näiden vapautusten puitteissa koko unionissa ja kussakin kauppapaikassa käydyn kaupan prosenttiosuuden edeltäviltä 12 kuukaudelta sekä prosenttiosuuksien laskemisessa käytettävät menetelmät. 5. Jos 4 kohdassa tarkoitetussa kertomuksessa todetaan, että kaupankäynti jollain rahoitusvälineellä näiden vapautusten puitteissa jossain kauppapaikassa on ylittänyt 3,75 prosenttia kyseisellä rahoitusvälineellä käydyn kaupan kokonaisvolyymistä unionissa edeltävien 12 kuukauden kaupankäynnin perusteella, arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee täydentävän kertomuksen viiden työpäivän kuluessa sen kalenterikuukauden viidennestätoista päivästä, jona 4 kohdassa tarkoitettu kertomus julkaistaan. Kertomuksessa on oltava 4 kohdassa tarkoitetut tiedot rahoitusvälineistä, joiden osalta 3,75 prosentin osuus on ylitetty. 6. Jos 4 kohdassa tarkoitetussa kertomuksessa todetaan, että kaupankäynti jollain rahoitusvälineellä näiden vapautusten puitteissa koko unionissa on ylittänyt 7,75 prosenttia kyseisellä rahoitusvälineellä käydyn kaupan kokonaisvolyymistä kaikissa unionin kauppapaikoissa edeltävien 12 kuukauden kaupankäynnin perusteella, arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee täydentävän kertomuksen viiden työpäivän kuluessa sen kalenterikuukauden viidennestätoista päivästä, jona 4 kohdassa tarkoitettu kertomus julkaistaan. Kertomuksessa on oltava 4 kohdassa tarkoitetut tiedot rahoitusvälineistä, joiden osalta 7,75 prosentin osuus on ylitetty. 7. Jotta voidaan luotettavasti seurata näiden vapautusten puitteissa käytävää kauppaa ja määrittää, onko 1 kohdassa tarkoitetut raja-arvot ylitetty, kauppapaikkojen ylläpitäjillä on oltava käytössään järjestelmät ja menettelyt, joiden avulla voidaan a) tunnistaa kaikki kaupat, jotka on tehty näiden vapautusten puitteissa kyseisessä kauppapaikassa; ja b) varmistaa, ettei kauppapaikka missään olosuhteissa ylitä 1 kohdan a alakohdassa tarkoitettua näiden vapautusten puitteissa sallitun kaupankäynnin prosenttiosuutta. 8. Ajanjakso, jonka aikana arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkistaa kaupankäyntitiedot ja jonka aikana rahoitusvälineellä näiden vapautusten puitteissa käytävää kauppaa seurataan, alkaa 3 päivänä tammikuuta 2016. Rajoittamatta 4 artiklan 5 kohdan soveltamista toimivaltaisilla viranomaisilla on toimivalta keskeyttää näiden vapautusten käyttö tämän asetuksen soveltamispäivästä lähtien kuukausittain. 9. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään menetelmä, liiketoimien tunnusmerkinnät mukaan lukien, jolla se kerää, laskee ja julkistaa liiketoimia koskevat tiedot 4 kohdan mukaisesti, jotta kullakin rahoitusvälineellä käydyn kaupan kokonaisvolyymi sekä näiden vapautusten puitteissa koko unionissa ja kussakin kauppapaikassa käytävän kaupan prosenttiosuudet saadaan mitattua tarkasti. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 6 artikla Kauppapaikkojen kaupan jälkeiset avoimuusvaatimukset osakkeiden, talletustodistusten, pörssilistattujen rahastojen, todistusten ja muiden samankaltaisten rahoitusvälineiden osalta 1. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava toteutettujen liiketoimien hinta, volyymi ja ajankohta sellaisten osakkeiden, talletustodistusten, pörssilistattujen rahastojen, todistusten ja muiden samankaltaisten rahoitusvälineiden osalta, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava yksityiskohtaiset tiedot näistä liiketoimista niin reaaliaikaisesti kuin on teknisesti mahdollista. 2. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on asetettava kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin ja syrjimättömästi tämän artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisesti annettavien tietojen julkistamiseen käyttämänsä järjestelyt niiden sijoituspalveluyritysten saataville, joiden on julkistettava yksityiskohtaiset tiedot osakkeita, talletustodistuksia, pörssilistattuja rahastoja, todistuksia ja muita samankaltaisia rahoitusvälineitä koskevista liiketoimistaan 20 artiklan mukaisesti. 7 artikla Lupa tietojen julkistamisen lykkäämiseen 1. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on voitava antaa kauppapaikkaa ylläpitäville markkinoiden ylläpitäjille ja sijoituspalveluyrityksille lupa lykätä liiketoimia koskevien yksityiskohtaisten tietojen julkistamista liiketoimien tyypin tai koon perusteella. Toimivaltaiset viranomaiset voivat erityisesti antaa luvan lykätä sellaisia liiketoimia koskevien tietojen julkistamista, jotka ovat kooltaan suuria kyseisen osakkeen, talletustodistuksen, pörssilistatun rahaston, todistuksen tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen taikka osake-, talletustodistus- tai todistuslajin tai pörssilistatun rahaston tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen lajin tavanomaiseen markkinakokoon verrattuna. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on saatava toimivaltaisen viranomaisen ennakkohyväksyntä ehdotetuille järjestelyille, jotka koskevat kauppatietojen julkistamisen lykkäämistä, ja annettava nämä järjestelyt selkeästi tiedoksi markkinaosapuolille ja sijoittajille. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen seuraa kauppatietojen julkistamisen lykkäämistä koskevien järjestelyiden soveltamista ja antaa komissiolle vuosittain kertomuksen siitä, kuinka niitä sovelletaan käytännössä. Jos toimivaltainen viranomainen antaa luvan lykätä tietojen julkistamista ja toisen jäsenvaltion toimivaltainen viranomainen on lykkäämisestä tai myönnetyn luvan tosiasiallisesta soveltamisesta eri mieltä, jälkimmäinen toimivaltainen viranomainen voi saattaa asian toistamiseen arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen käsiteltäväksi, ja tämä voi käyttää sille asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 19 artiklan mukaisesti siirrettyä toimivaltaa. 2. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään direktiivin 2014/65/EU 64 artiklassa säädetyn tietojen julkistamisen mahdollistamiseksi seuraavat seikat: a) kunkin rahoitusvälinelajin osalta liiketoimien yksityiskohdat, jotka sijoituspalveluyritysten, kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat mukaan lukien, ja kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava 6 artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisesti, mukaan lukien 6 artiklan 1 kohdan ja 20 artiklan mukaisesti julkistettujen erityyppisten liiketoimien tunnisteet, jotka jaotellaan pääasiassa rahoitusvälineiden arvostamiseen liittyvien seikkojen ja muiden seikkojen perusteella määräytyviin tunnisteisiin; b) määräaika, jonka katsotaan vastaavan vaatimusta julkistaa tiedot mahdollisimman reaaliaikaisesti myös tapauksissa, joissa kaupat toteutetaan muulloin kuin tavanomaisena kaupankäyntiaikana; c) kunkin rahoitusvälinelajin osalta edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä sijoituspalveluyrityksille, kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat mukaan lukien, ja kauppapaikkaa ylläpitäville markkinoiden ylläpitäjille ja sijoituspalveluyrityksille voidaan antaa lupa lykätä liiketoimia koskevien yksityiskohtien julkistamista tämän artiklan 1 kohdan ja 20 artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisesti; d) kunkin rahoitusvälinelajin osalta perusteet, joita sovelletaan päätettäessä, mitä liiketoimia koskevien tietojen julkistamista voidaan lykätä niiden koon tai tyypin, myös osakkeen, talletustodistuksen, pörssilistatun rahaston, todistuksen tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen likviditeettiprofiilin, vuoksi. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 2 LUKU Muita kuin oman pääoman ehtoisia rahoitusvälineitä koskeva avoimuus 8 artikla Kauppapaikkojen kauppaa edeltävät avoimuusvaatimukset joukkovelkakirjojen, strukturoitujen rahoitustuotteiden, päästöoikeuksien ja johdannaisten osalta 1. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava järjestelmissään vallitsevat osto- ja myyntihinnat sekä kyseisillä hinnoilla ilmenevä kaupankäyntihalukkuus joukkovelkakirjoille, strukturoiduille rahoitustuotteille, päästöoikeuksille ja johdannaisille, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa. Tätä vaatimusta on sovellettava myös toteutuskelpoisiin kiinnostuksen ilmauksiin. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on asetettava nämä tiedot jatkuvasti yleisön saataville tavanomaisena kaupankäyntiaikana. Tätä julkistamisvelvollisuutta ei sovelleta finanssialan ulkopuolisten vastapuolien johdannaisliiketoimiin, jotka vähentävät suoraan finanssialan ulkopuolisen vastapuolen tai kyseisen ryhmän liiketoimintaan tai rahoitustoimintaan liittyviä riskejä objektiivisesti mitattavissa olevalla tavalla. 2. Edellä 1 kohdassa tarkoitetut avoimuusvaatimukset olisi mitoitettava kaupankäyntityypeittäin, joihin kuuluvat tarjouskirjahuutokauppa, hintanoteerauksiin perustuvat kaupankäyntijärjestelmät, hybridijärjestelmät, määräajoin toistuvaan huutokauppaan perustuvat kaupankäyntijärjestelmät ja huutokauppajärjestelmät. 3. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on asetettava kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin ja syrjimättömästi 1 kohdassa tarkoitettujen tietojen julkistamiseen käyttämänsä järjestelyt niiden sijoituspalveluyritysten saataville, joiden on julkistettava joukkovelkakirjoja, strukturoituja rahoitustuotteita, päästöoikeuksia ja johdannaisia koskevat hintatarjouksensa 18 artiklan mukaisesti. 4. Jos myönnetään vapautus 9 artiklan 1 kohdan b alakohdan mukaisesti, kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava ainakin kauppaa edeltävät viitteelliset osto- ja myyntihinnat, jotka ovat lähellä hintoja, joilla ilmenee kaupankäyntihalukkuutta niiden järjestelmissä ilmoitetuille joukkovelkakirjoille, strukturoiduille rahoitustuotteille, päästöoikeuksille ja johdannaisille, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on asetettava nämä tiedot soveltuvin sähköisin välinein jatkuvasti yleisön saataville tavanomaisena kaupankäyntiaikana. Näillä järjestelyillä varmistetaan, että tiedot annetaan kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin ja syrjimättömästi. 9 artikla Muita kuin oman pääoman ehtoisia rahoitusvälineitä koskevat vapautukset 1. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on voitava vapauttaa kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävät markkinoiden ylläpitäjät ja sijoituspalveluyritykset velvollisuudesta julkistaa 8 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetut tiedot a) toimeksiannoista, jotka ovat kooltaan suuria tavanomaiseen markkinakokoon verrattuna, ja toimeksiannoista, joita säilytetään kauppapaikan ylläpitämässä toimeksiantojen hallinnointijärjestelmässä ennen tietojen julkistamista; b) sellaisista tarjouspyyntö- ja huutokauppajärjestelmiin kirjatuista toteutuskelpoisista kiinnostuksen ilmauksista, jotka ovat rahoitusvälineelle määritettyä ominaiskokoa suurempia, jolloin likviditeetintarjoajille aiheutuisi tarpeeton riski ja jolloin otetaan huomioon, ovatko asiaankuuluvat markkinaosapuolet yksityis- vai suursijoittajia; c) johdannaisista, jotka eivät kuulu 28 artiklassa säädetyn kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin, ja muista sellaisista rahoitusvälineistä, joille ei ole likvidejä markkinoita. 2. Ennen vapautuksen myöntämistä 1 kohdan mukaisesti toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on ilmoitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle ja muille toimivaltaisille viranomaisille kunkin yksittäisen vapautuksen suunniteltu käyttötarkoitus sekä annettava selvitys vapautusten toiminnasta. Aikomuksesta myöntää vapautus on annettava ilmoitus vähintään neljä kuukautta ennen kuin vapautuksen on määrä tulla voimaan. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen antaa kahden kuukauden kuluessa ilmoituksen vastaanottamisesta kyseiselle toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle lausunnon, jossa arvioidaan, onko vapautus 1 kohdassa säädettyjen ja 5 kohdan mukaisesti hyväksytyissä teknisissä sääntelystandardeissa määritettyjen vaatimusten mukainen. Jos kyseinen toimivaltainen viranomainen myöntää vapautuksen ja toisen jäsenvaltion toimivaltainen viranomainen on eri mieltä, jälkimmäinen toimivaltainen viranomainen voi saattaa asian toistamiseen arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen käsiteltäväksi, ja tämä voi toimia sille asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 19 artiklan mukaisesti siirretyn toimivallan mukaisesti. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen seuraa vapautusten soveltamista ja antaa komissiolle vuosittain kertomuksen siitä, kuinka niitä sovelletaan käytännössä. 3. Toimivaltaiset viranomaiset voivat omasta aloitteestaan tai muiden toimivaltaisten viranomaisten pyynnöstä peruuttaa 1 kohdan nojalla myönnetyn vapautuksen, jos ne toteavat vapautusta käytettävän alkuperäisestä käyttötarkoituksestaan poikkeavalla tavalla tai jos ne katsovat, että vapautusta käytetään tässä artiklassa säädettyjen vaatimusten kiertämiseen. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on viipymättä ilmoitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle ja muille toimivaltaisille viranomaisille tällaisesta peruutuksesta ja perusteltava päätöksensä. 4. Toimivaltainen viranomainen, joka vastaa yhden tai useamman sellaisen kauppapaikan valvonnasta, jossa käydään kauppaa jollakin joukkovelkakirjan, strukturoidun rahoitustuotteen, päästöoikeuden tai johdannaisen lajilla, voi tilapäisesti keskeyttää 8 artiklassa tarkoitettujen vaatimusten soveltamisen, jos kyseisen rahoitusvälinelajin likviditeetti laskee alle erityisen kynnysarvon. Tämä erityinen kynnysarvo määritetään kyseisen rahoitusvälineen markkinoille ominaisten objektiivisten kriteerien pohjalta. Tilapäisestä keskeyttämisestä on ilmoitettava asiaankuuluvan toimivaltaisen viranomaisen verkkosivustolla. Tilapäinen keskeyttäminen on ensivaiheessa voimassa enintään kolme kuukautta päivästä, jona keskeyttämisestä ilmoitetaan asiaankuuluvan toimivaltaisen viranomaisen verkkosivustolla. Tilapäistä keskeyttämistä voidaan jatkaa enintään kolme kuukautta kerrallaan, jos sille on edelleen olemassa perusteet. Jos tilapäistä keskeyttämistä ei jatketa kyseisen kolmen kuukauden jakson jälkeen, se päättyy ilman eri toimenpiteitä. Ennen kuin 8 artiklassa säädettyjen vaatimusten soveltaminen keskeytetään tai tilapäistä keskeyttämistä jatketaan tämän kohdan nojalla, asiaankuuluvan toimivaltaisen viranomaisen on ilmoitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle aikomuksestaan ja perusteltava se. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen antaa toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle mahdollisimman nopeasti lausunnon siitä, onko keskeyttäminen tai tilapäisen keskeyttämisen jatkaminen sen mielestä perusteltua ensimmäinen ja toinen alakohta huomioon ottaen. 5. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään seuraavat seikat: a) parametrit ja menetelmät 4 kohdassa tarkoitetun rahoitusvälineen likviditeetin kynnysarvon laskentaa varten. Jäsenvaltioiden kynnysarvon laskemisessa soveltamat parametrit ja menetelmät on asetettava siten, että kynnysarvon saavuttaminen merkitsee likviditeetin merkittävää alenemista kyseisen rahoitusvälineen osalta kaikissa unionin kauppapaikoissa 2 artiklan 1 kohdan 17 alakohdassa käytetyin perustein arvioituna; b) kunkin rahoitusvälinelajin osalta se, millä vaihteluvälillä osto- ja myyntihinnat tai hintatarjoukset, kyseisillä hinnoilla ilmenevä kaupankäyntihalukkuus tai kauppaa edeltävät viitteelliset osto- ja myyntihinnat, jotka ovat lähellä hintoja, joilla ilmenee kaupankäyntihalukkuutta, julkistetaan 8 artiklan 1 ja 4 kohdan mukaisesti, ottaen huomioon 8 artiklan 2 kohdassa tarkoitettu tarvittava mitoittaminen eri kaupankäyntityypeittäin; c) kunkin rahoitusvälinelajin osalta sellaisten kooltaan suurten toimeksiantojen koko ja toimeksiantojen hallinnointijärjestelmässä ennen tietojen julkistamista säilytettävien toimeksiantojen tyyppi ja vähimmäiskoko, jotka voidaan 1 kohdan mukaisesti vapauttaa velvollisuudesta julkistaa tiedot ennen kaupantekoa; d) edellä 1 kohdan b alakohdassa tarkoitettu rahoitusvälineen ominaiskoko sekä niiden tarjouspyyntö- ja huutokauppajärjestelmien määritelmä, jotka voidaan 1 kohdan mukaisesti vapauttaa velvollisuudesta julkistaa tiedot ennen kaupantekoa; Määrittäessään 1 kohdan b alakohdan mukaista rahoitusvälineen kokoa, joka aiheuttaisi likviditeetintarjoajille tarpeettoman riskin ja jossa otetaan huomioon, ovatko asiaankuuluvat markkinaosapuolet yksityis- vai suursijoittajia, arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen ottaa huomioon seuraavat tekijät: i) voivatko likviditeetintarjoajat suojata riskinsä, jos rahoitusväline on tämän kokoinen; ii) jos rahoitusvälineen tai rahoitusvälinelajin markkinat koostuvat osittain yksityissijoittajista, näiden sijoittajien toteuttamien liiketoimien keskimääräinen arvo; e) rahoitusvälineet tai rahoitusvälinelajit, joille ei ole likvidejä markkinoita, jotka voidaan 1 kohdan mukaisesti vapauttaa velvollisuudesta julkistaa tiedot ennen kaupantekoa. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 10 artikla Kauppapaikkojen kaupan jälkeiset avoimuusvaatimukset joukkovelkakirjojen, strukturoitujen rahoitustuotteiden, päästöoikeuksien ja johdannaisten osalta 1. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava toteutettujen liiketoimien hinta, volyymi ja ajankohta sellaisten joukkovelkakirjojen, strukturoitujen rahoitustuotteiden, päästöoikeuksien ja johdannaisten osalta, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava yksityiskohtaiset tiedot näistä liiketoimista niin reaaliaikaisesti kuin on teknisesti mahdollista. 2. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on asetettava kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin ja syrjimättömästi 1 kohdan mukaisesti annettavien tietojen julkistamiseen käyttämänsä järjestelyt niiden sijoituspalveluyritysten saataville, joiden on julkistettava yksityiskohtaiset tiedot joukkovelkakirjoja, strukturoituja rahoitustuotteita, päästöoikeuksia ja johdannaisia koskevista liiketoimistaan 21 artiklan mukaisesti. 11 artikla Lupa tietojen julkistamisen lykkäämiseen 1. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on voitava antaa kauppapaikkaa ylläpitäville markkinoiden ylläpitäjille ja sijoituspalveluyrityksille lupa lykätä liiketoimia koskevien yksityiskohtaisten tietojen julkistamista liiketoimien koon tai tyypin perusteella. Toimivaltaiset viranomaiset voivat erityisesti antaa luvan lykätä sellaisia liiketoimia koskevien tietojen julkistamista, jotka a) ovat kooltaan suuria kyseisen joukkovelkakirjan, strukturoidun rahoitustuotteen, päästöoikeuden tai johdannaisen, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, taikka kyseisen joukkovelkakirjan, strukturoidun rahoitustuotteen, päästöoikeuden tai johdannaisen lajin, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, tavanomaiseen markkinakokoon verrattuna; tai b) liittyvät sellaiseen joukkovelkakirjaan, strukturoituun rahoitustuotteeseen, päästöoikeuteen tai johdannaiseen, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, tai joukkovelkakirjan, strukturoidun rahoitustuotteen, päästöoikeuden tai johdannaisen lajiin, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, jolle ei ole likvidejä markkinoita; c) ovat kyseisen joukkovelkakirjan, strukturoidun rahoitustuotteen, päästöoikeuden tai johdannaisen, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, tai kyseisen joukkovelkakirjan, strukturoidun rahoitustuotteen, päästöoikeuden tai johdannaisen lajin, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, ominaiskokoa suurempia, jolloin likviditeetintarjoajille aiheutuisi tarpeeton riski ja jolloin otetaan huomioon, ovatko asiaankuuluvat markkinaosapuolet yksityis- vai suursijoittajia. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on saatava toimivaltaisen viranomaisen ennakkohyväksyntä ehdotetuille järjestelyille, jotka koskevat kauppatietojen julkistamisen lykkäämistä, ja annettava nämä järjestelyt selkeästi tiedoksi markkinaosapuolille ja sijoittajille. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen seuraa kauppatietojen julkistamisen lykkäämistä koskevien järjestelyiden soveltamista ja antaa komissiolle vuosittain kertomuksen siitä, kuinka niitä sovelletaan käytännössä. 2. Toimivaltainen viranomainen, joka vastaa yhden tai useamman sellaisen kauppapaikan valvonnasta, jossa käydään kauppaa jollakin joukkovelkakirjan, strukturoidun rahoitustuotteen, päästöoikeuden tai johdannaisen lajilla, voi tilapäisesti keskeyttää 10 artiklassa tarkoitettujen vaatimusten soveltamisen, jos kyseisen rahoitusvälinelajin likviditeetti laskee alle 9 artiklan 5 kohdan a alakohdassa tarkoitetulla menetelmällä määritetyn kynnysarvon. Tämä kynnysarvo määritetään kyseisen rahoitusvälineen markkinoille ominaisten objektiivisten kriteerien pohjalta. Tilapäisestä keskeyttämisestä on ilmoitettava asiaankuuluvan toimivaltaisen viranomaisen verkkosivustolla. Tilapäinen keskeyttäminen on ensivaiheessa voimassa enintään kolme kuukautta päivästä, jona keskeyttämisestä ilmoitetaan asiaankuuluvan toimivaltaisen viranomaisen verkkosivustolla. Tilapäistä keskeyttämistä voidaan jatkaa enintään kolme kuukautta kerrallaan, jos sille on edelleen olemassa perusteet. Jos tilapäistä keskeyttämistä ei jatketa kyseisen kolmen kuukauden jakson jälkeen, se päättyy ilman eri toimenpiteitä. Ennen kuin 10 artiklassa säädettyjen vaatimusten soveltaminen keskeytetään tai tilapäistä keskeyttämistä jatketaan, asiaankuuluvan toimivaltaisen viranomaisen on ilmoitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle aikomuksestaan ja perusteltava se. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen antaa toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle mahdollisimman nopeasti lausunnon siitä, onko keskeyttäminen tai tilapäisen keskeyttämisen jatkaminen sen mielestä perusteltua ensimmäinen ja toinen alakohta huomioon ottaen. 3. Myöntäessään luvan lykätä tietojen julkistamista toimivaltaiset viranomaiset voivat a) pyytää julkistamaan yksittäisistä liiketoimista rajoitetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot tai useista liiketoimista koostetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot taikka näiden yhdistelmän lykkäämisen soveltamiskautena; b) antaa luvan jättää julkistamatta yksittäisen liiketoimen volyymi lykkäämisen jatkettuna soveltamiskautena; c) antaa sellaisten muiden kuin oman pääoman ehtoisten rahoitusvälineiden osalta, jotka eivät ole valtion velkaa, luvan julkistaa koostetut tiedot useista liiketoimista lykkäämisen jatkettuna soveltamiskautena; d) antaa valtion velkainstrumenttien osalta toistaiseksi luvan julkistaa koostetut tiedot useista liiketoimista. Valtion velkainstrumenttien osalta b ja d alakohtaa voidaan soveltaa joko erikseen tai peräkkäin, jolloin volyymitiedot voidaan julkistaa koosteena sen jatketun kauden päätyttyä, jona volyymiä ei tarvinnut julkistaa. Kaikkien muiden rahoitusvälineiden osalta yksittäisistä liiketoimista julkistetaan loput yksityiskohtaiset tiedot ja useista liiketoimista julkistetaan kaikki yksityiskohtaiset tiedot liiketoimikohtaisesti, kun lykkäämisen soveltamiskausi päättyy. 4. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi siten, että mahdollistetaan direktiivin 2014/65/EU 64 artiklassa säädetty tietojen julkistaminen seuraavien seikkojen määrittämiseksi: a) kunkin rahoitusvälinelajin osalta liiketoimien yksityiskohdat, jotka sijoituspalveluyritysten, kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat mukaan lukien, ja kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava 10 artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisesti, mukaan lukien 10 artiklan 1 kohdan ja 21 artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisesti julkistettujen erityyppisten liiketoimien tunnisteet, jotka jaotellaan pääasiassa rahoitusvälineiden arvostamiseen liittyvien seikkojen ja muiden seikkojen perusteella määräytyviin tunnisteisiin; b) määräaika, jonka katsotaan vastaavan vaatimusta julkistaa tiedot mahdollisimman reaaliaikaisesti myös tapauksissa, joissa kaupat toteutetaan muulloin kuin tavanomaisena kaupankäyntiaikana; c) kunkin rahoitusvälinelajin osalta edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä sijoituspalveluyrityksille, kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat mukaan lukien, ja kauppapaikkaa ylläpitäville markkinoiden ylläpitäjille ja sijoituspalveluyrityksille voidaan antaa lupa lykätä liiketoimia koskevien tietojen julkistamista tämän artiklan 1 kohdan ja 21 artiklan 4 kohdan mukaisesti; d) perusteet, joita sovelletaan määritettäessä niiden liiketoimien koko tai tyyppi, joiden osalta voidaan antaa 3 kohdan nojalla lupa lykätä tietojen julkistamista ja julkistaa yksittäisistä liiketoimista rajoitetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot tai julkistaa useista liiketoimista koostetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot tai jättää julkistamatta yksittäisen liiketoimen volyymi, ja joissa on viitattava erityisesti mahdollisuuteen jatkaa lykkäämisen soveltamiskautta tiettyjen rahoitusvälineiden osalta niiden likviditeettiprofiilin vuoksi. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 3 LUKU Velvollisuus kauppatietojen antamiseen erikseen ja kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin 12 artikla Velvollisuus asettaa kauppaa edeltävät ja kaupan jälkeiset tiedot saataville erillään toisistaan 1. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on asetettava 3 ja 4 artiklan sekä 6–11 artiklan mukaisesti julkistettavat tiedot saataville siten, että avoimuusvaatimusten mukaiset kauppaa edeltävät ja kaupan jälkeiset tiedot asetetaan saataville erillään toisistaan. 2. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään, miten avoimuusvaatimusten mukaiset kauppaa edeltävät ja kaupan jälkeiset tiedot asetetaan saataville, mukaan lukien se, missä määrin 1 kohdassa tarkoitetut saataville asetettavat tiedot on jaoteltava. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 13 artikla Velvollisuus asettaa kauppaa edeltävät ja kaupan jälkeiset tiedot saataville kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin 1. Kauppapaikkaa ylläpitävien markkinoiden ylläpitäjien ja sijoituspalveluyritysten on asetettava 3 ja 4 artiklan sekä 6–11 artiklan mukaisesti julkistettavat tiedot saataville kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin ja varmistettava näiden tietojen syrjimätön saatavuus. Nämä tiedot on annettava saataville maksutta 15 minuutin kuluttua julkistamisesta. 2. Komissio antaa 50 artiklan mukaisesti delegoituja säädöksiä, joissa täsmennetään, mitä pidetään kohtuullisina kaupallisina ehtoina, kun tietoja asetetaan saataville 1 kohdan mukaisesti. III OSASTO OTC-KAUPANKÄYNTIÄ HARJOITTAVIEN KAUPPOJEN SISÄISTEN TOTEUTTAJIEN JA SIJOITUSPALVELUYRITYSTEN AVOIMUUS 14 artikla Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien velvollisuus julkistaa osakkeita, talletustodistuksia, pörssilistattuja rahastoja, todistuksia ja muita samankaltaisia rahoitusvälineitä koskevat sitovat hintatarjoukset 1. Sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava sellaisia osakkeita, talletustodistuksia, pörssilistattuja rahastoja, todistuksia ja muita samankaltaisia rahoitusvälineitä koskevat sitovat hintatarjoukset, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, joiden sisäisiä toteuttajia ne ovat ja joille on likvidit markkinat. Jos ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetuille rahoitusvälineille ei ole likvidejä markkinoita, kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on pyynnöstä ilmoitettava hintatarjoukset asiakkailleen. 2. Tätä artiklaa sekä 15, 16 ja 17 artiklaa sovelletaan kauppojen sisäisiin toteuttajiin, kun niiden liiketoimet ovat enintään tavanomaisen markkinakoon suuruisia. Tätä artiklaa sekä 15, 16 ja 17 artiklaa ei sovelleta kauppojen sisäisiin toteuttajiin, kun niiden liiketoimet ovat tavanomaista markkinakokoa suurempia. 3. Kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat voivat päättää koon tai koot, jolla tai joilla ne tekevät hintatarjouksen. Hintatarjouksen on oltava kooltaan vähintään 10 prosenttia osakkeen, talletustodistuksen, pörssilistatun rahaston, todistuksen tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, tavanomaisesta markkinakoosta. Kunkin sellaista osaketta, talletustodistusta, pörssilistattua rahastoa, todistusta tai muuta samankaltaista rahoitusvälinettä, jolla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, koskevan hintatarjouksen on sisällettävä sitova osto- ja myyntihinta tai sitovat osto- ja myyntihinnat tietylle koolle tai ko’oille, joka tai jotka voivat vastata enintään sen osake-, talletustodistus- tai todistuslajin taikka pörssilistatun rahaston tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen lajin tavanomaista markkinakokoa, johon rahoitusväline kuuluu. Hinnan tai hintojen on heijastettava kyseisen osakkeen, talletustodistuksen, pörssilistatun rahaston, todistuksen tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen markkinoilla vallitsevia olosuhteita. 4. Osakkeet, talletustodistukset, pörssilistatut rahastot, todistukset ja muut samankaltaiset rahoitusvälineet on ryhmiteltävä lajeihin sen mukaan, mikä on kyseisen rahoitusvälineen markkinoilla toteutettujen toimeksiantojen keskimääräinen aritmeettinen arvo. Kunkin osake-, talletustodistus- tai todistuslajin taikka pörssilistatun rahaston tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen lajin tavanomainen markkinakoko on koko, joka edustaa markkinoilla toteutettujen toimeksiantojen keskimääräistä aritmeettista arvoa kuhunkin lajiin kuuluvien rahoitusvälineiden osalta. 5. Kunkin osakkeen, talletustodistuksen, pörssilistatun rahaston, todistuksen tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen markkinat muodostuvat kaikista kyseisen rahoitusvälineen osalta unionissa toteutetuista toimeksiannoista lukuun ottamatta toimeksiantoja, jotka ovat kooltaan suuria tavanomaiseen markkinakokoon verrattuna. 6. Jäljempänä 26 artiklassa tarkoitetun, kunkin osakkeen, talletustodistuksen, pörssilistatun rahaston, todistuksen tai muun samankaltaisen rahoitusvälineen likviditeetillä mitattuna merkittävimmän markkinan osalta toimivaltaisen viranomaisen on määritettävä vähintään vuosittain laji, johon kyseinen rahoitusväline kuuluu, kyseisen rahoitusvälineen markkinoilla toteutettujen toimeksiantojen keskimääräisen aritmeettisen arvon perusteella. Nämä tiedot on julkistettava kaikille markkinaosapuolille, ja ne on toimitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle, joka julkaisee ne verkkosivustollaan. 7. Jotta varmistetaan osakkeiden, talletustodistusten, pörssilistattujen rahastojen, todistusten ja muiden samankaltaisten rahoitusvälineiden tehokas hinnanmuodostus ja annetaan sijoituspalveluyrityksille parhaat mahdollisuudet toteuttaa kaupat asiakkaan kannalta edullisimmalla tavalla, arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa täsmennetään järjestelyt, jotka koskevat 1 kohdassa tarkoitettujen sitovien hintatarjousten julkistamista, sen määrittämistä, heijastavatko hinnat vallitsevia markkinaolosuhteita 3 kohdan mukaisesti, sekä 2 ja 4 kohdassa tarkoitettua tavanomaista markkinakokoa. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 15 artikla Asiakastoimeksiantojen toteuttaminen 1. Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on julkistettava hintatarjouksensa tavanomaisena kaupankäyntiaikana säännöllisesti ja jatkuvasti. Ne voivat milloin tahansa päivittää hintatarjouksensa. Poikkeuksellisissa markkinaolosuhteissa niillä on oltava oikeus perua hintatarjouksensa. Jäsenvaltioiden on velvoitettava kauppojen sisäisen toteuttajan määritelmää vastaavat yritykset ilmoittamaan tästä toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselleen. Ilmoitus on toimitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luettelon kaikista unionissa olevista kauppojen sisäisistä toteuttajista. Hintatarjoukset on julkistettava siten, että ne ovat helposti ja kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin muiden markkinaosapuolten saatavilla. 2. Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on direktiivin 2014/65/EU 27 artiklaa noudattaen toteutettava asiakkailtaan saamansa toimeksiannot, jotka koskevat osakkeita, talletustodistuksia, pörssilistattuja rahastoja, todistuksia ja muita samankaltaisia rahoitusvälineitä, joiden kauppojen sisäisiä toteuttajia ne ovat, toimeksiannon vastaanottamisen aikaan tarjoamaansa hintaan. Perustelluissa tapauksissa ne voivat kuitenkin toteuttaa nämä toimeksiannot paremmalla hinnalla edellyttäen, että hinta on julkisten hintatarjousten rajoissa ja heijastaa markkinaolosuhteita. 3. Kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat voivat toteuttaa ammattimaisilta asiakkailtaan saamansa toimeksiannot muilla kuin tarjoamillaan hinnoilla noudattamatta 2 kohdassa säädettyjä vaatimuksia, jos toimeksiannot ovat osa useilla arvopapereilla toteutettavaa yhtä liiketoimea tai niihin sovelletaan muita ehtoja kuin markkinahintaa. 4. Jos kauppojen sisäinen toteuttaja, joka tekee vain yhden hintatarjouksen tai jonka korkein hintatarjous on tavanomaista markkinakokoa pienempi, vastaanottaa asiakkaalta toimeksiannon, joka on kooltaan sen omaa hintatarjousta suurempi mutta tavanomaista markkinakokoa pienempi, se voi päättää toteuttaa toimeksiannosta oman hintatarjouksensa koon ylittävän osan edellyttäen, että toimeksianto toteutetaan tarjotulla hinnalla, jollei 2 ja 3 kohdassa säädetyistä ehdoista muuta johdu. Jos kauppojen sisäinen toteuttaja tekee hintatarjouksen eri ko’oilla ja saa näiden kokojen väliltä toimeksiannon, jonka se päättää toteuttaa, sen on toteutettava toimeksianto jollakin tarjotuista hinnoista direktiivin 2014/65/EU 28 artiklan mukaisesti, jollei tämän artiklan 2 ja 3 kohdasta muuta johdu. 5. Siirretään komissiolle valta antaa 50 artiklan mukaisesti delegoituja säädöksiä, joissa selvennetään 1 kohdassa tarkoitetut kohtuulliset kaupalliset ehdot tietojen julkistamiseksi. 16 artikla Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten velvollisuudet Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on tarkistettava, että a) sijoituspalveluyritykset päivittävät säännöllisesti osto- ja myyntihinnat, jotka julkistetaan14 artiklan mukaisesti, ja ylläpitävät hintoja, jotka heijastavat vallitsevia markkinaolosuhteita; b) sijoituspalveluyritykset noudattavat 15 artiklan 2 kohdassa säädettyjä edellytyksiä paremmasta hinnasta. 17 artikla Pääsy hintatarjouksia koskeviin tietoihin 1. Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on saatava päättää oman liiketoimintapolitiikkansa perusteella ja objektiivisella ja syrjimättömällä tavalla, mille asiakkaille ne myöntävät pääsyn hintatarjouksiaan koskeviin tietoihin. Tätä varten niillä on oltava selkeät säännöt, jotka koskevat oikeutta tutustua niiden hintatarjouksia koskeviin tietoihin. Kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat voivat kieltäytyä ryhtymästä liikesuhteisiin asiakkaiden kanssa tai katkaista liikesuhteet asiakkaisiin taloudellisten näkökohtien, esimerkiksi asiakkaan luottokelpoisuuden, vastapuoliriskin ja liiketoimen lopullisen toimituksen, perusteella. 2. Saman asiakkaan kanssa tehtäviin monenkertaisiin liiketoimiin liittyvän riskin vähentämiseksi kauppojen sisäisille toteuttajille on annettava oikeus rajoittaa syrjimättömästi sitä saman asiakkaan liiketoimien määrää, jonka ne sitoutuvat toteuttamaan julkistetuin ehdoin. Ne voivat rajoittaa eri asiakkaiden samanaikaisten liiketoimien kokonaismäärää syrjimättömästi ja direktiivin 2014/65/EU 28 artiklaa noudattaen, kuitenkin vain silloin, kun asiakkaiden antamien toimeksiantojen lukumäärä ja volyymi on huomattavasti tavanomaista suurempi. 3. Jotta varmistetaan osakkeiden, talletustodistusten, pörssilistattujen rahastojen, todistusten ja muiden samankaltaisten rahoitusvälineiden tehokas hinnanmuodostus ja annetaan sijoituspalveluyrityksille parhaat mahdollisuudet toteuttaa kaupat asiakkaan kannalta edullisimmalla tavalla, komissio antaa 50 artiklan mukaisesti delegoituja säädöksiä, joissa täsmennetään seuraavat: a) perusteet sen määrittämiseksi, onko hintatarjous julkistettu säännöllisesti ja jatkuvasti ja onko se helposti saatavissa 15 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetulla tavalla, sekä keinot, joita käyttäen sijoituspalveluyritykset voivat täyttää hintatarjousten julkistamisvelvoitteensa ja joihin kuuluvat seuraavat vaihtoehdot: i) sellaisen säännellyn markkinan järjestelmien välityksellä, jolla kyseinen rahoitusväline on otettu kaupankäynnin kohteeksi; ii) hyväksytyn julkistamisjärjestelyn välityksellä; iii) omilla järjestelyillä; b) perusteet niiden liiketoimien määrittämiseksi, jotka ovat osa useilla arvopapereilla toteutettavaa yhtä liiketoimea, tai niiden toimeksiantojen määrittämiseksi, joihin sovelletaan muita ehtoja kuin markkinahintaa 15 artiklan 3 kohdassa tarkoitetulla tavalla; c) perusteet sen määrittämiseksi, mitä voidaan pitää sellaisina poikkeuksellisina markkinaolosuhteina, jotka mahdollistavat hintatarjousten perumisen, sekä edellytykset hintatarjousten päivittämiselle 15 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetulla tavalla; d) perusteet sen määrittämiseksi, milloin asiakkaiden antamien toimeksiantojen lukumäärä ja/tai volyymi on huomattavasti tavanomaista suurempi 2 kohdassa tarkoitetulla tavalla; e) perusteet sen määrittämiseksi, onko hinta julkisten hintatarjousten rajoissa ja heijastaako se markkinaolosuhteita 15 artiklan 2 kohdassa tarkoitetulla tavalla. 18 artikla Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien velvollisuus julkistaa joukkovelkakirjoja, strukturoituja rahoitustuotteita, päästöoikeuksia ja johdannaisia koskevat sitovat hintatarjoukset 1. Sijoituspalveluyritysten on julkistettava sitovat hintatarjoukset niistä joukkovelkakirjoista, strukturoiduista rahoitustuotteista, päästöoikeuksista ja johdannaisista, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, joiden kauppojen sisäisiä toteuttajia ne ovat ja joille on likvidit markkinat, kun seuraavat edellytykset täyttyvät: a) kauppojen sisäisen toteuttajan asiakas pyytää niiltä hintatarjousta; b) ne suostuvat antamaan hintatarjouksen. 2. Niiden joukkovelkakirjojen, strukturoitujen rahoitustuotteiden, päästöoikeuksien ja johdannaisten osalta, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa ja joille ei ole likvidejä markkinoita, kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on pyynnöstä annettava hintatarjouksia koskevat tiedot asiakkailleen, jos ne suostuvat antamaan hintatarjouksen. Ne voidaan vapauttaa tästä velvollisuudesta, jos 9 artiklan 1 kohdassa säädetyt edellytykset täyttyvät. 3. Kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat voivat milloin tahansa päivittää hintatarjouksensa. Poikkeuksellisissa markkinaolosuhteissa ne voivat perua hintatarjouksensa. 4. Jäsenvaltioiden on velvoitettava kauppojen sisäisen toteuttajan määritelmää vastaavat yritykset ilmoittamaan tästä toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselleen. Ilmoitus on toimitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luettelon kaikista unionissa olevista kauppojen sisäisistä toteuttajista. 5. Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on asetettava 1 kohdan mukaisesti julkistetut sitovat hintatarjoukset muiden asiakkaidensa saataville. Niiden on kuitenkin saatava päättää oman liiketoimintapolitiikkansa perusteella ja objektiivisella ja syrjimättömällä tavalla, mille asiakkaille ne myöntävät pääsyn hintatarjouksiaan koskeviin tietoihin. Tätä varten kauppojen sisäisillä toteuttajilla on oltava selkeät säännöt, jotka koskevat oikeutta tutustua niiden hintatarjouksia koskeviin tietoihin. Kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat voivat kieltäytyä ryhtymästä liikesuhteisiin asiakkaiden kanssa tai katkaista liikesuhteet asiakkaisiin taloudellisten näkökohtien, esimerkiksi asiakkaan luottokelpoisuuden, vastapuoliriskin ja liiketoimen lopullisen toimituksen, perusteella. 6. Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on sitouduttava toteuttamaan liiketoimia julkistetuin ehdoin minkä tahansa muun sellaisen asiakkaan kanssa, jonka saataville hintatarjous on asetettu 5 kohdan mukaisesti, kun hintatarjouksen koko on yhtä suuri tai pienempi kuin kyseiselle rahoitusvälineelle 9 artiklan 5 kohdan d alakohdan mukaisesti määritetty koko. Kauppojen sisäisillä toteuttajilla ei ole 1 kohdan mukaista velvollisuutta julkistaa sitovaa hintatarjousta rahoitusvälineistä, joiden likviditeetti jää alle 9 artiklan 4 kohdan mukaisesti määritettävän kynnysarvon. 7. Kauppojen sisäisten toteuttajien on voitava syrjimättömästi ja avoimesti rajoittaa niiden liiketoimien lukumäärää, jotka ne sitoutuvat toteuttamaan asiakkaiden kanssa tietyn hintatarjouksen perusteella. 8. Hintatarjoukset, jotka julkistetaan 1 ja 5 kohdan mukaisesti, ja hintatarjoukset, joiden koko on yhtä suuri tai pienempi kuin 6 kohdassa tarkoitettu koko, on julkistettava siten, että ne ovat helposti ja kohtuullisin kaupallisin ehdoin muiden markkinaosapuolten saatavilla. 9. Tarjotun hinnan tai tarjottujen hintojen on oltava sellaiset, että voidaan varmistaa kauppojen sisäisen toteuttajan noudattavan soveltuvin osin direktiivin 2014/65/EU 27 artiklan mukaisia velvollisuuksiaan, ja niiden on heijastettava vallitsevia markkinaolosuhteita suhteessa hintoihin, joilla samoja tai samankaltaisia rahoitusvälineitä koskevat liiketoimet toteutetaan kauppapaikassa. Perustelluissa tapauksissa ne voivat kuitenkin toteuttaa toimeksiantoja paremmalla hinnalla edellyttäen, että hinta on julkisten hintatarjousten rajoissa ja heijastaa markkinaolosuhteita. 10. Tätä artiklaa ei sovelleta kauppojen sisäisiin toteuttajiin, kun niiden liiketoimet ovat rahoitusvälineelle 9 artiklan 5 kohdan d alakohdan mukaisesti määritettyä kokoa suurempia. 19 artikla Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen harjoittama valvonta 1. Toimivaltaiset viranomaiset ja arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen seuraavat 18 artiklan soveltamista niiden kokojen osalta, joilla hintatarjoukset asetetaan sijoituspalveluyrityksen asiakkaiden ja yrityksen muuhun kaupankäyntitoimintaan liittyvien muiden markkinaosapuolten saataville, sekä sitä, missä määrin hintatarjoukset heijastavat vallitsevia markkinaolosuhteita suhteessa liiketoimiin, joita toteutetaan samoilla tai samankaltaisilla rahoitusvälineillä kauppapaikassa. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen antaa viimeistään 3 päivänä tammikuuta 2019 komissiolle kertomuksen 18 artiklan soveltamisesta. Jos arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen havaitsee merkittävää hintatarjous- ja kaupankäyntitoimintaa, joka ylittää hieman 18 artiklan 6 kohdassa tarkoitetun kynnysarvon tai tapahtuu vallitsevien markkinaolosuhteiden ulkopuolella, se antaa komissiolle kertomuksen ennen kyseistä päivää. 2. Komissio hyväksyy 50 artiklan mukaisesti delegoituja säädöksiä, joissa täsmennetään 18 artiklan 6 kohdassa tarkoitetut koot, joilla yrityksen on toteutettava liiketoimia minkä tahansa muun sellaisen asiakkaan kanssa, jonka saataville hintatarjous on asetettu. Rahoitusvälineen ominaiskoko määritetään 9 artiklan 5 kohdan d alakohdassa asetetuin perustein. 3. Komissio antaa 50 artiklan mukaisesti delegoituja säädöksiä, joissa täsmennetään, mitä pidetään kohtuullisina kaupallisina ehtoina, kun hintatarjouksia julkistetaan 18 artiklan 8 kohdan mukaisesti. 20 artikla Sijoituspalveluyritysten, kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat mukaan lukien, kaupan jälkeen antamat tiedot osakkeista, talletustodistuksista, pörssilistatuista rahastoista, todistuksista ja muista samankaltaisista rahoitusvälineistä 1. Sijoituspalveluyritysten, jotka toteuttavat joko omaan tai asiakkaiden lukuun liiketoimia osakkeilla, talletustodistuksilla, pörssilistatuilla rahastoilla, todistuksilla ja muilla samankaltaisilla rahoitusvälineillä, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, on julkistettava kyseisten liiketoimien volyymi ja hinta sekä ajankohta, jona ne toteutettiin. Kyseiset tiedot on julkistettava hyväksytyn julkistamisjärjestelyn välityksellä. 2. Tämän artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisesti julkistettavien tietojen ja julkistamisen määräaikojen on oltava 6 artiklassa säädettyjen vaatimusten, myös 7 artiklan 2 kohdan a alakohdan mukaisesti hyväksyttyjen teknisten sääntelystandardien, mukaiset. Jos 7 artiklan mukaisesti hyväksytyissä toimenpiteissä määrätään mahdollisuudesta lykätä tietojen julkistamista tietyntyyppisistä liiketoimista, jotka toteutetaan osakkeilla, talletustodistuksilla, pörssilistatuilla rahastoilla, todistuksilla ja muilla samankaltaisilla rahoitusvälineillä, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, tätä mahdollisuutta sovelletaan kyseisiin liiketoimiin myös silloin, kun ne toteutetaan kauppapaikkojen ulkopuolella. 3. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään seuraavat seikat: a) tämän artiklan mukaisesti julkistettujen erityyppisten liiketoimien tunnisteet, jotka jaotellaan pääasiassa rahoitusvälineiden arvostamiseen liittyvien seikkojen ja muiden seikkojen perusteella määräytyviin tunnisteisiin; b) edellä 1 kohdassa säädetyn velvollisuuden soveltaminen liiketoimiin, joissa rahoitusvälineitä käytetään vakuutena, lainanannossa tai muussa tarkoituksessa ja joissa rahoitusvälineiden osto ja myynti tapahtuvat muiden perusteiden kuin rahoitusvälineen markkina-arvon perusteella; c) kumman liiketoimen osapuolen on julkistettava liiketoimea koskevat tiedot 1 kohdan mukaisesti, jos liiketoimen molemmat osapuolet ovat sijoituspalveluyrityksiä. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 21 artikla Sijoituspalveluyritysten, kauppojen sisäiset toteuttajat mukaan lukien, kaupan jälkeen antamat tiedot joukkovelkakirjoista, strukturoiduista rahoitustuotteista, päästöoikeuksista ja johdannaisista 1. Sijoituspalveluyritysten, jotka toteuttavat joko omaan tai asiakkaiden lukuun liiketoimia joukkovelkakirjoilla, strukturoiduilla rahoitustuotteilla, päästöoikeuksilla ja johdannaisilla, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, on julkistettava kyseisten liiketoimien volyymi ja hinta sekä ajankohta, jona ne toteutettiin. Kyseiset tiedot on julkistettava hyväksytyn julkistamisjärjestelyn välityksellä. 2. Kukin yksittäinen liiketoimi on julkistettava kerran yhden hyväksytyn julkistamisjärjestelyn välityksellä. 3. Edellä olevan 1 kohdan mukaisesti julkistettavien tietojen ja julkistamisen määräaikojen on oltava 10 artiklassa säädettyjen vaatimusten, myös 11 artiklan 4 kohdan a ja b alakohdan mukaisesti hyväksyttyjen teknisten sääntelystandardien, mukaiset. 4. Toimivaltaiset viranomaiset voivat antaa sijoituspalveluyrityksille luvan lykätä tietojen julkistamista, tai ne voivat pyytää julkistamaan yksittäisistä liiketoimista rajoitetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot tai useista liiketoimista koostetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot taikka näiden yhdistelmän lykkäämisen soveltamiskautena tai antaa luvan jättää julkistamatta yksittäisten liiketoimien volyymi lykkäämisen jatkettuna soveltamiskautena tai, kun on kyse muista kuin oman pääoman ehtoisista rahoitusvälineistä, jotka eivät ole valtion velkaa, antaa luvan julkistaa koostetut tiedot useista liiketoimista lykkäämisen jatkettuna soveltamiskautena tai, kun on kyse valtion velkainstrumenteista, antaa toistaiseksi luvan julkistaa koostetut tiedot useista liiketoimista, ja ne voivat tilapäisesti keskeyttää 1 kohdassa tarkoitettujen vaatimusten soveltamisen 11 artiklassa säädetyin edellytyksin. Jos 11 artiklan mukaisesti hyväksytyissä toimenpiteissä määrätään mahdollisuudesta lykätä tietojen julkistamista tietyntyyppisistä liiketoimista, jotka toteutetaan joukkovelkakirjoilla, strukturoiduilla rahoitustuotteilla, päästöoikeuksilla ja johdannaisilla, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, sekä mahdollisuudesta julkistaa niistä rajoitetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot tai koostetut yksityiskohtaiset tiedot taikka näiden yhdistelmä tai jättää niiden volyymi julkistamatta, tätä mahdollisuutta sovelletaan kyseisiin liiketoimiin myös silloin, kun ne toteutetaan kauppapaikkojen ulkopuolella. 5. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi siten, että mahdollistetaan direktiivin 2014/65/EU 64 artiklassa säädetty tietojen julkistaminen seuraavien seikkojen määrittämiseksi: a) tämän artiklan mukaisesti julkistettujen erityyppisten liiketoimien tunnisteet, jotka jaotellaan pääasiassa rahoitusvälineiden arvostamiseen liittyvien seikkojen ja muiden seikkojen perusteella määräytyviin tunnisteisiin; b) edellä 1 kohdassa säädetyn velvollisuuden soveltaminen liiketoimiin, joissa rahoitusvälineitä käytetään vakuutena, lainanannossa tai muussa tarkoituksessa ja joissa rahoitusvälineiden osto ja myynti tapahtuvat muiden perusteiden kuin rahoitusvälineen markkina-arvon perusteella; c) kumman liiketoimen osapuolen on julkistettava liiketoimea koskevat tiedot 1 kohdan mukaisesti, jos liiketoimen molemmat osapuolet ovat sijoituspalveluyrityksiä. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 22 artikla Tietojen antaminen avoimuuden vuoksi tai laskelmia varten 1. Jotta voidaan suorittaa laskelmat, joilla määritetään rahoitusvälineisiin sovellettavat 3–11 artiklassa, 14–21 artiklassa ja 32 artiklassa säädetyt kauppaa edeltävät ja kaupan jälkeiset avoimuusvaatimukset sekä kaupankäyntivelvollisuudet ja joilla määritetään, onko sijoituspalveluyritys kauppojen sisäinen toteuttaja, toimivaltaiset viranomaiset voivat vaatia tietoja a) kauppapaikoilta; b) hyväksytyiltä julkistamisjärjestelyiltä; ja c) konsolidoitujen kauppatietojen tarjoajilta. 2. Kauppapaikkojen, hyväksyttyjen julkistamisjärjestelyiden ja konsolidoitujen kauppatietojen tarjoajien on säilytettävä tarvittavat tiedot riittävän pitkään. 3. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on toimitettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle kaikki tiedot, joita se tarvitsee 5 artiklan 4, 5 ja 6 kohdassa tarkoitettujen kertomusten laatimiseksi. 4. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään tietopyyntöjen sisältö ja esittämistiheys sekä se, missä muodossa ja määräajassa kauppapaikkojen, hyväksyttyjen julkistamisjärjestelyiden ja konsolidoitujen kauppatietojen tarjoajien on vastattava tällaisiin pyyntöihin 1 kohdan mukaisesti, minkä tyyppisiä tietoja on säilytettävä ja kuinka kauan kauppapaikkojen, hyväksyttyjen julkistamisjärjestelyiden ja konsolidoitujen kauppatietojen tarjoajien on vähintään säilytettävä tietoja voidakseen vastata tällaisiin pyyntöihin 2 kohdan mukaisesti. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä tässä kohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 23 artikla Sijoituspalveluyritysten kaupankäyntivelvollisuus 1. Sijoituspalveluyrityksen on varmistettava, että kaupat, jotka se toteuttaa kaupankäynnin kohteeksi säännellyllä markkinalla otetuilla osakkeilla tai osakkeilla, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa, toteutetaan tapauksen mukaan säännellyllä markkinalla, monenkeskisessä kaupankäyntijärjestelmässä tai kauppojen sisäisen toteuttajan välityksellä taikka direktiivin 2014/65/EU 25 artiklan 4 kohdan a alakohdan mukaisesti vastaavaksi arvioidussa kolmannen maan kauppapaikassa, paitsi jos kauppojen ominaispiirteisiin sisältyy se, että a) ne toteutetaan ad hoc -pohjalta satunnaisesti, epäsäännöllisesti ja harvoin; tai b) ne toteutetaan hyväksyttyjen ja/tai ammattimaisten vastapuolten kesken, eivätkä ne vaikuta hinnanmuodostusprosessiin. 2. Sijoituspalveluyrityksen, joka ylläpitää sisäistä täsmäytysjärjestelmää, jolla toteutetaan monenkeskisesti asiakastoimeksiantoja osakkeilla, talletustodistuksilla, pörssilistatuilla rahastoilla, todistuksilla ja muilla samankaltaisilla rahoitusvälineillä, on varmistettava, että se on saanut toimiluvan monenkeskisenä kaupankäyntijärjestelmänä direktiivin 2014/65/EU mukaisesti, ja sen on noudatettava kaikkia asiaankuuluvia tällaisia toimilupia koskevia säännöksiä. 3. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään sellaisten osakkeilla toteutettavien liiketoimien erityispiirteet, jotka eivät 1 kohdan mukaisesti vaikuta hinnanmuodostusprosessiin, ottaen huomioon muun muassa seuraavat tapaukset: a) kaupat, jotka eivät lisää likviditeetin saatavuutta; tai b) tapaukset, joissa tällaisten rahoitusvälineiden osto tai myynti tapahtuu muun tekijän kuin rahoitusvälineen markkina-arvon perusteella. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. IV OSASTO LIIKETOIMISTA ILMOITETTAVAT TIEDOT 24 artikla Velvollisuus ylläpitää markkinoiden eheyttä Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 31 artiklan mukaisesti suorittaman koordinoinnin avulla seurattava sijoituspalveluyritysten toimintaa varmistaakseen, että ne toimivat rehellisesti, tasapuolisesti ja ammattimaisesti sekä tavalla, joka edistää markkinoiden eheyttä, sanotun kuitenkaan rajoittamatta asetuksen (EU) N:o 596/2014 täytäntöönpanoon liittyvää vastuunjakoa. 25 artikla Velvollisuus säilyttää tiedot 1. Sijoituspalveluyritysten on pidettävä toimivaltaisen viranomaisen saatavilla viiden vuoden ajan merkitykselliset tiedot kaikista toimeksiannoista ja kaikista rahoitusvälineillä omaan lukuunsa tai asiakkaan lukuun toteuttamistaan liiketoimista. Asiakkaan lukuun toteutettavista liiketoimista on säilytettävä yksityiskohtaiset tiedot, joiden avulla asiakas voidaan yksilöidä, ja tiedot, jotka vaaditaan Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston direktiivin 2005/60/EY (27) mukaisesti. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen voi pyytää saada tutustua näihin tietoihin asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 35 artiklassa säädettyä menettelyä noudattaen ja siinä asetettujen edellytysten mukaisesti. 2. Kauppapaikan ylläpitäjän on pidettävä toimivaltaisen viranomaisen saatavilla vähintään viiden vuoden ajan merkitykselliset tiedot kaikista rahoitusvälineisiin liittyvistä toimeksiannoista, jotka ilmoitetaan niiden järjestelmissä. Säilytettäviin tietoihin kuuluvat kaikki merkitykselliset tiedot, jotka muodostavat toimeksiannon ominaispiirteet, mukaan lukien tiedot, jotka liittävät toimeksiannon sen johdosta toteutettuun liiketoimeen tai toteutettuihin liiketoimiin, ja joita koskevat yksityiskohdat on ilmoitettava 26 artiklan 1 ja 3 kohdan mukaisesti. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen helpottaa ja koordinoi tietojen asettamista toimivaltaisten viranomaisten saataville tämän kohdan mukaisesti. 3. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään yksityiskohtaisesti, mitä sellaisia merkityksellisiä tietoja toimeksiannoista on säilytettävä tämän artiklan 2 kohdan mukaisesti, joihin ei viitata 26 artiklassa. Näihin teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnoksiin sisältyvät toimeksiannon välittäneen jäsenen tai osapuolen yksilöintikoodi, toimeksiannon yksilöintikoodi, toimeksiannon välityspäivä ja -aika, toimeksiannon ominaispiirteet, mukaan lukien toimeksiannon tyyppi, tarvittaessa rajahinta, voimassaoloaika, toimeksiantoon liittyvät erityisohjeet, toimeksiannon mahdollisen muutoksen, peruutuksen tai osittaisen tai täydellisen toteuttamisen yksityiskohdat, edustaja tai päämies. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 26 artikla Velvollisuus ilmoittaa liiketoimia koskevat tiedot 1. Sijoituspalveluyritysten, jotka toteuttavat liiketoimia rahoitusvälineillä, on ilmoitettava toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle täydelliset ja täsmälliset yksityiskohtaiset tiedot tällaisista liiketoimista mahdollisimman nopeasti ja viimeistään seuraavan työpäivän aikana. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on otettava direktiivin 2014/65/EU 85 artiklan mukaisesti käyttöön tarvittavat järjestelyt varmistaakseen, että myös kyseisen rahoitusvälineen likviditeetillä mitattuna merkittävimmän markkinan osalta toimivaltainen viranomainen saa edellä mainitut tiedot. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on pyynnöstä asetettava arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen saataville mitkä tahansa tämän artiklan mukaisesti ilmoitettavat tiedot. 2. Edellä 1 kohdassa säädettyä velvollisuutta sovelletaan a) rahoitusvälineisiin, jotka otetaan kaupankäynnin kohteeksi tai joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa tai joiden osalta on tehty kaupankäynnin kohteeksi ottamista koskeva pyyntö; b) rahoitusvälineisiin, joiden kohde-etuutena olevalla rahoitusvälineellä käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa; ja c) rahoitusvälineisiin, joiden kohde-etuutena on indeksi tai kori, joka koostuu rahoitusvälineistä, joilla käydään kauppaa kauppapaikassa. Tätä velvollisuutta sovelletaan a–c alakohdassa tarkoitetuilla rahoitusvälineillä toteuttaviin liiketoimiin riippumatta siitä, toteutetaanko liiketoimet kauppapaikassa. 3. Ilmoituksissa on oltava erityisesti ostettujen tai myytyjen rahoitusvälineiden yksityiskohtaiset nimet ja numerot, määrä, toteutuspäivät ja -kellonajat ja hinnat sekä tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä asiakkaat, joiden lukuun sijoituspalveluyritys on toteuttanut kyseisen liiketoimen, tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä sijoituspäätöksestä ja liiketoimen toteuttamisesta vastuussa olevat henkilöt ja tietokonealgoritmit sijoituspalveluyrityksessä, tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä vapautus, jonka puitteissa kauppa on tehty, tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä kyseiset sijoituspalveluyritykset, ja tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä asetuksen (EU) N:o 236/2012 2 artiklan 1 kohdan b alakohdassa määritelty lyhyeksimyynti mainitun asetuksen 12, 13 ja 17 artiklan soveltamisalaan kuuluvien osakkeiden ja valtionlainan osalta. Kauppapaikan ulkopuolella toteutettuja liiketoimia koskevissa ilmoituksissa on oltava tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä liiketoimien tyypit 20 artiklan 3 kohdan a alakohdan ja 21 artiklan 5 kohdan a alakohdan mukaisesti hyväksyttävien toimenpiteiden mukaisesti. Hyödykejohdannaisista on ilmoitettava, vähentääkö liiketoimi riskejä objektiivisesti mitattavalla tavalla direktiivin 2014/65/EU 57 artiklan mukaisesti. 4. Sijoituspalveluyritysten, jotka välittävät toimeksiantoja, on toimeksiantoa välittäessään ilmoitettava kaikki 1 ja 3 kohdassa tarkoitetut tiedot. Sen sijaan, että se ilmoittaisi kyseiset tiedot toimeksiantoja välittäessään, sijoituspalveluyritys voi päättää ilmoittaa välitetyn toimeksiannon, jos se toteutetaan, 1 kohdassa säädettyjen vaatimusten mukaisesti liiketoimena. Tässä tapauksessa sijoituspalveluyrityksen liiketoimesta antamassa ilmoituksessa on todettava, että se koskee välitettyä toimeksiantoa. 5. Kauppapaikan ylläpitäjän on annettava yksityiskohtaiset tiedot sellaisen yrityksen sen järjestelmien välityksellä toteuttamista liiketoimista, joka ei kuulu tämän asetuksen soveltamisalaan 1 ja 3 kohdan mukaisesti, rahoitusvälineillä, joilla käydään kauppaa sen kauppapaikassa. 6. Ilmoittaessaan tiedot, joiden avulla asiakkaat voidaan yksilöidä 3 ja 4 kohdan mukaisesti, sijoituspalveluyritysten on käytettävä oikeushenkilötunnistetta, joka on otettu käyttöön niiden asiakkaiden tunnistamiseksi, jotka ovat oikeushenkilöitä. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii 3 päivään tammikuuta 2016 mennessä asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 16 artiklan mukaisesti ohjeet, joilla varmistetaan, että oikeushenkilötunnisteen käyttö unionissa on kansainvälisten standardien ja erityisesti finanssimarkkinoiden vakauden valvontaryhmän vahvistamien standardien mukaista. 7. Ilmoitukset toimittaa 1, 3 ja 9 kohdan mukaisesti toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle sijoituspalveluyritys itse tai sen puolesta toimiva hyväksytty ilmoitusjärjestelmä, tai ne toimitetaan kauppapaikasta, jonka järjestelmän välityksellä liiketoimi toteutettiin. Sijoituspalveluyritykset ovat vastuussa toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle toimitettavien ilmoitusten täydellisyydestä, oikeellisuudesta ja oikea-aikaisesta toimittamisesta. Tästä vastuusta poiketen, kun sijoituspalveluyritys ilmoittaa yksityiskohtaiset tiedot liiketoimista sen puolesta toimivan hyväksytyn ilmoitusjärjestelmän tai kauppapaikan välityksellä, sijoituspalveluyritys ei ole vastuussa ilmoitusten täydellisyydessä, oikeellisuudessa tai oikea-aikaisessa toimittamisessa ilmenneistä puutteista, jotka johtuvat hyväksytyn ilmoitusjärjestelmän tai kauppapaikan toiminnasta. Tällaisissa tapauksissa ja jollei direktiivin 2014/65/EU 66 artiklan 4 kohdasta muuta johdu, hyväksytty ilmoitusjärjestelmä tai kauppapaikka on vastuussa kyseisistä puutteista. Sijoituspalveluyritysten on kuitenkin toteuttava kohtuulliset toimenpiteet varmentaakseen, että niiden puolesta ilmoitetut liiketoimia koskevat tiedot ovat täydellisiä ja oikeellisia ja että ne on toimitettu oikea-aikaisesti. Kotijäsenvaltion on edellytettävä, että kun kauppapaikka antaa ilmoituksia sijoituspalveluyrityksen puolesta, sillä on käytössä vakaat turvajärjestelmät, joiden avulla voidaan varmistaa tiedonsiirtovälineiden suojaus ja todentaminen, minimoida tiedon turmeltumisen ja luvattoman käytön riski ja estää tietojen vuotaminen ja jotka turvaavat tiedon luottamuksellisuuden kaikissa vaiheissa. Kotijäsenvaltion on edellytettävä, että kauppapaikalla on riittävät resurssit ja varmuusjärjestelyt palvelujensa tarjoamiseksi ja ylläpitämiseksi jatkuvasti. Liiketoimia koskevien tietojen ilmoittamiseksi toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle 1, 3 ja 9 kohdan mukaisesti toimivaltainen viranomainen voi hyväksyä hyväksytyksi ilmoitusjärjestelmäksi sellaiset kauppojen täsmäytys- tai ilmoitusjärjestelmät, mukaan lukien kauppatietorekisterit, jotka on rekisteröity tai tunnustettu asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 VI osaston mukaisesti. Jos tiedot liiketoimista on ilmoitettu kauppatietorekisteriin, joka on hyväksytty ilmoitusjärjestelmä, asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 9 artiklan mukaisesti ja jos ilmoituksiin sisältyvät 1, 3 ja 9 kohdan mukaisesti vaadittavat yksityiskohtaiset tiedot ja kauppatietorekisteri toimittaa ne toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle 1 kohdassa asetetussa määräajassa, sijoituspalveluyrityksen on katsottava täyttäneen 1 kohdassa säädetyn velvollisuutensa. Jos liiketoimista annettavissa ilmoituksissa on virheitä tai puutteita, liiketoimesta ilmoittavan hyväksytyn ilmoitusjärjestelmän, sijoituspalveluyrityksen tai kauppapaikan on korjattava tiedot ja toimitettava korjattu ilmoitus toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle. 8. Jos tässä artiklassa tarkoitetut ilmoitukset toimitetaan direktiivin 2014/65/EU 35 artiklan 8 kohdan mukaisesti vastaanottavan jäsenvaltion toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle, tämän on toimitettava kyseiset tiedot sijoituspalveluyrityksen kotijäsenvaltion toimivaltaisille viranomaisille, paitsi jos kotijäsenvaltion toimivaltaiset viranomaiset päättävät, että tietoja ei ole tarpeen lähettää niille. 9. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään a) edellä olevien 1 ja 3 kohdan mukaisesti ilmoitettavia tietoja koskevat normit ja muodot, mukaan lukien menetelmät ja järjestelyt, joita sovelletaan rahoitusalan liiketoimista annettavien ilmoitusten antamisessa, ja ilmoitusten muoto ja sisältö; b) edellä olevan 1 kohdan mukaisten merkittävien markkinoiden määritysperusteet; c) ostettujen tai myytyjen rahoitusvälineiden viittaustiedot, määrä, toteutuspäivät ja -kellonajat ja hinnat sekä tiedot ja yksityiskohdat, joiden avulla asiakas voidaan yksilöidä, tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä asiakkaat, joiden lukuun sijoituspalveluyritys on toteuttanut kyseisen liiketoimen, tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä sijoituspäätöksestä ja liiketoimen toteuttamisesta vastuussa olevat henkilöt ja tietokonealgoritmit sijoituspalveluyrityksessä, tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä vapautus, jonka puitteissa kauppa on tehty, tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä kyseiset sijoituspalveluyritykset, liiketoimen toteutustapa, tietokentät, jotka tarvitaan liiketoimista ilmoitettavien tietojen käsittelemiseksi ja analysoimiseksi 3 kohdan mukaisesti; ja d) tiedot, joiden avulla voidaan yksilöidä osakkeiden ja valtionlainan lyhyeksimyynti 3 kohdassa tarkoitetulla tavalla; e) rahoitusvälinetyypit, joista on annettava tiedot 2 kohdan mukaisesti; f) ehdot, joiden mukaisesti jäsenvaltiot kehittävät, myöntävät ja ylläpitävät oikeushenkilötunnisteita 6 kohdan mukaisesti, sekä ehdot, joiden mukaisesti sijoituspalveluyritykset käyttävät näitä oikeushenkilötunnisteita, jotta niiden 1 kohdan mukaisesti antamissa liiketoimia koskevissa ilmoituksissa olisi 3, 4 ja 5 kohdan mukaisesti tiedot, joiden avulla asiakkaat voidaan yksilöidä; g) liiketoimia koskevien tietojen ilmoittamisvelvollisuuksien soveltaminen sijoituspalveluyritysten sivuliikkeisiin; h) mitä liiketoimella ja liiketoimen toteuttamisella tarkoitetaan tätä artiklaa sovellettaessa; i) milloin sijoituspalveluyrityksen katsotaan välittäneen toimeksiannon 4 kohtaa sovellettaessa. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 10. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen antaa viimeistään 3 päivänä tammikuuta 2019 komissiolle tämän artiklan toiminnasta kertomuksen, jossa tarkastellaan myös tämän artiklan ja asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 mukaisten ilmoitusvelvollisuuksien vuorovaikutusta ja sitä, onko toimivaltaisten viranomaisten vastaanottamien ja niiden välillä vaihdettavien liiketoimia koskevien ilmoitusten sisältö ja muoto sellainen, että niiden avulla voidaan seurata kattavasti sijoituspalveluyritysten toimintaa tämän asetuksen 24 artiklan mukaisesti. Komissio voi toteuttaa toimenpiteitä ehdottaakseen muutoksia, mukaan lukien määrätä, että liiketoimia koskevat tiedot on toimitettava toimivaltaisten viranomaisten sijaan ainoastaan yhdelle arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen nimittämälle järjestelmälle. Komissio toimittaa arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen kertomuksen Euroopan parlamentille ja neuvostolle. 27 artikla Velvollisuus toimittaa rahoitusvälineen viitetiedot 1. Edellä 26 artiklassa tarkoitettua liiketoimia koskevien tietojen ilmoittamista varten kauppapaikkojen on toimitettava toimivaltaisille viranomaisille sellaisia rahoitusvälineitä koskevat viitetiedot, jotka on otettu kaupankäynnin kohteeksi säännellyillä markkinoilla tai joilla käydään kauppaa monenkeskisissä kaupankäyntijärjestelmissä tai organisoiduissa kaupankäyntijärjestelmissä. Kunkin kauppojen sisäisen toteuttajan on annettava toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselleen viitetiedot muista 26 artiklan 2 kohdassa tarkoitetuista rahoitusvälineistä, joilla käydään kauppaa sen järjestelmässä. Standardoidut yksilöivät viitetiedot on valmisteltava toimivaltaisille viranomaisille sähköisessä muodossa toimittamista varten ennen kuin kyseisellä rahoitusvälineellä aletaan käydä kauppaa. Viitetiedot on päivitettävä, kun jonkin rahoitusvälineen tiedot muuttuvat. Toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on toimitettava viitetiedot viipymättä arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle, joka julkaisee ne välittömästi verkkosivustollaan. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen antaa toimivaltaisille viranomaisille oikeuden tutustua viitetietoihin. 2. Jotta toimivaltaiset viranomaiset voivat 26 artiklan mukaisesti valvoa sijoituspalveluyritysten toimintaa ja varmistaa, että ne toimivat rehellisesti, tasapuolisesti, ammattimaisesti ja markkinoiden eheyttä edistävällä tavalla, arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen ja toimivaltaisten viranomaisten on perustettava tarvittavat järjestelyt varmistaakseen, että a) arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen ja toimivaltaiset viranomaiset todella saavat 1 kohdassa tarkoitetut rahoitusvälineen viitetiedot; b) saadut viitetiedot ovat laadultaan sellaisia, että ne soveltuvat 26 artiklassa tarkoitettuun liiketoimia koskevien tietojen ilmoittamiseen; c) asianomaiset toimivaltaiset viranomaiset vaihtavat tehokkaasti 1 kohdan mukaisesti saamiaan rahoitusvälineen viitetietoja. 3. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään a) edellä 1 kohdassa tarkoitettuja rahoitusvälineen viitetietoja koskevat normit ja muodot, mukaan lukien menetelmät ja järjestelyt, joita sovelletaan tietojen ja päivitettyjen tietojen toimittamisessa toimivaltaisille viranomaisille ja edelleen arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle 1 kohdan mukaisesti, sekä tällaisten tietojen muoto ja sisältö; b) arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen ja toimivaltaisten viranomaisten 2 kohdan mukaisesti perustamien järjestelyjen edellyttämät tekniset toimenpiteet. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. V OSASTO JOHDANNAISET 28 artikla Velvollisuus käydä kauppaa säännellyillä markkinoilla, monenkeskisissä kaupankäyntijärjestelmissä tai organisoiduissa kaupankäyntijärjestelmissä 1. Asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 2 artiklan 8 kohdassa määriteltyjen finanssialan vastapuolten ja mainitun asetuksen 10 artiklan 1 kohdan b alakohdassa tarkoitetut edellytykset täyttävien finanssialan ulkopuolisten vastapuolten on toteutettava liiketoimet, jotka eivät ole mainitun asetuksen 3 artiklassa määriteltyjä konsernin sisäisiä transaktioita eivätkä sen 89 artiklan siirtymäsäännösten kattamia liiketoimia, muiden mainitunkaltaisten finanssialan vastapuolten tai muiden asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 10 artiklan 1 kohdan b alakohdassa tarkoitetut edellytykset täyttävien finanssialan ulkopuolisten vastapuolten kanssa johdannaisilla, jotka kuuluvat johdannaislajiin, jonka on ilmoitettu kuuluvan 32 artiklassa säädetyn kaupankäyntivelvollisuusmenettelyn piiriin ja joka mainitaan 34 artiklassa tarkoitetussa rekisterissä, yksinomaan a) säännellyillä markkinoilla; b) monenkeskisissä kaupankäyntijärjestelmissä; c) organisoiduissa kaupankäyntijärjestelmissä; tai d) kolmansien maiden kauppapaikoissa edellyttäen, että komissio on hyväksynyt päätöksen 4 kohdan mukaisesti ja että kyseinen kolmas maa tarjoaa tehokkaan vastaavan järjestelmän sellaisten kauppapaikkojen tunnustamiseksi, joille on annettu direktiivin 2014/65/EU mukaisesti lupa ottaa johdannaisia kaupankäynnin kohteeksi tai käydä kauppaa johdannaisilla, joiden on ilmoitettu kuuluvan kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin kyseisessä kolmannessa maassa ilman yksinoikeutta. 2. Kaupankäyntivelvollisuutta on sovellettava myös 1 kohdassa tarkoitettuihin vastapuoliin, jotka toteuttavat liiketoimia johdannaislajilla, jonka on ilmoitettu kuuluvan kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin, sellaisten kolmansien maiden rahoituslaitosten tai muiden sellaisten kolmansien maiden yhteisöjen kanssa, jotka kuuluisivat määritysvelvollisuuden piiriin, jos ne olisivat sijoittautuneet unioniin. Kaupankäyntivelvollisuutta on sovellettava myös sellaisiin kolmansien maiden yhteisöihin, jotka kuuluisivat määritysvelvollisuuden piiriin, jos ne olisivat sijoittautuneet unioniin, ja jotka toteuttavat liiketoimia johdannaislajilla, jonka on ilmoitettu kuuluvan kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin, edellyttäen, että sopimuksella on suora, merkittävä ja ennakoitavissa oleva vaikutus unionissa tai tällainen velvollisuus on tarpeen tai asianmukainen tämän asetuksen säännösten kiertämisen estämiseksi. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen valvoo säännöllisesti sellaisilla johdannaisilla käytävää kauppaa, joiden ei ole ilmoitettu kuuluvan kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin 1 kohdan mukaisesti, tunnistaakseen tapaukset, joissa tietty sopimuslaji saattaa aiheuttaa järjestelmäriskin, ja estääkseen sääntelyn katvealueiden hyväksikäytön kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin kuuluvien ja kuulumattomien johdannaisten välillä. 3. Johdannaiset, joiden on ilmoitettu kuuluvan kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin 1 kohdan mukaisesti, on voitava ottaa kaupankäynnin kohteeksi säännellyillä markkinoilla tai niillä on voitava käydä kauppaa missä tahansa 1 kohdassa tarkoitetussa kauppapaikassa ilman yksinoikeutta ja syrjimättömästi. 4. Komissio voi hyväksyä 51 artiklan 2 kohdassa tarkoitettua tarkastelumenettelyä noudattaen päätöksiä, joissa todetaan, että kolmannen maan lainsäädäntö- ja valvontakehys antaa varmuuden siitä, että maassa toimiluvan saanut kauppapaikka noudattaa oikeudellisesti sitovia vaatimuksia, jotka vastaavat tämän artiklan 1 kohdan a, b tai c alakohdassa tarkoitetuille kauppapaikoille asetettuja, tästä asetuksesta, direktiivistä 2014/65/EU ja asetuksesta (EU) N:o 596/2014 johtuvia vaatimuksia ja jotka pannaan täytäntöön ja joita valvotaan tehokkaasti kyseisessä kolmannessa maassa. Näiden päätösten ainoana tarkoituksena on kauppapaikan määrittäminen kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden alaisten johdannaisten kauppapaikaksi. Kolmannen maan lainsäädäntö- ja valvontakehystä pidetään vaikutukseltaan vastaavana, jos se täyttää kaikki seuraavat edellytykset: a) kolmannen maan kauppapaikoilla on oltava toimilupa, ja ne ovat jatkuvasti tehokkaan valvonnan ja täytäntöönpanon alaisia; b) kauppapaikoilla on selkeät ja avoimet säännöt rahoitusvälineiden ottamisesta kaupankäynnin kohteeksi, mikä takaa sen, että rahoitusvälineillä voidaan käydä kauppaa hyvää kauppatapaa noudattaen, asianmukaisesti ja tehokkaasti, sekä sen, että ne ovat vapaasti luovutettavissa; c) rahoitusvälineiden liikkeeseenlaskijoihin sovelletaan säännöllistä ja jatkuvaa tiedottamista koskevia vaatimuksia, joilla varmistetaan korkeatasoinen sijoittajansuoja; d) lainsäädäntö- ja valvontakehys varmistaa markkinoiden avoimuuden ja eheyden säännöillä, joilla torjutaan sisäpiirikauppoina ja markkinoiden manipulointina tapahtuvaa markkinoiden väärinkäyttöä. Komission tämän kohdan mukainen päätös voidaan rajoittaa yhteen tai useampaan kauppapaikkatyyppiin. Tässä tapauksessa kolmannen maan kauppapaikka sisällytetään 1 kohdan d alakohdan soveltamisalaan vain jos se on komission päätöksen kattamaa tyyppiä. 5. Jotta voidaan varmistaa tämän artiklan yhdenmukainen soveltaminen, arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa täsmennetään 2 kohdassa tarkoitetut sopimuslajit, joilla on suora, merkittävä ja ennakoitavissa oleva vaikutus unionissa, sekä tapaukset, joissa kaupankäyntivelvollisuus on tarpeen tai asianmukainen tämän asetuksen säännösten kiertämisen estämiseksi. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. Tässä kohdassa tarkoitettujen teknisten sääntelystandardien on mahdollisuuksien mukaan ja kun se on tarkoituksenmukaista vastattava asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 4 artiklan 4 kohdan mukaisesti hyväksyttyjä sääntelystandardeja. 29 artikla Sellaisten johdannaisten määritysvelvollisuus, joilla käydään kauppaa säännellyillä markkinoilla, ja määritettäväksi hyväksymisen määräajat 1. Säänneltyjen markkinoiden ylläpitäjän on varmistettava, että kaikki säännellyillä markkinoilla johdannaisilla toteutettavat liiketoimet annetaan keskusvastapuolen määritettäviksi. 2. Asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 2 artiklan 14 kohdan mukaisesti määritysosapuolina toimivilla keskusvastapuolilla, kauppapaikoilla ja sijoituspalveluyrityksillä on oltava käytössä tehokkaat järjestelmät, menettelyt ja järjestelyt määritettävien johdannaisten osalta sen varmistamiseksi, että määritettävillä johdannaisilla toteutettavat liiketoimet ilmoitetaan ja hyväksytään määritettäviksi niin pian kuin se on teknisesti mahdollista automatisoituja järjestelmiä käyttäen. ’Määritettävillä johdannaisilla’ tarkoitetaan tässä kohdassa a) kaikkia johdannaisia, jotka on määritettävä tämän artiklan 1 kohdan mukaisen määritysvelvollisuuden tai asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 4 artiklan mukaisen määritysvelvollisuuden nojalla; b) kaikkia johdannaisia, jotka asiaan liittyvät osapuolet ovat muulla tavoin hyväksyneet määritettäviksi. 3. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään tässä artiklassa tarkoitettuja järjestelmiä, menettelyjä ja järjestelyjä koskevat vähimmäisvaatimukset, myös hyväksymisen määräajat, ottaen huomioon tarpeen varmistaa operatiivisten tai muiden riskien asianmukainen hallinta. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisella on pysyvä toimivalta laatia uusia teknisiä sääntelystandardeja voimassa olevien teknisten sääntelystandardien saattamiseksi ajan tasalle, jos se katsoo, että tämä on tarpeen alan standardien kehityksen perusteella. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä ja toisessa alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 30 artikla Epäsuorat määritysmenettelyt 1. Pörssilistattuja johdannaisia koskevat epäsuorat määritysmenettelyt voidaan sallia edellyttäen, että menettelyt eivät lisää vastapuoliriskiä ja niillä varmistetaan, että vastapuolen omaisuuseriin ja positioihin sovelletaan suojaa, joka vastaa vaikutukseltaan asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 39 ja 48 artiklassa tarkoitettua suojaa. 2. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään niiden käyttöönotettujen epäsuorien määritysmenettelyjen tyypit, jotka täyttävät 1 kohdassa tarkoitetut edellytykset, varmistaen yhdenmukaisuuden asetuksen (EU) N:o 149/2013 (28) II luvun nojalla vahvistettujen OTC-johdannaisia koskevien säännösten kanssa. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä tässä kohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 31 artikla Sijoitussalkkujen tiivistäminen 1. Kun sijoituspalveluyritykset, markkinoiden ylläpitäjät, keskusvastapuolet ja kauppatietorekisterit suorittavat sijoitussalkkujen tiivistämistä, niihin ei sovelleta direktiivin 2014/65/EU 27 artiklassa säädettyä parasta toteutusta koskevaa velvoitetta, tämän asetuksen 8, 10, 18 ja 21 artiklan mukaisia avoimuusvaatimuksia eikä direktiivin 2014/65/EU 1 artiklan 6 kohdassa säädettyä velvollisuutta. Johdannaissopimusten päättämiseen tai korvaamiseen sijoitussalkun tiivistämiseksi ei sovelleta tämän asetuksen 28 artiklaa. 2. Sijoitussalkkujen tiivistämistä suorittavien sijoituspalveluyritysten ja markkinoiden ylläpitäjien on julkistettava hyväksytyn julkistamisjärjestelyn välityksellä niiden liiketoimien volyymi, joihin sovelletaan sijoitussalkkujen tiivistämistä, sekä niiden toteuttamisajankohdat 10 artiklassa säädettyjen määräaikojen puitteissa. 3. Sijoitussalkkujen tiivistämistä suorittavien sijoituspalveluyritysten ja markkinoiden ylläpitäjien on kirjattava täydelliset ja tarkat tiedot kaikista sijoitussalkkujen tiivistämisistä, joita ne järjestävät tai joihin ne osallistuvat. Nämä tiedot on pyynnöstä asetettava nopeasti asiaankuuluvan toimivaltaisen viranomaisen tai arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen saataville. 4. Komissio voi antaa 50 artiklan mukaisesti delegoituja säädöksiä, joissa määritetään a) sijoitussalkkujen tiivistämisen osatekijät, b) edellä olevan 2 kohdan nojalla julkistettavat tiedot, hyödyntäen mahdollisimman suuressa määrin voimassa olevia tietojen kirjaamista, ilmoittamista tai julkistamista koskevia vaatimuksia. 32 artikla Kaupankäyntivelvollisuusmenettely 1. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään seuraavat seikat: a) millä niistä johdannaislajeista, joiden on ilmoitettu kuuluvan määritysvelvollisuuden piiriin asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 5 artiklan 2 ja 4 kohdan mukaisesti, tai niiden alaryhmistä on käytävä kauppaa tämän asetuksen 28 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetuissa kauppapaikoissa; b) päivämäärä tai päivämäärät, josta alkaen kaupankäyntivelvollisuus tulee voimaan, mukaan lukien mahdollinen siirtymäaika ja niiden vastapuolten ryhmät, joihin velvollisuutta sovelletaan, jos tällaisesta siirtymäajasta ja tällaisista vastapuolten ryhmistä on määrätty teknisissä sääntelystandardeissa asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 5 artiklan 2 kohdan b alakohdan mukaisesti. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle kuuden kuukauden kuluessa siitä, kun komissio on hyväksynyt teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 5 artiklan 2 kohdan mukaisesti. Ennen teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnosten toimittamista komission hyväksyttäviksi arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen järjestää julkisen kuulemisen ja voi tarvittaessa kuulla kolmansien maiden toimivaltaisia viranomaisia. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 2. Jotta kaupankäyntivelvollisuus tulisi voimaan, a) edellä 1 kohdan a alakohdassa tarkoitettu johdannaislaji tai sen alaryhmä on otettava kaupankäynnin kohteeksi tai sillä on käytävä kauppaa vähintään yhdessä 28 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetussa kauppapaikassa, ja b) johdannaislajin tai sen alaryhmän on oltava kolmansien osapuolten riittävän osto- ja myyntihalukkuuden kohteena, jotta tällainen johdannaislaji katsotaan riittävän likvidiksi kaupankäyntiin vain 28 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetuissa kauppapaikoissa. 3. Laatiessaan 1 kohdassa tarkoitettuja teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnoksia arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen katsoo johdannaislajin tai sen alaryhmän riittävän likvidiksi seuraavien perusteiden mukaisesti: a) kauppojen keskimääräinen toteutustiheys ja keskikoko eri markkinaehtojen vallitessa ja ottaen huomioon johdannaislajiin kuuluvien tuotteiden luonne ja elinkaari; b) aktiivisten markkinaosapuolten lukumäärä ja tyyppi, mukaan lukien markkinaosapuolten lukumäärä suhteessa tuotteiden/sopimusten lukumäärään tietyn tuotteen markkinoilla; c) osto- ja myyntihintojen keskimääräinen erotus. Näitä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnoksia laatiessaan arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen ottaa huomioon tämän kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden ennakoidun mahdollisen vaikutuksen johdannaislajin tai sen alaryhmän likviditeettiin ja sellaisten loppukäyttäjien liiketoimintaan, jotka eivät ole rahoitusyhteisöjä. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen määrittelee, onko johdannaislaji tai sen alaryhmä riittävän likvidi ainoastaan tiettyä kokoa pienemmissä liiketoimissa. 4. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen yksilöi ja ilmoittaa komissiolle omasta aloitteestaan 2 kohdassa vahvistettujen perusteiden mukaisesti ja järjestettyään julkisen kuulemisen johdannaislajit tai yksittäiset johdannaissopimukset, joihin olisi sovellettava velvollisuutta käydä kauppaa 28 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetuissa kauppapaikoissa, mutta joita koskevaa toimilupaa mikään keskusvastapuoli ei ole vielä saanut asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 14 tai 15 artiklan mukaisesti, taikka joita ei ole otettu kaupankäynnin kohteeksi tai joilla ei käydä kauppaa 28 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetussa kauppapaikassa. Komissio voi ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetun arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen ilmoituksen jälkeen julkaista ehdotusten laatimista koskevan pyynnön, joka koskee kaupankäyntiä kyseisillä johdannaisilla 28 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetuissa kauppapaikoissa. 5. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa komissiolle 1 kohdan mukaisesti teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset voimassa olevien teknisten sääntelystandardien muuttamiseksi, soveltamisen keskeyttämiseksi tai kumoamiseksi aina, kun 2 kohdassa säädettyjä perusteita muutetaan huomattavasti. Ennen kyseisten luonnosten toimittamista arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen voi tarvittaessa kuulla kolmansien maiden toimivaltaisia viranomaisia. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä tässä kohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 6. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään 2 kohdan b alakohdassa tarkoitetut perusteet. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 33 artikla Menettely päällekkäisten tai ristiriitaisten vaatimusten välttämiseksi 1. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen avustamana komissio seuraa 28 ja 29 artiklassa säädettyjen periaatteiden kansainvälistä soveltamista ja valmistelee asiaa koskevia, Euroopan parlamentille ja neuvostolle vähintään vuosittain annettavia kertomuksia, joissa käsitellään eritoten markkinaosapuolille asetettujen vaatimusten mahdollista päällekkäisyyttä tai ristiriitaisuutta, sekä suosittelee mahdollisia toimia. 2. Komissio voi antaa täytäntöönpanosäädöksiä, joissa todetaan kolmannen maan oikeudellisista, valvonta- ja täytäntöönpanojärjestelyistä seuraavaa: a) ne vastaavat tämän asetuksen 28 ja 29 artiklassa säädettyjä vaatimuksia; b) niillä taataan salassapitovelvollisuus, joka vastaa tämän asetuksen mukaista salassapitovelvollisuutta; c) niitä sovelletaan tehokkaasti ja ne pannaan täytäntöön yhdenvertaisella ja vääristämättömällä tavalla siten, että tehokas valvonta ja täytäntöönpano voidaan varmistaa asianomaisessa kolmannessa maassa. Nämä täytäntöönpanosäädökset hyväksytään 51 artiklassa tarkoitettua tarkastelumenettelyä noudattaen. 3. Edellä 2 kohdassa tarkoitetun vastaavuutta koskevan täytäntöönpanosäädöksen vaikutuksesta vastapuolten, jotka toteuttavat tämän asetuksen soveltamisalaan kuuluvan liiketoimen, katsotaan täyttäneen 28 ja 29 artiklassa säädetyn velvollisuuden, jos ainakin yksi vastapuolista on sijoittautunut kyseiseen kolmanteen maahan ja vastapuolet noudattavat kyseisen kolmannen maan oikeudellisia, valvonta- ja täytäntöönpanojärjestelyjä. 4. Komissio seuraa yhteistyössä arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaisen kanssa, että 28 ja 29 artiklassa säädettyjä vaatimuksia vastaavat vaatimukset pannaan tosiasiallisesti täytäntöön niissä kolmansissa maissa, joiden osalta vastaavuutta koskeva täytäntöönpanosäädös on annettu, ja antaa säännöllisesti ja vähintään vuosittain Euroopan parlamentille ja neuvostolle kertomuksen. Jos kertomuksesta ilmenee, että kolmannen maan viranomaiset soveltavat vastaavia vaatimuksia riittämättömästi tai epäyhtenäisesti, komissio peruuttaa kyseisen kolmannen maan lainsäädäntökehyksen vastaavuuden tunnustamisen 30 kalenteripäivän kuluessa kertomuksen antamisesta. Jos vastaavuutta koskeva täytäntöönpanosäädös kumotaan, vastapuolten liiketoimiin sovelletaan automaattisesti jälleen kaikkia tämän asetuksen 28 ja 29 artiklassa säädettyjä vaatimuksia. 34 artikla Kaupankäyntivelvollisuuden piiriin kuuluvien johdannaisten rekisteri Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee ja ylläpitää verkkosivustollaan rekisteriä, jossa määritetään tyhjentävästi ja yksiselitteisesti johdannaiset, joihin sovelletaan velvollisuutta käydä kauppaa 28 artiklan 1 kohdassa tarkoitetuissa kauppapaikoissa, kauppapaikat, joissa ne otetaan kaupankäynnin kohteeksi tai joissa niillä käydään kauppaa, sekä päivämäärät, joina kaupankäyntivelvollisuus tulee voimaan. VI OSASTO SYRJIMÄTÖN PÄÄSY RAHOITUSVÄLINEIDEN MÄÄRITYSJÄRJESTELMIIN 35 artikla Syrjimätön pääsy keskusvastapuoleen 1. Rajoittamatta asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 7 artiklan soveltamista keskusvastapuolen on suostuttava määrittämään rahoitusvälineitä syrjimättömästi ja avoimesti, myös suhteessa määrityspalvelujärjestelmään pääsyyn liittyviin vakuusvaatimuksiin ja siitä veloitettaviin maksuihin riippumatta siitä, missä kauppapaikassa liiketoimi toteutetaan. Tällä varmistetaan erityisesti se, että kauppapaikalla on oikeus niiden sopimusten syrjimättömään kohteluun, joilla käydään kauppaa kyseisessä kauppapaikassa, seuraavien seikkojen osalta: a) vakuusvaatimukset ja taloudellisesti vastaavien sopimusten nettoutus, kun tällaisten sopimusten sisällyttäminen keskusvastapuolen sulkeutuviin (close-out) ja muihin nettoutusmenettelyihin sovellettavan maksukyvyttömyyslainsäädännön nojalla ei vaaranna näiden menettelyjen moitteetonta ja asianmukaista toimintaa, pätevyyttä tai täytäntöönpanokelpoisuutta; ja b) samassa keskusvastapuolessa määritettävien sopimusten, joiden välillä on merkittävä korrelaatio, vakuuksien ristiinkäyttö asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 41 artiklan säännösten mukaisen riskienhallintamallin puitteissa. Keskusvastapuoli voi vaatia, että kauppapaikassa noudatetaan keskusvastapuolen vahvistamia toiminnallisia ja teknisiä vaatimuksia, riskienhallintavaatimukset mukaan lukien. Tässä kohdassa säädettyä vaatimusta ei sovelleta johdannaissopimuksiin, jotka kuuluvat jo pääsyä koskevien velvollisuuksien piiriin asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 7 artiklan nojalla. Tämän artiklan säännökset eivät sido keskusvastapuolta, jos sillä on läheiset sidokset 36 artiklan 5 kohdan mukaisen ilmoituksen antaneeseen kauppapaikkaan. 2. Kauppapaikan on toimitettava keskusvastapuoleen pääsyä koskeva pyyntö virallisesti keskusvastapuolelle, sen asiaankuuluvalle toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle ja kauppapaikan toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle. Pyynnössä on eriteltävä, minkä tyyppisten rahoitusvälineiden osalta pääsyä haetaan. 3. Keskusvastapuolen on annettava kauppapaikalle kolmen kuukauden kuluessa, kun on kyse siirtokelpoisista arvopapereista ja rahamarkkinavälineistä, ja kuuden kuukauden kuluessa, kun on kyse pörssilistatuista johdannaisista, kirjallinen vastaus, jossa se joko myöntää pääsyn edellyttäen, että asiaankuuluva toimivaltainen viranomainen on myöntänyt pääsyn 4 kohdan mukaisesti, tai epää pääsyn. Keskusvastapuoli voi evätä pääsyä koskevan pyynnön vain 6 kohdan a alakohdassa vahvistetuin edellytyksin. Jos keskusvastapuoli epää pääsyn, sen on esitettävä vastauksessaan kattavat perustelut päätökselleen ja ilmoitettava päätöksestä toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselleen kirjallisesti. Jos kauppapaikka on sijoittautunut eri jäsenvaltioon kuin keskusvastapuoli, keskusvastapuoli antaa tällaisen ilmoituksen perusteluineen myös kauppapaikan toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle. Keskusvastapuolen on mahdollistettava pääsy järjestelmään kolmen kuukauden kuluessa siitä, kun se on antanut myönteisen vastauksen pääsyä koskevaan pyyntöön. 4. Keskusvastapuolen toimivaltainen viranomainen tai kauppapaikan toimivaltainen viranomainen myöntää kauppapaikalle pääsyn keskusvastapuoleen vain silloin, jos pääsy a) ei edellytä yhteentoimivuusjärjestelyä, kun on kyse johdannaisista, jotka eivät ole asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 2 artiklan 7 kohdassa tarkoitettuja OTC-johdannaisia; tai b) ei uhkaa markkinoiden sujuvaa ja moitteetonta toimintaa erityisesti likviditeetin hajaantumisen johdosta eikä vaikuta kielteisesti järjestelmäriskiin. Mikään ensimmäisen alakohdan a alakohdassa säädetystä ei estä pääsyn myöntämistä, kun 2 kohdassa tarkoitetussa pyynnössä edellytetään yhteentoimivuutta ja kauppapaikka ja kaikki ehdotetussa yhteentoimivuusjärjestelyssä osapuolina olevat keskusvastapuolet ovat antaneet suostumuksensa järjestelyyn ja niille riskeille, joille vakiintunut keskusvastapuoli altistuu keskusvastapuolten välisten positioiden johdosta, annetaan vakuudet kolmannessa osapuolessa. Jos pyynnön epääminen perustuu tai osittain perustuu yhteentoimivuusjärjestelyn välttämättömyyteen, kauppapaikka antaa neuvoja keskusvastapuolelle ja ilmoittaa arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle muut keskusvastapuolet, joilla on pääsy kauppapaikkaan, ja arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee nämä tiedot, jotta sijoituspalveluyritykset voivat valita, käyttävätkö ne direktiivin 2014/65/EU 37 artiklan mukaisia oikeuksiaan kyseisten keskusvastapuolten suhteen, helpottaakseen vaihtoehtoisia pääsyjärjestelyjä. Jos toimivaltainen viranomainen epää pääsyn, sen on annettava päätöksensä kahden kuukauden kuluessa 2 kohdassa tarkoitetun pyynnön vastaanottamisesta ja esitettävä toiselle toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle, keskusvastapuolelle ja kauppapaikalle yksityiskohtaiset perustelut, mukaan lukien näyttö, johon päätös perustuu. 5. Kun kyseessä ovat siirtokelpoiset arvopaperit ja rahamarkkinavälineet, vasta perustettu keskusvastapuoli, jolle on myönnetty lupa toimia asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 2 artiklan 1 kohdassa määriteltynä keskusvastapuolena määritysten tekemiseksi asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 17 artiklan nojalla, joka on tunnustettu asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 25 artiklan nojalla tai jolle on myönnetty aiemman kansallisen lupajärjestelmän mukaisesti toimilupa, joka on 2 päivänä heinäkuuta 2014 voimassa alle kolme vuotta, voi ennen 3 päivää tammikuuta 2017 hakea toimivaltaiselta viranomaiseltaan lupaa soveltaa siirtymäjärjestelyä. Toimivaltainen viranomainen voi päättää, että tätä artiklaa ei sovelleta kyseiseen keskusvastapuoleen siirtokelpoisten arvopaperien ja rahamarkkinavälineiden osalta siirtymäkaudella, joka kestää 3 päivään heinäkuuta 2019. Kun tällainen siirtymäkausi hyväksytään, keskusvastapuoli ei voi kyseisen siirtymäjärjestelyn aikana hyödyntää 36 artiklan tai tämän artiklan mukaisia pääsyoikeuksia siirtokelpoisten arvopaperien ja rahamarkkinavälineiden osalta. Toimivaltaisen viranomaisen on ilmoitettava keskusvastapuolen toimivaltaisten viranomaisten kollegion jäsenille ja arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle siirtymäkauden hyväksymisestä. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee luettelon kaikista vastaanottamistaan ilmoituksista. Jos keskusvastapuolella, jolle on hyväksytty tämän kohdan mukainen siirtymäjärjestely, on läheiset sidokset yhteen tai useampaan kauppapaikkaan, nämä kauppapaikat eivät voi kyseisen järjestelyn aikana hyödyntää 36 artiklan tai tämän artiklan mukaisia pääsyoikeuksia siirtokelpoisten arvopaperien ja rahamarkkinavälineiden osalta. Keskusvastapuoli, jolle on myönnetty toimilupa voimaantuloa edeltävien kolmen vuoden aikana, mutta joka muodostetaan sellaisen sulautumisen tai hankinnan avulla, johon osallistuu vähintään yksi keskusvastapuoli, jolle on myönnetty toimilupa ennen tätä kautta, ei voi hakea tämän kohdan mukaista siirtymäjärjestelyä. 6. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään a) erityiset edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä keskusvastapuoli voi evätä pääsyä koskevan pyynnön, mukaan lukien odotettu liiketoimien volyymi, käyttäjien lukumäärä ja tyyppi, järjestelyt operatiivisten riskien ja monimutkaisuuden hallintaa varten tai muut seikat, jotka luovat huomattavia tarpeettomia riskejä; b) edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä pääsy keskusvastapuoleen on myönnettävä ja joihin kuuluvat rahoitusvälineistä niiden kehitysvaiheessa annettujen tietojen luottamuksellisuus sekä määritysmaksujen, vakuusvaatimusten ja vakuusmarginaalin laskemista koskevien toiminnallisten vaatimusten syrjimättömyys ja avoimuus; c) edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä pääsy uhkaisi markkinoiden sujuvaa ja moitteetonta toimintaa tai vaikuttaisi kielteisesti järjestelmäriskiin; d) edellä olevan 5 kohdan mukaisen ilmoituksen antamismenettely; e) edellytykset kauppapaikassa kaupan kohteena olevien sopimusten syrjimättömälle kohtelulle vakuusvaatimusten ja taloudellisesti vastaavien sopimusten nettoutuksen osalta sekä samassa keskusvastapuolessa määritettävien sopimusten, joiden välillä on merkittävä korrelaatio, vakuuksien ristiinkäytön osalta. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 36 artikla Syrjimätön pääsy kauppapaikkaan 1. Rajoittamatta asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 8 artiklan soveltamista kauppapaikan on annettava kauppatietoja syrjimättömästi ja avoimesti, mukaan lukien pääsystä veloitettavat maksut, minkä tahansa sellaisen keskusvastapuolen pyynnöstä, jolle on myönnetty toimilupa tai joka on tunnustettu asetuksella (EU) N:o 648/2012 ja joka on halukas määrittämään rahoitusvälineillä kyseisessä kauppapaikassa toteutettuja liiketoimia. Tätä vaatimusta ei sovelleta johdannaissopimuksiin, jotka kuuluvat jo pääsyä koskevien velvollisuuksien piiriin asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 8 artiklan nojalla. Tämä artikla ei sido kauppapaikkaa, jos sillä on läheiset sidokset keskusvastapuoleen, joka on ilmoittanut soveltavansa siirtymäjärjestelyä 35 artiklan 5 kohdan nojalla. 2. Keskusvastapuolen on toimitettava kauppapaikkaan pääsyä koskeva pyyntö virallisesti kauppapaikalle, sen asiaankuuluvalle toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle ja keskusvastapuolen toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle. 3. Kauppapaikan on annettava keskusvastapuolelle kolmen kuukauden kuluessa, kun on kyse siirtokelpoisista arvopapereista ja rahamarkkinavälineistä, ja kuuden kuukauden kuluessa, kun on kyse pörssilistatuista johdannaisista, kirjallinen vastaus, jossa se joko myöntää pääsyn edellyttäen, että asiaankuuluva toimivaltainen viranomainen on myöntänyt pääsyn 4 kohdan mukaisesti, tai epää pääsyn. Kauppapaikka voi evätä pääsyn vain 6 kohdan a alakohdassa vahvistetuin edellytyksin. Jos kauppapaikka epää pääsyn, sen on esitettävä antamassaan vastauksessa kattavat perustelut päätökselleen ja ilmoitettava päätöksestä kirjallisesti toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselleen. Jos keskusvastapuoli on sijoittautunut eri jäsenvaltioon kuin kauppapaikka, kauppapaikka antaa tällaisen ilmoituksen perusteluineen myös keskusvastapuolen toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle. Kauppapaikan on mahdollistettava pääsy järjestelmään kolmen kuukauden kuluessa siitä, kun se on antanut myönteisen vastauksen pääsyä koskevaan pyyntöön. 4. Kauppapaikan toimivaltainen viranomainen tai keskusvastapuolen toimivaltainen viranomainen myöntää keskusvastapuolelle pääsyn kauppapaikkaan vain silloin, jos pääsy a) ei edellytä yhteentoimivuusjärjestelyä, kun on kyse johdannaisista, jotka eivät ole asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 2 artiklan 7 kohdassa tarkoitettuja OTC-johdannaisia; tai b) ei uhkaa markkinoiden sujuvaa ja moitteetonta toimintaa likviditeetin hajaantumisen johdosta ja kauppapaikalla on käytettävissään asiaankuuluvat mekanismit tällaisen hajaantumisen estämiseksi, eikä pääsy vaikuta kielteisesti järjestelmäriskiin. Mikään ensimmäisen alakohdan a alakohdassa säädetystä ei estä pääsyn myöntämistä, jos 2 kohdassa tarkoitetussa pyynnössä edellytetään yhteentoimivuutta ja kauppapaikka ja kaikki ehdotetussa yhteentoimivuusjärjestelyssä osapuolina olevat keskusvastapuolet ovat antaneet suostumuksensa järjestelyyn ja niille riskeille, joille vakiintunut keskusvastapuoli altistuu keskusvastapuolten välisten positioiden johdosta, annetaan vakuudet kolmannessa osapuolessa. Jos pyynnön epääminen perustuu tai osittain perustuu yhteentoimivuusjärjestelyn välttämättömyyteen, kauppapaikka antaa neuvoja keskusvastapuolelle ja ilmoittaa arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle muut keskusvastapuolet, joilla on pääsy kauppapaikkaan, ja arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee nämä tiedot, jotta sijoituspalveluyritykset voivat valita, käyttävätkö ne direktiivin 2014/65/EU 37 artiklan mukaisia oikeuksiaan kyseisten keskusvastapuolten suhteen, helpottaakseen vaihtoehtoisia pääsyjärjestelyjä. Jos toimivaltainen viranomainen epää pääsyn, sen on annettava päätöksensä kahden kuukauden kuluessa 2 kohdassa tarkoitetun pyynnön vastaanottamisesta ja esitettävä toiselle toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselle, kauppapaikalle ja keskusvastapuolelle yksityiskohtaiset perustelut, mukaan lukien näyttö, johon päätös perustuu. 5. Kun kyseessä ovat pörssilistatut johdannaiset, kauppapaikka, joka jää asiaankuuluvan kynnysarvon alapuolelle tämän asetuksen soveltamisajankohtaa edeltävänä kalenterivuonna, voi ennen tämän asetuksen soveltamisajankohtaa ilmoittaa arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle ja toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselleen haluavansa, että tätä artiklaa ei sovelleta siihen kyseiseen kynnysarvoon sisältyvien pörssilistattujen johdannaisten osalta 30 kuukauden ajan tämän asetuksen soveltamisajankohdasta. Kauppapaikka, joka jää asiaankuuluvan kynnysarvon alapuolelle jokaisena vuonna tuon 30 kuukauden jakson tai seuraavien 30 kuukauden jaksojen aikana, voi jakson päättyessä ilmoittaa arvopaperimarkkinaviranomaiselle ja toimivaltaiselle viranomaiselleen haluavansa, että tätä artiklaa ei edelleenkään sovelleta siihen seuraavien 30 kuukauden aikana. Kun kauppapaikka on antanut tällaisen ilmoituksen, se ei voi sinä aikana, joksi se jättäytyy soveltamisalan ulkopuolelle, hyödyntää 35 artiklan tai tämän artiklan mukaisia pääsyoikeuksia asiaankuuluvaan kynnysarvoon sisältyvien pörssilistattujen johdannaisten osalta. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen julkaisee luettelon kaikista vastaanottamistaan ilmoituksista. Soveltamisalan ulkopuolelle jättäytymisen kynnysarvona on 1 000 000 miljoonan euron kaupankäynnin vuotuinen nimellismäärä. Nimellismäärä ilmoitetaan yhden kerran, ja siihen sisältyvät kaikki pörssilistattuja johdannaisia koskevat liiketoimet, jotka tehdään kauppapaikan sääntöjen mukaisesti. Jos kauppapaikka on osa ryhmää, johon kuuluvilla on läheiset sidokset toisiinsa, kynnysarvo lasketaan laskemalla yhteen ryhmän kaikkien unioniin sijoittautuneiden kauppapaikkojen kaupankäynnin vuotuinen nimellismäärä. Jos tämän kohdan mukaisen ilmoituksen antaneella kauppapaikalla on läheiset sidokset yhteen tai useampaan keskusvastapuoleen, nämä keskusvastapuolet eivät voi sinä aikana, joksi kauppapaikka jättäytyy soveltamisalan ulkopuolelle, hyödyntää 35 artiklan tai tämän artiklan mukaisia pääsyoikeuksia asiaankuuluvaan kynnysarvoon sisältyvien pörssilistattujen johdannaisten osalta. 6. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään a) erityiset edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä kauppapaikka voi evätä pääsyn, mukaan lukien odotettu liiketoimien määrä, käyttäjien lukumäärä, järjestelyt operatiivisten riskien ja monimutkaisuuden hallintaa varten tai muut seikat, jotka luovat huomattavia tarpeettomia riskejä; b) edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä pääsy on myönnettävä ja joihin kuuluvat rahoitusvälineistä niiden kehitysvaiheessa annettujen tietojen luottamuksellisuus sekä pääsystä veloitettavien maksujen syrjimättömyys ja avoimuus; c) edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä pääsy uhkaa markkinoiden sujuvaa ja moitteetonta toimintaa tai vaikuttaisi kielteisesti järjestelmäriskiin; d) edellä olevan 5 kohdan mukaisen ilmoituksen antamismenettely, mukaan lukien lisätiedot nimellismäärän laskemiseksi ja menetelmä, jolla arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen voi tarkistaa volyymien laskemisen ja hyväksyä soveltamisalan ulkopuolelle jättäytymisen. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 37 artikla Syrjimätön pääsy viitearvoihin ja velvollisuus myöntää viitearvojen käyttöoikeus 1. Jos rahoitusvälineen arvo lasketaan viitearvoa käyttäen, henkilön, jolla on omistusoikeuksia viitearvoon, on varmistettava, että keskusvastapuolilla ja kauppapaikoilla on kaupankäyntiä ja määrittämistä varten syrjimätön mahdollisuus saada a) asiaankuuluvat hintatiedot ja muut kauppatiedot sekä tiedot kyseisen viitearvon koostumuksesta, laatimismenetelmistä ja hinnoittelusta määrittämistä ja kaupankäyntiä varten; ja b) käyttöoikeudet. Käyttöoikeus, johon sisältyy pääsy tietoihin, on myönnettävä tasapuolisin, kohtuullisin ja syrjimättömin perustein kolmen kuukauden kuluessa keskusvastapuolen tai kauppapaikan pyynnön esittämisestä. Pääsy on annettava kohtuulliseen kaupalliseen hintaan ottaen huomioon hinta, jolla pääsy viitearvoihin tai immateriaalioikeuksien käyttöoikeus myönnetään, vastaavin ehdoin toiselle keskusvastapuolelle, kauppapaikoille tai muille asianomaisille henkilöille määrittämistä ja kaupankäyntiä varten. Eri keskusvastapuolilta, kauppapaikoilta tai muilta asianomaisilta henkilöiltä voidaan periä eri hintoja ainoastaan, jos se on objektiivisesti perusteltua ottaen huomioon kohtuulliset kaupalliset perusteet, kuten pyydetty määrä, soveltamisala tai käyttöalue. 2. Jos 3 päivän tammikuuta 2017 jälkeen laaditaan uusi viitearvo, velvollisuus myöntää käyttöoikeus alkaa viimeistään 30 kuukauden kuluttua siitä, kun rahoitusvälineellä, jonka arvon laskemisessa viitearvoa käytetään, alettiin tehdä kauppaa tai kun se otettiin kaupankäynnin kohteeksi. Kun henkilö, jolla on omistusoikeuksia uuteen viitearvoon, omistaa olemassa olevan viitearvon, kyseisen henkilön on osoitettava uuden viitearvon täyttävän kaikki seuraavat perusteet olemassa oleviin viitearvoihin verrattuna: a) uusi viitearvo ei ole pelkkä kopio tai mukaelma jostain olemassa olevasta viitearvosta, ja uutta viitearvoa laadittaessa on käytetty merkittävässä määrin erilaisia menetelmiä ja tietoja kuin olemassa olevia viitearvoja laadittaessa; ja b) uudella viitearvolla ei korvata olemassa olevaa viitearvoa. Tällä kohdalla ei rajoiteta kilpailusääntöjen eikä etenkään Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen 101 ja 102 artiklan soveltamista. 3. Yksikään keskusvastapuoli, kauppapaikka tai muu asianomainen yhteisö ei saa tehdä viitearvon tarjoajan kanssa sopimusta, joka a) estäisi toista keskusvastapuolta tai kauppapaikkaa saamasta pääsyä 1 kohdassa tarkoitettuihin tietoihin tai oikeuksiin; tai b) estäisi toista keskusvastapuolta tai kauppapaikkaa saamasta käyttöoikeuksia 1 kohdassa tarkoitetulla tavalla. 4. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen laatii luonnokset teknisiksi sääntelystandardeiksi, joissa määritetään a) käyttöoikeuden perusteella annettavat tiedot, jotka asetetaan saataville 1 kohdan a alakohdan nojalla keskusvastapuolen tai kauppapaikan yksinomaista käyttöä varten; b) muut edellytykset, joiden täyttyessä pääsy myönnetään, mukaan lukien annettavien tietojen luottamuksellisuus; c) ohjeet viitearvon uutuuden osoittamisesta 2 kohdan a ja b alakohdan mukaisesti. Arvopaperimarkkinaviranomainen toimittaa nämä teknisten sääntelystandardien luonnokset komissiolle viimeistään 3 päivänä heinäkuuta 2015. Siirretään komissiolle valta hyväksyä ensimmäisessä alakohdassa tarkoitetut tekniset sääntelystandardit asetuksen (EU) N:o 1095/2010 10–14 artiklan mukaisesti. 38 artikla Kolmannen maan keskusvastapuolien ja kauppapaikkojen pääsyoikeudet 1. Kolmanteen maahan sijoittautunut kauppapaikka voi pyytää pääsyä unioniin sijoittautuneeseen keskusvastapuoleen vain silloin, jos komissio on hyväksynyt 28 artiklan 4 kohdan mukaisesti päätöksen, joka koskee kyseistä kolmatta maata. Kolmanteen maahan sijoittautunut keskusvastapuoli voi pyytää pääsyä unionin kauppapaikkaan edellyttäen, että kyseinen keskusvastapuoli tunnustetaan asetuksen (EU) N:o 648/2012 25 artiklan nojalla. Kolmanteen maahan sijoittautuneet keskusvastapuolet ja kauppapaikat voivat hyödyntää 35 ja 36 artiklan mukaisia pääsyoikeuksia vain silloin, jos komissio on hyväksynyt 3 kohdan mukaisesti päätöksen, jonka mukaan kolmannen maan lainsäädäntö- ja valvontakehyksen katsotaan tarjoavan tehokkaan vastaavan järjestelmän, jolla ulkomaisten järjestelmien mukaisesti toimiluvan saaneille keskusvastapuolille ja kauppapaikoille myönnetään pääsy kyseiseen kolmanteen maahan sijoittautuneisiin keskusvastapuoliin ja kauppapaikkoihin. 2. | 37,600 |
https://github.com/saurabh241930/PPTS2/blob/master/node_modules/cloudinary/lib/uploader.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | PPTS2 | saurabh241930 | JavaScript | Code | 2,087 | 6,229 | (function() {
var Chunkable, EncodeFieldPart, EncodeFilePart, Q, TEXT_PARAMS, UploadStream, Writable, _, build_upload_params, call_api, call_context_api, call_tags_api, config, fs, https, path, post, util, utils,
extend = function(child, parent) { for (var key in parent) { if (hasProp.call(parent, key)) child[key] = parent[key]; } function ctor() { this.constructor = child; } ctor.prototype = parent.prototype; child.prototype = new ctor(); child.__super__ = parent.prototype; return child; },
hasProp = {}.hasOwnProperty;
_ = require("lodash");
config = require("./config");
if (config().upload_prefix && config().upload_prefix.slice(0, 5) === 'http:') {
https = require('http');
} else {
https = require('https');
}
UploadStream = require('./upload_stream');
utils = require("./utils");
util = require("util");
fs = require('fs');
path = require('path');
Q = require('q');
Writable = require("stream").Writable;
build_upload_params = function(options) {
return utils.build_upload_params(options);
};
exports.unsigned_upload_stream = function(upload_preset, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return exports.upload_stream(callback, utils.merge(options, {
unsigned: true,
upload_preset: upload_preset
}));
};
exports.upload_stream = function(callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return exports.upload(null, callback, _.extend({
stream: true
}, options));
};
exports.unsigned_upload = function(file, upload_preset, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return exports.upload(file, callback, utils.merge(options, {
unsigned: true,
upload_preset: upload_preset
}));
};
exports.upload = function(file, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("upload", callback, options, function() {
var params;
params = build_upload_params(options);
if ((file != null) && file.match(/^ftp:|^https?:|^s3:|^data:[^;]*;base64,([a-zA-Z0-9\/+\n=]+)$/)) {
return [
params, {
file: file
}
];
} else {
return [params, {}, file];
}
});
};
exports.upload_large = function(path, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
if ((path != null) && path.match(/^https?:/)) {
return exports.upload(path, callback, options);
} else {
return exports.upload_chunked(path, callback, _.extend({
resource_type: 'raw'
}, options));
}
};
exports.upload_chunked = function(path, callback, options) {
var file_reader, out_stream;
file_reader = fs.createReadStream(path);
out_stream = exports.upload_chunked_stream(callback, options);
return file_reader.pipe(out_stream);
};
Chunkable = (function(superClass) {
extend(Chunkable, superClass);
function Chunkable(options) {
var ref;
this.chunk_size = (ref = options.chunk_size) != null ? ref : 20000000;
this.buffer = new Buffer(0);
this.active = true;
Chunkable.__super__.constructor.call(this, options);
this.on('finish', (function(_this) {
return function() {
if (_this.active) {
return _this.emit('ready', _this.buffer, true, function() {});
}
};
})(this));
}
Chunkable.prototype._write = function(data, encoding, done) {
var grab;
if (!this.active) {
return done();
}
if (this.buffer.length + data.length <= this.chunk_size) {
this.buffer = Buffer.concat([this.buffer, data], this.buffer.length + data.length);
return done();
} else {
grab = this.chunk_size - this.buffer.length;
this.buffer = Buffer.concat([this.buffer, data.slice(0, grab)], this.buffer.length + grab);
return this.emit('ready', this.buffer, false, (function(_this) {
return function(active) {
_this.active = active;
if (_this.active) {
_this.buffer = data.slice(grab);
return done();
}
};
})(this));
}
};
return Chunkable;
})(Writable);
exports.upload_large_stream = function(_unused_, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return exports.upload_chunked_stream(callback, _.extend({
resource_type: 'raw'
}, options));
};
exports.upload_chunked_stream = function(callback, options) {
var chunk_size, chunker, params, ref, sent;
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
options = _.extend({}, options, {
stream: true
});
options.x_unique_upload_id = utils.random_public_id();
params = build_upload_params(options);
chunk_size = (ref = options.chunk_size) != null ? ref : options.part_size;
chunker = new Chunkable({
chunk_size: chunk_size
});
sent = 0;
chunker.on('ready', function(buffer, is_last, done) {
var chunk_start, finished_part, stream;
chunk_start = sent;
sent += buffer.length;
options.content_range = util.format("bytes %d-%d/%d", chunk_start, sent - 1, is_last ? sent : -1);
finished_part = function(result) {
if ((result.error != null) || is_last) {
if (typeof callback === "function") {
callback(result);
}
return done(false);
} else {
return done(true);
}
};
stream = call_api("upload", finished_part, options, function() {
return [params, {}, buffer];
});
return stream.write(buffer, 'buffer', function() {
return stream.end();
});
});
return chunker;
};
exports.explicit = function(public_id, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("explicit", callback, options, function() {
return utils.build_explicit_api_params(public_id, options);
});
};
exports.create_archive = function(callback, options, target_format) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
if (target_format == null) {
target_format = null;
}
return call_api("generate_archive", callback, options, function() {
var opt;
opt = utils.archive_params(options);
if (target_format) {
opt.target_format = target_format;
}
return [opt];
});
};
exports.create_zip = function(callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return exports.create_archive(callback, options, "zip");
};
exports.destroy = function(public_id, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("destroy", callback, options, function() {
return [
{
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
type: options.type,
invalidate: options.invalidate,
public_id: public_id
}
];
});
};
exports.rename = function(from_public_id, to_public_id, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("rename", callback, options, function() {
return [
{
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
type: options.type,
from_public_id: from_public_id,
to_public_id: to_public_id,
overwrite: options.overwrite,
invalidate: options.invalidate,
to_type: options.to_type
}
];
});
};
TEXT_PARAMS = ["public_id", "font_family", "font_size", "font_color", "text_align", "font_weight", "font_style", "background", "opacity", "text_decoration"];
exports.text = function(text, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("text", callback, options, function() {
var j, k, len, params;
params = {
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
text: text
};
for (j = 0, len = TEXT_PARAMS.length; j < len; j++) {
k = TEXT_PARAMS[j];
if (options[k] != null) {
params[k] = options[k];
}
}
return [params];
});
};
exports.generate_sprite = function(tag, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("sprite", callback, options, function() {
var transformation;
transformation = utils.generate_transformation_string(_.extend({}, options, {
fetch_format: options.format
}));
return [
{
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
tag: tag,
transformation: transformation,
async: options.async,
notification_url: options.notification_url
}
];
});
};
exports.multi = function(tag, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("multi", callback, options, function() {
var transformation;
transformation = utils.generate_transformation_string(_.extend({}, options));
return [
{
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
tag: tag,
transformation: transformation,
format: options.format,
async: options.async,
notification_url: options.notification_url
}
];
});
};
exports.explode = function(public_id, callback, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("explode", callback, options, function() {
var transformation;
transformation = utils.generate_transformation_string(_.extend({}, options));
return [
{
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
public_id: public_id,
transformation: transformation,
format: options.format,
type: options.type,
notification_url: options.notification_url
}
];
});
};
exports.add_tag = function(tag, public_ids, callback, options) {
var command, exclusive;
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
exclusive = utils.option_consume("exclusive", options);
command = exclusive ? "set_exclusive" : "add";
return call_tags_api(tag, command, public_ids, callback, options);
};
exports.remove_tag = function(tag, public_ids, callback, options) {
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_tags_api(tag, "remove", public_ids, callback, options);
};
exports.remove_all_tags = function(public_ids, callback, options) {
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_tags_api(null, "remove_all", public_ids, callback, options);
};
exports.replace_tag = function(tag, public_ids, callback, options) {
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_tags_api(tag, "replace", public_ids, callback, options);
};
call_tags_api = function(tag, command, public_ids, callback, options) {
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api("tags", callback, options, function() {
var params;
params = {
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
public_ids: utils.build_array(public_ids),
command: command,
type: options.type
};
if (tag != null) {
params.tag = tag;
}
return [params];
});
};
exports.add_context = function(context, public_ids, callback, options) {
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_context_api(context, 'add', public_ids, callback, options);
};
exports.remove_all_context = function(public_ids, callback, options) {
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_context_api(null, 'remove_all', public_ids, callback, options);
};
call_context_api = function(context, command, public_ids, callback, options) {
if (public_ids == null) {
public_ids = [];
}
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return call_api('context', callback, options, function() {
var params;
params = {
timestamp: utils.timestamp(),
public_ids: utils.build_array(public_ids),
command: command,
type: options.type
};
if (context != null) {
params.context = utils.encode_context(context);
}
return [params];
});
};
call_api = function(action, callback, options, get_params) {
var api_url, boundary, deferred, error, file, handle_response, j, key, len, params, post_data, ref, result, unsigned_params, v, value;
deferred = Q.defer();
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
ref = get_params.call(), params = ref[0], unsigned_params = ref[1], file = ref[2];
params = utils.process_request_params(params, options);
params = _.extend(params, unsigned_params);
api_url = utils.api_url(action, options);
boundary = utils.random_public_id();
error = false;
handle_response = function(res) {
var buffer, error_obj;
if (error) {
} else if (res.error) {
error = true;
deferred.reject(res);
return typeof callback === "function" ? callback(res) : void 0;
} else if (_.includes([200, 400, 401, 404, 420, 500], res.statusCode)) {
buffer = "";
res.on("data", function(d) {
return buffer += d;
});
res.on("end", function() {
var e, result;
if (error) {
return;
}
try {
result = JSON.parse(buffer);
} catch (error1) {
e = error1;
result = {
error: {
message: "Server return invalid JSON response. Status Code " + res.statusCode
}
};
}
if (result["error"]) {
result["error"]["http_code"] = res.statusCode;
}
if (result.error) {
deferred.reject(result.error);
} else {
deferred.resolve(result);
}
return typeof callback === "function" ? callback(result) : void 0;
});
return res.on("error", function(e) {
error = true;
deferred.reject(e);
return typeof callback === "function" ? callback({
error: e
}) : void 0;
});
} else {
error_obj = {
error: {
message: "Server returned unexpected status code - " + res.statusCode,
http_code: res.statusCode
}
};
deferred.reject(error_obj.error);
return typeof callback === "function" ? callback(error_obj) : void 0;
}
};
post_data = [];
for (key in params) {
value = params[key];
if (_.isArray(value)) {
for (j = 0, len = value.length; j < len; j++) {
v = value[j];
post_data.push(new Buffer(EncodeFieldPart(boundary, key + "[]", v), 'utf8'));
}
} else if (utils.present(value)) {
post_data.push(new Buffer(EncodeFieldPart(boundary, key, value), 'utf8'));
}
}
result = post(api_url, post_data, boundary, file, handle_response, options);
if (_.isObject(result)) {
return result;
} else {
return deferred.promise;
}
};
post = function(url, post_data, boundary, file, callback, options) {
var file_header, filename, finish_buffer, headers, i, j, post_options, post_request, ref, ref1, timeout, upload_stream;
finish_buffer = new Buffer("--" + boundary + "--", 'ascii');
if ((file != null) || options.stream) {
filename = options.stream ? "file" : path.basename(file);
file_header = new Buffer(EncodeFilePart(boundary, 'application/octet-stream', 'file', filename), 'binary');
}
post_options = require('url').parse(url);
headers = {
'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=' + boundary,
'User-Agent': utils.getUserAgent()
};
if (options.content_range != null) {
headers['Content-Range'] = options.content_range;
}
if (options.x_unique_upload_id != null) {
headers['X-Unique-Upload-Id'] = options.x_unique_upload_id;
}
post_options = _.extend(post_options, {
method: 'POST',
headers: headers
});
if (options.agent != null) {
post_options.agent = options.agent;
}
post_request = https.request(post_options, callback);
upload_stream = new UploadStream({
boundary: boundary
});
upload_stream.pipe(post_request);
timeout = false;
post_request.on("error", function(e) {
if (timeout) {
return callback({
error: {
message: "Request Timeout",
http_code: 499
}
});
} else {
return callback({
error: e
});
}
});
post_request.setTimeout((ref = options.timeout) != null ? ref : 60000, function() {
timeout = true;
return post_request.abort();
});
for (i = j = 0, ref1 = post_data.length - 1; 0 <= ref1 ? j <= ref1 : j >= ref1; i = 0 <= ref1 ? ++j : --j) {
post_request.write(post_data[i]);
}
if (options.stream) {
post_request.write(file_header);
return upload_stream;
} else if (file != null) {
post_request.write(file_header);
fs.createReadStream(file).on('error', function(error) {
callback({
error: error
});
return post_request.abort();
}).pipe(upload_stream);
} else {
post_request.write(finish_buffer);
post_request.end();
}
return true;
};
EncodeFieldPart = function(boundary, name, value) {
var return_part;
return_part = "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
return_part += "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + name + "\"\r\n\r\n";
return_part += value + "\r\n";
return return_part;
};
EncodeFilePart = function(boundary, type, name, filename) {
var return_part;
return_part = "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
return_part += "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + name + "\"; filename=\"" + filename + "\"\r\n";
return_part += "Content-Type: " + type + "\r\n\r\n";
return return_part;
};
exports.direct_upload = function(callback_url, options) {
var api_url, params;
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
params = build_upload_params(_.extend({
callback: callback_url
}, options));
params = utils.process_request_params(params, options);
api_url = utils.api_url("upload", options);
return {
hidden_fields: params,
form_attrs: {
action: api_url,
method: "POST",
enctype: "multipart/form-data"
}
};
};
exports.upload_tag_params = function(options) {
var params;
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
params = build_upload_params(options);
params = utils.process_request_params(params, options);
return JSON.stringify(params);
};
exports.upload_url = function(options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
if (options.resource_type == null) {
options.resource_type = "auto";
}
return utils.api_url("upload", options);
};
exports.image_upload_tag = function(field, options) {
var html_options, ref, tag_options;
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
html_options = (ref = options.html) != null ? ref : {};
tag_options = _.extend({
type: "file",
name: "file",
"data-url": exports.upload_url(options),
"data-form-data": exports.upload_tag_params(options),
"data-cloudinary-field": field,
"data-max-chunk-size": options.chunk_size,
"class": [html_options["class"], "cloudinary-fileupload"].join(" ")
}, html_options);
return '<input ' + utils.html_attrs(tag_options) + '/>';
};
exports.unsigned_image_upload_tag = function(field, upload_preset, options) {
if (options == null) {
options = {};
}
return exports.image_upload_tag(field, utils.merge(options, {
unsigned: true,
upload_preset: upload_preset
}));
};
}).call(this);
//# sourceMappingURL=uploader.js.map
| 25,515 |
bim_eighteenth-century_a-new-dictionary-of-the-_kenrick-w-william_1773_87 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,773 | A new dictionary of the English language: containing, not only the explanation of words, ... but likewise, their orthoepia or pronunciation ... To which is prefixed, a rhetorical grammar; ... By William Kenrick, LL.D. 1773 | Kenrick, W. (William) | English | Spoken | 5,964 | 10,041 | Qui 'gTUDE—Qyt-:-TUDE. / "A Leide, Br. from fuel. Reust; 11 rag; tranquillity. en Qui L Oui 1. J. The hard and — 5 feacker 61 the wing, of which pens are made. The instrument of writing.—Prick or dart of a porcupine.— Reed on which weavers wind their threads. — The instrument with which musicians strike their e Qui LLET. 3. [guidlibet, Latin.] Subtilty; ANT 5 fraudulent things. A word little used.. Qui 11 —Ovibr. u. 2 [covenant, Fr. kulcht, Dutch; hoy cita, culcitra, Latin.] A cover made by stitching one cloth over another with some soft substance between them. To Qui. v. a. [from the noun.] To stitch one cloth upon another with something soft between them. Quince — Quince. 2. J. lain, Fr. OO Oman. The tree.— The fruit. 1 TE QUINCY— QUIN-CUNX, 1. J. [Latin.] A ever in order in a plantation of trees, disposed originally in a quare, consisting of five trees, one at each corner, and a sich in the middle, which disposition, repeated again and again, forms a Quince — Quince. 2. J. lain, Fr. OO Oman. The tree.— The fruit. Regular grove, wood or wilderneſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſ� Qu1'nT. . J. [quint, pr.) A fer of fre. 8 QUT NTESSE'NCE—QUINT-ES-SENCE. n. C [quinta | Mey; Latin.) A fifth being. The ancient philoſophers | {uppoſed fire, air, earth and water to be the four elements, of which all earthly things were compounded, and. the hea- vens were a guinteſſence or fifth ſort of body, diſtin from all theſe, —An extract trom any thing, — all its virtues in a ſmall quantity. en” 15 8181 Qu1'NTESSE esel a4; lien quinreſſence. ] tay of quinteflence. Qu1'ntyu? 71 1. J r ce Latin.] Fivefold. Qur'y. 1. V, [derived, by the et) = from 27 4 A ſharp jeſt; a taunt; a ſarcaſm, - To. Quit. v. a, To rely with bitter ſarcaſms. i . T. l ö the ſervice is üg e, Fr 5 4 bade Tee $ _ fiſting of twenty-four ſheets, _ riss Fx. „. [from gr re]. | Choriſter; ſings arenen r _ vi ine ſervice.” - ; th one who - Quins — _ wink. Fr of this word 1. we dy tional derivation:}. « ſharp fe. Smart al — Subeiſey; l ; aa difinAion,—Look light tune. nf 170 Qur r lr. . a, part. paſt. quit ; pret. Ih quit or quitted. [quiter, Fr: quitare, Italian; quitar, 8 we o diſcharge an obligation; to make eyen.— To 8 Tn To carry through; to diſcharge; to perform. ro d * himſelf of an affair. To be to requite. ro Vacate 15 Uigations To pay ahy obligation; to clear a debt; © be tantamount.¶ Contracted Go” acquit.) To abſolye; t 0 abandon; to forlake.—T's reſign; to Qu TCHGRA' 9 2. J. [epice, Sax, ] Dog graſs, pu. Qui r- ITE. adv. Completely; perſedily. N Qui TRENT. 2. % [quit and rent. Small rent reserved, - QUITS, inter. 1 guit,] An exclamation used when any Thing is Tepaid and the to a great distance to a certain point, — The discourse of the ancients is sometimes called in English guoit, but, according to Mr. Johnson, improperly; the game of quoits is a game of skill; the discourse was only a trial of strength, as among us to throw the 0 0 0 To Quorr, v. 2. If from the noun J, To throw quots; to play at quoits. n | To Worr. v. a = throw. DAM a | INDIAN: QUON:DAM. las.) Having been formerly. A. en word. QUO RUM—: SO RUM. 1. To Latin: A benefit Justices; such a number of officers as is likely to be Buenos Aires. W 4 270 har; a. Quo N po- 4 5 be Law] A 14 proportion as a See to each. 12 | A. 4; The 8 ion —W6-ra-rrom. n. J. [frow qo 2 N 2 $ L 3 2 *. : * 5 ” a. 4 2 p * 4 | 92 wi g 1 * x 9 4 yy 4 : * * * 3 * 1 1 ” N 4 7 ” o 7 L : 1 2 . — p " * at. |. tg "_ S 8 5 5 f J * ":1-nce of illustration? | | R as ev 1 e ee ee ee, To QUOTE: UOTE. v. 4. [quiter, Fr.] To cite „ guthor or passage of po, Ger to adduce by way of an 4 * + 7 * \ h I * #- 4 8 SW LS a ration the words of another. | born Wort. "werb"imperſe2. [this is only part of Fun, Saxon, Fetained in English, and i now only vſed 5 * f. . of 8 * . E * 1 o — m * 3 ** f F N WS K wort. "werb"imperſe2. [this is only part of Fun, Saxon, Fetained in English, and i now only vſed 5 * f. . of 8 * . E * 1 o — m * 3 ** f F N WS K wort. Ly 4 a F = * Guotidianus, Latin, Dian fever; a fever which returns every day. F * - N . — 0 1 « — - * F * 7 - 6 : a * F * 5 * * 4 * Ce ” #5 = by. * : 15 +, } AS43407 * i tes tools 4 28. F "+ BS 15 15 Tr 2 7 0 1. | "Ty.? * UOTY DIAN— DU0-TID=1-AN. adj. [quotidien, Fren, Daily; happening every day, F. Quor I'DIAN. 2. pA | febris quotidiana, Latin,] "A quoti- Bay et enn 2 8 * T : 13 yok S. K Ws / % #4 | 4 1 Quvo'TtIE2NT — 2y0-TIENT.. %. [quotient, Fr. guoties, Latin. ]. In arithmetick, guofient is the number produced by the division of the two given numbers the one by the 3 3 nn , I ludicrous language.] * Al I, ſay Lor said I; -guoth he; other. | | i a k 4 a E. 7 OAT 1 pe ; — ; 4 8 1 | L ˙ ge OM DREROT'Y © (Pe x" FTA | | ; 7 LN 33 1 3 5 ; EY N 3 | | 10 f 7 — g x * T* | } |.. . drome 36.0 7 an” E U 4 „ Ae] 5 Ts 4 Js called the canine letter, because it is uttered with ſome resemblance to the Growl or squar of a cur: it has one constant sound in English, such as it has in other languages; As red, rose, more: in words derived from the Greek, it is followed, by an h, as rhapody: 15 never mute, unless the second r may be accounted mute, where two r are used; as in myrrh. To Raspberries — Rap-BET. v. a. [rabble, rabble, Fr.] To pare down pieces of wood so as to fit one another, two pieces so that they wrap over one another. ning het Cul RACEHORSE, n. J. [race and horse.] Horse bred to run for prizes, | „„. 5 contends in speed, - | oa lity of being racy, | lachen Rex. 1. „ [racke, Dutch, from racken, to An engine to torture Torture; extreme pain, — A kl Instrument by which extension is performed, —A distance; (#3 » RABE. 1. / [from the verb.] A joint made by paring 1. J. [robbe, mee, Dutch.] A NEEER— RAC-ER. n. J [from race. ] Runner; one that (Rel „ Than St 235. 04 525 Ra CINESS—Ra-CINE, 2.. [from racy.] The quantity N + are driven by the wind. hnacca, the occiput, Sax. racca, Iſlandick, hinges or joints.] A neck of mutton cut for the table.—A grate.—A wooden grate in which hay is placed for cattle. —Arrack; a spirituous liquor. See Arrack. To Rack. v. 2. [from the noun.] To stream as clouds before the wind. 07 orien dat Ges To Rack. v. a. [from the noun.] To torment by the rack.—To torment; To harraves. To harraves by exaction. To force to performance. To stretch; to extend. To defecate; to draw off from the lees. I know not whence this word is derived in this sense; rein, German, is clear, pure, whence our word to rise; this is perhaps of the same race. Racxzr—Racr-ar.. /. [of uncertain derivation; M. Caſaubon derives it, after his custom, from eayia, the daſh or fluctuation against the shore. ]—An irregular clatter-ing noise. A confused talk, in burlesque language. —Ra-quets, Fren.] The instrument which players strike the ball. When perhaps all the other senses of this word. Ra-cxoon. n./. A New England animal, like a badger, having a tail like a fox, being cloathed with a thick and deep fur: it sleeps in the daytime in a hollow tree, and goes out a night, when the moon shines, to feed on the sea side, where it is hunted by dogs. RA-CY. aj. (perhaps from rayx, Spanish, a root.] Strong; flavorous; tasting of the foil. RA-DIANT—RA-DI-ANCE. 2. J [radiare, Lat.] Sparkling luſtre; glitter. RADIANT —Ra-DI-ANT. adj. emit rays; to shine; to shine; to shine. Ra-DIATED. adj. [radiatus, Lat.] Adorned with rays. An en 10 A.M. RA DIA TIN —Ra-DI-4a-TION. J. 1[radiatio, Latin; from a center every way. 4 radiation, Fr.) Beamy luſtre; emiſſion of rays. Emiſſion Fa radix, N | 5 F RA DICAL RAD. IC. Al. adj. [ratical, Fren, from — — — 5 PÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ 3 ws! x * b I * q = , * 8 8 : on 1 {| \ iF iN 8. N 47 is & r 1 17 3 g. 5 2 = vt + 7 7 17 * + 0 71 7 6 2 _ 15 1 *. * 15 N JR. 15 2 4 SS BY $ D N 1 1 Wa 4 =_ bl I 7 R 4 1 \ 1 3: 1 = „ born: wk ov 7. aw —— — — — — 2 * * 8 > => 2 n = : * > F * - F 55 2 : r : —— — — E : Wn 5 » 0 we _— ode > . - W 8 S 8 3 7 2 TS : 8 2 = — — — _ _— Ps —_ > 8 — 2 — - — i. 2 Nee =D er - "EI a — J — TY N — == ee Ca. ̃˙ ü rrinnns vn ne re — eee * —_ a == —_— ha © 5 q — — 7 2 2 r * —. P 2 not 5 F * : = 9 — — * 3 z:-õ —Pb = = gs PA od - G _ l l G a 8 7 0 — r _—_— "” Do —_— 5 2 * 1 — 222 * A - — 6 — —— c——— — 5 — — — een n 0 4 pl 4 4 1 — Q _ = . 2 4 — 4 - 1 - me 24 _ _ _-_ - „, 1 K Ges K = * ds * 4 — » == © 2 A o _ : 7 — * 5 * — — Mm - PONY��- - - * - — — 3 — — 4-77 — — - 2222 _— 2 — LES —— A — — * ad — ——’ͤ ů— 77 2 2 — 25 1 9 ” 2 = — — 5 —— = yu — « * = * 242 os C — 5 a * — 8; ©. oats - AAA II "” 2 25 444 K 42. 8 F ; I * 2» p — - It Lat.) Primitive 3 origins, — by nature, -- Serving to origination. 11 1 - Rapacity — Rapacity — Rapacity. Originatios. 1.487 1. [from radial] TRADICATION, #./. : [from radical] The state of being radical. 12 det To RADICATE—RAD L.CATE.. a. [radicatus, from radix, Lat.] To root; to plant deeply and firmly. RADICATION. 2. / [radication, Fr. from radicate.] The add of fixing deep. TRADICATION - RAP--cLE. 2... [radicale, Fr. from radix, Lat.] That part of the seed of a plant, which, upon its beam, by which they are connected: © {crops beams supported with points, vegetation, becomes its root, RADIUS—RAP-DISTINUS, or vulgarly R-. 1. J. 85 dic, Sax. radis, * Er. raphanus, Lat.] A not. RADIUS—RAP-DI-US. ». // [Latin,] The semidiameter of a citele.— A bone of the fore-arm, which accompanies the ulna. Fam the elbow to the wrist. 4491 RADIUS—RAP-DI-US. d. 4. To sweep; to poll; to take hastily without distinction. To RAP-Pry V. 2. IN to Aan, Br.) To cast dice for a Prize, for which every one lays down a stake. RADIUS—RAP-DI-US. LE... [raft. from the verb.] A eee of game or lottery, in which many take a small part of the value of some single piece in consideration of a chance to gain it. See e. [probably from ratis, Latin.] 7 Frame or float made by laying pieces of timber cross each other. Rear part. part. part. of Moe Or raff. Spence. Torn; rent. RAFTERED, adj. [from rafler.] Built with rafters. RAG—RAG. n. . [Ppacode, torn, Saxon; g. 7 A piece of cloth torn from the reſt; a tatter.— Any thisg rent and tattered ; worn out cloaths.—A fragment of dreſs. Ra'canu” PFIN. . . * rag. and I know not what elſe.] Nies NINE. 1. J. [rage, Fr.] violent anger; ve- hement fury. <Vehemehee or exacerbation of any thing . painful. _ | To Race. wv. 2. [from the noun, ]. Ta, be in fory:; to be heated with exceflive anger.—To ravage; to exerciſe : fury.—To-a&t with miſchievous impetuolity. Ra caruL —RAGE-PUL. adj. rage and full) Furious; ; violent. 13 RAG 2 — R- ED. ters. — Uneven ; cooling. a parts aimoſt diſunited,— Dreſſed in tatters.— Rugged; not ſmooth, RacogDNESss. 2. /. [from ragged.) State of being dreſſed in tatters. a | | 12 15 15 RA GINGLY— RAG-ANG-LY. adv. {from RF With | -vehement fury. 11 15 5 "i374 > eto RADICALLY». « adv. [from ; radical. 1 Originally ; * Priwi- | 1 7. ] Veſture; P now - little uſed but 1 in poetry. ; —1 Rains, | the clouds. cirele of various colours which appears in ſhowery weather, ſledges through the ſnow. from ſprings, but falling adj. [from rag. ] Rent into tat- -The fruit of the vine ſuffered to remain on the tree deals in rags. RAO en 1 7 g is and highly ſeaſoned. 1 1 "OR wi Raoworr. 2. %. [ras and wit A in, 7 RNA GS TONER. *. Jt rag And. ane. & ſtone 0 1 tm gs 8 0 one WIN: Wien WHEY imooth t f ö ground and * Jagged. * 9 ? ® "RY RAIL—RAIL. nf riegel, das fixed at the ends in two [ried de b ik connected with beams, by Which any thing f is ineloſed: , pale is is a ſeries of ſmall uprigat poſts riſing above the 93 a rail 18 a ſerie of which do not riſe much above it.—A kind of bird, —[nege, Saxon.] A Woman' upper garment, "This is e only; 3 in the word volt Fatt, To RAIL — Nair V; A. 1 55 ' noun ] To uche with rails. To range in ali oth To Raitt. . N. e. Pren. rallen, Dutch. ] To of inſolent and reproachful language; ; to ſpeak tO, ot to men tion in opprobrious terms. RA LEK. z. . from rail. One who A e or elan by opprobrious language. | a M „ RATLLEKT —RAIL-LE-R T. 2. a Laiterie, 1 Slight ſatire ; ; fatirical meien. ö 13 Ran MENT RAl-MzM T. 1. /. [for arraiment, from 4. veſlment; cloaths; dreſs; armen 4 / [nen1an, Saxon; gun, To fall in drops from the clouds. To fal as rain, The water falls from the clouds. To Rain. v. a. To pour down as rain. Rain, 2. . [hen, Sax.] The moiſture that falls ſroy To RAIN — RAIN. . Ae Dutch. ] RaTNBOw. 7. rein and bows] The iris; the ſemi. RANDERER, 2. [Üpanap, Saxon; -rangifer, Latin.] 4 deer wich large horns, which, in the northern regions, draws Rain-WATER. 2. J. [rain and water.] Water not taken from the clouds. Rain-WATER. 2. Showery; wet. For RAISE —RAISE. V. g. [re/a, Swedish; reiſer, Dx niſh.] To lift; to heave.—To-get upright; as, e raiſed a -maſt.—To ere; to build up.—To exalt to a state more great or illuſtrious. To amplify; to enlarge. — To increase in current value.—To elevate; to exalt. — To advance; to expand; to prefer. — To excite; to put in action. — To excite to war or tumult; to stir up. To give beginning to: as, he raiſed the family. -—To bring into being. —To call into view. from the state of separate spirits. — To bring from death to life. To occasion; to be begun. — To set up; to utter loudly. Lo collect; to act; to assemble; to assemble; to levy. To collect; to assemble; * chat Ai 15 —Rar-510 1. J. [racemus, Lat. rain, French.) til do J. b Rarsn— * — | beck 3, or tight bodies are zthered up. | 50 HB * kel, 15 a worthleſs cor dog. Fr | Ditch, a mongrel dog. os - athens Arind-wichet b5/ thy Gun or che_heat called rait, but thoſe dried in the sun are much sweeter ry leaſanter than theſe dried in dvens z/ they are called 2 fen that being imported in earthen g Jars, ö 5 AK —RAKB- EY s [raftrum, Lat. pace, Sax. Tout An instrument with teeth, by which the ground Racnille, Fr. Look, Aces 1 wild, BY, TOI fellow; en added to pleasure, To RAK E. v. 4, [from the noun.] To 25 with a bat. —To Ce with take To 6 raw. Frag by violence —To search with eager and vehement diligence.— To heap together and cover. To search; 10 grope. Foy. An idea of conscience or noiſomneſs.— To pass with violence. NA KER.. J. [from rate.] One that rakes. RAKEHEL., n. J. Jof this word the etymology is doubtless as it is now written, it is apparently derived from rake and hell, and may aptly represent a wretch whose life is passed in places of lewdness and wickedness: Skinner deries it from racaille, French, the rabble; Junius, from rette, A wild, worthless, dis-ordered, dal-deed, sorry fellow. RA RESPLAT, ἀρχορί, adv, from ratehel. Wild; dis-pious; dillolute. To RETAIL —RAL-LY.. a. [rallier, F TRY To put disorderly or dispersed forces into order. Here, French. To treat with flight and to treat with Tacious merriment. To rally, to come in a boy, come again into order. — To exercise stratagem, to come again into order. — To exercise stratagem, to batter walls. To Raw. . v. a. [from the noun.] To drive with vio- lence, as with a battering ram.— T0 fill with any thing- driren hard together, . | To RA'MBLE —RAMBLE. - D. 1. [rammelen, Dutch, o tore Jooſely in luſt 3 ramb, Swediſh, to rove. ] 'F'o rove looſely and irregularly ; to wander. Ra MBLE, 2. . from- the verb. ] Wandering; irregular excarſion, Ra MBLER, z. / [from ramble} NN wanderer. tt ig 1 2 Nur Ie TIoRAM-IT-Eea-Ti ox. "a [ramifica- - ten, Fren, from rams, Latin.] Diviſten or ſeparation into branches ; the act of branching out. "X23: I 00 To Ra'MIfT—RNM-1-F Y. 2. Neun zev, Fr. ramus and ſacio, Pat. ] To ſeparate into branches. To Ra MIFY, * n. To be parted into branches.. I 5 MMER —R chin 1200. [from rams] An inſtrument - ith which any thing i is driven hard, —Fhe: flick with which the charge is forced into the gon. a MMIS H. agg. {from ram.] Strodg ſeented. Ra Mous=Rarmovs: ah {from ramus, Lat. ] Bradehy ; Onlifting of branches. Ts \ To RAMP—RAMP. 2. 2. [ramper, French; rampare, fan — grapes of every kind, preſerved j in this manner, 9 " * „ , 2 8 Italian; dug Sars. vo ler wich g b climb as a plant. Rau. 2. J. {from the verb. Ws Leap ; ; ſpring. - Fi 11 15 Ra- MPANCY — RAMP-AN-CY. a. h , [Fom l Prevalence ; exuberance. Rampant, adj. [rampant, Fr. from ramp.] Exuberant 3 overgrowing restraint, {In heraldry.] Rampant is when the lion is reared up in the eucatcheon, as it were ready; 1 to combat with his c. 5 MPART——Ramy-a ART. Pe. Lrenpart, Fi The RamPTIRE. | | latform of the wall behind the parapet.— The wall AR) fortified places. Rampant. v. J [rapunrulus, Latin.] A plant, whose tender roots 18 eaten in the spring, a choice of radishes. Ran — Nax. e r of run. RANC D RANcib. 1 ſcented. Rancipness. 1. ham rancid; rancer, Lat.] uy RAN CIC DIT T. eng, as of old oil. RANCOCOο-Nux Libs wy [from rad] Malignant; palicjons; i in the urmolt degree. RANCOUR — RAN COUR. v. I. Franchen, old Fr. } Inveterate malignity; malice; 3 sedfaſt 6; standing hate. RI. Vi Gr altteteb Lat.] Stron! 2 Nrn. ae. Dutch | Border; eam as, rbe rand of a 2's shot- 50 Len Lan Dow. agg renin Er Want of direction; want of rule 6r:meth iod; obatice; hazard; wrong motion. Ra"nDoM. ag. Done by chance; roving without direction. RANGE Jake preterite of ring. To RANGE — RANGE. v. a. Cranger, Fren. e Welſh.) To place in order; to put in ranks.— To rove Over. To RANGE GE. v. 1. To rove at large.—To be placed in order. Rance. 1. /. 3 Fr. from the verb.] A rank; anything placed in a line.—A: clauses; an order. Excurétion; 5 wandring.—Room for excursion —Compasses taken in by anything excuré, extended, or ranked in order. Step of: a jadder.—A kitchen grate. RUN OVER. 2. from range. ver; a robber. —A dog that beats the ground. —An officer who tends the name of a forest. RANK—RANK. adj., Saxon. High growing. Strong; luxuriant. —Fruitful; bearing straight. RANK—RANK. adj., Saxon. High growing. Strong; luxuriant. —Fruitful; bearing straight. RANK... straight, Fr. Strong. Gree of dignity. —Digaity; high face. To Rank. w. 4. Cranger, Fr. From the noun. To place a breast. —To range in any class. To arrange mechanically. One that ranges; Wy 0 Line of men placed a breast, A row.—Range of subordination — Class; order.— REA CO POET Sure KO 7p — N — ——— — WRC GY Ws Ts 9, 2 — 7 n — — — Dr * · pg rnongs > = _ = = - _— =; © —— ̃—-—« — 9 — Seren v — 8 EC r - = =— —_— = Fs & 7 s 0 — WA; — 8 „nnn | As. >< — = OD NIBS =S 5 — SS — hs — a> 7 r — —— = 2-36 SI | 3 CRF: N = Fg —̃ D— . Gt 7 — 7 HB b ⁵ 0 nn 5, Conair ty cm — 3 —— ES "ERIN \ = * 2 I. % ——— 1 — a, , = wh — . —— — — _ —— ——— n bot A 2 2 Mat 1 * — « 1— Oo o out oy „ - . . 8 6 * a wins * 8 - . * - > % 2 + > « - G_— © A * — * — rr 0 SD CAPDIIL Lit) ein Hrs 2 — - Wy PIES N ＋ 4 p 1 : Y N 5 — 4 — — r <br On — — — A = — ——— 2—ů — * — 1 I —— —— a» - * 7 * * —— — — * * — - — 4 IA SEAS apr —— a, who " — — . -. ag <A 09m v, - Fant eee 27 og Ke. 2 at K K od * 0 —— : P i — k rp a 6 * — — 3 — K A 5 EF ; To Rank. v. . To be ranged; to be laced, me 11 8 To Ra" nxLE—Rays- 1. 2. (rom rat To feſter; to breed n *Þ miad. Vera : e : | — 9 ur- klbeg. ate. [frog ! Ct 35 rofiy. 8 wens. 1. 5 tra, rank Il Exaberance; ; 'ſoperfluity of growth. HS bo o 44! £54 0 TL 11 11 5 Ainet ISL To RANK - RAx-s Ack. v. ai: dran, Saxon, and fake, Swediſh, to ſeafeh for or ſeize. __ o plander; to pil. ; - —To fearch narrowly, To vio ate 3 to deflower. _ por RA'NSQM = RAN.- SOM. . / [rangon, Fren.] Price 1 for redemption from captivity. or puniſhment. i To Ra"nSOM. wv. 4. [vanponner, TRI. Te redeem from captivity or puniſhment. : Rn] adj. [from ragſem.] Free bom ranſom. To Ranr—Raxr, V. 1. [randen, Dutch, to rave.] To yrave in violent of high ſounding language without * tionable dignity of thought. Rax. 2. /;1 [from the verb.] High founding language | anſupported by. dignity of thought. = DRE Ra N TER. 2. /. from rant.] A ranting fellow. NANTrro' E. adj. ſthis word is 3 formed from ant.] Wild; roying 3 rakiſh. A wt word. 1 6 Ranv” NCULUS —RA-nUN- -CU- 10 1. , Crowfoot; a flower, of which there is great variety. 1 To Ray—Ra P. v. u. [pp=ppan, Sax. ] To ſtrike with a quick ſmart blow). . To 3 U. a. 2 rapio extra 1 Latin} To. affect with 7 apture; to ſtrike with extaly 3 z to 1 out of him⸗ ſelf.— To ſnatch away. "To Ray and rend. ¶ more N rap and ran; nepan, Saxon, to bind, and rana, Iſlandick, to plunder.] To ſeize by violence, "Rae. 4 from the verb. 18 quick ſmart blow. RAPYCIOUS RA p A-CIOUS. ad. [rapate, French; rapax, Lat.] Given to plunder; Riez by violence. Ra rA cliovsLY. adv. [from rapacious.] By rapine; by violent robbery. RarAcIOUSN ESS. #, 7, [from rapacious.] The quality of being rapacious. Raya'eiry —Ra-PAC-I-TY. % [rapacitas, Lat. ra- n, Fr. from rapax.] Addictedness to. exercise of plunder; n. | Mer — Raye. 1. /. [ropt, Fr. raplus, Latin.) Violent defloration of chastity.—Privation; act of taking away.— Something snatched away.-—The juice of grapes is drawn as well from the rage, or whole grapes plucked from the cluster, and wine poured upon them in a vessel, as from a vat, where they are bruised. —A yan, from the seed of which oil is expressed. RAPID—RAP-15. adj Lid, Fren. 2 Lac Quick; swift. Ra-ipiTY —Ra-p1D-1-TY. [rapidit, Fren. rapiditas from rapidus, Lat.] Celerity; velocity; swiftness. Ra-lb —Rap-10-LY. adv. [from rapidity.] Swiftly; with quick motion. Ra- PIDNESS. af. [from refit] Celerity; swiftness. Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I | 4 | 8. | | | g Wn 82 : 7 - * 2 8 0 I For the quickness of its moon, a last word for the sake of a beacon. We tie forth a beacon, a beacon for the future. The act of — va for ce. n i, Ya "RAPTURE—RAP-TURE. „ "tas. ; tra * of any pleaſing p 1 enchuliaſm ; 3 beat of imagination.—Rapi ber, ecm Ra"PTURED. 1 Fade rapture} | | Raviſhed; tru, rted. Sy G „ieh 6 . ©, rett 4}. 3 RA. PTUROUS, 6h. [h rom. r! Vela; trank porting. e 12 1 5 94 2 ani N- 0 pan Lat. „ Fr. 9 al te fenſes but the laſt. e ee een comparable; valuable to a degree ſeldom found.— Tig, ſeatteted.—Tbia; ſubtle; not denſe.— Raw; not fully ſub. dued by the fire. This 1 is + often pronounced rear. b s | b RA RBESHOW —R a-kEt-SHOW, n. J. [this word is form ed in imitation of the foreign way: of hot 99 8006 ] A ſhow carried i in a boni ods on 8 | 23. N þ RA REFA rtow RIA RE- e- . „ane Fren, from raref9.] Extenſion of the parts of a body, that makes it take up more room chan it did before; cab to condenſation.” .' Ra'reri "ABLE, adj. [from rar ] Admitting rare faction; 73 To; RA REY RA RE. bY. . 4. NY ne 5 RE and facio, Lat. 'rarify were, more. proper. ] To make th thn: contrary to condenſe. To RRE Y. v. n. To become thin. 142 | 0 RARELTY—RARE-Lx. av. [from rare. Seldom; not often; not frequently.—Finely ; nicely ; accurately. RARENESS. n./. [from rare.]. Uncommonneſs; fare of happening ſeldom 5 e — ee e from leich. 9 ö W * 8 Finn tz a 13 RAT YT — RA-RETT. 2. / bee Fr. parity, | Lat) Uncommonneſs ; ; infrequency.—A thing valued for i its ſat eity.— Tainneſs; ane : the contrary to denſity, RA SCAL—RAS-CAL. . % [napcal, Saxon, a leat ] beaſt.] A mean fellow; a ſcoundrel; a ſorry wretch, 1 7% or i Rasca” LI0n—Ras-CAL-I0N. 10 lion 2 One. of the lowelt people. pre? 7 10 11 i Ra'sCALLY —Ras- -CAL-LY. av. [fon 260 _ worthlels. 697 26 84 To RAA x 5 (this word is written ra/: or rate: I would write ae, when it N to ſtrike ſlightly, perflringere ; and raze, when it ſignifies to ruin, delere ; 19/0 Fr. rafus, Latin. Joy To kim; to ſtrike on the ſur- face,—To overthrow ; eſtroy; 3 to root up.— To! Wot ont | by raſure ; to eraſe. RASH— RASH. adj. [raſth, Dutch. Haſty; rt; precipitate ; aching without caution. or reflection. 11 Ras H Ras H. 2. J. Traſtia, Italian. Sattin, Minſßeu. —[Corrupted probably from 8 An 3 the dez. j a breaking out. ** ** % , *.,7. * oB r — 2 2 * 5 e 8 + 11 , 1 a adv. [from rap] Haſtily ; ; violently ; wich- at due conſideration. Ra sH NESS: n. J. [from 6. Fooliſh contempt of * jnconliderate - heat of et 7 precipitation ; . te- o R a . a. Londen Dutch; ; 9 Fren. wh 2 _—_— To rub to powder with a very rough file. gaze. n./s [from the verb] A rough file, composed - wear away wood. MONLY o 13 15 RA PBERRY —RASP-BERRY, or 22 * M A Aud of berry. EN "er DERRY-BUSH. WF A species of "ES Fg Ra un 1. f. Lraſura, Lat.] The at of ſcraping or s having. —A mark in a writing where something has been robbed out. gr —RAT. 1. J. [ratre, Dutch; rat, French; 5 ratta, Spaniſh. ] An bil of the mouſe kind, that infests houses 4 ships —To smell a RAT. To be put on the watch by suu’picion, as the cat by the scent of a rat; to suspect danger. certain value. Ra'TaBLY. adv. Proportionably. tt OT Ra'rarra —Ra'Ta-a-Fi-a. 2.. A fine liquor, prepared from the kernels of apricots and spirits. RATE—RATE. u. 7 [ratus, Lat. rate, old F r.] Pie fred on anything. —Allowance settled. Degree; comparative height or valour.— Quantity aſignable.— That which ſets value, Manner of doing any thing; degree to which any thing is d Ane impoſed by the pariſh. To Rrz A. V. A. [from the noun.] To value at a certain price—[Reita, Ilandick. * TS chide N 4 —— 11 3 RAITHER—RATHER. adv. More willingly; with better liking, —Preferably to the other; with better reason. Ein a greater degree than otherwise. More properly.— Especially,—To have RATHER. a barbarous expression of late instruction into our language, for which it is better to say rather.) To desire in preference. RATIFICA'TION — RATIFICA'TION. 2. [ratification, French, from ratify.] The act of ratifying; confirmation, RATIO. 3. 7 [from ratify.] The person or thing that ratifies, RATIO. 3. 7 [from ratify.] The act of reausing; the act of deducing consequences from 3 RATIONAL — RATIO ON-AL. adj, [rationalis, Latin.] The act of reducing consequences from 3 RATIONAL — RATIO ON-AL. adj, [rationalis, Latin.] The power of reasoning.—Agreeable to reason.—He; judicious; as, a rational man. RATIO. 4. [from rate.] Set at a To RATIFY? — RATIO FV. v. a. Nen Vacio, Latin. 4 | RATIO. 5. [from ratio, Latin.] A detail with reasons: as, Dr. 8 e $ Rationale of the Common Prayer, RATIO. 6. [from ratio, Latin.] One who proceeds in his discussions and With a vision, WET HIT RATIONALITY—RATI-ON-AL-LY-ATY. From rational. The power of reasoning. —Reasonably; with review. RATI-TIONALLY —RATI-O-LY-ATY. [from rational.] Reasonably; with review. RATI-TLE—RATI-O-LY-ATY. [from rational.] To make a quick sharp nose with frequent repetitions and collations of bodies not very serious: when bodies are serious, it is called jingling, —To speak eagerly and noisily. To RATTLE. v. a. A rattle or nose.— To suit with a nose; to drive with a nose.— To suit; to drive with clamour. RATTLE. 1. %. [from the verb.] A quick noĩſe nimbly repeated. Empty and loud talk. —An inſtrument, which agitated makes a clattering noiſe.— A plant. RA'TTLEHEADED. ad}. [rattle and 22 Giddy; not Ready. RA'TTLESNAKE., 2. . A kind of ſerpent. Ra"TTLESNAKE Root. u. . Called alſo ſencka, belongs to a plant, a native of Virginia ; the Indians uſe it as a cer- tain remedy 6. ang the bite of a rattleſnake. Ra" rroox—Rax- Ee u. /. A Weſt Indian fox, which has this peculiar property, that if any thing be offered to it that has lain in water, it will wipe and turn it about with its fore feet, n it N 1 it to its mouth. To RA'VAGE—RAV-AGE. D. As [rawag er, French. ] To lay waſte ; to 90003 to ranſack; z to ſpoil; ; to pillage ; to plunder. RA'VAGE, 7. ＋ [ravage, Fren. from the oaths ] Spoil; ruin; waſte, $i F |. Ra" Faris co Bo AG-ER, 1 from ravage. plun- derer; ſpoiler. | | $38 asf). Ravcity —Rav-ci-TY. 2. 15 [raucus, Lat. Hoarſe- neſs; loud rough noise To Rave—Ravs. . u. [rewen, Dutch; rewer, Fren. ] To be delirious ; to talk irrationally.— To burſt out into fu- rious exclamations, as if mad. ay. 42 To Ra'veL —Rav-EL. vv. a. [ravelen, Dutch, to en- tangle.] To entangle; to entwiſt one with another; to make intricate ; to involve; to perplex.— To unweave ; to unknit: as, to ravel out a tai i/t or Hies of knit work. —To hurry over in confuſion. To Ra'veL. . 2. To fall into perplexity or confuſion. —To work in perplexity ; ; to vor himſelf with intricacies. | 28,064 |
US-19396908-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,008 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,497 | 4,010 | As described above, in the case in which the content search is conducted according to the evaluation axis, in order to improve the accuracy of this search, it is necessary to increase the suitability of the evaluation axis itself. Then, in order to improve the evaluation axis once computed according to the process described above to be a more suitable evaluation axis, such a scheme is provided that the evaluation axis can be modified. The manner of modifying an evaluation axis will be described with reference to a flow chart shown in FIG. 14.
In Step S131, an evaluation axis to be a modification target is selected. The evaluation axis to be a modification target is the evaluation axes managed in the shared evaluation axis server 13 and the evaluation axes stored in the evaluation axis storage part 35. First, for example, a listing of the evaluation axes is displayed. Preferably, the listing displayed is a listing in which evaluation axes are visibly categorized in individual genres. Then, a user selects an evaluation axis desired to modify from the listing of the displayed evaluation axes. Then, information for identifying that selected evaluation axis is as well supplied to the evaluation axis modifying part 36 (FIG. 2), whereby the process in Step S131 is performed.
In Step S132, a search process using the selected evaluation axis is performed. For example, this search process is the process described with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. 12. Here, the descriptions are omitted.
In Step S133, a fitting content is added, and an unfitting content is deleted. The search process is performed in Step S132 to present the search result to the user side. In the case in which the presented content group includes a content that is determined as an unfitting one by the user, the content determined as an unfitting one is deleted. In addition, in the case in which the presented content group does not include such a content that is determined as one to be included by the user, the content determined as a fitting one is added.
In other words, the process in Step S133 is the process for reflecting what content the user desires as the content to be searched according to the evaluation axis selected by the user. To this end, the following process is performed; in the case in which the content desired to be present according to the selected evaluation axis is not presented, this content is added to the presented content group, whereas in the case in which the content desired not to be presented is presented, this content is deleted from the presented content group.
With performing such a process, when the search process according to the evaluation axis selected by the user is performed, the content group desired as the search result by the user is selected. In this state, in Step S134, an evaluation axis is again computed. The evaluation axis computing process performed in Step S134 is performed in the process in the flow chart shown in FIG. 10, omitting the descriptions. However, in the evaluation axis computing process in Step S134, only the contents included in the content group at the time at which the process in Step S133 is finished are the processing targets.
In Step S135, it is determined whether the evaluation axis is successfully recomputed. For example, this determination can be performed by the following process in which the evaluation axis that is the recomputed result is used to again perform the search process for determining whether only the content group specified by the user is searched (the contents remaining at the time at which the process in Step S133 is finished).
In Step S135, if it is determined that the evaluation axis is not successfully recomputed, the process returns to Step S134, and an evaluation axis is again computed. At this time, for example, the feature volume to be mapped is changed to a feature volume different from the feature volume used in computing the evaluation axis in the previous process to make sure that a suitable evaluation axis is computed.
On the other hand, in Step S135, if it is determined that the evaluation axis is successfully recomputed, the evaluation axis modifying process is ended. Then, the modified evaluation axis is stored in the evaluation axis storage part 35 instead of the evaluation axis before modified.
As discussed above, a user can modify the evaluation axis. In addition, as discussed above, the evaluation axis is modified to compute the evaluation axis for suitably searching for a content desired by a user. As described above, the evaluation axis that can perform the search process highly suitably can be shared with the other users. Next, sharing the evaluation axis will be described with reference to a flow chart shown in FIG. 15.
In Step S161, an evaluation axis is computed. The process in Step S161 has been described with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. 10, omitting the descriptions. In addition, the process in Step S161 may be omitted. In other words, since the evaluation axis is already computed and stored in the evaluation axis storage part 35, the stored evaluation axis may be a processing target.
In Step S162, a name is given to the computed evaluation axis. With the use of an evaluation axes already stored, this process can be omitted because the evaluation axis has a name and stored as the evaluation axis is associated with that name.
In Step S163, the evaluation axis is uploaded. The evaluation axis with the name is supplied to the shared evaluation axis server 13 together with the name over the network 11 to start sharing the evaluation axis. The process so far is performed on the PC 12 side.
The evaluation axis receiving part 71 of the shared evaluation axis server 13 receives the evaluation axis supplied from the PC 12 and the name given to the evaluation axis. The received evaluation axis and the name are supplied to the evaluation axis reevaluating part 72. In Step S164, the evaluation axis reevaluating part 72 determines whether the name of the supplied evaluation axis is already registered.
The shared evaluation axis server 13 has the evaluation axis sharing part 73, and a plurality of evaluation axes and names is stored therein as they are associated with each other. The evaluation axis reevaluating part 72 compares the name of the supplied evaluation axis with the names of the evaluation axes stored in the evaluation axis sharing part 73, and determines whether the same name is already stored in the evaluation axis sharing part 73.
In addition, although it is described that the same name is a search target, in addition to the identical name, for example, similar names and semantically the same names may be search targets. For example, such a configuration may be possible that the evaluation axis reevaluating part 72 is provided with a database such as a thesaurus in which the name similar to the supplied name is decided by referring to the database such as a thesaurus, and the decided similar name is also included as a search target.
In Step S164, if it is determined that the name of the evaluation axis is not overlapping, the process goes to Step S165, and the supplied evaluation axis is associated with the name of the evaluation axis and supplied and stored in the evaluation axis sharing part 73.
On the other hand, in Step S164, if it is determined that the name of the evaluation axis is overlapping, the process goes to Step S166. In Step S166, it is determined whether the name of the evaluation axis is modified. For example, since the evaluation axis having the same name is already stored, a message is sent to the user having supplied the evaluation axis whether a new name is given to the evaluation axis and again registered. If a reply to the message is received from the user that a new name is given, in Step S166, it is determined that the name of the evaluation axis is modified. On the other hand, if a reply to the message is received from the user that a new name is not given, in Step S166, it is determined that the name of the evaluation axis is not modified.
In Step S166, if it is determined that the name of the evaluation axis is changed, the process returns to Step S162, and the processes after that are repeated. On the other hand, in Step S166, if it is determined that the name of the evaluation axis is not changed, the process goes to Step S167. In the case in which the process goes to Step S167, the evaluation axis sharing part 73 has the evaluation axis with the same name already stored therein. Thus, when the name of the evaluation axis is registered with no change, a plurality of evaluation axes with the same name can be registered. Then, when the evaluation axis with the same name is newly added and registered, such a process is performed that the evaluation axis with the same name already registered and the supplied evaluation axis are merged into a single evaluation axis.
In Step S167, the evaluation axis is merged. In other words, the evaluation axis already stored and the uploaded evaluation axis are merged. As described above, for example, since the evaluation axis is configured of the parameters of the equation expressing the hyperplane, the mean value of the parameter is computed to merge the evaluation axis. Of course, the evaluation axis may be merged by the scheme other than the mean value. For the scheme of merge, such a method is preferable that the evaluation axis can be modified so as to suitably classify a predetermined content. In other words, such a method is preferable that the evaluation axis is modified to an evaluation axis which can perform a search process in which only the content fitting for the name of the evaluation axis is presented to the user side.
In addition, in the case in which the evaluation axis already stored and the uploaded evaluation axis are greatly different from each other when merged, it is likely that they are merged into a single evaluation axis to unsuitably classify contents. It is likely that merging the evaluation axes into a single evaluation axis does not achieve a suitable classification. Thus, in the case in which the evaluation axis already stored and the uploaded evaluation axis are greatly different from each other, such a process may be performed that a warning is sent to the user having uploaded the evaluation axis that the uploaded one is not suitable to the evaluation axis. Then, in this case, the merging process may not be performed. Moreover, the uploaded evaluation axis may be discarded.
The evaluation axis modified in the process in Step S167 is stored in the evaluation axis sharing part 73. As discussed above, the evaluation axes with the same name are merged into a single evaluation axis. In addition, the same evaluation axes with the name are merged into a single evaluation axis, whereby such an evaluation axis can be created that the content fitting for the name given to the evaluation axis can be searched.
As described above, the evaluation axis is computed, modified, shared and used in making a search, whereby the following advantages can be expected. In other words, first, once an evaluation axis (tag) is given to a predetermined content or a predetermined content group, the essence of that tag can be evaluated for a content acquired after that and a content shared over the Internet, and then a search for a favorite content can be facilitated.
In addition, since the evaluation axis once computed can be applied to all the contents, it is unnecessary to perform such a process that the same evaluation axis is manually applied again and again to the other contents. In other words, the evaluation axis once computed is shared to eliminate the necessity to again compute this evaluation axis, and processing done by a large number of users can be omitted. Thus, the user's efforts can be eliminated.
In addition, a search is not a choice between two things whether the evaluation of the evaluation axis is matched or not, and a more flexible search can be conducted. In addition, the evaluation axis computed by other users can be shared, and a content search can be conducted according to the viewpoint (the evaluation axis (the name of the evaluation axis)) that a user does not recognize.
In addition, in the embodiment described above, it is described that the evaluation axis is computed on the PC 12. For example, the embodiment of the invention can be adapted to a hard disk recorder that stores contents therein.
In addition, in the embodiment described above, the evaluation axis is computed from the feature volume of the content selected by a user. However, the evaluation axis may be computed from the feature volume of the content not selected by a user. In the case in which the evaluation axis is computed from the feature volume of the content not selected by a user, such an evaluation axis can be computed that contents are classified into a content undesired by a user and a content desired by a user.
Therefore, for example, an evaluation axis may be found from the feature volume of the content not selected by a user in the following cases: in the case in which the number of contents not selected by a user is greater than the number of contents selected by the user, and in the case in which it is preferable to compute an evaluation axis from many samples. In other words, such a scheme may be provided that the evaluation axis is computed by switching between the feature volume of the content selected by a user and the feature volume of the content not selected by a user depending on information such as the number of contents selected by the user as necessary.
2. Recording Medium
A sequence of the process steps described above may be executed by hardware, or may be executed by software. In the case in which a series of the process steps is executed by software, a program configuring the software is installed in a computer incorporated in a dedicated hardware, or is installed from a program recording medium to a multi-purpose personal computer, for example, that can run various functions by installing various programs.
FIG. 16 shows a block diagram depicting an exemplary hardware configuration of a personal computer which executes a sequence of process steps according to a program.
In the computer, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) 301, a ROM (Read Only Memory) 302, and a RAM (Random Access Memory) 303 are connected to each other through a bus 305.
To the bus 305, an input/output interface 205 is further connected. To the input/output interface 205, the following components are connected: an input part 306 formed of a keyboard, a mouse, and a microphone, an output part 307 formed of a display and a speaker, a storage part 308 formed of a hard disk and a non-volatile memory, a communicating part 309 formed of a network interface, and a drive 310 that drives a removable medium 311 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory.
In the computer thus configured, for example, the CPU 301 loads a program stored in the storage part 308 to the RAM 303 through the input/output interface 205 and the bus 305, whereby the sequence of process steps are performed.
For example, the program executed by the computer (the CPU 301) is distributed by being recorded on the removable medium 311 that is a package medium such as a magnetic disk (including a flexible disk), an optical disk (CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory), DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) and so on), a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory, or over a cable or wireless transmission medium such as a local area network, the Internet, and digital satellite broadcasting.
Then, the program can be installed in the storage part 308 through the input/output interface 205 by mounting the removable medium 311 on the drive 310. In addition, the program can be received by the communicating part 309 over a cable or wireless transmission medium and installed in the storage part 308. In addition to this, the program can be installed in the ROM 302 or the storage part 308 in advance.
In addition, the program executed by the computer may be a program in which the process steps are performed in a time series in order described in the specification, or a program in which the process steps are performed in parallel or at a necessary timing at which the program is called. Moreover, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which can be modified within the scope not deviating from the teaching of the invention.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
1. An information processing apparatus comprising: an extracting means for extracting a feature volume from a predetermined content; and a computing means for computing an evaluation axis that classifies a first content and a second content by using a first feature volume extracted from the first content by the extracting means or a second feature volume extracted from the second content by the extracting means.
2. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the computing means maps the first feature volume or the second feature volume, finds from the mapped feature volume an equation of a hyperplane separating the first content from the second content, and sets parameters of that equation to the evaluation axis.
3. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation axis computed by the computing means is stored as it is associated with a name indicating a content to be classified according to the evaluation axis.
4. The information processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the evaluation axis computed by the computing means is used in searching through a plurality of contents for a content indicated by the name.
5. The information processing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a content with a high relevance ratio to the evaluation axis is a search result in searched contents.
6. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation axis is modified by being merged with a different evaluation axis.
7. The information processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the different evaluation axis is an evaluation axis associated with a same name.
8. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when a plurality of contents is classified according to the evaluation axis computed by the computing means, an unfitting content is found in the classified contents, and then that content is deleted, whereas a content is found which is a fitting content but not included in a classified result, and then that content is added, and as the result of the deletion and addition of a content, an evaluation axis is again computed from a plurality of contents remaining as a classified result to modify the evaluation axis.
9. An information processing method comprising the steps of: extracting a feature volume from a predetermined content; and computing an evaluation axis that classifies a first content and a second content by using a first feature volume extracted from the first content, or a second feature volume extracted from the second content.
10. A program which allows a computer to perform a process comprising the steps of: extracting a feature volume from a predetermined content; and computing an evaluation axis that classifies a first content and a second content by using a first feature volume extracted from the first content, or a second feature volume extracted from the second content.
11. A recording medium on which a program is recorded, the program allowing a computer to perform a process comprising the steps of: extracting a feature volume from a predetermined content; and computing an evaluation axis that classifies a first content and a second content by using a first feature volume extracted from the first content, or a second feature volume extracted from the second content.
12. An information processing apparatus comprising: an extracting unit to extract a feature volume from a predetermined content; and a computing unit to compute an evaluation axis that classifies a first content and a second content by using a first feature volume extracted from the first content by the extracting unit or a second feature volume extracted from the second content by the extracting unit..
| 25,718 |
https://github.com/amtteamheig/amt_project/blob/master/src/main/java/ch/heigvd/amt/mvcProject/application/gamificationapi/profile/ProfileFacade.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | amt_project | amtteamheig | Java | Code | 93 | 647 | package ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.application.gamificationapi.profile;
import ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.APIUtils;
import ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.application.gamificationapi.badge.BadgeFacade;
import ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.application.gamificationapi.badge.BadgesDTO;
import ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.application.gamificationapi.profile.json.BadgesAwardWithBadgeDTO;
import ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.application.gamificationapi.profile.json.UsersProfileDTO;
import ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.application.gamificationapi.profile.json.UsersProfileWithBadgeDTO;
import ch.heigvd.amt.mvcProject.domain.user.UserId;
import com.google.gson.Gson;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class ProfileFacade {
private APIUtils utils;
public ProfileFacade() {
}
public ProfileFacade(APIUtils utils) {
this.utils = utils;
}
public UsersProfileWithBadgeDTO.UserProfileWithBadgeDTO getProfile(UserId id) throws Exception {
UsersProfileDTO.UserProfileDTO userProfileDTO = utils.getProfile(id);
Gson gson = new Gson();
ArrayList<BadgesAwardWithBadgeDTO.BadgeAwardWithBadgeDTO> badgeAwardWithBadgeDTOS = new ArrayList<>();
userProfileDTO.getBadgesAwards().forEach(val -> {
try {
BadgesDTO.BadgeDTO badgeDTO = gson.fromJson(utils.doGetRequestWithString(val.getPath()), BadgesDTO.BadgeDTO.class);
badgeAwardWithBadgeDTOS.add(BadgesAwardWithBadgeDTO.BadgeAwardWithBadgeDTO.builder()
.badgeDTO(badgeDTO)
.reason(val.getReason())
.timestamp(val.getTimestamp())
.build());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
return UsersProfileWithBadgeDTO.UserProfileWithBadgeDTO.builder()
.badgesAmount(userProfileDTO.getBadgesAmount())
.badgesAwards(badgeAwardWithBadgeDTOS)
.pointsAwards(userProfileDTO.getPointsAwards())
.pointScalesAmount(userProfileDTO.getPointScalesAmount())
.id(userProfileDTO.getId())
.build();
}
}
| 9,188 |
https://github.com/sajas-nm/medapp-test/blob/master/node_modules/linear-gradient-parser/src/utils/defined/spec.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | medapp-test | sajas-nm | JavaScript | Code | 41 | 122 | import defined from '.';
describe('utils / defined', () => {
it.each([
true,
false,
'something',
1,
{}
])('Returns truthy when value (%p) is defined', (value) => expect(defined(value)).toBeTruthy());
it.each([
null,
undefined
])('Returns false when value (%p) is un defined', (value) => expect(defined(value)).toBeFalsy());
});
| 44,316 |
https://github.com/ranakan19/odo/blob/master/vendor/github.com/kubernetes-sigs/service-catalog/pkg/controller/broker_client_manager.go | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,020 | odo | ranakan19 | Go | Code | 436 | 1,224 | /*
Copyright 2018 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package controller
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
"sync"
osb "github.com/pmorie/go-open-service-broker-client/v2"
"k8s.io/klog"
)
// BrokerKey defines a key which points to a broker (cluster wide or namespaced)
type BrokerKey struct {
name string
namespace string
}
// IsClusterScoped whether this broker key points to cluster scoped service broker.
func (bk *BrokerKey) IsClusterScoped() bool {
return bk.namespace == ""
}
// String returns string representation of the broker key
func (bk *BrokerKey) String() string {
if bk.IsClusterScoped() {
return bk.name
}
return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", bk.namespace, bk.name)
}
// NewServiceBrokerKey creates a BrokerKey instance which points to namespaced broker
func NewServiceBrokerKey(namespace, name string) BrokerKey {
return BrokerKey{
namespace: namespace,
name: name,
}
}
// NewClusterServiceBrokerKey creates a BrokerKey instance which points to cluster wide broker
func NewClusterServiceBrokerKey(name string) BrokerKey {
return BrokerKey{
namespace: "",
name: name,
}
}
// BrokerClientManager stores OSB client instances per broker
type BrokerClientManager struct {
mu sync.RWMutex
clients map[BrokerKey]clientWithConfig
brokerClientCreateFunc osb.CreateFunc
}
// NewBrokerClientManager creates BrokerClientManager instance
func NewBrokerClientManager(brokerClientCreateFunc osb.CreateFunc) *BrokerClientManager {
return &BrokerClientManager{
clients: map[BrokerKey]clientWithConfig{},
brokerClientCreateFunc: brokerClientCreateFunc,
}
}
// UpdateBrokerClient creates new broker client if necessary (the ClientConfig has changed or there is no client for the broker),
// the method returns created or stored osb.Client instance.
func (m *BrokerClientManager) UpdateBrokerClient(brokerKey BrokerKey, clientConfig *osb.ClientConfiguration) (osb.Client, error) {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
existing, found := m.clients[brokerKey]
if !found || configHasChanged(existing.clientConfig, clientConfig) {
klog.V(4).Infof("Updating OSB client for broker %q, URL: %s", brokerKey.String(), clientConfig.URL)
return m.createClient(brokerKey, clientConfig)
}
return existing.OSBClient, nil
}
// RemoveBrokerClient removes broker client broker
func (m *BrokerClientManager) RemoveBrokerClient(brokerKey BrokerKey) {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
klog.V(4).Infof("Removing OSB client for broker %q", brokerKey.String())
delete(m.clients, brokerKey)
}
// BrokerClient returns broker client for a broker specified by the brokerKey
func (m *BrokerClientManager) BrokerClient(brokerKey BrokerKey) (osb.Client, bool) {
m.mu.RLock()
defer m.mu.RUnlock()
existing, found := m.clients[brokerKey]
return existing.OSBClient, found
}
func (m *BrokerClientManager) createClient(brokerKey BrokerKey, clientConfig *osb.ClientConfiguration) (osb.Client, error) {
client, err := m.brokerClientCreateFunc(clientConfig)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
m.clients[brokerKey] = clientWithConfig{
OSBClient: client,
clientConfig: clientConfig,
}
return client, nil
}
func configHasChanged(cfg1 *osb.ClientConfiguration, cfg2 *osb.ClientConfiguration) bool {
return !reflect.DeepEqual(cfg1, cfg2)
}
type clientWithConfig struct {
OSBClient osb.Client
clientConfig *osb.ClientConfiguration
}
| 45,960 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37596112 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | Gero, https://stackoverflow.com/users/963546 | English | Spoken | 251 | 648 | open / show daterangepicker bootstrap by button or checkbox in jQuery
How do I display / open the daterangepicker calender by checking a checkbox?
I have a checkbox "display calender". I would like to open / show the daterangepicker by checking the checkbox. It would be the same functionality that is available when you click into the input field.
<div class="checkbox icheckbox_flat-aero">
<label class="icheckbox_flat-aero">
<input id="check_tempFilter" type="checkbox" value="tempFilter" style="text-align:right;">(activate)</label>
<div id="d22" class="col-sm-4 col-md-offset-2 input-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="daterange" name="daterange" />
</div>
</div>
Is there something like:
$('daterange').show();
I alread have bound a daterangepicker to my inputfield "daterange". The checkbox click should just open / display the already existing daterangepicker.
$('input[name="daterange"]').daterangepicker({
startDate: moment().subtract('days', 6),
endDate: moment(),
timePicker: true,
timePicker24Hour: true,
timePickerSeconds:true,
timePickerIncrement: 1,
showDropdowns: true,
locale: {
format: 'YYYY-MM-DD H:mm'
}
});
Any help is appreciated
I still haven't found, what I'm looking for.
$(function() {
$('#check_tempFilter').click(function() {
var $this = $(this);
if (!$this.is(':checked')) {
$this.daterangepicker();
}
});
$('#check_tempFilter').daterangepicker();
});
Demo
A very good start, but I should have mentioned, that I already have a $('#daterange').daterangepicker(); That is the input field. And I want the checkbox to open the already existing daterangepicker, which is bound, to the input field!!
You can set the focus to the input field on click of that other element. This will open the daterange picker in the right spot, e.g. i have an calender icon behind the input field that should trigger the daterange dialog. $name stands for the name of the input field:
$('#calicon_$name').on('click',function(){
$('input[name="fpara_$name"]').focus();
});
| 8,957 |
bpt6k6552676m_49 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Revue des grands procès contemporains | None | French | Spoken | 3,916 | 6,255 | Colas, le petit Colas, l'homme au ruban vert, s'avance menaçant vers l'abbé Firmery, occupé à parlementer. Il met la main à la poche pour prendre son revolver ; mais l'abbé Firmery voit le geste ; il repousse vigoureusement des deux mains son agresseur, il le bouscule, et un jeune homme du patronage, Huchet, qui veut défendre l'abbé, lance un coup de poing à Colas. Celui-ci qui a son revolver au poing fait feu ; Huchet se baisse ; la balle passe au-dessus de sa tête sans l'atteindre. Aussitôt on entend le cri : « Allumez les feux ! A chacun son homme ! » Et la fusillade commence. Dix à douze coups de revolver éclatent. Garnier, debout sur le talus, hurle : « S'il y en a un qui n'est pas feignant, qu'il vienne ! » Puis il descend et vient tirer sur l'abbé Firmery. Il se fait remarquer comme le plus acharn. Et puis, il a l'idée barbare, l'idée monstrueuse d'aller tirer sur la voiture où sont les enfants. Huchet veut l'en empêcher ; Garnier tire sur lui ; Huchet met instinctivement la main à son front en se baissant; la balle de Garnier l'atteint au médius de la main droite. Que fait donc Marius Hallard, le grand galvaudeux, le plus jeune, mais le chef de la bande d'Aubervilliers, le plus dangereux aussi, car lui seul a une arme de précision, un revolver à balles blindées. Il ne crie pas, il ne parle pas, mais il agit, d'ailleurs toujours impassible comme il l'est encore aujourd'hui ; il a sa casquette rabattue ; il tire sans discontinuer, en se déplaçant. Il vise d'abord l'abbé qui est blessé au sommet de la cuisse ; il continue à tirer sur le groupe formé par l'abbé et les jeunes gens qui sont auprès de lui. C'est alors qu'il atteint au côté droit l'infortuné Debroise, un jeune homme de dix-neuf ans. La balle traverse le corps de part en part. Et tandis que Marius Hallard tirant dans le tas, en fauchant, sème ses dernières balles, Debroise, blessé à mort, fait quelques pas instinctivement pour aller se mettre à l'abri dans un champ qui borde la route. Et là, il tombe pour ne plus se relever. Il agonise longuement. Après tous ces beaux exploits, tous les agresseurs ont pris la fuite à travers champs. On entoure Debroise qui a encore la force de dire à son frère : « Tranquillise-toi ! Ce n'est rien ». L'abbé Firmery, perdant son sang, ne dit même pas qu'une balle vient de l'atteindre. Il reste debout sans faiblir, sans s'occuper de sa propre blessure ; il fait prendre les banquettes des voitures d'excursion ; on organise une civière pour transporter Debroise à l'hôpital Lariboisière où un chirurgien tente l'opération de la laparotomie. Ce n'était qu'une souffrance de plus ! L'effroyable blessure avait occasionné une hémorragie mortelle ; le foie, l'estomac, la rate étaient perforés. Tous les soins furent inutiles. Voilà les hauts faits de la bande d'Aubervilliers! C'est ainsi que ces jeunes gens ont fait leur début dans la vie ! Est-ce qu'il faut ergoter maintenant sur les questions d'heures, de minutes, sur l'emplacement exact des voitures, des assaillants, sur la couleur des casquettes et sur la forme des chapeaux, sur la position précise qu'occupait Marius Hallard vis-àvis de l'abbé Firmery et du pauvre Debroise? Je dois prévoir ces discussions pué riles ; les questions mêmes posées par la défense au cours des interrogatoires sont significatives. Marius Hallard était à gauche de ses victimes ; or, il a blessé l'abbé Firmery au côté gauche ; il le reconnaît; mais Debroise a été blessé au côté droit; donc Marius Hallard est innocent du meurtre de Debroise. Voilà le système de défense ! On n'oublie qu'une chose, c'est que Marius Hallard n'a pas cessé de se déplacer en tirant ; d'ailleurs, personne n'est resté immobile, ni les assaillants, ni les victimes. Et la question des chapeaux et des casquettes ? Ah voilà bien la grosse chicane! Un témoin qui a vu Colas au moment même où il faisait feu a été questionné sur sa coiffure, et il a dit que Colas avait une casquette ; or il est certain que Colas avait un chapeau à ruban vert. Je m'explique fort bien, quant à moi, une erreur de détail dans cette rencontre si mouvementée, dans cette cohue où les coups de revolver partaient de tous côtés sur le groupe au centre duquel était l'abbé Firmery, tandis que se mêlaient et s'entrecroisaient les chapeaux rouges, les casquettes et le chapeau à ruban vert que Colas a rendu célèbre. L'erreur du témoin est certaine. Que la défense en tire argument, c'est son droit ! Mais les preuves sont si accablantes que le doute n'est pas possible. Je vais d'ailleurs discuter le rôle exact de chacun. Et d'abord, la provocation avant l'attaque. Le cycliste a été culbuté par trois des assaillants, dont Marius Hallard. Tous les jeunes gens du patronage et l'abbé Firmery en ont témoigné. Voulez-vous que nous écartions leurs déclarations ? Il reste encore celles des jeunes gens du Bourget, Delgrande Paul, Afchain, Pouplin, Desix, Latour Placide, Carré Désiré, Davoine. J'en passe et des meilleurs ! Ecoutez sur ce point le récit que nous fait Latour Placide : « Nous nous étions « rangés pour les laisser passer. Il a fallu qu'un grand galvaudeux, un grand brun « d'Aubervilliers poussât un cycliste et l'envoyât rouler sur le talus ». Et le récit de Davoine et de Perrut : « Le grand Marius bouscula un cycliste et le fit tomber ». Et maintenant je vais indiquer moi-même un argument à la défense : Un des jeunes gens du Bourget a commis une erreur ; c'est Carré Désiré. Voici sa déclaration (coté 29 du dossier) : « Un grand brun d'Aubervilliers coiffé d'un chapeau melon, bouscula un cycliste ». Or il est certain que Marius Hallard, le grand brun, le grand galvaudeux, avait une casquette. La défense triomphe ! Mais qu'elle triomphe modestement ! Ni le chapeau melon, ni le chapeau à ruban vert ne suffiront à obscurcir la vérité. Voilà pour la provocation. Arrivons aux crimes, et faisons la part de chacun. Examinons le rôle de Marius Hallard d'abord. A tout seigneur tout honneur ! Il avoue la tentative de meurtre sur l'abbé Firmery ; il nie le meurtre de Debroise. Il est à remarquer que personne ne veut avoir tiré sur Debroise ; mais on avdue volontiers avoir tiré sur l'àbbé. Tuer un curé ! Pensez donc ! Quelle gloire ! Marius Hallard est très fier d'avoir blessé l'abbé ; il serait encore plus fier s'il avait pu le tuer tout à fait. Il se vante de son action ; il ne veut pas qu'un autre en ait le mérite. Dans tous ses interrogatoires, dans toutes les confrontations, il revendique l'honneur d'avoir tiré sur l'abbé Firmery. C'est moi, dit-il, qui ai tiré sur le curé ! S'il a été blessé par quelqu'un, c'est par moi ! Il n'y a que moi qui ai tiré sur un curé ! Par contre, il ne veut pas avoir tué Debroise, et savez-vous ce qu'il dit pour s'innocenter? Il laisse échapper cette énormité : C'est le cocher que je visais ! Ainsi ce jeune scélérat se figure qu'il serait moins coupable si, au lieu de tuer Debroise, il avait tué le cocher, un brave père de famille qui gagnait sa vie tranquillement en conduisant une voiture d'excursion, et qui était resté étranger à toute l'aventure. Bizarre mentalité ! Enfin ! C'est le système de défense ! Il vaut ce qu'il vaut ! Prenons-le tel qu'il est : Marius Hallard ne voulait pas tuer Debroise ; c'est le cocher qu'il voulait tuer ! Cela ne change rien, légalement, au crime commis. Mais c'est un mensonge ! Le cocher a vu toute la scène ; il était resté sur son siège ; il dominait les assaillants, et il déclare que personne n'a tiré sur lui, ni Marius Hallard, ni Garnier, ni Colas ; on tirait devant lui, sous le nez de ses chevaux. Parmi les jeunes gens du patronage, il en est un, Deva Charles, qui a vu Marius Hallard, et qui ne l'a pas quitté des yeux. Voici sa déclaration très précise (cote 116 du dossier) : « Marius Hallard, que je reconnais, monta sur le talus et tira deux « coups de revolver sur l'abbé, un troisième sur Debroise. Il n'a pas visé le cocher. « Il avait une veste noire et une casquette rabattue ». Le jeune Delgrande (du Bourget) dit : « J'ai vu Hallard tirer deux coups de revol« ver sur le prêtre, puis un troisième coup en tournant ». Afchain (du Bourget) dit : « Hallard a tiré deux ou trois coups de revolver dans la « direction du curé. Comme il tournait en tirant, je ne sais pas qui il a pu attraper ». Au surplus, je pourrais me dispenser de rappeler ces témoignages ; en effet, le double crime de Marius Hallard porte sa signature. Lui seul avait un revolver à balles blindées, et de plus, un léger défaut de l'arme produisait sur chaque balle une petite encoche. Les deux balles extraites du cadavre de Debroise et de la cuisse de M. l'abbé Firmery sont deux balles blindées sorties du revolver d'Hallard ; et toutes deux portent la petite encoche signalée par M. Gastine-Renette, l'honorable expert, l'arquebusier bien connu. Donc jamais double crime ne fut plus manifestement prouvé. Je passe. Examinons maintenant la part qui revient à Garnier. Il a à répondre de deux tentatives de meurtre ; c'est un médiocre tireur ; il atteint rarement le but ; il n'a réussi à tuer personne, mais il paraissait le plus acharné. C'est lui que l'abbé Firmery a remarqué ; c'est lui dont l'attaque a été si furieuse, si persistante, que l'abbé l'avait désigné comme celui qui l'avait blessé ; il a fallu l'extraction de la balle, les conclusions du docteur Socquet et les conclusions de l'expert Gastine-Renette pour le détromper. Mais il a vu, bien vu, de ses yeux vu, Garnier faire feu sur lui à plusieurs reprises. Voilà la première tentative de meurtre retenue contre Garnier. La deuxième, c'est la tentative contre Huchet, blessé légèrement à la main droite. Huchet s'est dévoué lorsqu'il a vu Garnier viser les enfants placés dans la troisième voiture ; il s'est précipité sur Garnier qui aussitôt a tiré sur lui et l'a blessé. Quel est donc le système de défense de Garnier? Il reconnaît avoir tiré, mais, dit-il, j'ai tiré un seul coup en l'air, et j'ai crié ensuite : « S'il y en a un qui ne soit pas feignant, qu'il vienne ! » Vous savez déjà ce qu'il faut penser de cette prétention d'avoir tiré en l'air. Vous avez entendu l'abbé Firmery et Huchet. Voici maintenant les déclarations des propres camarades de Garnier : Afchain (du Bourget) dit : « Marius et son copain (le copain c'est Garnier) firent feu. Il y a eu en « tout une douzaine de coups de revolver ». Pouplin (du Bourget) dit : « Le grand brun d'Aubervilliers fit feu trois ou quatre « fois. Un autre gas d'Aubervilliers tira ainsi qu'un troisième. Il y a eu huit à douze « coups de feu ». Desix François (du Bourget) dit : « Trois d'Aubervilliers tirèrent leurs revolvers, « et déchargèrent une dizaine de coups. Carré Désiré (du Bourget) dit : « Un autre individu d'Aubervilliers, revolver en « main, criait : — S'il y en a un qui n'est pas feignant, qu'il descende ! Puis il a tiré « des coups de revolver ». Davoine (du Bourget) dit : « D'autres coups de feu ont été tirés, notamment par « un qui disait : S'il y en a un qui n'est pas feignant, qu'il vienne ! » Varlette (du Bourget) dit : « Garnier, monté sur le talus, criait : Celui qui en veut « n'a qu'à venir ! — Presqu'aussitôt il a tiré deux coups de feu dans la direction d'un « prêtre et des cyclistes ». Aucun de ces témoins n'a parlé de coups de feu en l'air, et tous ont dit que les coups de feu avaient été tirés dans le tas. Et Garnier a l'impudence de soutenir qu'il n'a rien fait ! Son acolyte, le petit Colas, en reste abasourdi ! Il dit (cote 26 du dossier) : « Garnier prétend n'avoir pas « tiré. Cela m'étonne ! » C'est alors que Garnier répond piteusement : « Oui, j'ai « tiré, mais pour faire peur ! » Vous venez d'entendre à cette audience la déclaration si formelle du cocher Petit. Je ne m'arrête pas davantage à des dénégations ridicules. Il me reste à préciser la part de Colas. Lui est à moitié franc ! Il avoue avoir tiré deux fois. C'est lui qui a tiré le premier coup de feu dans chacune des deux scènes, sur la route de Dugny au Bourget. Il a fait feu sur les trois cyclistes sans les atteindre ; il l'avoue en disant qu'il a voulu tirer à terre pour faire croire à l'éclatement d'un pneu ! Je ne reviens pas sur cette histoire. Je vous ai déjà rappelé les déclarations des témoins. Votre opinion est faite. La deuxième tentative de meurtre est franchement avouée par Colas. Il s'avançait en menaçant l'abbé Firmery, et comme Huchet lui portait un coup de poing pour défendre l'abbé, Colas a riposté en tirant sur Huchet. Je dois constater en faveur de Colas que seul il a manifesté un regret à la fin de l'instruction ; seul aussi il a versé quelques larmes à l'audience. Peut-être est-il moins endurci que les deux autres ! Je vous ai fait connaître les crimes commis ; quelles sont les peines encourues ? Si vous retenez lacirconstanceaggravantedeconcomitance, c'est-à-dire de meurtre ayant précédé, accompagné ou suivi un autre crime de meurtre, la peine, sans circonstances atténuantes, est la peine de mort. Je vous demande moi-même d'écarter cette circonstance aggravante. N'exagérons rien, et ne faisons pas de ces lamentables attentats une affaire capitale. Je sais d'ailleurs qu'en vous invitant à écarter une circonstance qui est de nature à entraîner le châtiment suprême, je fais une œuvre toute platonique. Je suis bien convaincu qu'il n'est pas dans vos intentions d'appliquer la peine de mort aux jeunes accusés âgés de seize et dix-sept ans. La peine du meurtre est assez grave. Ce sont les travaux forcés à perpétuité. Si, comme je le crois, vous voulez admettre les circonstances atténuantes, cette peine peut descendre aux travaux forcés à temps, de cinq à vingt ans, ou à la réclusion, de cinq à dix ans. C'est une répression suffisante. Mais une autre question vous sera posée, la question de discernement. Les trois accusés ont moins de dix-huit ans. Vous aurez à décider s'ils ont agi avec discernement. N'hésitez pas à répondre oui. Les trois accusés ont su ce qu'ils faisaient, et ils ont voulu faire ce qu'ils ont fait. Ils ne sont pas dénués d'intelligence ; ils ne sont dénués que de bons sentiments ! Comment et pourquoi, si jeunes, sont-ils devenus des êtres malfaisants ? Le dossier ne nous donne aucune réponse à cette question. On a parlé de crime politique. J'ai trouvé dans les pièces de la procédure une lettre de M. l'abbé Georges Ambler. Il traite les trois accusés d'apaches, de bandits ;puis il les plaint. « Ce sont, dit-il, trois « malheureux. Il leur a suffi pour être des criminels d'avoir été élevés à l'école sans « Dieu. Fruits logiques de l'enseignement laïque, ils sont aptes à toutes les turpi« tudes., ils sont capables de tous les crimes. Si j'avais à requérir contre eux, « ajoute M. l'abbé Ambler, je demanderais d'abord la mise en jugement et la con« damnation des législateurs criminels., etc., etc. » Tout cela, c'est de la polémique ! Rien ne m'autorise à penser que les maîtres chargés d'instruire ces trois jeunes gens aient encouru quelque responsabilité morale. Une semblable assertion ne serait qu'un jugement téméraire. Je me garderai de dire quoi que ce soit qui puisse chagriner les maîtres qui leur ont donné des leçons. Ces maîtres, je ne les connais pas. Je veux croire que c'étaient de bons et braves instituteurs très pénétrés de leurs devoirs, conscients de la grandeur de leur tâche, et dévoués serviteurs de leur pays. D'ailleurs un des. trois accusés, Garnier, a été élevé par des prêtres, et jusqu'à l'âge de quinzeans, il a fait partie d'un patronage catholique. Ce n'est donc pas de lui que M. l'abbé Ambler pourrait écrire qu'il a été une victime de l'enseignement laïque. Non, Messieurs les Jurés ! Gardons-nous de passionner un débat aussi douloureux ! Ne faisons pas de politique ici Ne poussons pas les uns contre les autres les libres-penseurs et les catholiques. Le seul, le vrai libre-penseur est celui qui exige, pour lui-même, et aussi pour les autres, le droit de penser librement. Un libre-penseur digne de ce nom n'attaque pas à coups de revolver ceux qui pensent autrement que lui. Tout sincère ami de la tolérance répugne au meurtre et à la cruauté. Dois-je élever ce débat ? Dois-je essayer de traiter devant vous une des questions sociales les plus troublantes, la question de l'enfance et de la jeunesse criminelles ? C'est un sujet de discussion que je ne veux même pas effleurer ! La place que j'occupe est un siège de magistrat et non une estrade de conférencier. Les causes de la criminalité précoce sont d'ailleurs multiples ; ce n'est point l'heure ni le lieu de les étudier. Ce qu'il faut constater, c'est que le beau rêve d'autrefois ne s'est pas réalisé. Nous avions cru que l'armée du crime se recrutait presque toute parmi les illettrés. J'avoue que j'ai été de ceux qui espéraient que chaque école ouverte ferait fermer une prison ! Hélas ! Nous sommes encore loin de compte ! Il devient plus que jamais nécessaire de défendre la société contre ceux qui lui déclarent la guerre. Il faut réprimer sans excès, mais aussi sans faiblesse, les attentats des bandits, petits et grands. Vous n'admettrez pas que, dans un pays civilisé, les gens paisibles puissent être victimes de la sauvagerie de quelques petits criminels, fanfarons du vice et cabotins du meurtre, qui, par leurs instincts féroces, par leur absence complète de sens moral, semblent avoir pris à tâche de se classer euxmêmes en dehors de l'humanité. Ce n'est pas moi seulement qui vous demande justice au nom de la société. Regardez ce père, cette mère qui pleurent le fils que lâchement on a tué. Eux aussi vous demandent justice, et je pense qu'ils ont bien quelque droit de l'obtenir ! Le verdict du Jury ayant proclamé la culpabilité des trois accusés, avec admission de circonstances atténuantes, Marius Hallard a été condamné à 7 ans de réclusion, Garnier et Colas à b ans de la même peine La partie civile a obtenu, selon sa demande, un franc de dommages-intérêts. TABLE DES MATIÈRES AFFAIRE DEMOISELLE LOUBIN CONTRE CHÉRON. — Cour d'appel de Paris (cinquième chambre). — Union illégitime. — Enfants naturels. Le droit du père et le droit de la mère. — Plaidoirie de Me Joseph Duboille. Plaidoirie de Me Dorville. — Conlcusions de M. l'Avocat Général Tournade. L'arrêt. 5 L'EGLISE ET LA LOI DE SÉPARATION. — Tribunal civil de Bar-le-Duc. Le conflit d'un évêque et d'une « cultuelle ». — Une dévolution de biens par la Fabrique. — L'article 4 et l'article 8. — Qu'est-ce que les « règles générales de l'organisation du culte catholique .» ? — Plaidoirie de Me Noguères. — Plaidoirie de Me Jacques Bonzon. — Plaidoirie de Me Henri Godmard fils. — Plaidoirie de M. le Bâtonnier Godmard (du barreau de Bar-le-Duc). — Conclusions de M. le Procureur Général Creissels. Le Jugement. 29 Me X. CONTRE M. DUEZ, liquidateur des Oblats de Marie Immaculée. — Une question d'honoraires. — Première chambre du Tribunal de la Seine. — Plaidoirie de Me Charles Boullay. Conclusions de M. le Substitut Brouchot 85 LA SOCIÉTÉ D'APPLICATIONS INDUSTRIELLES CONTRE L'ETAT. — Première chambre de la Cour de Paris. — Principes qui gouvernent la matière de la domanialité publique. — Plaidoirie de Me Seligman. — Plaidoirie de Me le Bâtonnier Barboux. — L'arrêt. 93 LE PROCÈS DU TESTAMENT PERDU. — Deuxième chambre de la Cour de Paris. — Un testateur qui n'a pas de chance. — L'odyssée d'une volonté dernière. — Plaidoirie de Me Léouzon Le Duc. — Plaidoirie de Me Léon. — Plaidoirie de Me Bertin. — Conclusions de M. l'Avocat Général Corentin-Guyho.— L'arrêt. 121 MONSEIGNEUR TURINAZ ÉVIQUE DE NANCY POURSUIVI POUR OUTRAGES A UN BRIGADIER DE POLICE. — Tribunal de Nancy. — L'interrogatoire. — Plaidoirie de Me Terraux. Le jugement 157 LE PROCÈS DE M. CROCKER CONTRE LE DOCTEUR DOYEN. Tribunal civil de la Seine (Première chambre). Demande en restitution de cent mille francs d'honoraires. — Plaidoirie de M. le Bâtonnier Chenu. — Plaidoirie de Me Desjardin. — Observations personnelles de M. le docteur Doyen. — Conclusions de M. le Substitut Wattine. Le Jugement *. 161 LA LOI DE SÉPARATION. — Les papiers Montagnini. — Le Procès de M. l'abbé Jouin, curé de Saint-Augustin. — Tribunal correctionnel de la Seine (Neuvième cham bre). Interrogatoire. Réquisitoire de M. le Substitut Mornet. — Observations personnelles de M. l'abbé Jouin. — Plaidoirie de M. le Bâtonnier Albert Danet. Le Jugement 327 LES FICHES. — Trois officiers contre M. le général Peigné. — Tribunal civil de la Seine (Première chambre). — Plaidoirie de ME Bazire. — Conclusions de M. le Substitut Wattine. Le Jugement 399 Du PRIX DE LA RÉPONSE. — L' « Eclair » contre le « Matin ». Tribunal de commerce de la Seine. — Plaidoirie de Me Léouzon Le Duc. — Les Jugements. — Observations de M. Le Poittevin juge d'instruction au Tribunal de la Seine 445 LES ANTIMILITARISTES. — Cour d'Assises de la Seine. — Plaidoirie de Me Jacques Bonzon. 479 UN CRIME PASSIONNEL. — L'affaire Berthe Tranchon. Cour d'Assises de Seine-etMarne. — Plaidoirie de Me Alcide Delmont 485 L'AFFAIRE THIVOL. — Conseil de guerre d'Oran. L'Interrogatoire. — Les dépositions. — Le Réquisitoire. — Plaidoirie de Me Divielle. — Condamnation de l'accusé. 497 L'AFFAIRE MASSON. — Une prétendue comédie judiciaire. — Cour de Paris Chambre) correctionnelle). — Plaidoirie de.Mc Armand Dorville. — Conclusions de M. l'Avocat Général Rome. 517 LE PROCÈS THAW. — Cour d'Assises de New-York. — I. Le « picking of jurors ». — II. L' « évidence in chief ». — III. Le « rebuttal ». — IV. Le « surrebuttal a, la « lunacy commission ». — V. Le « summing up », la « charge », « la délibération du jury)). 529 AFFAIRE MICHEL GOUGÉ. — Un drame del'adultère. — Plaidoirie de ME Georges Claretie 363 LE LIVRE D'AMOUR DE SAINTE-BEUVE.— Cour d'appel de Paris (Quatrième Chambre). — Plaidoirie de Me Lucien Blin. — Plaidoirie de Me Aubépin. L'arrêt 583 L'AFFAIRE GIROD. — Cour d'Assises de la Seine. — Conclusions de M. l'Avocat Général Corentin-Guyho. 625 LE PROCÈS CRETTIEZ CONTRE LA VILLE DE CLUSES. — La responsabilité des communes en temps de grève. — Cour de Chambéry. — Plaidoirie de Me Descostes. — Mémoires et Conclusions pour la ville et commune de Cluses. — Conclusions de M. le Procureur Général Gensoul. — L'arrêt. 635 L'AGRESSION DU BOURGET. — Le meurtre du jeune Hippolyte Debroise. — Cour d'Assises de la Seine. — Plaidoirie de Me Challamel. — Réquisitoire de M. l'Avocat Général Peyssonnié 735 — * .Al —. | 48,523 |
US-81775697-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,995 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,686 | 3,391 | TABLE 3 __________________________________________________________________________ Cu.sup.2+ Cd.sup.2+ Pb.sup.2+ Mg.sup.2+ Zn.sup.2+ Ca.sup.2+ La.sup.3+ UO.sub.2.sup.2+ Fe.sup.3+ Ni.sup.2+ Co.sup.2+ NH.sub.4.sup.+ __________________________________________________________________________ Cation exchange capacity* (CEC) derived from replacement of alkali metal.sup.§ in selected XAMs K-XAM Example 1 395 K-XAM Example 2 542 317 474 426 631 269 200 420 319 588 551 465 Na-XAM Example 3 492 176 352 528 492 176 229 Na-XAM Example 4 503 445 580 550 667 443 381 565 479 409 559 289 Weight percent as oxide of exchange cation for a range of cations K-XAM Example 2 48.3 8.7 28.5 8.0 39.1 3.5 10.0 21.9 4.3 31.0 33.5 Na-XAM Example 4 39.3 7.6 34.8 8.3 31.6 3.9 9.8 22.8 5.2 40.0 33.1 __________________________________________________________________________ *milliequivalents per 100 g determined as percent removal of alkali catio .sup.§ reduction of alkali metal determined by Xray spectroscopy (EDS) .sup.† exchange cation content determined by Xray spectroscopy (EDS)
In aqueous suspension, XAM has a particular affinity to certain cations. The cations include the alkaline earths Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺, the transition metals Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Mn²⁺, the other metal cations Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺, the lanthanide Nd³⁺, and the actinide-containing cation UO₂ ²⁺. It is expected that XAM will also have affinity to other aqueous cations with similar size, shape and charge to those listed above. Also, due to the similar chemical behaviour of trivalent lanthanides it is assumed that the properties demonstrated for Nd³⁺ will apply to all trivalent lanthanides, including Y³⁺.
The affinity of XAM for these cations has been demonstrated by measuring the percent uptake of each of these cations from a solution containing a low concentration (10-100 ppm) of the subject cation and a relatively high concentration of Na⁺ (0.1 M). The details of selectivity experiments together with their results are given in Table 4. The level of selectivity of XAM towards these cations is relatively independent of temperature but the rate of exchange is significantly enhanced by increase in temperature.
For the purpose of this invention, to identify those cations for which M-XAM (M=alkali metal) is highly selective in aqueous solution, we arbitrarily define high selectivity as removing ≧90% of that cation from a solution containing 0.1 M Na⁺ as background. We define M-XAM as being selective when ≧10% of that cation is removed under the same condition.
TABLE 4 __________________________________________________________________________ Selectivity results (% removed) for a selectlon of XAMs for various cations __________________________________________________________________________ Cu.sup.2+ Cd.sup.2+ Pb.sup.2+ Mg.sup.2+ Zn.sup.2+ Ca.sup.2+ __________________________________________________________________________ pH 6.5 5.0 4.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Concentration (ppm) 100 10 20 10 10 20 K-XAM Example 1 99.9 -- -- -- -- -- Na-XAM Example 3 99.8 64.4 95.1 86.3 93.6 97.0 __________________________________________________________________________ Unless otherwise indicated 25 ml of solution is treated with 0.09 g of XAM overnight at room temperature. All solutions contain a background of 0.1 M Na.sup.+. All cation concentrations measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) Cu.sup.2+ Cd.sup.2+ Pb.sup.2+ Hg.sup.2+ Zn.sup.2+ Ca.sup.2+ Ca.sup.2+ Mg.sup.2+ __________________________________________________________________________ pH 6.5 3.5 3.5 1.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Concentration (ppm) 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 20 K-XAM Example 1 94.3 81.9 100.0 -- 99.6 28.3 -- 51.1 K-XAM Example 2 >99.99 97.5 100.0 81.3 99.9 45.1 >99.5 32.2 Na-XAM Example 3 99.99 44.0 100.0 -- 84.2 56.5 -- 28.2 Na-XAM Example 4 99.99 84.1 100.0 60.0 98.4 50.3 >99.5 21.0 Li-XAM Example 5 98.2 80.2 98.0 -- 99.8 44.6 -- 42.4 Li-XAM Example 6 99.35 82.5 99.7 -- 100.0 36.2 -- 44.7 Na/K-XAM Example 7 99.98 100.0 99.8 -- 100.0 39.8 -- 6.6 __________________________________________________________________________ Unless otherwise indicated 100 ml of solution is treated with 1 g of XAM for 15 minutes at room temperature. All solutions contain a background of 0.1 M Na.sup.+ except for Ca.sup.2+ Cu.sup.2+ and Ca.sup.2+ concentrations measured by ion selective electrodes, all other cation concentrations measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) Cu.sup.2+ and Pb.sup.2+ selectivity for other XAMs (percent removed) Example 8 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 __________________________________________________________________________ XAM K-XAM Na-XAM Rb-XAM Cs-XAM K-XAM K-XAM K-XAM Na-XAM Na-XAM Na-XAM Reagent/weight 0.66 g 0.49 g 0.33 g 0.42 g 131 g 43.7 g Cu.sup.2+ 97.2 99.99 99.99 99.99 99.7 95.8 60.5 90.6 99.99 79.2 Pb.sup.2+ 99.8 98.7 99.8 99.7 99.8 98.8 46.1 99.7 99.9 99.5 __________________________________________________________________________ Example 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 __________________________________________________________________________ XAM K-XAM K-XAM Na-XAM Na-XAM K-XAM Na-XAM K-XAM Na-XAM K-XAM Na-XAM Reagent/weight nitrate acetate nitrate citrate mont. mont. pyroph. pyroph. Cu.sup.2+ 96.6 99.99 99.4 99.99 99.99 64.5 99.98 79.6 98.05 99.99 Pb.sup.2+ 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.6 99.5 99.7 99.8 99.7 99.8 99.4 __________________________________________________________________________ Example 20 21 21 2 2 4 4 __________________________________________________________________________ XAM Na-XAM K-XAM Na-XAM K-XAM K-XAM Na-XAM Na-XAM Reagent/weight halloysite 2.0:1.0 0.2:1.0 1000° C. 1200° C. Applications of XAM
The high CEC which XAM displays and its high selectivity to a number of aqueous cations makes XAM potentially useful in the treatment of industrial and mine waste water, as well as in the remediation of contaminated environmental waters. In particular, its high selectivity to aqueous Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ all of which are toxic and environmentally problematic, make XAM particularly useful for such applications. It is probable the XAM will also sequester these cations from non-aqueous solvents or from liquid mixtures containing such non-aqueous solvents, such as wine.
XAM is also potentially suitable for application as a detergent builder or water softener as it shows a capability to sequester Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from solution.
The potentially high CEC of XAM enables high loading levels of various cations. These highly exchanged XAMs may have application in the delivery of these cations in pharmaceuticals, stock feed, horticulture and agriculture.
XAMs which have been highly exchanged by transition metals or lanthanides are likely to have potential usage as heterogeneous catalysts.
Whilst the above has been given by way of illustrative example of the invention, many modifications and variations may be made thereto by persons skilled in the art without departing from the broad scope and ambit of the invention as herein set forth.
We claim:
1. A poorly or partly crystalline alkali metal aluminosilicate material having a stuffed silica polymorph related-structure in which the aluminium is at least predominantly tetrahedrally coordinated and a cation exchange capacity at room temperature of at least 1 meq 100 g⁻¹ in aqueous solution, which is produced by reacting an aluminosilicate, or a combination of aluminium oxide-containing and silicon oxide-containing compounds, with an alkali oxide-containing reagent.
2. A material according to claim 1 having a BET surface area of at least 0.1 m² g⁻¹.
3. A material according to claim 2 having a BET surface area of at least 1 m² g⁻¹.
4. A material according to claim 3 having a BET surface of at least 5 and less than 45 m² g⁻¹.
5. A material according to claim 1 wherein said cation exchange capacity is at least 10 meq 100 g⁻¹.
6. A material according to claim 5 wherein said cation exchange capacity is in the range 50-750 meq 100 g⁻¹.
7. A material according to claim 1 wherein interstitial sites of the structure are occupied by two or more cations of which at least one is alkali metal.
8. A material according to claim 1 which in a pure, dehydrated form has the composition M_(p) Al_(q) Si_(1-q) O_(r) sH₂ O where M=alkali metal, 0.0<p≦2.0, 0.0<q<1.0, 1.5≦r≦3.0 and 0.1≦s≦0.1.
9. A material according to claim 1 wherein the alkali cation can be exchanged partly or fully by one or more cations selected from the group comprising: the alkalis Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺ ; ammonium NH₄ ⁺ ; the alkaline earths Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺ ; the transition metals Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ag²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺ ; the other metals Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and, Hg²⁺ ; the lanthanides Nd³⁺ and Ln³⁺, and the uranyl UO₂ ²⁺.
10. A material according to claim 9 which is highly selective in its cation exchange towards one or more of the aqueous cations selected from the group comprising Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe²⁺, Cr³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺.
11. A material according to claim 9 which is selective in its cation exchange towards the aqueous cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Nd³⁺, Ln³⁺ and UO₂ ²⁺.
12. A material according to claim 1 which has been subjected to partial or full exchange of the alkali metal cation by at least one cation selected from the group comprising: the alkalis Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺ ; ammonium NH₄ ⁺ ; the alkaline earths Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, the transition metals Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺ ; the other metals Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ ; the lanthanides Nd³⁺ and Ln³⁺, and the uranyl UO₂ ²⁺.
13. A process for the preparation of a poorly or partly crsytalline alkali metal aluminosilicate material having a stuffed silica polymorph related-structure in which the aluminium is at least predominantly tetrahedrally coordinated and a cation exchange capacity at room temperature of at least 1 meq 100 g⁻¹ in aqueous solution, in which an aluminosilicate, or a combination of aluminium oxide-containing and silicon oxide-containing compounds, are reacted together with an alkali oxide-containing reagent.
14. A process according to claim 13 which is performed at a temperature of 750° C. or less.
15. A process according to claim 14 wherein the reaction is performed at a temperature in the range of 300 to 750° C.
16. A process according to claim 13 wherein the alkali oxide containing reagent decomposes in air at a temperature below 1000° C. to give alkali oxide.
17. A process according to claim 16 wherein the alkali oxide-containing reagent is a carbonate or hydroxide.
18. A process according to claim 16 wherein the alkali oxide-containing reagent is a bicarbonate, nitrate, or carboxylate.
19. A process according to claim 13 wherein the aluminosilicate is a phyllosilicate.
20. A process according to claim 19 wherein the phyllosilicate is a kaolin group mineral.
21. A process according to claim 19 wherein the phyllosilicate is montmorillonite or pyrophyllite.
22. A process according to claim 13 which involves a solid state reaction..
| 32,442 |
https://github.com/wilebeast/FireFox-OS/blob/master/B2G/gecko/mobile/android/base/UpdateService.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,020 | FireFox-OS | wilebeast | Java | Code | 1,572 | 5,472 | /* -*- Mode: Java; c-basic-offset: 4; tab-width: 20; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
package org.mozilla.gecko.updater;
import org.mozilla.gecko.R;
import org.mozilla.gecko.GeckoApp;
import org.mozilla.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import android.app.AlarmManager;
import android.app.IntentService;
import android.app.Notification;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.app.Service;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.SharedPreferences;
import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
import android.net.NetworkInfo;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.RemoteViews;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.TimeZone;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
public class UpdateService extends IntentService {
private static final int BUFSIZE = 8192;
private static final int NOTIFICATION_ID = 0x3e40ddbd;
private static final String LOGTAG = "UpdateService";
private static final int INTERVAL_LONG = 86400000; // in milliseconds
private static final int INTERVAL_SHORT = 14400000; // again, in milliseconds
private static final int INTERVAL_RETRY = 3600000;
private static final String PREFS_NAME = "UpdateService";
private static final String KEY_LAST_BUILDID = "UpdateService.lastBuildID";
private static final String KEY_LAST_HASH_FUNCTION = "UpdateService.lastHashFunction";
private static final String KEY_LAST_HASH_VALUE = "UpdateService.lastHashValue";
private static final String KEY_LAST_ATTEMPT_DATE = "UpdateService.lastAttemptDate";
private SharedPreferences mPrefs;
private NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
private ConnectivityManager mConnectivityManager;
private boolean mDownloading;
private boolean mApplyImmediately;
public UpdateService() {
super("updater");
}
@Override
public void onCreate () {
super.onCreate();
mPrefs = getSharedPreferences(PREFS_NAME, 0);
mNotificationManager = (NotificationManager)getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
mConnectivityManager = (ConnectivityManager)getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
}
@Override
public synchronized int onStartCommand (Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
// If we are busy doing a download, the new Intent here would normally be queued for
// execution once that is done. In this case, however, we want to flip the boolean
// while that is running, so handle that now.
if (mDownloading && UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_APPLY_UPDATE.equals(intent.getAction())) {
Log.i(LOGTAG, "will apply update when download finished");
mApplyImmediately = true;
showDownloadNotification();
} else {
super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId);
}
return Service.START_REDELIVER_INTENT;
}
@Override
protected void onHandleIntent (Intent intent) {
if (UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_REGISTER_FOR_UPDATES.equals(intent.getAction())) {
registerForUpdates(false);
} else if (UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_CHECK_FOR_UPDATE.equals(intent.getAction())) {
startUpdate(intent.getIntExtra(UpdateServiceHelper.EXTRA_UPDATE_FLAGS_NAME, 0));
} else if (UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_APPLY_UPDATE.equals(intent.getAction())) {
applyUpdate(intent.getStringExtra(UpdateServiceHelper.EXTRA_PACKAGE_PATH_NAME));
}
}
private static boolean hasFlag(int flags, int flag) {
return (flags & flag) == flag;
}
private void sendCheckUpdateResult(boolean result) {
Intent resultIntent = new Intent(UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_CHECK_UPDATE_RESULT);
resultIntent.putExtra("result", result);
sendBroadcast(resultIntent);
}
private int getUpdateInterval(boolean isRetry) {
int interval;
if (isRetry) {
interval = INTERVAL_RETRY;
} else if (UpdateServiceHelper.UPDATE_CHANNEL.equals("nightly") ||
UpdateServiceHelper.UPDATE_CHANNEL.equals("aurora")) {
interval = INTERVAL_SHORT;
} else {
interval = INTERVAL_LONG;
}
return interval;
}
private void registerForUpdates(boolean isRetry) {
Calendar lastAttempt = getLastAttemptDate();
Calendar now = new GregorianCalendar(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
int interval = getUpdateInterval(isRetry);
if (lastAttempt == null || (now.getTimeInMillis() - lastAttempt.getTimeInMillis()) > interval) {
// We've either never attempted an update, or we are passed the desired
// time. Start an update now.
Log.i(LOGTAG, "no update has ever been attempted, checking now");
startUpdate(0);
return;
}
AlarmManager manager = (AlarmManager) getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE);
if (manager == null)
return;
PendingIntent pending = PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, new Intent(UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_CHECK_FOR_UPDATE, null, this, UpdateService.class), PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
manager.cancel(pending);
lastAttempt.setTimeInMillis(lastAttempt.getTimeInMillis() + interval);
Log.i(LOGTAG, "next update will be at: " + lastAttempt.getTime());
manager.set(AlarmManager.RTC_WAKEUP, lastAttempt.getTimeInMillis(), pending);
}
private void startUpdate(int flags) {
setLastAttemptDate();
NetworkInfo netInfo = mConnectivityManager.getActiveNetworkInfo();
if (netInfo == null || !netInfo.isConnected()) {
Log.i(LOGTAG, "not connected to the network");
registerForUpdates(true);
sendCheckUpdateResult(false);
return;
}
registerForUpdates(false);
UpdateInfo info = findUpdate(hasFlag(flags, UpdateServiceHelper.FLAG_REINSTALL));
boolean haveUpdate = (info != null);
sendCheckUpdateResult(haveUpdate);
if (!haveUpdate) {
Log.i(LOGTAG, "no update available");
return;
}
Log.i(LOGTAG, "update available, buildID = " + info.buildID);
int connectionType = netInfo.getType();
if (!hasFlag(flags, UpdateServiceHelper.FLAG_FORCE_DOWNLOAD) &&
connectionType != ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI &&
connectionType != ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET) {
Log.i(LOGTAG, "not connected via wifi or ethernet");
// We aren't autodownloading here, so prompt to start the update
Notification notification = new Notification(R.drawable.ic_status_logo, null, System.currentTimeMillis());
Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_CHECK_FOR_UPDATE);
notificationIntent.setClass(this, UpdateService.class);
notificationIntent.putExtra(UpdateServiceHelper.EXTRA_UPDATE_FLAGS_NAME, UpdateServiceHelper.FLAG_FORCE_DOWNLOAD);
PendingIntent contentIntent = PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, notificationIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
notification.flags = Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;
notification.setLatestEventInfo(this, getResources().getString(R.string.updater_start_title),
getResources().getString(R.string.updater_start_select),
contentIntent);
mNotificationManager.notify(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification);
return;
}
File pkg = downloadUpdatePackage(info, hasFlag(flags, UpdateServiceHelper.FLAG_OVERWRITE_EXISTING));
if (pkg == null)
return;
Log.i(LOGTAG, "have update package at " + pkg);
saveUpdateInfo(info);
if (mApplyImmediately) {
applyUpdate(pkg);
} else {
// Prompt to apply the update
Notification notification = new Notification(R.drawable.ic_status_logo, null, System.currentTimeMillis());
Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_APPLY_UPDATE);
notificationIntent.setClass(this, UpdateService.class);
notificationIntent.putExtra(UpdateServiceHelper.EXTRA_PACKAGE_PATH_NAME, pkg.getAbsolutePath());
PendingIntent contentIntent = PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, notificationIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
notification.flags = Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;
notification.setLatestEventInfo(this, getResources().getString(R.string.updater_apply_title),
getResources().getString(R.string.updater_apply_select),
contentIntent);
mNotificationManager.notify(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification);
}
}
private UpdateInfo findUpdate(boolean force) {
try {
URL url = UpdateServiceHelper.getUpdateUrl(this, force);
DocumentBuilder builder = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance().newDocumentBuilder();
Document dom = builder.parse(url.openConnection().getInputStream());
NodeList nodes = dom.getElementsByTagName("update");
if (nodes == null || nodes.getLength() == 0)
return null;
Node updateNode = nodes.item(0);
Node buildIdNode = updateNode.getAttributes().getNamedItem("buildID");
if (buildIdNode == null)
return null;
nodes = dom.getElementsByTagName("patch");
if (nodes == null || nodes.getLength() == 0)
return null;
Node patchNode = nodes.item(0);
Node urlNode = patchNode.getAttributes().getNamedItem("URL");
Node hashFunctionNode = patchNode.getAttributes().getNamedItem("hashFunction");
Node hashValueNode = patchNode.getAttributes().getNamedItem("hashValue");
Node sizeNode = patchNode.getAttributes().getNamedItem("size");
if (urlNode == null || hashFunctionNode == null ||
hashValueNode == null || sizeNode == null) {
return null;
}
// Fill in UpdateInfo from the XML data
UpdateInfo info = new UpdateInfo();
info.url = new URL(urlNode.getTextContent());
info.buildID = buildIdNode.getTextContent();
info.hashFunction = hashFunctionNode.getTextContent();
info.hashValue = hashValueNode.getTextContent();
try {
info.size = Integer.parseInt(sizeNode.getTextContent());
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "Failed to find APK size: ", e);
return null;
}
// Make sure we have all the stuff we need to apply the update
if (!info.isValid()) {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "missing some required update information, have: " + info);
return null;
}
return info;
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "failed to check for update: ", e);
return null;
}
}
private MessageDigest createMessageDigest(String hashFunction) {
String javaHashFunction = null;
if ("sha512".equals(hashFunction)) {
javaHashFunction = "SHA-512";
} else {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "Unhandled hash function: " + hashFunction);
return null;
}
try {
return MessageDigest.getInstance(javaHashFunction);
} catch (java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "Couldn't find algorithm " + javaHashFunction, e);
return null;
}
}
private void showDownloadNotification() {
showDownloadNotification(null);
}
private void showDownloadNotification(File downloadFile) {
Notification notification = new Notification(android.R.drawable.stat_sys_download, null, System.currentTimeMillis());
Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_APPLY_UPDATE);
notificationIntent.setClass(this, UpdateService.class);
if (downloadFile != null)
notificationIntent.putExtra(UpdateServiceHelper.EXTRA_PACKAGE_PATH_NAME, downloadFile.getAbsolutePath());
PendingIntent contentIntent = PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, notificationIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
notification.setLatestEventInfo(this, getResources().getString(R.string.updater_downloading_title),
mApplyImmediately ? "" : getResources().getString(R.string.updater_downloading_select),
contentIntent);
mNotificationManager.notify(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification);
}
private void showDownloadFailure() {
Notification notification = new Notification(R.drawable.ic_status_logo, null, System.currentTimeMillis());
Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(UpdateServiceHelper.ACTION_CHECK_FOR_UPDATE);
notificationIntent.setClass(this, UpdateService.class);
PendingIntent contentIntent = PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, notificationIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
notification.setLatestEventInfo(this, getResources().getString(R.string.updater_downloading_title_failed),
getResources().getString(R.string.updater_downloading_retry),
contentIntent);
mNotificationManager.notify(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification);
}
private File downloadUpdatePackage(UpdateInfo info, boolean overwriteExisting) {
File downloadFile = new File(Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS), new File(info.url.getFile()).getName());
if (!overwriteExisting && info.buildID.equals(getLastBuildID()) && downloadFile.exists()) {
// The last saved buildID is the same as the one for the current update. We also have a file
// already downloaded, so it's probably the package we want. Verify it to be sure and just
// return that if it matches.
if (verifyDownloadedPackage(downloadFile)) {
Log.i(LOGTAG, "using existing update package");
return downloadFile;
} else {
// Didn't match, so we're going to download a new one.
downloadFile.delete();
}
}
Log.i(LOGTAG, "downloading update package");
OutputStream output = null;
InputStream input = null;
mDownloading = true;
showDownloadNotification(downloadFile);
try {
URLConnection conn = info.url.openConnection();
int length = conn.getContentLength();
output = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(downloadFile));
input = new BufferedInputStream(conn.getInputStream());
byte[] buf = new byte[BUFSIZE];
int len = 0;
int bytesRead = 0;
float lastPercent = 0.0f;
while ((len = input.read(buf, 0, BUFSIZE)) > 0) {
output.write(buf, 0, len);
bytesRead += len;
}
Log.i(LOGTAG, "completed update download!");
mNotificationManager.cancel(NOTIFICATION_ID);
return downloadFile;
} catch (Exception e) {
downloadFile.delete();
showDownloadFailure();
Log.e(LOGTAG, "failed to download update: ", e);
return null;
} finally {
try {
if (input != null)
input.close();
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
try {
if (output != null)
output.close();
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
mDownloading = false;
}
}
private boolean verifyDownloadedPackage(File updateFile) {
MessageDigest digest = createMessageDigest(getLastHashFunction());
if (digest == null)
return false;
InputStream input = null;
try {
input = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(updateFile));
byte[] buf = new byte[BUFSIZE];
int len;
while ((len = input.read(buf, 0, BUFSIZE)) > 0) {
digest.update(buf, 0, len);
}
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "Failed to verify update package: ", e);
return false;
} finally {
try {
if (input != null)
input.close();
} catch(java.io.IOException e) {}
}
String hex = Hex.encodeHexString(digest.digest());
if (!hex.equals(getLastHashValue())) {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "Package hash does not match");
return false;
}
return true;
}
private void applyUpdate(String updatePath) {
applyUpdate(new File(updatePath));
}
private void applyUpdate(File updateFile) {
mApplyImmediately = false;
if (!updateFile.exists())
return;
Log.i(LOGTAG, "Verifying package: " + updateFile);
if (!verifyDownloadedPackage(updateFile)) {
Log.e(LOGTAG, "Not installing update, failed verification");
return;
}
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
intent.setDataAndType(Uri.fromFile(updateFile), "application/vnd.android.package-archive");
intent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);
startActivity(intent);
}
private String getLastBuildID() {
return mPrefs.getString(KEY_LAST_BUILDID, null);
}
private String getLastHashFunction() {
return mPrefs.getString(KEY_LAST_HASH_FUNCTION, null);
}
private String getLastHashValue() {
return mPrefs.getString(KEY_LAST_HASH_VALUE, null);
}
private Calendar getLastAttemptDate() {
long lastAttempt = mPrefs.getLong(KEY_LAST_ATTEMPT_DATE, -1);
if (lastAttempt < 0)
return null;
GregorianCalendar cal = new GregorianCalendar(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
cal.setTimeInMillis(lastAttempt);
return cal;
}
private void setLastAttemptDate() {
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = mPrefs.edit();
editor.putLong(KEY_LAST_ATTEMPT_DATE, System.currentTimeMillis());
editor.commit();
}
private void saveUpdateInfo(UpdateInfo info) {
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = mPrefs.edit();
editor.putString(KEY_LAST_BUILDID, info.buildID);
editor.putString(KEY_LAST_HASH_FUNCTION, info.hashFunction);
editor.putString(KEY_LAST_HASH_VALUE, info.hashValue);
editor.commit();
}
private class UpdateInfo {
public URL url;
public String buildID;
public String hashFunction;
public String hashValue;
public int size;
private boolean isNonEmpty(String s) {
return s != null && s.length() > 0;
}
public boolean isValid() {
return url != null && isNonEmpty(buildID) &&
isNonEmpty(hashFunction) && isNonEmpty(hashValue) && size > 0;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "url = " + url + ", buildID = " + buildID + ", hashFunction = " + hashFunction + ", hashValue = " + hashValue + ", size = " + size;
}
}
}
| 6,433 |
US-201514863941-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,015 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,635 | 4,752 | Aircraft engine pylon to wing mounting assembly
ABSTRACT
Pylon mounting assemblies are provided for mounting an engine (e.g., a turbojet engine) to a wing of an aircraft. The pylon mounting assemblies include an upper pylon connection member, and a lower pylon connection box, wherein the upper pylon connection member and the lower pylon connection box respectively include multiple opposed pairs of connection lobes. At least one pair of the connection lobes includes a pin connection to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along an x-axis and a mutually perpendicular z-axis, while at least one other pair of connection lobes includes a connection rod to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application may be deemed related to commonly owned U.S. application Ser. No. 14/863,989 filed on Sep. 24, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,868,539), the entire content of which is expressly incorporated hereinto by reference.
FIELD
The embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to assemblies to attach an aircraft engine (e.g., a turbojet engine) to the underside of an aircraft wing by way of an engine mounting pylon.
BACKGROUND
In order to achieve design goals related to reduction of fuel consumption with its associated advantages of thereby reducing emissions of air pollutants and noise, there is a trend in the commercial aviation industry towards the adoption of turbojet engines having improved design criteria. These new generation turbojet (turbofan) engines are however larger and thus heavier than the existing engine models. On the other hand, newly designed wings are being proposed to match the new generation engines with the ultimate goal of achieving further fuel savings, i.e., wings that sustain lower induced drag due to a larger aspect ratio. These new larger aspect ratio wings however exhibit a characteristic that leads to smaller cross sections with reduced stiffness. Both of these factors contribute to the aeroelastic requirements becoming more critical than for the existing generation of commercial jets.
Taking into account the relatively larger weight and size of the new generation of turbojet engines and the fact that they will be installed under the newly designed wings with larger aspect ratio and thus smaller cross sections, the aeroelastic viability thereby becomes highly dependent on the design of the attachment assemblies to attach the engine mounting pylon to the underside of the wing. The existing solutions for the pylon-to-wing attachment cannot provide an appropriate stiffness for the new mass and geometric characteristics of the newer generation of larger turbojet engines that will readily satisfy flutter certification requirements, particularly when the engine pitch mechanisms are critical to ensure proper engine operation.
Thus, if current pylon-to-wing attachment assemblies are to be adopted for the new generation of turbojet engines, it will become necessary to either increase the structural weight of the wing box or change the wing box construction materials (e.g., from traditional metallic alloys to stiffer and more expensive alternatives such as composite systems).
Therefore, what is needed in this art are turbojet engine pylon-to-wing mounting assemblies that will provide sufficient stiffness requirements to accommodate both the new generation of heavier turbojet engines and the larger aspect ratio (smaller cross-section) aircraft wings. It is towards providing such a solution that the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are directed.
SUMMARY
According to the embodiments disclosed herein, pylon mounting assemblies are provided for mounting an engine to a wing of an aircraft which include an upper pylon connection member, and a lower pylon connection box, wherein the upper pylon connection member and the lower pylon connection box respectively include multiple opposed pairs of connection lobes. At least one pair of the connection lobes includes a pin connection to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along an x-axis and a mutually perpendicular z-axis, while at least one other pair of connection lobes includes a connection rod to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis.
The multiple opposed pairs of connection lobes may include forward, intermediate and rearward pairs of connection lobes. According to some embodiments, the forward and rearward pairs of connection lobes include respective connection rods to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis, and the intermediate pair of connection lobes includes a pin connection to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the x-axis and the mutually perpendicular z-axis.
Other embodiments will include intermediate and rearward pairs of connection lobes interconnected by respective connection rods to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis, and the forward pair of connection lobes includes a pin connection to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the x-axis and the mutually perpendicular z-axis.
Still other embodiments will include forward and intermediate pairs of connection lobes include respective pin connections to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the x-axis and the mutually perpendicular z-axis, and wherein rearward pair of connection lobes includes a connection rod to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis.
The upper pylon connection member may be a solid structure connected rigidly to a wing box of the aircraft wing and extend forwardly of the wing box of the aircraft wing. According to some embodiments the forward connection lobe of the upper pylon connection member may extend forwardly of and be downwardly dog-legged relative to the wing box.
These and other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more clear after careful consideration is given to the following detailed description of the preferred exemplary embodiments thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
The disclosed embodiments of the present invention will be better and more completely understood by referring to the following detailed description of exemplary non-limiting illustrative embodiments in conjunction with the drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a front perspective bottom view of a typical aircraft engine and its associated mounting pylon according to an embodiment of the invention for mounting the engine to the aircraft's wing box structure;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged side elevational view of one embodiment of the aircraft engine wing-mounting pylon depicted in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged side elevational view of another embodiment of the aircraft engine wing-mounting pylon depicted in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is an enlarged side elevational view of yet another embodiment of the aircraft engine wing-mounting pylon depicted in FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Accompanying FIG. 1 depicts generally an aircraft 10 having a fuselage 10-1 and an exemplary wing 10-2 having leading and trailing edges 10-2 a and 10-2 b, respectively. The wing 10-2 is defined by a structural wing box 12 formed of wing spars 12-1 extending outwardly from the fuselage 10-1 and aerodynamically shaped rib elements 12-2 (see FIGS. 2-4). An exemplary turbojet engine 14 is shown attached to the underside of the wing 10-2 by way of a pylon mounting assembly 16 according to the invention. It will of course be understood that only the port side wing 10-2 and port side engine 14 are shown in FIG. 1 but are exemplary to the starboard side wing and engine that are not depicted therein. Thus, the description which follows applies equally to both wings and engines of the aircraft 10.
FIG. 2 shows one embodiment for mounting of the aircraft turbojet engine 14 to the wing box 12 of the aircraft wing 10-2 by way of the pylon mounting assembly 16 according to the invention in greater detail. As is shown, the pylon mounting assembly 16 is comprised of an upper pylon connection member 16-1 and a lower pylon box structure 16-2 connected to one another by the connector assembly 18 a. The upper pylon connection member 16-1 is most preferably a solid structure (i.e., a solid mass of lightweight metal alloy) attached rigidly to and extending forwardly of the wing box 12 to thereby extend forwardly of the leading edge 10-2 a of the wing 10-2 along an elongate axis of the lower pylon box structure 16-2 relative to the aircraft's travel direction (noted by arrow A in FIGS. 2-4). The lower pylon box structure 16-2 is however preferably formed of interconnected lattice structure of individual longitudinal and latitudinal support members (not shown). In the interests of improved aerodynamics, both the upper pylon connection member 16-1 and the lower pylon box structure 16-2 may be covered by a suitable skin structure (not shown), e.g., aluminum alloy sheet.
A connection lobe 16-1 a forwardly extends from a terminal end of the upper pylon connection member 16-1. In the embodiment depicted, the connection lobe 16-1 a is generally a forwardly V-shaped forward extension of the upper pylon connection member 16-1. The wing box 12 is provided with intermediate and a rearward connection lobes 16-1 b and 16-1 c, respectively. The lower pylon box structure 16-2 includes a series of connection lobes including a forward connection lobe 16-2 a, an intermediate connection lobe 16-2 b and a rearward extension lobe 16-2 c. It will be observed that the lower pylon box structure 16-2 includes a rearward end section which extends below the wing box 12 so that the wing box 12 and the rearward end of the pylon box structure may be connected together at the opposed pair of rearward lobes 16-1 c, 16-2 c. The forward end section of the pylon box structure 16-2 extends forwardly of the upper pylon connection member 16-1 so as to accommodate the engine 14. The engine 14 is dependently connected to the bottom of the lower pylon box structure 16-2 by means of conventional forward and aft engine mounting devices 19 a, 19 b, respectively.
The pairs of forward and rearward connection lobes 16-1 a, 16-2 a and 16-1 c, 16-2 c are connected together by linkage rods 18 a and 18 c, respectively. The linkage rods 18 a, 18 c thereby restrict the degrees of freedom for each such pairs of forward and rearward connection lobes 16-1 a, 16-2 a and 16-1 c, 16-2 c in the z direction (i.e., an upward direction perpendicular to the travel direction of the aircraft (arrow A). The pair of intermediate lobes 16-1 b, 16-2 b however are connected together by a connection pin 18 b which restricts the degree of freedom thereat along both the x direction (parallel to the travel direction of arrow A) and the z direction (upwardly perpendicular to the travel direction of arrow A). These connections thereby serve to provide adequate stiffness for mounting of the engine 14 to satisfy flutter requirements, particularly for engine pitch mechanisms.
In order to meet crashworthiness certification requirements, the various connection pins and connection rods may be provided with conventional fuse pins (rupture pins) to break away in the event that an excessive separatory force is encountered. In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, the connection pin 18 b is a fuse pin (rupture pin), the linkage rod 18 a has a fuse pin (rupture pin) at its lower end which is connected to the lobe 16-2 a and the linkage rod 18 c has a fuse pin (rupture pin) at its lower end which is connected to the lobe 16-2 c.
An alternative embodiment of for mounting of the aircraft turbojet engine 14 to the wing box 12 of the aircraft wing 10-2 by way of a pylon mounting assembly 16′ according to the invention is shown in accompanying FIG. 3 in greater detail. In this regard, structures that are similar to those depicted in FIG. 2 have been shown in FIG. 3 with the same reference numeral but with a prime (′) designator. It will be noted that, like the upper pylon connection member 16-1 of assembly 16, the upper pylon connection member 16-1′ of assembly 16′ is likewise most preferably a solid structure (i.e., a solid mass of lightweight metal alloy) attached rigidly to and extending forwardly of the wing box 12 relative to the aircraft's travel direction (noted by arrow A). In the interests of improved aerodynamics, both the upper pylon connection member 16-1′ and the lower pylon box structure 16-2 may be covered by a suitable skin structure (not shown), e.g., aluminum alloy sheet.
The upper pylon connection member 16-1′ includes a forwardly extending and downwardly dog-legged connection lobe 16-1 a′. The wing box 12 is provided with intermediate and a rearward connection lobes 16-1 b′ and 16-1 c′, respectively. The lower pylon box structure 16-2 includes a series of connection lobes including a forward connection lobe 16-2 a′, an intermediate connection lobe 16-2 b′ and a rearward extension lobe 16-2 c′. It will be observed that the lower pylon box structure 16-2 includes a rearward end section which extends below the wing box 12 so that the wing box 12 and the rearward end of the pylon box structure may be connected together at the opposed pair of rearward lobes 16-1 c′, 16-2 c′. The forward end section of the pylon box structure 16-2 extends forwardly of the upper pylon connection member 16-1′ so as to accommodate the engine 14.
According to the embodiment of the pylon connection assembly 16′ depicted in FIG. 3, the pairs of intermediate and rearward connection lobes 16-1 b′, 16-2 b′ and 16-1 c′, 16-2 c′ are connected together by linkage rods 18 b′ and 18 c′, respectively. The linkage rods 18 b′, 18 c′ thereby restrict the degrees of freedom for each such pairs of forward and rearward connection lobes 16-1 b′, 16-2 b′ and 16-1 c′, 16-2 c′ in the z direction (i.e., an upward direction perpendicular to the travel direction of the aircraft (arrow A). The pair of forward lobes 16-1 a′, 16-2 a′ however are connected together by a connection pin 18 a′ which restricts the degree of freedom thereat along both the x direction (parallel to the travel direction of arrow A) and the z direction (upwardly perpendicular to the travel direction of arrow A).
In order to meet crashworthiness certification requirements, the various connection pins and connection rods may be provided with conventional fuse pins (rupture pins) to break away in the event that an excessive separatory force is encountered. In the embodiment according to FIG. 3, the connection pin 18 a′ is a fuse pin (rupture pin), the linkage rod 18 b′ has a fuse pin (rupture pin) at its lower end which is connected to the lobe 16-2 b′ and the linkage rod 18 c′ has a fuse pin (rupture pin) at its lower end which is connected to the lobe 16-2 c′.
A further alternative embodiment of for mounting of the aircraft turbojet engine 14 to the wing box 12 of the aircraft wing 10-2 by way of a pylon mounting assembly 16″ according to the invention is shown in accompanying FIG. 4 in greater detail. In this regard, it will be observed that structures that are similar to those depicted in FIG. 2 or 3 have been shown in FIG. 4 with the same reference numeral but with a double prime (″) designator.
It will be noted that, like the upper pylon connection members 16-1 and 16-1′ of assemblies 16 and 16′, respectively, the upper pylon connection member 16-1″ of assembly 16″ is likewise most preferably a solid structure (i.e., a solid mass of lightweight metal alloy) attached rigidly to and extending forwardly of the wing box 12 relative to the aircraft's travel direction (noted by arrow A). In the interests of improved aerodynamics, both the upper pylon connection member 16-1″ and the lower pylon box structure 16-2 may be covered by a suitable skin structure (not shown), e.g., aluminum alloy sheet.
The upper pylon connection member 16-1″ includes a forwardly extending and downwardly dog-legged connection lobe 16-1 a″. The wing box 12 is provided with intermediate and a rearward connection lobes 16-1 b″ and 16-1 c″, respectively. The lower pylon box structure 16-2 includes a series of connection lobes including a forward connection lobe 16-2 a″, an intermediate connection lobe 16-2 b″ and a rearward extension lobe 16-2 c″. It will be observed that the lower pylon box structure 16-2 includes a rearward end section which extends below the wing box 12 so that the wing box 12 and the rearward end of the pylon box structure may be connected together at the opposed pair of rearward lobes 16-1 c″, 16-2 c″. The forward end section of the pylon box structure 16-2 extends forwardly of the upper pylon connection member 16-1″ so as to accommodate the engine 14.
According to the embodiment of the pylon connection assembly 16″ depicted in FIG. 4, the pair of rearward connection lobes 16-1 c″, 16-2 c″ is connected together by a linkage rods 18 c″. The linkage rod 18 c″ thereby restricts the degrees of freedom for the pair of rearward connection lobes 16-1 c″, 16-2 c″ in the z direction (i.e., an upward direction perpendicular to the travel direction of the aircraft (arrow A). However, the pairs of forward and intermediate lobes 16-1 a″, 16-2 a″ and 16-1 b″, 16-2 b″ are connected together by connection pin 18 a″, 18 b″, respectively, which restrict the degrees of freedom thereat along both the x direction (parallel to the travel direction of arrow A) and the z direction (upwardly perpendicular to the travel direction of arrow A).
In order to meet crashworthiness certification requirements, the various connection pins and connection rods may be provided with conventional fuse pins (rupture pins) to break away in the event that an excessive separatory force is encountered. In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, the connection pin 18 a″ is a fuse pin (rupture pin), the connection pin 18 b″ is a fuse pin (rupture pin) and the linkage rod 18 c″ has a fuse pin (rupture pin) at its lower end which is connected to the lobe 16-2 c″.
Various modifications within the skill of those in the art may be envisioned. Therefore, while the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope thereof.
What is claimed is:
1. An aircraft wing assembly comprising an aircraft wing having leading and trailing edges and a pylon mounting assembly for mounting an engine to the aircraft wing, wherein the pylon mounting assembly comprises: an upper pylon connection member which extends forwardly of the leading edge of the aircraft wing relative to an aircraft travel direction, and a lower pylon connection box having an elongate axis along the aircraft travel direction, wherein the upper pylon connection member and the lower pylon connection box respectively include at least opposed forward and rearward pairs of upper and lower connection lobes, respectively, each being aligned with the elongate axis of the lower pylon connection box; and wherein the upper forward connection lobe of the upper pylon connection member is positioned at and extends forwardly of a terminal end of the upper pylon connection member; and wherein the lower forward connection lobe of the lower pylon connection member extends upwardly from the lower pylon connection member; and wherein at least a first one of the forward and rearward pairs of connection lobes includes a pin connection to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along an x-axis and a mutually perpendicular z-axis, and wherein at least a second one of the forward and rearward pairs of connection lobes includes a connection rod to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis, wherein each of the pin connection and the connection rod comprises a fuse pin capable of rupturing and breaking away in response to a separatory force exceeding a nominal design force to thereby allow separation of the lower pylon connection box from the upper pylon connection member.
2. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 1, wherein the upper pylon connection member is a solid structure connected rigidly to a wing box of the aircraft wing.
3. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 2, wherein the forward connection lobe of the upper pylon connection member extends forwardly of and is downwardly dog-legged relative to the leading edge of the aircraft wing.
4. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 1, with wherein the multiple opposed pairs of connection lobes includes forward, intermediate and rearward pairs of connection lobes.
5. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 1, wherein the forward and rearward pairs of connection lobes include respective connection rods to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis, and the intermediate pair of connection lobes includes a pin connection to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the x-axis and the mutually perpendicular z-axis.
6. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 1, wherein the intermediate and rearward pairs of connection lobes include respective connection rods to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis, and the forward pair of connection lobes includes a pin connection to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the x-axis and the mutually perpendicular z-axis.
7. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 6, wherein the forward connection lobe of the upper pylon connection member extends forwardly of and is downwardly dog-legged relative to the leading edge of the aircraft wing.
8. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 1, wherein the forward and intermediate pairs of connection lobes include respective pin connections to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the x-axis and the mutually perpendicular z-axis, and wherein rearward pair of connection lobes includes a connection rod to restrict degrees of freedom thereat along the z-axis.
9. The aircraft wing assembly as in claim 8, wherein the forward connection lobe of the upper pylon connection member extends forwardly of and is downwardly dog-legged relative to the leading edge of the aircraft wing.
10. An aircraft comprising the aircraft wing assembly as in claim
1..
| 18,548 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73425411 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,022 | Stack Exchange | Hanoj B, KooiInc, Muhamad Fadhil Surya Putra, RobG, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11037761, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11409639, https://stackoverflow.com/users/257182, https://stackoverflow.com/users/58186 | English | Spoken | 751 | 1,498 | Get specific date, from specific day last week
I'm planning to get date from specific day from last week in node.js
For example if today is Friday or any day, I want to know what date is Sunday from the last week
I'm thinking to have this solution in using JS library or PostgreSQL.
My goal were to be able to query Sunday last week to 13 weeks before that.
And what did you tried yourself?
Which day is the first day of the week? Is Sunday last week the previous Sunday or the one prior to that? The previous Sunday is given by d.setDate(d.getDate() - (d.getDay() || 7)).
After research and trying I find this way will be the best way, by using moment.js:
const moment = require('moment')
// by use moment subtract 1 week and with endOf means we want to take
// the last day date from the last week which is Sunday in this case
let expectedDate = moment().subtract(1, 'week').endOf().format('yyyy-mm-dd')
console.log(expectedDate)
Postgres simple direct date manipulation routines: What you asking is accomplished by interval subtraction and the date_trunc() function. For your example of 2022-08-20 I assume you want 2022-08-07 (Sunday of the prior week). So
select (date_trunc('week', (current_date - interval '1 week')) - interval '1 day')::date;
How it works:
current_date - interval '1 week': Calculates the date 1 week prior.
date_trunc('week', (...): Calculates the Monday prior to result of #1
above
interval '1 day': Calculates the Sunday prior to #2 above
(...)::date: Casts the result of #3 above back to just a date. Needed since all interval calculations generate timestamps results.
As far as getting start of week for several weeks back wrap the above in a SQL function with the number of desired weeks as a parameter and multiple the - '1 week' by that value. (See demo)
You can use this NPM Package for getting Dates
Moment.js 2.29.4
Parse, validate, manipulate,
and display dates and times in JavaScript
https://momentjs.com/
Momentjs is most popular and powerful
// Last week
console.log(moment().subtract(7, 'days').calendar());
console.log(moment().subtract(1, 'week').endOf().format('yyyy-MM-dddd')); // 2022-08-Sunday
console.log(moment().subtract(1, 'week').endOf().format('yyyy-MM-DD')); // 2022-08-Sunday
// formats
console.log(moment.locale()); // en
console.log(moment().format('LT')); // 3:10 PM
console.log(moment().format('LTS')); // 3:10:58 PM
console.log(moment().format('L')); // 08/20/2022
console.log(moment().format('l')); // 8/20/2022
console.log(moment().format('LL')); // August 20, 2022
console.log(moment().format('ll')); // Aug 20, 2022
console.log(moment().format('LLL')); // August 20, 2022 3:10 PM
console.log(moment().format('lll')); // Aug 20, 2022 3:10 PM
console.log(moment().format('LLLL')); // Saturday, August 20, 2022 3:10 PM
console.log(moment().format('llll')); // Sat, Aug 20, 2022 3:12 PM
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://momentjs.com/static/js/global.js"></script>
<script src="https://momentjs.com/static/js/core-home.js"></script>
hey thank you for your insight do you know specifically how to get specific day from last week using moment?
okay - can you tell more like an example with real values?
today is 20-Aug-2022 so you want ?
sure like if i use today is 2022-08-20 i wish to get exact date of sunday last week
This might be a useful comment, it's not an answer.
check now - my code snippet at top
It still doesn't answer the question.
Here is the exact solution that you are looking for in vanilla JS.
To find the Sunday of the previous week and "n" weeks before that:
function getSunday(previousWeeks = 1) {
return new Date(
new Date().setDate(
new Date().getDate() + (7 - new Date().getDay()) - 7 * previousWeeks
)
);
}
// this function can be used as following -
//assuming that sunday is last day of the week
console.log(getSunday()); // get sunday of previous week
console.log(getSunday(7));//get sunday before 7 weeks
console.log(getSunday(0)); //get sunday of this week
console.log(getSunday(-1)); // get sunday of upcoming week
In advance: my PostgreSQL knowledge is very limited, so there might be better ways. Having said this, PostgreSQL provides a number of Date/Time Functions and Operators.
One can extract the current day of week (ISO numbering) using EXTRACT(ISODOW FROM CURRENT_DATE), which would return 6 if executed on a saturday, and 7 if executed on a sunday. Therefore you simply need to subtract the value from 7 to get the number of days to the next sunday. Add this value to the current date and you'll have the date of the upcoming sunday. From this you just need to subtract the desired interval, e. g.
SELECT CAST(
CURRENT_DATE + CAST(7 - EXTRACT(ISODOW FROM CURRENT_DATE) AS integer) -
MAKE_INTERVAL(weeks => 2)
AS DATE)
will return 2022-08-07 because it's the sunday two weeks before the upcoming sunday at 2022-08-21.
thank you for trying to help bro, i find using moment.js as a library for node.js will be much easier to use instead of querying from SQL IMHO, btw thank you cheers!
| 16,667 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29428710 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,015 | Stack Exchange | Alexandr Zarubkin, Roger Rowland, The Paramagnetic Croissant, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2065121, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2404492, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3386109, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3477950, user3386109 | Sardinian | Spoken | 481 | 751 | Forcing union alignment inside struct
How do I define a struct with union inside, so that it occupies only 1 byte? I tried to add __attribute__((packed)) everywhere, but it did not help.
Here are the members of struct:
struct
{
int blockNumber: 1 __attribute__((packed));
int shallBe1: 1 __attribute__((packed)); // should be set to 1 per ISO 14443-4
int nadFollowing: 1 __attribute__((packed)); // always 0 in our software
int cidFollowing: 1 __attribute__((packed)); // always 0 in our software
union
{
int chaining: 2 __attribute__((packed)); // i-block
int ackNak: 2 __attribute__((packed)); // r-block
int deselectOrWtx: 2 __attribute__((packed)); // s-block
} __attribute__((packed));
int blockType: 2 __attribute__((packed));
} pcb __attribute__((packed));
The sizeof(pcb) returns more than 1, while I need it to occupy exactly one byte.
Here's how I test for struct size:
BYTE testpcb[sizeof(pcb) == 1 ? 0 : -1];
If I get an error during build, then the struct is not 1 byte.
try to make the underlying type of the bitfields uint8_t instead (or unsigned char, if it's not available).
No luck, size is still not 1 byte.
Each int is two bytes and you have five of them in the struct even without the union. I don't see how you can expect the whole thing to be just a single byte.
I expect each member to be 1 or 2 bits only because they are bitfields.
Ah, sorry, missed that, but they will still be bitfields within a two-byte int. Is that union really necessary inside the struct or could you define a generic 2-bit field which you can move to a union if necessary? It's only effectively giving alternative names for the same two bits.
But then why changing their type to unsigned char didn't help? I wanted to preserve union in order to improve code readability.
The problem is that structure packing removes padding bytes. It doesn't pack the bits of bit fields. I did some experimenting, and the smallest size I could get was 3 bytes: a byte for the first 4 elements, a byte for the union, and a byte for the blockType. I don't think it's possible to do better because the union will always be treated as a separate entity that occupies at least one byte.
Also, as you've tagged PIC and are trying to get a single byte, you are using XC8 aren't you? With XC16 or XC32 you'll never get less than the size of the underlying storage unit.
I see. No, I'm using the compiler for PIC24. Thanks!
Every compiler treats bitfields differently, and not all compilers have clearly-defined methods of controlling how bitfields will be packed. When using bitfields, getting structure offsets to pack the way you want can be difficult, and sometimes is just straight-up impossible.
If I were you, I'd treat it as a u8 and mask appropriately when required. It's non-ideal, but in my experience what you'd use here.
| 46,713 |
US-201314364879-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,013 | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,163 | 6,572 | Method for manufacturing CZTS based thin film having dual band gap slope, method for manufacturing CZTS based solar cell having dual band gap slope and CZTS based solar cell thereof
ABSTRACT
A method for manufacturing a CZTS based thin film having a dual band gap slope, comprising the steps of: forming a Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin film layer; forming a Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 thin film layer; and forming a Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin film layer. A method for manufacturing a CZTS based solar cell having a dual band gap slope according to another aspect of the present invention comprises the steps of: forming a back contact; and forming a CZTS based thin film layer on the back contact by the method described above.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The Application is a Section 371National Stage Application ofInternational Application No. PCT/KR2013/005381, filed Jun. 19, 2013,published as International Publication No. WO 2013/191451; which claimspriority to and the benefit of Korean Patent ApplicationNo.10-2012-0066111, filed Jun. 20, 2012.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a CZTS-basedthin film for use in a CZTS-based solar cell, and more particularly, toa method of manufacturing a CZTS-based thin film having a dual band gapslope to thus improve solar cell efficiency.
BACKGROUND ART
Recently, the need to develop next-generation clean energy is increasingin importance due to serious environmental pollution problems and theexhaustion of fossil energy. Especially, solar cells, which are used todirectly convert solar energy into electric energy, are expected tobecome an energy source able to solve the energy problems of the futurebecause they generate less pollution, utilize unlimited solar resourcesand have a semi-permanent lifespan.
Solar cells are classified into a variety of types depending on thematerial for an absorber layer. Currently, the most commonly used is aSi solar cell using Si. However, as the price of Si has drasticallyincreased attributable to the recent Si supply shortage, thin-film solarcells are receiving attention. Thin-film solar cells are thin and enablesmaller amounts of materials to be consumed, and are also light and havea wider range of utilization. Thorough research is ongoing into usingamorphous Si and CdTe, CIS (CuInSe₂) or CIGS (CuIn_(1-x)Ga_(x)Se₂) asmaterials of such thin-film solar cells.
A CIS or CIGS thin film corresponds to a Group I-III-IV compoundsemiconductor, and exhibits the highest conversion efficiency (about19.9%) among thin-film solar cells which have been experimentallyproduced. In particular, this thin film may be manufactured to athickness of 10 μm or less and is stable even upon extended use, and isthereby expected to replace Si to thus fabricate inexpensivehigh-efficiency solar cells.
Furthermore, the CIS thin film is a direct transition type semiconductorand may thus be provided in the form of a thin film, and has a band gapof 1.04 eV that is comparatively adapted for light conversion, and thelight absorption coefficient thereof is the greatest amongst the knownsolar cell materials. The CIGS thin film has been developed by replacinga portion of In with Ga or replacing Se with S to improve the lowopen-circuit voltage of the CIS thin film. However, the CIS or CIGS thinfilm has comparatively high production costs because of the use ofexpensive In and Ga elements, and the band gap thereof is slightly low.
In order to increase the efficiency of solar cells and achieve costsavings, novel materials and manufacturing able to further increase aband gap and to use inexpensive elements have to be devised.
As part of the recent efforts for developing novel materials to replacethe In element with inexpensive elements, the preparation of aCu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film (hereinafter referred to as “CZTS-based thinfilm”) wherein In is replaced with inexpensive Zn and Sn is under activestudy.
However, because the CZTS-based thin film has lower efficiency than thatof the CIS or CIGS thin film, extensive and intensive research intoincreasing the efficiency thereof is being carried out.
Meanwhile, because the conduction band of the CIGS thin film isdetermined by a bonding relation of Ga and In, the band gap may bechanged by way of changing the Ga/(In+Ga) ratio (“The effect ofGa-grading in CIGS thin film solar cells”, Thin Solid Films, Volumes480-481, 1 Jun. 2005, Pages 520-525), and FIG. 6 is a graph illustratingchanges in band gap depending on changes in the Ga proportion in theCIGS thin film.
Moreover, the band gap of CIGS may be controlled by adjusting the Gaproportion, and thereby the Ga and In proportions are changed in thecourse of preparation of the CIGS thin film, thus increasing theefficiency of the CIGS thin-film solar cell using a double gradingstructure in which a double band gap slope is imparted in the CIGS thinfilm.
FIG. 7 schematically illustrates the case where a double band gap slopeis formed in a CIGS thin film (“High efficiency graded bandgap thin-filmpolycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se₂-based solar cells”, Solar Energy Materialsand Solar Cells 41/42 (1996) 231-246).
When the band gap of the front side of the CIGS thin film is higher thanthat of the center thereof, open-circuit voltage may increase andrecombination may be reduced. Also, when the band gap of the back sideof the CIGS thin film is higher than that of the center thereof,electron mobility may increase.
However, the CZTS thin film is disadvantageous because the band gap ofthe CZTS-based thin film cannot be changed by way of changing the Zn/Snratio, making it impossible to attain improvements in solar cellefficiency through the double grading structure.
CITATION LIST
1. “The effect of Ga-grading in CIGS thin film solar cells”, Thin SolidFilms, Volumes 480-481, 1 Jun. 2005, Pages 520-525
2. “High efficiency graded bandgap thin-film polycrystallineCu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells41/42 (1996) 231-246
DISCLOSURE Technical Problem
The present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problemsencountered in the related art, and an object of the present inventionis to provide a method of manufacturing a CZTS-based thin film having adouble band gap slope, a method of manufacturing a CZTS-based solar cellhaving a double band gap slope, and a CZTS-based solar cell.
Technical Solution
In order to accomplish the above object, an aspect of the presentinvention provides a method of manufacturing a CZTS-based thin filmhaving a dual band gap slope, comprising forming a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin filmlayer; forming a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer; and forming a Cu₂ZnSnS₄thin film layer.
The present inventors have noticed changes in the band gap depending onthe amounts of S and Se contained in the CZTS-based thin film and thushave devised a method of manufacturing a CZTS-based thin film having adouble band gap slope by sequentially forming a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin filmlayer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer and a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer.
Specifically, the present invention may comprise synthesizing aprecursor thin film layer comprising Cu, Zn and Sn; subjecting theprecursor thin film layer to primary sulfurization; selenizing thesulfurized thin film layer; and subjecting the selenized thin film layerto secondary sulfurization.
In addition, the present invention may comprise synthesizing a precursorthin film layer comprising Cu, Zn, Sn and S; selenizing the precursorthin film layer; and sulfurizing the selenized thin film layer.
Furthermore, the present invention may comprise synthesizing a firstprecursor thin film layer comprising Cu, Zn and Sn; subjecting the firstprecursor thin film layer to primary sulfurization; synthesizing asecond precursor thin film layer comprising Cu, Zn and Sn on thesulfurized thin film layer; selenizing the second precursor thin filmlayer; synthesizing a third precursor thin film layer comprising Cu, Znand Sn on the selenized thin film layer; and subjecting the thirdprecursor thin film layer to secondary sulfurization.
In the present invention, synthesizing the precursor thin film ispreferably performed using any one process selected from amongco-evaporation, sputtering, electrodeposition, nanoparticle depositionand solution coating.
Also, sulfurization is preferably performed by thermal treatment in anH₂S atmosphere or injection of S into a thin film using a vacuumevaporation process, and selenization is preferably carried out bythermal treatment in an H₂Se atmosphere or injection of Se into a thinfilm using a vacuum evaporation process.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method ofmanufacturing a CZTS-based solar cell having a dual band gap slope,comprising forming a back contact; and forming, on the back contact, aCZTS-based thin film layer using any one method among the above methods.
A further aspect of the present invention provides a CZTS-based solarcell, comprising a back contact; and a CZTS-based thin film layer formedon the back contact, wherein the CZTS-based thin film layer comprises aCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer and aCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer which are sequentially formed, and the bandgap energy of the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer is lower than that ofthe Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer.
According to the present invention, the CZTS-based solar cell includes aCZTS-based thin film layer having a dual band gap slope by adjusting theS and Se proportions, and the band gap of the front side of theCZTS-based thin film layer is higher to thus increase open-circuitvoltage and reduce recombination, and the band gap of the back side ofthe CZTS-based thin film layer is higher to thus increase electronmobility, ultimately improving the efficiency of the solar cell.
Such a CZTS-based solar cell is preferably configured such that theCu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer is thicker than the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin filmlayer.
Advantageous Effects
According to the present invention, a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer, aCu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer and a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer aresequentially formed, and thereby the band gap of the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thinfilm layer positioned therebetween is low, thus effectively forming adouble band gap slope.
Also, a CZTS-based thin film layer having a dual band gap slope has ahigh band gap at the front side thereof, thus increasing open-circuitvoltage and reducing recombination, and has a high band gap at the backside thereof, thus increasing electron mobility, thereby improvingefficiency of solar cells.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view illustrating the structure of a CZTS-basedthin film layer formed according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to a second embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to a third embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating changes in band gap depending on changesin the Ga proportion in the CIGS thin film; and
FIG. 7 is a schematic view illustrating the case where a double band gapslope is formed in the CIGS thin film.
DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERENCE NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS
100: substrate 200: back contact
300: CZTS-based thin film layer
MODE FOR INVENTION
Hereinafter, a detailed description will be given of embodiments of thepresent invention with reference to the appended drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to the present invention, and FIG. 2 is aschematic view illustrating the structure of a CZTS-based thin filmlayer according to the present invention.
In order to form a CZTS-based thin film having a double band gap slopeaccording to the present invention, as illustrated in FIG. 1, aCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer and aCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer are sequentially formed.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, a CZTS-based thin film layer 300 is providedon a Mo back contact 200 on a glass substrate 100, the CZTS-based thinfilm layer comprising a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thinfilm layer and a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer which are sequentiallyformed.
The band gap of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ is known to fall in the range of 1.32˜1.85 eV,the band gap of Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ approximates to 1.02 eV lower than that, andthe band gap of Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ is positioned therebetween.
Therefore, the CZTS-based thin film layer 300 having the above layerconfiguration according to the present invention has a high band gap atthe front side and the back contact 200 side and has a low band gaptherein, and thus the CZTS-based thin film layer 300 having a dual bandgap slope formed therein toward the front side and the back contact sidemay be formed.
Furthermore, it is preferable that the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layertypically known to have excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency bethicker than the Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ thin film layer.
According to the present invention, the CZTS-based solar cell has tofurther include a front reflective layer or a front contact in additionto the structure of FIG. 2, but such a typical configuration may beapplied without particular limitation and a detailed description thereofis omitted.
Specific examples for sequentially forming the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin filmlayer, the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer and the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin filmlayer are described below.
EXAMPLE 1
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention.
In accordance with the first embodiment, a CZTS-based thin filmcomprising a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layerand a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer which are sequentially formed isprovided, by forming a precursor thin film comprising Cu, Zn and Sn, andsequentially subjecting the precursor thin film to primarysulfurization, selenization and secondary sulfurization.
Specifically, the precursor thin film comprising Cu, Zn and Sn is firstformed.
Although formation of the precursor thin film is typically carried outusing a co-evaporation process, any process such as sputtering,electrodeposition, nanoparticle deposition and solution coating may beapplied.
Because the precursor thin film of the present embodiment is formed intothe CZTS-based thin film through sulfurization and selenization, it hasto be formed to a thickness of 0.5˜2 μm.
The Cu—Zn—Sn precursor thin film thus formed is subjected to primarysulfurization, thus forming Cu₂ZnSnS₄. Examples of the sulfurizationprocess may include thermal treatment in an H₂S atmosphere, and thermaltreatment after injection of S into a precursor thin film using a vacuumevaporation process.
Such thermal treatment is performed under conditions of a substratetemperature of 400˜530° C. and a pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torr for 1˜20min.
The thin film subjected to primary sulfurization is selenized to giveCu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄. Examples of the selenization process may include thermaltreatment in an H₂Se atmosphere, and thermal treatment after injectionof Se into a precursor thin film using a vacuum evaporation process.
Such thermal treatment is performed under conditions of a substratetemperature of 400˜530° C. and a pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torr for 1˜20min.
Finally, the selenized thin film is subjected to secondarysulfurization, thus forming Cu₂ZnSnS₄. Examples of the sulfurizationprocess may include thermal treatment in an H₂S atmosphere, and thermaltreatment after injection of S into a precursor thin film using a vacuumevaporation process.
Thermal treatment is implemented under conditions of a substratetemperature of 400˜530° C. and a pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torr for 1˜20min.
EXAMPLE 2
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to a second embodiment of the presentinvention.
In accordance with the second embodiment, a CZTS-based thin filmcomprising a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layerand a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer which are sequentially formed isprovided, by forming a precursor thin film comprising Cu, Zn, Sn and Sand sequentially subjecting the precursor thin film to selenization andsulfurization.
Specifically, the precursor thin film comprising Cu, Zn, Sn and S isfirst formed. This embodiment is different in terms of containing S atthe step of forming the precursor thin film from the first embodiment.
The precursor thin film is typically formed using a co-evaporationprocess, but any process such as sputtering, electrodeposition,nanoparticle deposition and solution coating may be applied.
Because the precursor thin film of the present embodiment is formed intothe CZTS-based thin film through selenization and sulfurization, it hasto be formed to a thickness of 0.5˜2 μm.
The Cu—Zn—Sn—S precursor thin film thus formed is selenized, thusforming Cu₂ZnSnS₄ and Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄.
Because S is contained in the precursor thin film, it is possible toform the structure in which Cu₂ZnSnS₄ and Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ aresequentially positioned through selenization, without performingsulfurization. Examples of the selenization process may include thermaltreatment in an H₂Se atmosphere, and thermal treatment after injectionof Se into a precursor thin film using a vacuum evaporation process.
Such thermal treatment is performed under conditions of a substratetemperature of 400˜530° C. and a pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torr for 1˜20min.
Finally, the selenized thin film is subjected to secondarysulfurization, thus forming Cu₂ZnSnS₄. Examples of the sulfurizationprocess may include thermal treatment in an H₂S atmosphere, and thermaltreatment after injection of S into a precursor thin film using a vacuumevaporation process.
Thermal treatment is implemented under conditions of a substratetemperature of 400˜530° C. and a pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torr for 1˜20min.
EXAMPLE 3
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film according to a third embodiment of the presentinvention.
In accordance with the third embodiment, a CZTS-based thin filmcomprising a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layerand a Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer which are sequentially formed isprovided, by forming three precursor thin films comprising Cu, Zn andSn, and sequentially subjecting respective precursor thin films toprimary sulfurization, selenization and secondary sulfurization.
Specifically, a first precursor thin film comprising Cu, Zn and Sn isformed above all.
The first precursor thin film is typically formed using a co-evaporationprocess, but any process such as sputtering, electrodeposition,nanoparticle deposition and solution coating may be applied.
Because the first precursor thin film of the present embodiment isformed into the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer through sulfurization, it isformed to be thin to the extent of 0.1˜0.5 μm.
The first precursor thin film thus formed is subjected to primarysulfurization, thus forming the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer. Examples ofthe sulfurization process may include thermal treatment in an H₂Satmosphere, and thermal treatment after injection of S into a precursorthin film using a vacuum evaporation process. Such thermal treatment isperformed under conditions of a substrate temperature of 400˜530° C. anda pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torr for 1˜20 min.
Provided on the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer is a second precursor thinfilm comprising Cu, Zn and Sn. The second precursor thin film is formedin the same manner as in the first precursor thin film, and adescription thereof is omitted. However, because the second precursorthin film is formed into the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer throughselenization, its thickness is set to 0.5˜1 μm.
The second precursor thin film is selenized to give the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄thin film layer. Examples of the selenization process may includethermal treatment in an H₂Se atmosphere, and thermal treatment afterinjection of Se into a precursor thin film using a vacuum evaporationprocess. Such thermal treatment is performed under conditions of asubstrate temperature of 400˜530° C. and a pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torrfor 1˜20 min.
Provided on the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer is a third precursor thinfilm comprising Cu, Zn and Sn. The formation process and the thicknessof the third precursor thin film are the same as in the first precursorthin film, and a description thereof is omitted.
The third precursor thin film thus formed is subjected to secondarysulfurization, thus forming the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer. Examples ofthe sulfurization process may include thermal treatment in an H₂Satmosphere, and thermal treatment after injection of S into a precursorthin film using a vacuum evaporation process. Furthermore, thermaltreatment is conducted under conditions of a substrate temperature of400˜530° C. and a pressure of 1 mtorr˜300 torr for 1˜20 min.
The third embodiment is performed in such a manner that three precursorthin films are formed and each precursor thin film is subjected tosulfurization or selenization, and is thus different from the otherembodiments. Although the third embodiment has more complicatedprocesses compared to the other embodiments, it makes it easy to adjustthe thickness of the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer and the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄thin film layer, thus facilitating the formation of the structurewherein the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer is thicker than the Cu₂ZnSnS₄thin film layer.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have beendisclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art willappreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions arepossible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the inventionas disclosed in the accompanying claims. Therefore, the scope of thepresent invention should be understood not by specific embodiments butby claims, and all technical ideas equivalent thereto will be understoodto be incorporated into the scope of the present invention.
The invention claimed is:
1. A CZTS-based solar cell, comprising: a backcontact; and a CZTS-based thin film layer formed on the back contact;wherein the CZTS-based thin film layer comprises a first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thinfilm layer, a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer, and a second Cu₂ZnSnS₄thin film layer which are sequentially formed, and a band gap energy ofthe Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer is lower than those of the firstCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer and the second Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer. 2.The CZTS-based solar cell of claim 1, wherein the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thinfilm layer is thicker than the first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer and thesecond Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer.
3. A method of manufacturing aCZTS-based thin film having a dual band gap slope, comprising: forming afirst Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer; forming a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin filmlayer on the first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer; and forming a secondCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer on the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer.
4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein: forming the first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layercomprises: synthesizing a precursor thin film layer comprising Cu, Znand Sn; and subjecting the precursor thin film layer to primarysulfurization; forming the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer comprisesselenizing the sulfurized thin film layer; and forming the secondCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer comprises subjecting the selenized thin filmlayer to secondary sulfurization.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein thesynthesizing the precursor thin film layer is performed using any oneprocess selected from among co-evaporation, sputtering,electrodeposition, nanoparticle deposition and solution coating.
6. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the primary sulfurization and the secondarysulfurization are performed by thermal treatment in an H₂S atmosphere orinjection of S into a thin film using a vacuum evaporation process. 7.The method of claim 4, wherein the selenizing is performed by thermaltreatment in an H₂Se atmosphere or injection of Se into a thin filmusing a vacuum evaporation process.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein:forming the first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer comprises synthesizing aprecursor thin film layer comprising Cu, Zn, Sn and S; forming theCu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer comprises selenizing the precursor thinfilm layer; and forming the second Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer comprisessulfurizing the selenized thin film layer.
9. The method of claim 8,wherein the synthesizing the precursor thin film layer is performedusing any one process selected from among co-evaporation, sputtering,electrodeposition, nanoparticle deposition and solution coating.
10. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the selenizing is performed by thermaltreatment in an H₂Se atmosphere or injection of Se into a thin filmusing a vacuum evaporation process.
11. The method of claim 8, whereinthe sulfurizing is performed by thermal treatment in an H₂S atmosphereor injection of S into a thin film using a vacuum evaporation process.12. The method of claim 3, wherein: forming the first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thinfilm layer comprises: synthesizing a first precursor thin film layercomprising Cu, Zn and Sn; and subjecting the first precursor thin filmlayer to primary sulfurization; forming the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin filmlayer comprises: synthesizing a second precursor thin film layercomprising Cu, Zn and Sn on the sulfurized thin film layer; andselenizing the second precursor thin film layer; and forming the secondCu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer comprises: synthesizing a third precursor thinfilm layer comprising Cu, Zn and Sn on the selenized thin film layer;and subjecting the third precursor thin film layer to secondarysulfurization.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the synthesizing thefirst to third precursor thin film layers is performed using any oneprocess selected from among co-evaporation, sputtering,electrodeposition, nanoparticle deposition and solution coating.
14. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the primary sulfurization and the secondarysulfurization are performed by thermal treatment in an H₂S atmosphere orinjection of S into a thin film using a vacuum evaporation process. 15.The method of claim 12, wherein the selenizing is performed by thermaltreatment in an H₂Se atmosphere or injection of Se into a thin filmusing a vacuum evaporation process.
16. A method of manufacturing aCZTS-based solar cell having a dual band gap slope, comprising: forminga back contact; and forming a CZTS-based thin film layer, which comprisethe steps of: forming a first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer on the backcontact; forming a Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer on the first Cu₂ZnSnS₄thin film layer; and forming a second Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer on theCu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein:forming the first Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer comprises: synthesizing aprecursor thin film layer comprising Cu, Zn and Sn; and subjecting theprecursor thin film layer to primary sulfurization; forming theCu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film layer comprises selenizing the sulfurized thinfilm layer; and forming the second Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film layer comprisessubjecting the selenized thin film layer to secondary sulfurization. 18.The method of claim 17, wherein the synthesizing the precursor thin filmlayer is performed using any one process selected from amongco-evaporation, sputtering, electrodeposition, nanoparticle depositionand solution coating.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the primarysulfurization and the secondary sulfurization are performed by thermaltreatment in an H₂S atmosphere or injection of S into a thin film usinga vacuum evaporation process.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein theselenizing is performed by thermal treatment in an H₂Se atmosphere orinjection of Se into a thin film using a vacuum evaporation process..
| 45,556 |
https://github.com/dotexe1337/FoxBase/blob/master/src/main/java/cn/enaium/foxbase/mixin/ClientPlayerEntityMixin.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | FoxBase | dotexe1337 | Java | Code | 92 | 462 | package cn.enaium.foxbase.mixin;
import cn.enaium.foxbase.FoxBase;
import cn.enaium.foxbase.event.Event;
import cn.enaium.foxbase.event.events.EventMotion;
import cn.enaium.foxbase.event.events.EventUpdate;
import net.minecraft.client.network.ClientPlayerEntity;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.Mixin;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.Shadow;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.injection.At;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.injection.Inject;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.injection.callback.CallbackInfo;
@Mixin(ClientPlayerEntity.class)
public class ClientPlayerEntityMixin {
@Inject(at = @At("HEAD"),
method = "sendChatMessage",
cancellable = true)
private void onSendChatMessage(String message, CallbackInfo info) {
if (FoxBase.instance.commandManager.processCommand(message)) {
info.cancel();
}
}
@Inject(at = @At("HEAD"), method = "tick")
private void preTick(CallbackInfo callbackInfo) {
new EventUpdate().call();
}
@Inject(at = {@At("HEAD")}, method = {"sendMovementPackets()V"})
private void onSendMovementPacketsHEAD(CallbackInfo ci) {
new EventMotion(Event.Type.PRE).call();
}
@Inject(at = {@At("TAIL")}, method = {"sendMovementPackets()V"})
private void onSendMovementPacketsTAIL(CallbackInfo ci) {
new EventMotion(Event.Type.POST).call();
}
}
| 23,406 |
bim_eighteenth-century_the-works-of-plato-abrid_plato_1701_1_17 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,701 | The works of Plato abridg'd. With an account of his life, philosophy, morals, and politicks. Together with a translation of his choicest dialogues, ... In two volumes. Illustrated with notes. By M. Dacier. Translated from the French. ... 1701: Vol 1 | Plato | English | Spoken | 7,596 | 10,930 | niſtry of their Servant? For you muſt certainly-know * Socrates would hereby "OG: whar he elſewhere reaches, that God by the Miſtry of Holioeſs works the Converfion ot Souls, chat this Converſion produces Love, and that this Love en- gages us to render him that which Werpalas to ty m, and waich we cannot innocently refuſe him. u; | this, 394 1 | | Sc. The Generals of our Army perform many this, ſince you pretend to know Religion better than amy Man in the World beſide. Hut. And I have Reaſon to make that pretence. Soc. Tell me then, I beſeech you, what wonder. ful work is it that the Gods pertorm by making uſe f our Service? | : _ They perform many very great and wonder. u * great Things too; but yet there is always one thing that is the Principal, and that is the Victory they ob tain in Battel ; Is it not TE ' Kut. Tis fo. Soc. And the Graziers do many good things, but the Principal is that of ſupplying Mankind with Food by their Labour. Ext. 1 grant it. Soc. Well then, of all thoſe good Things which the Gods operate by the Miniſtry of our Holineſs, what is the Principal? 4 Ext. I juſt now told you, Socrates, that thete needs more time and pains to arrive at an accurate know. iedge of all theſe Things. All that I can tell you in general, is, that to pleaſe the Gods by Prayers and Sacrihces, is that which we call Holineſs. And * 1n this conſiſts the Welfare of Families and Cities, ywhereas to diſpleaſe the Gods, is Impiety which ut. terly ruines and ſubverts every thing. Soc. Indeed, Euiyphron, you might have told me what I ask'd in fewer words, if you had pleas d. Tis eaſy to ſee you have no Mind to inſtruct me, for when you ſeem to be juſt in the way to do it, you preſent- ly ſtrike off again; if you had but anſwer'd mea Word more, I had very well underſtood the Nature of Ho- lineſs. But now, (for he that asks muſt follow him who is ask'd) don't you Ay, Holineſs is the Art of. er ee and praying? Eu. Yes that I do. Hoc. To ſacrihce, is to give to the Gods. To pray is to ak of em. Eu. Tis right, Socrates. * In what the Safety or Ruine of Families, Cities and Sates conſiſts, cyep by the Confeſſion of the blindeſf Pagane, Soc. > > GE — Bras ie AE ts, —— of HOLINESS. 293 Soc. It follows then from your Diſcourſes, that 4 fourth Holineſs is * the Science of giving to the Gods, and Pi asking of them. ER mic 2 very true; Eut. Socrates, you perfectly comprehend my Mea - bat the Truth Mg: 21 e which Soc, Tis becauſe J am in love with your Wiſdom, a and give my felt up entirely to it. You need not did not un- fear that J ſhall let one of your Words fall to the derſtang. Ground. Tell me then what is this Art of pleaſing | = Gods? Do you ſay it is to give to em and to ask em? Eut. Moſt certainly. ; Soc. To ask well, muſt we not ask ſuch things 25 we have need to, receive of them? Eut. And what then? 5 Soc, And to give well, muſt we not give them in exchange ſuch Things as they have need to receive of us? For it would be a Folly to give any one ſuch Things as he does not want, but are entirely uſeleſs to him. Ext. You ſoy very well. Soc. Holineſs, my dear Eutyphron, is then a kind of Tratfick betwixt the Gods and Men. Ext. Let it be ſo, if you will have it ſo. Soc. I would not have it ſo if it benotfo.: But tell me, what advantage do the Gods receive from the Pre- ſents which we make em? For the advantage we de- ,, g rive from them is very evident ſince we have not the Gd of leaſt Good, but what proceds from their Liberality. Men come Ofwhat advantage then are our Offerings to the Gods? fron G Are we ſo crafty, as to draw all the Profit of this Commerce to ous ſelves, while rhey derive no Ad- vantage from it? DRE . | Eut. Socrates, do you think the Gods can ever *. draw any, advantage from the. Things they receive from us? *. Fhis fourch Definition is admirable, Soares defigns by ir to ' ſhew that Holineſs leads us to ask of God, his Spirit, his Aſſiſtance. and Grace; and to ask even our ſelves of him; for cis on him our very Being depends; and that it alſo engages us to give our ſelvęs. to him. And ch is makes up the i of Religion. þ "Is TY 296 __EUTTPHRON; —_ Soc. To what purpoſe then do all our Offerings ſerve ? | 905 Eut. They ſerve to ſignifie our Veneration, and Reſpect to em, and the deſire we have to pleaſe em. Soc. Then Holineſs does not profit, but pleaſe the _ 5 | * Eut. Les without doubt. | Soc. Then that which is Holy is only that which pleaſes the Gods. ". THY | hy: * Ear. Tis only that. Soc. When you ſpeak thus to me, de you won. der that your, Diſcourſe is not fix d and ſteady ; and « dare you accuſe me of being the Dedalus, that gives it this continual Motion; You, I ſay, who are 4 thouſand times more ingenious than that great Artiſt, and give your Words a thouſand difterent Turns? Don't you find that your Diſgourſe makes only 1 Circle. © You remember very well, that that which is Holy and that which is agfeable to the Gods were not counted the ſame Ting by us juſt now ; but were acknowledg'd to be very diflerent. Don't you T7 do”, nes t Soc. Well, and don't you confider that you now fay, that which is Holy is that which pleaſes the Gods. Is not what pleaſes em agreable to *em? TX MoC cen EI Soc. Then one of theſe two Things muſt be grant ed. Either that wedid not well diſtinguiſh juſt now; or if we did, that we are now fallen into a talſe de- finitton.” Eur. That's plain. Soc. Then we muſt begin all again, in our enqui. ry after Holineſs ; for I ſhall not be weary nor dif: couragd till you have inform'd me what it is. I beg you would not deſpiſe me; but bend your Mind with all the Application you can to reach me the truth, for you know it, if any Man alive does; and 1 will nor let you go, like another Proteus, till you » * 1.5 LO FL have inſtructed me. For if you had not a perfect Cnox. Of HOLINESS. 297 Knowledge of what is Haly and Profane, doubtleſs you would never for the fake of a wretched Far. mer have undertaken to accuſe your Father of Mur- der, when the good old Man ſtoops under the Bur- den of Age, and has already one Foot in the Grave: But would have been ſeiz'd with Horrour to ſee your What it i ſelf about to commit (it may be) an impious Act, 20 fe God, and would have tear'd the Gods, and reſpected Men. — M pect Men. So that I cannot doubt but you think you know per- fectly well, what Holineſs, and its Contrary are. In. form me therefore, moſt Excellent Eutyphron, and do not hide your Thoughts from me. | Eut. We'll reſerve it for another time, * for now Oe the [ama little in haſte, and *tis time for me to leave you. — * | | * per- Soc. Alas, my dear Emutyphron, what do you In- ſtitious tend to do! This haſty Motion of yours raviſhes Aan, be & from me the greateſt and ſweeteſt of all my hopes. % afour- For I flatter'd my ſelf, that after I had learn'd of }, — you, what Holinets is, and its Contrary, I ſhould eaſi- thinks bim- ly have got out of Melitus his Clatches, by making eli capable ir plainly appear to him, that Eutypprom had per- 9 3 fectly inſtructed me in Divine Things, that Igno- 4 # rance ſhould never more prompt me to introduce know bin of my one Head new Opinions about the Deity; and ſelf. that my Life ſhould be more holy for the future. | * The Ancients inform us that Eityphron got ſome advantage by this Converſation of Socrates: for he drop'd his Proſecution, and let his Father alone. By which tis eafy to ſee, that theſe Dia- logues of Plato were not made upon feign'd Subjects, but had 3 very true and real Foundation, as well as thoſe which Xenophon has preſerv d to us. "6414 TS enn An 3 8 * 1 1 I 1 1 4 00 11 * 1 o : > I 3 RT IN * * IG __—" - 4 = —— u— 2 9 — 8 - a * : a — þ — — 4 - arti ooor ume * — um * * 5 v - — COT TE 8 r — ——ů—ů. = xz. — j 8 — —. — by —=Y 4 a.” —. 9 "WM; * 8 hi An ABRIDGMENT ſpe! OF THE Firſt ALCIBIADES [= | Eh o Nallet Of the Nature of Man. * ' A Lcibiades was one of the moſtambitious and moſt MW whi RK Haughty Men in the World. His Birth, his 1 Beauty, his Riches, and the Credit of his Tutor Pe. amt ricles, had ſo puffed him up, that he thought W vh no Perſon ſo worthy as himſelf to command the A. 8 thenians, and to go to their fixft Aſſembly to get II that | himſelf declar'd their Captain-General. His proud dec and arrogant Carriage had driven away all is. Lov- I dan ers, who being taken only with his Beauty, were ges at length diſcourag d by the cold Reception he gave ind« *em. Socrates. was the only Perſon, who loving acc him more truly than the reſt (for he loy'd him only fur to make him vertuous) could never be wearied out: W 70 This makes the beginning of this Dialogue. as Saqcrates tells Alcibiades, that he doubts not but W Wilt he is ſurpriz'd to ſee, that as he was the firſt, ſo he is alſo. the laſt of his Lovers: and that tho he was ne- ver troubleſome to him, during his tender Vouth, he kno' ſhould now follow him every where to diſcourſe W yu with him, without fearing the. ſame diſdainful Treat. Foundation he builds, that he ſhould have any Hope you remaining, after all his Rivals had loſt theirs. So. I Buil crates tells him he'll give him an Account of his — | Lett: | 5 8 Ons, = © Firſt Alcibiades. 299 ſons, tho it be a difficult thing to ſpeak to a Perfon whom one loves, and of whom one is not beloy'd. He tells him then, that if he had ſeen him likely to ſpend his whole Life in Softneſs, Lazineſs, and all the Amuſements of Youth, he ſhould have ceas'd loving him. But that as he ſaw him paſſionately aſpiring after Glory, the love he bore to him was renew'd and augmented ; that he came to offer him all neceſſary Helps,becauſe of all the Lovers he had had, he was the only Perſon who was able to ſerve him in his Ambition; and that by this means he might know the difference between ſuch as love on- ly Corporal Beauty, that frail and withering Flow- cr, and one that loves only the Beauty of the Soul. which being perfect is the true Image of the Deity. This great Promiſe fixes the reſtleſs Humor of this ambirious young Man, and diſpoſes him to hear what he had to lay. | OO Socrates immediatly throws him into the midſt of that Aſſembly, whether he was going to get himſelf declar'd General of the Athenians ; and with abun- dance of addreſs, ſhows him, that inſtead of that great Ability with which he flatter d himſelf, he had indeed nothing in him but the Prejudices of his Youth, accompanied with a great deal of Arrogance and Pre- ſumption. When you are in that Aſſembly (ſays he) you'll riſe up to ſpeak without doubt of ſuch Things * wile'how could you preſume to ſpeak? But a Man knows nothing but what he has either found out himſelf; or learn'd of ſome other Perſon. I don't know any thing that you have found out your ſelf, jou know rather than any otherMatrers; for other- your Knowledge is not by Infuſion; and all the. Knowlege you have learn'd, is only to write, to play on che Muſick, and ta perform your Exerciſes, and none of theſe Things are talk'd of in the Coun- cil. Therefore when will you ga? and what will you go for? It muſt not be. when they diſcourſe of Buildings; the meaneſt Brick layer would ſpeak when better than you on thay Subject: Nor muſt it be An Abridgment of the when they are conſidering any Prodigies, or any Point of Divination, for ack the Buſineſs of the Diviners ; and fo of other Things. Alcibiades being preſs'd, anſwers, that he'll ſpeak when the Athenians deliberate on their Affairs. The Matter then in Queſtion, is how to explain] what is meant by the Affairs of the Athenians. Alcibiades fays, tis Peace and War, and all that belongs to the higheſt Politicks. Then, it muſt be (replies Socrates) when they ate conſidering with whom, and at what time tis beſtto be at Peace, or War. But as Maſters in all Arts and Sciences ſeek what is beſt and moſt convenient, ſo in Peace and War, that ought to be ſought out which is beſt and moſt advantageous, that is to ſay, moſt Juſt; and in order to find it, *tis neceſſary to _ know in what theſe conſiſt. In what then do they conſiſt? Alcibiades knows not what to anſwer. How ! (lays Socrates,) Are you going to the Aſſembly of the Athenians to give *em your Advice about- Peace and War, and yet know not why War or Peace ſhould be made? Alcibiades anſwers, that War is made, either to repel ſome Inſult, or to recover ſome Good. | This is ſomething(fays Socrates)but*tis not all. For tis necelſary to know, whether the Evil that is done us, is done juſtly or unjuſtly; on this Knowledgede- | pends the knowledge of what is beſt and moſt advan- tageous ; that which is Beſt being always moſt Juſt. So that on theſe Matters we ought to have an exact Knowledge of Juſtice, and to keep it always in view; and this is a thing of which you are ignorant, for of whom ſhould you have learn'd it? Lot Juſtice (replies A/c:b:ades) may be known without a Maſter. . 4110 093 Ves, ſuys Socrates, provided it be ſought after: But no Man ſeeks for what he thinks he knows; and at every Degree of our Age we think we know what Juſtice is, becauſe we ſpeak of it throughout the whole | Firſt Alcibiades. 301 whole courſe of our Life, and nothing is more com- mon than to hear Children complaining of the Wrongs and Injuries that are done em. So that we continually ſpeak of Juſtice without having learn'd what it is either of our ſelves or others, and conſe- - [quently without knowing it: | : Alcibrades thinks to extricate himſelf out of this Difficulty by ſaying he learn'd it of the People. Thats a very bad Maſter, ſays Socrates, how ſhould the People teach what they know not themſelves ? They have no Knowledge of Juſtice but by their Prejudices, as you have; and one certain ſign that they are ignorant of it, is, that they are always at nariance on this Subject, and that tis this difference alone that cauſes the Wars that deſolate the World. for if the People would agree about what is Juſt, and Unjuſt, they would always live in Peace. Alcibiades endeavours to get rid of this Difficulty, in ſay ing that *tis rarely deliberated in Councils whe- ther a thing is Juſt or Unjuſt, but only whether it be Uſeful ; for Juſtice and Utility (ſays he) are not al- ways the ſame things : Seeing ſome notorious Acts flajuſtice have been very advantageous; and a great many Perſons have been deſtroy'd for having acted juſtly. Which is too true a Draught of the Poli- ticks of moſt Princes. Socrates refutes this miſchie- rous Opinion, and ſhews, that an Action can't be uſeful and advantageous, unleſs it be Comely and Juſt. He firſts tells him, he could prove to him, by the ſame Arguments that he had us'd, that he knows not what is uſeful any more than he does what is juſt, fnce he had neither learn'd it of any one, nor found it out of himſelf; But not to oftend a Perſon fo nice and tender; (for Alcibiades being accuſtom d to the diverſified and florid Diſcourſes of the Sophiſts, did not like to hear the ſame thing twice, but lov'd Change and Variety in Language as well as in his Clothes) Socrates takes another Courſe, and asks him, if that which is Comely or Hononrable is always | 500d, or whether it ſometimes ceaſes to be ſo. 191411 | Ti 0 | Alcibiades 302 An Abridgient of the Alcibiades anſwers, that there are Comely and Ho- norable Thi | ample, in a Battle, when a Man ſuccours his Friend and is kill'd in the Action, this Action is Honourable but *tis Fatal. Another abandons his Frie ſcapes danger; this Action is Evil but tis uſeful. Socrater anlwers, that the ſuccour a Man gives his Friend is, that which is call'd Valour, which is a thing quite different from Death, and that there: tore theſe ought to be conſider d ſeperately. So that the Queſtion is whether Valour bea Good or an Evil: Aleibiades anſwers, that tis a great Good, and that he would not preſerve His Life upon the Condition of being a Coward. 1 Then(ſays Socrates) vou confeſs that Cowardiſe isa greater Evil than Death: So that Valour is a greater Good than Life, and conſequently the Action of ſuccouring one's Friend is good, conſider d as abſtracted from all its conſequences; if it is Good it is Honour- able, and it can't be Honourable, without being uſe- ful; for whatſoever is Comely is Good, and that which is Gocd is Uſeful; there being nothing that is Comely and Honourable that can be Evil ſo far as it is Honourable ; nor any thing which is Shameful, chat can be Good ſo far as it is Shameful , which he proves by this invintible Argument: Thoſe that do good Actions are happy: Men can't be happy but by the Poſſeſſion of Good; the Poſſeſſion of Good isthe Confequence of a good Life; therefore Happineſs - neceſſarily attends thoſe that do bod Actions; ſo that Happineſs is 4 Comely and Honoutable Thin and confequently that which is good, that which is comely, and thiat which is uſetat; are never diffe- rent one from another. Therefore Juſtice being Come- ly and Good can't be oppos d to Urility: Atcibiades not only giants all theſe Truths; butis the Perfon that affirms em; for he is convint d by himſelf, and tis himſelf that makes the Anſwes. He therefore admires how it comes to pals that the Things about which Socrates interrogates him. appear | | to which are ſometimes Evil. For Ex. nd, ande. Firſt Alcibiades; Iso him with quite another aſpeCt than they had done 3 before: Hereupon he asks how it comes about, that end upon the ſame Subject he is forc'd to anſwer ſome- ble I times after one manner, and ſometimes after another. BM Socrates informs him that this proceeds from his Mat lenorance, becauſe we never contradiQ our ſelves ves In che Things we know; but tis impoſſible for the \ is Mind not to err in thoſe Things of which we are ; ignorant. But this does not ariſe abſolutely from gnorance; fince tis certain we never commit any fault in Things of which we are ignorant, provided conceal'd Ignorance, when we think we know what ly the Caſe of Alxibiades, who was going to inter- meddle with Affairs of State in which he had not 25 was common to him with almoſt all that had go- excepted. | | > | Alcibiades obſerves that Pericles did not arrive at ar © great a Capacity of himſelf; but had acquit d his as Ml great Abilities in the Converſation of Philoſophers ul and Politicians. For ſtill (fays he) as old as he is; 1 n with Damon the greateſt of all our Po- WW liticians. | by Socrates, who perceives the Tendency of this An- hte fer of Alcibiades, inſinuates to him, that the Com- pany of thoſe great Men was very uſeful for the Acquirement of Vertue, in which true Accompliſh- ment alone conſiſts. And this he proves by the Ex O ample of Peric/es himſelf, who had not been able 1 to teach his own Children any thing, a ſure ſign that -. IF \<rtuecannot be taught, and that he himſelf had nor learn d it from Men, becauſe tis the Gift of God, ic ad there is. of Good in us, but what he by 3 z but this being too general a Queſtion he s. eeſerves it to he treated elſewhere, and confining him be lt to his Subject, he carries on his Deſign, which | 15 to confound the Pride of Alcibrades, * | > 8 2 - 303 we know our own Ignorance; but it ſprings from a indeed we do not underſtand. And this was exact- een inſtructed. A deplorable Condition! But ſuch ver d the Athenians, only Pericles perhaps may be ——— 7 — —— — — 304 An Abridgment of tbe he asks him how he intends to diſpoſe of himſelf. ple and Slaves: That a Stateſman will never ſerve his Countrey well, if he is not a greater Man, not I fear only than the Citizens whom he governs, but ali, W 4 than their Enemies; that the Athenians being com- ans monly in War with the Lacedemonians, or the King of! of Per ſia; he ought to ſtrive to excel thoſe Enemies MI ſtill in Capacity and Vertue. WS) Alcibiades like a young Spark full of Vanity, as ing if the Kings bf Lacedemonia, and the King of Perjiu WM pari: . were not made like other -en. ther Socrates ſhews him, that if it were ſo, he ought I theſ: to form a great Idea of em in his Mind; that fo he the! might take the greater care of himſelf, and render ¶ erxe himſelf ſtill more Accompliſh'd. But that there was was ſo little Truth in this, via. that they were made like I try, other men, that no Perſons in the world ſeem' d ſo great I ciſe, as they, either for Birth, or Education, or the extent of ¶ had their Dominions. And to mortify Alcibiudes the more, ¶ wou! he oppoſes rhe manner of his Birth and Education to ¶ that that of the Kings of Pe When a King of Perf j2no01 is born (ſays Socratcs all the People that are ſpread I ike over that vaſt Empire celebrate his Nativity, and I no ot afterwards that Day is annually kept as one of their ¶ your greateſt Feſtivals, fo that in all the Provinces of I your Aſia; nothing is to be ſeen but Sacrifices and Feaſts. Geni Whzreas (ſurs he) when we are born, my Dear 4/- ¶ Pool cibiades; * | Frirrſt Alcibiades- cibiades, that Paſſage of the Comick Poet may "Wh 4 ap lied to us. „ he News ſcarce to our neareſt Neighbours comes. When the Child is born he is nurs'd under the Con- duct of the moſt vertuous Eunuchs, who ſhape and faſhion his Body. When he is about ſevenYears ofAge they begin to let him Tee Horſes, and to put him under the Care of Querries. He pertorms his Ex- 7 erciſes till he is fourteen, aud from that Age they ive him four of the greateſt, and moſt vertuous ords of the Country. The firſt reaches him Pie- ty; the ſecond forms his Mind to Truth and Juſ- tice ; the third inſtructs him to be tree, and to con- quer his Paſſions ; and the laſt reaches him to de- pile Dangers and Death: For if a King ſhould be farful he would become a Slave. Whereas you Alcibiades, have been brought up by a vile Thraci- an Slave, who was good for no other Office, becauſe of his extream old Age. As for Riches, there is ſtill as great a Diſproportion ; the Lacedemonians being richer than all Greece together, and yer hav- ing an Eſtate but like that of a private Man in com- pariſon of the King of Per/fia. In fine (ſays he) there is ſo great a diſparity in every thing, between theſe Kings and you, that if one ſhould go and tell the Mother of King Agzs, or the Mother of Artax- erxes, that a Citizen of Azhens, nam'd Alcibiades, was preparing to go and make War in their Coun- i, they would certainly imagine that long Exer- cle, great Experience, and a conſummate Wiſdom had inſpir'd you with ſo great a Deſign. But how would they be ſurpriz'd, it they ſhould be told that *tis no ſuch Matter! that you are young, ignorant and preſumptuous ; that you never would take care to cultivate your Mind, and rhat you have no other Fund to carry on ſo great a Deſign, but your Beauty, your fine Shape, your Extraction, your Riches, arid the Advantages of a happy Genius ! They would look upon you as 4 Fool, becauſe in all theſe rhings the Lacedemoni- =: > i ay An Abridgment of the ans and Perfians infinitely Turpaſs us. you mult take care of your ſelf; that is, you muſt] te endeavour to become very good. - But fince the Word Good is a general Term, that the ſignifies ſeveral very different things, the Queſtion kn is in what ſuch a Man as A/cib:ades ought to ende. Hie your to become good. He anſwers, that tis in doing PA thoſe things which the beſt Cirizens ought to do, The beſt Citizens (he ſays) are thoſe whom we call wiſe and prudent ; and Wiſdom and Prudence are neceſſary to all Arts: Thus the Anſwer of A. cibiades is yet too indefinite. Who then are the beſt Citizens? Alcibiades again anſwers, that they are thoſe who know how to command Men that live under the ſame Government, who murually affift each other; but what is this Science that teaches how to command Men who make one and the ſame Political Body, and what is its end? Alc:brades ſays *tis good Counſel, and that the end of governing well is to procure the Welfare of the People. Socrates asks him what oughr to be done to g- vern a State well. Azc:brades anſwers, that Amity and Concord ſhould be made to reign in it. The Queſtion then is what Art produces this Ami- ty or Concord in States. A/cibrades anſwers, that this is breught about when every Man minds his own Buſineſs. nw This is not a ſufficient Anſwer, and Socrates re- futes it with a great deal of Addreſs and uy; g | J Firſt Alcibiades. Band by ſhowing that when every Man orfly minds his own Affairs, Amity can't be among 'em, becauſe there's no Concord. For how ſhould they accord about things which are known to ſome of *em, and unknown to others ? 9 Alcibiades is fo embarraſs'd that he is oblig'd to deny a Truth which he had before acknowledg'd. and to confeſs, that when the Citizens do that which is 555 yet they can't tell how to love one a- nother. He does not ſee what Socrates aims at: His Defign is to ſhew, that when Men only mind their Affairs, they take care only of what belongs to themſelves, and ſo confine themſelves to the knowledg of particular things, and don't aſcend to that of the Eſſence of univerſal things, the onl knowledg that produces Charity the Mother of U- nion and Concord: Whereas the knowledg only of particular things, produces Diſorder and Diviſion. So that to make Concord reign in a State, tis not. enough that every one takes care of what appertains to himſelf, he muſt alſo take care of himſelt ; theſe being twyo very different Arts. For the Art by which we take care of our ſelves is not the ſame with that by which we take care of that which appertains to us. Now to take care of one's ſelf is to know one's ſelf: But what is it to know one's ſelf? Juſt as an Artificer uſes his Tools, ſo a Man makes uſe of his Body. So that the Body is not the Man, for the Body can't uſe and govern it ſelf. Nor is the Compound the Man, for if one of the things of which we are compounded does not govern, tis impoſſible they ſhould govern both together: And _ conſequently, fince neither the Body, nor the com- pound of Soul and Body together are the Man, it muſt be the Soul alone: Tis then only neceſſary that we know the Soul, and take care of that, if we would become truly wiſe. For to take care of our Bodies is to take care of what belongs to us; but ro take care of our Souls is to take care of our ſelves; to be employed with the _ of amaſling Riches, is 2 | © — — . . er AS 7 Into nr — — 5 108 An Abridgment of the to beemploy'd about things ſtill more remote than thoſe thar appertain to us. Thus they who love Alcibrades his Body, don't love Alcibiades himſelf, I F. bur that which belongs to Al/cibrades. To love AL ta cibiades is to love his Soul, to love that which is him- 1 7< ſelf, and not that which belongs ro him. There. 1 © fo ſee thoſe that love only his Body.retire f W. ore we ſee thoſe that love only his Body retire from I h. him when the Beauty of this Body is tedi;.g ; and : thoſe who love his Soul, do not ceaſe co love him + as long as he is vertuous, and labour by this Means ry to render himſelf as lovely as poi. le; aud this th (ſays Socrates) is the Cauſe ot the Inconitancy of my Rivals, and of my Steadinels. But what muſt we do to come to the ſight and 1 knowledg of our Souls? Socrates ſpeaks divinely 0 to Alcibiades on this occaſion. As our Eye, (ſays y he) can't ſee it ſelf but in the Objects that repre- ſent it, or in another Eye; that is, in that part of the Eye, which is the moſt excellent, namely that 9 wherein the Sight is: So the Soul to ſee and know : it ſelf; muſt view it ſelf in that part of the Soul in : which Wiſdom and Vertue are generated, or rather 0 in that Soul, of which ours is but the Image, and 8 in which Wiſdom, Vertue and Prudence are found J. in their ſovereign Perfection, that is, in God. For lo *tis by this meansonly that the Soul can know God, and her Selt, which is true Wiſdom. When ſhe * knows her ſelf, ſhe'll alſo know what belongs to er; for we muſt firſt know our Selves before we \ can know what belongs to us. She'll ikewiſe know D whatever reſpects the things that belong to her, and | what reſpects the things that belong to others. For h one Art is ſufficient for all this, and this Art is the b true ſort of Prudence. | s He therefore that is ignorant of himſelf, is igno- in rant of that which appertains both to himſelf and o- 2 thers, and not knowing what belongs to others, he be knows not what belongs to the Commonwealth, and conſequently can't be a good Miniſter of State. Nay | he is nof capable to govern a Family, nor ſo much as | as | ww Firſt Alcibiades. to conduct himſelf, for becauſe he is ignorant, tis im- poihible but he muſt commit faults; in commiting faults, he does ill, in doing ill he is miſerable, and 3090 renders thoſe miſerable who obey him. Thus he who is not wiſe or prudent cannot be happy, and he who is wicked can't but be miſerable. So that the happineſs of a City depends neither on its Riches, nor the ſtrength of its Fortifications, nor the great number of its Troops, nor its Galleys, nor the magni- ficence of its Arſenals, but on Vertue, without which there is nothing but Miſery in the World. ; Therefore to govern a State well, tis neceſſary to rovide Vertue for thoſe that compoſe it, and to en- Jeavoun to communicate it to 'em. ſequently, A/cibiades, to ſatisſie your Ambition, you ought not to think of acquiring great Dominion and exorbitant Power, either for your ſelf, or your Re- And con- publick, but that Juſtice and Prudence for which you have ſo much occaſion. For while you, and others act juſtly and prudently, you'll pleaſe God, who is the Source of true Felicity; and you'll govern your ſelf after this Manner; if (as I juſt now told you) you conſtantly look upon the Deity, that Light in which alone you can know your ſelf and all that be- longs to you. But if you govern your ſelf unjuſtly, and turn away your Eyes from the * to unite your ſelf to dark Objects, you'll neither know your your ſelf at all, nor the things that belong to you: And your Actions will be nothing but Works of Darkneſs ; and the more Power you have, the more unhappy you'll be. Alcibiades can't diſſent from theſe great Truths. But Socrates does not ſtop here; but gives the finiſhing ſtroke to mortifie his Pride in asking him, whether it is not more for the Ad- vantage of thoſe who are not yet endued with Ver- tue, to obey ſuch as are betterthan themſelves, than to be abandon'd to their own Conduct : And (lays he) is not that which is moſt profitable molt beauritul, and that which is moſt beautiful moſt becoming, and ſutable? Alcibiades agrees to this. Then (lays X 2 Socra- — . a Aer — —— — if 310 An Abridgment of the Firſt Alcibiades. Socrates) tis becoming that vicious Perſons ſhould || __ be Slaves, and be made to obey ; and conſequently | — Vice is a baſe thing, and ſutable to a Slave. as on the contrary Vertue is beautiful, and ſutable to a 1 Free- man. In what a Condition then are you? 4 : Alcibiades is ſenſible what he means, and confeſſes 1 hae is not worthy of any thing but Slavery, but hopes Se 1 in a little time to get rid of his Vices, H Socr ates. pleaſcs. Lou don't ſpeak well (replies Socrates;) you ought to ſay, if God pleaſes, for we can do nothing with. out him. 3 Well then (ſays Alcibiades) J ſay (if God pleaſes) and I add. let us for the future change Perſons; and | as you have hitherto made your Court to me, III 0 for the future make mine to you. I'II follow you ng wherever you go, and I ſolemnly proteſt to you, I'll 0 now carefully apply my felt to Righteouſneſs. Ae: I wiſh you may (ſays Socrates concluding the Dif: hi X courſe.) But whatever good Opinion I have of you; > Jam affraid of the 1 of our Republick, and can't but tremble at the Examples that reign in it, leſt they ſhould be too ſtrong for you and me too, WW WII For tis a very difficult Matter to be wiſe in the midſt of ſo blind and corrupt a People. N 1 o j 1 * '4 - 7 £. : 4M 7 / - I; 1 5 And neit 2 — — — * WE 1 * —. An ABRIͥůVU ME Nr 'OF THE Second A LCIBIADES, OR "NP Of Prayer. Ocrates meets Alcibiades going into a Temple to pray, and ſeeing him very penſive, and with his Eyes fix d on the Earth, he asks him on what he was thinking. What ihould I think on? (replies Alcibiades very faintly) being more concern'd about his ambitious Deſigns than his Prayers. It muſt be on ſome very imporrant Matters, (fays Socrates) for Ince tis certain, that the Gods often hear our Pray- ers, there's nothing that requires more Prudence and Wiſdom than to pray well; fo as not to requeſt E- vils of em, while we think we are asking Goods; or not to ask Evils of em willingly and knowingly as Oedipus did, whom Euripides brings in Praying * 1 Children might decide their rights by the word. You tell me of a mad Man (ſays Alcibiades) does any Man, who is in his ſenſes make ſuch Prayers as thoſe to the Gods? — 1 Hereupon Socrates asks him if being mad is not oppos d to being Prudenr : If Men are not wile or fooliſh, as they are either in Health or Sick: for as there is no Medium between Health and Sickneſs, neither is there any between Wiſdom and Folly. To. which A/ciliades agrees. OR Es f Since Madneſs then is oppos'd to Wiſdom, ſays Socra- es, Folly and Madneſs are but one and the fame thing. \\ An Abridgment of the For one ſingle Subject can't have two contraries oppos d to it, and conſequently every Fool is Mad. And ſeeing there are always a thouſand Fools to one wiſe Man in the World, while we live in it we are among mad Men. 5 | Ihe only thing that can militate againſt this Prin- ciple, is that jt would be impoſſible to live among To great a Number of mad Men; and the wiſe, whoſe Number is but ſmall, could never eſcape their Fury, And yet wiſe Men live in Cities, therefore it ſeems not true to ſay they live with mad Men. This is what Socrates objects againſt the Truth which he has made A/cibiades acknowledge: But he reſolves this Difficulty in ſhewing that there are divers De. ces of Folly, as there are divers ſorts of Di ſeaſes: The Fever is a Diſeaſe, but every Diſeaſe is not the Fever. *Tis Juſt ſo with Folly. All mad Men are Fools, but all Fools are not mad. A Diſeaſe is a Genius which comprehends many Species. Folly or Imprudence in like manner comprehends many Spe- cies, which difter in degree. As Men have divided Arts and Trades among em, ſo they have ſhar'd Folly among themſelves too; thoſe who have the great. eſt ſhare of it are ſaid to be diſtracted and mad; and they who have ſomewhat leſs are call'd Fools and ſtupid. But becauſe Men ſeek to hide theſe Vices under ſpecious Names, they call the former Men of Magnanimity, and of great Spirit; and they call the others Simple, orelſe they ſay they are harmleſs Men, but have little Experience and much Youth. There are beſides theſe a multitude of Names with which all ſorts of Vice are diſguis d. Thenext Queſtion is in what Wiſdom and Folly confiſt. A wiſe Man is one that knows what ought to be ſaid and done, and a Fool is one that is igno- rant of both. But is he that is thus ignorant, in this Condition without knowing it? Yes certainly. 0 edipus, tor Inſtance (ſays Socrates) was in this Con- 41 dition when he made that Prayer which we ſpoke * others, of before; but we Thall find a great many x Second Alcibiades; 313 who without being tranſported with Anger like him will requeſt real Evils of God while they think they are asking real Goods. For as for Oedipus, if he did not ask for what was good neither did he think he ask'd it; whereas others do the contrary. To be- gin with your ſelf, Aleibiades: If the God to whom you are going to pray ſhould ſuddenly appear to you, and ask you, if you would not be willing to be King of the Athenians, of all Greece, nay of all Europe, or (if that ſeem'd too little for your Ambition) of the whole World, would you not be extremely pleas'd, and return home with abundance of Joy, as one who had receiv'd the greateſt Good in the World? Who would not he tranſported with ſuch a thing as this? (replies Alcibiades.) But (ſays Socrates) would you give your Life for the Empire of the Greeks, or that of all the Barbarians together ? No certainly (ſays Alcibiades) for then I could not enjoy it. But what if you could enjoy it, (continues Socrates) and this Enjoyment muſt needs prove fatal to you ? No (fays Alcibiades) I would not do it on that Condition. You ſee by this therefore(ſays Socrates) that it is not ſafe to defire or accept what we know not. How many Men after they have paſſionately deſir'd to be Kings, and have left no Stone unrurn'd to obtain their End ; have become the Sacrifices of their extra- vagant Ambition? The Story of Arehelaus King of Macedonia is yet freſh in Memory. He aſcended the Throne by his Crimes, and was aſſaſſinated by. his Favourite, who could not maintain himſelf in it a- bove 3 or 4 days ; but was murder'd by a third who was ambitious to fill the ſame Place. 4 But without looking after foreign 1 how many of the Generals of our Army have been condemn'd to Death in our own City! how many of em exil'd ! and how many others have we ſeen, who after they had paſ$'d through innumerable Dan- gers, Toils and Labours, have fallen in rhe midſt of their Triumphs, by the Calumnies of their Enemies! A great many other Perſons, after they have _ 314 ly deſird Children, have been very unhappy in ob. An Airidgment of the taining em. And thus it is with the reſt of our Defires ; and tho' nothing is more common than Inſtances of this kind, yet there s icarce any Man who would refuſe the Thing he defires, 1 God ſhould offer it to him, or who would ceaſe © ask it, if he were ſure to obtain it. And we may every Day ſee Perſons repencing their for- mer Prayers, and making ſuch as are qq e con- trary to em. Therefore we muſt acknowledg che Truth of what Homer ſays, viz. Thr nothing is more unjuſt than the Complaints Men make a- gainſt the Gods, whom thzy accuſe ot beit g the the Cauſe of their M:ſeries, whereas they are the occaſion of em themſelves, who by their Folly draw down Miſchieis on their own Heads, which were not defign'd for em. A great Poet who knew the Ignorance of Man- kind upon this Account, endeavour'd to cure it by iving em this Prayer, which I think is an admira- ble one. Great God, who knowef? betier than me what is neceſſary for us, give ws the ood things we need, whether we ask em or not; and keep evil things from us, even when we ask em 4 thee. Then Ignorance is a very fatal thing (fays A/c: biades) ſeeing it changes our Prayers into Curſes, and prompts us to beg of God our own Miſeries. Hold a little, ſays Socrates, don't condemn Igno- Tance in General; if one ſort of it is pernicious, there's another that is very uſeful. For inſtance, would not Oreſtes have been happy if he had not known his Mother, when he ſought after her to kill her? For if he had not knowit her, he had not kill'd her, his deſign being only againſt her. So that this kind of Ignorance would have been very good for him: There is an Ignorance then (ſays he) which ought to be commended ; and this he proves with reat Evidence. And now he lays down this as a *rinciple, that all the Sciences in the World with-. but that by which we know what is very good, are Second Alcibiades. foot only uſeleſs, but moſt commonly extremely dangerous. | 46,923 |
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ernischealterth00unkngoog_10 | German-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,871 | Erânische Alterthumskunde | Spiegel, Fr. (Friedrich), 1820-1905 | German | Spoken | 7,689 | 13,945 | Zahlreich sind die Ströme, welche dem Ti|i!Tiö von beiden Sei- ten ziifliessen, wir können von ilinen nur die wichtigeren an- geben. Aus den Qarajabergen kommt der Devc gecid, der ost- wärts zum Tigris eilt und dessen rechtes Ufer erreicht. \an der linken Seite kommt der KaCman-su, an einem Neben- Hiisae desselben liegt die Stadt Maiafarcqlu, die alte Martyro- polia , in deren Nähe wahrscheinlich auch die alte Tigrano- eerta lag, obwol die Stelle noch nicht genau nachgewiesen ist 'j . Weiterhin mündet der Pluss von Kitlis , der sieb mit ilem von Sert geeinigt hat und- dessen aus den Gebirgen kom- mender Lauf noch nicht in allen Theilen erforscht ist. Am Tigris seihst sind an dieser Strecke seines Laufes nur Hisn Keif zu nennen und weiterhin Jesiret ibn Omar, das alte Kezabde. Der vollständige Name der Stadt ist Jeztret abd-ul azfz ibn omar, weil Abd-ul Aziz der Sohn Omars, de& !4. Chalifen der Omniayadendynastie nie erbaut haben soU^i. Den Namen Jeztre (Insel: hat nie daher erhalten, dass sie den Moyet SaqlfLn an der einen Seite, auf der andern den Tigris hat und diese beiden Flüsse im Februar und März den Hü- gel, auf welchem sie gebaut ist, in der Weise umgeben, dass er in Wirklichkeit zur Insel «-ird. Auch in ihr giebt es eine nicht unbedeutende Anzahl von ('bristen. Unterhalb Jezlra kommt aus dem Seitenthale Zakho der Khabär und mündet auf der linken Seite in den Tigris. Dieser Fluss von Zakfao ist nur ein kleiner Bach , bis er den weit betleutenderen Ha- zer-su in sich aufnimmt, der ihn zu einem Strome anschwellt. Weiterhin finden wir am Tigris das nexicre Mosul und das ältere Ninive, erstere Stadt liegt auf der rechten, die letztere auf der linken Seite des Tigris. Die Stadt Mosul scheint sehr neu und kommt erst in den Zeiten des Tsläm vor, aber Niuive mit seinen Palästen war schon zerstört als Xenophoii an ihnen vorüber zog und es scheint darum wahrscheinlich, dass die .\u8iedelungen an diesem Orte den Niinica Ninive behielten bis in die Zeit des Islam. Denn ohne Ansiedelui^ ist die ti M«n ver^. die Unteraurhutifti'n von Si Mar Ktter X, 93—95. 'i, Fetermann i. c. II, IJ. tizec.y Google ü. Det TigrU und g«iae Zuflütxe. 1 7r> Stelle wol schwerlich je gewesen, dazu ist die I^age zu wich- tig, ^war ist die Umg^ead sowol den Räubereien der Kurden wie der Araber vun der einen wie der andern Seite ausgesetzt, immerhin aber bildet die Stadt Mosul »elbst noch in di:r jetzigen Zeit einen sehr erwünschten Ruhepunkt zwischen Aleppu und ItaghtUd und ihre Mauern und Walle reiclieu wenigstens hin, den Reisenden gegen räuberische Ueberfälle tk^liutz zu gewäh- ren. Uabei muss mau bedenken , dass die Wichtigkeit der Strasse über Ninive im Alterthume eine viel bedeutendere war als g^enwärtig, wo sich durch die Unsidierheit der Wege ein groHter Theil des Handels nach Abäshehr gezogen hat, es ist aber immerhin mißlich, dass Mosul später seine alte Bedeutung wieder erlangen könnte, wenn die gegenwärtigen MissstäiiJe beseitigt sein werden. Von MoBul abwärts sind uns die Ufer des Tigris ^v()lll bekannt. Uer Strom wendet sich gegen Süden. Das I^nd zu beiden Seiten des Flusses ist fruchtbar und grün, daher auch reichlich mit Dörfern besetzt, zwischen ihnen liegen die Ruinen assyrischer Städte, welche mit Mosul binnen und zwar bi^ finden sich die Ruinen von Ninive und weiter stn)niabwärtB die von Nimriid auf dem linken Ufer des Flusses, die von Uala Sherghat dagegen auf dem rechten. Die bedeutenden Zuflüsse, welche der Tigris iu diesem Theile seines Laufes aufnimmt, kommen fast alle von der linken Seite aus <len iranischen Gebilden imd sind uns schon aus der früheren Be- schreibung jener I^änder bekannt. Abgesehen von kleineren Bächen ist es der grosse '/Ah, welcher bei dem neueren Orte Keshaf seine blauen wild tobenden Gewässer mit den schmutzig gelben Wogen des Tigris veriiinigt. Die Mündung des gmsseu Z4b hat eine Breite von nur 60 Fuss'l, dagegen ist sie von grosser Tiefe, eiu kleiner Barh mündet ihm gegenüber auf dem riH.-hti'n l'fcr, er soll den Namen Nähr Senn ^' fiiliren. Wie die 1] Rittor XI, 665. 2) Auch Masudi I. c, 21 (Bd. 2, HO eA. Parin) nennt du Mondwgs- l^liict de« kleinen Ztb Sinn '^"~' '^^). üeber die N«men hat acliun Riner <IX. 519) genproclien. Herodot [V. 52) scheint such dem Kronen und kleinen ZAb dt^n Namen Tif^rin beiiulegen, aber bei Xenophon lAnab. II, b) finden wir Rchnn Zd^iraf. Spüture wie Pulybius, Curtiu«, Arrian „GüOJ^If 176 EntM Buohi Oeognphie. VI- Aimenien. Mündung des groesttn Zäb in der Nähe der Ruinen von Nim- röd, so liegt die des kleinen Zäb in der Nähe der Kuinen von Qala Sherghat. Diese Mündung hat nur eine Breite vtm 25 F., während der Tigris an der Stelle, wo der kleine Zäh mündet, wohl 500 Schritte breit ist. Auch in der Nähe von QaU Sherghat ist wieder von einem Hache die Rede, der aus den Sinjärbergen kommen und auf dem rechten Ufer des Tigris münden soll, doch ist die Sache noch nicht ganz klar. Der einzige neuere Ort von Bedeutung, welcher zwischen Moaul und Baghdäd li^, ist die Stadt Tekrlt am rechten Ufer des TigriB. Gegenwärtig ist die Stadt nur klein, früher aber war sie bedeutender. Noch sieht man dort Ruinen eines früheren Schlusses und zahlreiche Trümmer von Moscheen und Häusern aus der Blütezeit der arabischen Herrschaft'). Unterhalb Te- knt b^innt das ebene T^and und der Strom breitet sich dess- halb weiter aus, auch beginnen jetzt auf der rechten Seite die Canäle, welche den Tigris mit dem Euphrat verbinden. Bis zur Mündung des Adhem bleibt das Ostufei steinig, dann geht es in Alluvialboden über, so dass der Strom in einer voll- kommenen Ebene dahinzieht. Zahlreiche Ruinen, zum Theil aus vormuhammedaniseher Zeit, bedecken auch auf dieser Strecke seine Ufer, namentlich auf der Ostseite. In der Nähe von Baghdäd erreicht die Annäherung des Tigris an den Euphrat ihre höchste Höhe. Die Chalifenstadt Baghdäd ist neueren Ursprungs und berührt uns «tarum hier nicht weiter. Es genüge zu sagen, dass das Clima gesund und dass die Ebene, in wel- cher die Stadt liegt, nur selten ansteckenden Krankheiten unterworfen ist. Das Wasser des Tigris ist zum Trinken sehr wohl gee^pet und eine bessere Benutzung der Canäle müsste das r.and weithin sehr fruchtbar machen. Die Gegensätze des Climas theilt Baghdäd mit anderen Orten Mesopotamiens: die Hitze steigt im Sommer bis zu 3ö Gr. R., nach Anderen bis- weilen selbst zu 41 Gr., dagegen sinkt sie im Januar und nennen die beiden Flüue hycue und K&pros, enterer Name iat eine Ueber- setiung von Zab hebr. 3K1 Z^eb, lupim. Die Muhammeflaner nennen die Flüsse fil^MI (Aziäbäni) und Hamm |I, 45 ed. OoUwaldt) will ihre Namen auf den ^räniHchen König Zab zurfickfahrcn. 1) l.a]>ard, nUttimru-s p 467, Petermann I. c, II, 59. tizec.y Google 5. Der llgrii und leine ZoflOMe. 177 December bis 4 Gr. unter den Gefrierpunkt und fingerdickes Eis ist keine Seltenheit, darum können auch Bananen nicht mehr gedeihen, während den Citronen und Palmen diese Kälte nicht Bchadet. Dieee Eigenthümlichkeiten der Stadt Kaghdid und ihrer Umgebung theilen auch die alten Städte Ktesiphou and Seleucia, welche nicht sehr weit von ihr entfernt liegen. In kleiner Entfernung stromabwärtB bezeichnen Ruinenhügel die ehemalige Stadt Ktesiphon auf dem linken und ihr gegen^ aber Setencia auf dem rechten Ufer des Tigris. Aber nur Ktesiphon weist in dem sogenannten Palaste des Khosru (Täq-i- Keera) ein Baudenkmal von einiger Bedeutung auf, die Ruinen Ton Seleucia, obwol ziemlich ausgedelint, scheinen nichts Merk- würdiges zu enthalten, doch sind sie kaum noch genau genug untersucht. Unterhalb Ktesiphon wendet sich der Tigris wieder mehr g^en Osten, wodurch die Breite der mesopotamischen Ebene zunimmt, diese Ostwendung hält an bis nach Kut el Ammära. Von Ktesiphon an zeigt sich auch wenig Anbau mehr am Ufer, die Ansiedelungen werden spärhcb, aber das Tamariskengebüsch und die Kriechpflanzen am Ufer sind fast undurchdringbar. Kut el Ammära liegt im geraden Abstände 97'/i engl. M, von B^hdäd, die vielen Krümmungen ver- grossem den Weg auf dem Flusse um nicht wen^er als S1 engl. M., SU dass die Entfernung auf dem Flusse 178 engl. M^len beträgt. Von Kut el Ammära an beginnt der grosse Wechsel, dass der Tigris, statt durch die Canäle Zuwachs aus dem Euphrat zu erhalten, wie dies auf seinem bisherigen Laufe der Fall war, nun vielmehr von seiner Wassermasse an den Guphrat abgiebt. Mit dieser Zuführung, des Tigriswassers in den Euphrat macht der grosse Caiial Shatt ul Hai den Anfang, an ihm liegt die im Mittelalter bedeutende Stadt Wäsith, g^enwärtig in Ruinen. Bei Kut el Ammira beginnt auch das persische Gebüge sichtbar zu werden, das rechte Ufer ist flach und ohne alle Abwechslung. Unterhalb der Einmündung des Nahreväncanals bei Imäm Gharbl wendet sich der Lauf des Tigris gegen Süden und die von den Bergen im Osten abflies- senden Gewässer verwandeln die Landschaft im Osten des Flusses in eine Sumpfgegend, nicht viel anders ist es auch auf dem rechten Ufer, hier durch vemachlSssigte Canäle. So weit das Auge reicht ist Alles eine einförmige traurige SfiiEel.erta. lltaittBiaikude. 12 ■zec.y Google 17d Eritei Buch: Oeogrtphie- VI. Anneuien. Wüstenei mit Riedgras und Schilf; Bwischen diesen Sümpfen liegen aber Reisfelder, sie und die Zucht der Büffelochaen tnldcn den HauptnalirungBzweig der in diesen Sumpfgegenden zer- itreuteu Araberstämme. £g beginnen nun auch die Cattäle am linken Ufer, Trelche den Tigris mit dem Kerklia verbinden. Etwa eine Stunde oberhalb Qoma beginnen die Dattelhaine nnd bei Qoma mündet der Tigris selbst in starker Strömung in den Euphrat ein, mit welchem er fortan nur einen einzigen Pluss bildet. 6. Der Shatt ul Arab. Jeder der beiden grossen Strome, welche sich bei Uoma vereinigen, ist an 300 Schritte breit und nachdem sie sich lu einem einzigen Strome gesammelt haben , erhält dieser einen Wasaerspi^el von etwa 600 Schritte Breite uuil einer anhalttm- den Tiefe von etwa 20 Fuss, welche er bis zu der gegen &<i Stunden entfernten Mündung in das Meer beibeluilt. Noch lange ifit das wüdreiasende trübe Wasser des Tigris von dem weisslichen Euphratwasser zu unterscheiden, aber die Namen Euphrat und Tigris verschwinden, es kennt sie niemand mehr im I>unde und der vereinigte Strom führt überall den Gesammt- namen Shatt ul Arab. Der directe Abstand Qomas von Kasra iet IT Stunden und die Fahrt dahin geht ohne Schwierigkeit von Statten. Zwei Stunden unterhalb Qoma vereinigt sich mit dem Shatt ul Arab auch noch der Hauptarm des Kerkha und unterhalb Hasca tritt bei Mobammera schon ganz in der Nähe der Mündung auch noch der Hafararm des Kardn hinzu, nur etwa 10 Stunden unterhalb Ba«ra. Bis nach Basra Sieaat der Strom durch herrliches (Kulturland und seine Ufer sind mit den schönsten Uattelwaldungou bedeckt, vor seinem Ausgange in die See bildet er mehrere Deltas und die Ufer werden eine wüste braungebrannte Ebene. Von wie grosser Bedeutung dieser mächtige Strom für den Handel sei, da ihn nach seiner Yereinigung selbst die grössteu Kri^^schiffe befahren können, bedarf keiner weitem Bemerkung und erhellt selbst noch aus dem heutigen Verkehre, obwol dieser nur ein schwaches Bild des Treibeub guben kann, welches im Alterthume an diesen Ufern geherrscht haben muss, als Niuive und Babylon noch ,zec.yGüOg[f 7. IHe wMtliekeii Oriiuen. |79 lu den ersten HandeUstädten der Welt zählten. Bosra ist eiae neue Stadt, erst von den Chalifen gegründet, aber sie ist nui die Nachfolgerin allerer Ansiedelungen, welche sich früher in jener Gegend befenden. T. Die westlichen Gränzen. Die Stromgebiete dei [ris und Halys. Wir haben bereits die Gebirgszüge kennen gelernt, welche rieh fast vom 42 — 37. Gr. n. Kr, und .vom 59 — 54. Gr. ö. L. von Ferro in ununterbrochener Folge hinziehen, nämlich von der Meeresbucht bei Bstum in I.azistiln bis zum Golf von Iskenderiin. Sie bilden die Wasserscheide für den Euphrat gegen Westen, deuu nur die von ihrem Ostrande ablaufenden Uewässer führen sie diesem Strome zu, während die Wasser iler Westseite ihren Weg in das Mittelmeer finden. Nach der (Gestaltung der Entrinde zu ttchliessen, hätten wir hier die west- liche Gränze Armeniens und Eiäns erreicht, denn jenseits dieser Berge finden wir ein gei^raphisch vollkommen neues Gebiet: die kleinasiatische Gliederung ') . Allein gec^raphische Rück- üichten dürfen uns hier nicht auKschltesslich bestimmen, <lenD sowohl in ethnographischer alc politischer Hinsicht sind die Eränier noch weiter gegen Westen vorgedrungen und wir sind daher genöthigt, auch lüe Flussläufe auf der westlichen Seite dieser Gebirge zu verfolgen und das an ihnen liegende Land lu hetracliten. \'orübergehend haben wir bereits dieses Gebiet betreten , als wir oben den (!orokh als die nördliche Gränze .Armeniens betrachteten. Die Flüsse, welche nun ausserdem noch zu betrachten wären , sind der Je:jhil Irmaq und der Uizil Irmaq. Diese beiden münden in das schwarze Meer. Die VVssserscheidehöhen dieser drei Stromgebiete grauzen an ein- ssder in dem Khanzlr-dägh, der unter 39 Gr. n. Br. und M ö. L. an 5 — 6000 F. in die Höhe ragt und in seinen süd- lichen Verlängerungen bei den Alten ilen Namen Antitaurua erhalten hat, welche bezeichnung Ritter wenigstens tur die nach Westen voige:scUubene, vun den taurisclien Küstenketten verschiedene Querkette des centralen Taurus beibehielt, im 1| Bitter XVm, 9. .zec.y Google 180 Erstes Buch; Geographie. IV. Armenien. Gt^enBatze zu den weiter östlich zum Euphrat hin ahfällenden Taurusketten. Der Jesliil-irmaq ist der Iris der Alten. Seine Quellen liegen auf dem Cämly-däglk (Fichtenberg) , der an 5000 F. hoch und unter dem 40. Gr. n. Br. nur etwa 16 geugr. M. vom Meere entfernt ist. Seine Quelle ist mit Gewissheit noch nicht entdeckt, li^t aber keinenfalb weit von der Quelle des Halys uitferut, sein oberer Lauf, ehe er in die Ebene eintritt, ist gleichfalls wenig bekannt; am diesem fiihrt er den Namen Tuzanly-su. Die Gegend am oberen .Laufe des Flusses ist rauh und nur selten trifft man in ihr auf Dörfer, die nach armeni- scher Art unter der Erde gebaut sind; der ganze Landstrich ist sehr dnnn bevölkert. Erst von Tokät an beginnt er uns besser bekannt zu werden. Diese Stadt liegt etwa 1600 F. Qber dem Meere, befindet sich aber bereits in der Ebene, in einem schönen Thale voller Landsitze und Gärten. Sie ist gross und bedeutend durch ihren Handel mit Erzeräm, wohin Caravanen in 16 Tagen gelangen können, aber eine alte Stadt ist sie nicht, sie ist erst in der christlichen Zeit nachweisbar. Jedoch in ihrer nächsten Nälie liegt Gümenek, das (^mana Pontica der Alten, woselbst ein berühmter Tempel der Anaids gelegen war, dem die ganze Umgegend gehörte, an dessen Spitze ein Oberpriester stand, welcher mit Ausschluss des Rechtes über Leben und Tod zu verfügen hatte. Bei dem Tempel lebten an 6000 Hierodulen und der Cultus der Anaitis in sehr lasciver Form wurde noch unter der Herrschaft der Römer geübt und verschwindet erst in der christlichen Zeit. Alter- thiimer hat indesa Giimenek ausser einigen Krückenresten aus der iranischen Zeit keine mehr aufzuweisen und ohne die genauen Angaben Strabos würden wir Mühe haben, die I'age des Ortes aufzufinden. — Von Tokät aus fliesst der Iris eine Strecke von 8 Stunden g^en Westen, durch eine Ebene, welche die Alten Daximonitis nannten, die aber bei den Neueren Qäz-ovä [Cränscebeue] heisst. Weinberge, welche einen guten Wein liefern, bedecken die Berge an der Seite der Ebene. Weiterhin engen die Herge von Turkhal den Fluss mehr ein und in der Nälie des jetzigen Städtchens Turkhal muss eine weitere pontische Königsstadt, Gaziura, gelten haben. Eine halbe Tagereise westwärts von derselben Stadt liegt Zela, heut- tizec „Google 7. Die weRtlichen Grftntea. ISl zutage Zilleh genannt, gleichfalls der Sitz änen alt«n Tempels der Anaitis, welchem das umli^ende Land zu eigen war; auch hier stand an der Spitze des Tempelgcbietes ein Priester. Nachdem der Ina aus der Verengung herausgetreten ist, welche ihm die Beige von Turkhal bereiten, tritt er in eine Ebene ein, die jedoch an ihrem £nde wieder von Bergen geschlossen vird, deren Engpässe der Strom durchbrechen muss, gerade in dieser neaeii Verengung li^ die Stadt A.maeia, über welche lieh Kalksteinrosssen von über 1000 P. Höhe emporthürmen. Ehe indesG der Iris die Stadt Amasia nocik erreicht, nimmt er auf seiner linken Seite zwei Zuflüsse auf, deren erster Tschykryk-su genannt wird und dessen Quelle nur fünf Stunden von Tokät am Westabhange des Cämly-dügh liegen soll. Ueber seine Quelle ist nichts Näheres bekannt, wir wissen aber, dass er anfangs seinen Lauf gegen Südwesten nebtet, 8 Stunden später aber bei Sulu Serii sich plötzlich nach Norden und Nordwesten wendet und fünf Stunden oberhalb Amasia auf einer Höhe von 1384 F. über dem Meere in den Iris fallt. Der eweite linke ZufluRs ist der Tschötürlü-su, der sich dicht neben dem Tschy- kryk-su in den Iris ei^esst. Die verschiedenen Bäche, aus denen dieser Fluss entsteht, sind in ihrem Laufe noch nicht genau untersucht, er scheint der Srylax der Alten zu sein. An einer seiner Quelläüsse li^t <\ie Stadt Ts<rh«rum am Ost- abhänge des KÖse-dikgh (Eckbeigl, kaum eine halbe Tage- rrise von der Wasserscheide des Iris und Halys entfernt ; nahe bei ibr hat man ein altes Grab entdeckt, das bis in die Zeiten «ler persischen Herrschaft zurückzugehen scheint. Nur wenige Stunden unterhalb der Mündung des Tschötürlü-su liegt die fitadt Amasia in einem reizenden Thalkessel. Sie hat einträg- liche Gärten und Maulbeerpflanzungen, besonders aber ist sie ein Stapelort grosser Seiden vorräthe. Im Alterthume kennen wir sie als den Geburtsort Strabos, doch wird sie zuerst von Pbnius [H. N. VI, 3, 4) und Ptolemäua (V, 61 erwähnt. Gleich- wohl ist nicht daran zu zweifeln, daas die Stadt iilt ist, Pet- ^engraber, die man auf dem Berge gefunden hat, welcher die- ^Ibe Überrest, sind längst wegen ihrer Aehnlichkeit mit den Giabern bei PeiEepolis aufgefallen und rühren wahrscheinlich aus einer älteren Zeit her als die der pontischen Könige, aus izec.y Google ]g2 Entee Buoh: Geographie. VI. Anneoien. der Zeit der persUchcn Satrapen *). — Eine kurze Strecke unter- halb Ämafiia erhält der Irin einen neuen ZuflusB, welcher der Pluss von Tcrschan, auch Suaacamlii-su genannt wird. Auch er entsteht nicht blos aus einer einzigen Quelle, sondern aus mehreren, eine derselben entspringt aus dem See Ladik und flieBSt aus dem nördlichen Ende hervor, von wo sie sich in einem Halbkreise gegen Westen und Süden wendet. Den be- deutendsten Zufluss erhält aber der Mr auf seiner rechten Seite. Er nimmt denselben etwa tli — 18 Stunden unterhalb Amasia in sich auf und nimmt durch ihn an Umfang bedeutend zu, vorher ist er nicht über 75 — 90 F. breit und selten mehr als 3 Fuss tief. Dieser grösste Zuflut<s ist der Lycus der Alten, er ergiesst sich bei Suniea in denselben , in der Landschaft, welche Strabo Phaneroea nennt. Der Lycus oder Germeili-cii kommt weit vom Osten her und seine Quelle ist noch nicht ganz genau erforscht, wir wissen blos, dass sie innerhalb der Höhenzuge liegt, in die man im Nordwesten von Erzing^ gelangt, in der 'Sähe, eines armenischen Ortee Satagh, in dem Kiepert mit grosser Wahrsclieinlichkeit das alte Satala wieder erkannt hat. Auch der Lauf von der Quelle bis Qarä Hisär, der etwa 10 — 12 Stunden in Anspruch nimmt, ist noch nicht genau aufgeklärt, besser ist das Thal abwärts bis Niksär be- kannt, der Name dieses Ortes ist aus Neocaesarea entstanden. Es gehört dieses Flussthal zu den wohlhabenderen in Klein- asien, da es noch nicht von den Verheerungen der Kurden heimgesucht worden ist, die sich mehr südlich halten. Altern thümer hat man jedoch in diesem Thale nicht gefunden, ebenso wenig sind noch Spuren von der Stadt Magnopolis zu ent- decken, welche in der Nähe des Zusammenflusses des Iris imd Lycus gelegen haben muss. Nachdem sich der fris mit dem Lycus vereinigt hat, durchbricht der Gcsammtstrom das Gebirge, um in die Ebene von Themiscyra einzutreten, wo er dann durch fruchtbare Gegenden dem schwarzen Meere zueih. Nur im Vorübergehen kann hier eines kleinen Flusses gedacht werden, wdcher östlich vom Iris sich in das schwarze Meer ergieest : es ist der Therraodon der Alten, der in seinem heutigen Namen Terme-su noch Spuren des früheren erhalten 1] Die Belege a. m. hei Kitler XVin, 172. „,, _,..,y Google 7. Die weadichen Orftnt«D. 1S3 hat. Er ist ein KiistenflusR, welcher durch fmchthare Ebenen dem Meere Euströmt und desBen Quelle und L&uf noch keiner der neueren Furscber geuKU untersucht hat. Für das Alter* tbum hatte er eine Kedeutunf^, denn da seine Mündung nur 10 Meilen von der Mündung des Irie und dieser wieder nur 14 Meilen von der Mündung des Halys entfernt ist, so bilde- ten diese drei Strome eine natürliche dreifache Vemchanzung g^en die von Osten kommenden Angriffe. Zudem knüpfl sich an diesen Fluss und an die Ebenen zu seiner ijeitc die Stge von den Amazonen an. , Mit dem Qixil Irmaq oder Ilalys ') «ind wir an der äusiter- sten Gränze des iranischen Reiches angekommen. Dieser Fluss tnldete, wie uns schon Herodot berichtet (i, 72], die Gränze zwischen dem medischeu und lydischcn Reiche, und auch in späterer Zeit hat er noch diesen volkerscheidenden Charakter beibehtdten , den er erst seit dem Auftauchen der Türkenherr- sehaft veiioren hat. Diese Eigenschaft ist e«, welche den Halys bedeutend macht, denn sonst hat dichter Strom nichts was ihm Anfimerksamkeit verschaffen könnte. Der Halys ist kein mäch- tiger Strom wie der Euphrat und Tigris, sondern wasserarm und nicht schiffbar. Seinen Lauf von der Quelle bis zum Meere kann man mit Eioschluss der Krümmungen auf löO geogr. M. anschlagen, so daes er die I^nge des Rheines ziem- lich erreicht. Allein da die Bei^e, denen er Meinen Ursprung verdankt, sich nicht über 4000 F. erheben ^nd mithin die gewaltigen ächneemassen der Hochgebii|je fehlen, welche die Flnsee Armeniens nähren, da ebenso die kaukasischen und pontischeu Nebel nicht soweit vordringen, i« eiche dem ost- lichen armenischen Taurus reichliclies Wasser zufuhren und den Corukb bilden helfen, so kann die WassermaMSe des tialys niidit sehr bedeutend sein. Der Halys entsteht durcli den Xu- 1) Bei den Alten w*eh«elD die Schreibwnsen "AXu(, H>Iy* (Herodol, Strabol mit 'AXtK, Alya (Ptoleroaeu*, XeaopboD u. u. m.V Die Angsbe Strabos, doM er seinen Nsmen den benachbarten SaUlufCeni verdanke Stnbo Xn, 544 und 561) ist richtig, denn (^(i (Agb, AI) heiut im Ai^ menilcheB da* Sali. Auch gelten die Wasser des Ualyi für sabig. Mose* toD Khonü lll, 13] «obreibt freilich den Namen des FIum«« (^|_fiuiu ,Aliiiuj, ohne Zweifel der griechiachen Form lu lieb. .zec.y Google 184 Erst«« Buch: Qeogn4>bie. VI. ArmenieD. sammenfluss veTfichicdener Bach«, seine eigentliche Quelle ist aber der östliche Arm, welcher etwa Ib Stunden nordöstlich von Siwäs auf dem Gemi Hell d&gh entspringt und tud der Quelle des Iris nicht sehr entfernt ist. Die Quelle des Flusses liegt 6200 F. über dem Meere, die Gegend ist rauh, die Wintei lange und svhneereich, die Summer zwar kurz aber heiss, da- rum gedeiht auch in den Thäleru Weizen und Geret«; die Hauptbesclütftigung der EinTrohuer, die meistens Armenier sind, bildet die Viehzucht und Mästung von Schlachtvieh, das auf den iicrgen seine Nahrung findet. Die Wohnungen liegen hier noch, wie in Armenien, groasentbeils unter der Erde. Nicht lange hält sieh indess der Halys auf solcher Höhe, bei dem nur 5 Stunden von seinem Ursprünge entfernten Doife Zara fliesst er nur noch 4204 F. über dem Meere, von da an fangt die türkische Bevölkerung an zahlreicher zu werden und überwiegt die armenische. Noch, ehe der Fluss Zara erreicht münden mehrere Hache in denselben, seinen ersten bedeuten- den ZuflusB erhalt er aber sechs Stunden unterhalb Zara auf seiner linken Seite. In der Ebene von Siwis {38S0 F. übet dem Meere) ist sein Lauf reissend, der Fluss macht grosse Krümmungen und ist daher voller Inseln und Sandbänke. Siwis, d. i, Sebaste wird zuerst von Plinius (H. N. VI, 3) genannt und ist keine sehr alte Stadt, in deren Nfthe sich Salzquellen und Steinsalz finden. Die Einwohnerzahl soll sich auf 5000 türkische und 1300 armenische Familien belaufen. Der Weg den der Halys von Stwäs abwärts bis zur Mündung des Melas zu durchlaufen hat betragt 30 geogr. Meilen und bis zu seiner Nordweudung bei Yäräpasön noch 7 geogr M. mehr, so dass der Fluss bis zu dem zuletzt genannten Orte, wenn man die Krümmungen mit einrechnet, an 40 geogr. M. zu- rücklegen dürfte. Diese ganze Strecke ist einförmig, unfrucht- bar und daher auch mensclienann, selbst von den Keiseuden nur wenig b^angen, da dorthin keine Hauptstrasse fuhrt. Von den kleinen Flüssen, welche dem Halys auf dieser Strecke zufliessen, ist der Melas oder Sarym s4qlü-su {jjajiäiM^.Lad. i. Knoblauch Wasser) der westlichste. Dieser fliesst am Südufei des Halys in einer Entfernung von nur wenigen Stunden IS — 20 Stunden lang mit dem Hauptflusse parallel g^en Süd- westen, wendet sich aber dann, nachdem er einen andern Ge- ;,zec.y Google 7. Die weBtlichen OrftnieD. 185 biigsbach, den QanLsu, aufgenommen hat, bei Sazlyq nurd- wärte zum Halysthale, ehe et diesen erreicht vereinigen sich mit ihm noch viele Quellen und Bäche die vom Argaeue kom- men. Dieser Berg sowie die in Heiner Nähe gelegene Stadt Caesarea 'j U^en von den Ufern des HiJys nicht weit entfernt. Der Argaeus (Arjish dägh) ist ein Bei^ der seine Erhebung vtilkanischen Einflüssen verdankt, ähnlich wie der Demävend oder Ararat, er erhebt sich bis 13000 F. absolut über das Meer oder 9 — tOOOO P. über das ihn umgebende Plateau, das von vulkanischen Eiuflüssen noch sattsame Spuren zeigt. Aucli der mittlere Lauf des Halys in einer Länge von 55 — 60 M. und vielen Krümmungen ist uns nur sehr unvollständig und besonders nur an den Orten bekannt, wo Strassen denselben durchsetzen. Die Gegend au seinen Ufern ist unfruchtbar weil sie wassetlos ist und man den Halys wegen seines Salz- gehaltes für ungeeignet zur Bewässerung der Felder hält. Die Bevölkerung ist demnach auch stromabwärt« vun C'äsarea nur unbedeutend , man sieht meist nur die Zelte umherziehender Nomaden. Das Wasser des Flusses ist trübe und schmutzig, es steigt im April durch die Schneeschmelze und dann ist der Flufls nur mit Gefahr zu durchsetzen , das Wasser fällt aber im Juni und bleibt dann niedrig bis zum Ortober, wti es durch die in den Gebirgen fallenden Regen von Neuem ansteigt. Bei Cäsarea hat der Halys eine Breite von nur 60 Fuss, aber nach der Mündung des Flusses von Kirshehr erweitert sich das Bett desselben bis auf 120 F., an einzelnen Stellen sogar bis auf 200 Schritte ; später verengert sich dasselbe wieder durch Felsen, welche an das Flussufer treten und bei Osmän- jyq ist die Brette nur 70 Schritte, weil die Felsen die Ebene am Ufer ganz verdrängt haben. Die iiit^ht sehr bedeutenden Zuflüsse des Halys auf der linken Seite sind nicht einmal alle dem Namen nach festgestellt, als einer der wichtigem mag der Akajyq-su genannt werden, der aus dem Akajyr]-dägh ent- I) Ueber die Stadt C&sarea cf. 6t Martin I, INä flg. Bei den .Arme- niern heiset sie (J^Uf^Uf D (Maxhsk'), angeblich nach einem Feldberm ArAmB, der sie erobern half, cf. Mus. Khur. I, 14. Nach demselben Autor erhielt «ie den Namen Cftsarea vun Mihrdftt, einem Neffen Hgr&ni. Cf. Mos. KboT. U, 16. tizec.y Google t86 Erste» Buch: Oet^rsphie. VI. Armenien. xpringt und gegen Norden zum Halyn fliesot, weiter nördlich der Tftbanly-«u, der zwischen dem Elina- und IMsgurt-dägh im Westen und dem Küee-dägh im Osten fliesst. Auf dem Unken südlichen Ufer den Halys liegen auch bei Cäsarea, Ne^'^hehr und Urgub groRite IlÖhlendÖrfer, die in ältester Zeit zu Grabkammeni gedient haben mt^en, später, xur Zeit der Christenverfolgungen, aber auch zu Wohnungen und Kirchen benutzt wurden. Uiese Höhlen setzen sich theilweise auch noch jenseits des Flusses auf dem rechten Ufer fort. Auf die- sem rechten tifer des Halyf sind wir etwas besser bewandert als auf dem linken, da auf diesem die Hauptstrasae von Cäsa- rea nach Angora führt. .Der W^ führt zum Tlieil durch fruchtbare Gegenden , als solche wird namentlich die Umge- gend von Kirshehr hervorgehoben und dieser Ort würde durch Fleis- lind Aufinerksamkeit meiner Bewohner eine ganz andere Bedeutung erlangen können als er gegenwärtig hat. Die Höhen, welche sich in nicht weiter Entfernung vom rechten Ufer des Halys erheben, scheinen auch seine Wasserscheide gc^en sei- nen Nebenfluss an dieser Seite zu sein , den bedeutendsten den er überhaupt empfängt. Dieser Nebenfluss ist der Dehje- SU , der nicht weit vom Nordufer des Halys bei Horan ent- springt, ;iM7 F. über dem Meere und nach einem Laufe von 60 Stunden in den -HauptHuss mündet; sein Lauf ist mit dem des Hauptflusses parallel. Auch der Delije-su hat mehrere Nebenflüsse, unter denen der Konok-su der bedeutendste ist; dieser entspringt im Norden von Slwäs unweit der Halysquel- len und legt eine (Strecke von 40 Stunden zurück, che er sich mit dem Delije-su vereinigt. Am bekanntesten ist aber der nördliche NehenfluBS, der kleine Delije (Rücük Delije) genannt, auch der Strom von Izygat, weil an ihm die bedeutende Stadt Izygat liegt. Drei Stunden nordwestlich von dieser gelangt man zu dem Dorfe Nefesköi mit Inschriften und Altertilümeni aus der Zeit der Kyeantiner, und nur vier Stunden von da, gegen Nordwesten, sind die berühmten Denkmale von Kt^haz- köi, die zu den wenigen in Kleinaaien gehören, welche aus sehr alter Zeit stammen und von weh itun wir später ausführ- lich reden werden. Kehren wir nach dieser Abschweifung nochmals zu dem Unken Ufer des Halys zurück, so ist bereits gesagt wwden. .,,Gooj^Ic 7. Die wMtlkhen Ortnien. 1S7 dar« die Strecke von Cäsarea an nurdwärts bis Osmäiijyq i^ehr wenig fruchtbar und dünn bevölkert ist. Nur nparsam sind die (luUuretellen in den Thalem zwischen den Bergen zu fin- den . welche das Stromgebiet des Halys v«n dem des Sanga- riuB trennen. Wichtig ist üalejik, unweit Angnra, in deanen Nihe eine Krücke über den Half« führt, wo manche dae alte PeVum im Lande der Tdlintobojer fuchen wollen'), weiter nördlich liegt Cangri, das alte Gangra, eine Stadt von 3000 HSupem und 18000 Einwohnern, die üuerst im Jahre 19t v, Chr. erwähnt wird, in der Nähe finden sich grosee Steinaalü- lager. Noch weiter nördlich liegt lakilib, vieUeirht das» alte Blucium ^]. Der untere !>auf des Halys von Osmänyjq an bis^' zum Meere ist noch nicht genau erforscht worden, obwol derselbe mancherlei Interesse bieten würde. Durch die Kette des Tan- shan-dägh (ob ^JJiyh^ Hasenberg) welche von Osten uach We- sten streichend dem Ufer des Fhisses sich nähert, wird dieser gezwungen sich auf einer Strecke von t4 — 15 Stunden gegen Westen zu wenden , kehrt aber hei Dauran und Wezir-kÖpri wieder in seine normale Richtung zurück. im geraden Ab- stände von Osmilnjyq würde die Entfernung vom Meere nur noch etwa 3.S Stunden betragen , durch den Ht^en den der Halys gegen Westen zu machen gezwungen ist, wird diese Entfernung auf 50 Stunden erweitert. Die Zuflüsse des Halys auf der rechten Seite sind auf dieser Strecke unbedeutend, aber auf seiner linken Seite erhält er zwei nicht unbedeutende Zuflüsse. Der eine ist der Dowrek cäi'}, welcher am Ende eines 30 Stunden langen Thaies ents))ringt, wolohe^ vom Halys aus bia zum Ursprung de« Flusses ohne bedeutende Krüm- moi^en sich erstreckt und fruchtbar und gut angebaut ist. Hauptort ist Tusiya, eine wohlhabende Stadt von 15 — 20000 Einwohnern. Der zweite NebeufluRs ist der GÖk Irmaq (blauer Mussj, der .\miiia8 der Alten, welcher am Nurdustabhange des Alkaz-dAgh (Ologassys)*) auf einer Höhe von 3078 F. ent- 11 Ritter XVIIl, 360. 31 Ritter XVUl, 351. i) Nach Andern Dewrend-cü. Kne putcDde Etjtnologie im TOrki- scheD findet rieb nicht. 1' So Ain«vortb und Hitler, nach Khaniliof \Znt$dtr. 4«r Otteiktk. ..jogk- 188 Ent«9 Buch: Oeoftrapbie. springt und an Kasbiinuiii, Täsh Köprü und Boyäbäd vorüber dem HulyB zueilt, den er unmittelbar vor der Engachlucht et- reicht, die Qari tepe bogliaz genannt wird und durch die eich der Fluge einen Weg bahnt, um in seine normale Richtung zurückzukehren, liei Wezir-Köpri , welcher Ort Bchon unter- halb dieses Purchbruches liegt, ist der Halys nur noch eine Tagereise von Hafra entfernt, aber erst unterhalb dieser Stadt tritt er in die eigeutliche Ebene ein, theilt sich dort in meh- rere Arme und bildet mehrere Ddtas, zwischen welchen er in trägem Laufe dem Meere zuschleirht. Je nach dem verschie- denen Wasserstande ist das Mündungsland beständ^en Verän- derungeu unterworfen. SIEBENTES KAPITEL. Die politischen EIntlieiltingeii Erftns. Wir haben in den vorigen Capiteln die verschiedenen Län- derstrecken kennen gelernt, die man unter dem Namen Er4n in weiterem Sinne zu8ammenfa»sen muss, wie sie nich nach ihrer naturlichen Beschaffenheit darstellen ; nicht ohne Interesse ist es auch, die Eintheilungen zu kennen, welche die alten Be- wohner in ihrem Lande machten. Ehe wir uue aber diesen Eintheilui^en zuwenden , wird es passend sein , zuerst mit einigen Worten der Anschauung zu gedenken, welche sich die alten Bewohner Erins von der sie umgebenden Welt im All- gemeinen gebildet hatten. Ueber sich glaubten die Erinier nicht einen, sondern zwei Himmel zu haben, von welchen der innere (&smiu) als ein Wall von blauen durchsichtigen Steinen gedacht wurde, welcher aufgeworfen war, um die bösen Gei- ster vom Eindringen in die gute Geisterwett abzuhalten. Ein- geschlossen wurde dieser so wie die übrige Welt von dem jür &dl!UHde I, 42.1) ist llkis-il4gh lu achieiben Uie eine wie die andere Form i"t wol Entstellung den alten Namens. Chesney {ExpadiUon for lie sunxy <if (Ae noej- Etipla-iti and Ttgri» I, 5) «chteibt AI Om Tigh. ...ogic Vn. Die politiKhen Eintheilungen ErAns. Igf) äussern Himmel (thw&sha) , der in beständiger Umdrehung be- griffen ist und an welchem die Sterne befestigt sind. Wir werden von diesen beiden Wesen, welche wichtige mytholo- gische Beziehui^D haben, später ausführlicher rcdeu müssen, wenn wir die mythologiachen Vorstellungen der ErjUiier be- handeln. Nach spateren Mittheilungen ist die Krde dem Kie eines Vogels zu Teigleichen, in der Art nämlich, dass die bei- den Schalen des Eis den äussern Himmel, der Dotter aber die Hrde vorstellt. Es ist sehr m<^lich, dass diese Vorstellung schon in die alt« Zeit zurückgeht, da wir sie auch bei andern al(«n Völkern wieder vorfinden. Die Erde selbst nun wird von den Eriniem wieder bald in drei'), bald in sieben Ab- theilungen oder Kareshvares gctheilt, nicht Mos insofern als die Erde seihst öfter die aus sieben Kareshvares bestehende genannt wird^i, es werden auch die Namen derselben an meh- rereo Stellen aufgezäldt'), dieselben lauten: Arczahe, ^avahd, Fradadhafshu , Vldadhofshu , Vöuru-barsti , VAuru-jarsti und Qaniratha. Eine befriedigende Erklärung aller ilieser Namen aus den iranischen Sprachen giebt es bis jetzt nicht, nament- lich klingen die ersteren Namen ziemlich un^ränisch. Auffal- lend wird es jedem Leser des Avesta sein, dass das letzt« die- ser Kareshvare gewöhnlich durch das Beiwort imat, dieses, au^ezeichnet wird (so ist auch Vd. 19, 129 zu lesen], wäh- rend den übrigen Namen entweder gar kein Wort beigefügt oder das Pronomen ava), jenes, gewählt wird. Den Aufschluss über diese Sitte giebt uns der Hundehcsh, welcher sich übei die Lehre von den Kareshvares weiter verbreitet \v. Ti. 7.). Wir sehen aus den Mittheil iingen dieses Kuches, dass eigent- lich nur Uoniratha unserer Erde entspricht, die übrigen Karesh- I) Cf- Vd. 2, 37; Y?. 11, 21; Yt, n, S. Der KintheilwiR in drei Drittel (wohl die drei Theile, welche Frediln Deinen drfi Sühnen Qberant- woTtet) entsprechen drei Himmel (cf. Yt. 22, 15). Es ist dies die alta- riache KntheiluDg. liivsu Dreitheilung findet sich auch in den Vedis. er. M. Maller, Utbetnebmng det Bigreda I, ■.tti. Juiti, Srilräg« air alten Orograjthie P0r»Un» p. 4. Auf den ilrltten Himmel, welcher im N. T. (2. Cor, 12, 2) vorkommt, hat schon Khode aufmerkaam gemai'hl. 2{ er. Jiuti 8. V. Karethvsre. üaM auch die Oith&a diene Bintheilung ebenso gut kennen wie die proeaiichen Stocke, beweiit Yf. 32, 2. 3; Cf. Vd. 19, 129. V«p, II, 2, tizec.y Google 190 EntM Buch: Oeognphü. varea sind durch Me«re sowol von Qaniratha bU auch uQtei üich getrenut, und ea wird öfter bestimmt gesagt, dasa mau vuii einem Karetihvare in das andere nioht kommen könne ')- Nur in ganz früher Zeit, aber eher als die Menschen auf der Erde lebten, haben sämmtUche Kareahvares ein Granzee gebil- det, nachdem aber Tiatrya sich genöthigt sah (cf. B. e. II.), die ganze Erde mit Wasser zu überschwemmen, damit die vuu Agtü - mainyuti geschaffenen schädlichen Thiere vertilgt würden, da brach die Erde in sieben Stücke auseinander, Qaniratha als das grösste dieser Stucke blieb in der Mitte, westlich von ihm liegt Arezahd, ostlich ^vahä, im Norden Vdui-u-barsti und Vöuni-jarsti , im Süden Fradadhafshu und Vidadhafshu. Wie das grosste, so ist Qaniratha auch daa voi^ züghchste unter allen Kareshvares, der Kampf zwischen Agrö- mainyuE und den guten Oenien wird besonders da ausgefoch- ten , mit den Bewohnern der übrigen Kareshvares bestehen natürlich keine Beziehungen, da man auf natürliche Art nicht mit ihnen verkehren kann, die Wesen daselbst scheinen auch ganz andrer Art zu sein als in Qaniratha, das Gesetz ist zwar auch in den übrigen Kareshvares verbreitet worden , aber auf übeniatär liehe Weise, nicht durch Menschen. Kurz, die Vor- stellungen von den Bewohnern der übrigen Kareshvares sind durchaus nebelhaft, auch greifen diese nirgends in den Gang der Welt ein, so dass wir vollkommen berechtigt sind une auf Qaniratha allein zu bescliränken, wenn wir von den Zustän- den dieser Welt reden. Um nun eine Vorstellung zu gewinnen, wie sich die Erik nier die Welt gedacht haben, werden wir am besten der Dar- stellung des Kundehesh folgen, welcher die verschiedenen An- schauungen zu einem Ganzen vereinigt hat, aus dem Avesta lässt sich durch beiläufige Erwähnungen folgern, dass das Bild, welches der Itundehesh eutH iift, ein getreues ist und auch die Verfasser der Avesta sicli ganz ähnliche Vorstellungen von der Welt machten. Zuerst müssen wir bemerken, dass man sich die Erde in der Art des menschlichen Körpers gebaut vorstellt«, die Berge bilden die Knochen, die Ströme das Blut, die Erde i) Vergl. hiena und iiun Folgenden überhaupt: Jutti, Sttträf >Hr aiUn Gtoi/raphU Persitnt f>. 3 ig. .zec.y Google VII. Die politiachen Kiotheilungen ErftD«. 19] das Fleuch des Erdkörpers. Umgeben iat die £rde von Wasser, denn das Meer VAum-kasLa Hiesst wenigstens rings um Qa- niratha'). Von den Itergen aber bildet die Hara-berezaiti oder der AlbuTJ gewissermaBseii das Rückgrat des ganiceu Kiiot^heu- oder Bc^ystems. Die Haia-bereeaiti ist nicht blos zuerst, Bondem auch am höchsten gewachseu, denn sie reicht bis su dem ewigen Licht« empor^j. Aus der Hara-berezaiti sind dann erst die übrigen Kerge der Erde herausgewachsen, die ^ahl derselben wird auf 2244 angegeben'';. Es ist aber die Hara-berezaiti nicht etwa ein einzelner Berg, sondem ein ganzer Gebii^nlcken , welcher um die ganze Erde herumgeht und, wie gesagt, bis zn dem Himmel reicht. Es hat dieser Ge^ biigszug Terschiedenc Gipfel, von denen jeder fieine besondere Bestimmung hat. Der Berg Taera oder Tire 'j ist derjiTnige, um den Sonne, Mond und St«me kreisen und an dem sie aus- und eingehen, denn an ein Auf- und Untergehen der Sonne denken die Eränier nicht. Der Gipfel Hukairya'*^ ist derjenige von dem die Quelle Ardvi-v^^iTi herabströmt. Ob auch ilendava oder Hovindnm und Arezilra grevaya oder Ar- KÜT grivak zu den Gipfeln der Hara-berezaiti zu ziehen seien, ist mir zweifelhaft. Dasselbe ^It von dem Berge ('ekät dtLi- tik, der in der Mitte der Welt stehen soll und von dem eine Brücke zum Himmel fuhrt. Die Hara-berezaiti ist also nach iranischer Vorstellung ein Itandgebii^e, welches, nicht blos die gesanimte Erde, sondern auch die See V&uru-kasha umgiebt und die letztere am Auslaufen verhindert. Die Berge der Welt hängen nun alle — natürlich unterirdisch — mit der Hara- berezaiti zusammen. Von einem der Gipfel dieses Gebirgs- zuges, dem Hukairya, wissen wie, dass er g^en Norden lag, denn die Quelle Ardvi-^iira kommt aus dieser Richtung und von diesem Berge. An der Südseite dei- ItHra-berezaiti sind lünüü Caiiiüe'', durch diese flicsst das lu der Welt betind- 1} Cf. Bund. c. II. 2] B. c. 12. .1) B. 1. c. und Yt. 19, 7. An beiden StelleD werden VeraeichnUse r Serge gegeben, die aber bei A\'eil<'iii nicht vollaUndig ^tiuil. 4| Cf. such Y?. 41, 24, Yt. 15, 9, wo ea heisst, er «ei von Ei«en, i) Nach Jurti {i. c. p. 51 ist es der ÖBtUche Oipf«l der Hsm-bereMiti. 6) Cf. B. c. 13, tizec.y Google 192 Entes Bucht Oeogn^bie. liehe Wasser gereinigt auf den Hukairya und kommt dann zum Beige Hendava oder Hofindum, der mitten im Meere li^, von diesem aus fliesst ein Theil desselben ins Meer, der andere Theil verbreitet sich über die Erde'). Hier ist offen- bar nur von atmosphärischen ' Niederschlägen die R«de , von den Flüssen aber wird berichtet^), das« sie von der nördlichen Seite der Hara-berezaiti herahkommen und zwar strömen Ton dort zwei Flüsse aus, von denen der eine Ba^ha oder Arang- rät genannt wird und sich gegen Westen wendet, der andere heisst Vaguhi oder Veh-röt und wendet sich g^en Osten, lieber diesen letztem Fluss ist man längst im Beinen, denn der Kandehesh giebt an, er fliesse in das Land Sind und falle ins Meer, man nenne ihn auch Mehrva. Es ist ohne Zweifel der [ndus gemeint, der bei Masudi, Yäqüt und andern mos- lemischen Schriftstelleni den Namen Mehrän (q'**) fiibrt. Von dem Araiig-röt kennen wir wenigstens die Mündung , er fliesst nach Aegypten und wird der Nil genannt. Der I^uf der beiden Ströme war dem Verfasser dieser Darstellung offen- bar nur in der Nähe ihrer Mundung bekannt, von dem oberen Laufe des Indus wusate derselbe offenbar sehr wenig, noch weniger von dem des Nil. Deutlich ist aber hier, dass man sich beide in einem Oebiigslande entspringend dachte und ihre Quellen sehr nahe zu einander setzte. Ging man dem Laufe des einen oder andern Stromes bis zu seinen Quellen nach, so kam man nacli der Ansicht der Verfasser des Kundehesh und des Avesta auf die Hani-berezaiti. Auch scheint es mir klar zu sein, dass man sich das Veihältniss dieser beiden halb fabel- haften Strome zu einander in ganz ähnlicher Weise dachte, wie es zwisriien Euphrat und Tigris in Wirklichkeit besteht: von uahe an einander liegenden Quellen aufgehend, entfernten sich diese Weltatröme gegen Westen und Osten von einander mehr und mehr, aber nur um zuletzt im Meere Vduru-kasha sich wieder zu vereinigen. Innerhalb dieser Ströme lag nun alles l^nd, wenigstens soweit dasselbe be\iohnbar war. Spätere Herichte der Feiger theüen nun diese« Land von Qaniratha wieder in siebe» Bezirke mler Klimas ab, im Avesta findet I) Vgl. Vt. 8, 32-34 tizec.y Google VII. Die politischen Eintheilungen Ei&ns. 193 sich keine Spur dieser Eintheilun^ und auch der BundehsRh b^nügt sich mit der Aufzälilung der vorzüglichsten unter den ihm bekannten Flüssen, Seen, Bergen und Oasen. DieBe Auf- zählung fiihit ihn nur selten über die Gränzen Eräns hinaus, was man auch vollkommen b^^eift, wenn man bedenkt, dass der Verfasser des Bundehesh eigentlich nur sammelt was er im Avesta und den ihm zugänglichen älteren Schriften von get^aphischen Erwähnungen gefunden hat. Für die allge- meine Lage der verschiedenen Ijänder scheint mir eine AeuB- sening von Wichtigkeit') nach welcher der Ursprung des Winters in den Norden zu setzen ist, in die beiden Karesh- vares Vöura-barsti und VÄuni-jarsti , von da geht der Winter herüber auf den nördlichen Theil der Erde und zwar am Tage Anhoma, d. i. am ersten des Monat Apaiim (October-Novem- ber} ; am Tage Atun, d. i. den 9. des Monat IMn (December- Januar) kommt er mit grösserer Macht nach Erän-v^j, im Mo- nat ^endärmat (Februar-März) kommt er in die ganze Welt. Am ersten Tage des Monats Farvardtn (März-April) verschwin- det die Kälte wieder und der Sommer kommt herbei. Der Sommer hat seinen Sitz in den beiden südlich gelegenen Ka- reshvares in Fradadhafshu und VMadhafshu. Von den Län- dern dieser Erde ist Indien dem Sitze des Sommers am näch- sten, darum ist es dort am heissesten. Allein die Kraft des Sommers ist nicht so gross wie die des Winters, während es im äussersten Norden ganz kalt bleibt nnd keine Hitze dort- hin kommt, um die Macht des Winters zu mildem, dringt dag^en der Winter seiht in Indien ein, wo er in Gestalt von Regengüssen die iibergrosse Hitze mässigt. Diese Au&ssungs- weise scheint mir von grosser Bedeutung und ich stehe nicht an, sie dem Avesta selbst zuzuschreiben, obwot ich keine Stelle namhaft zu machen wüsste, wo diese Lehre bestimmt voi^e- tragen wird, mittelbar aber tritt sie hervor in einem der wich- tigsten geographischen Denkmale, welches uns das iranische Alterthom erhalten hat: in der Völkertafel im ersten Capitel des Vendtdäd. Man begreift nunmehr, warum diese ihre Aufzäh- lung mit Airyana-vaeja b^nnt und mit Hapta-hendu und mit Ragha endet. Es geht eben die Beschreibung vom Nor- 1) Cf. p. 34 in luatia Uebersetzung. 8 p I a ( B I . BAg. lltertknBBknBd«. 1 3 „Google 194 EntsB Buch: Oeographie. den aus und wendet sieb nach Süden, nach ^rAnischer Ansicht nämlich, nicht nach der unserigen. Die Ansicht über die Lago der Länder in diceum llruchstücke des Aveeta ist bei mir ziem- lich dieselbe geblieben wie ich sie in einer früheren Ahhand- lung au^eetellt habe '] . Das nördliche Airyana-Taeja ist ge- wiss das spätere Arrän, die G^end die vom Araxes and Kur eingeschlosfien wird und zwar in ihrer grÖseten Ausdehnunii bis nach Tiflts am Kaukasus. Eine genaue KermtniBs äiesef^ Landes darf man freilich von den mehr im Innern und im Osten Krins lebenden Verfassern des Avesta und der übrigen Parsenbiiuher nicht erwarten. Es ist ein halb fabelhaftes Land, in dem nach späteren herichten die Menschen 30U Jahre alt werden, sie haben nicht das Gesetz des Zarathostra, sondern das der Paoiryd-lkaeehus (als diese Männer der Vorzeit dürften auch die Hewohuer Airyana- vaejas gedacht norden sein), ihr Oberhaupt ist der fabelhafte Gopatishih, der sich nur in spä^ teren Bücheren belegen tasst^). Der zweite, dritte und vierte Ort, den die VöUcertafel des Vendldid nennt, sind Gäu in ^ughdha, Mftum und B4kbdhi und es ist kein Zweifel darüber, dass man G&u in Sogdiana zu suchen hat, Möuru das äussejre Merv, Bäkbdbi das heutige Balkh ist, bei diesen Orten ist also die Richtung vom Norden nach Süden eingehalten. Der fünfte Ort ist Ni9Äya, aber er ist nicht mehr nachzuweisen, da uns jedoch gesagt wird, derselbe liege zwischen M&uru und B&khdhi, so wird man ihn etwa auf gleicher Höhe mit diesen Städten zu suchen haben, bei Andkhui, Shibergän und Meimana. Der sechste Ort, Haraeva, ist bekanntlich das heutige Herät, der siebente, Vaekereta, soll nach der ziemlich wahrscheinlichen Tradition in Kibul liegen, also beide südlicher als die firüher genannten Städte. In gleicher Richtung etwa dürfte der achte Ort, Urva, zu suchen sein, den näher zu bestimmen bis jetzt nicht gelungen ist. Der neunte, Khnenta in Vehric&na, ist I) Vgl, meine Abhandlung: Dat erst« Capitel dei VendMtd im Bulletin der K. B. Academie der WiswhichafteD I8S9, Nr. 17— Ift. Die tlten Aa- siclit, welche auch ich Doch im ersten Bande meiner AveataObttMtXHiig vertreten habe, dass nAmlich im ersten Capitrl ile« VendEdAd die klt«Bten Wanderungen de» ^rftninchen Vulkea erzfihlt seien, iitvon Kiepert (MonaU- berichU der berlinrr Aeatlmiie der WüaenttA. lääG, p. 62t flg.] grQndlich widerlegt und jetst wühl allgemein aufgegeben. | 6,748 |
DLH3YXWPMNPCG5KDYMWVMCAYJDQSV3AR_2 | German-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,888 | None | None | German | Spoken | 2,328 | 4,045 | December 1853 betreffend die äußere Oeilighaltung der Sonn = und Festtage , ist der gewerbliche Verkehr wäh kend der Dauer des vor = und nachmittägigen Hauptgottesdienstes an Sonn = und Festtagen verboten ; insbesondere müssen alle Läden , Waaren lager , Magazine und Buden während dieser Zeit geschlossen sein und ist die Verabreichung von Speisen und geistigen Getränken in Wirthshäusern und Schankstätten — außer an Reisende — untersagt. Hierauf wird mit dem Bemerken aufmerksam gemacht , daß die Dauer des Hauptgottesdienstes in der hiesigen Bürgermeisterei wie folgt festgesetzt ist : a. während des Sommers von Ostern bis 31. October in der Gemeinde Beeck von 9½ — 11 Uhr Vormittags von 21 — 31 Uhr Nachmittags , in der Gemeinde Hamborn von 9½ — 11½ Uhr Vormittägs , d. während des Winters vom 1. November bis Charfreitag in der Gemeinde Beeck von 1010 — 10 “ Vormittags , in der Gemeinde Hamborn von 10 — 12 Uhr Vormittags „ 2 — 4 Uhr Nachmittags. Die Polizeibeamten haben Weisung , auf die Beachtung der getroffenen Vorschrift zu halten. Berck , den 6. Juni 1888. Der Bürgermeister : Hagedorn. Bekanntmachung. Die Adjacenten sämmmtlicher Bäche und Abzugsgräben in der Bürger meisterei Gahlen werden hierdurch aufgefordert , die Auskrautung und Reinigung dieser Wasserläufe bis zum 25. August cr. zu bewirken , widrigenfalls nach Ablauf dieser Frist das Versäumte auf Kosten der Pflichtigen im Wege der polizeilichen Execution zur Ausführung gebracht werden wird und Bestrafung der Säumigen eintritt. Gartrop , den 12. Juni 1888. Der c. Bürgermeister : Büscher. Civilstand der Gemeinde Ruhrort vom 3. bis incl. 9. Juni 1888. Geburten : Carl Johann , Sv Heinr. Schmitz. Friedrich Adolf. S v Adolf Bausch. Helene Wilhelmine , T v Aug. Gilz. Maria , To Franz Peusgen. Aufgebote : Maria Wilhelmina Schöter m Friedr. Wilhelm Gottlieb Kern , b o h. Wilhelmine Friederike Proff , Wwe. v Wilhelm Koch vhm Heinrich Huft vh früher Oberhausen. Heirathen : Anna Helena Dienefeld m Gust. Heinrich Kiel , b vh. Sterbefälle : Heinrich Buhl , 59 J 8 M. Arnold Johann Wilh. Thomas , 11 M 22 T. Theodor Ingenbauhaus , 63 J 3 M. Marg. Sibilla Elisabeth Kersten , 10 J 1 M. Ehefrau Johanna Rekkers geb. Schoenmakers , 30 J 6 M , Waspik. Christian Thomas , 62 J 14 T. Wilhelm Haas , 5 J 3 M. Carl Haas , 36 J 9 M. Wwe. Zwangsversteigerung. Am Freitag den 15. d. Mis. Vermittags 10 Uhr , werde ich im Lokale des Wirtbs ( G. Weißz zu Rubrort : 1 goldene Damenuhr mit schwarzer Kette , 1 silberne Remontoiruhr , 1 goldene Broche , 1 Glasschrank , Spiegel , 1 Sopha mit roth. Plüschrezug , 1 Süberschrank , ( Nußbaum ) , 1 Sekretair ( Nußhaum ) , 1 Mantelosen mit weißer Marmorplatte , 1 großen ovalen Spiegel , 1 Wanduhr , 2 größere und 2 kleinere Bilder und 1 Kleiderkiste öffentlich gegen Baar versteigern. Ruhrort , den 14. Juni 1888. Ahlert , Gerichtsvollzieher kr. A. Friedrich = Wilbelmstr. Nr. 43. Heugras = Verkauf. Der ganz vorzügliche Gras wuchs der an der Ruhr , rechts seitig , in der Nähe der Acker fähre , belegenen Teddeu weide soll am Dienstag den 26. Juni c. I Nachm. 5 Uhr an Ort und Stelle , nummer weise versteigert werden. In diesem Terminwird auch die Nachweide zur Verpach tung ausgesetzt werden. Duisburz. V. Blauck. vereid. Auct. = Commissar. Ueberlicht der bei dem Kaiserl. Postamte in Ruhrort Wien kunfte zeit am Bahn bose 613 der Posten Nemabi Hamborn Oderhausen Berck Homberg Muldeim Oderhausen Mulheim Rh. Oberdausen Müldeim Homberg Mulheim Neumabl Hambern Obethausen Oberdausen Beeck Homberg Maldeim N. Oberhausen Neumühl Hambern Homberg Oberhausen Moers Mulheim Oberhausen Die Post bringt Sendungen aus der Richtung von Peumdhl damdern mäßige Bahn Briefe Packete hose # B F 617 Abgang der Trans porte vom Post hoie Hannover , Coln , Emmerich Berck Homberg. M. = Gladbach , Moers ossen. Dortmund Cöln. England. Belgien , Frankreich , Süddeutschland Essen ( Ruhr ) Hannover , Celn. Emmerich , Frankreich , Niederl. , Belgien Essen Hombera , M. Giadbach , Moers , Niederl. , Belgien Essen ( Ruhr ) Duisdurg Neumühl Hamborn Coln. Osnabrück , Emmerich , England , Belgien , Niederl. Hannover , Cdin. Emmerich Beeck Homberg. M. Gladbach. Moerd Essen ( Rudr ) Hannover , Coln , Osnabrück , Rußland , Schweden , Nor wegen , Düuemark. Niederland Neumuhl Hamborn N. = Gladbach Oannover , Cdln , Emmerich Moers Essen ( Ruhr ) Hannover. Cdln. Emmerich 1158. 5½ N. ½ 843 5½ 8. 9 % B. 4 425 58 Bezeichnung der Posten 423 Hember Oberhausen Neumühl Hamborn Mülheim Ruhr Beick Oberhausen Homberg Homberg Oberhausen Mülheim Ruhr Homberg Neumühl Hamborn Oberhausen Homberg Neumühl Hamborn Oderhausen Berch Rülheim Ruhi Oderhausen Homberg Neumuhl Hamborn Oderhausen Mülheim Ruhr Die Post befördert Sendungen nach der Richtung Homberg , M. Gladdach , Moers , ( Belgten , Frankeeich , England und den südlichen Provinzen Hollands ). Süddeutschland Hannover , England ( Holland ) Neumühl Essen ( Kuhr ) , Cassel , Sachsen Beeck Hannover , Emmerich ( Holland ) Cöln , ( Süddeutschland Belgien England ) Homberg , Mör = , M. = Gladbach Homberg Cdln ( Süddeutschland , England ) Hanover , Osnabrück , Emmerich ( Holland ) Mülheim , Essen ( Ruhr ) Cassel Sachsen Homberg , Mörs , M. = Gladbach ( Belgien ) Neumühl Hamdorn Coln Hannover Homberg , Moers , M. = Gladbach ( jüdl. Holland ) England ( via Blissingen ) Neumühl = Hamborn Cöln , ( Süddeutschland ) , Osnubrück , Emmerich ( England via Blissingen ) Beeck Mülheim , Essen = Hamm Cöln ( Begien , England ) , Dortmund. Münster Homberg , M. - Gladbach , Moers ( Belgien , südl. Holland ) Neumühl - Hamborn Hannover , Cöln ( 8 Mülhe im Ruhr , Schlußzeit für gew. Briefe K andere Sen dungen Leerung der Stadtbrief kasten Abgang Ankunf vom im Postamte 8 R 8 N. 8 N. 32 9n 3 * — 410 365 813 Sonntags nur 7,45 B. , 3. 30 und 7. 30 N. an Wochentagen : 745 820 B. 11 3 05 11 * B. 12 g. 4 % 5 995 Heugras - Verkäufe auf den Stapp ' schen Weiden. Verding. Die Rheinische Provinzial = Verwaltung deabsichtigt die Aus S. A # # # # brung von Bsasterarbeiten für die Jahre 1888 89 um Bienstag den 26. Juni , bis inel. 1892/93 auf verschiedenen Straßen zu vergeben. Mittwoch den 27. Juni. Die Verdings = Formulare , die allgemeinen und besenderen Be Donnerstag den 23. Juni eingungen liegen bei mir zur Einsicht aus. Dieselben können * * * * Gun auch gegen Erstattung der Copialien bezogen werden. Die Angebo ' e auf das Ausschreiben werden bis zum 27. Juni er. von dem Unterzeichneten entgegengenommen. „ Eröffnung derselben findet am 28. Juni er. , Vormittags 10½ Uhr , in der Amtsstube des Unterzeich neten zu Wesel statt. Unter den Anbietern wird frei gewählt. Wesel , den 7. Juli 1888. Der Landes = Bauinspector : Becherer. halbe Stunde nach Ankunft der betr. Altstadt , Arnold Klockenberg Ober = und Samstag den 30. Juni , Morgens 9 Uhr anfangend , sollen in dem Wahrsmannshause auf dem Stapp ' schen Grind jedesmal circa 60 Morgen Heugras öffentlich meistbiet nd zum Ver kaufe ausg setzt werden. Haus „ Wohnung " b. Dins laken , den 11. Juni 1888. Der Rentmeister : R. van Koolwyk. Ein noch gut erhaltener Sprungheerd , 1 Mantel ofen , 3 Bettlad u mit Matratze und Kissen , 1 D cimal = Waage mit Gewicht , verschiedene kleine Tonnen zum Einmachen 2c. sind verziehungshalber billig zu verkaufen bei A. Geene , Meiderich , Victoria = Straße 88. ue Matjes = Häringe , Brabanter Sardellen , russ. Sardinen , Sardinen à Thuile , Rollmöpse , marinirte Häringe empfiehlt Fr. H. Goertz , Ruhrort , Fabrikstraße 42. Herren Schiffsrhedern empfiehlt : Lein = Oel , Bleiweiß , Mennige , sowie sämmtliche strichfertige Oelfarben , Piesel u. s. w. die Farbwaarenhandlung ven C. F. Dresen in Ruhrort. Lieferung auch frachtfrei Duisburg und Hochfeld. Mit den neuesten Verbesse rungn versehene Singer ein zum Fußbetrieb , mit ele gantem Verschluß und allem Zubehör , liefert unter reeller Garantie zu Mk. 60. — Carl Garnatz , Duisburg , Sennenwall 18. Aeltestes Näh = und Strickma schinen = Geschäft Duisburgs. Reparaturen aller , auch mir nicht gekaufter Maschinen , in meiner Fabrik gut u. billig. Holzpferde , Karren , Sandwagen. Joh. Brendow , Ruhrort. Teoeooees enooeen ! Warme und kalte 8 Abonnementskarten 3 Mark. Hugo Gdel , Ruhrort. 600 Lebensversicherungs - Ep ; Ersparniss - Bank in Stuttgart. 66 402 931. Darnnter Ertraresenven Nr. 13 017 683. Alle Ueberschüsse fallen ungeschmitlert den Versicherten zu. Juni d. J6. Beitretenden haben noch Antheil am diesjährigen Zu weiterem Beitritt laden ein : Ruhrort : M. Hleimann. Duisburg : Lob & Klucken. Oberhausen : WVIIh. Stöckmann Ruhrorter Capelle. Parge , Freitg 8 Streichprobe. Imhorst. Kornbranntwein Sparkasse Meiderich. Es wird hiereurch zur öffentlichen Kenntniß gebracht , daß der Gemeinderath in seiner Sitzung am 1. Juni cr. auf Ar = J6488 Meidericher „ Krieger = Untersützungs Verein “ den Zinsfuß von 3½2 % auf 3 % von 3000 M. und köher herabgesetzt hat. Meiderich , den 2. Juni 1888. Der Vorsitzende des Sparkassen = Verwaltungsraths : Pütz , Bürgermeister. r ere # eersteigerung. Am Freitag den 15. dfs. Mis. Vorm. 10 Uhr , werde ich im Lokale des Wirths G. Weiß hierselbst : 1 Glasschrank baare Zahlung versteigern. Könnemann , Gerichtsvollzieher. 1 Wogstren iochsiemece Dr. Wichaelis Brehereucus Stärkendes ( tonisirendes ) Nahrungsmittel für jedes Alter. Zweckmässig als Ersatz für Thee und Kaffee. Zum medicinischen Gebrauch bei katarrhalischen Affectionen der Ver danungsorgane , selbet bei Säug lingen zeitweise als Ersatz für Milch , besonders bei diarrheischen Zuständen mit sicherer Wirkung anzuwenden. Zuerst in der unter Leitung des Herrn Professor Dr. Senator stehen den Poliklinik des Augusta - Hos pitals zu Berlin mit ausserordent lichem Erfolge angewandt. ( Siehe „ Deutsche Medicinische Wechenschrift Nr. 40. 1885. ) 500 Gr. Büchse , Verkauf Mk. 2. 50 250 „ „ „ " 1. 30 Probel ’ üchse 0. 50 Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen über die Versuche und Erfoige auf Franco - Anfragen gratis. Alleinige Fabrikanten : Gebr. Stollwerck , Köln a. Rh. bergehen Geiechilhme B4 - 82 Iin RöLR 2 Ab. Vorräthig in allen Apotheken. 3 Wegen Aufgabe meines Ladengeschäftes verkaufe von heute an alle noch vorräthigen Eisen waaren , als Küchengeräthe u. Schreiner Artikel zu äußerst billigen Preisen. Laar. Heinr. Goosses , Eisenwaarenhandlung. 33 33 Nur das weltberühmte Mortéin m A. Hodurek in Ratibor ist das allein wirksame Mittel zur Vertilgung und Ausrottung aller lästigen Insecten als Fliegen , Motten , Wanzen , Flöhe , Schwaben , Russen , Garber Toselmilben. Dauelbe ist in Päckchen zn 10,. 20 , B # Gie Jazu gehörigen Spritzballons zu haben in kuurort bei H. berndtsen , F. W. Rieth. Nur echt , wenn mit Firma A. Hodurek. Sonntag den 17. Juni , Nachmittags 4 Uhr , „ Wroth. Zosummensein Kaisergarten “ des Vereins Hauptmannes Herrn Wilhelm Meerkamp. Errsze , Freieoneert , Austassen von Luftballons , = brillantes Feuerwerk. Die Musik wird ausgeführt von der ganzen Moerser Capelle unter Leitung ihres Stabstrom , eters a. O. Hru. Kühne. Um rege Betheiligung der Kamernden nebst ihren Damen urct Die Hamtreden usa : der Vorstand. Ab. Die Rumcraben ersckeinen in Mützen. Moers auf dem neuen Markt Tiemann ' s mechan. Theater. Täglich große Vorstellung. Anfang Abends 8 Uhr. ½ Stund : vor der Kassenöffnung Concert von der eigenen Theater = Kapelle. Näheres Tageszettel und Plakate. Entree I. Pl. 1 M. , II. Pl. 60 Pfg. , Galerie 30 Pfg. Familienbillets 1 Platz 4 Stück 3 Mark. = Kindr I. und II Platz halbe Preise. Aberich. Restauration Linfert. bis Ausstellung der großen Kunst = und Welt = Uhr. 31 , Miter hach , 2 Meter breit , hait ein Tribwerk von 40 Rädern und wiegt 750 Pfund. Dieselbe zeigt in 24 Abtheilungen alles , was die weltberühmte Straßburger Münster = Uhr darstellt. Sie ist in allen größeren Städten als das größte Kunstwerk anerkannt und b etet sowohl dem Laien , wie auch den Kunstkennern eine Stunde der lehrreichsten Unterhaltung. Es ladet ergeb nst ein W. Kempken , Mechaniker. Brurktlicht „ Guntur ur. g. Sonntag den 17. Juni Nachmittags 4½ Uhr im Lokale des Hrrn Stauch zu Ruhrort. Vortrag des Herrn Schuhmacherme sters A. Pioch aus Berlin „ über die Bestrebungen und Leistuegen des deutschen Gewerk vereins “. Hierzu werden alle , sich für das Wihl des Handwerker und Arbeiterstandes Interessirende freundlichst eingeladen. Das prov. Comite. Damen - und Herren - Wäsche in jeder Preislage ; von einfachster bis zur feinsten Ausstattung. Herrenhemden aus Elsässer Hemdentuch mit leinenem 3 fach. Einsatz schon von M. 3. — pr. Stück an. Anfertigung nach Maass in kürzester Frist Ruhrort Sonntag den 17. Juni er. Mittwoch den 20. Juni er. inel. Danksagung. Mein Kind , ein Mädchen von 6 Jahren , litt in Felge der Masern b inahe 1 Jahr an scrophulöser Augenentzündung. Verschiedene Behandlungendurch Specialärzte b. ieben ohne folg. — Das arme Kind konnte nichts mehr seben und lag immer auf dem Gesichte. — Als letzten Versuch wandte ich mich anden homöopathischen Arzt Herrn Dr. med. Volbeding in Düsseldorf und hatte die Freude , mein Kind ' in dr so kurzen Zeit von 4 Wochen nur durch Einnehmen geheilt zu sehen , so daß ihm Niemand sein früheres Liden anmerkt. In dem ich dies zur öffentlichen Kenntniß bringe , spreche ich dem Herrn Dr. Velbeding meinen innigen Dank aus. Harss , im Mai 1888. Nicolaus Bremer , Gastwirth. Ein wahrer Schatz für alle durch jugendliche Verirrungen Erkrankte ist das berühmte Werk : Dr. Retaus Selbstbewahrung 80. Aufl Mit 27 Abbild. Preis 3 Mark. esees Jeder , der an den Folgen solcher Verirrungen leidet. Tausende verdanken dem selben ihre Wiederher stellung. Zu beziehen durch das Verlags - Magazin in Leipzig Neumarkt Nr. 34 , sowie durch jede Buchhandl. Wilh. Järes. Danklagung. | 15,499 |
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Αμίδια | https://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Αμίδια&action=history | Greek | Spoken | 1,201 | 3,439 | Ένα αμίδιο, (amide, acid amide), είναι μια ένωση με τη χαρακτηριστική ομάδα RnE(O)xNR'2 (R και R' αναφέρονται σε Η ή οργανικές ομάδες). Τα πιο συνηθισμένα είναι τα οργανικά αμίδια (n = 1, E = C, x = 1), αλλά πολλοί άλλοι σημαντικοί τύποι αμιδίων είναι γνωστοί συμπεριλαμβανομένων των φωσφοραμιδίων (n = 2, E = P, x = 1 και πολλών σχετικών τύπων) και των σουλφοναμιδίων (E = S, x= 2). Ο όρος αμίδιο αναφέρεται και για την τάξη των ενώσεων και για την χαρακτηριστική ομάδα (RnE(O)xNR'2) μέσα σε αυτές τις ενώσεις.
Ο όρος αμίδιο μπορεί επίσης να αναφέρεται στη συζυγή βάση της αμμωνίας (το ανιόν H2N−) ή σε μια οργανική αμίνη (ένα ανιόν R2N−).
Το υπόλοιπο αυτού του άρθρου είναι σχετικά με την έννοια του αμιδίου καρβονυλίου-αζώτου.
Δομή και δεσμοί
Τα πιο απλά αμίδια είναι παράγωγα της αμμωνίας όπου ένα άτομο υδρογόνου έχει αντικατασταθεί από μια ομάδα ακυλίου. Το σύνολο αναπαριστάνεται γενικά ως RC(O)NH2. Στενά συσχετισμένα και ακόμα πιο πολυάριθμα είναι τα αμίδια που παράγονται από τις πρωτοταγείς αμίνες (R'NH2) με τον τύπο RC(O)NHR'. Τα αμίδια παράγονται επίσης συχνά από δευτεροταγείς αμίνες (R'R''NH) με τον τύπο RC(O)NR'R''. Τα αμίδια θεωρούνται συνήθως ως παράγωγα των καρβοξυλικών οξέων στα οποία το υδροξύλιο έχει αντικατασταθεί από μια αμίνη ή αμμωνία.
Το μονήρες ζεύγος ηλεκτρονίων στο άζωτο είναι απεντοπισμένο στο καρβονύλιο, σχηματίζοντας συνεπώς έναν μερικό διπλό δεσμό μεταξύ N και του καρβονυλίου του άνθρακα. Συνεπώς το άζωτο στα αμίδια δεν είναι πυραμιδικό. Εκτιμάται ότι το ακεταμίδιο περιγράφεται από δομή μεσομέρειας A για 62% και από B για 28%.
Ονοματολογία
Στη συνηθισμένη ονοματολογία, προστίθεται ο όρος «αμίδιο» στο θέμα του ονόματος του γονικού οξέος. Παραδείγματος χάρη, το αμίδιο που παράγεται από το αιθανικό οξύ (ή οξικό οξύ) ονομάζεται αιθαναμίδιο (ή ακεταμίδιο) (CH3CONH2). Η IUPAC συνιστά την ονομασία αιθαναμίδιο. Όταν το αμίδιο παράγεται από μια πρωτοταγή ή δευτεροταγή αμίνη, οι υποκαταστάτες του αζώτου εμφανίζονται πρώτα στο όνομα. Συνεπώς, το αμίδιο που σχηματίζεται από Ν-μεθυλομεθαναμίνη (διμεθυλαμίνη) και αιθανικό οξύ είναι N,N-διμεθυλακεταμίδιο (CH3CONMe2, όπου Me = CH3). Συνήθως και αυτό το όνομα απλοποιείται σε διμεθυλακεταμίδιο. Τα κυκλικά αμίδια λέγονται λακτάμες· είναι κατ' ανάγκη δευτεροταγή ή τριτοταγή αμίδια. Οι χαρακτηριστικές ομάδες που αποτελούνται από -P(O)NR2 και -SO2NR2 είναι φωσφαναμίδια και σουλφαναμίδια, αντίστοιχα.
Ιδιότητες
Βασικότητα
Συγκρινόμενα με τις αμίνες, τα αμίδια είναι πολύ ασθενείς βάσεις. Ενώ το συζυγές οξύ μιας αμίνης έχει pKa περίπου 9,5, το συζυγές οξύ ενός αμιδίου έχει μια pKa περίπου −0,5. Συνεπώς τα αμίδια δεν έχουν τόσο σαφώς παρατηρήσιμες ιδιότητες αντίδρασης οξέος-βάσης στο νερό. Αυτή η σχετική έλλειψη βασικότητας εξηγείται από τη φύση της απομάκρυνσης των ηλεκτρονίων του καρβονυλίου, όπου το μονήρες ζεύγος των ηλεκτρονίων στο άζωτο είναι απεντοπισμένο από τη μεσομέρεια. Αφ' ετέρου, τα αμίδια είναι πολύ πιο ισχυρές βάσεις από τα καρβοξυλικά οξέα, τους εστέρες, τις αλδεΰδες και τις κετόνες (συζυγή οξέα με pKa μεταξύ −6 και −10). Εκτιμάται σε προσομοίωση ότι το αιθαναμίδιο αναπαριστάνεται από δομή μεσομέρειας A κατά 62% και από B κατά 28%. Η μεσομέρεια αποτρέπεται κατά πολύ στην πολύ τεταμένη κινουκλιδόνη (quinuclidone).
Λόγω της μεγαλύτερης ηλεκτραρνητικότητας του οξυγόνου, το καρβονύλιο (C=O) είναι πιο ισχυρό δίπολο από το δίπολο N–C. Η παρουσία ενός διπόλου C=Ο και σε μικρότερο βαθμό ενός διπόλου N–C, επιτρέπουν στα αμίδια να δρουν ως δέκτες δεσμού H. Στα πρωτοταγή και δευτεροταγή αμίδια, η παρουσία διπόλων N–Η επιτρέπει στα αμίδια να λειτουργούν ως δότης δεσμού H, επίσης. Συνεπώς τα αμίδια μπορούν να συμμετέχουν σε δεσμούς υδρογόνου με νερό και άλλους πρωτικούς διαλύτες· το άτομο οξυγόνου μπορεί να δεχθεί δεσμούς υδρογόνου από το νερό και τα άτομα υδρογόνου του N–Η μπορούν να δώσουν δεσμούς H. Ως αποτέλεσμα των αλληλεπιδράσεων όπως αυτές, η διαλυτότητα στο νερό των αμιδίων είναι μεγαλύτερη από αυτή των αντίστοιχων υδρογονανθράκων.
Το πρωτόνιο ενός πρωτοταγούς ή δευτεροταγούς αμιδίου δεν διίσταται εύκολα κάτω από κανονικές συνθήκες· το pKa είναι συνήθως αρκετά πάνω από 15. Αντίθετα, κάτω από εξαιρετικά όξινες συνθήκες, το καρβονυλικό οξυγόνο μπορεί να πρωτονιωθεί με ένα pKa χοντρικά −1.
Διαλυτότητα
Οι διαλυτότητες των αμιδίων και των εστέρων είναι χοντρικά συγκρίσιμες. Συνήθως, τα αμίδια είναι λιγότερο διαλυτά από τις παρόμοιες αμίνες και τα καρβοξυλικά οξέα, αφού αυτές οι ενώσεις μπορούν και να δώσουν και να δεχθούν δεσμούς υδρογόνου. Τα τριτοταγή αμίδια, με τη σημαντική εξαίρεση του N,N-διμεθυλοφορμαμίδιου, εμφανίζουν χαμηλή διαλυτότητα στο νερό.
Χαρακτηρισμός
Η παρουσία μιας χαρακτηριστικής ομάδας επιτυγχάνεται γενικά εύκολα, τουλάχιστον στα μικρά μόρια. Είναι οι πιο συνηθισμένες μη βασικές χαρακτηριστικές ομάδες. Μπορούν να διακριθούν από τη νιτρομάδα και την κυανομάδα από τα υπέρυθρα φάσματα τους. Τα αμίδια εμφανίζουν μιας μέτριας έντασης νCO ζώνη κοντά στα 1650 cm−1. Με φασματοσκοπία NMR 1H, σήματα CONHR εμφανίζονται στα χαμηλά πεδία. Στην κρυσταλλογραφία με ακτίνες X, το C(O)N κεντράρει μαζί με τα τρία αμέσως γειτονικά άτομα ορίζοντας χαρακτηριστικά ένα επίπεδο.
Εφαρμογές και εμφάνιση
Τα αμίδια είναι διάχυτα στη φύση και την τεχνολογία ως δομικά υλικά. Ο δεσμός του αμιδίου σχηματίζεται εύκολα, παρέχει δομική ακαμψία και αντιστέκεται στην υδρόλυση. Τα νάιλον είναι πολυαμίδια, όπως είναι τα πολύ ελαστικά υλικά αραμίδιο (aramid), τουαρόν (Twaron), and κέβλαρ (Kevlar). Οι δεσμοί αμιδίου συνιστούν ένα καθορισμένο μοριακό γνώρισμα των πρωτεϊνών, η δευτεροταγής δομή των οποίων οφείλεται μερικώς στις δυνατότητες του δεσμού υδρογόνου των αμιδίων. Οι αμιδικοί δεσμοί σε βιοχημικό περιεχόμενο ονομάζονται πεπτιδικοί δεσμοί όταν εμφανίζονται στην κύρια αλυσίδα μιας πρωτεΐνης και ισοπεπτιδικοί δεσμοί όταν εμφανίζονται σε μια πλευρική αλυσίδα της πρωτεΐνης. Οι πρωτεΐνες μπορεί να έχουν δομικούς ρόλους, όπως στην τρίχα ή στο μετάξι της αράχνης, αλλά επίσης σχεδόν όλα τα ένζυμα είναι πρωτεΐνες. Αμίδια χαμηλής μοριακής μάζας, όπως το διμεθυλομεθαναμίδιο (HC(O)N(CH3)2), είναι συνηθισμένοι διαλύτες. Πολλά φάρμακα είναι αμίδια, συμπεριλαμβανομένων της πενικιλίνης και του LSD. Επιπλέον, φυτά N-αλκυλαμιδίων έχουν μια πλατιά περιοχή βιολογικών λειτουργιών.
Σύνθεση αμιδίων
Τα αμίδια σχηματίζονται συνήθως μέσα από αντιδράσεις ενός καρβοξυλικού οξέος με μια αμίνη. Πολλές μέθοδοι είναι γνωστές για να οδηγήσουν την μη ευνοϊκή ισορροπία προς τα δεξιά:
RCO2Η + R'R"NH RC(O)NR'R" + H2O
Για το μεγαλύτερο μέρος, αυτές οι αντιδράσεις περιέχουν «ενεργοποίηση» του καρβοξυλικού οξέος και η καλύτερη γνωστή μέθοδος, η αντίδραση Σότεν-Μπάουμαν (Schotten-Baumann reaction), που εμπεριέχει μετατροπή του οξέος σε ακυλοχλωρίδια:
Άλλες μέθοδοι
Η φαινομενικά απλή άμεση αντίδραση μεταξύ μιας αλκοόλης και μιας αμίνης προς ένα αμίδιο δεν δοκιμάστηκε μέχρι το 2007, όταν ένας ειδικός καταλύτης με βάση το ρουθήνιο αναφέρθηκε να είναι αποτελεσματικός σε μια αποκαλούμενη αφυδρογονωτική ακυλίωση:
Η δημιουργία αέριου υδρογόνου αντισταθμίζει την μη ευνοϊκή θερμοδυναμική. Η αντίδραση πιστεύεται ότι προχωρά με μια αφυδρογόνωση της αλκοόλης προς αλδεΰδη, ακολουθούμενη από τον σχηματισμό μιας ημιαμινάλης και μετά από μια δεύτερη αφυδρογόνωση προς αμίδιο. Η απόσπαση του νερού στην ημιαμινάλη προς ιμίνη δεν παρατηρείται.
Αντιδράσεις αμιδίων
Τα αμίδια υφίστανται πολλές χημικές αντιδράσεις, συνήθως μέσω μιας προσβολής στο καρβονύλιο που σπάει το διπλό δεσμό του καρβονυλίου και σχηματίζει ένα τετραεδρικό ενδιάμεσο προϊόν. Οι θειόλες, τα υδροξύλια και οι αμίνες είναι γνωστές στη χρήση τους ως πυρηνόφιλα. Λόγω της σταθεροποίησης μεσομέρειας τους, τα αμίδια είναι λιγότερο δραστικά κάτω από φυσιολογικές συνθήκες από τους εστέρες. Τα ένζυμα, π.χ. οι πεπτιδάσες ή τεχνητοί καταλύτες, είναι γνωστό ότι επιταχύνουν τις αντιδράσεις υδρόλυσης. Μπορούν να υδρολυθούν σε θερμά αλκάλια, καθώς και σε ισχυρές όξινες συνθήκες. Οι όξινες συνθήκες δίνουν καρβοξυλικό οξύ και το ιόν αμμωνίου, ενώ η βασική υδρόλυση δίνει καρβοξυλικό ιόν και αμμωνία. Τα αμίδια είναι επίσης πολύπλευρες πρόδρομες ενώσεις για πολλές άλλες χαρακτηριστικές ομάδες.
Παραπομπές
Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
Amide synthesis (coupling reaction) – Synthetic protocols from organic-reaction.com
IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology | 15,074 |
https://github.com/wkite/dockerfiles/blob/master/.deprecated/alpine-with-xl2tpd/Dockerfile | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | dockerfiles | wkite | Dockerfile | Code | 67 | 262 | FROM alpine:latest
RUN apk add --no-cache xl2tpd iptables ppp
RUN sed -i 's/^ms-dns/#ms-dns/' /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd && \
echo 'ms-dns 8.8.8.8' >> /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd && \
echo 'ms-dns 223.5.5.5' >> /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd && \
sed -i 's/168.1/168.128/g' /etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf
ENV L2TP_USERNAME=username \
L2TP_PASSWORD=password
EXPOSE 1701/udp
CMD set -ex && \
echo "$L2TP_USERNAME * $L2TP_PASSWORD *" > /etc/ppp/chap-secrets && \
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE && \
xl2tpd -D
| 36,858 |
https://github.com/ZD555666/busSystemVue/blob/master/ruoyi-system/src/main/java/com/ruoyi/wx/wxuser/domain/WxStationInfo.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | busSystemVue | ZD555666 | Java | Code | 54 | 162 | package com.ruoyi.wx.wxuser.domain;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
/**
* @version 1.0
* @author: gjw
* @date: 2021/7/30 16:55
* @desc:
*/
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class WxStationInfo {
private int stationId;
private int cityId;
private String stationName;
private double xPoint;
private double yPoint;
private String point;
private WxRoad wxRoad;
private double distance;
}
| 9,034 |
https://github.com/dperl-sol/cctbx_project/blob/master/mmtbx/refinement/ensemble_refinement/scripts/ens_tools.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause-LBNL | 2,022 | cctbx_project | dperl-sol | Python | Code | 1,411 | 5,059 | from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
# Ensemble tools for pymol
# Tom Burnley
import math, sys
from pymol import cmd, stored
from six.moves import zip
from six.moves import range
class LogWriter:
def __init__(self, stdout, filename):
self.stdout = stdout
self.logfile = open(filename, 'a')
def write(self, text):
self.stdout.write(text)
self.logfile.write(text)
def close(self):
self.stdout.close()
self.logfile.close()
def print_array_stats(array = None,
log = None):
if array is not None:
if len(array) == 0: array = [0.0]
n = len(array)
mean = sum(array) / len(array)
maximum = max(array)
minimum = min(array)
print("n : %4d" % n, file=log)
print("mean : %4.3f" % mean, file=log)
print("min : %4.3f" % minimum, file=log)
print("max : %4.3f" % maximum, file=log)
# Return distance between two coords
def distance(x,y):
return math.sqrt((x[0]-y[0])*(x[0]-y[0]) + (x[1]-y[1])*(x[1]-y[1]) + (x[2]-y[2])*(x[2]-y[2]))
def ens_measure(pk1 = None,
pk2 = None,
pk3 = None,
pk4 = None,
name = None,
log = None,
verbose = True):
'''
DESCRIPTION
Statistics from ensemble structure measurements. If:
2 selections give = distance
3 selections give = angle
4 selections give = dihedral angle
USAGE
ens_measure pk1, pk2, pk3, pk4, name, log, verbose
ARGUMENTS
log = name of log file
verbose = prints individual measurements
EXAMPLE
ens_measure atom1, atom2, name = 'measure', log 'ens.log'
'''
print('\nEnsemble measurement', file=log)
if [pk1, pk2, pk3, pk4].count(None) > 2:
print('\nERROR: Please supply at least 2 seletions')
return
number_models = cmd.count_states(pk1)
measurements = []
# distance
if [pk1, pk2, pk3, pk4].count(None) == 2:
print('Distance', file=log)
if name == None: name = 'ens_distance'
# display as object
cmd.distance(name = name,
selection1 = pk1,
selection2 = pk2)
# get individual values
for n in range(number_models):
measurements.append( cmd.get_distance(pk1, pk2, n+1) )
assert len(measurements) == number_models
# angle
if [pk1, pk2, pk3, pk4].count(None) == 1:
print('Angle', file=log)
# display as object
if name == None: name = 'ens_angle'
cmd.angle(name = name,
selection1 = pk1,
selection2 = pk2,
selection3 = pk3)
# get individual values
for n in range(number_models):
measurements.append( cmd.get_angle(atom1 = pk1,
atom2 = pk2,
atom3 = pk3,
state = n+1) )
assert len(measurements) == number_models
# Dihedral angle
if [pk1, pk2, pk3, pk4].count(None) == 0:
print('Dihedral angle', file=log)
# display as object
if name == None: name = 'ens_dihedral'
cmd.dihedral(name = name,
selection1 = pk1,
selection2 = pk2,
selection3 = pk3,
selection4 = pk4)
# get individual values
for n in range(number_models):
measurements.append( cmd.get_dihedral(atom1 = pk1,
atom2 = pk2,
atom3 = pk3,
atom4 = pk4,
state = n+1) )
assert len(measurements) == number_models
# print stats
if verbose:
print(' State Value', file=log)
for n, measurement in enumerate(measurements):
print(' %4d %3.3f '%(n+1, measurement), file=log)
print('\nMeasurement statistics', file=log)
print_array_stats(array = measurements,
log = log)
def ens_rmsd(ens_selection,
ref_selection,
log_name = None):
'''
DESCRIPTION
Prints RMSD per structure in ensemble w.r.t. a reference structure
USAGE
ens_rmsd ensemble_selection, reference_selection, name, log,
ARGUMENTS
log = name of log file
verbose = calculates structure by structure RMSD for ensemble w.r.t. a single reference structure
EXAMPLE
ens_rmsd ensemble_selection, reference_selection, name = 'rmsd', log 'ens.log'
'''
if log_name == None:
log = LogWriter(sys.stdout, 'log.txt')
else:
log = LogWriter(sys.stdout, log_name+'.txt')
# initialize arrays
ens_selection = ens_selection + ' and not resn hoh'
ref_selection = ref_selection + ' and not resn hoh'
rmsd_states = []
mean_coords = None
number_models = cmd.count_states(ens_selection)
# get models, mean coords
print('\nRMSD by state', file=log)
print('\n State | RMSD', file=log)
for i in range(number_models):
ens_coords = cmd.get_model(ens_selection,state=i+1).get_coord_list()
ref_coords = cmd.get_model(ref_selection,state=1).get_coord_list()
atom_sqr_dev = []
for atom in range(len(ref_coords)):
x = ref_coords[atom]
y = ens_coords[atom]
atom_sqr_dev.append(distance(x,y)**2)
rmsd = math.sqrt(sum(atom_sqr_dev) / len(atom_sqr_dev))
rmsd_states.append(rmsd)
print(' %5d | %5.3f '%(i+1, rmsd), file=log)
print_array_stats(array = rmsd_states,
log = log)
print('\nRMSD all states : %5.3f '%(cmd.rms(ens_selection, ref_selection)))
def ens_rmsf(selection,
rmsf_spectrum = False,
mean_structure = False,
mean_per_resi = True,
log_name = None):
'''
DESCRIPTION
Generates and colors structure by RMSF statistics, calculated from mulistate ensembles
USAGE
ens_rmsf selection, sigma_rmsf_spectrum, mean_structure, histogram_number_bins, log_name
ARGUMENTS
sigma_rmsf_spectrum = overwrite q col with sigma RMSF (per atom), color by q
mean_structure = generate new single state structure with mean coords
histogram_number_bins = number of bins for output histograms
log_name = name of log file
EXAMPLE
ens_rmsf protein, True, True, 25, 'ens_rmsf.log'
'''
if log_name == None:
log = LogWriter(sys.stdout, 'log.txt')
else:
log = LogWriter(sys.stdout, log_name+'.txt')
print("\nEnsemble RMSF", file=log)
print("N.B. waters excluded", file=log)
print("N.B. B column information from first model", file=log)
print("Rmsf (Angstrom) [w.r.t mean structure]", file=log)
print("B_atom (Angstrom^2) [atomic Bfactor used in simulation]", file=log)
print("B_rmsf (Angstrom^2) [rmsf converted to Bfactor]", file=log)
# initialize arrays
selection = selection + ' and not resn hoh'
models = []
mean_coords = None
number_models = cmd.count_states(selection)
r_number_models = 1.0 / number_models
# get models, mean coords
for i in range(number_models):
models.append(cmd.get_model(selection,state=i+1))
coords_for_mean = [[x[0]*r_number_models,x[1]*r_number_models,x[2]*r_number_models] for x in models[i].get_coord_list()]
if mean_coords == None:
mean_coords = coords_for_mean
else:
n = []
for mean, for_mean in zip(mean_coords, coords_for_mean):
mean = [sum(_x) for _x in zip(mean,for_mean)]
n.append(mean)
mean_coords = n
# calculate RMSF w.r.t. mean structure
rmsf_coord = [0.0]*len(mean_coords)
for i in range(number_models):
coord_array = models[i].get_coord_list()
for i_seq, xyz in enumerate(coord_array):
rmsf_coord[i_seq] += distance(xyz, mean_coords[i_seq])**2
rmsf_coord = [(x / number_models)**0.5 for x in rmsf_coord]
# Generate new model object with average xyz coord
if mean_structure:
mean_structure_name = 'mean_xyz_'+selection
cmd.create(mean_structure_name, selection, 1)
stored.xyz = [[v[0],v[1],v[2]] for v in mean_coords]
cmd.alter_state(1, mean_structure_name,'(x,y,z) = stored.xyz.pop(0)')
# convert to B factor (A^2)
rmsf_as_b_coord = [x**2 * ((8.0 * math.pi**2) / 3.0) for x in rmsf_coord]
# get atomic b factor info
atom_b = [at.b for at in models[0].atom]
b_atom_plus_b_rsmf = [sum(_x) for _x in zip(atom_b,rmsf_as_b_coord)]
# Colour by rmsf
if rmsf_spectrum:
# cmd.color('grey', 'all')
# cmd.alter('all','q=0')
atom = models[0].atom
for n, atom in enumerate(models[0].atom):
atom_sel = 'id ' + str(atom.id)
atom_action = 'q = ' + str(rmsf_sigma[n])
cmd.alter(atom_sel,atom_action)
print("\n\nQ infomation updated with RMSF sigma\n")
cmd.spectrum('q',selection = selection)
if mean_structure:
cmd.spectrum('q', selection = mean_structure_name)
else:
for n, atom in enumerate(models[0].atom):
atom_sel = 'id ' + str(atom.id)
atom_action = 'q = ' + str(rmsf_coord[n])
cmd.alter(atom_sel,atom_action)
print("\n\nQ infomation updated with RMSF (Angstrom)\n")
cmd.spectrum('q',selection = selection)
# array stats
print('\nB_atom (A^2): ', file=log)
print_array_stats(array = atom_b,
log = log)
print('\nRmsf (A): ', file=log)
print_array_stats(array = rmsf_coord,
log = log)
print('\nB_rmsf (A^2): ', file=log)
print_array_stats(array = rmsf_as_b_coord,
log = log)
print('\nB_atom + B_rmsf (A^2):', file=log)
print_array_stats(array = b_atom_plus_b_rsmf,
log = log)
# individual atom stats
print('\n\n Resi | Name | Chain | Rmsf | B_rmsf | B_atom | B_rmsf+B_atom\n', file=log)
for i_seq, b_factor in enumerate(atom_b):
print(' %7s %7s %7s | %8.3f | %8.3f %8.3f | %8.3f'%(
models[0].atom[i_seq].resi,
models[0].atom[i_seq].name,
models[0].atom[i_seq].chain,
rmsf_coord[i_seq],
rmsf_as_b_coord[i_seq],
b_factor,
b_atom_plus_b_rsmf[i_seq]), file=log)
if mean_per_resi:
print('\nMean per residue', file=log)
# update atom to include info
for n, atom in enumerate(models[0].atom):
atom.rmsf = rmsf_coord[n]
atom.b_rmsf = rmsf_as_b_coord[n]
atom.b_atom_plus_b_rsmf = atom.b + atom.b_rmsf
print(' Resi Resn | Atoms | Atom_rmsf | B_atom B_rmsf B_atom+B_rmsf', file=log)
def print_mean_residue():
print(' %4s %5s| %3d | %8.3f | %8.3f %8.3f %8.3f '%(
current_resi,
current_resn,
len(res_b),
sum(res_rmsf) / len(res_rmsf),
sum(res_b) / len(res_b),
sum(res_b_rmsf) / len(res_b_rmsf),
sum(res_b_atom_plus_b_rsmf) / len(res_b_atom_plus_b_rsmf) ), file=log)
current_resi = models[0].atom[0].resi
current_resn = models[0].atom[0].resn
res_rmsf = []
res_b = []
res_b_rmsf = []
res_b_atom_plus_b_rsmf = []
for atom in models[0].atom:
if atom.resi == current_resi:
assert atom.resn == current_resn
res_rmsf.append(atom.rmsf)
res_b.append(atom.b)
res_b_rmsf.append(atom.b_rmsf)
res_b_atom_plus_b_rsmf.append(atom.b_atom_plus_b_rsmf)
else:
print_mean_residue()
current_resi = atom.resi
current_resn = atom.resn
res_rmsf = [atom.rmsf]
res_b = [atom.b]
res_b_rmsf = [atom.b_rmsf]
res_b_atom_plus_b_rsmf = [atom.b_atom_plus_b_rsmf]
print_mean_residue()
def ens_prob():
print('\n\nEnsemble probability options')
# get models, mean coords
models = []
selection = 'all'
for i in range(cmd.count_states(selection)):
models.append(cmd.get_model(selection,state=i+1))
for n, model in enumerate(models):
residues = model.get_residues()
for residue in residues:
# Get individual atom info
q_list = []
q_list_mc = []
q_list_sc = []
for i_seq in range (residue[0], residue[1]):
# Ignore hydrogens
if model.atom[i_seq].symbol != 'H':
q_list.append(float(model.atom[i_seq].q))
if model.atom[i_seq].name in ['N','CA','C','O']:
q_list_mc.append(float(model.atom[i_seq].q))
else:
q_list_sc.append(float(model.atom[i_seq].q))
# Set probability per residue
# Mean p
if len(q_list) > 0: p_new = sum(q_list) / len(q_list)
if len(q_list_mc) > 0: p_new_mc = sum(q_list_mc) / len(q_list_mc)
if len(q_list_sc) > 0: p_new_sc = sum(q_list_sc) / len(q_list_sc)
# # Joint
p_new = q_list[0]
for p in q_list[1:]:
p_new *= p
# # nll
# p_new = math.log(q_list[0])
# for p in q_list[1:]:
# p_new += math.log(max(p,0.001))
# p_new *= -1
if i_seq == residue[1]-1:
for i_seq in range (residue[0], residue[1]):
if True:
atom_sel = 'id ' + str(model.atom[i_seq].id) + ' and state ' + str(n+1)
atom_action = 'b = ' + str(p_new)
cmd.alter(atom_sel, atom_action)
else:
atom_sel = 'id ' + str(model.atom[i_seq].id) + ' and state ' + str(n+1)
if model.atom[i_seq].name in ['N','CA','C','O']:
atom_action = 'b = ' + str(p_new_mc)
else:
atom_action = 'b = ' + str(p_new_sc)
cmd.alter(atom_sel, atom_action)
def print_names(selection):
print('\n\nSelection:\n\n\n\n\n')
selection_string = 'select sel_name, id '
for x in cmd.identify(selection,0):
print(x)
selection_string += string.strip(str(x) + '+')
print(selection_string[:-1])
cmd.extend('ens_measure',ens_measure)
cmd.extend('ens_rmsf',ens_rmsf)
cmd.extend('ens_rmsd',ens_rmsd)
cmd.extend('ens_prob',ens_prob)
cmd.extend('print_names',print_names)
| 31,663 |
https://github.com/nursyahidke/Library---Mobile/blob/master/src/components/Footer.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | Library---Mobile | nursyahidke | JavaScript | Code | 120 | 503 | import React, {Component} from 'react';
import {Button, Text, Icon, Footer, FooterTab, Container, Content} from 'native-base';
export default class FooterScreens extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
}
render() {
return (
<Container>
<Content />
<Footer>
<FooterTab>
<Button
light
vertical
// active={props.navigationState.index == 0}
onPress={() => this.props.navigation.navigate('Home')}>
<Icon name="home" />
<Text>Home</Text>
</Button>
<Button
light
vertical
// active={props.navigationState.index == 1}
onPress={() => this.props.navigation.navigate('History')}>
<Icon type="FontAwesome" name="history" />
<Text>History</Text>
</Button>
<Button
light
vertical
// active={props.navigationState.index == 2}
onPress={() => this.props.navigation.navigate('Profile')}>
<Icon type="FontAwesome" name="persons" />
<Text>Profile</Text>
</Button>
<Button
light
vertical
// active={props.navigationState.index == 2}
onPress={() => this.props.navigation.navigate('Donate')}>
<Icon type="FontAwesome" name="book" />
<Text>Genre</Text>
</Button>
<Button
light
vertical
// active={props.navigationState.index == 2}
onPress={() => this.props.navigation.navigate('Details')}>
<Icon type="FontAwesome" name="app" />
<Text>Detail</Text>
</Button>
</FooterTab>
</Footer>
</Container>
)
}
}
| 29,795 |
20/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr-hal-03531393-document.txt_1 | French-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | null | None | None | French | Spoken | 5,079 | 9,626 | (COMPOSEES) par Dominique DuvIARD Centre O.R.S.T.O.M. d'Adiopodoumé, B.P. 20, Abidjan
Le paysage végétal des savanes de l'univers tropical est caractérisé, outre une strate arbustive et arborée d'importance variable (selon le climat, le type de sol, le drainage, l'impact des feux de brousse, etc) par une strate herbac\e où dominent Gra- minées et Cypéracées. Peu de plantes à fleurs entomophiles se rencontrent à ce niveau ; seules les familles des Légumineuses, Mélastomatacées et Composées sont représentées en quantité appréciable : leurs organes floraux, souvent de grande taille ou regroupés en inflorescences vivement colorées, se remarquent particulièrement bien au sein de l'énorme océan graminéen (en ce qui concerne l'importance quantitative de ces plantes dans les savanes de Lamto, on se reportera utilement à Roland, 1967). Parmi les phénomènes affectant les populations entomolo- giques savanicoles et qui commencent à être quelque peu connus, les auteurs ont montré qu'il existait une distinction fréquente, quant aux régimes alimentaires, entre insectes phytophages « gra- minivores » et « forbivores », distinction qui a pu être mise en parallèle, en ce qui concerne les Acridiens, avec des différences de structures mandibulaires. (Voir à ce sujet la récente mise au point de Hummelen et Y. Gillon, 1968). Les graminivores sont certainement les plus nombreux dans les savanes, mais les insectes « forbivores »,limités quant à la quantité de nourriture disponible, entretiennent souvent avec leurs plantes-hôtes des relations plus étroitement spécifiques. L'étude de l'entomofaune liée à l'une de ces plantes herbacées non graminéennes n a jamais été entre- prise en Afrique tropicale, semble-t-il. Le choix de Vernonia guineensis Benth. (Composées) a été dicté par plusieurs raisons. L'expérience de terrain de Y. et D. Gillon permettait de penser que cette plante hébergeait une ento- - 62 - mofaune importante. Par surcroît, cette Composée, considérée par Adjanohoun (1964) comme caractéristique de l'association à Brachiaria brachylopha (1), est une plante commune dans l'en- semble des savanes guinéennes d'Afrique Occidentale ; son aire de répartition géographique s'étend en effet du Sierra Leone au Cameroun, et même à l'Angola. Notre travail de terrain, effectué pour une grande part dans les savanes de la Station d'Ecologie Tropicale de Lamto, a porté Fig. 1.
j.r. : Appareil végétatif souterrain de Vernonia guineensis. R.t. : Racine tubérisée; jeune racine; T.s. : tige souterraine; T.a. : tige aérienne; B. : bourge:-on. - ( 1) Les sava nu, de Singrobo représentent la sous-association à Loudetia simplex et Borassus aethiopum de cette association qui couvre l'ensemble des savanes drainées sèches du V Baoulé. - 63 - sur une période de deux ans : mars 1967 à mars 1969. Il a donné naissance à une thèse de 3° Cycle (Duviard, 1969) dont cet article résume les principaux résultats. En 1968, nous avons participé à un travail pluridisciplinaire dont les résultats sont présentés dans ce fascicule. Nous sommes particulièrement reconnaissants à J. Bonvallot et M. Dugerdil pour leur aide très amicale, sans laquelle la répartition de V ernonia guineensis et les variations microgéographiques de l'entomofaune visitant la Composée n'auraient pu être étudiées avec autant de précision. VERNONIA GUINEENSIS dans les savanes de Singrobo. -
Les
travaux de Roland et Heydacker (1963),
Roland (1967) puis
Bon
-
vallot
,
Du
gerdil ef
Duviard
(ce fascicule) ont permis de définir les différents types de savanes rencontrés à Lamto, mettant en évidence l'influence de la nature du sol, de la pente et du drainage du terrain sur la répartition de la végétation. L'influence des feux de brousse a été étudi
ée par Monnier
(1968). La répartition de Vernonia guineensis dans les savanes de Lamto n'est pas liée au hasard, mais répond à certaines exigences écologiques, comme nous l'avons montré (Duviard, 1969).
Vernonia guineensis est un géophyte. L'appareil végétatif souterrain (voir fig. 1) est composé d'une courte tige souterraine vivace portant une série de racines tubérisées ; celles-ci, par leurs abondantes réserves, assurent une croissance très rapide de l'appa- reil végétatif aérien dans la période qui suit le passage des feux de brousse. Chaque plante est constituée d'une ou plusieurs tiges ramifiées et dressées, atteignant une hauteur qui dépasse rarement un mètre (voir fig. 2). Tige et rameaux sont couverts d'une abon- dante pilosité grise. Les feuilles sont ovalaires, de forme assez variable, mais toujours denticulées. Leur face supérieure est luisante et lisse ; leur face inférieure est recouverte d'un épais feutrage pileux. l'inflorescence est typiquement celle des Com- posées Tubuliflores : le capitule est constitué d'une quarantaine de fleurons insérés sur un réceptacle légèrement concave, protégés par 4 à 5 rangs de bractées écailleuses. La floraison est centripète; lorsque les fleurons centraux fanés, les bractées s'écartent, permettant la dissémination aérienne des graines mûres. Nous avons distingué quatre phases dans le cycle annuel de V. guineensis (voir fig. 3) : a) Une phase juvénile végétative (février-mars). - souterraine pendant les deux semaines qui suivent le passage des feux de brousse, elle correspond au début de dévelop- pement des bourgeons. - aérienne ensuite, elle dure environ un mois. b) Une phase adulte de reproduction (mars à mai) qui s'étend
Fig. 2. - Aspect général des organes aériens de Vernonia guineensis. sur trois mois environ et correspond à la fin du développement végétatif et à la floraison, simultanées. Si la floraison est étalée dans le temps, elle présente cependant un maximum très net vers la tOe semaine après les feux. c) Une phase constitutive de réserves (mai-juin). Après la - 65 5 floraison, les tiges de la plante se lignifient davantage. Tant que la plante n'est pas privée de lumière par les Graminées, ses feuilles restent bien vertes, et la photosynthèse permet l'accumu- lation de réserves dans les racines tubérisées. d) Une phase de sénescence (juillet à décembre). Lorsque la couverture graminéenne devient importante (l'ensemble de la strate herbacée « rattrape » V. guineensis 21 semaines environ après les feux), les feuilles de la Composée commencent à jaunir, les plus basses d'abord. Enfin l'installation de la nouvelle saison sèche entraîne la mort des tiges aériennes des plantes. Cms + 200 D 2000 • 90 60 30 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 Semaines 27 29 31 après les feux. Fig. 3. - Phénologie de Vernonia guineensis dans les savanes de Lamto. Croissance de l'appareil végétatif aérien : e. Floraison : nombre de plantes fleuries/ 200 plantes : nombre de capitules fleuris/ 200 plantes : ** O A titre indicatif, la hauteur moyenne de la strate herbacée de la savane est représentée : +
L'analyse de la répartition de V. guineensis sur les quatre transects étudiés par Bonvallot et al. permet de dégager quelques données générales sur les facteurs responsables de la distribution du végétal dans les savanes de la région de Singrobo. La pente du terrain et, par là, le drainage, sont l'un des facteurs essentiels de la répartition de l'espèce : à un sol en pente et bien drainé correspond une densité optimum de V. guineensis (2.800 pieds/hectare est un chiffre moyen, mais la densité peut s'élever à 17.000 pieds/hectare, sur de petites surfaces il est vrai). Le plus souvent ces conditions se trouvent réalisées à une certaine distance des forêts-galeries, au-delà d'une zone de sols hydro- morphes, noyée en saison des pluies. Mais dans certains cas. si - 66 - le marigot se trouve au fond d'un thalweg surcreusé, un drainage suffisant étant assuré jusqu'à la ïisière de la forêt-galerie, il peut exister un peuplement dense de V. guineensis en bordure de forêt. Cette disposition n'est pas sans incidence sur le plan fau- nistique. Deux facteurs peuvent, en haut de versant, limiter la densité de la plante : soit un drainage insuffisant, dans le cas de plateaux à Loudetia simplex, V. guineensis est alors totalement absente de tels milieux ; la proximité, sous la surface du sol, d'un horizon graveleux compact gênant probablement le développe- ment des racines, et V. guineensis, sans disparaître complètement, voit. sa densité diminuer très fortement. Par ailleurs, l'ombrage au sol, porté par les arbres et arbustes de savane, influence nettement la répartition de la Composée. Négligeable dans les milieux de savane très ouverte, ce phénomène apparaît nettement dans les savanes boisées. La répartition de V. guineensis, plante strictement héliophile, est alors liée à celle des taches d'ombre et de lumière ménagées par le couvert végétal arboré. Dans de tels milieux, malgré un drainage propice à une densité optimum de la plante, la surface réelle occupée par V. guineensis diminue fortement : la densité apparente de la Com- posée subit un très net fléchissement. L'échantillonnage de la faune entomologique. Dans un premier temps de nos recherches, nous avons cherché à inventorier la faune entomologique liée à la plante : ce travail n'a pas demandé l'emploi de techniques particulières. Ultérieurement, la nécessité d'effectuer des relevés quantitatifs précis, tant des insectes endophytes que des insectes exophytes a suscité l'utilisation d'un matériel adapté à chacun de ces cas. L'inventaire faunistique a été dressé à l'aide de récoltes systématiques par chasse à vue, pratiquées 2 fois par mois pendant plus d'un an. A la période de floraison de Vernonia guineensis, des capitules étaient prélevés et conservés en éclosoirs jusqu'à la sortie des hôtes endophytes éventuels. L'échantillonnage quantitatif des insectes exophytes a été réalisé à l'aide d'un appareil spécialement construit, inspiré du sélecteur de Chauvin (1952) (voir fig. 4). Celui-ci, d'utilisation simple, permet de prélever la faune globale présente à un instant donné sur l'ensemble de l'appar'eil aérien de la plante. L'effica- cité de l'appareil dépend de l'habileté des manipulateurs (les résultats obtenus par les deux aides africains employés à cette fin sont infiniment meilleurs que les nôtres), mais aussi des insectes
- 67 - Fig. 4. Le principe du sélecteur de Chauvin a été adopté pour la construction de cet appareil, On voit ici (en haut) le manipulateur qui s'apprête à refermer sur V. guineensis les deux moitiés articulées du sélecteur. Une vaporisation d'insecticide permet ensuite la récolte des insectes capturés (en bas). Noter le fond transparent de chaque valve qui facilite la surveillance des opérations. Remarquer, sur cette photographie, prise en mars, les hauteurs
relatives de la Composée et de la strate herbacée.
1 Inventaire du peuplement entom de Ver , établi en fonction de la nature des rapports « plante- - insectes ». + ++ ++ + ORGANES ATTAQUES Capitules : : : espèces caractéristiques espèces
différentielles
espèces compagn
es
. J! \ le la communauté. NATURE DES DEGATS Akènes INSECTES RESPONSABLES dévorés
+++ +++ +++ Eublemma exigua (Noctuidoe) Lobesia sp. (Eucosmidoe) Craspedoxantha manguboe (Trypetidoe) Cécidie des fleu- rons immatures +++ Cecidomyiidoe, 1 sp. ind. Tiges aériennes Pleurocécidie Acrocécidie +++ +++ Apion sp. (Apioninoe) Stamnophora sp. n. (Trypetidoe). Feuilles Mines sinueuses Feuilles, Tiges et Morsures Bourgeons? +++ + + + + Feuilles Morsures +++ Epilachna bomparti (Epilach- ninoe) Sublarinus congoanus (Cleo- ninoe) Sublarinus burgeoni (Cleoni- + -+++ Lixus sp. (Cleoninoe) Apion sp. (Apioninoe) ++ +++ Buprestidoe, 1 sp. ind. Stichothyrea picticollis (Ce- toniinoe) Cymophorus spiniventris (Ce- toniinoe) Gametis sanguinolenta (Cetoniinoe) +++ +++ Fleurs Morsures + + Appareil végéta- Piqûres tif aérien et capitule Bocagel//a acutipennis hirsute (Coptacridinoe) Eucoptacra angulif/ava (Cop- tacridinoe) Pyrgomorpha kraussi (Pyrgo- morphidoe) Dictyophorus oberthuri (Pyr* gomorphidoe) Tanita parva (Pyrgomorphi- doe) Catantopsilus toeniolatus (Ca* tantopinoe) me) ++ Meloidoe, 3 sp. ++ + Mirperus jaculus (Coreidoe) Spilostethus rivularis (Lygoeidoe) Halydycoris kraatzi (Pentato- mido figes aériennes, Piqûres nervures foliaires
++ +++ +
Capitules imma- Léchage, parfois tures morsures Sphoerocoris annulus (Penta- tomidre) Sphoerocoris testudogrisea (Pentatomidre) Coptosoma (? pygmoea) (Pla- taspidre) Dysdercus superstitiosus (Pyrrhocoridre) Ammianus s[Yinosus (Tingi- dre) Poophilus costalis ( Cercopi- dre) Selenocephalus sp. (Jassidre)
Corn
utobelus sp. n. (Membra* cidre) Oxyrachis lagoensis (Membra* cidre) Platybelus flavus (Membraci- dre) Tricoceps sp. n. (Membraci* dre) Xyphophoeus phantasma (Membracidre) Ricanidre, 1 sp. ind. Sitobion congolensis (Aphi* diidre) Coccoidea, 2 sp. ind. +
+ Polistes sp. (Vespidre) Camponotus acvapimensis (Formicidre)
+
Camponotus compressiscapus
(
Formicidre) Camponot
us carbo. (
Form
ici
*
dre) Acantholepis (? capensis) Formicidre
) + ++ ++ ++ ++
Polyrachis
viscosa
(Formici- dre
)
OEc
ophyll
a /
ongino
da (
Formi
-
cidre)
Acrocoelia
sp
. (
Myrmicidre
) Catau/acus
sp. (Myrmycidre)
ARTHOPODES PREDATEURS N'OCCASlONNANT PAS DE DEGATS, FREQUENTS, PLANTE. SUR LA ++ + +
+ Pseudoharpax virescens virescens (Hymenopodidae) Pseudocreobotra ocellata (Hymenopodidae). Rhinocoris albopunctatus (Reduviidae). Cheilomenes sulphurea orbicularis (Coccinellidae). Divers Syrphidae. Divers Salticidae. - 70- considérés ; certains sont très mal représentés dans l'échantillon- nage, parce que trop agiles : Bocage/la acutipennis hirsuta (Copta- cridinre), Mirperus jaculus (Coreidre), Dysdercus superstitiosus (Pyrrhocoridre), ainsi que l'ensemble des Diptères et Hyménoptères butineurs. Néanmoins, les captures ont été jugées bien représen- tatives de la faune considérée. Des essais ont permis d'apprécier le nombre minimum de pieds de Vernonia guineensis à échan- tillonner pour obtenir, dans chaque relevé, une bonne « image » de la faune présente : l'expérience montre qu'à partir de 30 plantes échantillonnées, 80 % environ des espèces sont présentes dans les récoltes, 95 % des espèces pour 50 plantes. L'échantil- lonnage de 50 plantes demande 2 h. 30 à 3 heures de travail à deux aides entraînés : c'est le chiffre que nous avons adopté pour effectuer nos relevés visant à définir la composition de la communauté entomologique de Vernonia guineensis. Le chiffre de 30 plantes échantillonnées a été utilisé pour l'étude des variations microgéographiques de la composition de la communauté. L'échantillonnage quantitatif des insectes endophytes a été effectué par comptage direct sur le terrain, en ce qui concerne deux espèces cécidiogènes des tiges (les cécidies sont aisément repérables), et par élevage, en éclosoirs, suivi de la dissection des organes, en ce qui concerne les insectes des capitules.
Le peuplement entomologique
. - Le peuplement entomolo- gique de Vernonia guineensis comporte une soixantaine d'espèces. Dans le tableau 1, nous donnons une liste de ces insectes, classés selon les types de rapports qui les issent à la plante-hôte. Mais on ne peut envisager une entomocoénose comme une simple collection d'insectes sur une plante-hôte, des relations de qualité et d'importance diverses existant d'une part entre insectes et plante, et d'autre part entres les différentes espèces d'insectes. La capture de l'ensemble de la faune présente sur la plante permettant de tracer le portrait instantané de l'entomocoénose, nous avons cherché à en préciser les variations dans le temps, et selon les varia tians du milieu où se rencontre la plante-hôte. Les variations saisonnières. - Si nous considérons l'ensemble des captures effectuées à l'aide du sélecteur, au cours des 20 semaines qui suivent le passage des feux de brousse (au-delà de cette période, l'appareil n'est plus utilisable, en raison <le la hauteur de la strate herbacée), ramenée pour chaque période à un nombre standard de plantes échantillonnées (vois fig. 5), il est facile de constater qu'il existe un rapport net entre l'abondance des insectes sur la plante et la floraison de celle-ci. En fait, cette période de floraison correspond également pour la plante à la fin de la croissance végétative, mais à une lignification encore incomplète des tiges : ceci doit jouer un rôle important dans les possibilités de prise de nourriture pour les insectes (particulière- - 71 - ment pour les Hétéroptères). Nous avons distingué successives d'invasion de la plante par les insectes. 2 vagues
La première vague d'invasion correspond à la phase végé- tative juvénile de la plante-hôte. Les insectes, qui apparaissent les premiers sur V. guineensis ont des exigences alimentaires ou reproductrices précises que seule la plante en pleine croissance peut satisfaire. C'est le cas du Cercopidoe Poophilus coslalis, et des insectes cécidiogènes : Apion sp. (Apioninoe) et Stamnophora sp.n. (Trypetidoe). La mante Pseudoharpax virescens virescens (Hyme- nopodidoe), insecte héliophile recherchant les plantes dépassant nettement de la strate herbacée, prédateur probable de Stamno- phora, apparaît également très tôt sur Vernonia. La seconde phase d'invasion correspond à la phase adulte de reproduction de la plante-hôte. Elle groupe différentes caté- gories d'insectes que l'on rencontre essentiellement sur les capitules ouverts ou encore en boutons. Ce sont des floriphages typiques, comme Stichothyrea picticollis (Cetoniidre), un Bupreste, diverses espèces de Meloidre, et des insectes lècheurs d'exsudats sucrés, essentiellement des Fourmis (l'espèce dominante est, selon les milieux, le Formicidoe Camponotus acvapimensis ou le Myrmicidoe Acrocoelia sp.). Le très important groupe des Araignées Salticidoe apparaît alors sur la plante. Avec les fleurs, et suivant de près l'intensité de la floraison, apparaissent et disparaissent les Hémiptères souvent polyphages, dont les plus typiques sont le Pentatomidoe Halydicoris kraatzi et le Plataspidre Coptosoma (? pygmoea). Très tardivement, et dans certains milieux seulement, appa- raissent les Psyllidoe. Dès la floraison terminée, la faune se raréfie soudain; s insectes cependant demeurent sur la plante-hôte : c'est le cas, par exemple, de Selenocephalus sp. (Jassidoe), jamais très abondant, mais présent toute l'année sur le végétal. Ainsi, à la brève et intense période d'activité reproductrice de Vernonia guineensis, correspond une exploitation intensive des ressources alimentaires offertes aux insectes sous forme d'orga- nes végétaux en croissance, de fleurs et de graines, de sève circu- lant dans des vaisseaux encore aisément accessibles car peu lignifiés. Après le passage des feux de brousse, lorsque la savane émerge peu à peu de ses cendres, Vernonia guineensis est, par sa croissance rapide, sa densité dans les savanes, la diversité des aliments qu'elle offre, une véritable manne pour de nombreux insectes; son rôle s'estompera lorsque le tapis graminéen et son cortège végétal, reconstitués, offriront à leur tour nourriture et abri aux insectes. Phénologie
V
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auteur mo11nn1 dt la herbac•• strate 100 insectes capturés. - Pooph//u co•lall• Trypotldao dts capitules Slt1mnophort1 sp. { Ceci dl os vlr•sc1ns Ps1udoht1rpax t Nx 2 Buprostldao Apion sp. Ceci dits Stichothyr1a picl/coll/• S1!1noc1phalus Acroc /ia •p. Camponolu • sp. N/10 a cv aplm•n•I• NI 20 Saltlcldao ******** --- -*** -------• Meloî d a o Halyd/corl• kraalrl P l a l asp i da o N 110 Poyllldao Fiμ;. :,. - captures Fluclltations saisonn1crcs de l'abondance, sur V. g11i111*,*11.1i.1. <les Arthropodes les plus sou\*cnt récoltés. Le diagramme représente le 1m111
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chacune des Les variations microgéographiques. - Nous avons eu la chance de pouvoir effectu_er des relevés sur l'emplacement des transects, étudiés par Bonvallot, Dugerdil et Duviard. Nous dispo- sions ainsi de 25.000 m2 de savanes, parfaitement définis floristi- quement, où l'importance exacte de la strate arbustive (et donc de l'ombrage) était connue, ainsi que la distribution précise de la plante-hôte. Pour des raisons de place, nous ne présenterons ici que les résultatconcernant le transect n° 3, qui présente à lui seul l'en- semble des faciès savaniens de la région:' La technique d'échantil- lonnage à l'aide du sélecteur a déjà été décrite. Mais, pour pouvoir ramener à un temps court (3 à 4 heures) chaque relevé effectué sur l'ensemble du transect, ne pas réduire d'une manière trop importante la densité des plantes-hôtes sur chaque quadrat, sans toutefois descendre au-dessous d'un échantillonnage de 30 plantes pour une surface donnée, les relevés ont été effectués de la manière suivante : 3 relevés successifs, espacés de 1 mois, ont été effectués sur chaque transect ; au cours de chaque relevé, 5 plantes ont été échantillonnées sur chaque quadrat. Ainsi, à la fin des relevés, 15 plantes avaient été échantil- lonnées sur chaque quadrat ; les quadrats successifs d'un même transect ont alors été réunis deux par deux, en fonction de simi- litudes floristiques ; l'échantillonnage portant ainsi sur 30 plantes pour une surface de 800 m2 pouvait prétendre à une bonne repré- sentabilité des espèces, tout en tenant compte des fluctuations dans le temps de l'entomofaune. Enfin, dans les diagrammes, l'importance de tel ou tel groupe d'insectes est représenté par le pourcentage de plantes sur lequel on le rencontre à l'intérieur de chaque unité de surface de 800 m2• Le transect n ° 3 (voir fig. 6) est orienté nord-sud et long de ; il s'étend entre deux thalwegs séparés par un sommet arrondi et les physionomies des deux versants sont très différentes. 460 m Sur le versant sud, les Andropogonées dominent une strate herbacée où abonde Imperafa cylindrica, Graminée s'installant volontiers autour des arbres et arbustes de savane. La strate arbustive est bien représentée, mais le paysage reste ouvert, les arbres s'agglomérant en petits bosquets. Au bas du versant, la forêt-galerie est bordée par une large zone de Loudetia simplex en peuplement pur. Bien exposé aux vents, ce versant est riche- ment peuplé en Vernonia guineensis. Seuls les quadrats 1 et 2, très humides, en sont dépourvus. Le versant nord est caractérisé par l'importance très grande prise par la strate arbustive : les bosquets deviennent plus impor- tants, se rapprochent, formant par places une véritable savane boisée. L'importance du couvert arbustif modifie de manière caractéristique la composition de la strate herbacée. Les Andropo- gonées restent abondantes mais ne dominent plus que dans de - 73 - petites clairières, hors du couvert des arbres. Imperata cylindrica est présent dans tous les quadrats. Une forte densité de Schiza- chyrium platyphyllum dans les quadrats les plus boisés dénote l'existence d'une plus grande hygrométrie. En bas de pente, appa- raît une zone à Loudetia simplex. Son extension étant limitée par l'humidité du sol dans cette seule frange de bas de pente, Vernonia guineensis est partout ailleurs abondante. Cependant, la plante, strictement héliophile, ne peut s'accomoder du couvert des arbres : aussi ne croît-elle que dans les espaces dégagés entre les bosquets, où elle se concentre sur de petites surfaces. Sur le transect n° 3, les espèces caractéristiques (1) sont par- tout présentes, à l'exception des quadrats 1 2, à peu près dépourvu de la plante-hôte. Il est difficile de relier la présence de ces insectes à quelque caractère du milieu, leur distribution discontinue et le faible pourcentage d'occupation des plantes (de 0 à 13 %) s'expliquant par leur relative rareté. Les espèces différentielles héliophiles sont bien représentées dans ce transect, à l'exception des quadrats 1-2 et 3-4. Le pour- centage d'occupation varie pour chaque espèce de 0 à 30. Il faut noter que même dans les quadrats à forte couverture arbustive, ces espèces sont présentes (probablement en raison de la distribu- tion de la plante-hôte qui recherche les clairières ensoleillées). Les espèces différentielles sciaphiles ont une distribution qui traduit fidèlement celle de la strate arbustive. La répartition de Camponotus acuapimensis est instructive quant au type de rapports qui peut exister entre cette espèce et les fourmis sciaphiles. L'occupation de V. guineensis par C. acuapimensis, très importante dans les quadrats où aucune espèce sciaphile n'est recensée (plus de 90 %), diminue sensiblement dans les quadrats où, par contre, les Acrocoelia et les oecophylles sont ( 1 ) Pour mettre en valeur la qualité variable des relations existant entre les insectes et la plante-hôte, nous distinguons : les espèces caractéristiques (insectes exclusivement monophages ou oligophages) ; les espèces différentielles, héliophiles ou sciaphiles (insectes non spécifiques de V. guineensis, dont la présence permet de distinguer différents faciès dans la communauté) ; les espèces compagnes (insectes fréquentant V. guineensis parmi bien d'autres plantes de la savane).
A A 1 Recouvre ment A2 B 1 O Nombre de 0 plontes/400 m2 Les quodrots du inf. trons ect à 1/ 4 l/4Ôl/2 à 5 6 à 10 0 0 Arbre 82 1/2 à 3/4 sup. à 3/4 Il à 20 21 à. 35 :'"''*: Buisson : '•*•' Rônier Profil du tr onsect'nive au de Io nappe d e au en saison d es pluies c Densité de Vernonia guineensis D Toux d'occupati on de s/400m e 00 t n o l p 5 1 11,.,,. 111.',. 1,., 111., 111 1, 1 1 1 11111111 par divers V ernonio guineensis 100% Arthropodes. -* D 1 : espèces ca ractéristiques l'ig. 2 t::::::::::::::::::::::::A D 2 espèces différentielles héliophiles D 3 espèces di fférent ielles sciophiles D 4
espéces compagnes 50% 1:::::::::==!:li - 00/o 6 a. - Variations microgéographiques de l'entomocoenose; exemple du transect 3 (Voir Bonvallot, Dugerdil, Duviard, ce fascicule). S.p. : Légendes explicatives. Stichothyrea picticollis; Ap. : Apion sp.; Try. : Craspedoxantha mangubae; A.s. : Ammianus spinosus; S.sp. : Selenocephalus sp.; P.c. : Poophilus costalis; Pla. : Plataspidae ; M.j. : Mirperus jaculus; Bup. : Bupretidae ind.; Mel. : Meloidae; P.v. : Pseudoharpax virescens; A.sp. : Acrocoelia sp., C.sp. : Cataulacus sp. ; A.c. Acantholepis (? capensis) ; 0.1. : OEcophylla longinoda; C.a. : Camponotus acvapimensis; H.k. : Halydicoris kraatzi; Ar. : Araignées Salticidae.
= ::- - A p Try. * - A.s. == ::::::::::::= === - S.sp. -- P.c. - __ c::: ::=:=:::J- - Plo. -- * * - _ :: -_ _-: . - Sp
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04 H.k. M. Ar. Fig. 6 b. - Variations microgéographiques de l'entomocoenose sur le transect 'l* TRANSECT N° 3 (Versant Sud) Al Gyp ::::: Sch Loo lmp Hyp Brn A2 c.
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-=_ = = = - - _____ _ _ ______ _ _ _ -- ;:::_ ::;::::=::=; P.v. _________________ _ _____ _____ - __ -__ - - - - - - - - - - - - * :.c_ M.j. D3 A s p. i ffffmmmrmrmrmtt **!fü A.c. C. so. '>+ * <:;• m*-= ___ . - Mj, : P.v. A.sp. C.sp. -* A.c. - -* 0,1, D 4 c _________ _ o. H.k. lilllllllillillt- --------- ----
Fig. 6 c. - Variations microgéographiques de l'entomocoenose sur le transect 3 (suite). C.a. H.k. Ar. abondantes. La compétition pour une source alimentaire commune (exsudats sucrés des bractées) apparaît ainsi clairement dans la répartition microgéographique de ces diverses espèces de fourmis
CONCLUSIONS
La place occupée par Vernonia guineensis dans la biocoénose des savanes préforestières éburnéennes semble donc particulière et originale. La répartition de la Composée paraît être impérativement liée au relief et au sol. Sur un versant idéal, au-delà d'une zone de sols hydromorphes bordant la forêt-galerie où la plante ne peut vivre, s'étend un glacis à pente croissante où s'installe le cortège végétal des savanes à Andropogonées ; V. guineensis, qui montre là ses densités les plus élevées, attire une faune abondante : quelques espèces caractéristiques toujours peu abondantes, un grand nombre d'espèces héliophiles recherchant les peuplements les plus denses de la plante-hôte, et de très nombreuses espèces compagnes, dont certaines, comme Camponolus acvapimensis sont fort envahissantes. Vers le haut du versant, la pente s'adoucit pour devenir presque nulle sur le plateau de sommet. Parallèle- ment, la densité de V. guineensis diminue ; sur les plantes plus espacées, la même faune se retrouve, mais moins dense elle aussi. Si le plateau, mal drainé, se recouvre de Loudetia simplex, V. guineensis disparaît. Par places le manteau arboré s'épaissit et la savane se boise ; parfois encore l'absence de sols hydromorphes en bordure d'un thalweg surcreusé que dissimule la forêt-galerie favorise la savane à Andropogonées et V. guineensis s'approche de la lisière. A la faveur de ces milieux ombragés, Acroco sp. et OEcophylla longinoda, fourmis arboricoles forestières, s'avancent en savane et vont lécher les humeurs sucrées qui suitent des bractées ou des blessures occasionnées par quelque insecte phyto- phage, sur la Composée. Bien que quantitativement peu importante par rapport à la masse énorme des Graminées et des Cypéracées, le rôle écologique joué par Vernonia guineensis est appréciable : d'une part, la plante héberge une faune d'insectes spécifiquement liés aux Com- posées savanicoles, d'autre part, grâce à sa croissance rapide et à l'importance des possibilités alimentaires offertes, la Composée attire de nombreuses espèces d'insectes savanicoles et même sylvi- coles, à une période de l'année où la savane commence tout juste à émerger de la destruction par le feu. Ainsi Vernonia guineensis représente un élément très caractéristique de la biocoénose des savanes préforestières de l'Afrique Occidentale. SUMMARY
The entomofauna of the Composite Vernonia guineensis, a geophyte common in the Lamto savanna, has been studied during two yearly cycles (March 1967 to March 1969). The phenology of the plant is described. About 60 species of insects live on, and inside, Vernonia guineensis. The succession of the various insect consumers has been quantitatively studied during the 20 weeks following the yearly bush fire. Two peaks of insect abundance occur, the first during the early stages of growth of the plant, the second at the flowering time. Topographie conditions and soils exert a definite influence bath on the density of the hast-plant and on the composition and abundance of the insect fauna.
BIBLIOGRAPHIE West Afr. Sc. Ass., 1954, I. Compositae, 1.1: 26-28; 1956, II. Compositae, 2.1: ADAMS, C.D. (1954-1964). - New records of flowering plants in West Africa, in]. 61-66; 1957, 149-155; 1964, III. V. Compositae, 3.1: Compositae, 8.2: 111-122; 1960, IV. Compositae, 6.2: 127-133; 1964, VI. Compositae, 8.2: 134-140. ADJANOHOUN, E. (1964). - Végétation des savanes et rochers découverts en Côte d'Ivoire Centrale. BoNVALLOT, J.; Mémoires de l'ORSTOM, 7, 178 p. DuGERDIL, "répartition de la M.; DuvIARD, végétation D. (196g). - Contribution à l'étude de la dans une savane préforestière de Côte d'ivoire. La Terre et la Vie, ce fascicule. CAMERON, E. (1935). - A study of the natural control of ragwort (Senecio jacobea L.). jour. Ecot., 23: 265-322. Vernonia guineensis Benth. dans l'alimentation Insectes sociaux, 16: 115-134. DuvIARD, D. (1969). - Place de Vemonia guineensis th. (Composées) dans la'biocoénose d'une savane préforestière de Côte d'ivoire. Thèse de 3° Cycle, Orsay; 190 pp., 60 fig. Duv11Rn, D. (1969). - Importance de de quelques fourmis de savane. HuMMfLF.N, P. & GILLON, Y. (1968). - Etude de la nourriture des Acridiens de la savane de Lamto en Côte d'ivoire. VI° Conférence biennale de la W.A.S.A., Abidjan. LEVEUX, J. (1967). - Recherches écologiques dans la savane de Lamto (Côte d'ivoire) : données préliminaires sur le peuplement en fourmis terricoles. La Terre el la Vie, 21: 278-296. J. (1967). - Place de Carnponotus acvapirnensis Mayr (Hyménoptères Forrni- cidae) dans la chaîne alimentaire d'une savane de Côte d'ivoire. Insectes sociaux, 14: 313-322. LEVIEUX, MONNIER, Y. (1968). - Les effets des feux de brousse sur une savane préforestière de* Côte d'ivoire. Etudes eburnéennes, n° 9, 260 pp. NEEDHAM, of J.G. (1948). - Ecological notes on the insect population of the flower heads Ridens pilosa. Ecot. rnonographs, 18: 431-446. ROLAND, J.C. & HEYDACKER, F. (1963). -- Aspects de la végétation dans les savanes de Lamto (Côte d'Ivoire).. | 12,392 |
https://github.com/ArcherCraftStore/ArcherVMPeridot/blob/master/apps/mediawiki/htdocs/extensions/ParserFunctions/ParserFunctions.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | LicenseRef-scancode-free-unknown, GPL-2.0-or-later, LGPL-2.0-or-later, CC-BY-NC-4.0, LicenseRef-scancode-other-copyleft, LicenseRef-scancode-generic-exception, CC-BY-SA-3.0, GPL-1.0-or-later, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license, GPL-2.0-only, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, Apache-2.0, MIT | 2,014 | ArcherVMPeridot | ArcherCraftStore | PHP | Code | 425 | 1,350 | <?php
if ( !defined( 'MEDIAWIKI' ) ) {
die( 'This file is a MediaWiki extension, it is not a valid entry point' );
}
/**
* CONFIGURATION
* These variables may be overridden in LocalSettings.php after you include the
* extension file.
*/
/**
* Defines the maximum length of a string that string functions are allowed to operate on
* Prevention against denial of service by string function abuses.
*/
$wgPFStringLengthLimit = 1000;
/**
* Enable string functions.
*
* Set this to true if you want your users to be able to implement their own
* parsers in the ugliest, most inefficient programming language known to man:
* MediaWiki wikitext with ParserFunctions.
*
* WARNING: enabling this may have an adverse impact on the sanity of your users.
* An alternative, saner solution for embedding complex text processing in
* MediaWiki templates can be found at: http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto
*/
$wgPFEnableStringFunctions = false;
/**
* Enable string functions, when running Wikimedia Jenkins unit tests.
*
* Running Jenkins unit tests without setting $wgPFEnableStringFunctions = true;
* will cause all the parser tests for string functions to be skipped.
*/
if ( isset( $wgWikimediaJenkinsCI ) && ( $wgWikimediaJenkinsCI === true ) ) {
$wgPFEnableStringFunctions = true ;
}
/** REGISTRATION */
$wgExtensionCredits['parserhook'][] = array(
'path' => __FILE__,
'name' => 'ParserFunctions',
'version' => '1.6.0',
'url' => 'https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:ParserFunctions',
'author' => array( 'Tim Starling', 'Robert Rohde', 'Ross McClure', 'Juraj Simlovic' ),
'descriptionmsg' => 'pfunc_desc',
);
$wgAutoloadClasses['ExtParserFunctions'] = __DIR__ . '/ParserFunctions_body.php';
$wgAutoloadClasses['ExprParser'] = __DIR__ . '/Expr.php';
$wgAutoloadClasses['ExprError'] = __DIR__ . '/Expr.php';
$wgMessagesDirs['ParserFunctions'] = __DIR__ . '/i18n';
$wgExtensionMessagesFiles['ParserFunctions'] = __DIR__ . '/ParserFunctions.i18n.php';
$wgExtensionMessagesFiles['ParserFunctionsMagic'] = __DIR__ . '/ParserFunctions.i18n.magic.php';
$wgParserTestFiles[] = __DIR__ . "/funcsParserTests.txt";
$wgParserTestFiles[] = __DIR__ . "/stringFunctionTests.txt";
$wgHooks['ParserFirstCallInit'][] = 'wfRegisterParserFunctions';
/**
* @param $parser Parser
* @return bool
*/
function wfRegisterParserFunctions( $parser ) {
global $wgPFEnableStringFunctions;
// These functions accept DOM-style arguments
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'if', 'ExtParserFunctions::ifObj', SFH_OBJECT_ARGS );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'ifeq', 'ExtParserFunctions::ifeqObj', SFH_OBJECT_ARGS );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'switch', 'ExtParserFunctions::switchObj', SFH_OBJECT_ARGS );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'ifexist', 'ExtParserFunctions::ifexistObj', SFH_OBJECT_ARGS );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'ifexpr', 'ExtParserFunctions::ifexprObj', SFH_OBJECT_ARGS );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'iferror', 'ExtParserFunctions::iferrorObj', SFH_OBJECT_ARGS );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'expr', 'ExtParserFunctions::expr' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'time', 'ExtParserFunctions::time' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'timel', 'ExtParserFunctions::localTime' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'rel2abs', 'ExtParserFunctions::rel2abs' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'titleparts', 'ExtParserFunctions::titleparts' );
// String Functions
if ( $wgPFEnableStringFunctions ) {
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'len', 'ExtParserFunctions::runLen' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'pos', 'ExtParserFunctions::runPos' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'rpos', 'ExtParserFunctions::runRPos' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'sub', 'ExtParserFunctions::runSub' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'count', 'ExtParserFunctions::runCount' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'replace', 'ExtParserFunctions::runReplace' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'explode', 'ExtParserFunctions::runExplode' );
$parser->setFunctionHook( 'urldecode', 'ExtParserFunctions::runUrlDecode' );
}
return true;
}
$wgHooks['UnitTestsList'][] = 'wfParserFunctionsTests';
/**
* @param $files array
* @return bool
*/
function wfParserFunctionsTests( &$files ) {
$files[] = __DIR__ . '/tests/ExpressionTest.php';
return true;
}
| 14,078 |
https://github.com/matthewReff/Kattis-Problems/blob/master/code/jobexpenses.cpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | Kattis-Problems | matthewReff | C++ | Code | 84 | 247 | #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <queue>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <unordered_set>
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ll i, j, k;
ll numNumbers;
ll currentNum;
ll total = 0;
cin >> numNumbers;
for(i = 0; i < numNumbers; i++)
{
cin >> currentNum;
if(currentNum < 0)
{
total += abs(currentNum);
}
}
cout << total;
return 0;
}
| 48,785 |
US-201515324528-A_7 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,015 | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,282 | 11,196 | Example 6.2.2 Generation of Sodium Iodide Solutions
An aqueous sodium iodide solution (10 mg/mL) was prepared by dissolving 250 mg of sodium iodide in 25 mL of water. Samples of this solution were diluted to 1 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL by serial dilutions. Aliquots of these solutions were then dosed into individual reaction to achieve the desired levels of sodium iodide identified in Table 19.
Example 6.2.3 Hydrogenation
Individual reaction vials (8 mL) were charged with a noroxymorphone stock solution (5 mL, 570 mg noroxymorphone) followed by 5% palladium on carbon (43 mg, 7.5 wt %, Johnson Matthey Type A101002-5). To these mixtures were added sodium iodide solutions of varying concentration. Hydrogenation reactions were then run under identical reducing conditions (80° C., 517 kPa H₂, 18 h) on a Parallel Hydrogenation apparatus. Samples of each reaction mixture (215 μL) were diluted to 20 mL with 0.085% aqueous H₃PO₄ then analyzed by HPLC as described above in Example 1.2. where the area under the peaks of Impurity 3 and noroxymorphone were determined. The Impurity 3 peak area % and the noroxymorphone peak area % were determined as described in Example 6.1. above. The results are summarized below in Table 19.
TABLE 19 Levels of Impurity 3 Generated vs. NaI Loading Sodium Iodide Noroxymorphone:Impurity 3 (ppm)^(a) (Peak Area %) 1000 100:0 ^(b) 750 100:0 ^(b) 500 100:0 ^(b) 250 100:0 ^(b) 200 99.8:0.2 100 98.8:1.2 50 97.4:2.6 25 94.5:5.5 10 93.0:7.0 5 88.3:11.7 0 87.0:13.0 0 89.0:11.0 ^(a)Based on about 570 mg of noroxymorphone charged per reaction. ^(b) Not detected (<0.01%).
For this screening study, only levels of noroxymorphone versus the ring-opened 3,4,14-trihydroxymorphinan-6-one (Impurity 3) were compared. Sodium iodide levels of at or above 200 ppm were shown to suppress formation of Impurity 3 to levels≦0.2%. The effect of sodium iodide on levels of ring-opening were evident at sodium iodide loadings of at or above 10 ppm, albeit to a lesser extent at below 200 ppm. As can be noted from the results presented in Table 19, very low levels of sodium iodide (5 ppm) seemed to have no significant effect on suppression of Impurity 3 formation.
Example 6.3 Ring Opening in the Presence of Chloride
Four separate pressure vessels were charged with purified noroxymorphone (25.00 g), water (122 g) and 85% aqueous H₃PO₄ (20.66 g). To three of the reaction mixtures was added either ammonium chloride (2.73 g, 0.05 mol, sodium chloride (2.98 g, 0.05 mol) or 37% hydrochloric acid (4.64 mL, 0.05 mol). The fourth vessel was used as a control with no additional chloride added. A 5% palladium on carbon catalyst (1.88 g, 7.5 wt %, Johnson Matthey Type A101002-5) was then added to each vessel and the mixtures were heated to and kept at 80° C. under a hydrogen pressure of 517 kPa for 18 hours. The hydrogenation reaction products were cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., and a sample was removed by syringe and filtered using a 0.45 μm filter cartridge. A sample of the filtrate (215 μL) was diluted to 20 mL with 0.085% aqueous H₃PO₄ then analyzed by HPLC as described above in Example 1.2. where the area under the peaks of Impurity 3 and noroxymorphone were determined. The Impurity 3 peak area % and the noroxymorphone peak area % were determined as described in Example 6.1. above except that the total area of all of the observed HPLC peaks was used in place of [Impurity 3 peak area+noroxymorphone peak area]. The results are summarized below in Table 20.
TABLE 20 Effect of Chloride Anion on Suppression of Impurity 3 Compound or Impurity Added Chloride (Peak Area %) None NH₄Cl NaCl 37% HCl Noroxymorphone 89.64 98.80 98.81 98.79 Impurity 3 7.33 0.06 0.06 0.05
As shown in Table 20, addition of equimolar amounts of chloride seemed to have a nearly identical effect on the suppression of the formation of Impurity 3 and the effect was independent of the source of chloride (e.g., NH₄Cl, NaCl or HCl).
Example 6.4 Ring-Opening in the Presence of Different Amounts of Sodium Chloride
Separate pressure vessels were charged with purified noroxymorphone (25.00 g), water (122 g) and 85% aqueous H₃PO₄ (20.66 g). Sodium chloride was then added to each vessel at 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 or 11.9 weight % based on the noroxymorphone charged. A control with no added sodium chloride was also run. A 5% palladium on carbon catalyst (1.88 g, 7.5 wt %, Johnson Matthey Type A101002-5) was then added to each vessel and the mixtures were heated to and kept at 80° C. under a hydrogen pressure of 517 kPa for 18 hours. The hydrogenation reaction products were cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., and a sample was removed by syringe and filtered using a 0.45 μm filter cartridge. A sample of the filtrate (215 μL) was diluted to 20 mL with 0.085% aqueous H₃PO₄ then analyzed by HPLC analysis as described above in Example 1.2. where the area under the peaks of Impurity 3 and noroxymorphone were determined. The Impurity 3 peak area % and the noroxymorphone peak area % were determined as described in Example 6.1. above except that the total area of all of the observed HPLC peaks was used in place of [Impurity 3 peak area+noroxymorphone peak area]. The results are summarized below in Table 21.
TABLE 21 Effect of Chloride Anion Concentration on Suppression of Impurity 3 Compound or Impurity wt. % NaCl (Peak Area %) 0 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 11.9 Noroxymorphone 89.64 97.52 98.41 98.72 98.75 98.81 Impurity 3 7.33 0.78 0.27 0.10 0.10 0.06
As shown in Table 21, the addition of NaCl suppresses the formation of Impurity 3. In comparison to iodide (see results using sodium iodide presented in Table 19 above), chloride is less effective in suppressing Impurity 3 and larger quantities of chloride are required to obtain comparable results.
Example 7 Conversion of Noroxymorphone to Naloxone
Noroxymorphone containing about 15 ppm of 14-hydroxymorphinone was converted to naloxone in 70% yield (98.1% by weight) containing about 6 ppm 7,8-didehydronaloxone (Impurity 4) as summarized in Scheme 13 below.
A 500 mL jacketed reactor was charged with noroxymorphone containing 15 ppm 14-hydroxymorphinone (50.00 g, 0.174 mol, 1.0 equiv), sodium bicarbonate (23.39 g, 0.278 mol, 1.6 equiv.) and iso-propanol/tetrahydrofuran (60 IPA:40 THF v/v, 325.4 mL). The water content of the mixture was adjusted to 30 wt % with respect to the noroxymorphone charge by adding deionized water (about 15.2 mL). Allyl bromide (29.48 g, 0.243 mol, 1.4 equiv.) was added and the mixture was heated to and kept at 63±2° C. with stirring for a minimum of 10 h. The mixture was cooled to 5±5° C. and then the solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with tetrahydrofuran (224.0 mL) and the mixture was transferred slowly to a boiling mixture of toluene (380.0 mL), water (92.0 mL) and sodium chloride (3.22 g). The solvents (iso-propyl alcohol and tetrahydrofuran) were removed by constant distillation and the liquid volume in the vessel was kept constant by addition of toluene. Upon completion of the filtrate transfer, the mixture temperature was adjusted to 80±5° C. while maintaining a continuous distillation.
A solution of sodium chloride was added (1.0 M, 14.2 mL) and, after complete mixing, agitation was stopped and the residual aqueous layer was removed from the vessel by the bottom outlet valve (BOV). A fresh portion of sodium chloride solution (1.0 M, 28.5 mL) was added and the temperature of the mixture was adjusted to 80° C. Agitation was stopped and again the aqueous layer was removed from the vessel by the BOV. The remaining organic layer was heated to 110±2° C. while maintaining continuous distillation again keeping the initial volume constant by the addition of toluene. The mixture was then filtered hot (above 90° C.) and the resultant filtrate was transferred into a jacketed reactor. The mixture was then cooled over 5 hours to 60° C., and heptane (342.0 mL) was slowly added maintaining a temperature of about 60° C. The batch was held at 60° C. for 4 hours and then cooled to 10° C. at a rate of 8° C./min. The solids were filtered and dried to constant weight in a reduced pressure oven at 80° C. This yielded naloxone as a light beige solid (40.84 g, 70% yield). This material contained about 6 ppm Impurity 4 upon HPLC analysis as described in Example 1.3.
Example 8 Conversion of Naloxone to Naloxone Hydrochloride
For this experiment, naloxone containing about 7 ppm of 7,8-didehydronaloxone (Impurity 4) was converted to naloxone hydrochloride in 75% yield (99.9% by weight) containing about 8 ppm Impurity 4 as summarized in Scheme 14 below.
Example 8.1 Initial Decolorization of Naloxone
A jacketed reactor was charged with naloxone containing about 7 ppm Impurity 4 (15.35 g) and iso-propanol (50.54 mL). This mixture was heated under nitrogen to reflux for 1 hour and then cooled to about 25° C. A mixture of butylated hydroxytoluene (0.15 g, 1 wt %) and activated carbon (Darco KB-WJ, 1.50 g, 10 wt %) in iso-propanol (11.72 mL) was then added. The reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen (14-21 kPa) for 10 minutes, heated to 75° C. and held at 75° C. for 1 hour while maintaining the nitrogen purge (14-21 kPa). This mixture was pressure filtered at 80° C. through a 1.2 μm polypropylene filter. A mixture of butylated hydroxytoluene (0.15 g, 1 wt %) and activated carbon (Darco KB-WJ, 1.51 g, 10 wt %) in iso-propanol (10.4 mL) was added to the filtrate and the above decolorization process was repeated. The carbon cake was washed with 11.4 mL of iso-propanol and the resultant filtrate was used directly in Example 8.2. as described below.
Example 8.2 Salt Formation and Isolation
Degassed water (13.1 mL) was added to the resultant filtrate from Example 8.1. above and the mixture was purged with nitrogen (14-21 kPa) for 10 minutes and then heated to 75° C. while maintaining the nitrogen purge (14-21 kPa). Hydrochloric acid (37%, 1.10 equiv.) was slowly added to the mixture keeping the temperature below 80° C. Upon complete addition, the HCl addition line was rinsed with 3.5 mL of degassed water, the mixture was cooled to 67° C. and naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate seed crystals (0.12 g) were charged to the mixture. The batch was then cooled to 55° C. at a rate of 2° C./h, held at this temperature for 5 hours and then further cooled over 8 hours to −10° C. The solids were isolated by filtration and the resultant wet cake was washed with iso-propanol:water (85:15, 12° C., 15.0 mL). The solids were then dried to constant weight at a temperature of about 25° C. under reduced pressure. This yielded naloxone hydrochloride as a white crystalline solid (14.0 g, 75% yield) in 99.9% purity, as determined by HPLC, containing 8 ppm 7,8-didehydronaloxone hydrochloride, determined by HPLC as described above in Example 1.3.
Example 9 Conversion of Noroxymorphone to Naltrexone
Noroxymorphone was converted to naltrexone as summarized in Scheme 15 below.
Two experiments were conducted: one using purified noroxymorphone, purified as described above, as the starting material and the second using noroxymorphone starting material to which Impurity 1 was deliberately added. Each experiment is described below.
Example 9.1 Naltrexone Prepared from Purified Noroxymorphone
Cyclopropylmethyl bromide (5.29 g, 39.2 mmol, Minakem LLC, Hackensack, N.J.) and triethylamine (3.63 g, 35.9 mmol, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) were added to a suspension of purified noroxymorphone (11.01 g, 38.3 mmol, Rhodes Technologies, Coventry, R.I.) in a 10:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone:water (vol.:vol., 36.3 mL) in a 250 mL reaction vessel. The purified noroxymorphone, purified as described in one of the examples above, contained <10 ppm Impurity 1. The vessel was purged with nitrogen and the reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. and kept at that temperature for 2 hours. Then, additional triethylamine (3.63 g, 35.9 mmol) was added. After 1 more hour at that temperature, additional cyclopropylmethyl bromide (1.11 g, 8.3 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours more at 70° C. A sample of the reaction mixture was taken for HPLC analysis that indicated about 1.1% of the noroxymorphone starting material remained. Maintaining the mixture at about 70° C., water (165 mL) was then added drop-wise. This resulted in the formation of an oil which formed a gum upon cooling to a temperature of about 25° C. The reaction liquors were decanted off and the gum was dissolved in acetonitrile (22 mL). Water (100 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (2×75 mL/extraction). The combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to provide 7.29 g of naltrexone as a light brown solid (56% yield).
Analysis was performed by HPLC as described in Example 1.4. The levels of naltrexone (95.1 area %, 89.5 wt. %) and 3-cyclopropylmethyl naltrexone (2.5 wt. %) in the reaction product were determined. The weight percent assay was below the expected value of about 100% probably because of the presence of residual N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent. The HPLC analysis also determined that the reaction product contained about 18 ppm of the ABUK 7,8-didehydronaltrexone (designated as “Impurity 6”).
Example 9.2 Naltrexone Prepared from Noroxymorphone Containing Added Impurity 1
As a check on the above experimental procedure and analysis, Example 9.1. was repeated under substantially identical conditions except Impurity 1 (25 mg, 0.088 mmol, Rhodes Technologies; this corresponds to a level of about 2270 ppm of Impurity 1) was deliberately added to and present with the starting purified noroxymorphone. The sample of the reaction mixture taken for HPLC analysis indicated that about 1.3% of the noroxymorphone starting material remained. After the combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to dryness, 7.95 g of naltrexone was obtained as a light brown solid (61% yield). Analysis by HPLC as described in Example 1.4. determined the levels of naltrexone (95.2 area %, 82.0 wt. %) and 3-cyclopropylmethyl naltrexone (2.2 wt. %) in the reaction product. As above, the weight percent assay was below the expected value of about 100% probably because of the presence of residual N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent. The HPLC analysis also determined that the reaction product contained 1821 ppm of the Impurity 6 ABUK.
The invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the examples that are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. A number of references have been cited, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
What is claimed:
1. A process for reducing the amount present of a compound of formula (I) or a salt or a solvate thereof:
in a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a salt or a solvate thereof and a compound of formula (II) or a salt or a solvate thereof, wherein the compound of formula (II) is:
the process comprising: (b) hydrogenating the compound of formula (I); wherein: R¹ is —H, (C₁-C₇)alkyl or an O-protecting group; and R² is —H, —(C₂-C₄)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —CN, —C(═O)O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O-phenyl or a N-protecting group.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein le is —H.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein R¹ is an O-protecting group selected from the group consisting of acetate, ethyloxycarbonyl, pivolate, benzoate, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, benzyl, triphenylmethyl and tert-butyl.
4. The process of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R² is —H.
5. The process of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R² is —(C₂-C₄)alkenyl or —(C₁-C₇)alkyl-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, and preferably is —CH₂CH═CH₂ or —CH₂-cyclopropyl.
6. The process of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein R² is a N-protecting group selected from the group consisting of acetamide, ethyloxycarbonyl, tert-butyloxycarbonyl, carbobenzyloxy, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, tosyl, benzenesulfonyl, trifluoromethylcarbonyl, and 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl.
7. The process of any one of claims 1, 2, and 4, wherein the compound of formula (I) is:
or a salt thereof, and the compound of formula (II) is:
or a salt thereof.
8. The process of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a salt shown as formula (Ia):
or a solvate thereof; wherein: R¹ and R² are defined as in any one of claims 1 to 6; X^(n−) is an anion selected from the group consisting of Br⁻, succinate, tartrate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, NO₃ ⁻, Cl⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, methanesulfonate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, [(NH₄)HPO₄]⁻, oxalate, perchlorate, H₃CC(O)O⁻, HC(O)O⁻, and mixtures thereof; and n is 1 or
2. 9. The process of any one of claims 1 to 6 and 8, wherein the compound of formula (II) is a salt shown as formula (IIa):
or a solvate thereof; wherein: R¹ and R² are defined as in any one of claims 1 to 6; X^(n−) is an anion selected from the group consisting of Br⁻, succinate, tartrate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, NO₃ ⁻, Cl⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, methanesulfonate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HPO₄ ², [(NH₄)HPO₄]⁻, oxalate, perchlorate, H₃CC(O)O⁻, HC(O)O⁻, and mixtures thereof; and n is 1 or
2. 10. The process of claim 8 or 9, wherein n is 1 or 2, and preferably n is
1. 11. The process of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein X^(n−) is selected from the group consisting of HSO₄ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, H₂PO₄ ²⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, H₃CC(O)O⁻, HC(O)O⁻, and mixtures thereof.
12. The process of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein X^(n−) is selected from the group consisting of H₂PO₄ ⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, [(NH₄)HPO₄]⁻, H₃CC(O)O⁻, HC(O)O⁻, and mixtures thereof.
13. The process of any one of claims 8 to 10 and 12, wherein X^(n−) is selected from the group consisting of H₂PO₄ ⁻, HPO₄ ²⁻, [(NH₄)HPO₄]⁻, and mixtures thereof.
14. The process of any one of claims 8 to 13, wherein the compound of formula (Ia), the compound of formula (IIa), or the compounds of formulae (Ia) and (IIa) is obtained by adding an acid H⁺ _(n) X^(n−) to the reaction composition before, during, or before and during the hydrogenation reaction of step (b).
15. The process of claim 14, wherein the acid H⁺ _(n)X^(n−) is selected from the group consisting of H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HC(O)OH, and CH₃C(O)OH, and preferably is H₃PO₄.
16. The process of claim 14 or 15, wherein the acid H⁺ _(n)X^(n−) is generated in situ by adding a salt containing X^(n−) to the reaction composition, wherein the salt containing X^(n−) has the formula: M^(m+)(H⁺)_((n-m))X^(n−) or M^(m+) _(((n-q)/m))(H⁺)_(q)X^(n−), and wherein M^(m+) is a monovalent or polyvalent metal cation; m and n are independently an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3, provided that m≦n; and q is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2, provided that q<n.
17. The process of any one of claims 8 to 14, wherein the compound of formula (Ia), the compound of formula (IIa), or the compounds of formulae (Ia) and (IIa) is obtained by adding a Lewis acid to the reaction composition instead of the acid H⁺ _(n)X^(n−).
18. The process of any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the amount of acid present is from about 0.5 to about 10 molar equivalents, from about 1 molar equivalent to about 6 molar equivalents, from about 2 to about 3 molar equivalents, or from about 2.2 to about 2.6 molar equivalents based on the total molar equivalent of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or (Ia) and (IIa).
19. The process of any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein the acid H⁺ _(n)X^(n−) of claims 14 to 16 or the Lewis acid of claim 17 is added to the reaction composition before hydrogenating step (b).
20. The process of any one of claims 8 to 19, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) is:
or a solvate thereof.
21. The process of any one of claims 8 to 19, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) is:
or a solvate thereof.
22. The process of any one of claims 8 to 19, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) is:
or a solvate thereof.
23. The process of any one of claims 9 to 22, wherein the compound of formula (IIa) is:
or a solvate thereof.
24. The process of any one of claims 9 to 22, wherein the compound of formula (IIa) is:
or a solvate thereof.
25. The process of any one of claims 9 to 22, wherein the compound of formula (IIa) is:
or a solvate thereof.
26. The process of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein at least one of the compounds of formulae (I), (Ia), (II) and (IIa) or a solvate thereof is anhydrous or a hydrate of the compound of formula (I), (Ia), (II) or (IIa), respectively, and preferably is anhydrous.
27. The process of claim 26, wherein the hydrate contains from about 0.5 to about 5.0 water molecules per molecule of at least one of the compounds of formulae (I), (Ia), (II), and (IIa).
28. The process of claim 26 or 27, wherein the hydrate is a monohydrate, dihydrate, or trihydrate, of at least one of the compounds of formulae (I), (Ia), (II), and (IIa), and preferably is a dihydrate.
29. The process of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the reaction composition comprises a solvent.
30. The process of claim 29, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, amides, N—(C₁-C₄)alkyl substituted (C₁-C₄)alkanoic acid amides, formylmorpholine, and mixtures thereof, wherein the aromatic hydrocarbons and the aliphatic hydrocarbons are optionally halogenated, the ether is preferably a (C₁-C₄)alkyl ester of a (C₁-C₄)alkanoic acid, and the amide is preferably N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, or dimethylacetamide.
31. The process of claim 30, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, ethers, alcohols, (C₁-C₄)alkanes, and mixtures thereof, wherein the (C₁-C₄)alkanes are optionally chlorinated.
32. The process of claim 30 or 31, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, tetrahydrofuran, iso-propanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, iso-butanol, tert-amylalcohol, n-propanol, chloroform, and mixtures thereof.
33. The process of any one of claims 29 to 32, wherein the amount of solvent present is from about 1 volume to about 20 volumes, from about 2 to about 10 volumes, from about 4.5 to about 10 volumes, or about 5 volumes based on the total mass of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
34. The process of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein hydrogenating step (b) is performed in the presence of a hydrogenation reagent.
35. The process of claim 34, wherein the hydrogenation reagent is hydrogen.
36. The process of claim 35, wherein the pressure of the hydrogen is from about 15×10⁴ Pa to about 100×10⁴ Pa, from about 30×10⁴ Pa to about 70×10⁴ Pa, or from about 45×10⁴ Pa to about 70×10⁴ Pa.
37. The process of any one of claims 34 to 36, wherein hydrogenating step (b) is performed in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.
38. The process of claim 37, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is a transition-metal based hydrogenation catalyst, and preferably is selected from the group consisting of rhodium-based hydrogenation catalysts, ruthenium-based hydrogenation catalysts, platinum-based hydrogenation catalysts, palladium-based hydrogenation catalysts, and mixtures thereof.
39. The process of claim 38, wherein the transition-metal based hydrogenation catalyst is selected from the group consisting of palladium on carbon, palladium on BaSO₄, and palladium poisoned with sulfur on carbon.
40. The process of any one of claims 37 to 39, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is selected from the group consisting of 5% palladium on carbon, 10% palladium on carbon, and mixtures thereof.
41. The process of any one of claims 37 to 40, wherein the amount of hydrogenation catalyst present is from about 0.1 to about 12.0 wt %, from about 1.5 to about 9.0 wt %, from about 1.7 to about 5.0 wt %, from about 1.8 to about 4.5 wt %, or from about 1.8 to about 2.5 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
42. The process of claim 41, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is 5% palladium on carbon and the amount of 5% palladium on carbon present is: (i) at least about 1.5 wt %, at least about 5 wt %, at least about 10 wt %, or at least about 15 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II); or (ii) at least about 0.1 mol% based on the total moles of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
43. The process of claim 41, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is 10% palladium on carbon and the amount of 10% palladium on carbon present is: (i) at least about 1.5 wt %, at least about 3.0 wt %, at least about 4.0 wt %, or at least about 5.0 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or (ii) at least about 0.2 mol% based on the total moles of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
44. The process of any one of claims 34 to 43, wherein the amount of solvent present is from about 1 volume to about 20 volumes, from about 2 to about 10 volumes, from about 4 to about 10 volumes, or about 5 volumes based on the total mass of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
45. The process of any one of claims 34 to 44, wherein hydrogenating step (b) is performed in the presence of an acid selected from the group consisting of H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HC(O)OH, and CH₃C(O)OH, and preferably is H₃PO₄.
46. The process of claim 45, wherein the amount of acid present is from about 0.5 to about 10 molar equivalents, from about 1 to about 6 molar equivalents, from about 2 to about 3 molar equivalents, or from about 2.2 to about 2.6 molar equivalents based on the total molar equivalent of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
47. The process of any one of claims 34 to 46, wherein the temperature during hydrogenation in step (b) is from about 25° C. to about 110° C., from about 45° C. to about 100° C., or from about 75° C. to about 90° C.
48. The process of any one of claims 34 to 47, wherein the duration of hydrogenation in step (b) is from about 1 hour to about 96 hours, from about 2 to about 48 hours, or from about 4 to about 10 hours.
49. The process of any one of claims 34 to 48, wherein the temperature during hydrogenation in step (b) is from about 75° C. to about 85° C., and the duration of hydrogenation in step (b) is from about 4 to about 10 hours.
50. The process of any one of claims 34 to 49, wherein hydrogenating step (b) is performed in the presence of a halide-containing compound.
51. The process of claim 50, wherein the halide-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of ammonium chloride, sodium iodide, sodium chloride, sodium bromide and hydrochloric acid, and preferably is sodium iodide, sodium chloride or sodium bromide, and more preferably is sodium iodide.
52. The process of claim 50 or 51, wherein the amount of halide-containing compound present is from about 0.0001 to about 15.0 wt %, from about 1.0 to about 12.0 wt %, from about 2.5 to about 10.0 wt %, from about 3.5 to about 7.5 wt %, or from about 4.5 to about 5.0 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
53. The process of claim 50 or 51, wherein the halide-containing compound is sodium iodide present in an amount of at least 250 ppm, at least 500 ppm or at least 1000 ppm based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
54. The process of claim 50 or 51, wherein the halide-containing compound is sodium iodide present in an amount of from about 0.0001 to about 15 wt %, from about 0.001 to about 1 wt %, or from about 0.0025 to about 0.1 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
55. The process of claim 50 or 51, wherein the halide-containing compound is sodium chloride present in an amount from about 0.5 to about 15.0 wt %, from about 1.0 to about 12.0 wt %, from about 2.5 to about 10.0 wt %, from about 3.5 to about 7.5 wt %, or from about 4.5 to about 5.0 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
56. The process of any one of claims 50 to 55, wherein the addition of the halide-containing compound is performed before the addition of the hydrogenation catalyst.
57. The process of any one of claims 1 to 56, further comprising addition of a base in salt-breaking step (c) after the hydrogenation reaction of step (b).
58. The process of claim 57, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonia and ammonium hydroxide, and preferably is ammonium hydroxide.
59. The process of claim 57 or 58, wherein the pH after addition of the base is from about 7.0 to about 12.0, from about 7.5 to about 9.5, or from about 8.0 to about 9.0.
60. The process of any one of claims 57 to 59, wherein at least a portion of the base in salt-breaking step (c) is added to the product of hydrogenating step (b) wherein during base addition said product is at a temperature from about 0° C. to about 100° C., from about 30° C. to about 100° C., or from about 40° C. to about 90° C.
61. The process of any one of claims 57 to 60, wherein at least a first portion of the base in salt-breaking step (c) is added until a pH of from about 2.0 to about 6.0 or from about 4.5 to about 5.5 is reached.
62. The process of claim 61, wherein the temperature of the product of hydrogenating step (b) during said addition of at least the first portion of the base is from about 15° C. to about 50° C., from about 20° C. to about 30° C., or about 25° C.
63. The process of any one of claims 57 to 62, wherein the base is added in two portions: i) a first portion of the base is added to the product of hydrogenating step (b) while the temperature is from about 15° C. to about 50° C. or from about 20° C. to about 30° C., until the pH is from about 2.0 to about 6.0, from about 4.5 to about 5.5, or about 5.0; and ii) a second portion of the base is added wherein during base addition said the temperature is of from about 40° C. to about 90° C., from about 70° C. to about 80° C., or about 75° C., until a pH of from about 7.0 to about 9.5 is reached.
64. The process of any one of claims 57 to 63, further comprising crystallization or precipitation of a composition comprising compounds of formulae (I) and (II), or salts or solvates thereof, from the reaction mixture.
65. The process of claim 64, wherein crystallization or precipitation is induced by at least one of the following: i) adjusting the temperature of the composition; ii) adding an antisolvent to the composition; iii) adding a seed crystal to the composition; iv) adjusting the pH of the composition; v) adding a salt to the composition; vi) concentrating the composition; or vii) reducing or stopping agitation of the composition.
66. The process of any one of claims 57 to 65, wherein an isolating step (d) providing a residue is performed after salt-breaking step (c), wherein the isolating step (d) is preferably a filtration step.
67. The process of claim 66, wherein the temperature of the composition before the isolating step (d) is from about 5° C. to about 90° C., from about 20° C. to about 70° C., or from about 40° C. to about 50° C.
68. The process of claim 66 or 67, wherein the isolating step (d) is a filtration step further comprising washing the residue comprising compounds of formulae (I) and (II) with a washing solvent selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, acids, and mixtures thereof and preferably the washing solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HC(O)OH, CH₃C(O)OH, and mixtures thereof.
69. The process of claim 68, wherein the amount of washing solvent present is from about 0.1 to about 12 volumes, from about 0.5 to about 8 volumes, from about 1 volume to about 4 volumes, or about 2 volumes based on the total mass of the filtration residue.
70. The process of any one of claims 57 to 69, wherein a drying step is performed after salt-breaking step (c) and wherein the drying step is preferably performed at a temperature of from about 40° C. to about 100° C.
71. The process of claim 70, wherein the water content of the composition comprising compounds of formulae (I) and (II), or the salts or solvates thereof, in the product after drying is less than about 20 wt %, less than about 13 wt %, less than about 11 wt %, less than about 5 wt %, or less than about 1 wt % based, on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof.
72. The process of any one of claims 1 to 71, further comprising step (a), which is the addition of a decolorizing agent to the composition comprising compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof.
73. The process of claim 72, wherein decolorizing step (a) is performed in the sequence of at least one of before, during, and after hydrogenating step (b).
74. The process of claim 72 or 73, wherein decolorizing step (a) and hydrogenating step (b) are performed simultaneously.
75. The process of any one of claims 72 to 74, wherein the decolorizing agent is selected from the group consisting of a carbon-based decolorizing agent, an aluminum-based decolorizing agent, and mixtures thereof, and preferably is a carbon-based decolorizing agent.
76. The process of claim 75, wherein the aluminum-based decolorizing agent is Al₂O₃.
77. The process of any one of claims 72 to 76, wherein the amount of decolorizing agent present is from about 10 to about 80 wt %, from about 15 to about 60 wt %, from about 20 wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 25 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof.
78. The process of any one of claims 72 to 77, wherein decolorizing step (a) is performed in the presence of a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, amides, N—(C₁-C₄)alkyl substituted (C₁-C₄)alkanoic acid amides, formylmorpholine, and mixtures thereof, wherein the aromatic hydrocarbons and the aliphatic hydrocarbons are optionally halogenated, the ether is preferably a (C₁-C₄)alkyl ester of a (C₁-C₄)alkanoic acid, and the amide is preferably N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, or dimethylacetamide.
79. The process of claim 78, wherein the amount of solvent present is from about 1 volume to about 12 volumes, from about 2 to about 8 volumes, from about 3 to about 6 volumes, or about 5 volumes based on the total mass of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof and wherein the solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of water, tetrahydrofuran, iso-propanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, iso-butanol, tert-amylalcohol, n-propanol, chloroform, and mixtures thereof.
80. The process of any one of claims 72 to 79, wherein decolorizing step (a) is performed in the presence of an acid selected from the group consisting of H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HC(O)OH, and CH₃C(O)OH, and preferably is H₃PO₄.
81. The process of claim 80, wherein the amount of acid present is from about 0.5 to about 10 molar equivalents, from about 1 molar equivalent to about 6 molar equivalents, from about 2 to about 3 molar equivalents, or from about 2.2 to about 2.6 molar equivalents based on the total molar equivalent of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof.
82. The process of any one of claims 72 to 81, wherein decolorizing step (a) is performed at a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 105° C., preferably from about 70° C. to about 105° C., and more preferably from about 75° C. to about 90° C.
83. The process of any one of claims 72 to 82, wherein the transparency of the composition comprising compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof is increased.
84. The process of claim 83, wherein the yellowness index determined according to Equation 4 for the composition comprising compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof in the product is less than about 100, less than about 50, less than about 25, or less than about 10 at a concentration of the composition comprising compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or the salt or the solvate thereof of about 4 mg/mL in an aqueous H₃PO₄ solution.
85. The process of any one of claims 72 to 84, wherein a filtration step is performed after decolorizing step (a) to remove the decolorizing agent preferably as a filter cake.
86. The process of claim 85, wherein the temperature of the liquid being filtered is from about 15° C. to about 110° C., from about 30° C. to about 90° C., from about 50° C. to about 70° C., or about 60° C.
87. The process of claim 85 or 86, wherein the filtration step comprises washing the filter cake obtained from the filtration with a wash solvent selected from the group consisting of water, alcohol, and mixtures thereof, and preferably washing with water.
88. The process of claim 87, wherein the volume of the wash solvent is from about 1 volume to about 10 volumes, from about 1 volume to about 5 volumes, or about 2 volumes based on the total mass of the filter cake.
89. The process of any one of claims 1, 2, 4, and 8 to 13, wherein the compound of formula (I) is 14-hydroxynormorphinone or a salt or a solvate thereof, the compound of formula (II) is noroxymorphone or a salt or a solvate thereof, and the hydrogenation catalyst in hydrogenating step (b) is 5 wt % palladium on carbon.
90. The process of any one of claims 14 to 88, wherein the compound of formula (I) is 14-hydroxynormorphinone or a salt or a solvate thereof, H₃PO₄ is added to the reaction composition, the compound of formula (II) is noroxymorphone or a salt or a solvate thereof, and the hydrogenation catalyst in hydrogenating step (b) is 5 wt % palladium on carbon.
91. The process of claim 89 or 90, wherein the amount of 5 wt % palladium on carbon present is about 1.8 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or a salt or a solvate thereof.
92. The process of claim 90 or 91, wherein the amount of H₃PO₄ present is from about 2.2 to about 2.6 molar equivalents based on the total molar equivalent of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or a salt or a solvate thereof.
93. The process of any one of claims 89 to 92, wherein the hydrogenation process is performed in the presence of a halide-containing compound.
94. The process of claim 93, wherein the halide-containing compound is sodium iodide and, preferably, the amount of sodium iodide present is about 0.1 wt. % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or a salt or a solvate thereof.
95. The process of claim 93, wherein the halide-containing compound is sodium chloride and, preferably, the amount of sodium chloride present is about 5 wt. % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) or a salt or a solvate thereof.
96. The process of any one of claims 89 to 95 further comprising addition of a base in salt-breaking step (c) after the hydrogenation reaction of step (b), wherein the base in salt-breaking step (c) is ammonium hydroxide.
97. The process of any one of claims 89 to 96, wherein the base is added in two portions: i) a first portion of base is added to the product of hydrogenating step (b) while the temperature is from about 20° C. to about 30° C., until the pH is from about 4.5 to about 5.5; and ii) a second portion of base is added wherein during base addition the temperature is of from about 70° C. to about 80° C., until a pH of from about 7.5 to about 8.5 is reached.
98. The process of any one of claims 89 to 97 further comprising a decolorizing step (a) comprising addition of a decolorizing agent, wherein decolorizing step (a) is performed before hydrogenating step (b).
99. The process of any one of claims 89 to 98, wherein activated carbon is used as the decolorizing agent in decolorizing step (a).
100. The process of claim 99, wherein the amount of activated carbon present is about 25 wt % based on the total weight of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).
101. The process of any of claims 1 to 100, wherein the process further comprises reducing the amount of a compound of formula (III) present:
or a salt or a solvate thereof; wherein le and R² are defined as in any one of claims 1 to
6. 102. The process of claim 101, wherein R² is —H.
103. The process of claim 101, wherein R² is —CH₂CH═CH₂ or —CH₂-cyclopropyl.
104. The process of claim 101 or 102, wherein the compound of formula (III) is:
or a salt or a solvate thereof.
105. The process of any one of claims 101 to 104, wherein the compound of formula (III) is a compound of formula (Ma):
or a solvate thereof; wherein R¹, R², X^(n−) and n are defined as in any one of claims 1 to 6 and 8 to
13. 106. The process of any of claims 1 to 105, wherein the process further comprises reducing the amount of a compound of formula (IV) present:
or a salt or a solvate thereof; wherein R¹ and R² are defined as in any one of claims 1 to
6. 107. The process of claim 106, wherein the compound of formula (IV) is a compound of formula (IVa):
or a solvate thereof; wherein R¹, R², X^(n−) and n are defined as in any one of claims 1 to 6 and 8 to
13. 108. The process of any one of claims 1 to 107, wherein the amount present of the compound of formula (I) or a salt or a solvate thereof relative to the amount of the compound of formula (II) or a salt or a solvate thereof in the product is less than about 200 ppm, less than about 150 ppm, less than about 100 ppm, less than about 75 ppm, less than about 50 ppm, less than about 40 ppm, less than about 35 ppm, less than about 25 ppm, less than about 10 ppm, or less than 5 ppm.
| 28,060 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62221645 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | Tim Williams, https://stackoverflow.com/users/478884, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7920864, lazer | English | Spoken | 509 | 1,316 | Filenames that contain a specific string copy the content and add a column with specific value based on the found string
I have the following problem.
I have like 20K xlsx files and want to put them into one workingsheet, which is working quite well right now.
Each xlsx file has a specific string.
For instance:
Test_a_LME.xlsx
Test_a_KZE.xlsx
Test_b_LME.xlsx
Test_a_KZE.xlsx
and so on..
What I want now is that I add a string (Range until the lastrow of data in each file) based on the ending of the file (LME & KZE) (Please see the picture)
This is my code so far:
Sub XlsMerger()
Dim bookList As Workbook
Dim mergeObj As Object, dirObj As Object, filesObj As Object, everyObj As Object
Dim myFile As String
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
Set mergeObj = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
'Change folder path of excel files here
Set dirObj = mergeObj.getfolder("Folder")
Set filesObj = dirObj.Files
Set fldr = Application.FileDialog(msoFileDialogFolderPicker)
For Each everyObj In filesObj
Set bookList = Workbooks.Open(everyObj)
bookList.Activate
Range("A4:A" & Range("A65536").End(xlUp).Row).Copy
ThisWorkbook.Worksheets(1).Activate
Range("A65536").End(xlUp).Offset(1, 0).PasteSpecial (xlPasteValuesAndNumberFormats)
bookList.Activate
Range("D4:E" & Range("D65536").End(xlUp).Row).Copy
ThisWorkbook.Worksheets(1).Activate
Range("D65536").End(xlUp).Offset(1, 0).PasteSpecial (xlPasteValuesAndNumberFormats)
bookList.Activate
Range("B4:B" & Range("B65536").End(xlUp).Row).Copy
ThisWorkbook.Worksheets(1).Activate
Range("F65536").End(xlUp).Offset(1, 0).PasteSpecial (xlPasteValuesAndNumberFormats)
Application.CutCopyMode = False
bookList.Close
Next
End Sub
I am pretty sure that I need to add probably an if statement into the for loop but I dont know exactly how this could look like.
Thanks for the help in advance!!
Would you expect the A,B and D columns to contain the same number of rows? Seems like if one of those was different from the others then that might cause your compiled data to become mis-aligned.
@TimWilliams A, B and D will always have the exact number of rows :)
Untested:
Sub XlsMerger()
Dim bookList As Workbook, fldr As Object
Dim mergeObj As Object, dirObj As Object, filesObj As Object, everyObj As Object
Dim myFile As String, lastRow As Long, wsTarget As Worksheet, rwTarget As Range
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
Set mergeObj = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
'Change folder path of excel files here
Set dirObj = mergeObj.getfolder("Folder")
Set filesObj = dirObj.Files
Set fldr = Application.FileDialog(msoFileDialogFolderPicker)
Set wsTarget = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets(1)
Set rwTarget = wsTarget.Cells(Rows.Count, 1).End(xlUp).Offset(1, 0).EntireRow
For Each everyObj In filesObj
Set bookList = Workbooks.Open(everyObj)
With bookList.Sheets(1)
'find last row using ColA
lastRow = .Cells(.Rows.Count, 1).End(xlUp).Row
'then use that same last row value to copy the 3 columns
.Range("A4:A" & lastRow).Copy
rwTarget.Columns("A").PasteSpecial xlPasteValuesAndNumberFormats
.Range("D4:D" & lastRow).Copy
rwTarget.Columns("D").PasteSpecial xlPasteValuesAndNumberFormats
.Range("B4:B" & lastRow).Copy
rwTarget.Columns("F").PasteSpecial xlPasteValuesAndNumberFormats
'fill in the filename info: make adjustments here as needed
rwTarget.Columns("B").Resize(lastRow - 3, 1).Value = bookList.Name
End With
Set rwTarget = rwTarget.Offset(lastRow - 3, 0) 'offset for next paste
Application.CutCopyMode = False
bookList.Close
Next
End Sub
You need to determine the position of the LAST underscore in the filename, then get the three MIDDLE characters of that filename string, starting one character past the underscore.
Option Explicit
Sub test()
Dim fn As String
fn = "Test_a_LME.xlsx"
Dim pos1 As Long
pos1 = InStrRev(fn, "_") + 1
Debug.Print Mid$(fn, pos1, 3)
End Sub
Thanks for the answer. The problem which is way more bothering is to fill the cells ones I determined the name of the file.
| 577 |
W3159799852.txt_1 | Open-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | 2,021 | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A FSQCA APPROACH | None | English | Spoken | 7,835 | 15,233 | RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas (Journal of Business Management)
ARTICLES
Submitted 09.24.2019. Approved 06.02.04.2020
Evaluated through a double-blind review process. Scientific Editor: Henrique Correa
Original version
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020210204
HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY
MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE
INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A FSQCA
APPROACH
Nível de alto desempenho e gerenciamento de tecnologia entre empresas
vinícolas no cluster da indústria do vinho da Baixa Califórnia: Abordagem FSQCA
Alto nivel de desempeño y gestión tecnológica en las empresas vitivinícolas del
clúster vinícola de Baja California: Un enfoque fsQCA
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes how wineries in the wine industry cluster of Baja California in Mexico achieve a high-performance level and engage in technology management. The study uses the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative
analysis approach to inquire into the necessary and sufficient conditions for firms in this industry cluster to attain
a high-performance level. Our research hypothesis suggests that the presence of some resources (conditions)
in the wine industry cluster of Baja California is a necessary and sufficient condition (set-theoretic relations) to
achieve a high-performance level (outcome). Accordingly, this study examines the causal complexity observed in
set-theoretic relations and high-performance levels in the wine industry cluster of Baja California. An important
finding in this research is that winery firms in Baja California do not need to develop interdependent innovations
to achieve a high-performance level. However, research and development efforts, good supplier relations, and
production capacity are necessary conditions to achieve a high performance level in this cluster.
KEYWORDS | High performance level, technology management, wine industry, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, Baja California.
RESUMO
JOSÉ CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ1
[email protected]
0000-0002-0942-8017
MARIO GÓMEZ¹
[email protected]
0000-0002-4906-0966
MARÍA ALINE MANZO¹
[email protected]
0000-0003-4379-179X
¹ Universidad Michoacana de San
Nicolás de Hidalgo, Instituto de
Investigaciones Económicas y
Empresariales, Michoacán, México
1
©
Este artigo analisa o nível de alto desempenho e o gerenciamento de tecnologia entre as empresas de vinificação
do cluster da indústria vinícola da Baixa Califórnia, no México. O estudo usa a abordagem de análise comparativa
qualitativa de conjunto difuso (fsQCA) para investigar as condições necessárias e suficientes para atingir um
nível de alto desempenho entre as empresas desse cluster da indústria. A hipótese sugere que a presença de
alguns recursos (condições) no cluster da indústria vinícola da Baixa Califórnia é condição necessária e suficiente
(relações teóricas) para alcançar um nível de alto desempenho (resultado). Nesse sentido, este estudo examina a
complexidade causal observada nas relações teóricas dos conjuntos e no nível de alto desempenho no cluster da
indústria vinícola da Baixa Califórnia. Uma descoberta importante nesta pesquisa é que as empresas de vinhedos
da Baixa Califórnia não precisam desenvolver inovações interdependentes para alcançar um nível de alto desempenho. No entanto, esforços de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, boas relações com fornecedores e capacidade de
produção são condições necessárias para atingir um nível de alto desempenho.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE | Nível de alto desempenho, gerenciamento de tecnologia, indústria de vinhos, análise comparativa qualitativa de conjunto difuso, Baixa Califórnia.
RESUMEN
Este artículo analiza el alto nivel rendimiento y la gestión tecnológica en las empresas vitivinícolas del clúster
industrial vinícola de Baja California en México. El estudio utiliza el análisis cualitativo comparado (fsQCA, por
sus siglas en inglés) para determinar las condiciones necesarias y suficientes para alcanzar un alto desempeño
entre las empresas de este clúster industrial. La hipótesis en esta investigación sugiere que la presencia de ciertos
recursos (condiciones) en el clúster industrial vitivinícola de Baja California son condiciones necesarias y suficientes (relaciones de conjuntos teóricas) para alcanzar un alto nivel de rendimiento (resultado). Este trabajo
analiza la complejidad causal que existe en relaciones de conjuntos teóricas y un alto nivel de desempeño en el
clúster industrial vitivinícola de Baja California. Un hallazgo importante en esta investigación es que las empresas
vitivinícolas de Baja California no necesitan desarrollar innovaciones conjuntas para alcanzar un alto nivel de
desempeño. De igual forma, los esfuerzos para la investigación y desarrollo, las relaciones con proveedores y la
capacidad de producción son condiciones necesarias para alcanzar un alto nivel de desempeño en este clúster.
PALABRAS CLAVE | Nivel de alto desempeño, gestión tecnológica, industrial vitivinícola, análisis cualitativo
comparado y conjuntos difusos, Baja California.
RAE | São Paulo | 61(2) | March-April 2021 |1-13 | e2019-0626
eISSN 2178-938X
ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
INTRODUCTION
this study is as follows: which are the necessary and sufficient
conditions (set-theoretic relations) among winery firms in
the wine industry cluster of Baja California that allow a highperformance level (outcome) to be achieved? In this sense,
fsQCA methods offer insight into how firms may develop a
competitive market advantage (Porter, 1997, 1998a; Porter &
Stern, 2001).
In their 2012 paper entitled “Is Baja California, Mexico,
wine industry a cluster?” Trejo-Pech, Arellano-Sada, Coelho,
and Weldon (2012) ask whether the winery region of Baja
California in Mexico can be considered a wine industry
cluster. These authors concluded that Baja California must
be considered a successful industry cluster (Trejo-Pech et al.,
2012). Accordingly, the theoretical perspective adopted in
this research is the industry cluster approach (Porter, 1998a,
1998b).
The wine industry in Mexico is made up of more than
216 wineries and 70 commercializing companies (GóngoraRosado, 2016). Wine grapes are grown on 6,474 hectares
of vineyards in 11 Mexican states (El Universal, 2018a;
González-Andrade, 2015). However, Baja California is the
most important producer of grapevines, accounting for around
60% (3,735 hectares) of the total vineyards cultivated in
Mexico (González-Andrade, 2015). A Mediterranean climate
makes Baja California the region best suited to produce highquality grapes, supplying more than 85% of total Mexican
wine through 350 wine labels and 2 million cases equivalent
to a value of 378 million Mexican pesos (Consejo Mexicano
Vitivinícola [CMV], 2018; González-Andrade, 2015; Secretaria
de Fomento Agropecuario [SEFOA], 2011). Ensenada, Tecate,
and Tijuana are the most important wine-producing locations
in Baja California, where numerous wineries and other
supporting firms make up the region’s wine industry cluster
(González-Andrade, 2015; Trejo-Pech et al., 2012).
The objective of this research is thus to reveal the
necessary and sufficient conditions (set-theoretic relations)
to achieve a high-performance level (outcome) among
winery firms in the wine industry cluster of Baja California.
Winemaking has a long history in Mexico. It is considered the
oldest wine-growing region in North America, dating back to
1522 when grapevines were introduced from Spain (Bringas
& González, 2004; Covarrubias & Thach, 2015; Meraz-Ruiz,
2015). Nevertheless, the earliest Mexican wines were crafted
in 1707, but it was only a few years ago that Mexico started
producing, advertising, and marketing wine (Covarrubias &
Thach, 2015; Wines of Baja, 2013). Nowadays, several civil
associations in Mexico are related to wine production and
allied with the International Wine Organization (IWO) to support
the production and promotion of high-quality wine (GonzálezAndrade, 2015).
The viticulture in Baja California is an example of how
Mexican wineries have developed a high-quality and competitive
industry with international recognition (Góngora-Rosado, 2016;
Meraz-Ruiz, 2015). However, the viticulture in Mexico continues
to be mostly a regional and small-scale industry, with Mexico
ranking as the 25th-largest wine producer in the world (GarcíaFernández, Meraz-Ruiz, & Díaz-Gómez, 2018; Góngora-Rosado,
2016; González-Andrade, 2015). It is Mexico’s climate that makes
The research method adopted in this study is the fuzzyset qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) that allows
integrating into the same analysis qualitative and quantitative
methods (set-theoretic relations) that generate a specific
outcome (Berger, 2016; Parente & Federo, 2019; Ragin, 2008;
Rihoux & Ragin, 2009). The fsQCA approach also contributes
to revealing the complex causality between conditions in a
small number of cases through determining the necessary
and sufficient conditions (set-theoretic relations) that
generate a specific outcome (Ragin, 2000, 2008). The research
hypothesis is specified in a configurational manner by
developing substitution and complementarity logics among
conditions that produce the outcome of interest (Parente &
Federo, 2019). Therefore, the research question examined in
it possible to produce high-quality wine and positions Mexico as
an outstanding wine producer and competitor in international
markets (Góngora-Rosado, 2016; Meraz-Ruiz, 2015). Examples
of successful wine producers in Baja California are L.A. Cetto,
Casa Domecq, Bodegas de Santo Tomás, and Monte Xanic
(Covarrubias & Thach, 2015). Indeed, the five-largest wineries
from this region account for more than 15% of Mexican wine
production (Covarrubias & Thach, 2015). Mexican wineries
exported 500,000 cases of wine in 2018, notably to Belize (2%),
Canada (4%), Denmark (1%), France (1%), Japan (30%), the
United States (51%), and the United Kingdom (2%) (Milenio,
2018). Japan and the United States are the most important
markets for Mexican wine. Figure 1 shows Mexico’s wine exports
by country of destination.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
The wine industry in Mexico
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ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
Figure 1. Mexico’s wine exports by country of destination
Denmark
1%
France
1%
Others
9%
Belize
2%
United
Kingdom
2%
The United
States
51%
Canada
4%
Japan
30%
Source: Milenio (2018).
The Consejo Mexicano Vitivinícola (Mexican Board of
Wine, CMV) has emphasized the importance of the Mexican wine
industry in recent years with a growth equivalent to 8% of the
total world wine production in 2017 and a remarkable increase
in demand in national and international markets (El Conocedor,
2016; García-Fernández et al., 2018)
Grapevine farming is practiced in 11 Mexican states,
namely, Aguascalientes, Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila,
Guanajuato, Nuevo León, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí,
Sonora, and Zacatecas (Figure 2) (El Universal, 2018a; MerazRuiz & Ruiz Vega, 2016) over a total of 6,474 hectares of
vineyards. Nevertheless, 97% out of total grapevine production
is concentrated in Aguascalientes, Baja California, Coahuila,
Guanajuato, Querétaro, and Zacatecas (Meraz-Ruiz & Ruiz Vega,
2016). Indeed, Baja California accounts for almost 60% of the
total vineyards cultivated in Mexico, equivalent to 3,735 hectares
(González-Andrade, 2015; Trejo-Pech et al., 2012). Furthermore,
Mexican wineries offer 350 wine labels and 2 million cases,
equivalent to 2.5 million liters of wine a year (El Universal, 2018a).
In 2017, Mexican wine production value was equivalent to 378
million Mexican pesos, while its commercialization value was
equivalent to 1,588 million Mexican pesos, and thus the Mexican
wine chain value was equivalent to 1,966 million Mexican pesos
during the same year (El Universal, 2018a).
However, the main challenge to be addressed by
Mexican producers is threefold (Meraz-Ruiz & Ruiz-Vega, 2016):
environmental restrictions (e.g., insufficient water in vineyards),
the opportunity to get adequate inputs from abroad, and a high
concentration in the glass industry. Even if these are enormous
tasks, Mexican wine producers are currently offering high-quality
labels in national and international markets (García-Fernández
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et al., 2018). Nevertheless, winery owners have proposed that
the Mexican government support the wine industry through an
adequate policy that includes tax discounts, sponsoring, and
subsidizing wine production, as well as establishing a regulatory
framework to promote, develop, and diffuse wine production
through supporting innovation activities (Diario Oficial de la
Federación [DOF], 2018; González-Andrade, 2015). Consequently,
the Mexican government passed the 2018 Ley de Fomento a la
Industria Vitivinícola (Act for the Promotion of the Wine Industry)
intended to support the competitiveness of Mexican wineries.
This initiative projected that wine production would rise by 50%
through an increase of 15,000 hectares of cultivated vineyards in
ten years (DOF, 2018; Industrial News Baja California [INBC], 2018).
Furthermore, the CMV works to standardize the quality of Mexican
wine made 100% with Mexican grapes. Finally, winemaking
in Mexico profits from soil minerality and salinity; grapevine
sweetness; and, crucially, environmental and legal conditions
that contribute to the competitiveness of this industry (GarcíaFernández et al., 2018; González-Andrade, 2015).
Figure 2. Grapevine producers in Mexico by state
Source: El Universal (2018a).
Theoretical approaches on innovation policy
There are at least four theoretical approaches in the
literature on how innovation activity is carried out (Rinkinen &
Harmaakorpi, 2018):
•
The innovation systems perspective,
•
The smart specialization (SmSp) approach,
eISSN 2178-938X
ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
•
The business ecosystem viewpoint,
•
The industry cluster approach.
policy that follows from this perspective is intended to support
cooperation activities among firms within an ecosystem.
Finally, the industry cluster approach demonstrates how
firms within a geographic agglomeration may support innovation
activity to develop a competitive advantage (Porter, 1998a, 1998b,
2000a, 2000b). It considers the importance of several actors in
the process of developing innovation activities. The innovation
policy drawn from the industry cluster approach suggests that
firms within a cluster must compete and cooperate at the same
time. This theoretical approach will be discussed in more detail
in the next section.
However, each approach responds to specific questions in
the analysis of innovation (Rinkinen & Harmaakorpi, 2018). For
example, the innovation systems perspective studies innovation
as a systemic phenomenon at different levels of analysis: (i)
national (Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1992; Nelson, 1993), (ii)
regional (Cooke, 1992, 1998), and (iii) sectoral/technological
(Malerba, 2002). The innovation systems perspective offers
insight into how innovation activity is carried out when applying
alternative innovation policies (Edquist, 1997). From this
perspective, the linkages between information and knowledge
flows, investment funding, flows of authority, and networks of
partnerships must be included in the analysis (Cooke, 1998).
However, market failures and other system imperfections must
be at the core of innovation systems analysis because of the
need to define suitable innovation policies (Asheim, Smith, &
Oughton, 2011; Cooke, 1998; Harmaakorpi, 2006; Jauhiainen,
2009; Smits & Kuhlmann, 2004).
The SmSp concept was primarily developed as an
alternative innovation policy approach, stressing the differences
between regions when such policies were implemented (e.g.,
Europe and the United States) (Camagni & Capello, 2013; Foray
& Ark, 2007; McCann & Ortega-Argilés, 2013). This perspective is
about a targeted use of funding and investment in fields with the
most promising innovation potential (e.g., new combinations of
resources, and new niches and cross-cutting fields of expertise)
(Rinkinen & Harmaakorpi, 2018). SmSp is based on the principles
of embeddedness, relatedness, and connectedness (Foray et al.,
2012). However, there is no universal innovation policy in the
SmSp approach but several independent innovation policies in
The industry cluster approach has evolved into a comprehensive
stream of literature. This trend arises because of the importance
given to clusters and local specialization in academic and political
analyses during the last few decades (Cruz & Teixeira, 2010).
Industry clusters are defined as “geographic concentrations of
interconnected companies and institutions in a particular field”
(Porter, 1998a, p. 78). This approach analyzes competitiveness
and innovation activity among a geographic agglomeration of firms
(Martin & Sunley, 2003; Porter, 1998a, 1998b, 2000a, 2000b). It
includes many actors and institutions, such as specialized inputs,
providers of specialized infrastructure, companies manufacturing
complementary products, government agencies, universities,
vocational and specialized training providers, and so forth (Porter,
1998a). Indeed, the interface between these interconnected
companies and institutions is commonly a source of competitive
advantage (Porter, 1998a).
The cluster approach suggests that competitive advantage
is found where business units are based and different actors
order for each region to create its appropriate strategy, goals, and
action plan (Rinkinen & Harmaakorpi, 2018).
The business ecosystems perspective suggests that
innovative firms must be considered as part of an ecosystem
(Moore, 1993, 2006). An essential feature in this approach is that
firms simultaneously cooperate and compete to co-evolve when
developing innovations (Moore, 1993). Indeed, firms contribute to
the business ecosystem value network in which value is co-created
by all of them (Leviäkangas et al., 2014; Peppard & Rylander 2006).
Business ecosystems are defined as “a type of a business network,
a collaboration to create a system of complementary capabilities
and companies” (Moore, 2006). Indeed, there are four stages
when developing business ecosystems (Moore, 2006): birth,
expansion, leadership, and self-renewal or death. The innovation
and innovation activities are located (Porter, 2000a, 2000b;
Roelandt & Hertog, 1999). Therefore, clusters are formed to benefit
from knowledge spillovers, trust, and better coordination for
innovation (Maskell, 2001; Porter, 1998a). Indeed, cooperation
and competition within a cluster is the driving force determining
its dynamics (Bell, 2005; Padmore & Gibson, 1998; Porter, 1998a).
Competition increases productivity and innovation through
stimulating the formation of new firms, while cooperation
establishes the basis of the cluster development (Porter, 1998a).
In this regard, firms within a cluster cooperate with other firms
typically through hierarchies, and the development of company
relationships contributes to diminishing competition when it
is necessary to determine long-run profits (Leavy, 1996; Porter,
1998a). Competition and cooperation can coexist because they
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The industry cluster approach
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ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
occur on different dimensions between different players (Porter,
1998a).
Finally, the innovation policy drawn from the industry
cluster approach stresses the importance of improving
productivity and regional economic growth (Porter, 1998b). It
seeks to guarantee the possibility of better conditions to access
employees, suppliers, specialized information, institutions and
public goods, perceptions of emerging buyer needs, innovation
opportunities, and so forth (Porter, 1998b, 2000a). Importantly,
the concept of industry cluster has not been exempted from some
criticisms concerning its definition, theorization, empirical inquiry,
and use in policy making (Martin & Sunley, 2003)
THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA
CALIFORNIA
A well-known example of a wine industry cluster is California
(Porter, 1998a). This example shows how commercial wineries,
independent wine grape growers, suppliers of grape stock,
irrigation, harvesting equipment and barrel suppliers, and
specialized public relations and advertising firms are
interconnected through a network of complex linkages
(Porter, 1998a). However, there are many other examples in
the literature on wine industry clusters in the world (Trejo-Pech
et al., 2012): Baja California (Mexico), Barossa Valley (Australia),
Champagne and Bordeaux (France), Colchagua Valley (Chile),
Mendoza (Argentina), Napa Valley (United States), and Rioja
(Spain).
The wine industry cluster of Baja California possesses
some specific features that make it rather different from
other clusters, mainly soil minerality and salinity, grapevine
sweetness, and environmental and legal conditions. These
features have allowed Baja California to gain an international
reputation for the quality of its wine (González-Andrade, 2015;
López, House, & Trejo-Pech, 2010; Trejo-Pech et al., 2012). Indeed,
the climate in Baja California particularly favors high-quality
crops, ensuring a successful industry cluster (SEFOA, 2011). It
is noteworthy that Ensenada, Tijuana, and Tecate are the most
important areas in the Baja California region, producing around
90% of Mexican wine from 150 winery firms of varying sizes,
and using different techniques (e.g., modern, handmade, and
craft techniques) (Alpízar-Padilla & Maldonado-Ávalos, 2009;
Quiñonez-Ramírez, Bringas-Rábago, & Barrios-Prieto, 2011;
Góngora-Rosado, 2016; SEFOA, 2011). Table 1 shows the main
grape varieties cultivated in Baja California (CMV, 2015; MerazRuiz, 2015).
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Table 1. Grape varieties cultivated in Baja California
GRAPE VARIETY
HECTARES
%
Cabernet sauvignon
592.8
21.4
Chenin blanc
216.7
7.8
Merlot
205.3
7.4
Grenache
158.8
5.7
Nebbiolo
156.2
5.6
Chardonnay
145.9
5.3
Zinfandel
140.0
5.0
Tempranillo
126.1
4.5
Sauvignon blanc
121.8
4.4
Syrah
112.8
4.1
Petite syrah
110.4
4.0
Other
689.3
24.8
Source: CMV (2015), Meraz-Ruiz (2015).
Finally, the wine industry cluster of Baja California has
developed as highly competitive, characterized by some features
(OIV, 2010; Trejo-Pech et al., 2012):
•
Grapes are cultivated in a Mediterranean climate (e.g.,
Valle de Guadalupe).
•
There is a strong collaboration between winery firms and
other actors that generate collective knowledge.
•
There is a deep interaction between identifiable physical
and biological environments.
•
Some successful vitivinicultural practices have been
implemented.
Indeed, these characteristics refer to the existence of a
highly competitive vitivinicultural terroir in this region, leading
Baja California winery firms to develop a competitive advantage
(OIV, 2010; Porter, 1997, 2008; Porter & Stern, 2001; Rodríguez,
Gómez, & Ramírez, 2015).
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ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
During recent years, scholars in the social sciences have been
increasingly interested in QCA applications and methods
(Schneider & Wagemann, 2010). Thus, QCA methods have
been modified, extended, and improved to answer scientific
questions, contributing to achieving further progress in the
social sciences (Berger, 2016; Huarng & Roig-Tierno, 2016;
Ragin, 2000, 2006, 2008; Ragin & Sonnett, 2004). The QCA
methodology is a comparative case−oriented approach that
allows the minimally necessary and/or minimal conditions to
bring about an outcome to be identified (Vis, 2012). It is an
approach based on set-theoretic relations and Boolean algebra
that combines qualitative and quantitative methods to gain
insight into the interactions of set memberships (Marx, Rihoux,
& Ragin, 2014; Parente & Federo, 2019; Ragin, 2000, 2008; RoigTierno, González-Cruz, & Llopis-Martínez, 2017). In this way,
the comparative case−oriented approach of QCA is capable
of establishing set-theoretic relations that enable theorizing
and examining the causal complexity of social phenomena
characterized by nonlinearities and asymmetries (Parente &
Federo, 2019; Rihoux & Ragin, 2009).
The theoretical explanations in QCA are not about the net
effect of individual variables on an outcome (e.g., econometric
analysis) but the causal conditions on a desired state or outcome
(Radaelli & Wagemann, 2019). Therefore, causality in QCA is
understood as a complex, conjunctural, equifinal, and asymmetric
method based on set-theoretic relationships that make use of the
principles of necessary and sufficient conditions (Parente & Federo,
2019). This possibility allows us to unravel the causal complexity
characterizing social phenomena through analyzing multiple
There are three main approaches in QCA: crisp-set QCA
(csQCA), fuzzy-set QCA (fsQCA), and multi-value QCA (mvQVA)
(Ragin, 2000, 2006, 2008; Roig-Tierno et al., 2017). Certainly,
QCA applications have evolved from using solely crisp sets into
incorporating fuzzy sets with more finely grained degrees of
membership (Parente & Federo, 2019). In particular, the fsQCA
approach gives qualitative comparative analysis the possibility of
managing several levels of membership when constructing logical
propositions (Ragin, 2000; Roig-Tierno et al., 2017). Hence, the
research questions typically raised in QCA concern the necessary
and/or sufficient conditions to achieve an outcome (Cotte & Pardo,
2013; Vis, 2012). The aim is, therefore, to find out the logical
connections between combinations of causal conditions that
bring about a desired state or outcome (Roig-Tierno et al., 2017).
In the case of fsQCA research, the inquiry procedure allows
the transformation of qualitative information into quantitative
values to discover the missing associations between independent
and dependent conditions, as well as provide a systematic
approach for data calibration and quantification of qualitative
fuzzy-set data (Fiss, 2007; Ragin, 2000, 2008; Roig-Tierno et
al., 2017; Schneider & Wagemann, 2010, 2012). Thus, the fsQCA
approach reveals how to deal with complexity among conditions,
typically in a small number of cases (Ragin, 2000, 2006, 2008).
Importantly, even if QCA was initially developed to find consistent
relationships among small samples, it is also applied now to
samples ranging from small to large (Parente & Federo, 2019).
The application of fsQCA methods proceeds in four steps
(Marx et al., 2014; Ragin, 2006, 2008): (i) configurational model
design and calibration, (ii) development of raw and modified truth
tables, (iii) consistency analysis, and (iv) solution analysis. The
configurational model design and calibration process implies
transforming the explanatory conditions and outcome into settheoretic relations to build the raw and truth modified tables of
independent causal attributes associated with a given outcome
(conjunction), exploring different combinations of conditions
associated with an outcome (equifinality), and assessing the
possibility that the presence and the absence of attributes could
be associated to an outcome (asymmetry) (Parente & Federo,
2019). The basis of QCA is thus the study of the configurations
that consistently produce sufficient and necessary conditions
to generate a desired state or outcome (Parente & Federo, 2019;
Ragin, 2000, 2006, 2008; Roig-Tierno et al., 2017). Nowadays,
QCA methods have been used in several disciplines, such as
public policy and political science, business and management,
or even industrial engineering and computer sciences (Huarng
& Roig-Tierno, 2016; Marx et al., 2014; Mendel & Korjani, 2012,
2013; Roig-Tierno, Huarng, & Ribeiro-Soriano, 2016).
alternative configurations. This process allows the establishment
of the consistency cutoff to distinguish causal combinations that
are or are not part of the outcome that generates similar solutions
(Ragin, 2006, 2008). The solutions occur along the complexity and
parsimoniousness continuum in which the intermediate solution
is often the most interpretable (Ragin, 2006, 2008).
It is essential to consider two additional concepts when
applying fsQCA methods (Roig-Tierno et al., 2017): consistency
and coverage. “Consistency” refers to the percentage of causal
configurations with an identical outcome, while “coverage”
(explanatory power or empirical relevance) refers to the number
of cases with a valid configuration (Marx et al., 2014; RoigTierno et al., 2017). Accordingly, this research aims to identify
the necessary and sufficient conditions leading winery firms to
fsQCA methods
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eISSN 2178-938X
ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
achieve a high-performance level in the wine industry cluster
of Baja California. Furthermore, this analysis will reveal the
complexity (causal ambiguity) of the interconnections between
companies and institutions within the wine industry cluster of
Baja California when implementing a particular strategy to achieve
a high-performance level.
conditions of the wine industry cluster of Baja California that
explain this strategy. The internal conditions are R&D efforts (R&D),
specialized human capital (SHC), product and process innovation
(PPI), and production capacity (PC), while the external conditions
are good supplier relations (GSR), consumer satisfaction (CS),
good complementary relationships (GCR), and interdependent
innovation (IINN). Consequently, the hypothesis in this research
is as follows:
Hypothesis and explanatory conditions
H1: The presence of GSR, CS, GCR, and IINN, on the one
hand, and of R&D, SHC, PPI, and PC, on the other, are
necessary and sufficient conditions (set-theoretic relation)
to achieve a high-performance level (HPL) (outcome)
among firms in the wine industry cluster of Baja California.
The wine industry cluster of Baja California is an example of a
successful strategy to position Mexican wine in both domestic
and international markets. Table 2 shows the internal and external
Table 2. Outcomes and internal and external conditions
OUTCOME
DESCRIPTION
High performance level (HPL)
Profits
INTERNAL CONDITIONS (SELECTED FIRMS ACTIVITIES)
R&D efforts (R&D)
Firm investment in R&D activities
Specialized human capital (SHC)
Training and presence of the oenologists
Product and process innovation (PPI)
Plant and field technology
Production capacity (PC)
Annual current production
EXTERNAL CONDITIONS (SUPPLIERS, CONSUMERS, AND COMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES)
Good supplier relations (GSR)
Integrated supply chain (%)
Consumer satisfaction (CS)
Awards obtained and number of labels
Good complementary relationships (GCR)
Agreements and contracts with local producers
Interdependent innovations (IINN)
Government financing and active participation in professional associations
This hypothesis is shortened in Combination 1 through
Boolean algebra as a necessary and sufficient condition to achieve
a high-performance level among firms in the wine industry cluster
of Baja California:
GSR * CS * GCR * IINN * R&D * SHC * PPI * PC → HPL (1)
Cases and data collection
Empirical data were collected from interviews at six wineries
established in Baja California, during 2018. Respondents were
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asked about firm performance and other activities constituting the
configuration conditions that lead to a high-performance level. The
sample selection corresponded to the wineries' position in terms
of sales and production. Other information on the characteristics
featuring this cluster was collected from CMV sources (CMV, 2015,
2018). Therefore, data from wineries included firm size, hectares
of cultivated vineyards, annual case production, variety of vines,
labels, and product awards. Suitable cases needed to explain
the high-performance level among winery firms in this industry
cluster were included in the sample (Parente & Federo, 2019).
Table 3 shows the wineries analyzed in this research.
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ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
Table 3. Selected wineries in the cluster of Baja California
FOUNDING YEAR
CULTIVATED
VINEYARDS (HECTARE)
ANNUAL CASES
PRODUCTION
VINES VARIETY
LABELS
PRODUCT
AWARDS
Bodegas Santo Tomás
1888
400
600,000
21
57
10
Casa Pedro Domecq
1972
300
100,000
21
57
10
L.A. Cetto de
Guadalupe
1974
1,100
1,000,000
100
40
500
Monte Xanic
1988
192
60,000
8
20
250
Vinisterra
2002
20
7,000
2
7
5
Viña de Liceaga
1993
8
5,000
4
8
5
WINERY NAME
Source: From companies' interviews.
Even if the success of Mexican wineries has been
outstanding during the last few years, their production capacity
is still in the development stage. Indeed, some wineries have
applied unconventional business strategies to maintain their
market competitiveness. Vinisterra and Viña de Liceaga, for
example, have implemented “Ruta del Vino,” a highway and
paved road system that leads tourists to vineyards and wineries
in the wine region of Baja California during the harvest season
(Quiñónez-Ramírez et al., 2011).
RESULTS
The next step in the fsQCA investigation is to calibrate the
causal and outcome conditions. In the case of the wine industry
cluster of Baja California, the causal conditions correspond to
the internal and external explanatory conditions previously
discussed in this paper. The outcome condition corresponds
to the HPL in this industry cluster. The calibration process was
made through the direct method, and thus the explanatory
conditions R&D, SHC, PPI, GSR, CS, GCR, and IINN were fixed
as full membership (6 points), crossover point (3 points), and full
non-membership (0 points) (Ragin, 2006, 2008). Table 4 shows
the anchor point for these conditions. In the case of PC, the
values were calibrated based on annual case production (Table
4). On the other hand, the calibration values of the HPL were
computed based on firm profits, mainly full membership (30
points), cross-over point (9 points), and full non-membership
(1 point) that correspond to the media of profits in the Mexican
wine industry.
Table 4. Calibration values
CONDITION
RANGE
FULL NON-MEMBERSHIP
CROSS-OVER POINT
FULL MEMBERSHIP
R&D
0-6
0
3
6
SHC
0-6
0
3
6
PPI
0-6
0
3
6
GSR
0-6
0
3
6
CS
0-6
0
3
6
GCR
0-6
0
3
6
IINN
0-6
0
3
6
0-1000
0
99
1000
PC
Table 5 shows the raw truth table of this research. The raw truth table contributes to understanding the results computed in
this model. It reveals the configurations of the winery activities in this cluster. Consequently, the gaps in the consistency values are
useful for establishing a consistency threshold, and the values below 0.80 show substantial inconsistencies (Ragin, 2008). In this
case, the consistency threshold was set at 0.80 for a high-performance level in the truth table.
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ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
Table 5. Raw truth table
RDE
SHC
PPI
GSR
CS
GCR
IINN
PC
NUMBER
HPL
RAW CONS.
PRI CONS.
SYM CONS.
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
4
1
0.99262
0.98823
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0.37984
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0.37984
0
0
In the same way, Table 5 shows the configurations that lead to the three solutions: complex (zero logical remainders),
intermediate (logical remainders making sense in the final solution), and parsimonious solutions (all logical remainders without
any possibility of evaluation) (Ragin, 2000, 2006, 2008). However, in the wine industry cluster of Baja California, the intermediate
solution is superior to the other two solutions according to the interpretation of the results (Ragin, 2006, 2008). In this sense, the
analysis of the parsimonious and intermediate solutions contributes to determining the central and peripheral causal conditions
that shape this research on the explanation of the HPL (Fiss, 2011).
Table 6. Modified truth table
Conf.
RDE
SHC
PPI
GSR
CS
GCR
IINN
PC
N
Ny
Cons.
X →Y
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
4
4
1
V
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
-
F
3
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
-
F
Table 6 shows the modified truth table with the results of
sufficiency and the combinations to achieve the desired outcome
(HPL). Combination 1 shows R&D, SHC, PPI, GSR, CS, GCR, and
PC that jointly explain an HPL in the wine industry cluster of Baja
California. The intermediate and parsimonious solutions are
included in the analysis of sufficiency.
Table 7 shows the intermediate solution with only one
combination satisfying the 0.80 threshold. A consistency
value of 0.99 and a coverage value of 0.81 were achieved in
the case of the intermediate solution, while a consistency
value of 0.75 and a coverage value of 1 were achieved in the
case of the parsimonious solution. Therefore, the intermediate
solution shows a single configuration that explains 81.26% of
the cases comprising the desired output with a consistency
value of 0.9926. These results suggest that only one possible
path leads to an HPL among firms in the wine industry cluster
of Baja California. Even if the interdependent innovations (IINN)
condition is not present in the intermediate solution, seven
conditions are considered necessary for achieving an HPL in this
industry cluster. It is essential to keep in mind that R&D, SHC,
PPI, GSR, CS, GCR, and PC must be jointly present to achieve
the desired outcome.
Table 7. Intermediate and parsimonious solutions (consistency threshold: 0.80)
INTERMEDIATE SOLUTION
Causal Configuration
Row Coverage
Unique Coverage
Consistency
R&D*SHC*PPII*GSR*CS*GCR~IINN*PC
0.8126
0.8126
0.9926
Causal Configuration
Row Coverage
Unique Coverage
Consistency
IINN
0.8368
0
0.7824
R&D
0.9365
0
0.8266
GSR
0.9818
0
0.8333
PC
0.9758
0.0181
0.9022
Solution coverage: 0.812689; Solution consistency: 0.99262
PARSIMONIOUS SOLUTION
Solution coverage: 1; Solution consistency: 0.750567
* denotes AND.
~ denotes absence.
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ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
FSQCA APPROACH | José Carlos Rodríguez | Mario Gómez | María Aline Manzo
The parsimonious solution offers four combinations
favoring an HPL in the wine industry cluster of Baja California
(Table 7). The first configuration demonstrates the absence of
IINN with a coverage value of 0.83 and a consistency value of
0.78, suggesting that firms in this industry cluster do not need
to develop IINN to achieve an HPL. The second configuration,
R&D with a coverage of 0.93 and a consistency of 0.82, implies
that firms need to develop R&D efforts to obtain an HPL. The
third configuration, GSR, with a coverage value of 0.98 and a
consistency value of 0.83, suggests the importance of this
condition to achieve an HPL. Finally, the fourth configuration, PC,
with a coverage of 0.97 and a consistency of 0.90, demonstrates
the importance of this condition to obtaining an HPL.
Table 8 shows the necessary conditions for achieving an
HPL in the wine industry cluster of Baja California. The threshold is
fixed at 0.80 for evaluating whether a condition is “almost always
necessary” (Ragin, 2000). The results show that seven variables
are necessary conditions (consistency values above 0.80).
Table 8. Necessary conditions (consistency threshold: 0.80)
CONDITIONS TESTED
CONSISTENCY
COVERAGE
R&D
0.936556
0.826667
SHC
0.900302
0.735802
PPI
0.954683
0.666667
GSR
0.981873
0.833333
CS
0.981873
0.736961
GCR
0.936556
0.748792
IINN
0.410876
0.552846
PC
0.975831
0.902235
Finally, alternative calibration values were used to test
for the validity and robustness of the results. Intermediate
solution results show a consistency solution of 0.8126 (above
the threshold of 0.80) and a coverage solution of 0.9926. The
parsimonious solution shows a consistency solution of 0.7505
and a coverage solution of 1.
DISCUSSION
The wine industry cluster of Baja California is moving towards
an HPL. An essential feature in this industry cluster is that small
and medium-sized firms are responsible for supplying necessary
inputs to important wineries. Even if large firms operate with
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cutting-edge technologies, small and medium-sized wineries
have a sizable production capacity. In this sense, Vinos de
Liceaga, for example, is a small company that acquired Italian
technology, namely, copper and steel alembic for wine production.
Another example is Monte Xanic, a medium-size company that
invested in novel technology to improve its wine production
through innovative irrigation systems. Moreover, this company
is a pioneer at using micro-oxygenation and night harvesting to
increase the quality of its wines. Vinisterra is another example
of a small winery that follows a process in which the wine is well
known for its exceptional flavor.
On the other hand, large, medium-sized, and small
firms in this wine industry cluster have specialized technical
employees who are continuously trained to produce highquality wine. GSR demonstrates how the supply chain in this
industry is highly integrated, improving the production capacity
of several firms in this cluster. Similarly, government support
has been essential to improve the quality of wine production
in this industry cluster. The Act for the Promotion of the Wine
Industry of 2018, for example, has enabled the development
of joint ventures between companies and government
agencies in charge of stimulating wine production capacity
through the adoption of efficient technologies. However, it is
expected that the interaction between wine companies and
specialized government agencies, as well as other national
and international organizations, will allow the adoption of
adequate strategies to promote Mexican wine in national and
international markets.
Finally, complementarity between large and medium-sized/
small companies is an essential issue to obtain an HPL in the
wine industry cluster of Baja California. A significant percentage
of the production capacity of large companies, for instance,
depends on agreements established with medium-sized/small
producers that could generate synergies and the development
of competitive advantage. Mostly, these synergies are drawn
from sharing knowledge embodied in specialized human capital.
CONCLUSIONS
This research shows evidence of sufficiency that leads firms to
acquire an HPL in the wine industry cluster of Baja California. The
sufficiency configuration was demonstrated by the joint presence
of R&D, SHC, PPI, GSR, CS, and GCR. However, this finding also
contributes to supporting the possibility of designing a successful
strategy to enable these companies in the wine industry cluster
of Baja California to become more competitive.
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ARTICLES | HIGH-PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AMONG WINERY FIRMS IN THE WINE INDUSTRY CLUSTER OF BAJA CALIFORNIA: A
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Additionally, the evaluation of the parsimonious and
intermediate solutions contributes to gaining insight into how the
central and peripheral causal conditions contribute to generating
an HPL. In this sense, PC, GSR, and R&D are necessary conditions
for achieving an HPL among wineries in the wine industry cluster
of Baja California. The absence of IINN in this configuration
suggests that firms in the wine industry cluster of Baja California
can develop alternative mechanisms to innovate. This finding
reinforces the idea that R&D is a core condition to achieve an
HPL in this industry cluster. Finally, results also suggest that R&D,
GSR, and PC are necessary conditions to successfully innovate
in the wine industry cluster of Baja California.
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& Zulkarnain. (2014). The Finnish road weather business ecosystem:
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López, M. C., House, L., & Trejo-Pech, O. C. (2010). Globalization in the
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| 26,732 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncong%20Datara%20%28bukid%2C%20lat%20-5%2C33%2C%20long%20119%2C66%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Moncong Datara (bukid, lat -5,33, long 119,66) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moncong Datara (bukid, lat -5,33, long 119,66)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 198 | 321 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Moncong Datara.
Bukid ang Moncong Datara sa Indonesya. Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa sidlakan sa Jakarta ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Moncong Datara, o ka metros sa ibabaw sa naglibot nga tereyn. Mga ka kilometro ang gilapdon sa tiilan niini.
Ang yuta palibot sa Moncong Datara kasagaran kabungtoran. Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang Moncong Bulobulo, ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, km sa habagatan sa Moncong Datara. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Moncong Datara medyo hilabihan populasyon.. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Moncong Datara, kabukiran talagsaon komon.
Hapit nalukop sa lasang ang palibot sa Moncong Datara. Ang klima habagat. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Oktubre, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Enero, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Kabukiran sa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan
Kabukiran sa Indonesya nga mas taas kay sa 500 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel | 47,427 |
https://github.com/meetlily/meetlily-ghost/blob/master/node_modules/googleapis/build/src/apis/driveactivity/index.d.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | meetlily-ghost | meetlily | TypeScript | Code | 27 | 93 | import { driveactivity_v2 } from './v2';
export declare const VERSIONS: {
'v2': typeof driveactivity_v2.Driveactivity;
};
export declare function driveactivity(version: 'v2'): driveactivity_v2.Driveactivity;
export declare function driveactivity(options: driveactivity_v2.Options): driveactivity_v2.Driveactivity;
| 20,417 |
https://github.com/CS2103-AY1819S1-W14-2/main/blob/master/src/test/java/seedu/thanepark/logic/parser/HelpCommandParserTest.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,018 | main | CS2103-AY1819S1-W14-2 | Java | Code | 132 | 313 | package seedu.thanepark.logic.parser;
import static seedu.thanepark.logic.parser.CommandParserTestUtil.assertParseSuccess;
import org.junit.Test;
import seedu.thanepark.logic.commands.HelpCommand;
/**
* As we are only doing white-box testing, our test cases do not cover path variations
* outside of the DeleteCommand code. For example, inputs "1" and "1 abc" take the
* same path through the DeleteCommand, and therefore we test only one of them.
* The path variation for those two cases occur inside the ParserUtil, and
* therefore should be covered by the ParserUtilTest.
*/
public class HelpCommandParserTest {
private HelpCommandParser parser = new HelpCommandParser();
@Test
public void parse_validArgs_returnsHistoryCommand() {
assertParseSuccess(parser, "", new HelpCommand(true, ""));
final String args2 = "more";
assertParseSuccess(parser, args2, new HelpCommand(false, ""));
final String args3 = "add";
assertParseSuccess(parser, args3, new HelpCommand(false, args3));
final String args4 = args3 + " 1234";
assertParseSuccess(parser, args4, new HelpCommand(false, args3));
}
}
| 8,941 |
bpt6k6208022r_3 | French-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Le ministre de Wakefield. Tome 1 | None | French | Spoken | 7,679 | 11,662 | Non, jamais nous ne nous séparerons! nous nous aimerons, et nous vivrons si constamment l'un pour l'autre, que le soupir qui terminera tes jours, terminera; aussi ceux de ton Edwin., ifwwviv mtw Pendant que M. Burchell lisait cette ballade, Sophie semblait mêler un air de tendresse à son approbation. Mais notre tranquillité fut bientôt troublée par le bruit d'un coup de fusil tiré tout près de nous ; et à l'instant nous vîmes un homme percer à travers la haie, pour ramasser le gibier qu'il avait tué. Ce chasseur était le chapelain du chevalier, qui venait de tirer un des merles qui nous amusaient tantUn bruit si fort, et venant de si près, fit tressaillir mes filles; et je remarquai que dans le mouvement de sa frayeur, Sophie s'était jetée dans les bras de M. Burchell Le chapelain nous aborda, et nous demanda pardon de nous avoir effrayés, nous assurant qu'il ne savait pas que nous étions si près. Il s'assit ensuite auprès de ma fille cadette ; et, par une politesse de chasseur, il lui offrit le gibier qu'il avait tué dans la matinée. Elle allait le refuser; mais un coup-d'œil de sa mère l'avertit bientôt de ne le pas faire. Elle accepta donc le présent, quoiqu'avec quelque répugnance. Ma femme découvrit son orgueil, suivant sa coutume, en me disant à Foreille que Sophie avait fait la conquêtedu chapelain, comme sa sœur avait fait celle du chevalier. Je soupçonnai cependant, avec plus de probabilité, que ses affections étaient placées ailleurs. Le message du chapelain était pour nous avertir que M. Tornhill avait retenu des musiciens, et préparé des rafraîchissemens, et qu'il se proposait de donner cette nuit un bal aux jeunes demoiselles, au clair de la lune, suc le gazon devant notre porte. « Et j'avouerai, continua-t-il, que mon empressement à être le premier à vous apporter cette nouvelle, n'était pas , d J' d désintéressé de ma part. J'atten d s, pour récompense, que miss Sophie voudra bien, m'honorer de sa main pour danser avec moi. » Ma fille répondit qu'elle n'aurait pas de répugnance à sa proposition, si elle pouvait l'accepter honnêtement. «. Mais voici, dit-elle, un Monsieur, en regardant M. Burchell, qui m'a aidée dans ma tâche pendant la journée, et il est juste qu'il partage mes amusemens.» M. Les deux sexes semblent avoir été faits pour s'observer l'un l'autre, et sont pourvus de talens différens pour cette obser f Talion mutuelte/ïX : CHAPITRE IX. ',' t Deux dames de grande distinction paraissent sur la scène. — Une parure plus brillante semble toujours donner des manières supérieures. A l'instant où M. Burchell venait de nous quitter, et où Sophie venait de consentir à danser avec le chapelain, les petits vinrent, en courant, nous avertir que le chevalier était arrivé avec une grande compagnie. En rentrant au logis, nous trouvâmes notre seigneur avec deux messieurs et deux dames superbement mises, qu'il nous présenta comme des dames de grande qualité et du grand monde, qui étaient de la ville. Il se trouva que nous n'avions pas assez de chaises pour toute la compagnie. M. Tornhill proposa aussitôt que chaque homme prendrait une dame sur ses genoux. Je m'opposai nettement à cette proposition, mal gré un regard de mécontentement que ma femme me lança. On envoya Moïse emprunter quelques chaises; et comme il nous manquait aussi des dames pour compléter une contredanse, les deux messieurs de la compagnie de M. Tornhill allèrent avec mon fils pour chercher une couple de danseuses. Ils revinrent, amenant les deux filles de mon voisin Flamborough, qui étaient toutes fières, avec des fontanges rouges. Mais il se trouva une malheureuse circonstance qu'on n'avait pas prévue ; quoique les demoiselles Flamborough fussent estimées les meilleures danseuses de la paroisse, et qu'elles entendissent en perfection les gigues et les rondes, elles ne savaient point du tout les contredanses. Cela nous embarrassa d'abord ; cependant, après qu'on leur eut montré un peu les figures, et qu'on les eut tirées et poussées pour les leur faire entendre, elles commencèrent à bien aller. Notre musique consistait en deux violons, avec un fifre et un tam bourin. La lune était très-brillante. M. Tornhill et ma fille aînée menaient la danse, au grand plaisir des spectateurs; car les voisins ayant appris ce qui se passait , étaient venus en foule pour nous regarder. Ma fille dansait avec tant de grâce et de vivacité, que ma femme ne put s'empêcher de laisser voir l'orgueil de son cœur, en m'assurant que la petite friponne avaitpris d'elle tous les pas qu'elle faisait si bien. Les dames de la ville faisaient tout ce qu'elles pouvaient 'pi.'>lU< attraper ses grâces, mais inutilement : la tête leur tournait, elles s'étendaient , languissaient , frétillaient ; mais cela ne produisait rien. Les spectateurs avouaient que, tout cela était fort beau jamais le voisin Flamborough m'observa que les pas de miss Livy ne s'accordaient pas moins juste avec la musique que l'écho même qui la répétait. Après environ une heure de danse, les dames, dans la crainte de s'enrhumer, rompirent le bal. Une d'elles s'exprima, sur ce sujet, d'une manière qui me sembla bien grossière, en disant que la sueur lui dégoûtait partout. A notre rentrée à la maison, nous trouvâmes un fort beau souper froid que M. Tornhill avait fait apporter. La conversation devint plus réservée qu'auparavant : les deux dames éclipsèrent entièrement mes filles; car elles ne parlaient d'autre chose que du grand monde et de la haute compagnie, et d'autres sujets semblables à la mode, comme tableaux, goût, pièces de théâtre, musique, etc. Il est vrai que deux ou trois fois elles nous mortifièrent sensiblement , en laissant échapper un jurement; mais cela me paraissait la marque la plus certaine qu'elles étaient de qualité, quoique j'aie appris depuis que les juremens sont à présent totalement hors de mode parmi le beau monde. Leur parure cependant jetait un voile sur la grossièreté de leur conversation. Mes filles semblaient regarder avec envie leurs perfections supérieures; et es qui paraissait maJ, était considéré comme le superfin de la belle éducation. Mais leur complaisance était encore au-dessus de leurs autres qualités : une d'elle remarqua que si miss Olivia avait un peu plus vu le monde, cela la perfectionnerait beaucoup. Sur quoi l'autre ajouta que si miss Sophie avait passé seulement un hiver à la ville, elle serait toute autre. Ma femme fut très-fort de leur avis, ajoutant qu'elle ne désirerait rien tant que de donner à ses filles le bon ton, par le séjour d'un seul hiver à la ville. « Et à quels plaisirs n'ont pas droit de prétendre, s'écria M. Tornhill, celles qui sont en état d'en procurer de si grands ? Pour moi, conlinua-t-il, ma fortune est assez considérable : l'amour, la liberté et le plaisir sont mes maximes; mais je veux périr, si l'assurance de la moitié de mon bien pouvait procurer du plaisir à ma charmante Olivia, s'il n'était pas à elle ; et la seule faveur que je demanderais en retour, serait qu'elle me permît d'ajouter iiia personne au présent. » Je n'étais pas assez peu instruit du monde, pour ne pas savoir que ce propos était le propos à la mode, pour déguiser l'insolence de la proposition la plus insultante; mais je fis un effort pour cacher mon ressentiment. « Monsieur, répliquaije vivement, la famille que vous voulez bien honorer actuellement de votre compagnie, a été élevée avec des sentimens d'honneur aussi délicats que les vôtres peuvent l'être : toute tentative pour y donner atteinte, peut entraîner les plus dangereuses conséquences. L'honneur, Monsieur, est le seul bien qui nous reste à présent ; et c'est un trésor que nous devons garder avec un soin particulier. » Je me repentis bientôt de la chaleur que j'avais mise dans ces dernières paroles, que je vis que le jeune chevalier , me serrant la main, me jura qu'il louait ma façon de penser, en désapprouvant mes soupçons. ft Quant à ce que vous venez de me donner à entendre, me dit-il, je vous proteste que rien n'était si éloigné de mon esprit qu'une telle pensée. Non, par tout ce qu'il y a de séduisant au monde, une vertu qui exige un siège en forme, ne fut jamais de mon goût ; et toutes mes amours ne se font que par des coups de main. » Les deux dames, qui avaient paru né pas entendre le reste, semblèrent fort mécontentes de ce dernier trait de liberté, et commencèrent un dialogue fort sage et fort sérieux sur la vertu. Ma femme, le chapelain et moi, nous nous joignîmes, bientôt à cette conversation ; et le chevalier lui-même fut à la fin obligé de témoigner du repentir de ses premiers désordres. Nous parlâmes de la tempérance et de la pureté d'une âme qui n'est point souillée par le vice. Je fus bien aise que mes petits eussent veillé plus tard qu'à l'ordinaire, pour être édifiés par une cm. versation si morale. M. Tornhill alla même plus loin que moi, et me demanda si je n'avais pas d'abjections à faire en lisant les prières du soir. J'embrassai avec joie sa proposition, et la soirée se passa de la manière la plus agréable, jusque ce que la compagnie songeât à se retirer. Les dames semblaient très-fâchées de se séparer de mes filles, pour lesquelles elles avaient conçu une affection particulière, et elles se joignirent pour me demander le plaisir de les voir chez elles. Le chevalier appuya la demanda, et ma femme y joignit ses instances. Dans mon embarras, je donnai deux ou trois excuses que mes filles écartèrent aussitôt; ensorte qu'à la fin je fus obligé de refuser nettetement : ce qui me produisit, le jour suivant, des airs de mauvaise humeur , et des réponses courtes à essuyer. CHAPITRE X. La famille du Ministre s'efforce de se mettre de niveau avec des gens plus riches. — Misère des pauvres, quand ils veuleut paraître audessus de leur situation. J E commençai, depuis ce temps, à m'apercevoir que toutes mes longues et pénibles instructions sur la modération, la simplicité et le contentement dans son état, étaient entièrement méprisées. Les politesses que nous avions reçues de nos supérieurs pour le rang et pour la fortune, réveillèrent cet orgueil que je n'avais fait qu'assoupir, mais que je n'avais pas éteint. Nos fenêtres recommencèrent, comme auparavant, à être chargées d'eaux pour le visage et pour le cou. On appréhenda le soleil, comme gâtant la peau, quand on était dehors ; et le feu, comme gâlant le teint dans la maison. Ma femme observa que de se lever trop matin, gâterait les yeux de ses filles; que de travailler après le dîner, leur rendrait le nez rouge ; et elle me convainquit que jamais les mains ne paraissaient si blanches, que quand elles ne faisaient rien. Au lieu donc de finir les chemises de mon fils Georges, je les vis reprendre leurs anciens chiffonnages, et broder du marly. Les pauvres miss Flamborough, qui leur faisaient auparavant une compagnie agréable, furent négligées, comme des connaissances trop inférieures ; et toute la conversation nç roula plus que sur la vie du grand monde, sur la haute compagnie, sur les tableaux, le goût, le spectacle et la musique. Tout cela aurait encore pu se supporter, si une Egyptienne) qui disait la bonne aventure, ne fût venu achever de tourner nos têtes par des idées de grandeur et d'élévation. La sybille basanée ne parut pas plutôt, que mes filles accoururent à moi, pour me demander un scheling chacune , afin d'avoir la croix d'argent nécessaire pour l'opération. A dire vrai, j'étais las d'être toujours prudent , et je ne pus m'empêcher de leur accorder leur demande, parce que j'aimais à les voir heureuses. Je leur donnai donc à chacune un scheling. Je dois cependant observer, pour l'honneur de la famille, qu'elles n'étaient jamais sans argent sur elles ; car ma femme leur laissait toujours généreusement une guinée dans leur poche, mais avec défenses expresses de jamais la changer. Après qu'elles eurent été enfermées quelque temps avec la diseuse de bonne aventure, je lus aisément dans leurs yeux qu'on leur avait promis quelque chose de grande Eh bien, mes enfans, êtes vous contentes ? Dis-moi, Livy, la diseuse de bonne aventure t'a-t-elle, pour ton scheling, donné quelque chose qui vaille un sous? — Je vous proteste, papa, me répondit-elle, avec un air fort sérieux, que je crois que cette femme a commerce avec quelqu'un que je n'oserais pas nommer ; car elle m'a dit positi vement, qu'avant un an, je serais mariée à un Chevalier. — Fort bien! Et toi, Sophie, mon enfant, quel mari dois-tu avoir ? — Papa, répondit-elle, je dois avoir un Lord, aussitôt après que ma sœur aura été marié au Chevalier. — Quoi! m' écriai-je, voilà tout ce que vous avez pour vos, deux schelings ; l'une un Chevalier, l'autre un Lord? Folles que vous êtes, pour un scheling, je vous aurais promis un Prince et un Nabab. » Cette curiosité de mes filles produisit des effets très-sérieux. Nous commençâmes à nous croire réservés par les étoiles pour quelque chose de grand, et à anticiper sur notre future élévation. On a mille fois fait l'obsérvation, et je la ferai encore une fois, que les heures que nous passons dans l'espérance du bonheur, sont plus agréables que celles qui sont couronnées par la jouissance. Dans le premier état, nous assaisonnons le mêts à notre goût : dans le second , c'est la nature qui l'assaisonne pour nous. Il est impossible de décrire les agréables rêveries auxquelles nous nous abandonnions pour nous satisfaire. Nous considérions que notre fortune se rétablirait; et comme toute la paroisse assurait que le Chevalier était amoureux de ma fille, elle en était elle-même amoureuse, à force de l'avoir entendu dire. Pendant cet agréable intervalle, ma femme faisait les rêves les plus heureux du monde, qu'elle ne manquait pas de nous raconter tous les matins, avec le plus grand sérieux et la plus grande exactitude. Une nuit elle rêvait de bierre et d'os croisés, signe de mariage prochain. Une autre fois, elle rêvait que les poches de ses filles étaient pleines de liards, signe indubitable qu'un jour elles seraient remplies d'or. Mes filles avaient aussi leurs présages. Elles sentaient des baisers sur leurs lèvres ; elles voyait des anneaux dans la chandelle, des bourses dans le feu, et des nœuds d'amour au fond des tasses à thé. Vers la fin de la semaine, nous reçûmes une carte des dames de la ville, par laquelle, en nous envoyant leurs com plimens, elles nous marquaient qu'elles espéraient voir toute notre famille à l'église le dimanche suivant. Je m'aperçus, en conséquence, que, pendant toute la matinée du samedi, ma femme et mes filles avaient ensemble des conversations secrètes, et me regardaient de temps en temps avec des yeux qui m'annonçaient qu'il se tramait quelque chose. Je soupçonnai fortement qu'il se machinait quelque projet extraordinaire, pour paraître avec éclat le lendemain. Le soir, elles commencèrent leurs opérations en forme, et ma femme entreprit l'attaque. Après le thé, comme je paraissais de bonne humeur, elle commença en ces termes : « Je crois, mon cher ami, que nous aurons demain à l'église beaucoup de belle compagnie.—Peut-être bien, repris-je ; mais cela ne doit pas vous inquiéter. Je donnerai toujours un sermon , soit qu'elle y vième, soit qu'elle n'y vienne pas.—Ah! je m'y attendais bien, reprit-elle ; mais je crois, mon cher, que nous devrions j paraître à l'église aussi décemment qu'il sera possible ; car qui sait ce qui peut arriver ? —Vos précautions, répondis-je, sont fort louables. Un extérieur décent à l'église me charme : news devons y joindre la dévotion et l'humanité à la sérénité et à la satisfaction. —Oui, je sais bien cela, s'écria-t-elle ; mais ce que j'entends, c'est que nous devons y aller d'une manière aussi convenable qu'il sera possible, et non pas tout-à-fait comme les manans qui nous environnent. —V ous avez toutà-fait raison, ma chère, répliquai-je , « j'allais vous dire la même chose. La manière convenable est d'y aller d'aussi bonne heure qu'il vous sera possible, pour avoir le temps de faire la méditation avant que le service commence. — Bon, bon , dit ma femme, en m'interrompant, on sait bien tout cela. Ce n'est pas ce dont je veux parler : ce que j'entends, c'est que nous devrions aller à 1 église avec décence. Vous savez qu'elle est à deux milles de notre maison ; et je voir* assure que je n'aime point du ;tOtit; à voir vos filles obligées de pousseir pourentrer dans leur banc, toutes1 e&ouflïee s et toutes rouges, par la longueur du chemin, et avec l'air de paysannes qui ont disputé une chemise à la course.*'Voici donc, mon cher, ce que je veux vousproposer. tout mauvaise mine.» * Dans quelques villages d'Agleterre Àlty a; * des prix pour la course, tant Mour , ,J'objectai à cette proposition, que marcher à pied, serait cent fois plus honnête, que d'aller à cheval sur d'aussi mauvaises montures, Blachery étant borgne,. et le poulain sans crins; que l'un et l'autre n'avaient jamais été dressés à porter un,cavalier.; qu'ils avaient mille vices, .et que nous n'avions qu'une selle de femme : toutes ces objections furent inutiles, je fus obligé de céder. Le lendemain matin, je les vis dans une grande occupation pour ramasser tous les attirails nécessaires pour l'expédition. Mais comme je vis que cela prendrait tron de temps, je partis, à pied, devant, pour aller à l'église, où elles me promirent de me suivre bientôt. J'attendis près d'une heure dans la chaire, à lire les prières,* que pour les filles : une chemise, ou autre nippe Je femme, est le prix ordinaire pour les filles. * Dans les église anglicanes, il y a ordinairement deux chaires élevées l'une au-dessus de l'autre : dans la plus basse, on lit les prières du matin et du soir, et ou prêche dans la plus élevée. v jusqu'à ce qu'elles arrivassent; mais ne les voyant point venir, je fus obligé de commencer le service, fort, fâché en moi-même de leur absence. Mon chagrin augmenta, quand je vis le service fini, sans que ma famille y fût venue. Je pris, pour m'en retourner, par le grand chemin, qui avait cinq milles, pendant que le chemin de pied n'en avait que deux; et quand je fus a moitié chemin de la maison, j'aperçus la procession' qui s'avançait lentement vers l'église : mon fils, ma femme et les. deux petits; perchés sur un des chevaux,, et mes deux filles sur l'autre. Je demandai la cause de leur retard ; mais je lus bientôt dans leur figure qu'il leur était arrivé mille malheurs dans la toute. D'abord, les chevaux avaient refusé de sortir de la maison, jusqu'à ce que M. Burchell eût eu la complaisance de les faire avancer environ deux cents toises-, à coups de son bâton ; ensuite les sangles de la selle de ma femme avaient rompu, et l'on avait été obligé de s'arrêter, pour les rjbçeotm moder : enfin, un des chevaux avait pris fantaisie de sans que prières ni coups eussent pu le déterminer à avancer. Ce caprice ne venait que de lui passer, quand je rencontrai mon monde. J'avoue que quand je vis qu'il n'était pas arrivé 'de plus grand malheur, leur confusion m'amusa, parce qu'elle me donnait beau jeu par la suite, potfr tri<ora-> pher de ma femme, et apprendre à mes filles à êtré un peu plus humbles. '; : CII Aï'lTUF. XL La famille da Ministre continue de totilôife* briller. LA veille de Noël arrivant le lendemain., nous fûmes invités aux divetissemensasités à la campagne en ce temps, obez.. le voisin Flamborough; Notre 'dernière mortification nous avait un peu humiliés: sans cela, il était probable qu'on aurais rejeté une pareille invitation avec mépris. Cependant nous voulûmes bien con sentir à être heureux. L'oie et les pouddings de notre honnête voisin étaient bons, et son aile * fut trouvée excellente, même par ma femme, qui était une connaisseuse en cette matière. Il est vrai qu'il n'en était pas tout à-fait de même de sa manière de narrer.Ses histoires étaient fort longues, fort ennuyeuses;. toujours relatives à lui-même ; et il nous avait déjà fait rire avec, dix fois auparavant : cependant, nous fûmes assez polispour en rire encore une onzième. ; M. Burchell, qui était de la partie,, était toujours pour mettre en train, par quelque amusement innocent. Il mit donc mes garçons et mes filles à jouer au colinmaillard.. Ma femme se mit du jeu, et j!«us du, Plaisir, en pensant qu'elle n'é',. () l! ■! j ; il ■■< -' ., "I' Espèce de bierre supérieure à la, bierra .P.diooire-.. tait pas encore trop vieille. Mon voisin et moi nous regardions le jeu, rions à chaque attrape, et vantions notre adresse quand nous étions jeunes. La main chaude suivit, ensuite vint le jeu des questions; enfin,, on s'assit par terre pour jouer à la savatte. Comme tout le monde peut bien ne pas connaître cet amusement des premiers sècles, il est nécessaire d'observer que pour jouer ce jeu, la compagnie s'assied à terre en rond, excepté un qui reste debout au milieu, et dont la lâche est d'attraper un soulier que la compagnie si jette de main en main par.. dessous les jarrets, à-peu-près comme une navette de tisserand. Comme il est impossible à celui qui est debout de voir en face tout le cercle, le beau du jeu est de lui donner des coups du talon du soulier, du côté qui est hors de defense. C'était ainsi que ma fille aînée était enfermée au milieu du rond, sautant de côté et d'autre après le soulier, toute ronge et toute bouffie, criant : Point de tricherie point de tricherie! avec une voix capable de rendre sourd un chanteur des rues, quand tout-à-coup entrèrent dans la chambre, devinez qui? rien moins que nos deux grandes connaissances de la ville, lady Blarney et miss Caroline Willelmine-Amélie Skeggs. Je vous laisse à juger de la confusion. Les descriptions neferaient qu'affaiblir l'idée, si j'entreprenais de peindre la mortification qu'on éprouva. Ah! Ciel! être surprise par des dames d'un si bon ton, dans des attitudes si vulgaires! Aussi on ne pouvait pas attendre autre chose d'un jeu aussi bas de la proposition de M. Flamborough. Nous semblâmes, pendant quelque temps, collés à la terre, comme si nous eussions été pétrifiés d'étonnement. Le fait était que les deux dames avaient été à notre maison pour nous voir, et que ne nous y ayant pas trouvés, elles étaient venues nous trouver pour s'informer de l'accident qni avait empêché ma famille de paraître à l'église le jour précédent. Olivia se chargea de la réponse pour tous; et, abrégeant l'histoire, elle dit qu'elles avaient été jetées de cheval. Les dames furent fort fâchées au récit de l'aventure; mais apprenant qu'il n'était point arrivé d'accident, elles en furent bien charmées. Ayant ensuite appris qu'on avait pensé J mourir de peur, elles en furent extrêmement affligées; mais apprenant qu'on avait passé une fort bonne nuit, elles furent de nouveau bien charmées. Elles furent d'une complaisance sàns égale pour ,: mes filles. Le dernier jour que nous les 1 avions vues, leurs protestations étaient ; fortes, alors elles furent pressantes. Elles jurèrent qu'elles désiraient de lier une 1 connaissance plus intime. Lady Blarney s'attacha particulièrement à Olivia ; mise j Caroline Willelmine Amélie Skeggs ] ( j'aime à donner aux personnes leurs noms entiers ) prit un peu plus de goût pour ----Sophie. La conversation se soutenait entre ces deux dames, pendant que mes filles admiraient en silènes leur belle éduca tion. Mais comme il peut se faire que mes lecteurs, quelque bourgeois qu'ils soient , soient curieux d'une conversation du grand monde, et d'anecdotes de lords , de ladys, et de chevaliers de la Jarretière, je leur demande la permission de leur donner la fin de la présente conversation. :iOii,.dr> !-v o rr, * « Tout ce que jetais de l'histoire, disait miss Skeggs, est que cela peut être, ou ne pas être; mais ce dont je puis vous assurer, Madame, c'est que toute l'assemblée fut dans le plus grand étonnement. Mylord changea cent fois de couleur, milady s'évanouit, mais sir Tomkin, tirant son épée, jura qu'il était à elle jusqu'à la dernière < goutte de son sang, — Fort bien:, répliqua lady Blarney ; mais ce que je puis dire, c'est que la duchesse ne m'a jamais dit un mot de cette affaire; je suis sûre qu'elle n'a rien, de secret peur mot. — Mais vous pouvez être certaine de ceci, car c'est un fait que le lendemain mylord Duc cria trois fois à son valet de chambre: Jernigan ? Jernigan ? Jernigan apporte-moi mes jarretières. » : J'ai oublié d'avertir que pendant cette conversation, M. Burchell se comportait très-impoliment. Il avait le visage tourné du côté du feu, et à la fin de chaque phrase, il lâchait une expressoin de mépris et de désapprobation qui nous déplaisait à tous, et qui empêchait, en quelque sorte, la conversation de s'échauffer. « Outre cela, ma chère Skeggs, continua notre milady, il n'y a pas un mot, de cela dans les vers que le docteur Burdock a fait à ce sujet..— J'en suis surprise, s'écria miss Skeggs, car il lui arrive rarement de passer quelque circonstance, d'autant qu'il écrit seulement pour son amusement. — Mais madame peut-elle me faire la faveur de me montrer ces vers? — Ma chère, reprit milady, croyez-vous que je porte ces sortes de choses sur moi? Quoique cependant ils soient fort jolis, sûrement, et je crois m'y connaître un peu; au moins je sais ce qui me plaît. En vérité , j'ai toujours admiré les petites pièces de vers du docteur Burdock; car, excepté les siennes et celles de notre chère comtesse d'Hanover-square *, le reste est la plus pitoyable chose du monde. Pas un mot du bon ton. — Madame devrait excepter, reprit miss Skeggs, ses productions dans le Magasin des Dames**. J'espère que vous conviendrez qu'il n'y a rien dedans qui ne sente le beau monde ; mais je suppose que nous n'aurons plus rien de cette part. — Vous savez, répliqua milady, que ma lectrice et demoiselle de compagnie m'a quittée pour se marier au capitaine Roach ; et comme ma pauvre vue ne me permet pas d'écrire moi-même, il y a quelque temps que je cherche une personne capable pour la * C'est une belle place publique de Londres. ** C'est un journal qui paraît tous les mois à Londres, comme notre Journal des Dames. remplacer. C'est ce qui n'est pas aise à trouver, et certainement trente livres sterlings par an ne sont pas trop pour les appointemens d'une demoiselle qui sait lire, écrire et se présenter en compagnie. 1 Pour des filles élevées à la ville, ne m'en parlez pas, elle ne sont pas soutenables. ( — Hélas! je ne le sais que trop, et par expérience, reprit miss Skeggs; car de trois demoiselles de compagnie que j'ai eues dans six mois, une refusait de travailler au linge une heure par jour, l'autre trouva que vingt-cinq louis étaient des appointemens trop faibles; et pour la troisième, je fus obligée de la renvoyer, parce que je sou pçonnais quelques intrigues entre elle et mon chapelain. La vertu, la vertu , ma chère amie, ne peut 1 être trop payée ! Mais où la trouver ? u 1 Ma femme avait été long-temps fort I attentive à cette conversation; mais la dernière partie la frappa particulièrement. Trente livres sterlings et vingt-cinq ruinées faisaient bien cinq uante-six livres sterlings * cinq schelings, monnaie (d'Angleterre, qu'on jetait pour ainsi dire à la tête, et qu'il ne s'agissait que de demander pour obtenir. Elle me regarda un moment, pour voir ce que je pensais ; et à dire vrai, je pensais que deux places pareilles conviendraient parfaitement à nos filles. De plus, si le chevalier avait effectivement de l'affection pour ma fille aînée, c'était le moyen de la mettre à portée de faire sa fortune. Ma femme résolut donc de ne pas perdre tant d'avantages, faute de hardiesse, et elle entreprit la harangue pour la famille, « J'espère, dit-elle, que Mesdames me pardonneront ma présomption. Il est vrai que je n'ai pas droit de prétendre à de telles faveurs; mais cependant il est naturel que je souhaite l'avancement de mes enfans. Et j'ose dire que mes deux filles ont eu une * La livre sterling vaut vingt schelings : la guinée en vaut vingt et un. belle et une bonne éducation : au moins on ne peut pas en avoir une meilleure dans la province. Elles savent lire , écrire , compter; elles savent travailler à l'aiguille, tricoter, broder, et ont un peu de musique; elles peuvent faire des petits ajustemens, broder du marly. Mon aînée sait découper, et ma cadette dit fort bien la bonne aventure dans les cartes. » Quand elle eut fini ce discours éloquent, les deux dames se regardèrent quelques minutes en sile avec un air d'importance et d'indécision. A la fin, miss Caroline-Willelmine-Amélie Skeggs eut la complaisance d'observer que les deux jeunes demoiselles, autant qu'elle pouvait en juger d'après une connaissance aussi légère, leur paraissaient fort convenables pour ces places. « Mais, Madame, ditelle à mon épouse, une affaire comme celle-là exige un parfait examen du caractère , et une connaissance plus particulière les unes des autres. Non pas, Madame, que je soupçonne la vertu, la prudencë è't là sagesse de cette jeune demoiselle ; mais il y a une certaine forme, Madame, une certaine forme dans ces affaires. » Ma femme approuva trèsfort ses défiances, observant qu'elle était fort défiante elle-même ; mais elle s'en rapporta à nos voi sins pour le caractère de ses filles. Notre milady dit que les informations d'autrès personnes étaient inutiles r que la recommandation de son cousin le chevalier Torrihil suffirait ; et notre demande resta suspendue jusqu'à ce qu'elle lui eût parlé. ; i ■ 1 CHAPITRE XII. La fortune semble vouloir humilier la famille de Wakefield. — Des mortifications sont souvent plus douloureuses que des calamités réelles. Quand nous fumes de retour à la maison, la nuit fut employée dans des projets de grandeur future. Ma femme déploya toute sa sagacité pour conjecturer laquelle ite ses deux filles aurait la place la meilleure et le plus d'occasions de voir la bonne, compagnie. Le seul obstacle qui retardai notre avancement, était la recommandation du chevalier; mais il nous avait déjà, donné tant de marques de son amitié, qu'il n'y avait pas à douter qu'il ne nous l'accordât. Même étant au lit, ma femme continua son sujet favori. « Ma foi, mon cher ami , entre nous, je crois que nous avons fait une excellente journée aujourd'hui. — Assez bonne, répondis-je , ne sachant trop que dire, — Comment assez bonne ? reprit-elle ; je crois u'on ne lab peut meilleure. Supposons que nos filles , réussissent à faire connaissance à Londres ,' -, ,1 ¡ avec des gens de bon goût ; et je suis convaincue que Londres est la ville de l'univers la plus propre pour trouver des maris. D'ailleurs, mon cher, on voit tous, les jours des choses plus étranges ; et si des femmes de qualité se prennent si fort d'amitié pour mes filles, pourquoi des hommes de qualité ne le feraient-ils pas? Entre nous, je vous assure que j'aime beaucoup milady Blarney; elle est si obligeante! cependant j'aime bien aussi miss Caroine-Willelmine-Ámélie Skeggs. Et quand elles sont venues à parler de places à la ville, vous avez vu comment je les ai prises sur le temps. Dîtes moi, mon cher, ne penses-vous pas que j'aie bien fait là pour mes enfans ? — Ah ! repris-je, ne sachant pas trop que penser là-dessus», Dieu veuille que dans trois mois elles en .soient mieux. » Cette observation était de l'espèce de celles que j'avais coutume de faire pour donner à ma femme use grande opinion de ma sagacité. Car si nos, filles réussissaient, c'était un souhait pieux de ma part qui se trouvait accompli : s'il arrivait quelque malheur, alors ce , que j'avais dit avait l'air d'une prophétie. Cependant toute cette conversation n'était qu'un préparatif à un autre plan de ma femme, que je ne redoutais pas moins. Ce n'était autre chose , sinon que, comme. rions dévions à présent paraître un ped dans le monde, il était convenable que nous vendissions notre bidet, qui était devenu vieux, à une foire voisine, et que nous achetassions à sa place un cheval qui pût porter deux cavaliers dans l'occàsion, et qui fût de belle apparence, pour aller à l'église, ou faire une visite. Je m'opposai d'abord fortement à ce projet; maté il fût soutenu aussi fortement; et comme je mollis, mon antagonniste gagna terrain, jusqu'à ce qu'elle m'eût amené à consentir de m'en défaire. Le lendemain était jour de foire, et j'avais dessein d'y aller moi-même; mais ma femme me persuada que j'étais enrhumé, et rien ne put l'engagera me laisser sortir de la maison. « Non, mon cher, ditelle, Moïse est un garçon adroit, et il s'entend bien à vendre et à acheter avantageusement. Vous savez que tous nos bons marchés ont été faits par lui : il tient bon, et il marchande jusqu'à ce qu'il ait amené À son point ceux à qui il a affaire. » Comme j'avais quelque bonne opinion: de l'intelligence de mon fils, je ne résistai pas trop à le charger de la commission. Le matin, je vis ses sœurs très-occupées à le parer pour la foire, frisant ses cheveux, nettoyant ses boucles, et lui retroussant son chapeau avec des épingles. Quand sa toilette fut finie, nous eûmes la satisfaction de le voir monté sur le bidet, avec une boîte de sapin devant lui, pour rapporter quelques merceries dedans. Il avait un habit de drap qu'on appelle tonnerre et éclair, à cause de sa force à résister aux orages, qui, quoique devenu un peu court, était encore trop bon pour être quitté. Sa veste était d'une ratine verte, et ses sœurs avaient noué ses cheveux avec un large ruban noir. Nous le suivîmes tous à quelque distance de la porte, lui criant, tant qu'il fut à notre portée : «Bonne chance, bonne chance.» Il ne fut pas plutôt parti, que le sommelier de M. Tornhill vint nous féliciter sur notre bonne fortune, ayant entendu, nous dit-il, son maître parler de nous à des dames avec les plus grands éloges. Un bonheur ne vient jamais seul. Un autre domestique de la maison du chevalier arriva avec une carte pour mes filles, par laquelle les deux dames leur apprenaient que M. Tornhill ayant rendu de nous tous un compte fort satisfaisant, elles espéraient qu'après quelques informations de plus, elles auraient lieu d'être entièrement satisfaites. « Ah! s'écria ma femme, je vois à présent que ce n'est pas chose aisée d'entrer chez les grands; mais aussi, quand une fois on y est, alors, comme dit Moïse, on n'a plus qu'à dormir. » A cette exclamation originale, que ma femme donnait pour de l'esprit, mes filles applaudirent par un rire éclatant de plaisir. Enfin, elle fut si satisfaite de la nouvelle, qu'elle mit la main à la poche , et donna au commissionnaire sept sous et demi. Ce jour était destiné, pour nous, pour recevoir des visites. M. Burchell, qui ve nait de la foire, entra aussi-tôt. Il apportait à chacun de mes petite un pain d'épice d'un sou, que ma femme se chargea de serrer, pour le leur donner de temps en temps, quand ils iraient bien. Il apportait aussi à mes filles une couple de boites pour renfermer des pains à cacheter, du tabac, des mouches, ou de l'argent quand elles en auraient gagné. Ma femme aimait ordinairement les bourses de peau de belette, comme portant bonheur; mais ces boîtes étaient bonnes en attendant. Nous avions encore de la considération pour M. Burchell, quoique ses manières impolies, lors de la conversation des deux dames, nous eussent déplu : nous ne pûmes même nous empêcher de lui faire part de notre bonne fortune, et de lui demander son avis; car, quoique nous ne suivissions guère les avis, nous étions assez portés à en demander. Quand , il lut le billet, il branla la tête, et observa qu'une affaire de cette espèce exigeait la plus grande circonspection. Cet air de défiance déplut beaucoup à ma femme. «Je n'ai jamais douté, Monsieur, s'écria-telle, que vous ne fussiez toujours disposé à être contre moi et contre mes filles. vous avez plus de circonspection qu'il n'en faut : cependant je crois que quand nous voulons demander des avis, nous devrions nous adresser à gens qui auraient su en suivre eux-mêmes de bons. — Il n'est pas question ici, Madame, reprit M. Burchell, de ma propre conduite : quoique je n'aie pas fait usage de conseils moi-même, je dois, en conscience, donner les miens à ceux qui en veulent..» Comme j'appréhendais que cette réponse n'attirât une répartie plus dure que spirituelle , je changeai de propos, en feignant de m'étonner pourquoi notre fils était si long-temps à revenir de la foire, étant presque nuit fermée. « N'ayez pas d'inquiétude, répliqua ma femme ; soyez sûr qu'il entend ses affaires : je vous garantis qu'il ne vendra jamais ses poules quand elles seront mouillées: je lui ai vu faire des marchés surprenans. Je vais, à propos de cela, vous en raconter un qui vous fera mourir de rire. Mais, sur ma vie, le voilà qui revient sans cheval, avec sa boîte derrière son dos. » Pendant ce discours, Moïse s'avançait lentement à pied, suant sous le poids de la boîte qu'il avait attachée avec une sangle derrière son dos. « Bon jour, bon jour, Moïse. Eh bien, mon enfant, que nous as-tu rapporté de la foire ? — Ma personne, reprit Moïse avec un œil matois, en posant la boîte sur la table. — Oui, oui , nous savons cela., dit ma femme. Mais, où est le cheval ? — Je l'ai vendu, reprit Moïse, trois livres cinq schelings deux sous. — Fort bien, mon cher enfant : je savais bien que tu leur en revendrais. Entre nous, trois livres cinq schelings deux sous, ce n'est pas une mauvaise journée. — Allons, donnenous l'argent. — Je n'ai point rapporté d'argent, dit Moïse; je l'ai placé dans un marché que voici ( en tirant de dessous Son habit un paquet dans lequel il y avait une grosse de lunettes à verres verts, enchâssées d'argent,..avec leurs étuis de chagrin). — Une grosse de lunettes à verres verts ! répéta ma femme d'une voix affaiblie. Et tu as vendu le bidet, et tu ne nous rapportes, pour sa valeur, qu'une grosse de méchantes lunettes! — Ma chère mère, s'écria mon fils, pourquoi ne voulez-vous pas écouter la raison? C'est un marché d'or que j'ai fait : je les ai eues pour rien, autrement je ne les aurais point achetées. Les seules châsses d'argent valent le double du prix que j'en ai donné.— Au diable tes châsses d'argent, s'écria ma femme hors d'elle-même. Je jurerais qu'on n'en n'aura pas la moitié de la valeur, à les vendre comme vieux argent, cinq schelings l'once. — Vous n'avez pas besoin de tant vous inquiéter de la valeur des châsses, leur dis-j-e; car je m'aperçois ; que ce n'est que du cuivre > r c ois. q jie ce n blanchi. — Comment ! s'écria ma femme, ce n'est pas de l'argent. ce n'est pas de l'argent? — Non, lui dis-je, ce n'est pas plus de l'argent que votre poëlon. — Ainsi donc, nous voilà, dit-elle, sans bidet, avec une grosse de lunettes montées en cuivre, et des étuis de chagrin; Que la fièvre te serre, chien de trompeur! Oh! le nigaud, qui s'en est laissé revendre! N'aurait-il pas dû mieux connaître ses gens? Vous avez tort en ceci, ma chère, m'écriai-je : il aurait dû ne point les connaître du tout. — Peste soit du sot; reprit-elle, de rapporter de pareilles drogues. je les jetterais au feu. — Vous auriez encore phis tort, lui dis-je; ma chère; car quoique ce ne soit que du cuivre, nous devons les garder, puisqu'il vaut mieux avoir des lunettes montées en cuivre, que de ne rien avoir du tout. ,,; Pendant cette conversation , Moïse commençait à voir clair. Il s'apercevait qu'il avait été trompé par un escroc, qui, sur sa figure, en avait fait aisément sa dupe. Je pris c emoment pour lui demander les circonstances de son histoire. Par ce que j'en appris, il me parut qu'il avait vendu, le cheval, et qu'il se promenait dans la foire, en en cherchant un autre ; qu'un homme, à figure respectable, l'emmena dans sa tente, sous prétexte d'en avoir un à vendre. « Là, continua mon fils, nous trouvâmes un autre homme bien mis qui demandait à emprunter vingt livres sterlings sur les lunettes, disant qu'il avait besoin d'argent, et qu'il donnerait sa marchandise au tiers de sa valeur. On découvre que M. Burchell est un ennemi ; ( car il a la hardiesse de donner des cogseils désagréables. MA. famille avait résolu de briller; mais quelque accident inattendu renversait leur projet aussitôt qu'il était formé. Je tâchais de tirer parti de chaque contretemps, pour augmenter leur raison, en proportion de ce que leur ambition perdait. « Vous voyez, mes enfans, m'écriai je, combien on réussit mal à vouloir en imposer au public, en copiant ses supérieurs. Les pauvres qui veulent ne faire société qu'avec les riches, sont haïs de ceux qu'ils abandonnent, et méprisés de ceux qu'ils veulent imiter. Toutes associations inégales sont toujours désavantageuses au côté le plus faible. Le riche a tout le plaisir, et le pauvre tous les désagrémens qui en peuvent résul ter. A propos de cela, allons, Dick, mon enfant, répète-moi la fable que tu lisais aujourd'hui, pour l'instruction de la compagnie. « Il y avait un jour, cria l'enfant, un géant et un nain qui étaient amis, et qui vivaient ensemble. Après s'être promisde ne jamais se quitter l'un l'autre, ils allèrent ensemble chercher des aventures.. Ils rencontrèrent d'abord deux Sarrazins,, contre lesquels ils combattirent. Le nain, qui était fort courageux, porta à un des deux adversaires un coup de toute sa force; mais ce coup fit peu de mal au Sarrazin, qui, levant son sabre, en déchargea un coup si terrible sur le bras du nain, qu'il le lui coupa net. Celui-ci se trouvait fort embarrassé , quand le géant vint à son secours, et en peu de temps laissa les deuxSarrazins morts sur la place. Le nain, de rage, coupa la tête de son antagoniste mort. Ils continuèrent à voyager, et rencontrèrent une autre aventure : c'étaient trois satyres qui enlevaient une demoiselle. Le nain n'était h d, "Il' d, b d plus si hardi qu'il l'avait été d'abord; cependant il porta le premier coup, auquel un satyre riposta de façon, qu'il lui jeta un œil hors de la tête. Le géant fut bientôt sur eux; et s'ils ne se fussent pas enfuis, il les aurait certainement tués tous trois. Les deux vainqueurs et la demoiselle furent fort joyeux de la victoire; et la belle délivrée étant devenue amoureuse du géant, ils se marièrent. Ils continuèrent à marcher, jusqu'à ce qu'ils rencontrèrent une bande de voleurs. Pour cette fois, le géant se trouvait en avant, mais le nain n'était pas loin derrière. Le combat fut long et opiniâtre ; tout tombait sous les coups du géant, et le nain fut plus d'une fois sur le point d'être tué. A la fin, la victoire se déclara pour les deux aventuriers; mais le nain perdit une jambe dans le combat. Il se trouvait donc avec une jambe, un bras et un œil de moins, tandis que le géant, qui n'avais pas reçu une seule blessure, lui criait : « Allons, mon petit héros; voilà ce qui s'appelle bien travailler : encore une victoire, et nous acquerrons une gloire immortelle. — Non, dit le nain, devenu plus sage; non, je vous le déclare, je ne me bats plus ; car je vois que dans tous les combats vous gagnez tout l'honneur et le profit, et que moi je porte tous les coups. » > J'allais faire l'application de cette fable, quand mon attention fut détournée du sujet par une dispute violente qui s'éleva entre ma femme et M. Burchell, au sujet Burcliell~, au sujet des places futures de mes filles à la ville. Ma femme insistait fortement sur les avantages qui en résulteraient pour elles. M. Burchell, au contraire, la dissuadait, de i toutes ses forces de n'en rien faire ; et moi je restais neutre. Lés raisons de M. .: Burchell contre le projet, ne semblaient que la suite de celles qui avaient été ei mal reçues le matin. La dispute s'échauffa, et ma pauvre femme, au lien de raisonner plus sensément, ne faisait que crier plus haut, et fut à la fin obligée de quitter le combat, faute de pouvoir crier. La fin de sa harangue fut cependant fort désagréable pour nous tous. « Je connais, dit-elle, des gens qui ont leurs raisons secrètes pour les avis qu'ils donnent ; mais je les prie de vouloir bien ne pas remettre à l'avenir les pieds dans ma maison; — Madame , dit M. Burchell d'un air fort tranquille, qui ne faisait qu'irriter davantage ma femme, quand vous parlez de raisons secrètes, vous avez raison. J'en ai de secrètes que je me dispense de dire, parce que vous n'êtes pas capable de répondre même à celles dont je ne fais pas un secret. Mais je vois que mes visites ici deviennent importunes ; c'est pourquoi je prends moncongé, et je ne reviendrai plus qu'une fois peut-être pour vous dire un dernier adieu quand je quitterai le pays. » En achevant ces mots, il prit son chapeau; et les regards de Sophie, qui semblaient lui reprocher sa précipitation, ne purent l'empêcher de partir. | 47,349 |
US-9721993-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,993 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,232 | 1,553 | 3. A data transfer device as claimed in claim 1wherein said conversion means further comprises:a byte exchange circuitfor switching the placement of one high order byte of a data element tothe low order side while switching the placement of one low order byteof a data element to the high order side for a data element of two-bytelength; a word exchange circuit for switching the placement of one highorder byte of a first data portion to the low order side while switchingthe placement of one low order byte of the first data portion to thehigh order side for two bytes of a first part of a data element infour-byte length, and for switching the placement of one high order byteof a second data portion to the low order side while switching theplacement of one low order byte of the second data portion to the highorder side for two bytes of a second part of the data element offour-byte length; and selection means for selecting the output of anassembled data element received from the input means in the case wherethe data element is structurally converted; for selecting the output ofa placement-switched data clement by means of the byte exchange circuitin the case where a two-byte length data element is structurallyconverted; and for selecting the output of the first part of the dataelement following the selection of the output of the second part of thedata element in a placement-switched four-byte length data element bymeans of the word exchange circuit, in the case where a four-byte lengthdata element is structurally converted.
4. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 1, wherein in said first memory means, a stored datastructure designates the byte length of a data element assembled by saidconversion means.
5. A data transfer device as claimed in claim 2,wherein in said first memory means, a stored data structure designatesthe byte length of a data element assembled by said conversion means. 6.A data transfer device as claimed in claim 3, wherein in said firstmemory means, a stored data structure designates the byte length of adata element assembled by said conversion means.
7. A data transferdevice as claimed in claim 1, wherein a stored data structure is set insaid first memory means by a processor.
8. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 2, wherein a stored data structure is set in said firstmemory means by a processor.
9. A data transfer device as claimed inclaim 3, wherein a stored data structure is set in said first memorymeans by a processor.
10. A data transfer device as claimed in claim 4,wherein a stored data structure is set in said first memory means by aprocessor.
11. A data transfer device as claimed in claim 1, wherein astored data structure is set in said first memory means by a dataelement received from said input means.
12. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 2 wherein a stored data structure is set in said firstmemory means by a data element received from said input means.
13. Adata transfer device as claimed in claim 3 wherein a stored datastructure is set in said first memory means by a data element receivedfrom said input means.
14. A data transfer device as claimed in claim 4wherein a stored data structure is set in said first memory means by adata element received from said input means.
15. A data transfer deviceas claimed in claim 1, wherein each of said transfer source and saidtransfer destination is a memory.
16. A data transfer device as claimedin claim 2, wherein each of said transfer source and said transferdestination is a memory.
17. A data transfer device as claimed in claim3, wherein each of said transfer source and said transfer destination isa memory.
18. A data transfer device as claimed in claim 4, wherein eachof said transfer source and said transfer destination is a memory.
19. Adata transfer device as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of saidtransfer source and said transfer destination is a memory.
20. A datatransfer device as claimed in claim 6, wherein each of said transfersource and said transfer destination is a memory.
21. A data transferdevice as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of said transfer source andsaid transfer destination is a processor.
22. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 2, wherein each of said transfer source and saidtransfer destination is a processor.
23. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 3, wherein each of said transfer source and saidtransfer destination is a processor.
24. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 4, wherein each of said transfer source and saidtransfer destination is a processor.
25. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 5, wherein each of said transfer source and saidtransfer destination is a processor.
26. A data transfer device asclaimed in claim 6, wherein each of said transfer source and saidtransfer destination is a processor.
27. A data transfer devicecomprising:first and second input means for receiving a block ofstructured data including a plurality of data elements of differentlengths from first and second data storage means respectively;conversion means for converting the structure of the received block ofdata elements to an endian format for an opposite side of the datastorage means; first and second output means for providing, to saidfirst and second data storage means, data elements which have beenstructurally converted by said conversion means; first memory means forstoring data structures for transmitting data blocks; second memorymeans for storing endians of said first and second data storage means;and control means for controlling the conversion means according to thedata structures stored in said first memory means, controlling theconversion means according to an endian format stored in said secondmemory means, and controlling the input and output of data by said firstand second input means and said first and second output means,whereinwhen said first data storage means is a transfer source, said seconddata storage means becomes a destination source, and when said secondstorage means is a transfer source, said first storage means becomes adestination source.
28. A data transfer device connected to an input busand an output bus, the data transfer device comprising:an input circuitconnected to the input bus, the input circuit receiving input dataelements from the input bus, the input data elements being of variouslengths; a byte swap circuit connected to an output of the inputcircuit; a word swap circuit connected to the output of the inputcircuit; a select circuit connected to the output of the input circuit,an output of the byte swap circuit, a first output of the word swapcircuit and a second output of the word swap circuit; and an outputcircuit connected between the select circuit and the output bus, whereinthe select circuit selects data elements from one of the input circuit,byte swap circuit and word swap circuit for transfer to the outputcircuit according to the following rules:if the input bus and output bushave matching endian formats, the select circuit selects data elementsfrom the input circuit; if the input bus and output bus have mismatchingendian formats, the select circuit selects data elements from the inputcircuit when the data elements have a 1-byte length, the select circuitselects swapped data elements from the byte swap circuit when the dataelements have a 2-byte length, and the select circuit selects upperorder swapped data elements from the first output of the word swapcircuit and then selects lower order swapped data elements from thesecond output of the word swap circuit when the data elements have a4-byte length..
| 16,098 |
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA%20-%20la%20muzeo | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | ABBA - la muzeo | https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABBA - la muzeo&action=history | Esperanto | Spoken | 52 | 144 | ABBA La Muzeo estas interaga ekspozicio pri la pop-grupo ABBA, kiu malfermiĝis en Stokholmo, Svedio en majo 2013. La kolektitaj aĵoj de ABBA estas montrataj ĉe la Sveda Muzikfamejo, nova ekspoziciejo ĉe Djurgården, Stokholmo. Ĝi ne estas kutima muzeo, ne havas esploradajn celojn kaj ankaŭ estas porprofita.
Muzeo
Stokholmo
Ekspozicioj en Svedio | 21,419 |
https://github.com/trueware/bk-user/blob/master/src/api/bkuser_core/profiles/handlers.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | bk-user | trueware | Python | Code | 187 | 470 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
TencentBlueKing is pleased to support the open source community by making 蓝鲸智云-用户管理(Bk-User) available.
Copyright (C) 2017-2021 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
"""
import logging
from bkuser_core.audit.constants import OperationEnum
from bkuser_core.common.error_codes import error_codes
from bkuser_core.profiles.signals import post_profile_create, post_profile_update
from django.dispatch import receiver
from .exceptions import ProfileEmailEmpty
from .tasks import send_password_by_email
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@receiver(post_profile_create)
@receiver(post_profile_update)
def notify_by_email(sender, profile, operator, operation_type, extra_values, **kwargs):
"""Notify the result of creating profile"""
if not extra_values.get("should_notify"):
return
init = operation_type == OperationEnum.CREATE.value
try:
logger.info("going to notify password via email")
send_password_by_email.delay(profile.id, raw_password=extra_values["raw_password"], init=init)
except ProfileEmailEmpty:
raise error_codes.EMAIL_NOT_PROVIDED
except Exception: # pylint: disable=broad-except
logger.exception("failed to send password via email")
| 39,664 |
2018/02002R0881-20180309/02002R0881-20180309_CS.txt_4 | Eurlex | Open Government | CC-By | 2,018 | None | None | Czech | Spoken | 7,913 | 21,398 | ▼M208
Mati ur-Rehman Ali Muhammad (také znám jako a) Mati-ur Rehman, b) Mati ur Rehman, c) Matiur Rahman, d) Matiur Rehman, e) Matti al-Rehman, f) Abdul Samad, g) Samad Sial, h) Abdul Samad Sial, i) Ustad Talha, j) Qari Mushtaq, k) Tariq, l) Hussain). Datum narození: přibližně 1977. Místo narození: Chak number 36/DNB, Rajkan, Madina Colony, Bahawalpur District, provincie Paňdžáb, Pákistán. Státní příslušnost: pákistánská. Další informace: fyzický popis: 5 stop 2 palce; 157,4 cm. Jméno otce: Ali Muhammad. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 22. 8. 2011.
▼M257 —————
▼M159
Abd Al-Rahman Ould Muhammad Al- Husayn Ould Muhammad Salim (také znám jako a) Abdarrahmane ould Mohamed el Houcein ould Mohamed Salem, b) Yunis al-Mauritani, c) Younis al-Mauritani, d) Sheikh Yunis al-Mauritani, e) Shaykh Yunis the Mauritanian, f) Salih the Mauritanian, g) Mohamed Salem, h) Youssef Ould Abdel Jelil, i) El Hadj Ould Abdel Ghader, j) Abdel Khader, k) Abou Souleimane, l) Chingheity). Datum narození: přibližně 1981. Místo narození: Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: mauritánská. Další informace: a) jeden z hlavních vůdců sítě Al-Kajdá se sídlem v Pákistánu, spojený též s organizací Al-Kajdá v islámském Maghrebu, b) hledaný mauritánskými orgány. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 15.9.2011.
▼M243
Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali Al-Badri Al-Samarrai (také znám jako a) Dr. Ibrahim „Awwad Ibrahim“ Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai', b) Ibrahim 'Awad Ibrahim al-Badri al-Samarrai, c) Ibrahim 'Awad Ibrahim al-Samarra'i, d) Dr. Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim al-Samarra'i, e) Abu Du'a, f) Abu Duaa, g) Dr. Ibrahim, h) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Husayni al-Quraishi, i) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Titul: Dr. Adresa: a) Irák; b) Sýrie. Datum narození: 1971. Místo narození: a) Samarra, Irák, b) Irák. Státní příslušnost: irácká. Identifikační číslo: Ration card č.: 0134852. Další informace: a) v současné době sídlí v Iráku a Sýrii; b) prominentně znám pod pseudonymem (Abu Du'a, Abu Duaa'). c) jméno manželky: Saja Hamid al-Dulaimi; d) jméno manželky: Asma Fawzi Mohammed al-Kubaissi; e) popis: Výška: 1,65 m. Hmotnost: 85 kg. Černé vlasy a oči. Bílá pokožka. K dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 5.10.2011.
▼M165
Monir Chouka (znám také jako Abu Adam). Datum narození: 30. 7. 1981. Místo narození: Bonn, Německo. Státní příslušnost: a) německá, b) marocká. Číslo pasu: 5208323009 (německý cestovní pas vydaný ve městě Bonnu, Německo, dne 2.2.2007, platnost vypršela dne 1. 2. 2012). Národní identifikační číslo: 5209530116 (německý osobní průkaz vydaný ve městě Bonnu, Německo, dne 21. 6. 2006, platnost vypršela dne 20. 6. 2011). Další informace: a) dřívější adresa: Ungartenstraße 6, Bonn, 53229, Německo; b) ve spolčení s Islámským hnutím Uzbekistánu (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan); c) bratr Yassina Chouka. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 25. 1. 2012.
Yassin Chouka (znám také jako Abu Ibraheem). Datum narození: 11. 12. 1984. Místo narození: Bonn, Německo. Státní příslušnost: a) německá, b) marocká. Číslo pasu: 5204893014 (německý cestovní pas vydaný ve městě Bonnu, Německo, dne 5.10.2000, platnost vypršela dne 5. 10. 2005). Národní identifikační číslo: 5209445304 (německý osobní průkaz vydaný ve městě Bonnu, Německo, dne 5. 9. 2005, platnost vypršela dne 4. 9. 2010). Další informace: a) dřívější adresa: Karl-Barth-Straße 14, Bonn, 53129, Německo; b) ve spolčení s Islámským hnutím Uzbekistánu (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan); c) bratr Monira Chouka. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 25. 1. 2012.
Mevlüt Kar (znám také jako a) Mevluet Kar, b) Abu Obaidah, c) Obeidah Al Turki, d) Al-Turki, e) Al Turki Kyosev, f) Yanal Yusov, g) Abu Udejf el-Turki, h) Abu Obejd el-Turki, i) Abdurrahman Almanci). Datum narození: 25. 12. 1978. Místo narození: Ludwigshafen, Německo. Státní příslušnost: turecká. Číslo pasu: TR-M842033 (turecký cestovní pas vydaný tureckým generálním konzulátem v Mohuči, Německo, dne 2. 5. 2002, platnost vypršela dne 24. 7. 2007). Další informace: a) dřívější adresa (od srpna 2009): Güngören Merkez Mahallesi Toros Sokak 6/5, Istanbul, Turecko; b) ve spolčení s Islamic Jihad Group. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 25. 1. 2012.
▼M167
Fazal Rahim (také znám jako a) Fazel Rahim, b) Fazil Rahim, c) Fazil Rahman). Datum narození: a) 5.1.1974 b) 1977 c) 1975 d) 24.1.1973. Místo narození: Kábul, Afghánistán. Státní příslušnost: Afghánistán. Číslo pasu: Afgánský cestovní pas číslo R512768. Adresa: a) oblast u hranice mezi Afghánistánem a Pákistánem (předchozí adresa), b) A2, City Computer Plaza, Shar-e-Now, Kábul, Afghánistán (předchozí adresa), c) Microrayan 3rd, Apt. 45, block 21, Kábul, Afghánistán (předchozí adresa). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 5.3.2012.
▼M168
Mochammad Achwan (také znám jako a) Muhammad Achwan, b) Muhammad Akhwan, c) Mochtar Achwan, d) Mochtar Akhwan, e) Mochtar Akwan). Adresa: Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 8/10, RT/RW 002/001, Jodipan, Blimbing, Malang, Indonésie. Datum narození: a) 4.5.1948, b) 4.5.1946. Místo narození: Tulungagung, Indonésie. Státní příslušnost: indonéská. Národní identifikační číslo: 3573010405480001 (indonéský průkaz totožnosti vydaný na jméno Mochammad Achwan). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 12.3.2012.
Abdul Rosyid Ridho Ba’asyir (také znám jako a) Abdul Rosyid Ridho Bashir, b) Rashid Rida Ba’aysir, c) Rashid Rida Bashir). Adresa: Podok Pesantren AL Wayain Ngrandu, Sumber Agung Magetan, East Java, Indonésie. Datum narození: 31.1.1974. Místo narození: Sukoharjo, Indonésie. Státní příslušnost: indonéská. Národní identifikační číslo: 1127083101740003 (indonéský průkaz totožnosti vydaný na jméno Abdul Rosyid Ridho Ba’asyir). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 12.3.2012.
Mustafa Hajji Muhammad Khan (také znám jako a) Hassan Ghul, b) Hassan Gul, c) Hasan Gul, d) Khalid Mahmud, e) Ahmad Shahji, f) Mustafa Muhammad, g) Abu Gharib al-Madani, h) Abu-Shaima, i) Abu- Shayma). Datum narození: a) mezi srpnem 1977 a zářím 1977, b) 1976. Místo narození: a) Al-Madinah, Saúdská Arábie, b) Sangrar, provincie Sindh, Pákistán. Státní příslušnost: a) pákistánská, b) saúdskoarabská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 14.3.2012.
Hafiz Abdul Salam Bhuttavi (také znám jako a) Hafiz Abdul Salam Bhattvi, b) Hafiz Abdusalam Budvi, c) Hafiz Abdussalaam Bhutvi, d) Abdul Salam Budvi, e) Abdul Salam Bhattwi, f) Abdul Salam Bhutvi, g) Mullah Abdul Salaam Bhattvi, h) Molvi Abdursalam Bhattvi). Titul: a) maulavi, b) mulla. Datum narození: 1940. Místo narození: Gujranwala, provincie Paňdžáb, Pákistán. Státní příslušnost: pákistánská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 14.3.2012.
Zafar Iqbal (také znám jako a) Zaffer Iqbal, b) Malik Zafar Iqbal Shehbaz, c) Malik Zafar Iqbal Shahbaz, d) Malik Zafar Iqbal, e) Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry, f) Muhammad Zafar Iqbal). Datum narození: 4.10.1953. Místo narození: Masjid al-Qadesia, 4 Lake Road, Lahore, Pákistán. Státní příslušnost: pákistánská. Číslo pasu: DG5149481 (pas vydaný 22.8.2006, platnost vypršela 21.8.2011, číslo pasové knížky A2815665). Národní identifikační číslo: a) 35202-4135948-7 b) 29553654234. Další informace: jiný titul – profesor. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 14.3.2012.
Abdur Rehman (také znám jako a) Abdul Rehman, b) Abd Ur-Rehman, c) Abdur Rahman, d) Abdul Rehman Sindhi, e) Abdul Rehman al-Sindhi, f) Abdur Rahman al-Sindhi, g) Abdur Rehman Sindhi, h) Abdurahman Sindhi, i) Abdullah Sindhi, j) Abdur Rehman Muhammad Yamin. Adresa: Karáčí, Pákistán. Datum narození: 3.10.1965. Místo narození: Mirpur Khas, Pákistán. Státní příslušnost: pákistánská. Číslo pasu: CV9157521 (pákistánský pas vydaný 8.9.2008, platnost vyprší 7.9.2013). Národní identifikační číslo: 44103-5251752-5. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 14.3.2012.
▼M214 —————
▼M182
Ayyub Bashir (také znám jako a) Alhaj Qari Ayub Bashar, b) Qari Muhammad Ayub). Titul: a) Qari, b) Alhaj. Datum narození: a) 1966, b) 1964, c) 1969, d) 1971. Státní příslušnost: a) uzbecká, b) afghánská. Adresa: Mir Ali, North Waziristan Agency, Federal Administered Tribal Areas, Pákistán. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 18.10.2012.
Aamir Ali Chaudhry (také znám jako a) Aamir Ali Chaudary, b) Aamir Ali Choudry, c) Amir Ali Chaudry, d) Huzaifa). Datum narození: 3.8.1986. Státní příslušnost: pákistánská. Číslo pasu: BN 4196361 (pákistánský cestovní pas vydaný dne 28.10.2008 s platností do 27.10.2013). Národní identifikační číslo: 33202-7126636-9 (číslo pákistánského průkazu totožnosti). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 18.10.2012.
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Djamel Akkacha (také znám jako a) Yahia Abou el Hoummam, b) Yahia Abou el Hammam). Datum narození: 9. května 1978. Místo narození: Rouiba, Alžír, Alžírsko. Státní příslušnost: alžírská. Adresa: Mali. Další informace: Jeho otec se jmenuje Slimane. Jméno matky je Akrouf Khadidja. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 5. února 2013.
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Abderrahmane Ould El Amar (také znám jako a) Ahmed el Tilemsi, b) Abderrahmane Ould el Amar Ould Sidahmed Loukbeiti, c) Ahmad Ould Amar). Datum narození: 1977–1982. Místo narození: Tabankort, Mali. Státní příslušnost: malijská. Adresa: a) Gao, Mali, b) Tabankort, Mali, c) In Khalil, Mali, d) Al Moustarat, Mali. Další informace: jméno otce je Leewemere. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 22. února 2013.
Hamada Ould Mohamed El Khairy (také znám jako a) Hamad el Khairy, b) Hamada Ould Mohamed Lemine Ould Mohamed el Khairy, c) Ould Kheirou, d) Abou QumQum). Datum narození: 1970. Místo narození: Nouakchott, Mauritánie. Státní příslušnost: a) mauritánská, b) malijská. Číslo cestovního pasu: A1447120 (malijský cestovní pas platný do 19. října 2011). Adresa: Gao, Mali. Další informace: jméno matky je Tijal Bint Mohamed Dadda. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 22. února 2013.
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Iyad ag Ghali (také znám jako Sidi Mohamed Arhali). Funkce: vůdce Ansar Eddine. Adresa: Mali. Datum narození: a) 1.1.1958, b) 1958. Místo narození: a) Abeibara, region Kidal, Mali, b) Bouressa, region Bourem, Mali. Číslo pasu: A1037434 (malijský cestovní pas vydaný dne 10.8.2001, s platností do 31.12.2014). Další informace: a) jméno otce je Ag Bobacer Arhali, jméno matky Rhiachatou Wallet Sidi, b) malijský rodný list č. 012546. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 25.2.2013.
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Abu Mohammed Al-Jawlani (také znám jako a) Abu Mohamed al-Jawlani, b) Abu Muhammad al-Jawlani, c) Abu Mohammed al-Julani, d) Abu Mohammed al-Golani, e) Abu Muhammad al-Golani, f) Abu Muhammad Aljawlani, g) Muhammad al-Jawlani, h) Shaykh al-Fatih, i) Al Fatih), j) Amjad Muzaffar Hussein Ali al-Naimi, k) Abu Ashraf). Datum narození: a) mezi lety 1975 a 1979; b) 1980. Místo narození: Sýrie. Státní příslušnost: syrská. Adresa: a) Mosul, Souq al-Nabi Yunis; b) v Sýrii, v červnu 2013. Další informace: Jméno matky: Fatma Ali Majour. Popis: Tmavá barva pleti. Výška: 1,70 m. K dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 24.7.2013.
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Muhammad Jamal Abd-Al Rahim Ahmad Al-Kashif (také znám jako a) Muhammad Jamal Abdo Al-Kashif, b) Muhammad Jamal Abdo Al Kashef, c) Muhammad Jamal Abd-Al Rahim Ahmad Al-Kashif, d) Muhammad Jamal Abd-Al Rahim Al-Kashif, e) Muhammad Jamal Abdu, f) Muhammad Jamal, g) Muhammad Jamal Abu Ahmad (pseudonym), h) Abu Ahmad (pseudonym), i) Abu Jamal (pseudonym), j) Muhammad Gamal Abu Ahmed, k) Mohammad Jamal Abdo Ahmed (pseudonym), l) Muhammad Jamal Abduh (pseudonym), m) Muhammad Jamal Ahmad Abdu (pseudonym), n) Riyadh (pseudonym)). Adresa: Egypt. Datum narození: a) 1. 1. 1964, b) 1. 2. 1964. Místo narození: Káhira, Egypt. Státní příslušnost: egyptská. Cestovní pas č.: a) egyptský pas č. 6487, vydaný dne 30. 1. 1986 na jméno Muhammad Jamal Abdu, b) egyptský pas vydaný v roce 1993 na jméno Muhammad Jamal Abd-Al Rahim Ahmad Al-Kashif, c) jemenský pas č. 388181 vydaný na jméno Muhammad Jamal Abd-Al Rahim Al-Kashif. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 21. 10. 2013.
Mohamed Lahbous (také znám jako a) Mohamed Ennouini, b) Hassan, c) Hocine). Datum narození: 1978. Místo narození: Mali. Státní příslušnost: malijská. Adresa: Mali. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 24. 10. 2013.
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Abd-Al-Hamid Al-Masli (také znám jako a) Abd-al-Hamid Muhammad Abd-al-Hamid Al-Masli, b) Abd-al-Hamid Musalli, c) Hamid Masli, d) Hamza al-Darnawi, e) Hamzah al-Darnawi, f) Hamza Darnawi, g) Hamzah Darnawi, h) Hamzah Dirnawi, i) Hamza Darnavi, j) Hamza al-Darnavi, k) Abdullah Darnawi, l) Abu-Hamzah al-Darnawi). Datum narození: 1976. Místo narození: a) Darnah, Libye b) Danar, Libye. Státní příslušnost: libyjská. Další informace: údajně pobývá ve Vazíristánu, federálně spravované kmenové oblasti v Pákistánu. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 26. 11. 2013.
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Malik Muhammad Ishaq (také znám jako Malik Ishaq). Adresa: Pákistán. Datum narození: přibližně 1959. Místo narození: Rahim Yar Khan, provincie Pandžáb, Pákistán. Státní příslušnost: pákistánská. Další informace: a) Fyzický popis: mohutná postava, černé oči, černé vlasy, středně hnědá barva pleti a černý hustý plnovous. b) K dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Zabit v Pákistánu dne 28.7.2015. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 14.3.2014.
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Shekau Mohammed Abubakar (také znám jako a) Abubakar Shekau; b) Abu Mohammed Abubakar bin Mohammed; c) Abu Muhammed Abubakar bi Mohammed; d) Shekau; e) Shehu; f) Shayku; g) Imam Darul Tauhid; h) Imam Darul Tawheed). Titul: imám. Funkce: vůdce Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad (Boko Haram). Datum narození: 1969. Místo narození: Shekau Village, Yobe State, Nigérie. Státní příslušnost: nigerijská. Adresa: Nigérie. Další informace: a) fyzický popis: barva očí: černá; barva vlasů: černá; b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 26.6.2014.
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Abdelrahman Mouhamad Zafir al Dabidi al Jahani (také znám jako a) Abd Al-Rahman Muhammad Zafir Al-Dubaysi Al-Juhni, b) Abd Al-Rahman Muhammad Zafir al-Dubaysi al-Jahni, c) Abd Al-Rahman Muhammad Zafir al-Dubaysi al-Jahani, d) Abd Al-Rahman Muhammad Zafir al-Dubaysi al-Juhani, e) Abdulrhman Mohammed D. Aljahani, f) Abu al-Wafa', g) Abu Anas, h) Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Zafir al-Dabisi al-Jahani, i) Abu Wafa al-Saudi, j) Abu al-Wafa, k) Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Thafir al-Jahni, l) Abd al-Rahman Muhammad al-Juhani, m) Abdelrahman Mouhamad Zafir al Dabissi Juhan, n) Abdelrahman Mouhamad Zafir al Dabissi Juhani, o) Abou Wafa al Saoudi). Datum narození: a) 4.12.1971 b) 1977. Místo narození: Kharj, Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: saúdskoarabská. Číslo pasu: F50859. Národní identifikační číslo: Saúdskoarabské národní identifikační číslo 1027508157. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 15.8.2014.
Hajjaj Bin Fahd al Ajmi (také znám jakoa) Hijaj Fahid Hijaj Muhammad Sahib al-Ajmi, b) Hicac Fehid Hicac Muhammed Sebib al-Acmi, c) Hajjaj bin-Fahad al-Ajmi, d) Sheikh Hajaj al-Ajami, e) Hajaj al-Ajami, f) Ajaj Ajami). Datum narození: 10.8.1987. Místo narození: Kuvajt. Státní příslušnost: kuvajtská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 15.8.2014.
Abou Mohamed al Adnani (také znám jakoa) Yaser Khalaf Nazzal Alrawi, b) Jaber Taha Falah, c) Abou Khattab, d) Abou Sadeq Alrawi, e) Tah al Binchi, f) Abu Mohammed al-Adnani, g) Taha Sobhi Falaha, h) Yasser Khalaf Hussein Nazal al-Rawi, i) Abu Baker al-Khatab, j) Abu Sadek al-Rawi, k) Taha al-Banshi, l) Abu Mohamed al-Adnani, m) Abu-Mohammad al-Adnani al-Shami, n) Hajj Ibrahim). Datum narození: přibližně rok 1977. Místo narození: Binnish, Syrská arabská republika. Státní příslušnost: irácká. Další informace: Úřední mluvčí Islámského státu v Iráku a Levantě (ISIL), uvedeného v seznamu jako Al-Qaida in Iraq. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 15.8.2014.
Said Arif (také znám jako a) Said Mohamed Arif, b) Omar Gharib, c) Abderahmane, d) Abdallah al-Jazairi, e) Slimane Chabani, f) Souleiman). Datum narození: a) 25.6.1964 b) 5.12.1965. Místo narození: Oran, Alžírsko. Státní příslušnost: alžírská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 15.8.2014.
Abdul Mohsen Abdallah Ibrahim al Charekh (také znám jako a) Abdul Mohsen Abdullah Ibrahim Al-Sharikh, b) Sanafi al Nasr). Datum narození: 13.7.1985. Místo narození: Saqra, Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: saúdskoarabská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 15.8.2014.
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Hamid Hamad Hamid al-'Ali. Datum narození: 17. listopadu 1960. Místo narození: a) Kuvajt, b) Katar. Státní příslušnost: kuvajtská. Číslo pasu: a) 001714467 (kuvajtský pas), b) 101505554 (kuvajtský pas). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 15.8.2014.
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Ahmed Abdullah Saleh Al-Khazmari Al Zahrani (také znám jako a) Abu Maryam al-Zahrani, b) Abu Maryam al-Saudi, c) Ahmed Abdullah S al-Zahrani, d) Ahmad Abdullah Salih al-Zahrani, e) Abu Maryam al-Azadi, f) Ahmed bin Abdullah Saleh bin al-Zahrani, g) Ahmed Abdullah Saleh al-Zahrani al-Khozmri). Funkce: vysoce postavený člen Al-Kajdá. Datum narození: 15.9.1978. Místo narození: Dammam, Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: saúdskoarabská. Číslo pasu: E126785 (saúdskoarabský cestovní pas vydaný dne 27.5.2002, s platností do 3.4.2007). Další informace: a) fyzický popis: tmavá barva očí, tmavá barva vlasů, středně hnědá barva pleti, b) mluví arabsky, c) jméno otce je Abdullah Saleh al Zahrani, d) fotografie zařazena do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU, e) zdržuje se v Sýrii. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
Azzam Abdullah Zureik Al-Maulid Al-Subhi (také znám jako a) Mansur al-Harbi, b) Azzam al-Subhi, c) Azam Abdallah Razeeq al Mouled Alsbhua, d) Abu Muslem al-Maky, e) Abu Suliman al-Harbi, f) Abu Abdalla al-Harbi, g) Azam A.R. Alsbhua). Datum narození: 12.4.1976. Místo narození: Al Baraka, Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: saúdskoarabská. Číslo pasu: C389664 (saúdskoarabský cestovní pas vydaný dne 15.9.2000, s platností do 15.9.2005). Další informace: a) fyzický popis: tmavá barva očí, tmavá barva vlasů, tmavá pleť, b) mluví arabsky, c) jméno otce je Abdullah Razeeq al Mouled al Sbhua, d) fotografie zařazena do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
Anders Cameroon Ostensvig Dale (také znám jako a) Muslim Abu Abdurrahman, b) Abu Abdurrahman the Norwegian, c) Abu Abdurrahman the Moroccan). Datum narození: 19.10.1978. Místo narození: Oslo, Norsko. Státní příslušnost: norská. Další informace: a) fyzický popis: hnědá barva očí, hnědá barva vlasů, výška 185 cm. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
Ibrahim Suleiman Hamad Al-Hablain (také znám jako a) Barahim Suliman H. al Hblian, b) Abu Jabal, c) Abu-Jabal). Funkce: odborník na výbušniny a agent skupiny Abdallah Azzam Brigades (AAB)). Datum narození: 17.12.1984. Místo narození: Buraidah, Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: saúdskoarabská. Číslo pasu: F800691 (saúdskoarabský cestovní pas). Další informace: a) fyzický popis: tmavá barva očí, tmavá barva vlasů, středně hnědá barva pleti, b) mluví arabsky, c) fotografie zařazena do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
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Seifallah Ben Omar Ben Mohamed Ben Hassine (také znám jako a) Seif Allah ben Hocine; b) Saifallah ben Hassine; c) Sayf Allah 'Umar bin Hassayn; d) Sayf Allah bin Hussayn; e) Abu Iyyadh al-Tunisi; f) Abou Iyadh el-Tounsi; g) Abu Ayyad al-Tunisi; h) Abou Aayadh; i) Abou Iyadh); j) Seifallah ben Amor ben Hassine). Adresa: a) 60 Rue de la Libye, Hammam Lif, Ben Arous, Tunisko; b) Libye (možné místo pobytu v červenci 2017). Datum narození: 8.11.1965. Místo narození: Tunis, Tunisko. Státní příslušnost: tuniská. Číslo pasu: Tunisko č. G557170, vydán dne 16. listopadu 1989. Národní identifikační číslo: průkaz totožnosti Tunisko 05054425, vydán dne 3.5.2011 (místo vydání: Hammam Lif). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 23.9.2014.
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Abd Al-Rahman Bin 'Umayr Al-Nu'Aymi (také znám jako a) Abd al-Rahman bin 'Amir al-Na'imi; b) 'Abd al-Rahman al-Nu'aimi; c) 'Abd al-Rahman bin 'Amir al-Nu'imi; d) 'Abd al-Rahman bin 'Amir al-Nu'aymi; e) 'Abdallah Muhammad al-Nu'aymi; f) 'Abd al-Rahman al-Nua'ymi; g) A. Rahman al-Naimi; h) Abdelrahman Imer al Jaber al Naimeh; i) A. Rahman Omair J Alnaimi; j) Abdulrahman Omair al Neaimi). Datum narození: 1954. Místo narození: Dohá, Katar. Státní příslušnost: katarská. Číslo pasu: 00868774 (katarský cestovní pas, s platností do 27.4.2014). Národní identifikační číslo: 25463401784 (katarský doklad totožnosti, s platností do 6.12.2019). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 23.9.2014.
Abd Al-Rahman Khalaf 'Ubayd Juday'Al-'Anizi (také znám jako a) 'Abd al-Rahman Khalaf al-Anizi; b) 'Abd al-Rahman Khalaf al-'Anzi; c) Abu Usamah al-Rahman; d) Abu Shaima' Kuwaiti; e) Abu Usamah al-Kuwaiti; f) Abu Usama; g) Yusuf). Datum narození: 6.3.1973. Státní příslušnost: kuvajtská. Další informace: od roku 2013 se zdržuje v Syrské arabské republice. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 23.9.2014.
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Anas Hasan Khattab (také znám jako a) Samir Ahmed al-Khayat, b) Hani, c) Abu Hamzah, d) Abu-Ahmad Hadud). Titul: Amír. Datum narození: 7.4.1986. Místo narození: Damašek, Sýrie. Státní příslušnost: syrská. Další informace: administrativní Amír subjektu „Al-Nusrah Front for the People of the Levant“. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 23.9.2014.
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Maysar Ali Musa Abdallah Al-Juburi (také znám jako a) Muyassir al-Jiburi, b) Muyassir Harara, c) Muyassir al-Shammari, d) Muhammad Khalid Hassan, e) Al-Shammari, f) Mus'ab al-Qahtani, g) Abu Maria al-Qatani). Titul: Amír. Datum narození: 1.6.1976. Místo narození: a) Al-Shura, Mosul, Irák, b) Harara, provincie Ninive, Irák. Státní příslušnost: irácká. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
Shafi Sultan Mohammed Al-Ajmi (také znám jako a) Shafi al-Ajmi, b) Sheikh Shafi al-Ajmi, c) Shaykh Abu-Sultan). Titul: doktor. Datum narození: 1.1.1973. Místo narození: Warah, Kuvait. Adresa: Area 3, Street 327, Building 41, Al-Uqaylah, Kuvait. Státní příslušnost: kuvajtská. Číslo pasu: 0216155930. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
Abd Al-Rahman Muhammad Mustafa Al-Qaduli (také znám jako a) 'Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Mustafa Shaykhlari, b) Umar Muhammad Khalil Mustafa, c) Abdul Rahman Muhammad al-Bayati, d) Tahir Muhammad Khalil Mustafa al-Bayati, e) Aliazra Ra'ad Ahmad, f) Abu-Shuayb, g) Hajji Iman, h) Abu Iman, i) Abu Ala, j) Abu Hasan, k) Abu Muhammad, l) Abu Zayna). Funkce: vysoký představitel Islámského státu v Iráku a Levantě (ISIL). Datum narození: a) 1959, b) 1957. Místo narození: Mosul, provincie Ninive, Irák. Státní příslušnost: irácká. Další informace: Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
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Emilie Edwige Konig (také známa jako a) Emilie Samra Konig). Datum narození: 9.12.1984. Místo narození: Ploemeur, Francie. Státní příslušnost: francouzská. Číslo pasu: a) 05AT521433 (číslo francouzského pasu vydaného dne 30.11.2005 policejní podprefekturou města Lorient, Francie), b) 050456101445 (francouzský průkaz totožnosti vydaný dne 19.5.2005 policejní podprefekturou města Lorient, Francie), c) 0205561020089 (číslo francouzského průkazu totožnosti vydaného dne 30.5.2002 na jméno Emilie Edwige Konig). Další informace: od roku 2013 se zdržuje v Sýrii. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 23.9.2014.
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Kevin Jordan Axel Guiavarch. Datum narození: 12.3.1993. Místo narození: Paříž, Francie. Státní příslušnost: francouzská. Číslo pasu: francouzské číslo 12CP63882.3FRA, vydaný dne 31.7.2012 (platný do 30.7.2022). Národní identifikační číslo: francouzský vnitrostátní průkaz totožnosti 070275Q007873, vydaný dne 16.2.2007 (platný do 15.2.2017). Adresa: a) Grenoble, Francie (bydliště v letech 1993 až 2012); b) Syrská arabská republika (zdržoval se tam v letech 2012 až 2016); c) Turecko (od června 2016 do ledna 2017); d) Francie (ve vazbě od ledna 2017). Další informace: datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 23.9.2014.
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Oumar Diaby (také znám jako a) Omsen, b) Oumar Omsen). Datum narození: 5.8.1975. Místo narození: Dakar, Senegal. Státní příslušnost: senegalská. Další informace: zdržuje se v Sýrii. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.9.2014.
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Ashraf Muhammad Yusuf 'Uthman 'Abd Al-Salam (také znám jako a) Ashraf Muhammad Yusif 'Uthman 'Abd-al-Salam; b) Ashraf Muhammad Yusuf 'Abd-al-Salam; c) Ashraf Muhammad Yusif 'Abd al-Salam; d) Khattab; e) Ibn al-Khattab). Datum narození: 1984. Místo narození: Irák. Státní příslušnost: jordánská. Číslo pasu: a) K048787 (jordánský cestovní pas); b) 486298 (jordánský cestovní pas). Národní identifikační číslo: 28440000526 (katarský doklad totožnosti). Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (stav k prosinci 2014). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.1.2015.
Ibrahim 'Isa Hajji Muhammad Al-Bakr (také znám jako a) Ibrahim 'Issa Haji Muhammad al-Bakar; b) Ibrahim 'Isa Haji al-Bakr; c) Ibrahim Issa Hijji Mohd Albaker; d) Ibrahim Issa Hijji Muhammad al-Baker; e) Ibrahim 'Issa al-Bakar; f) Ibrahim al-Bakr; g) Abu-Khalil). Datum narození: 12.7.1977. Místo narození: Katar. Státní příslušnost: katarská. Číslo pasu: 01016646 (katarský cestovní pas). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.1.2015.
Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili (také znám jako a) Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batyrashvili; b) Tarkhan Batirashvili; c) Omar Shishani; d) Umar Shishani; e) Abu Umar al-Shishani; f) Omar al-Shishani; g) Chechen Omar; h) Omar the Chechen; i) Omer the Chechen; j) Umar the Chechen; k) Abu Umar; l) Abu Hudhayfah). Datum narození: a) 11.1.1986; b) 1982. Místo narození: Akhmeta, vesnice Birkiani, Gruzie. Státní příslušnost: gruzínská. Číslo pasu: 09AL14455 (gruzínský cestovní pas, platný do 26.6.2019). Národní identifikační číslo: 08001007864 (gruzínský doklad totožnosti). Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (stav k prosinci 2014). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.1.2015.
'Abd Al-Malik Muhammad Yusuf 'Uthman 'Abd Al-Salam (také znám jako a) 'Abd al-Malik Muhammad Yusif 'Abd-al-Salam; b) 'Umar al-Qatari; c) 'Umar al-Tayyar). Datum narození: 13.7.1989. Státní příslušnost: jordánská. Číslo pasu: K475336 (jordánský cestovní pas vydaný dne 31.8.2009, platnost do 30.8.2014). Národní identifikační číslo: 28940000602 (katarský doklad totožnosti). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 23.1.2015.
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Denis Mamadou Gerhard Cuspert (také znám jako Abu Talha al-Almani). Datum narození: 18.10.1975. Místo narození: Berlín, Německo. Státní příslušnost: německá. Národní identifikační číslo: 2550439611 (německé národní identifikační číslo, vydané v obvodě Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg v Berlíně, Německo, vydané 22.4.2010, platné do 21.4.2020). Adresa: Karl-Marx-S. 210, 12055 Berlín, Německo. Další informace: a) fyzický popis: hnědá barva očí, černá barva vlasů, výška 178 cm. Tetování: nápis BROKEN DREAMS (na zádech) a africká krajina (v horní části pravé paže); b) jméno otce: Richard Luc-Giffard; c) jméno matky: Sigrid Cuspert; d) zdržoval se v oblasti Sýrie/Turecka (v lednu 2015). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 10.2.2015.
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Angga Dimas Pershada (také znám jako a) Angga Dimas Persada, b) Angga Dimas Persadha, c) Angga Dimas Prasondha). Funkce: generální tajemník (od poloviny roku 2014). Datum narození: 4.3.1985. Místo narození: Jakarta, Indonésie. Státní příslušnost: indonéská. Číslo pasu: indonéský pas č. W344982 (vydán na jméno Angga Dimas Peshada). Další informace: a) člen Jemaah Islamiyah; b) vedoucí představitel Hilal Ahmar Society Indonesia (HASI). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 13.3.2015.
Bambang Sukirno (také znám jako a) Pak Zahra, b) Abu Zahra). Datum narození: 5.4.1975. Místo narození: Indonésie. Státní příslušnost: indonéská. Číslo pasu: indonéský pas č. A2062513. Další informace: jeden z hlavních vůdců Jemaah Islamiyah, který zastával vůdčí pozice v Hilal Ahmar Society Indonesia (HASI). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 13.3.2015.
Wiji Joko Santoso (také znám jako a) Wijijoko Santoso, b) Abu Seif al-Jawi, c) Abu Seif). Datum narození: 14.7.1975. Místo narození: Rembang, Jawa Tengah, Indonésie. Státní příslušnost: indonéská. Číslo pasu: indonéský pas č. A2823222 (vydán dne 28.5.2012 s platností do 28.5.2017 na jméno Wiji Joko Santoso). Další informace: vedoucí útvaru pro zahraniční věci v Jemaah Islamiyah. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 13.3.2015.
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Maulana Fazlullah (také znám jako: a) Mullah Fazlullah, b) Fazal Hayat, c) Mullah Radio). Datum narození: 1974. Místo narození: vesnice Kuza Bandai, Svát, provincie Chajbar Paštúnchwá, Pákistán. Adresa: oblast u hranice mezi Afghánistánem a Pákistánem. Další informace: velitel organizace Tahrík-e Tálibán-e Pákistán (TTP) od 7.11.2013. Datum, od kdy se na příslušné účty vztahují rezoluce Rady bezpečnosti OSN podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 7.4.2015.
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Ali Ben Taher Ben Faleh Ouni Harzi (také znám jako: Abou Zoubair). Datum narození: 9.3.1986. Místo narození: Ariana, Tunisko. Státní příslušnost: tuniská. Číslo pasu: W342058 (tuniský cestovní pas, vydaný dne 14.3.2011, platný do 13.3.2016). Národní identifikační číslo: 08705184 (číslo tuniského průkazu totožnosti, vydaného dne 24.2.2011). Adresa: a) 18 Mediterranean Street, Ariana, Tunisko; b) Syrská arabská republika (k březnu 2015); c) Irák (případné alternativní místo pobytu k březnu 2015); d) Libye (předchozí místo pobytu). Další informace: a) Fyzický popis: barva očí: hnědá; výška: 171 cm; b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU; c) jméno otce je Taher Ouni Harzi, jméno matky je Borkana Bedairia. V červnu 2015 údajně zabit při náletu v iráckém Mosulu. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 10.4.2015.
Tarak Ben Taher Ben Faleh Ouni Harzi (také znám jako: Abou Omar Al Tounisi). Datum narození: 3.5.1982. Místo narození: Tunis, Tunisko. Státní příslušnost: tuniská. Číslo pasu: Z050399 (tuniský cestovní pas, vydaný dne 9.12.2003, platný do 8.12.2008). Národní identifikační číslo: 04711809 (číslo tuniského vnitrostátního průkazu totožnosti, vydaného dne 13.11.2003). Adresa: a) 18 Mediterranean Street, Ariana, Tunisko; b) Syrská arabská republika (k březnu 2015); c) Irák (případné alternativní místo pobytu k březnu 2015); d) Libye (předchozí místo pobytu). Další informace: a) Fyzický popis: barva očí: hnědá; výška: 172 cm; b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU; c) jméno otce je Taher Ouni Harzi, jméno matky je Borkana Bedairia. V červnu 2015 údajně zabit v Sýrii. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 10.4.2015.
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Sofiane Ben Goumo (také znám jako a) Sufyan bin Qumu b) Abou Fares al Libi). Datum narození: 26. 6. 1959. Místo narození: Derna, Libye. Státní příslušnost: libyjská. Adresa: Libye. Další informace: a) vůdce skupiny Ansar al Charia Derna. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 3.9.2015.
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Abd Al-Aziz Aday Zimin Al-Fadhil (také znám jako a) Abd al-Aziz Udai Samin al-Fadhli; b) Abd al-Aziz Udai Samin al-Fadhl; c) Abd al-Aziz Adhay Zimin al-Fadhli; d) Abdalaziz Ad'ai Samin Fadhli al-Fadhali). Datum narození: 27.8.1981. Místo narození: Kuvajt. Národní identifikační číslo: 281082701081. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 21.9.2015.
Abd Al-Latif Bin Abdallah Salih Muhammad Al-Kawari (také znám jako a) Abd-al-Latif Abdallah Salih al-Kawari, b) Abd-al-Latif Abdallah Salih al-Kuwari, c) Abd-al-Latif Abdallah al-Kawwari, d) Abd-al-Latif Abdallah al-Kawari, e) Abu Ali al-Kawari). Datum narození: 28.9.1973. Státní příslušnost: katarská. Číslo pasu: a) katarský pas číslo 01020802, b) katarský pas číslo 00754833, vydaný dne 20.5.2007, c) katarský pas číslo 00490327, vydaný dne 28.7.2001. Národní identifikační číslo: katarský průkaz totožnosti č. 27363400684. Adresa: Al-Laqtah, Katar. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 21.9.2015.
Hamad Awad Dahi Sarhan Al-Shammari (také znám jako a) Abu Uqlah al-Kuwaiti). Datum narození: 31.1.1984. Státní příslušnost: kuvajtská. Číslo pasu: kuvajtský cestovní pas číslo 155454275. Národní identifikační číslo: kuvajtský průkaz totožnosti č. 284013101406. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 21.9.2015.
Sa'd Bin Sa'd Muhammad Shariyan Al-Ka'bi (také znám jako a) Sa'd bin Sa'd Muhammad Shiryan al-Ka'bi; b) Sa'd Sa'd Muhammad Shiryan al-Ka'bi; c) Sa'd al-Sharyan al-Ka'bi; d) Abu Haza'; e) Abu Hazza'; f) Umar al-Afghani; g) Abu Sa'd; h) Abu Suad. Datum narození: 15.2.1972. Státní příslušnost: katarská. Číslo pasu: katarský cestovní pas číslo 00966737. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 2a odst. 4 písm. b): 21.9.2015.
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Aksá Mahmoodová (také známa jako Umm Layth). Datum narození: 11.5.1994. Místo narození: Glasgow, Skotsko, Spojené království. Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v listopadu 2013), b) Spojené království (dřívější adresa). Státní příslušnost: britská. Cestovní pas č.: 720134834 (britský pas vydán dne 27.6.2012, platný do 27.6.2022). Další informace: a) pohlaví: ženské, b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 28.9.2015.
Nasser Ahmed Muthana (také znám jako a) Nasir Muthana, b) Abdul Muthana, c) Abu Muthana, d) Abu Al-Yemeni Muthana, e) Abu Muthanna). Datum narození: 29.4.1994. Místo narození: Heath, Cardiff, Spojené království. Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v listopadu 2013), b) Spojené království (dřívější adresa do listopadu 2013). Státní příslušnost: britská. Číslo pasu: 210804241 (britský cestovní pas vydán dne 27.7.2010, platný do 27.7. 2020). Další informace: a) fyzický popis: barva vlasů: hnědočerná, b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 28.9.2015.
Omar Ali Hussain (také znám jako Abu- Sa'id Al Britani). Datum narození: 21.3.1987. Místo narození: High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, Spojené království. Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v lednu 2014), b) Spojené království (dřívější adresa do ledna 2014). Státní příslušnost: britská. Cestovní pas č.: 205939411 (britský pas vydán dne 21.7.2004, platný do 21.4.2015). Další informace: a) fyzický popis: barva očí: hnědá; barva vlasů: hnědočerná, b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 28.9.2015.
Sally-Anne Frances Jonesová (také známa jako a) Umm Hussain al-Britani, b) Sakinah Hussain). Datum narození: 17.11.1968. Místo narození: Greenwich, Londýn, Spojené království. Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v roce 2013), b) Spojené království (dřívější adresa do roku 2013). Státní příslušnost: britská. Cestovní pas č.: 519408086 (britský pas vydán dne 23.9.2013, platný do 23.9.2023). Další informace: a) pohlaví: ženské, b) jméno manžela: Junaid Hussain, c) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 28.9.2015.
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Boubaker Ben Habib Ben Al-Hakim (také znám jako a) Boubakeur el-Hakim, b) Boubaker el Hakim, c) Abou al Moukatel, d) Abou Mouqatel, e) Abu-Muqatil al-Tunisi, f) El Hakim Boubakeur). Datum narození: 1.8.1983. Místo narození: Paříž, Francie. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (v září 2015). Státní příslušnost: a) francouzská, b) tuniská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.9.2015.
Peter Cherif. Datum narození: 26.8.1982. Místo narození: Paříž, 20. obvod, Francie. Adresa: Al Mukalla, provincie Hadramawt, Jemen. Státní příslušnost: francouzská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.9.2015.
Maxime Hauchard (také znám jako Abou Abdallah al Faransi). Datum narození: 17.3.1992. Místo narození: Saint Aubin les Elbeuf, Normandie, Francie. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (v září 2015). Státní příslušnost: francouzská. Číslo pasu: a) 101127200129 (francouzský průkaz totožnosti vydaný podprefekturou města Bernay, Francie, platný do 4.11.2020). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.9.2015.
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Amru Al-Absi (také znám jako a) Amr al Absi, b) Abu al Athir Amr al Absi, c) Abu al-Athir, d) Abu al-Asir, e) Abu Asir, f) Abu Amr al Shami, g) Abu al-Athir al-Shami, h) Abu-Umar al-Absi). Datum narození: přibližně v roce 1979. Místo narození: Saúdská Arábie. Adresa: Homs, Syrská arabská republika (v září 2015). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.9.2015.
Mu'tassim Yahya 'Ali Al-Rumaysh (také znám jako a) Rayhanah, b) Abu-Rayhanah, c) Handalah, d) Abu-Rayhanah al-'Ansari al-Jeddawi). Datum narození: 4.1.1973. Místo narození: Džidda, Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: jemenská. Cestovní pas č.: 01055336 (jemenský cestovní pas). Národní identifikační číslo: saúdskoarabské cizinecké registrační číslo 2054275397, vydané dne 22.7.1998. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.9.2015.
Tarad Mohammad Aljarba (také znám jako Aljarba, b) Abu-Muhammad al-Shimali). Datum narození: 20.11.1979. Místo narození: Irák. Státní příslušnost: saúdskoarabská. Cestovní pas č.: E704088 (saúdskoarabský pas vydán dne 26.8.2003, platný do 2.7.2008). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.9.2015.
Lavdrim Muhaxheri (také znám jako a) Abu Abdullah al Kosova, b) Abu Abdallah al-Kosovi, c) Abu Abdallah al-Kosovo). Datum narození: a) 3.12.1989, b) přibližně v roce 1987. Místo narození: Kačanik. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (v září 2015). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.9.2015.
Aseel Muthana. Datum narození: 22.11.1996. Místo narození: Cardiff, Spojené království. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (v únoru 2014). Státní příslušnost: britská. Číslo pasu: 516088643 (britský pas vydán dne 7.1.2014, platný do 7.1.2024). Další informace: fyzický popis: barva vlasů: hnědočerná. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 30.9.2015.
Magomed Magomedzakirovič Abdurachmanov (také znám jako a) Abu Banat, b) Abu al Banat). Datum narození: 24.11.1974. Místo narození: obec Chadžalmahi, okres Levašinskij, Dagestánská republika, Ruská federace. Státní příslušnost: ruská. Číslo pasu: 515458008 (číslo ruského cestovního pasu platného do 30.5.2017). Národní identifikační číslo: 8200203535 (číslo ruského průkazu totožnosti). Adresa: a) Turecko (možné místo pobytu), b) Syrská arabská republika (předchozí potvrzené místo pobytu od září 2012). Další informace: a) fyzický popis: Barva očí: hnědá. Barva vlasů: tmavá. Postava: silná. Nos: rovný. Výška: 180–185 cm, mluví rusky, anglicky, arabsky, b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 2.10.2015.
Islam Seit-Umarovič Atabijev (také znám jako Abu Jihad). Datum narození: 29.9.1983. Místo narození: Usť-Džeguta, Karačajsko-čerkeská republika, Ruská federace. Státní příslušnost: ruská. Číslo pasu: 620169661 (číslo ruského cestovního pasu). Národní identifikační číslo: 9103314932 (ruský průkaz totožnosti vydán dne 15.8.2003 oddělením federální migrační služby Ruské federace pro Karačajsko-čerkeskou republiku). Adresa: a) Moskovskij Mikrorajon 6, byt 96, Usť-Džeguta, Karačajsko-čerkeská republika, Ruská federace, b) Syrská arabská republika (v srpnu 2015). Další informace: k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 2.10.2015.
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Achmed Rajapovič Chatajev (také znám jako a) Akhmad Shishani, b) David Mayer, c) Elmir Sene, d) Odnorukiy); Datum narození: 14.7.1980; Místo narození: obec Vedeno, okres Vedenskij, Čečenská republika, Ruská federace; Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v srpnu 2015), b) Irák (možné alternativní místo pobytu v srpnu 2015); Státní příslušnost: ruská. Národní identifikační číslo: 9600133195 (číslo ruského průkazu totožnosti vydaného útvarem Ministerstva vnitra Ruské federace v okrese Vedenskij, Čečenská republika); Další informace: a) fyzický popis: barva očí: hnědá; barva vlasů: černá; postava: silná; rozlišovací znaky: oválný obličej, vousy, postrádá pravou ruku a levou nohu, mluví rusky, čečensky a možná také německy a arabsky; b) K dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 2.10.2015.
▼M255
Tarkhan Ismajlovič Gazijev (původní přepis: Тархан Исмаилович Газиев), (také znám jako a) Ramzan Oduev (původní přepis: Рамзан Одуев), b) Tarkhan Isaevich Gaziev (původní přepis: Тархан Исаевич Газиев), c) Husan Isaevich Gaziev (původní přepis: Хусан Исаевич Газиев), d) Umar Sulimov (původní přepis: Умар Сулимов), e) Wainakh (původní přepis: Вайнах), f) Sever (původní přepis: Север), g) Abu Bilal (původní přepis: Абу-Билал), h) Abu Yasir (původní přepis: Абу Ясир), i) Abu Asim (původní přepis: Абу Ясим), j) Husan (původní přepis: Хусан), k) Ab-Bilal, l) Abu-Naser). Datum narození: 11.11.1965. Místo narození: obec Itum-Kale, okres Itum-Kalinskij, Čečenská republika, Ruská federace. Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v srpnu 2015), b) Irák (možné alternativní místo pobytu v srpnu 2015). Státní příslušnost: Ruská federace. Další informace: K dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 2.10.2015.
▼M240
Zaurbek Salimovič Guchajev (také znám jako a) Bach, b) Fackih, c) Vostochnij, d) Muslim, e) Aziz, f) Abdul Aziz). Datum narození: 7.9.1975. Místo narození: obec Chegem-1, okres Chegemskij, Kabardino-Balkarská republika, Ruská federace. Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v srpnu 2015), b) Irák (možné alternativní místo pobytu v srpnu 2015). Státní příslušnost: ruská. Číslo pasu: 622641887 (číslo ruského cestovního pasu). Národní identifikační číslo: 8304661431 (číslo ruského průkazu totožnosti). Další informace: k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 2.10.2015.
Šamil Magomedovič Ismajlov (také znám jako a) Šamil Magomedovič Alijev, b) Abu Hanifa). Datum narození: 29.10.1980. Místo narození: Astrachán, Ruská federace. Adresa: a) Syrská arabská republika (v srpnu 2015), b) Irák (možné alternativní místo pobytu v srpnu 2015). Státní příslušnost: ruská. Číslo pasu: 514448632 (číslo ruského cestovního pasu vydaného dne 8.9.2010 generálním konzulátem Ruské federace v Alexandrii, Egypt). Národní identifikační číslo: 1200075689 (číslo ruského průkazu totožnosti vydaného dne 15. prosince 2000 Ruskou federací). Další informace: a) fyzický popis: barva očí: hnědá, barva vlasů: černá, postava: štíhlá, výška 175–180 cm. Rozlišovací znamení: podlouhlý obličej, vada řeči, b) k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 2.10.2015.
▼M241
Emrah Erdogan (také znám jako a) Imraan Al-Kurdy, b) Imraan, c) Imran, d) Imran ibn Hassan, e) Salahaddin El Kurdy, f) Salahaddin Al Kudy, g) Salahaddin Al-Kurdy, h) Salah Aldin, i) Sulaiman, j) Ismatollah, k) Ismatullah, l) Ismatullah Al Kurdy). Datum narození: 2.2.1988. Místo narození: Karliova, Turecko. Adresa: Vězení Werl, Německo (od května 2015). Státní příslušnost: německá. Pas č. BPA C700RKL8R4 (německý průkaz totožnosti vydaný dne 18. února 2010, platný do dne 17. února 2016). Další informace: a) Fyzický popis: barva očí hnědá, barva vlasů hnědá, postava: silná, hmotnost: 92 kg, výška: 176 cm, mateřské znaménko na pravé straně zad. b) Jméno matky: Emine Erdogan. c) Jméno otce: Sait Erdogan.
▼M245
Abd Al-Baset Azzouz (také znám jako a) Abdelbassed Azouz, b) Abdul Baset Azouz, c) AA (iniciály)). Datum narození: 7.2.1966. Místo narození: Doma, Libye. Státní příslušnost: libyjská. Cestovní pas č.: a) 223611 (číslo libyjského pasu) b) C00146605 (číslo britského pasu). Adresa: Libye (poslední známé místo pobytu). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Gulmurod Khalimov. Datum narození: a) 14.5.1975, b) přibližně rok 1975. Místo narození: a) oblast Varzob, Tádžikistán, b) Dušanbe, Tádžikistán. Státní příslušnost: tádžická. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (místo pobytu v září 2015). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Nusret Imamovic (také znám jako Nusret Sulejman Imamovic). Datum narození: a) 26.9.1971, b) 26.9.1977. Státní příslušnost: Bosna a Hercegovina. Cestovní pas č.: a) 349054 (číslo pasu Bosny a Hercegoviny), b) 3490054 (číslo pasu Bosny a Hercegoviny). Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (místo pobytu v září 2015). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Muhannad Al-Najdi (také znám jako a) 'Ali Manahi 'Ali al-Mahaydali al-'Utaybi, b) Ghassan al-Tajiki). Datum narození: 19.5.1984. Místo narození: al-Duwadmi, Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: saúdskoarabská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Morad Laaboudi (také znám jako a) Abu Ismail, b) Abu Ismail al-Maghribi). Datum narození: 26.2.1993. Místo narození: Maroko. Státní příslušnost: marocká. Cestovní pas č.: a) UZ6430184 (číslo marockého pasu), b) CD595054 (marocký vnitrostátní průkaz totožnosti). Adresa: Turecko. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Ali Musa Al-Shawakh (také znám jako a) 'Ali Musa al-Shawagh, b) 'Ali Musa al-Shawagh, c) Ali al-Hamoud al-Shawakh, d) Ibrahim al-Shawwakh, e) Muhammad 'Ali al-Shawakh, f) Abu Luqman, g) Ali Hammud, h) Abdullah Shuwar al-Aujayd, i) Ali Awas, j) 'Ali Derwish, k) 'Ali al-Hamud, l) Abu Luqman al- Sahl, m) Abu Luqman al-Suri, n) Abu Ayyub). Datum narození: 1973. Místo narození: obec Sahl, provincie Rakka, Syrská arabská republika. Státní příslušnost: syrská. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Hasan Al-Salahayn Salih Al-Sha'ari (také znám jako a) Husayn al-Salihin Salih al-Sha'iri, b) Abu Habib al-Libi, c) Hasan Abu Habib). Datum narození: 1975. Místo narození: Derna, Libye. Státní příslušnost: libyjská. Cestovní pas č.: a) 542858 (číslo libyjského pasu), b) 55252 (libyjský vnitrostátní průkaz totožnosti, vydaný v Derně, Libye). Adresa: Libye. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Mounir Ben Dhaou Ben Brahim Ben Helal (také znám jako a) Mounir Helel, b) Mounir Hilel, c) Abu Rahmah, d) Abu Maryam al-Tunisi). Datum narození: 10.5.1983. Místo narození: Ben Guerdane, Tunisko. Státní příslušnost: tuniská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Mohammed Abdel-Halim Hemaida Saleh (také znám jako a) Muhammad Hameida Saleh, b) Muhammad Abd-al-Halim Humaydah, c) Faris Baluchistan). Datum narození: a) 22.9.1988, b) 22.9.1989. Místo narození: Alexandrie, Egypt. Státní příslušnost: egyptská. Adresa: Egypt. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Salim Benghalem. Datum narození: 6.7.1980. Místo narození: Bourg la Reine, Francie. Státní příslušnost: francouzská. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (místo pobytu v září 2015). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
Abu Ubaydah Yusuf Al-Anabi (také znám jako a) Abou ObeJda Youssef AI-Annabi, b) Abu- Ubaydah Yusuf Al-lnabi, c) Mebrak Yazid, d) Youcef Abu Obeida, e) Mibrak Yazid, f) Yousif Abu Obayda Yazid, g) Yazid Mebrak, h) Yazid Mabrak, i) Yusuf Abu Ubaydah, j) Abou Youcef). Datum narození: 7.2.1969. Místo narození: Annaba, Alžírsko. Státní příslušnost: alžírská Adresa: Alžírsko. Další informace: k dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 29.2.2016.
▼M247
Nayef Salam Muhammad Ujaym Al-Hababi (také znám jako a) Nayf Salam Muhammad Ujaym al-Hababi; b) Faruq al-Qahtani;, c) Faruq al-Qatari; d) Farouq al-Qahtani al Qatari; e) Sheikh Farooq al-Qahtani; f) Shaykh Imran Farouk; g) Sheikh Faroq al-Qatari). Datum narození: a) 1981, b) přibližně rok 1980. Místo narození: Saúdská Arábie. Státní příslušnost: a) saúdskoarabská; b) katarská. Cestovní pas č.: 592667 (katarský cestovní pas vydaný 3. května 2007). Adresa: Afghánistán (od roku 2009). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 bodu i): 28.3.2016.
▼M248
Turki Mubarak Abdullah Ahmad Al-Binali (také znám jako a) Turki Mubarak Abdullah Al Binali; b) Turki Mubarak al-Binali; c) Turki al-Benali; d) Turki al-Binali; e) Abu Human Bakr ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Athari; f) Abu Bakr al-Athari; g) Abu Hazm al-Salafi; h) Abu Hudhayfa al-Bahrayni; i) Abu Khuzayma al-Mudari; j) Abu Sufyan al-Sulami; k) Abu Dergham; l) Abu Human al-Athari). Datum narození: 3.9.1984. Místo narození: Al Muharraq, Bahrajn. Státní příslušnost: bahrajnská (občanství zbaven v lednu 2015). Číslo pasu: a) 2231616, číslo bahrajnského pasu vydaného dne 2.1.2013 s platností do 2.1.2023; b) 1272611, číslo předchozího bahrajnského pasu vydaného dne 1.4.2003; c) národní identifikační číslo: 840901356. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 20.4.2016.
Faysal Ahmad Bin Ali Al-Zahrani (také znám jako a) Faisal Ahmed Ali Alzahrani; b) Abu Sarah al-Saudi; c) Abu Sara Zahrani). Datum narození: 19.1.1986. Státní příslušnost: Saúdská Arábie. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika Číslo pasu: a) K142736 (číslo saúdskoarabského pasu vydaného dne 14.7.2011 v Al-Khafji, Saúdská Arábie); b) G579315 (číslo saúdskoarabského pasu). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 20.4.2016.
Tuah Febriwansyah (také znám jako a) Tuah Febriwansyah bin Arif Hasrudin; b) Tuwah Febriwansah; c) Muhammad Fachri; d) Muhammad Fachria; e) Muhammad Fachry). Datum narození: 18.2.1968. Místo narození: Jakarta, Indonésie. Státní příslušnost: indonéská. Adresa: Jalan Baru LUK, No.1, RT 05/07, Kelurahan Bhakti Jaya, Setu Sub-district, Pamulang District, Tangerang Selatan, provincie Banten, Indonésie. Číslo indonéského průkazu totožnosti: 09.5004.180268.0074. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 20.4.2016.
Husayn Juaythini (také znám jako a) Hussein Mohammed Hussein Aljeithni; b) Husayn Muhammad al-Juaythini; c) Husayn Muhammad Husayn al-Juaythini; d) Husayn Muhamad Husayn al-Juaythini; e) Husayn Muhammad Husayn Juaythini; f) Abu Muath al-Juaitni). Datum narození: 3.5.1977. Místo narození: uprchlický tábor Nuseirat, Pásmo Gazy, palestinská území. Státní příslušnost: palestinská. Adresa: Pásmo Gazy, palestinská území. Číslo pasu: 0363464 (vydaný palestinskou samosprávou). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 20.4.2016.
Muhammad Sholeh Ibrahim (také znám jako a) Mohammad Sholeh Ibrahim; b) Muhammad Sholeh Ibrohim; c) Muhammad Soleh Ibrahim; d) Sholeh Ibrahim; e) Muh Sholeh Ibrahim). Datum narození: září 1958. Místo narození: Demak, Indonésie. Státní příslušnost: indonéská. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 20.4.2016.
▼M253
Aslan Avgazarovich Byutukaev (alias a) Аслан Авгазарович Бютукаев, b) Amir Khazmat, c) Амир Хазмат, d) Abubakar, e) Абубакар. Datum narození: 22.10.1974. Místo narození: Kitaevka, Novoselitský okres, Stavropolský kraj, Ruská federace. Státní příslušnost: Ruská federace. Adresa: Akharkho Street, 11, Katyr-Yurt, Achkhoy-Martanovskiy okres, Čečensko, Ruská federace. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 3.8.2016.
Ayrat Nasimovich Vakhitov (alias a) Айрат Насимович Вахитов, b) Salman Bulgarskiy, c) Салман Булгарский. Datum narození: 27.3.1977. Místo narození: Naberezhnye Chelny, republika Tatarstán, Ruská federace. Státní příslušnost: Ruská federace. Další informace: Možná používá padělaný cestovní pas občana Sýrie či Iráku. K dispozici fotografie k zařazení do zvláštního sdělení Rady bezpečnosti OSN – INTERPOLU. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 3.8.2016.
▼M277
Rustam Magomedovich Aselderov (původním písmem: Рустам Магомедович Асельдеров) (také znám jako: a) Abu Muhammad (původním písmem: Абу Мухаммад), b) Abu Muhammad Al-Kadari (původním písmem: Абу Мухаммад Аль-Кадари), c) Muhamadmuhtar (původním písmem: Мухамадмухтар)). Datum narození: 9.3.1981. Místo narození: obec Iki-Burul, okres Iki-Burulskiy, Kalmycká republika, Ruská federace. Státní příslušnost: Ruská federace. Číslo pasu: ruský cestovní pas 8208 č. 555627, vydal úřad Leninskiy, oddělení Federálního migračního úřadu Ruské federace pro Dagestánskou republiku. Další informace: zabit dne 3. prosince 2016 v Machačkale, Dagenstánská republika, Ruská federace. Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 12.12.2016.
▼M264
Bassam Ahmad Al-Hasri (také znám jako: a) Bassam Ahmad Husari; b) Abu Ahmad Akhlaq; c) Abu Ahmad al-Shami). Datum narození: a) 1.1.1969; b) přibližně rok 1971. Místo narození: a) Qalamun, provincie Damašek, Syrská arabská republika; b) al-Ghúta, provincie Damašek, Syrská arabská republika; c) Tadamon, Rif Dimashq, Syrská arabská republika. Státní příslušnost: a) syrská; b) palestinská. Adresa: Syrská arabská republika (jih; místo pobytu v červenci 2016). Datum zařazení na seznam podle čl. 7d odst. 2 písm. i): 22.2.2017.
| 16,218 |
https://github.com/sun11225/history_day/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/example/history_day/MyApplication.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | history_day | sun11225 | Java | Code | 85 | 298 | package com.example.history_day;
import android.app.Application;
import android.util.Log;
import org.xutils.x;
import cn.bmob.v3.Bmob;
public class MyApplication extends Application {
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
//第一：默认初始化
Bmob.initialize(this, "eaca57c90f764cbe5607070fdfee2bfb");
//xutil框架初始化
x.Ext.init(this);
// JVerificationInterface.setDebugMode(true);
// final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
// JVerificationInterface.init(this, new RequestCallback<String>() {
// @Override
// public void onResult(int code, String result) {
// Log.d("MyApp", "[init] code = " + code + " result = " + result + " consists = " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start));
// }
// });
// }
//开启dubug日志
// x.Ext.setDebug(BuildConfig.DEBUG);
}
}
| 1,290 |
294324_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | null | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | 1,291 | 1,761 | Cardozo, J.
The claimant sues the state for the flooding of its lands.
In 1840 an aqueduct forming part of the Erie canal was built by the state across Oneida creek two and a half miles from the lands which since 1898 have been occupied by the claimant's factory. In the aqueduct, is a culvert with two openings, having a total capacity of 532 square feet, designed as a passage for the waters of the creek. Two bridges and an embankment span the creek at intervals between the aqueduct and the factory, but their openings are larger. The culvert in the aqueduct is insufficient in the high waters of spring and autumn to give passage to the waters, which are thereby thrown back, and made to flood the neighboring lands. On December 15, 1901,' there was a flood of extraordinary severity. The findings state that since the construction of the aqueduct in 1840 floods equally high had occurred " on many occasions." That statement is so indefinite that, in order to be significant, it must be supplemented by the evidence; and the evidence discloses only four or five instances of equal floods in the space of sixty years. So far as the record tells us, the usual floods of spring and autumn did not reach the claimant's lands. The flood of December 15, 1901, did reach them, and inundated the factory with damage to the contents. The Court of Claims ruled that a claim filed on December 5, 1903, was barred by limitation (L. 1830, ch. 293; L. 1866, ch. 836).
We think the ruling rests on a misconception of the statutes. The acts of 1830 and 1866 (L. 1830, ch. 293; L. 1866, ch. 836, sec. 5) prescribe a limitation of one year for damages resulting from the erection of a dam or from any permanent appropriation, partialor complete. They have no relation to injuries which are merely occasional and temporary (Heacock & Berry v. State of N. Y., 105 N. Y. 246; Stewart v. State of N. Y., 105 N. Y. 254). For such injuries there was no remedy against the state until the act of 1870 (L. 1870, ch. 321; Heacock & Berry v. State of N. Y., supra), which fixed a different limitation (Cf. Code Civ. Pro. sec. 264). This aqueduct was neither a dam nor an appropriation in any form of an estate or interest in land. The state did not so intend it. The landowners who viewed it had no warning in its construction of a proposed invasion of their easements. It was not built with the design of setting back or impounding the waters of the stream. It was built with the design that the waters of the stream should pass. If it has failed of the desired effect, the failure has been only occasional and partial. Such temporary and irregular obstructions, the results of negligence or accident, are not dams either as commonly understood or within the meaning of the statute. For like reasons they do not result, irrespective of prescription, in the appropriation of an estate or title. We.so held in Heacock & Berry v. State (105 N. Y. 246). Nothing to the contrary was decided in Ely v. State of N. Y. (199 N. Y. 213) where the dam was built as such and intended to be permanent. The claim of this landowner is not for a direct appropriation, but for consequential irtjuries, discontinuous and irregular, resulting from the defendant's negligence (Sipple v. State of N. Y., 99 N. Y. 284; Reed v. State of N. Y., 108 N. Y. 407, 414; Bellinger v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 23 N. Y. 42). A new claim arises as successive injuries are suffered (Ohio & M. R. Co. v. Thillman, 143 Ill. 127; Del. & Raritan Canal Co. v. Lee, 22 N. J. L. 243, 251).
The state makes the point that a right to flood the lands has been acquired by prescription. Prescription involves a user that is hostile and continuous (3 Kent Comm. 441). We cannot say upon this record that those conditions have been satisfied. Occasional accident is not equivalent to a continuous claim of right. It is not, indeed, required, in order to make out the necessary continuity with the resulting inference of hostility, that there shall be user every day or even every month (Gilford v. Winnipiseogee Lake Co., 52 N. H. 262, 266). Enjoyment may be in some degree proportioned to the character and necessities of the privilege enjoyed (Hollins v. Verney, L. R. 13 Q. B. D. 304; Hesperia Land & Water Co. v. Rogus, 83 Cal. 10). None the less, there must be in it such an element of permanence as to distinguish it from enjoyment that is merely fitful and irregular (Gilford v. Winnipiseogee Lake Co., supra). " The acts of user though not required to be unintermittent, must be of such a nature and of such frequency as to give notice to the landowner that the right is being claimed against him " (Gilford v. Winnipiseogee Lake Co., supra). Enjoyment of the contested right on four or five occasions in sixty years would not satisfy this test. We do not need, however, to scrutinize the record in the effort to determine whether a finding of title by prescription, if made, would be supported. No such finding has been made, and the opinion of the trial court leaves no escape from the conclusion that no such finding was intended. All that is found is the purely evidential fact, of equivocal significance, that " on many occasions " the floods were equally high. There is no finding of the ultimate facts on which a prescriptive right depends. Without these the decision fails as a determination of the issues (Dougherty v. Lion Fire Ins. Co., 183 N. Y. 302; Alcock v. Davitt, 179 N. Y. 9). Findings, if supported by the evidence, will sometimes be implied in aid of the intention of the trial court, but never when the likelihood exists that intention will be thwarted.
. Finally, the state makes the point that intervening structures co-operated with the aqueduct as causes of the damage. Even so, the state was liable for the share of the damage to .be apportioned to its own structure, if apportionment was possible (O'Donnell v. City of Syracuse, 184 N. Y. 1, 8; Chipman v. Palmer, 77 N. Y. 51). Recovery would not fail altogether because the division of the consequences might be uncertain and approximate (Carhart v. State of New York, 115 App. Div. 1, 5, 6). The law is generous in the license that it accords to the triers of the facts when seeking to segregate the damages (Carhart v. State of N. Y., supra; Barnes v. Midland R. R. Terminal Co., 218 N. Y. 91, 101). There was no attempt at segregation here. The trial court put its ruling on the single ground that the claim was barred by limitation. Even though there was no possibility of apportionment, either accurate or approximate, the right to nominal damages remained. That right, however, was denied, and judgment of dismissal rendered. With even nominal damages withheld, the issue of apportionment undetermined, and the cause disposed of on another theory, a new trial becomes necessary that justice may be done (Callanan v. Keenan, 224 N. Y. 503, 509; Thomson-Houston El. Co. of N. Y. v. Durant Land Improvement Co., 144 N. Y. 34, 49).
The judgment of the Appellate Division and that of the Court of Claims should be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
His cock, Ch. J., Pound, McLaughlin, Crane and Andrews, JJ., concur; Hogan, J., takes no part.
Judgments reversed, etc..
| 21,877 |
https://github.com/ranisalt/otb/blob/master/stream.h | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | otb | ranisalt | C | Code | 80 | 251 | #pragma once
#include "otb.h"
template <class T> auto read(otb::iterator &first, const otb::iterator &last) {
constexpr decltype(last - first) len = sizeof(T);
std::string buf;
buf.reserve(len);
while (buf.size() < len and first < last) {
if (*first == otb::detail::ESCAPE) {
++first;
}
buf.push_back(*first);
++first;
}
if (buf.size() < len) {
throw std::invalid_argument("Not enough bytes to read.");
}
T out;
std::copy(buf.begin(), buf.end(), reinterpret_cast<char *>(&out));
return out;
}
std::string read_string(otb::iterator &first, const otb::iterator &last, int len);
void skip(otb::iterator &first, const otb::iterator &last, int len);
| 24,010 |
US-68225608-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,008 | None | None | English | Spoken | 887 | 1,122 | The sample laminate prepared above was set on flexible die bonder “DB-730” (made by Renesas Eastern Japan Semiconductor, Inc., trade name) and the dicing tape was expanded by the expanding device. The rate of expansion was 10 mm/s and the amount of expansion was 4 mm. Then, the semiconductor chips in the expanded sample laminate were picked up using the multi-pin push-up jig of flexible bonder “DB-730” (made by Renesas Eastern Japan Semiconductor, Inc.) in which 9 ejector needles (made by Micro-Mechanics Pte Ltd., SEN-83-05, needle diameter: 0.7 mm, tip: semicircular, 350 μm in diameter) are arranged in a grid pattern at an interval of 4.2 mm while pushing up the needles and using a rubber chip (made by Micro-Mechanics Pte Ltd., trade name: 13-087E-33, 10 mm×10 mm) as a pick-up collet. Here the semiconductor chips were picked up while pushing up the needles in two stages; they were pushed up under the conditions of a push-up height of 300 μm and a push-up rate of 89.4 mm/s in the first stage, and under the conditions of a push-up height of 1,500 μm and a push-up rate of 8.94 mm/s in the second stage for a holding time after pushing up (pick-up time) of 500 ms. Pick-up properties in this experiment were evaluated based on the following criteria.
[Pick-Up Properties]
A: The adhesive film for a semiconductor could be cut and the semiconductor chips with an adhesive film were successfully picked up.
B: The adhesive film for a semiconductor could not be completely cut, making it impossible to pick up the semiconductor chips and causing chip cracks.
TABLE 1 Comparative Comparative Unit Example 1 Example 2 Example 1 Example 2 Tensile Maximum stress MPa 45.9 45.9 45.9 60.0 properties Elongation at % 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.9 maximum load Tensile % 2.5 2.5 2.5 10.3 elongation at break Tensile % 101 101 101 264 elongation at break/elongation at maximum load Film thickness μm 5 15 25 15 Pick-up properties — A A B B
As Table 1 shows, it has been proved that when using the adhesive films for a semiconductor of Examples 1 and 2 having a thickness in the range of 1 to 15 μm and a tensile elongation at break of less than 5%, and in which the tensile elongation at break is less than 110% of the elongation at the maximum load, the adhesive films for a semiconductor could be divided in the above-described pick-up step, making it possible to prepare semiconductor chips with an adhesive film. It has also been found that flash in the divided adhesive films was sufficiently reduced and the divided adhesive films had substantially the same shape as that of the semiconductor chip. On the other hand, when the adhesive films for a semiconductor of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were used, the adhesive films for a semiconductor could not be divided in the above-described expansion step or pick-up step.
The above results have proved that the method for producing a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film using an adhesive film for a semiconductor of the present invention is capable of producing a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film laminated thereon in which flash is sufficiently little and which has substantially the same shape as that of the semiconductor chip, and capable of achieving both assembling properties and reliability in a method of producing a semiconductor device based on a stealth dicing process.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention can provide a method for producing a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film, capable of producing a semiconductor chip from a semiconductor wafer at a good yield and capable of producing a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film laminated thereon in which flash is sufficiently little and which has substantially the same shape as that of the semiconductor chip, an adhesive film for a semiconductor suitably used in the method for producing a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film and a method for producing a semiconductor device capable of achieving both assembling properties and reliability.
1. A method for producing a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film, comprising steps of: preparing a laminate in which a semiconductor wafer, an adhesive film for a semiconductor and a dicing tape are laminated in that order, the adhesive film for a semiconductor having a thickness in the range of 1 to 15 μm and a tensile elongation at break of less than 5%, and the tensile elongation at break being less than 110% of the elongation at a maximum load, and the semiconductor wafer having a reformed section for dividing the semiconductor wafer into a plurality of semiconductor chips, which is formed by irradiating with laser light; dividing the semiconductor wafer into the plurality of semiconductor chips without dividing the adhesive film for a semiconductor by expanding the dicing tape in a direction in which the plurality of semiconductor chips are each separated; and dividing the adhesive film for a semiconductor by picking up the plurality of semiconductor chips in a laminating direction of the laminate, thereby preparing a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film.
2. A method for producing a semiconductor device, comprising a step of bonding a semiconductor chip with an adhesive film obtained by the method according to claim 1 to another semiconductor chip or a semiconductor chip mounting support member..
| 48,211 |
p1cataloguegnr05bibluoft_6 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,868 | Catalogue général des manuscrits français | Bibliothèque nationale (France). Département des manuscrits | Taschereau, Jules-Antoine, 1801-1874 | Michelant, H. (Henri), 1811-1890 | Delisle, Léopold, 1826-1910 | Omont, Henri Auguste, 1857-1940 | Couderc, Camille, 1860- | Auvray, Lucien, 1860-1937 | La Roncière, Charles de, 1870-1941 | Vidier, Alexandre Charles Philippe, 1874-1927 | Perrier, Paul | French | Spoken | 6,933 | 11,837 | XXII. Est titré et nommé par son peuple sa maison royale de Monheur, en mémoire perpétuelle de la victoire qu'il a plu à Dieu lui donner à rencontre des rebelles de sa ville de Monheurt et ennemis de son État... Dédié au roi Louis XIII, de ce nom, surnommé le Juste et Victorieux, à lequel Sa Majesté a arrêté d'être bastie en l'île de Grenelle, par ses patentes données en son camp de Monheurt, et sont les premières visées de sa propre main et scellées en présence de S. M. tenant son sceau, et à son peuple, amateur des sept œuvres de miséricorde. Premiers mots de ladite description : « Affin de ne plus voir de mandiants dans les églises, empêchant les prières et méditations... ». Derniers mots : «... ne doivent empêcher un si bon œuvre ». Le ms. 5548 se compose de 41 feuillets. Les feuillets 2-41 sont mutilés. Papier. XVIIe siècle. Relié en parchemin. Les plats sont timbrés d'un écusson aux armes accolées de France et de Navarre, avec la lettre L au-dessous, le tout surmonté de la couronne royale et entouré des colliers de l'ordre de Saint-Michel et de celui du Saint-Esprit. Dans la marge inférieure du premier feuillet, l'un des possesseurs de ce ms., « Ballesdens », a mis son nom. — (Aner. 9912, Baluze 208.) Sij49. Recueil d'épitaphes, précédé d'un journal des principaux événements arrivés à Paris de 1537 à 1590 : 1. Journal autographe de Jehan de La Fosse, où sont notés mois par mois les principaux événements des années 1507 à 1590, arrivés en France et particulièrement à Paris, où vivait l'auteur, curé de Saint-Leu et de Saint-Barthélemy. Premiers mots : « L'an 1507, septembre. Au mois de septembre furent pris des luthériens devant le collège du Plessy, en la rue Saint Jacques. Derrière les mots : «... Juin 1590. Charles de Bourbon, cardinal, mort d'une dysenterie. Il était frère du feu roi de Navarre, son aîné, et prétendait à la couronne de France contre Henry de Bourbon, fils du feu roi de Navarre, lequel pareillement le prétendait, comme étant issu de l'aîné de la maison de Bourbon. Il y eut plusieurs écrits tant d'une part que d'autre. Toutes fois ledit Henry fut tenu roi de France par ceux qui suivirent son parti, mais les catholiques n'en voulaient reconnaitre autre sinon le dessusdict Cardinal; et de fait firent faire forger monnaie au nom dudit SS, où étaient gravés ces mots : Carolus X Franciae rex. — A la suite, de la même main, sont (fol. 103) deux sermons en latin : le premier pour le lundi de la première semaine de carême, sur le jugement dernier, d'après S. Mathieu, chapitre 25; le second pour le mardi de la même semaine, sur l'entrée triomphale de Jésus Christ à Jérusalem, d'après S. Mathieu, chapitre 21. Encore de la même main (fol. 167-171) : « Nonnulla notalia digna, quae collegit in quorumdam hominum colloquius, nonnulla etiam ex lectoribus », recueil de bons mots, d'épigrammes, de sentences, commençant par : "Quod homines superbiri non debent, dum sint mortificati..." et finissant par : "Dite communis : C'est une jeune délicate qui commence à jouer." Le "rex Navarre", le duc de Guise, le cardinal de Lorraine, le prince de Condé, la_infantille d'Espagne, nommée Mary, le cardinal de Guise, le connétable Anne de Montmorency, le maréchal de Montmorency, le duc de Longueville, l'amiral de Coligny, Charles IX, Catherine de Médicis, le duc d'Anjou, frère de Charles IX, le cardinal de Bourbon, la Sorbonne, le chancelier de L'Hôpital, le maréchal de Brissac, etc., font le sujet des épigrammes. Recueil d'épitaphes (fol. 173-208) en latin, en italien, en français, en espagnol, en anglais, en grec, terminé (fol. 208-2H) par une table alphabétique des noms des personnages sujets de ces épitaphes. Voici ces noms dans l'ordre où ils se présentent : — Fol. 173. "Cavendish,... général Norris,... docteur Story,... mylord Treasurer,... Frère Andrew,... Ellis,... earl of Essex, beheaded in the tower", Joannes Rekingale, episcopus Cicestriensis, Gulielmus de Blitz, archidiaconus Nodovicensis. — Fol. 174. Thomas Linacius, régis Henrici VIII medicus, Antonius Riccius Favennie, "Monsieur Hawkins", Lucretia Borgia, Honorius P. M., Johannes Rihenius. — Fol. 175. Galfridus Chaucer, Corythus, filius Oenones et Parisis, Ninus, Assyriae monarcha, Pyramis, latericia Asychis, Aegypti regis. — Fol. 176. Bartholomaeus Plantin, Petrus Poniponalius, Pompeius Magnus, Capys, Ennius, Hannibal. — Fol. 177. Marcus Antonius Turranus, Marcus Antonius Coccius, Marcus Antonius Casanova, Sardanapalus, Rufus, Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar. — Fol. 178. Petrus Clacconius, Nicolaus Machiavelli, Guillaume Rondelet, medicus, Anicia, femina romana, Callicrates. — Fol. 179. Johannes Coletus, René Dodonaeus, medicus Maximiliani II et Rodolphi imperatorum, Alcaeus poète, Scipio Africanus. Paraceisus, Gerardus Noviomagus et Andreas Hyperius, Didacus de Valdes, Albericus de Vere et Gulielmus, primus comes Oxoniensis, Robertus Buch. — Fol. 181. Hieronymus Cagnolus Vercellensis, Johannes Stofflerus, mathematicus Tubingae, Remigius Bellaqueus, Palias, Evandri filius, Zarmanochegas indus, de Bargosa. — Fol. 182. Johannes Rivius Aachen, Petrus Bembus, Lucius P. M. Verovae, Gulielmus Norselez, decanus quondam ecclesiae S. Pauli Londini, Malhias Corvinus, rex Pannoniae. — Fol. 183. Philippus Callimachus Cra coviae;, in ode S. Trinitatis, Ludovicus Bologninus, Bononiensis, Rachel, uxor Jacobi Bethlehem, Aratus, Plato, Aeschylus. — Fol. 184. Johannes Zonaras, Homerus, Menander, Epictetus. — Fol. 185. Berengarius, archidiaconus Andegavensis, Andreas Fanzonius, Cyrus, Perseus monarcha, Midas. — Fol. 186. Hugo S. Victoris Parisiensis, S. Bernardus, abbas claraevalensis, Petrus de Toledo, Pisiltacus, Musæus poeta, Linus, thebanus poëta, Orpheus. — Fol. 187. Petrus Lombardus, Petrus Comestor, Palias, liberius Romae, Megista, Sparlanus vates. — Fol. 188. Egidius de Roma, archiepiscopus Bituricensis, Johannes Gerson, Aristocrates, perfidus in Lycis Jovis luco, Selho, sacerdos Vulcani et Aegyptus rex, Rosamunda Cliffordensis, Petrus Arctius. — Fol. Nicolaus de Lyra, Jacobus Pisaurus, Paphi epis-copus, Cedwalla, rex Sussexiae. — Fol. 190. Alphonsus Tostadus, hispanus, Abulensis episcopus, Albertus Pins de Savoie, princeps Carporum, Similis, praefectus praetorianorum, Jupiter, Osiris, Isis. — Fol. 191. Aeneas Sylvius, Christophorus Columbus, Hermès, Apollo, Timon, Darius. — Fol. 192. Robertus Gaguinus, Johannes de Sacro Busto, Darius, Hystaspes filius, Simandius, Aegyptus rex, Idomenus, Myrius, filii Deucalionis, Semiramis. — Fol. 193. Alexander Piccolomini, Justina, pulchra femina, quam maritus zelotypus nefarie decollavit, Claudia, nobilis femina Romae, Carolus Magnus, Carolus V, imperator. — Fol. 194. Actius Plaulus, Johannes Boccaccio, Franciscus Ximenes, cardinalis Hispaniae, Federicus imperator, Sylla, Ricardus I, rex Anglorum. — Fol. 195. Johannes Stadius, math, belgus, C. Manlia Camertina, Johannes de Mandville, Patricius, Brigitta et Columba in Hibernia, la reine d'Angleterre, femme de Jacques V. — Fol. 196. Johannes Glandorp, Jodocus, medicus Romae, Urandus, sive Durandus, Johannes Jacobus Trivulius, Ludovicus VIII, rex Francorum. — Fol. 197. Antonius quidam italicus, Fin dal Finale, Battistina Sencnsis, puella elegantissima. — Fol. 198. Chalcidicus Dubliniensis, Askew Lincolnensis, Christophorus Hatton, Robertus, comes Leicesteriae. — Fol. 199. Johannes Chidley, Walterus Ralegh, Arturus Gorges, Johannes Parker, Maria Stafford, Chalices et Carolus Ho., Thomas Wals, Sylvanus Scotorus, Johannes Horo et Edwardus Nymaik, Edwardus Stanford, Franciscus Walker. — Fol. 200. Philippus Sydney, Franciscus Walsingham, N. Marsonius, jurisconsultus, Christophorus H, Guilhelmus, comes Penbrok, Angliae marescalcus, Antonius Deny, frater Lubiniis. — Fol. 201. Fratrislaus, dux Bohei, countess of Penbrok, Edward Spenser, Henry Abyndon, Thomas Nash, N. Dobson. — Fol. 202. Hugo a praece, Johannes Vilnius, D' Bentiy, Hor. Pallavicini, Margaret Ratcliff. — Fol. 203. Hootlet, Elian, Henry Barron. — Fol. 204. James Stuart, Thomas Sackville, Pénélope d'Evreux, uxor domini Bar. Rich, pellicis comitis Devonshire, Robert Cecil, Ricardus Bancroft, archiepiscopus Cantuariensis. — Fol. 205. Godefridus de Bulion, Balduinus, rex Hierusalem, Alica, pulchra foemina anglica et forte meretrix, Theobaldus, comes Campanius, qui vixit tempore regis Angliae Stephani. — Fol. 206. Fernandus de Castro, hispanicus in Anglia exulsans et moriens ob fidem in Dominum Pelrum, rex Castelli, Johannes Taylor de Colman sireel, usurarius, Petrus Miago Vallisoleti, in templo Sancti Stephani, Franciscus Duarte de Mendico, a proveedor de los ejercicios y armadas del emperador Carlo V, Henricus, Wallis princeps. — Fol. 207. Milo, comes de Anglera, pater Rolandi, a Mauris juxta ripam Cœ ocisus, Hecuba, S. Edmundus, rex et martyr, Pindarus, poeta lyricus, Stesichorus, Anacreon, poeta vinosus, Leonidas, dux Lacedaemoniorum ad Thermopylas occisus contra Persas. A NC IEN F ONDS. Timocreon Rhodius, Lais, meretrix Corinthia, sepulcrum in Thessalia, juxta Penestum fluvium, Acron, antiquissimus nemedicus Agrigenlinus. Le manuscrit 5519 comprend 225 feuillets, portant les co-tités X-G et 1-57, 57 bis-57 quinquies, 58-212. Les feuillets 173-208 portent une ancienne foliation qui va de 126 à 156 A et de 156 B à 162; c'est à cette foliation que la table des épitaphes se réfère. Les feuillets A-C, V, 75, 82-84, 103, 130, 162-164, 166, 172, 212-211 sont blancs. Les feuillets 57 60-57 quinquies sont une pièce imprimée intitulée : « Arreste de la cour de parlement contre Gaspar de Colligny, qui fut amiral de France » et datée : "À Paris, par Jean Canivet et Jean Dallies, libraires, demeurant sur le pont S. Michel, à la Rose blanche, 1569". Le feuillet D est mutilé. Les feuillets A-C et 173-211 sont d'un plus grand format que les feuillets D-172. Papier. XVIe siècle. — (Aune. 9913. Au revers du feuillet D on lit : "Jacobus de Stoack, possessor hujus libri", et plus bas : "Jehan de La Fosse"). « Voyage de Provence et d'Italie ». Premiers mois : « Le premier jour de septembre, quatre vingt-un mois, je parle de Paris et ai passé par Nogent sur Seyne, Troyes, Bar sur Seyne, Mussy, L'Évêque, Dijon. À Dijon ai vu la chartreuse qui est hors de la ville... ». Derniers mots : «... La ville de Padoue est fort grande... sur la porte qui est vis-à-vis de la précédente est écrit : Peirus Aponus, pater philosophiae, medicinae scientissimus : ob id conciliatus cognomen adeptus. Astrologia vero adeo peritus, ut in magiae suspicionem inciderit, falsoque de haeresi postulatus, absolvitus fut. Son effigie est en marbre et élevée en bosse comme les autres. Fin du voyage d'Italie ». À la suite on lit : « Copié par moi, le dernier septembre 1596 ». Le manuscrit 5550 se compose de 76 feuillets. Le feuillet 76 est blanc. Papier. XVIe siècle. — (Ane. 9913 ', Baluze 230, Brodeau.) Relation de la seconde navigation solennelle du canal royal de jonction des mers Océan et Méditerranée en Languedoc, avec la description de tous les ouvrages du même canal et du port de Sete. Présentée au roi par le P. Matthieu de Morgues, jésuite, en l'année 1683. Premiers mots : "Au roi. Sire, comme il faut nécessairement beaucoup de temps non seulement pour résoudre les grands ouvrages, mais encore pour les exécuter...". Derniers mots : "... Je ne dois rien demander à V. M. en sa faveur que la continuation de sa protection pour lui et pour moi, qui suis et qui serai toujours, avec un très profond respect, Sire, de Votre Majesté le très humble, très obéissant et très fidèle serviteur et sujet : Matthieu de Morgues, jésuite.". (Fol. 2 32.) Le ms. 5551 se compose de 39 feuillets, cotés AB, 1-37. Le feuillet B est un feuillet ajouté, contenant une liste de documents, parmi lesquels la présente relation, concernant le canal de jonction de l'océan Atlantique avec la mer Méditerranée et le canal de Briare. Les feuillets A, 1,33-37 sont blancs. Papier. XVIIe siècle. — (Ane. 9913), Versailles. « Lettre au R. P. Dunod, jésuite, sur sa prétendue entière découverte de la ville d'Antre au mont Jura, en Franche-Comté, assimilée par ledit jésuite à Abances, capitale de la Séquanaise. Premiers mots : « A moi ne tienne, mon R. père, que toutes les villes de la province ne débordent à l'avis... ». Derniers mots : «... que je prendrai encore quelques lois la liberté de vous écrire sur ce sujet, mais plus pour avoir l'occasion de vous assurer que je suis, mon révérend père, votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur D.V.D.C. À Besançon, le 10 février 1709 ». Le ms. 5552 se compose de 66 feuillets, savoir : 3 feuillets préliminaires foliotés A-C et 63 feuillets paginés 1-126. Les feuillets préliminaires A-C, et les pages 121-126 sont blancs. Papier. XVIIIe siècle. — (Ane. 10052), Cl. Gros de Boze 12. « Histoire de la ville de Saint Malo pendant les troubles » de la Ligue, septembre 1590-avril 1592. Manuscrit. Premiers mots : « L'histoire ne doit point seule ment servir d'une simple narration des choses comme elles arrivent...». Derniers mots : «... lesquelles en corps auraient été d'avis de ces leçons plus étroite liaison. Premièrement... ». (Fol. 1-129.) Fol. 128, sur le recto, on lit : « Cy après ensuit le rôle du fief et bailliage du Val Ernoul en la Goleterie, appartenant à Nicolas Frotet et Servanne Picot, S' et dame de La Landelle, commencé à réformer sur les anciens et nouveaux titres, ce 12e janvier 1619... ». Fol. 131 recto, on lit : « L'obligation à Jault Compte, de mourant au village de La Marre, paroisse de Saint Pépin... ». Folio 131 v'-132 on lit : « Les noms des témoins de mon enquête... Les pièces baillées à monsieur de Launay, le 28 février 1620, qui concernent le procès du surgarde... Témoins non enquêtés et qui ont à déposer... Témoins de l'homicide commis à Parrainé par le surgarde... Autres témoins des concussions... Témoins de la mort de Françoise Renans, femme Roulet Hardy ». Le ms. 5553 se compose de 142 feuillets, cotés A, 1-141. Les feuillets 48-50, 109, 130, 133-141 sont blancs. Papier. XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles. — (Ane. n°913-)', Lancelot 44 et 124.) « Traité de l'origine des cardinaux du saint siège, particulièrement des cardinaux français ». Premiers mots : « Entre ceux qui ont écrit de l'origine des cardinaux du saint siège... ». Derniers mots : «... quam per alios ministros. Fin ». (Fol. 1-165.) — À la suite (fol. 166-170) sont : « Annotations et remarques adjointes par l'auteur », commençant par : « Frère P. Duval, mineur, en son sou, Epitome des annales françaises sous Charles IX,... » et finissant par : «... Dom Pierre de SanRomualdo,enson Tresor chronologique et historique, fol. 197 ». « Traité et ordre des cérémonies de monseigneur les cardinaux hors la cour de Rome, composé et raisonné sur les maximes, règles et formes des anciens et modernes ceremoniaux italiens et romains ». Dédié « à monseigneur l'éminentissime monseigneur le cardinal duc de Richelieu » par « le chevalier de La Ferville », dont la signature, au bas de la dédicace, est suivie de la date : « De Paris, ce 27e mois d'hiver 1637 ». Premiers mots de cette dédicace, qui occupe les feuillets 1 et 2 : « Monseigneur, les appareils extérieurs destinés pour servir Dieu... ». Premiers mots du traité, qui est divisé en sept livres et précédé (fol. 3-5 bis) d'une table du contenu : « L'opinion que le mot de cardinalis est tiré du latin cardo... » (fol. 8). Derniers mots (fol. 118) : «... Les domestiques de son É. dicès sont défrayés dans son hostel durant la quarantaine et payés de leurs salaires, et l'habit de deuil leur demeure, avec les autres gratifications que S. Éminence leur a donné par sa dernière volonté ». À la suite de ces mots est une phrase qui semble être une note additionnelle : « Quelques-uns ont voulu que les cardinaux au lieu des chapes prennent le pivial ou la chasuble ou la tunique : ce n'est mon avis ». Le ms. 5555 comprend 124 feuillets, colombier A-C, 1-5, 5 bis, J-120. Les feuillets G, 7, 11, 120 sont blancs. Papier. Premier siècle. Armoiries du cardinal de Richelieu peintes sur le feuillet B recto. — (Ane. 9924.) «Histoire générale du schisme qui a été en l'Église depuis l'an 1378 jusqu'à en l'an 1428», commençant par : «Il est certain que les grands changements...» et finissant par : «... Martin V, qui demeura seul et unique pape en l'Église, reconnu de toute la chrétienté». Le ms. 5556 porte, après le titre énoncé en tête de cette notice : «Transcrite sur la minute originale qui est dans la Bibliothèque du roi », et, en note, au-dessous de celle assertion : «Le siège fut en Avignon 74 ans; le schisme dura 50 ans». Le texte de l'histoire occupe les pages 3-382. Le ms. 5557 porte (fol. A) cette note : «Copie double et sans aucune différence», puis vient (fol. C) le titre transcrit en tête de cette notice. Le texte de l'histoire occupe les feuillets 1-222. Le ms. 5558 a, avant le titre ci-dessus énoncé, qui est au feuillet 1, un titre sommaire (fol. B) : «Schisme de l'Église», et trois tableaux identiques donnant les noms des papes de Rome et d'Avignon (fol. C-E), depuis la mort de Grégoire XI jusqu'à Martin V. Le texte de l'histoire occupe les feuillets 1-468. Le ms. 5559 a aussi (fol. 1) avant le titre, qui est au feuillet 3, un tableau des papes de Rome et d'Avignon, depuis la mort de Grégoire XI jusqu'à Martin V. Le texte de l'histoire occupe les feuillets 3-127. Le ms. 5556 comprend 200 feuillets, foliotés A-D et paginés 1-334, 336-334 <c>, 335-390. Les feuillets foliotés B-D et ceux paginés 383-390 sont blancs. Le ms. 5557 comprend 228 feuillets, numérotés A-C et 1-225. Les feuillets B, 223-225 sont blancs. Le ms. 5558 comprend 474 feuilles, cotées A-E, de 1-459. Le feuillet 469 est blanc. Le ms. 5559 comprend 130 feuilles, cotées A et 1-129. Les feuilles A, 128-129 sont blancs. Papier. XVIIe siècle. — (Ane. 9925, 9926, 9927, 9928, collé antérieurement de même 405.) Voyages de Bergeron en France, Italie, Allemagne et Espagne, de 1601 à 1612 : 1. « Relation d'Italie et d'Allemagne du sieur Bergeron », commençant par : « Itinéraire italique et germanique. Et haec olim meminisse juvabit. L'histoire entre autres choses nous apporte ce bien qu'elle arrête le fin et cours des choses, qui autrement, suivant le défaut et vice de notre nature, s'écouleraient bien tôt de la mémoire... Nous partîmes de Paris le 22 mars 1601... » et finissant par : «... Nous arrivâmes à Paris le lundi 28 juillet » 1603, « qui fut la fin de notre long voyage, dont soit loué le Seigneur. Somme que de Rome à Paris nous avons fait environ 1330 lieues françaises revenant à près de 800 lieues germaniques ou 2500 miliaires italiques. Soli Deo gloria ». (Fol. 1 à 190.) 2. « Voyage d'Italie et d'Espagne les années 1611 et 1612 ». La relation du voyage d'Italie commence par : « L'imperfection de la nature de l'homme est telle que la plus parlante... Nous partîmes de Paris le mardi 18 d'octobre 1611 et allâmes coucher à Fontainebleau... » et finit par : « ... réservant le reste de notre voyage de Provence, Languedoc, Espagne, puis de rechef Guienne, etc. à un second traité que nous espérons Dieu aidant en faire, etc. Fin du voyage d'Italie ». (Fol. 193-375.) — La relation du voyage en Espagne commence par : « Pour reprendre notre voyage, que nous avions laissé au fleuve du Var, qui fait aujourd'hui la séparation de l'Italie et de la France, étant partis de Nice le 17 février 1612... » et finit par : «... Le mardi 24 avril 1612, « nous venus coucher à Estampes, et le lendemain à Paris, etc. Estampes, ancienne ville de Beauce... fut érigée en duché par le roi François Ier, etc. Fin du voyage ». (Fol. 377-500.) Le ms. 5560 comprend 500 feuillets, plus les feuillets préliminaires A-B. Les feuillets B, 191, 192, 376 sont blancs, ainsi que 3 feuillets non collés eu léger décalage du ms. et 7 feuillets collés à la fin dudit ms. Papier. XVIIe siècle. — (Ane. 9933 3, de Mesmes 537.) Mélanges. Voyages aux terres australes et en Asie centrale; marine, sièges, batailles sous Louis XIV; budget de la France pendant le ministère de Colbert; lettres du marquis de Seignelay; pièces relatives à Nicolas Foucault, vers adressés au roi Louis XIV. Originaux et copies : 1. I Voyage fait en l'année 1368 pour découvrir la terre australe », récit commençant par : « Le licenciado de Castro, gouverneur et président du Pérou, envoya l'an 1368 don Alvaro de Mendana, son cousin, avec ordre de découvrir la terre australe. Il partit du port de Callao, en qualité de général, au commencement du mois de janvier de l'année 1368... » et finissant par : «... Enfin ayant fait voile le 23 mars ensuit, ils prirent la route du Pérou. Tel a été le succès de ce voyage, selon le récit de « don Fernando Henriques, alférez royal ». Traduction. — Minute. — (Fol. 4-3.) 2. « Voyage de l'admiral Alvaro de Mendana pour découvrir et peupler les îles de Salomon ». Premiers mots : « Don Garcia, marquis de Carpentier, vice-roi du Pérou, fit partir Alvaro de Mendana pour cette même découverte l'an 1591. Il partit du port de Cherre, qui est sous la hauteur de 5 degrés, le 16 juin de la même année... ». Derniers mots : «... afin de pouvoir être par le menu informés des particularités de leur pays ». (Fol. 5-H.) Traduction. — Minute. 3. Fragment de relation d'un voyage en Asie centrale. Premiers mots : «... qui est de la hauteur de celui qui porte les échalotes ou les mirabelles. Cet arbre se fend... ». Derniers mots : «... il se trouve chez eux un arbre qui... ». Traduction. — Minute. (Fol. 12 à 22.) 4. « Mémoire en forme d'instruction pour le Sieur Ferant », capitaine de marine, « envoyé par le roi en Hollande ». En marge on lit : « 1666 ou 1667 ». Premiers mots : « Sa Majesté ayant résolu d'augmenter le nombre de ses vaisseaux de guerre... ». Derniers mots : «... et en envoyer son rapport audit S' Colbert ». (Fol. 23.) 1. "Instruction pour le Sieur Dumas". En marge on lit : "1666 ou 1667". Premiers mots : "Après son passage d'Angleterre en Hollande, il recevra des mains de M. le comte d'Estrades, ambassadeur de S. M. aud. pays, la lettre de S. M. et la présente instruction...". (Fol. 24.) 2. Lettre de J.-B. Colbert, marquis de Seignelay, à son père : "À Joigny, le 23 avril 1674". (Fol. 20-27.) 3. Engagement autographe, signé par Jean-Bernard Louis Desjean, baron de l'Pointe, chef d'escadre, de payer à Alexandre Bonacorso, Italien, la somme de 1150 livres, non comprise celle de 330 livres, qui doit être donnée au chevalier de La Tour de Bourdeilles, pour le secret de lancer des bombes sans mortier et des balles sans canon. Versailles, 13 juin 1687. En italien. (Fol. 28-29.) 4. Relation envoyée de "Limerick à monsieur de Louvois, le 20 septembre 1690", par le "général major Boisseleau, qui commandait dans Limerick les troupes du roi d'Angleterre". Jacques H. de la levée du siège de cette place attaquée par Guillaume, prince d'Orange, et défendue par ledit S' Boisseleau, pendant 21 jours de tranchée, c'est-à-dire du 19 août au 9 septembre 1690. Copie. (Fol. 30-34.) 5. "Journal du siège de Palamos". 30 mai-1er juin 1694. Premiers mots : "La tête de l'armée commandée par M. de Chasseron, lieutenant général, et M. de Longueval. M" de camp...". Derniers mots : "... on commença ce jour-là à travailler à réparer les brèches et autres désordres de la ceinture de la ville". (Fol. 35-43.) 6. Lettre autographe signée Sebeville, concernant le bombardement d'Alger par Duquesne. 1er juillet 1683. Lettré autographe signée : « de F... » et datée du 1er août 1694, concernant le bombardement de Dieppe et du Havre par les Anglais. Adressez « à monsieur, monsieur de Villermont, vis-à-vis S. Jacques du Haut Pas, rue S. Jacques, à Paris ». (Fol. 46-47.) Lettre à M. de S. Evremont sur la mort de Madame Mazarin, arrivée à Londres le 2 juillet 1699 ». Premiers mots : « Je prends trop de plaisir, monsieur, au commerce que j'ai avec vous... ». Copie. (Fol. 48-51.) Lettre autographe signée : « de La Fère,... à monsieur, monsieur de Villermont, vis-à-vis S. Jacques du Haut Pas, à Paris », datée : « A Bayonne, le 10 novembre 1700 », et contenant un extrait du testament du roi d'Espagne Charles II. (Fol. 32-33.) Lettre de la reine d'Espagne Marie-Louisde Savoie sur la cérémonie dans laquelle son fils, âgé de moins de 20 mois, fut reconnu « héritier présomptif de la monarchie d'Espagne ». 1709. Copie. (Fol. 34-55.) 13. "Copie de une lettre écrite à M. de Chamillart au nom de la gendarmerie, sur ce qui s'est passé à la bataille d'Hochstedter... Octobre 1704". (Fol. 56-57.) 16. "Relation de la bataille d'Hochstedter... 1701". À la fin on lit : "On croit que cette relation est de M. Du Plessis La Corée". (Fol. 58-61.) 17. "Relation hollandoise de la bataille de Blenheim, donnée par l'armée des alliés, commandée par le duc de Marlborough et le prince Eugène de Savoie, le 13 août 1704, contre l'armée commandée par l'électeur de Bavière et le Maréchal de Marsin, renforcée par le secours amené par le Maréchal de Tallard par la forêt noire". (Fol. 62-71.) 18. "Harangue du roi d'Angleterre à son parlement, tenu le 3 février 1678, au sujet de la guerre à déclarer à la France, pour empêcher la continuation de ses progrès et victoires dans les Flandres". (Fol. 72-73.) 19. "Description et usage de l'instrument nouvellement inventé pour mesurer les distances de l’œil à l'objet". (Fol. 74-75.) 20. Projets de dépenses et de recettes pour les années 1669-1683, présentés par Colbert au roi Louis XIV, avec quelques observations et états de la main du roi. (Fol. 76-119.) 21-32. Douze lettres signées de J.-B. Colbert, marquis de "Skicxei. av", à "M. Patoulet", datées de Versailles, 8 septembre 1688, 18 décembre 1688, 12 février 1689, 22 février 1689, 9 mai 1689, 14 mai 1689, 2 juin 1689, 14 juin 1689, 26 juin 1689, 18 septembre 1689, Fontainebleau, 10 octobre 1689, Versailles, 26 octobre 1689. (Fol. 120-121, 122-123, 124-125, 126-127, 128-129, 130-131, 132-135, 136-139, 140-143, 144-145, 146-147, 148-149.) 33-35. Pièces concernant Nicolas Foucquet : — Fol. 150-160. Remontrance au roi Louis XIV. — Fol. 161 169. Extraits des recherches de M. Estienne Pasquier, livre VI, chap. IX; de l'histoire de France par Duplessis, livre LXVII; de l'histoire de France par Mézeray; de Du Haillan, livre XXXII, sur le procès de l'amiral Chabot. — Fol. 170-181. Requête présentée à la chambre de justice. 36. Vers contre Boileau à propos de son code sur la prise de Namur (1692), commençant (fol. 182) par : « Quelle est la nouvelle ivresse Qui fait à Boileau la loi?... » et finissant (fol. 183) par : « Non pas de l'eau du Permesse Mais du méchant vin d'Aulnoeul. » 37. « Au roi » Louis XIV, sur la paix de Ryswick (1697). Vers commençant (fol. 184) par : « Ce n'est donc pas assez, grand roi, que la victoire A te suivre en tous lieux et sa plus haute gloire... » et finissant (fol. 185) par : « Je n'ose en exalter le merveilleux portrait, De crainte d'en sortir avec trop de regret. » 38. « Sur la paix » de Nimègue. Vers commençant (fol. 186) par : « À la fin l'Europe calmée Abandonne ses vains projets... » et finissant par : « Et compter beaucoup moins les places qu'il vous rend Que celles qu'il était en état de vous prendre. » 39. « Lettre de madame Le Camus au roi » Louis XIV, en vers, commençant (fol. 187) par : « Grand roi, la justice et la gloire Auprès de toi ont rempli leur devoir... » À la suite « prière pour le roi » par le même. 1697. La Fradine, ou les Ongles rognées, poème héroïque, en 3 chants, par le Sieur Le M. En marge on lit : « Il faut savoir que Fradin est le geôlier du Fort L'Évêque ». Premiers vers : « Muse, pour me fournir matière à quelques vers, Veux-tu bien avec moi faire un tour aux Enfers... » FONDS FRANÇAIS. Derniers vers : « Et le triste Fradin les doigts tout désarmés Va se cacher honteux dans les guichets fermés ». (Fol. 188-195.) 41. « Le Pater du pape » Innocent XI en lutte avec Louis XIV, au sujet de la franchise des ambassadeurs français. 1688. Pièce de vers commençant par : « Grand pontife, quel est ton zèle! Notre ambassadeur est exclu... » et finissant par : « Puisse accomplir ces noirs projets, Sed libera nos a malo ». 42. Requête, en vers, adressée au roi Louis XIV par un sieur Dupin, de la rue du Bac, pour être exempté d'impôts. Premiers vers : « Un estomac plus cassé Que celui d'un trépassé... » Derniers vers : « Tel est de Dupin le désir Tel est de Louis le plaisir... ». (Fol. 198-199.) 43. Autre requête du même, en vers, commençant (fol. 200) par : « Grand roi de qui la grandeur et pouvoir Et les vertus de si loin se font voir... » et finissant (fol. 201) par : « En votre cour plus à plaindre, grand roi, Tant que serez estonné du pourquoi ». 44. Vers au roi Louis XIV, commençant (fol. 202) par : « Grand roi, qui combles nos souhaits... » et finissant par : « Sans avoir fait des vœux pour ta prospérité ». Sonnet sur la mort de Cromwell, commençant (fol. 203) par : "Que contre mon pouvoir toute la terre gronde..." et finissant par : "Avec plus de succès, ni plus loin que j'ai fait". Le ms. 5561 comprend 201 feuillets. Les feuillets 78, 138, 180, 181, 204 sont blancs. Papier. XVIe-XVIIIe siècles. Le discours de ce qui s'est passé au voyage d'Alger et d'Italie, commençant (fol. 1) par : "Jurant, l'octave de la fête Dieu, huitième jour de juin, sommes partis de Paris, et passant par Fresnes, château assis dans un marais, avons été dîner à Meaux, ville qui est sur la rivière de Marne..." et finissant (fol. 6) par : "... Le mardi, le jour n'ay pas pu partir comme je désirais. Moi de Gesvres, voulant que je m'en aille avec lui". Cette relation d'un voyage qui dura du 8 juin au 26 décembre 1600, paraît être de Pierre Bergeron, qui aurait accompagné dans ce voyage Louis Potier, seigneur de Gesvres, et fait route jusqu'au 3 août avec Urbain de Laval, dit le maréchal de Bois-Dauphin, qui les quitta à Augsbourg ce jour-là, retournant en France par Francfort, ayant laissé M. Ancel à Prague, "résidant là pour le roi". Ladite relation se termine au 26 décembre à Lyon. L'auteur raconte que le 23 décembre, "par le moyen de M" de Gesvres", il fit "la révérence au roi et à la reine", et que le 24 il se déchargea des lettres qu'il avait "pour plusieurs Italiens de la suite de la reine" Marie de Médicis. « Mémoire des occurrences de la cour de l'empereur, fait à Prague le 11e jour d'août 1600 ». Premiers mots : « Les affaires de la guerre de Hongrie procèdent assez lentement, non tant pour faute de gens ou autres provisions, que pour le retardement de monsieur de Mercure,... ». Derniers mots : «... Ledit archiduc tâche aussi de contenter son peuple en autres choses, usant plus de familiarité que n'ont accoutumé ceux de cette maison. Quant aux princes protestants qui prirent les armes l'année dernière contre les Espagnols, ils envolèrent ici s'excuser les uns après les autres, promettant de ne plus entreprendre chose semblable, puisque Sa Majesté impériale a répondu que l'adversité satisfera au désastre et dommages que ses gens ont fait à l'empire ». (Fol. 126-130.) Un second exemplaire de ce mémoire remplit les feuillets 132-134. C'est en tête de ce second exemplaire que se trouve le titre transcrit ci-dessus. À cet exemplaire manque le dernier paragraphe dudit mémoire : « Quant aux princes protestants... ont fait à l'empire ». Le livre 1552 comprend 134 feuilles. Le Teuillet 131 est blanc. Papier. XVIIe siècle. — (Ane. 9933, Colbert 1188.) « La généalogie des illustres seigneurs comtes de Savoie jadis écrits, leurs grands faits et univers véritables, tant en armes comme autrement, aussi leur prosperité, accroissements d'honneurs, de titres et de biens; et aussi de leurs adversaires, laquelle généalogie commence premièrement des ancêtres de Béthanie, fils du duc Hugues de Savoie jadis, duquel sont descendus lesdits seigneurs, comtes de Savoie. Premiers mots : « Olivier de Savoie fut le premier empereur de la nation d'Allemagne et commença l'an de grâce 1015, qui gouverna 12 ans moult grandement... ». Derniers mots : «... Le comte entendant que le grand David et Robert du Pin étaient entrés en son pays de Piémont... et le restant de leur compagnie pendit-on au plain entre Montcaillier et Kivolles ». Cette chronique s'arrête quelques années après le mariage, en 1330, d'Amédée VI, dit le Comte vert, comte de Savoie. Le ms. 5563 comprend 227 feuillets, cotés A-C, 1-224. Les feuillets B et C sont blancs. Papier. XVIIe siècle. — (Ane. 9939, Faites 221.) Mémoire historique et critique sur la topographie de Paris... par M. Boquet, avocat au parlement, commisaire du Trésor des Chartes, bibliothécaire et historiographe de Paris, prieur de Mortagne... On y fait la critique de l'histoire de l'emplacement de l'ancien hôtel de Soissons par M. Terasson, et de sa dissertation sur l'enceinte de la ville de Paris par Philippe Auguste. Premiers mots : « Les monuments de notre histoire et de nos lois ont été durant tant de siècles ensevelis dans des archives d'un accès ou si difficile ou si pénible... » Derniers mots : « ... C'est pourquoi Sauval observe que Catherine de Médicis y demeura et qu'il n'était guère de semaines que Charles IX et Henry III ne s'y trouvaient, d'où il faut conclure qu'elle a résidé dans l'ancien hôtel d'Orléans avant la rédaction de tous les actes nécessaires pour lui en transmettre la propriété. Tome 2, page 215 ». Le ms. 5564 comprend 69 feuillets. Papier. XVIIIe siècle. «La grande, merveilleuse et très cruelle opposition de la noble cité de Rhodes, prise par Sullan Scipion, Grand Turc et ennemi de la sainte foi catholique. Rédigée par écrit par un excellent et noble chevalier, frère Jacques, bâtard de Boléo, commandeur de Saint Maulvis d'Oissemsont et Fonteines, au prieuré de France. Premiers mots : «Voulant idellement et à la vérité rédiger par écrit le grand et merveilleux siège, cruelle expugnation et prise lamentable de la noble et très ancienne renommée cité de Rhodes, chef des parties d'Orient, de la chose publique chrétienne... Derniers mois : «... et citadins dudit lieu, avec grand honneur et courtoisie, et avec grande allégresse du peuple, en général et particulier, etc....». Ce récit, qui s'arrête au 20 janvier 1323, date du départ du grand maître de Rhodes pour «Villerbe, avec toute sa compagnie», paraît inachevé. Le livre 5565 comprend 130 feuillets, cotés A-B, 1-128. Les feuillets B et 125-128 sont blancs. Papier. XVIIe siècle. — (Ane. 9970.) Recueil de pièces relatives à l'histoire des provinces unies des Pays-Bas, de 1566 à 1630. Copies : 1. De la Confédération des nobles des Pays-Bas pour s'opposer à ce que l'inquisition ne fût introduite audit pays sous quelque titre que ce soit, avec protestation toutefois de ne rien entreprendre ni contre le roi d'Espagne, ni contre ses Etats. 1366 ». (Fol. 1-6.) 2. Articles du traité et accord provisionnel fait et conclu entre messieurs les députés de la république d'Angleterre et ceux des états généraux des provinces unies des Pays-Bas, pour le secours de la ville d'Anvers. 1585. — Lettre de monsieur de Buzanval, ambassadeur ordinaire du roi de France près des états généraux des Provinces-Unies. Du onzième octobre 1606. (Fol. 17-21.) 3. Lettre de monsieur de Buzanval, ambassadeur ordinaire du roi de France près des états généraux des Provinces-Unies. Du onzième octobre 1606. (Fol. 17-21.) 4. Instruction pour vous, notre cousin Ambroise Spinola, marquis de Venafro, chevalier de l'ordre de la Toison d'Or, des conseils d'État et de guerre de S.M. et maître de camp général de ses armées, le président Richardot, secrétaire Mancidor, père Jean Neyen, commissaire général, et audiencier Verreiken, de ce qu'avoir affaire en Hollande, où nous vous envoyons présentement, pour le fait de la paix, ensuite du pouvoir que nous avons donné... Faict à Bruxelles, le dixième janvier mil six cent huit. Paraphé Richardot et signé : Alberet et Isabel. (Fol. 23-33.) 5. Le treizième jour de mars 1610 fut dit par le sieur de Mauiueb, ambassadeur de S.M., très cher et bien venu, à messieurs les états de la province de Hollande, en leur assemblée tenue à La Haye, ce qui s'ensuit. Messieurs, ce que V.V.S.S. me renvoyent en cette compagnie... (Fol. 37-50.) 6. Traité des villes anséatiques avec les états généraux des Pays-Bas. 1613. (Fol. 51-56.) 7. Harangue de monsieur Du Maurier à messieurs les états sur des mouvements arrivés en France. 1611. (Fol. 59-63.) 8. Acte du traité conclu à Lagny-sur-Marne, le 28 octobre 1314, entre Philippe le Bel, roi de France, et Guillaume, comte de Hainaut, Hollande, Zélande, et sire de Frise, par lequel ledit comte s'engage à aider le roi « aux guerres de Flandres, avec 600 hommes d'armes ». (Fol. 65-69.) 9. Proposition de l'ambassadeur ordinaire du roi Louis XII, le Sieur Du Maurier, à messieurs les états. généraux des Pays-Bas unis, à La Haye, le 31 mars 1617. (Fol. 71-79.) Lettre des états généraux des provinces unies des Pays-Bas au roi Louis XIII. La Haye, 19 octobre 1618. (Fol. 81-86.) « Proposition des ambassadeurs de France, faite à messieurs les états généraux des provinces unies des Pays-Bas. » La Haye, 12 octobre 1618. (Fol. 87-90.) « Proposition faite par monsieur de Boissise, ambassadeur extraordinaire de France, à messieurs les états généraux, le 18 septembre 1618 ». (Fol. 91-92.) Lettre du roi Louis XIII aux états généraux des Pays-Bas. S. Germain en Laye, 18 juillet 1618. Présentée en l'assemblée desdits états, le 14 août 1618. (Fol. 93-94.) Lettre des états généraux des Provinces-Unies au roi Louis XIII. 1619. (Fol. 95-98.) Arrêt de mort, prononcé contre le sieur Jean Van Olden Barnevelt, avocat du pays de Hollande et West Frise, le 13 de mai 1619, et exécuté le jour même, à neuf heures du matin. (Fol. 99-117.) Proposition faite par les ambassadeurs de France à messieurs les états généraux, en leur assemblée tenue le vingt-troisième janvier 1619. (Fol. 119-123.) Lettre de monsieur Du Maurier, ambassadeur du roi, écrite aux états généraux, trois heures avant l'exécution de mort du sieur Barnevelt. (Fol. 125-127.) Lettre dudit sieur ambassadeur aux sieurs Brakel et de Dort, députés de la province de Gueldres. À La Haye, 13 mai 1619. (Fol. 129.) 19. Lettre de messieurs les états généraux, écrite aux provinces respectives de la confédération, touchant l'exécution de la sentence portée contre Jean van Oldenbergh. (Fol. 131-132.) 20. Proposition de monsieur de Boissise, ambassadeur de France, à messieurs les états généraux, sur son départ de La Haye, pour retourner vers S. W. "Louis XIII. 24 mars 1619. (Fol. 133-135.) 24. Proposition de Pekius, chancelier de Brabant, faite de la part des archiducs à messieurs les états des Provinces-Unies, sur la continuation de la trêve. 3 mars 1621. (Fol. 137-139.) 22. Extraits de la Ligue entre le roi de la Grande-Bretagne, Charles Ier, et les hauts et puissants seigneurs les états généraux des provinces unies du Pais-Bas, contractée à Southampton, le 27 décembre 1625. (Fol. 141-145.) 23. Sur la proposition du sieur Vane, chevalier, gentilhomme de la maison royale du roi de la Grande-Bretagne, conseiller au conseil d'Etat et privé de S. M., et son ambassadeur extraordinaire, livrée aux députés de messieurs les états généraux, le 13 août dernier. Réponse desdits élans généraux, datée du 7 décembre 1630. (Fol. 147-148.) Discours, en latin, adressé aux états généraux des Provinces-Unies de la part du roi d'Angleterre Charles Ier. Premiers mots : « Illustrissimi praepotentes, excellentissime princeps, Dominus et rex nos salutem Jesús Christus ad patrem habere »... Derniers mots : «... Uberiores gratias agerent controversias edenda derunt tantas animorum ». (Fol. 149-151.) Lettres par lesquelles le roi Louis XIII déclare prendre sous sa sauvegarde « Hugues Grotius, ci-devant avocat fiscal d'Hollande, Zélande et Vestfrise, et depuis syndic de la ville de Rotterdam et député au conseil des états de Hollande », qui s'était retiré en France et recevait une pension sur l'épargne. Sans date. (Fol. 153-155.) Considérations pour le droit du rang des seigneurs les états généraux des provinces unies du Pays-Bas. A la fin on lit : « Ces considérations furent présentées au conseil du roi par le sieur baron de Langenhove, à l'occasion de la cérémonie et solemnité des épousailles de madame Henriette de France avec le roi d'Angleterre Charles Ier. (Fol. 157-160.) Sommaire du contenu en la commission donnée par les états généraux aux commissaires par eux délégués pour juger les prisonniers... entre lesquels est le sieur de Moersbergen. (Fol. 161-162.) Le volume 55GG comprend 174 feuillets, cotés A-F, 1-168. Les feuillets B-F, 7-8, 16, 22, 31-36, 57-58, 64, 70, 118, 124, 128, 130, 136, 140, 152, 156, 163-168 sont blancs. Papier. XVIIe siècle. — (Anc. 9981.) « Règiste des ordonnances et instructions sur le fait des confiscations à cause des troubles, pour ceux de la chambre des comptes à Lille, lesdits troubles commencés l’an 1366; comme aussi des ordonnances, lettres et instructions sur le fait des annotations et saisies administratives pour les troubles et guerres advenues en ces pays depuis l’an 1378 ». On trouve dans ce registre des lettres et actes du duc d'Albe, de Martim de Bruges, président de chambre des comptes de Lille, Pierre Vax de Meux, receveur des confiscations au quartier d'Ypres, don Louis de Re, lieutenant gouverneur et capitaine général, Alexandre Farnèse, prince de Paume, Philippe II, roi d'Espagne, Jean Douchet, receveur des confiscations au quartier de Lille, le Sieur de Chassey, Albert, archiduc d'Autriche, Isabelle-Claire-Eugénie, infante d'Espagne. | 6,730 |
6930256_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 94 | 132 | D.W. NELSON, Circuit Judge,
dissenting from the limited en banc court’s refusal to stay its mandate:
I concur in the order of the limited en banc court with the exception of Part II, in which the court concludes that Campbell is not entitled to a stay of the issuance of its mandate pending application for a writ of certio-rari in the Supreme Court. Because I believe that Campbell is entitled to such a stay pursuant to Fed.RApp.Proc. 41(b) and Circuit Rule 41-1 of this court, I dissent from this portion of the court’s order.
| 27,984 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoye%20Shumakovo%2C%20Kursk%20Oblast | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Bolshoye Shumakovo, Kursk Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolshoye Shumakovo, Kursk Oblast&action=history | English | Spoken | 138 | 259 | Bolshoye Shumakovo () is a rural locality () and the administrative center of Shumakovsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:
Geography
The village is located on the Mlodat River (a left tributary of the Seym), 95 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 14 km south-east of the district center – the town Kursk.
Climate
Bolshoye Shumakovo has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Transport
Bolshoye Shumakovo is located on the road of regional importance (Kursk – Bolshoye Shumakovo – Polevaya via Lebyazhye), in the vicinity of the railway halt Zaplava (railway line Klyukva — Belgorod).
The rural locality is situated 14 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 111 km from Belgorod International Airport and 197 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
References
Notes
Sources
Rural localities in Kursky District, Kursk Oblast | 29,071 |
ODT/1889/ODT_18890419/MM_01/0001.xml_1 | NewZealand-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,889 | None | None | English | Spoken | 8,002 | 13,820 | The Otago Daily Times. No. 8472. OTAGO, DUNEDIN: FRIDAY, APRIL 19, 1889 NEW ZEALAND. PRICE ONE PENNY. SHIPPING. POST CHALMERS. Phases of the Moon. Calculated for New Zealand mean time.) April. The Weather, April 18.—Wind S.W. Weather fine. 8 a.m. Noon. 5 p.m. Barometer ... 30.18 30.18 30.04 Thermometer ... 52 56 58 Right Weather. (At the Heads ... ... 5:10 p.m. April 19 At Port Chalmers ... 5:50 p.m. (At Dunedin ... ... 6:40 p.m. ARRIVALS. Beautiful Star, s.s., 146 tons, Brewer, from Oamaru. J Mills, agent. Passengers: Six saloon, seven steerage. Enterprise, brigantine, 84 tons, Connor, from Napier. G Blyth, agent. Loch Loy, barque, 277 tons, Petersen, from New Zealand. J Fox, agent. Orawaiti, s.s., 238 tons, Gibb, from Westport, J Mills, agent. Camille, brigantine, 233 tons, Helgeson, from Hokianga. H Guthrie, agent. Frank Guy, barquentine, 194 tons, McDonald, from Kaipara. G Blyth, agent. ARRIVED. Auckland.—Loch Awe, barque, 1073 tons, Cairncross, ship, 1264 tons, Phillips, London. From Liverpool.—Olive, 847 tons, Peterson, Edinburgh. From Glasgow.—Brussels, barque, 991 tons, Evans. From New York.—Mabel, barque, 749 tons, Snow, London (January 18). From Cook Strait Island.—Sybil, barque, 380 tons, Spruitt. IMPORTS. Notice. —Consignees desirous of having their names appear in this part of our columns, together with their consignments, may have the same inserted on payment of a small charge. Per Beautiful Star, from Oamaru: 136 pkgs sundries. Per Enterprise, from Napier: 1100 sacks barley, 8000 ft timber. Per Orawaiti, from Westport: 252 tons coal, 1 case. Per Camille, from Hokianga: 161,000 ft sawn timber. Per Frank Guy, from Kaipara: 130,000 ft timber. SHIPPING TELEGRAMS. Auckland, April 18.—Arrived: Arabella von Bippen, from Wellington. Sailed: Wanaka for the South. Passengers: Mesdames Worthington and Stevens, Messrs J Eason, Kirby, Hon B C Stevens, Messrs Stone, Hall, Trent, Hardie, Worthington, Ching, and Auckland bowling team for New Plymouth. Mauroa, for the South. Passengers: For Napier—Mesdames Brassey, Hannah, Chambers, Messrs Sperrey, Helmore, Chambers, Hannah. For Wellington—Mesdames Wilson, Messrs G J Hutchinson, Isaacs, Wilson. For Lyttleton—Messrs Cornett, Rhind, Anderson, Horsely, Tilley, Sheriner, Blythe, Hall, and Wilson. For Dunedin—Messrs J Ritchie, J R I Williamson, J B Williamson, Miss Mills, Mrs and Miss Lightbeller. For Bluff—Mr Lundon. from Kaipara.—Sailed: G. M. Tucker, barque, for Melbourne. Stadtk, April 18.-Sailed: Waihora, for Auckland. Hobart, April 18.—Arrived: Pukaki, from the Bluff. THE DIRECT STEAMERS. The New Zealand Shipping Company have received the following cable message:—"The B.M.S. Tonga ripper arrived at Rio on the 11th inst.; all well. Frozen meat in good condition." Wellington, April 18.—Sailed: Aorangi, for London. Passengers: Saloon—Misses Aikman, Smith (3), Williams, Palmer, Mills, Johnston (2), Chayter, and Brownlee, Mesdames Aikman, Brownlee, Cotton, Hyde, Johnston, Mills, Nightingale, Rowell, and J Williams, Archdeacon; Williams, Dr Johnston, Revs T Brock, J Cotton, and Nightingale, Messrs J Aikman, William Brownlee, J Campbell, J Hickens, Hyde, Jolliffe (2), Morton, Mills, J Palmer, F Bradley, Thomas Rowell, J Smith, M Stockburn, J Turrall, Cotton, T West. Second saloon—Misses B Forsyth, Maddison, Maitland, M Brown, Coward, S (3), B Munro, A Murgatroyd, Airston, Wakefield (3). Mesdames Airston (2) and two boys, Cuddeford, J Dick and family (3), F Eaton, R Haddow, J Maddison, Maitland, Mercer and boy, Cleney, A Shallcrass, Theid, and Tibbott, Rev L and Mrs Brown, Captain B Schumaker, Messrs J Airston, J Broadbent, J Andrews, J Furnger, H Glover, G Haddow, J and Mrs Hill, W Inglis, W Kerch, L Ledger, J P Brown, G Clark, W Coates, W Cleney, J Crawford, A Munro, J Murgatroyd, Jickett, Howell, W Skelton, F Smith, B Stone, W Theid, D Tibbott, Read, and Whitelaw. Steerage—Misses Camellia, Samson (2), and G Wiwitzoff, Mesdames Cuthbertson, Parsons and family (4), Sutton, Wiwitzoff, Korach and family, Messrs Sonderman, Boyle, Camellia, Campbell, Earle, Fry, Gamell, Jacobsen, Kelly, Moore, Norris, Parsons, Z Sullivan, Sutton, Thompson, Tighe, Wilson, Girard, Wiwitzoff and Popper. THE GISBORNE BREAKWATER. Gisborne, April 18.—The breakwater is now advanced 700 feet in width, 18 feet of water at high tide. This afternoon, two hours after low water, the Union Company's Mail steamer, drawing over 9 feet, steamed alongside, and though a considerable swell was running in the bay, was moored without difficulty. She had a over 200 tons of cargo on board, which was discharged direct into trucks, thus saving considerable expense and delay. Captain Dawson said he would be able to come into port now at any time with fine weather, and in a few months, when a few hundred feet were added, in any weather. The pier is constructed so that there is no roll, as at other places. The s.s. Beautiful Star, from Oamaru, arrived at 10 p.m. on Wednesday. Mr J. Richardson, her chief officer, reports leaving Oamaru at 3 p.m. on that day had fresh N.E. winds, with S.B. swell and clear weather, down the coast. The brigantine Enterprise, with cargo from Napier, arrived yesterday morning and anchored off Carey Bay. She left Napier on the 2nd inst., experienced moderate southerly winds until off Timaru on the evening of the 12th, when a strong S.W. gale set in which held for 24 hours, when it moderated and was followed by light N.E. winds and calms to arrival. Captain Connor reports speaking the brigantine Frank Guy, from Kaipara for this port, about 30 miles south of Banks Peninsula on the 10th inst. The barque Loch Ness, with a cargo of iron bark timber from Newcastle, reached the heads early yesterday morning, after being blown past the port for four days by the late S.W. gale. She was tendered by the tug Koputai and brought into port, anchoring off Carey Bay at 11:30 a.m. in readiness for towing to Dunedin. Captain Petersen reports leaving Newcastle on the 4th inst., carried moderate northerly winds, with fine weather, until the 9th, when it increased to a gale, with high seas, for 12 hours. It then moderated, and was followed by west around to S.B. and baffling winds until she sighted the Solander on the morning of the 12th, when a heavy southerly gale set in, and the vessel was hove to for 18 hours, when it veered to the S.W., and she squared away for Foveaux Strait at 6 a.m. on the 13th, it still blowing a gale, with terrific seas; cleared the straits and passed Waipapapa Point at 8 p.m. on the same day, the wind and seas increasing. Captain Petersen, finding he could not steer the vessel, owing to the terrific seas, she was again hove to on the starboard tack until 4 a.m. on the 14th, when the gale slightly moderated and she squared away again for Cape Saunders light, but owing to the gale she was driven to the northward. The gale continued until the 16th, when it died away and was followed by light S.B. and N.B. winds, which brought her up to the heads, and was towed into port as above. The s.s. Orawaiti, with cargo from Westport direct, arrived at the Hattie Street wharf at 8 a.m. yesterday, and proceeded to land cargo. Mr Maundrell (her chief officer) reports leaving Westport at 11 a.m. on the 10th Inst. She had a strong gale from S.W. to W. until she passed the Brothers at 9:20 a.m. on the 16th inst.; thence she had light variable winds with a heavy S.B. swell to arrival at quarters as above. The s.s. Grafton landed her cargo and transhipments from the s.s. Manapouri at the Hattie Street wharf yesterday. The s.s. Beautiful Star landed cargo at the Rattray Street wharf yesterday. The s.s. Wakatipu commenced discharging her cargo of coal at the Jetty Street wharf yesterday. The s.s. Manapouri is to leave Port Chalmers on Saturday for Melbourne, via the Bluff and Hobart. The brigantine Camille, with a full cargo of timber from Hokianga, arrived off Otago Heads at midnight on Wednesday, and was towed up to Dunedin by the s.s. Plucky. Captain Helgeson reports leaving Hokianga on March 29, met strong southerly winds and cleared Cook Strait on April 3, passed Banks' Peninsula on the 10th inst., and thence had calms and southerly winds to arrival. OVERLAND PASSENGERS. YESTERDAY'D TRAINS. From Dunedin for the North.—For Christchurch: Messrs D Simpson, R Walker, T Stanford, H Keir, Mrs Broad, Miss Coutts, Miss A T Landells, Miss Ada Wansbrough, Mrs Burrowes, Master Tallentsfield, Mesdames Stark and Warburton, Misses Geddes and Ferguson, Messrs W D Power, A H Fisher, Robert Winkfield, T Barton, Mesdames Burton, John Beggs and T A Hobson, Mr George Sinclair, Miss A Frew, Mr O T Little, Mesdames Lillie and child, Arthur M'Donald and son, George Wells, and J Sinclair, Misses C Leckie, Peters, Kempthorne, Campbell, Mitchell, Mrs Smith. For Dundedin for the North.—Messrs R J Stark, T H Ritchie, and B T Leathern, Mesdames Schmidt, H Bishop, Dearing, Savage, and J Wilson, Miss M Pinchel, Messrs J G Abbis, O Scales, and Wood, Misses Lack, Alderlay, and Rossiter, Messrs W Barclay, C Pringle, and M A J Quelch. From Dunedin for the South.—Mrs Welsh, Miss Henderson, Mr J Denniston, Mr J Abernethy, Miss Bessland, Mrs Sidey, Miss Darrell, Mr A O Begg and Bon, Mrs T M Smith and son, Miss Henry, Mr A Durie, Mrs Meggett and two children, Miss B W Lowry and two children, Mrs D Sutherland, Mr and Mrs Anderson, Misses Scoular, Mr W Scoular, Mr and Mrs W G Bell, Messrs A G Bell, L D Nicol, Mrs Fish, Miss Campbell, Miss Waugh, Mrs Leitch, Mr D M'Quillan, Miss M'Quillan, Mr T Hitchcock, Mesdames Stenhouse and child, Harding, Watson and two children, Miller, Sutherland, Baccy Dawson, Dommett and family, A Jefferson and child, Clark and family, Armstrong, Miss Mackintosh, Mr H Adam, Miss Valentine, Mrs Williamson, Miss A Begg, Mesdames Begg, Racey and daughter, Mr W Philips, Misses Alves and Morrison, Messrs H Butterworth, B H Reid, H O Williams. From Dunedin for the South. — Mr J W Davys, Mr A Mitchelgon, Mr A W M'Donald, Miss Cameron, Misses Petrie, Mr H H Hare and daughter. First Quarter... 8... 11:36 p.m. Full Moon... 16... 8:08 a.m. Last Quarter... 22... 11:45 p.m. New Moon... 30... 11:54 a.m. Apogee, 6th, 3 p.m. Perigee, 18th, noon. Miss Collins, Miss Findlay, Mrs. Fesco, Mrs. Bruce and two children, Mrs. Corrans, Mrs. M'Kenzie and child, Mr. JH Perkins, Mr. J. M'Leod, Mrs. Auld, Miss Preston, Mr. and Mrs. Clarke, Mr. L.O. Beal, jun., Miss Evans, Mrs. C. Adams, Mr. J. Geisler, Judge Williams, Miss Mackerras, Mrs. Freeman, Miss Walton, Mrs. Kelly and three children, Miss Domigan, Mr. and Mrs. Storie, Mr. W. Stanley, Mr. J. Grant, Miss M'Donald, Messrs. T.F. Smyth, H. Cunningham and son, D.A. Vyke, H. Elam, Miss Boyd, Mr. W.J. Currie, Mr. W. Baker, Mesdames Hanan, A. M'Ewen, Winsey, J. Goldie and three children, Mrs. Stenhouse, Messrs. Stenhouse and A. M'Kinnon. COMMERCIAL. Daily Times Office, Thursday evening. The amount of customs revenue received today on goods cleared for consumption was £637 66 1/2. The following produce was received by rail yesterday at the Dunedin railway stations:— Oats ... ... ... 3174 bags Wheat ... ... ... 616 „ Barley ... ... ... 553 ~ Potatoes ... ... ... 60 ~ Flour, bran, &c. ... ... 281 ~ Total... ... ... 4714 „ Messrs Dalgety and Co. report as follows: — Our Melbourne branch reports under date, 17th inst. : "Breadstuffs, market quiet but prices well maintained. Victorian f.a.q. wheat, 5s Bd. New Zealand milling oats, 3s 11½d. New Zealand chevalier barley, 5s 7½d. Maize, 4s 6d. Cocksfoot grass seed, 3½d; ryegrass, 3s 9d." Our Sydney branch reports under the same date. "Wheat market exceedingly dull, hardly any business doing, impossible to make sales without sacrifice. New Zealand feed oats, market quiet, but prices well maintained. Maize, market weak, quantity coming forward in excess of requirements. Potatoes, market depressed by enormous quantities; Tasmanian available. Heavy rains have fallen in most districts of New South Wales. For restoring color and natural beauty to the hair nothing is so certain as Mrs. S.A. Allen's World's Hair Restorer. Sold everywhere. Try it. Shipping UNION STEAMSHIP COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND LIMITED. TIME TABLE SERVICE. For OAMARU.—BEAUTIFUL STAR, s.s., on TUESDAYS and FRIDAYS. Passengers from Dunedin Wharf This Day (Friday) at 10 a.m. FOR PIOTON, NELSON, TARANAKI, and MANUKAU. -ROTORUA, s.s., on MONDAY, 22nd April. Passengers from Dunedin Wharf at 3 p.m. Cargo till noon Saturday. For LYTTELTON and WELLINGTON — EOTORUA, s.s., on MONDAY, 22nd April. Passengers from Dunedin Wharf at 3 p.m. Care to noon Saturday, for AUCKLAND, via LYTTELTON, WELLINGTON, NAPIER, and GISBORNE— TE ANAU, 8.5., on WEDNESDAY, 24th April. Passengers per 2:30 p.m. train. Cargo at Wharf till 4 p.m. Tuesday. for SYDNEY, via LYTTELTON, WELLINGTON, NAPIER, GISBORNE, and AUCKLAND.— TE ANAU, b.b., on WEDNESDAY, 24th April. Passengers per 2:30 p.m. train. Cargo at Wharf till 4 p.m. Tuesday. for SYDNEY, via TIMARU and WELLINGTON.— WAKATIPU, s.s., on SATURDAY, 20th April. Passengers from Dunedin Wharf at — a.m. For MELBOURNE, via BLUFF and HOBART.- MANAPOURI, s.s., on SATURDAY, 20th April. Passengers per — p.m. train. For AUCKLAND, from Wellington.— WAINUI, s.s., about SATURDAY, 27th April. For TONGA and SAMOA.— MAWHERA, s.b., from Auckland about WEDNESDAY, 1st May. Freight and Passengers Booked through. Full particulars on Application. For TONGA, SAMOA, and TAHITI.— RICHMOND, s.s., from Auckland, early in May. SPECIAL CARGO AND PASSENGER SERVICE. Reduced Fares and Cargo Rates. for WESTPORT, via TIMARU, AKAROA, LYTTELTON, WELLINGTON, and NELSON. GRAFTON, s.s., THIS DAY (FRIDAY), 19th April. Passengers from Dunedin Wharf at 4 p.m. for GREYMOUTH (taking cargo for HOKITIKA), via OAMARU, TIMARU, LYTTELTON, and WELLINGTON.— BRUSNER, or other Steamer, early. Cargo at Wharf. for AUCKLAND, via OAMARU, TIMARU, NAPIER, GISBORNE, and TAURANGA — OHAU, s.s., on WEDNESDAY, 21th April. Passengers from Dunedin Wharf at 10 p.m. Cargo till 4 p.m. Offices: Corner of Vogel, Water, and Cumberland streets. UNION STEAMSHIP COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND (LIMITED). SOON MAIL SERVICES VIA PANAMA, avoiding alike the heat of the Red Sea and the cold of Cape Horn. The Steamers of this Line are appointed to leave Sydney and Auckland for Honolulu and San Francisco every Four Weeks, sailing as under: — The steamers. Leave Sydney. Leave Auckland. Arrive Francisco. Union 3000 April 17 April 22 May 11 Zealandia... 3000 May 15 May 20 June 8 Yamaka... 3000 June 12 June 17 June 29 Tickets are available for 12 months, and Saloon passengers can break their journey at Auckland, Honolulu, San Francisco, and any place of call en route to New York. SPECIAL REDUCED FARES. Through Fares, Sydney or Auckland, to London:— SALOON, from £67. STEERAGE, £32 11a 3d to £53 6d. For all information apply at any of the Offices of THE STEAMSHIP COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND (LIMITED). Rent Line of Royal Mail Steamers. The following Royal Mail Steamships belonging to the ORIENT and PACIFIC COMPANIES will leave SYDNEY and MELBOURNE on the undermentioned dates for LONDON, via ADELAIDE, ALBANY, SUEZ, KAPLINS, and GIBRALTAR: From Sydney. From Melbourne. ORIENT ... May 4, May 10 ... LUSITANIA ... May 18, May 24 ... KOROYA ... June 1, June 7 ... New Zealand Passengers may connect with the s. ORIENT at Melbourne by the WAIHORA saving Dunedin on THURSDAY, 22nd May. Through Fares to London, £21 to £70 (Canal dues included). REDUCTION of THIRD-CLASS and STEERAGE FARES from LONDON: Special facilities are now afforded for bringing out friends and relatives by the prepayment of the Passage Money here at the following Reduced Rates, Steamer providing Berths: Open Berths, £17 17s each adult. Four-berth Cabins, £20 each adult. Two-berth Cabins, £22 each adult. SPECIAL RETURN TICKETS are issued at the following rates: First Saloon (valid for 9 months) ... £108 12 ... Second ... £115 ... Third ... £60 PARCELS BOOKED THROUGH to LONDON at Reduced Rates. SPECIAL NOTICE. SECOND-CLASS PASSAGE MONEY REDUCED TO £36 AND £40. THIRD CLASS, £21. First and Second-class Passengers enjoy special advantages by booking through from New Zealand, being provided with Saloon Passage to Australia, which are included in the above fares. For further particulars apply to UNION STEAMSHIP COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND (LIMITED), 100 Agents in New Zealand. Money to Lend at Current Rates. WILLIAM BROWN & Co, 101 PENCE BREAST, ACCOUNTANTS, LAND AND COMMISSION AGENTS. Money to Lend at Current Rates. 16th STREET TO LEND on Approved Freehold Securities. BROWN & MOODY, Solicitors, 183 Princess Street. "TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS, AND AGENCY COMPANY OF N.Z. (LIMITED) has MONEY to LEND on Freehold Security. WALTER LAURNESS SIMPSON, Manager. MONEY TO LEND, INTEREST On Freehold Security, At On-Grant Rates. EDWARD SMITH, Savings Engraver. THE PERPETUAL TRUSTEES, ESTATE AND AGENCY COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND (LIMITED) has MONEY to LEND on FREEHOLD SECURITY. WALTER HILSOP. 18th Manager. ORIENT TO LEND, in one or two Sums, at Lowest Current Rates. W. CUNINGHAM SMITH, 17th Liverpool Street. SCENE in every farmhouse in Otago, Southland, and South Canterbury. Shipping; ALBION COMPANY (LIMITED) (Under Postal Contract with the Government for the Conveyance of Her Majesty's Mails), Will dispatch their ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIPS For LONDON as under, Calling at Rio de Janeiro, Tiago, and Plymouth Steamers - Tons - Commander. Dates of Calls at Colonio ... 4753 Kidley Lyttelton May Coptic ... 4367 Burton Wellington May Tainui ... 5200 Barlow — June Doric ... 4714 Jennings — July Abawa ... 5200 Stuart — Aug. And thenceforward every fourth Thursday. The above Steamers are of the highest class, with Saloons amidships. Second-class and Steerage Accommodation are very superior. RETURN TICKETS and SECOND SALOON PASSAGES at Reduced Rate. The Steamers of this line are fitted with Chambers for conveyance of Dairy Produce. The Undersigned are empowered to grant passages from London or Glasgow to New Zealand, payment for which has been guaranteed in the Colony. The above will be supplemented by the following first-class Sailing Vessels:— Ship. Tons. Commander. Hudson ... 797 Kemp April For further particulars apply to the Agents: NATIONAL MORTGAGE and AGENCY COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND (LIMITED), DALGETY and COMPANY, LIMITED, MURRAY, ROBERTS, and CO. THE P. AND O. STEAMSHIP NAVIGATION COMPANY (Under Contract with the Imperial, New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australian Governments) Will dispatch the following STEAMERS for LONDON, Calling at ALBANY, COLOMBO, ADEN, BURDHUNDI, MOMBASA, GHALETA, and PLYMOUTH: - Leave Steamer, Tons. Leave Melbourne. Leave Sydney. Adelaide 1 p.m. Victoria ... 6288 April 27 May 3 May Parramatta 4771 May 11 May 17; May Oceana ... 6362 May 25 May 31 June Massilia ... 4918 June 8 June 14 June Carthage ... 5013 June 22 June 28 July Not calling at Colombo. Rates of PASSAGE MONEY from DUNEDIN, via MELBOURNE:— To London in First Saloon ... £63 to £70, Second Saloon ... £37 to £40 Return Tickets from ... ... £60 to £115 In the SECOND SALOON the arrangements have been thoroughly reorganised, and the ACCOMMODATION which the Company now offers is unsurpassed. Second Saloon Passengers are provided with First Saloon Accommodation in Union S.S. Company Steamers between New Zealand and Australia. Passage Money can be paid here for Passages from England. Liberal concessions made to families. DALGETY and COMPANY, LIMITED, Agents In Dunedin. Imperial German Mail. Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide to Southampton, Antwerp, and Bremen via Colombo and Suez Canal, taking passengers for London, connecting from Alexandria by direct mail and passenger line to Brindisi and Genoa, will be despatched as follows (if practicable):— Steamers Leave Sydney. Melbourne. Adelaide. Habsburg ... April 24 April 27 April 30. Salier... ... May 22 May 25 May 28. Hohenzollern ... June 19 June 22 June 5. And thereafter every four weeks. Passage from Dunedin to Southampton, Antwerp and Bremen ... £13 to £67 10s. Special Return Tickets to Europe. The Steamers land Passengers at Southampton. Passage from Europe can be prepaid in the Colonies. For Freight or Passage apply to WILL & CO. (LIMITED). - Agents, Dunedin. MESSAGING AND STEAMERS Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide to Marseilles (via Suez Canal), then overland per train to London. The Company's Steamers (under Postal Contract with the Government of France) will be despatched as follows, calling at Brindisi, Port Said, and Suez:— Steamer.. Ton.. Oceanien... 4038 April 25 April 28 April. Sydney .., 4021 May 23 May 28 May. Salazie ... 4037 June 25 June 28 June. Special Tourist Tickets from Marseilles to London. Passengers' luggage conveyed free from Marseilles to London. Table wines and beer supplied to all classes. Every luxury in hot weather. The Second Saloon Accommodation is very superior, and the fares have been reduced. From New Zealand to Marseilles—First, £68; Second, £43. No extra for Canal dues. Tickets at greatly reduced rate £3. WILL & CO. (LIMITED), Agents, Dunedin. Schooner JESSIE NICCOL. Now receiving Cargo. H. GUTHRIE, Agent. PORTOBELLO, BROAD BAY, AND ST. PORT CHALMERS FERRY. S.S. EDINA will during Summer Months run as follows: Leave Port Chalmers for Portobello and Broad Bay at 7.45 a.m. (7.5 train from town). Leave Port Chalmers for Portobello only at 1.0 p.m. (12.10 train from town). Leave Port Chalmers for Portobello and Ross Point at 6.0 p.m. (5.15 train from town). Returning from Broad Bay, via Portobello, at 8 a.m. (connecting with train for town 10.0). Returning from Portobello only at 3.0 p.m. (3.55 train town). Returning from Ross Point, via Portobello at 6.30 p.m. Calling at Quarantine Island when required. Picnic Parties by arrangement. Shipping. The New Zealand Zeal and Shipping Company's royal mail line of steamers (Under Contract with the New Zealand Government) will be dispatched with Her Majesty's Mails as under, for LONDON, via Rio de Janeiro and Tenerife: Steamers. Tons. Feet. Date. Commander. Departure. Aorangi 4163 Sutherland Wellington April 2. Binoma 4474 Greenstreet Wellington May 6. Europa 4163 Findlay — June 8. Kaikoura 4474 Ortonley July. To Auckland 4163 Bone — Aug. And thereafter every fourth Thursday. Second Salon Fare from 35 Guineas. Passengers sent to Port of Departure Free. Warrants issued for Passengers from any part of the United Kingdom to New Zealand on approved guarantee for payment in the colony. Insulated Coal Ovens for Butchered and Cheese, are fitted in the above Steamer. For further particulars apply to The New Zealand Shipping Company, Limited, Crawford Street, Dunedin. For Invercargill—S.S. Invercargill, on Wednesday, 24th inst. Cargo till 9 a.m. Easter Monday Excursion to Maori, Kai, and Outside Heads (weather permitting)—S.S. Invercargill, at 10.30 a.m. Fare (return), 2s 6d. S.S. Kakanui sails as under: For Riverton and Fortrose, Tuesday, 23rd inst. Cargo till 2 p.m. Fortrose freight payable by shippers. Keith Ramsay, Agent. Hardest Composition on Sale. MASCOOK AND SON TOURIST AND GENERAL PASSENGER AGENTS, Chief Office, Ludgate Circus, London, E.G., Head Office for New Zealand, No. 4 Victoria Arcade, Auckland, Have now Offices and Agencies in all the Principal Cities of New Zealand and Australia, and are prepared to Book Tourists and Passengers to and from any part of the Globe, issuing Coupons for Steamers, Railways, Coaches, and Hotels. For full information apply to Keith Ramsay, Agent, Vogel Street, Dunedin. For Sale. Cash advertisements under this head, not exceeding sixteen words, will be charged Sixpence. If charged to account, Double Rate. For Sale. Otto Gas Engines, several Sizes.—Fieldwick, P.O. 397. For Sale, Eighth Share in the Nightcaps Coal Company.—Write for particulars, Box 298. On Sale, prime samples Cape Barley, Rye and Oats.-Geo. Matthews, nurseryman and seedsman, Moray Place. 18ap MEDICAL.— A gentleman retiring from practice wishes to LET or SELL his HOUSE; a good opportunity for a well-qualified man.—Address Medicus, care Bank of New Zealand, f, Dunedin. 13ap To let. Cash advertisements under this head, not exceeding sixteen words, will be charged SIXPENCE. If charged to account, DOUBLE RATE. To LET, Eight-roomed detached HOUSE, with every convenience.—Apply John Colvin, Forth street (near bridge). 18ap To LET, Large STORE, YARD, and SIZES, Clark street; also OFFICES and STORAGE. High street.—Turnbull and Co 16ap To LET, Six, Five, Four-roomed excellent HOUSES corner Melville, Walker streets; healthy situation; no trams, home dinner.—Alexander Cairns. Large 6-roomed HOUSE at St. Clair, containing Bathroom, Conservatory, Stable, Outhouses, and Three-quarters of an Acre Orchard and Garden. All in good repair. Apply to g. D. DOUGLAS MACDONALD, Solicitor, Princes Street. HOUSE in Manor place, for some years occupied by J. S. Sprent, Esq., now leaving the colony. Hot and Cold Water and Gas upstairs and downstairs. Good Bathroom. Apply A. E. THOMSON & CO., Bond street; Or PERPETUAL TRUSTEES COMPANY, Eattray street. Board and Residence. PRIVATE BOARDING AND ESTABLISHMENT for Gentlemen and Families.—Alyia House, corner of Elm and St David streets. CLIFTON HOUSE.— Newly Refurnished. Newest style. Hot baths; Drawing, smoking, billiard rooms; tennis. WILSON'S Private Boarding House, corner George and Albany streets.—Good accommodation; terms moderate; hot baths. PRIVATE APARTMENTS for four Gentlemen, or Lady and Gentleman.—Mrs Fraser, George street, near Union street. WANTED KNOWN—Comfortable Board and Residence at, Waterloo House, Bell Tower (with entrances from Eattray or Dowlins streets); terms moderate; bath, plunge and shower. "BEACHCLIFF," St. Clair, pleasant sea side Private Boarding Establishment, near the St. Clair terminus of the Dunedin Trams, and as close to Public Telephone, Beach, and Baths sheltered, sunny, and elevated situation; with delightful ocean and inland views from house and grounds every very comfortable. Moderate terms.—"Beachcliff," in St. Clair. Business Notices. T. S. SPARROW AND CO., GENERAL ENGINEERS, IRON and BRASS FOUNDERS, BOILER MAKERS, &c. MARKET: Quartz Crushing, Pumping, and Winding: Machines, Sold Dredging and Hydraulic Elevators, Pontoon Iron and Steel Fluming, Air Compressors, Rock Drills, Centrifugal Pumps, Turbine and Other Water Wheels, Every description of Steam Engines and Boilers, Columns and Girders for Buildings, Bridge Ironwork, Boiling Down Plant, &c. So, Plans and Specifications Prepared, and experienced Workmen sent to all parts of the Colony. DUNEDIN IRON WORKS, Willis street, Dunedin. £100 REWARD Will be paid to Anyone Proving that GRAY & LESTER'S PATENT PORTABLE GAS LAMPS Are not what they represent them to be—i.e., CHEAP, SAFE, CONVENIENT, PERFECT. A LIGHT exceeding Coal Gas, pure, being entirely free from sulphur or other deleterious exhalations, for indoor or outdoor use; no fittings, no wicks to encrust and get damp, no glasses, no trimming—no nothing, in short, except a Beautiful White Light fed by Gas Oil, that costs only 5s per 1000 ft. The Oil will not burn wood, or even carpets, as in the event of capsize; it merely blazes for a few seconds and then volatilizes, leaving not even a mark behind it. The Lamp burns well in Strong draughts, which would make an ordinary lamp take a back seat in disgust, and in Houses, Railway Stations, Hotels, Theatres, Mines, &c. GRAY & LESTER Call Special Attention to their LANTERN for HOTELS, OUTSIDE STORE, or STABLE, Which give the Best Light ever produced, and is guaranteed to produce a better light than five ordinary lamps, at a cost of 1d per hour. We also supply Spreader Burner Hall Lamps, Japan Wall Lamps, Brass Bracket Lamps, two Branch Table Lamps, one to four Branch Hanging Lamps. For hotel bars, billiard tables, private houses, &c, they are indispensable, and will pay for themselves in a few months, while the oil used can be supplied in any quantity at a very nominal rate. A Liberal Commission allowed to the Trade. Agents Wanted in every Town in New Zealand. Hundreds of Testimonials to be seen at Office. Price List on application to GRAY & LESTER, ST. ANDREW STREET, DUNEDIN. GRAY & CO., SAWMILLERS, TIMBER AND IRON MERCHANTS, And BUILDERS' IRONMONGERS, VOGEL AND WATER STREET, DUNEDIN. TTTT I MM MM 888 EEBB ERR T I MM MM B B E RET I MM MM I M MM M B B B BE TIMMMM B B B E B X I M MM M 888 EEEH B E AND I ERB 000 NN N IRE 0 0 UN N IRE 00 NNN IRE OO NNN I RRR 0 O X N N IRH 00 NNN IRE OO NNN I E E 0 0 N NN IKB 000 N NN On account of moving of Timber Yards and Factory, we are prepared to CLEAR OUT PRESENT STOCKS At a CONSIDERABLE SEDUCTION FOB ONE MONTH. Several JOB LOTS offered at extremely LOW PRICES to clear. Apply early. A. TAPPER AND Timber and Iron Yards and General Store: Jetty and Vogel streets, Dunedin; Tyne street, Invercargill; and Gore. Sawmills, Timber and Brick Yards: Seaward Forest, Longbush, Green Hills, Mysorewa, and Waitun. 24n "OBBERT BAIN -Eag (Late of the New Zealand Detective Force; Begs to inform his friends and the public generally that he has opened a PRIVATE INQUIRY AND MISSING FRIENDS OFFICE, And trusts by strict attention to business to merit a share of their support. Patrons may rely on their commissions being faithfully executed with due regard to secrecy. Bailiff's work done. Rents collected. An efficient Staff always available Address Box 375, Chief Post Office; and St. David street, Dunedin. llap Business Notices. CMITH and SMITH, OCTAGON, DUNEDIN, Have on Sale a Large and Varied Assortment of MORRIS' PAPERHANGINGS, famed for their beauty and excellence of design, also every description of Painters' Requisites, which they are now selling at the lowest possible prices. PAPERHANGINGS Suitable for drawing rooms, PAPERHANGINGS dining rooms, Studies, halls PAPERHANGINGS billiard rooms bedrooms, with PAPERHANGINGS Dados, Freizes, and Borders PAPERHANGINGS to match. ARTISTS' COLOURS Double Oil Tubes, 6d each; ARTISTS' COLOURS Single Oil Tubes, 3d each; ARTISTS' COLOURS Oil Colour Boxes from 7s ARTISTS' COLOURS each; Water Colour ARTISTS' COLOURS Boxes, from 15 each; Sketch- ARTISTS' COLOURS Brushes, Academy boards ARTISTS' COLOURS, Millboards, Mounting boards ARTISTS' COLOURS, Sketching Stools, Oil and ARTISTS' COLOURS Water Colours Brushes, Palettes, Palette Knives, and ARTISTS' COLOURS all kinds of Artists' Materials at Lowest Prices. PICTURE FRAMES Mouldings, Mounts, Gold PICTURE FRAMES and Silver Picture Wire PICTURE FRAMES, Brass Corners, Rings, Lithographs, Pictures, Gilders' PICTURE FRAMES Clay, Putty Knives, Glazing PICTURE FRAMES Knives, 'Laths, Squares PICTURE FRAMES Tacks, &c. OPAL LETTERS A large Stock of all kinds of OPAL LETTERS Opal Letters for glass windows, OPAL LETTERS &c, which are a most effective OPAL LETTERS and efficient style of advertising OPAL LETTERS at greatly Reduced Prices. CENTRE FLOWERS (Papier mâché) for ventilating wooden or plaster ceilings; a very large variety, CENTRE FLOWERS to choose from: prices, from CENTRE FLOWERS 3s each. We are prepared to do all kinds of FURNITURE, GLAZING, PAPEEHANGING, SIGN AND TICKET WRITING (Plain and Pictorial). Keeping the largest, and most efficient Staff of Employees in New Zealand, we guarantee the class of work. We receive from our Principal, Mr R. F. Smith, in London, the Latest and Most Fashionable Designs in Interior and Exterior Decorations, and execute all work at the Lowest Possible Prices. ESTIMATES GIVEN. SMITH and SMITH, Oil and Colour Merchants, DUNSDY. NEW LEES. [Established 1859] 48 GEORGE STREET. PAPERHANGINGS. 90,000 PIECES TO CHOOSE FROM. CELEBRATED STANDARD MIXED PAINTS, 1 STANDARD ART ENAMEL PAINTS,^ Forty different Colours, Made from the Best Materials. 150,000 ft of Picture Frames MOULDINGS, Cheap. Largest Stock of PLATE AND SHEET GLASS In the Colony. ANDREW LEES, George Street. Established 1859. HOMAS LOW & CO. (Late Esther & Low), IMPORTERS of WINES, SPIRITS and GENERAL MERCHANDISE, Shop Street, DUNSDY. AGENTS for GLENFORD and GLENALMOND WHISKEYS, To be had in quarters, octaves, bottles, and flasks. MELSON, L S OONHN NNNB L S OOHNN N N N EEB L SSS O O X N N S 5 h SOONWN N NN EL S O O H NN N NN EEB LLLL SSS OO H HN NOTICE. When buying Tea, always buy the best procurable at the price you wish to give. NELSON, MOATE, & CO.'S CELEBRATED PRIZE MEDAL pure blended teas have proved themselves to be the best. A proof of this is the fact that both Merchants and Storekeepers throughout the Colony pack Teas in fancy packets and call them Blended to mislead the public. BEWARE OF THESE. OAAAT BB M MM M O O A A T B M MM MOOA AT B M MM M OO A AT BBS PRICES 2s, 2s 4d, 2s Bd, 3d, And a POUND. * CCO A A CO A A NN N DDD G A A NN N D D O O AAAAA NNNDDO OO A ANNNDDC OO A ANNNDDO OO A ANNNDDOOOO A AN NN DDD CCO O OCHRISTCHURCH, DUNEDIN, WELLINGTON, AUCKLAND. Agents Everywhere. 26th BOOK IN 6 RANGES! The Patent Prize Range BALANDIA Heeds no letting, and will burn any coal Can be used as an Open Fire. I KNOW FLOUR for Verandahs in great variety. BINNIE 9~H~A M & CO. VICTORIA FOUNDRY, 11 George Street (opposite Knox Church), Dunedin. Business Notices. [Established 1862.] G. & T. YOUNG, IMPORTERS, PRACTICAL WATCH and CLOCK MAKERS, MANUFACTURING JEWELLERS, 33 PRINCES STREET, DUNEDIN; LAMBTON QUAY, WELLINGTON; GREAT NORTH ROAD, TIMARU; THAMES STREET, OAMARU. G. & T. YOUNG hold by far the Largest and Best Selected Stock of Watches, Clocks, Jewellery, Sterling Silver and Electroplated Goods, Aneroids, Field and Opera Glasses, Spectacles, &c, in the colony. They desire to call Special attention to the fact that while their articles for sale are of the BEST QUALITY, their prices are not higher than those of minor establishments; their object being to secure a large amount of patronage, and at the same time the approval of their customers. Inspection respectfully invited. /CORRUGATED IRON ROOFING NEW AND IMPORTANT INVENTION. By using the newly patented "ACME CORRUGATED BATTEN" a perfect job is secured. No leakage from nail holes, and perfect stiffness obtained, unaffected by the heaviest gales. Special provision for carrying off "sweat" or moisture, and also for ventilation. No building having iron roofing should now be erected without using the patent BATTEN. As there is a considerable saving by using less expensive Nails than those required by the old method, the cost of using the BATTEN does not exceed 2s to 3s per square of roofing, or on a moderate sized building about £2 to £3. The use of the Patent BATTEN has been approved by leading Architects and Engineers throughout the Colony. It may be obtained (price, 6s 9d per 100 lineal feet) at MESSRS FINDLAY & CO.'S, Cumberland street, DUNEDIN. J. AITKEN CONNELL, 42 Queen street, Auckland. Telephone No. 239. E. SHACKLOCK, Maker of the Patent Portable "ORION" COOKING RANGE, fitted with either High or Low-pressure Boiler, for burning Coal, Lignite, or Wood, from Bin to 2-tin long. Tomb Railings, Ironwork, and General Castings at lowest rates. Also, Shacklock's Patent Portable Washing Boiler the best out. Inspection of Stock Invited —Full Details on application to H. E. SHACKLOCK, South End Foundry, Crawford street, Dunedin. DUNEDIN, 1888. Now In preparation, and will be issued about the end of April next, W. J. PICTOR'S; Splendid View of the CITY OF DUNEDIN. W. J. PICTOR begs to announce that he was fortunate enough to secure the services of the late MR G O'BRIEN, Artist and Draughtsman (who was admitted by all to have had unequalled facility in bringing first-class knowledge of draughtsmanship and architecture to bear on this class of work) to paint a picture of the City of Dunedin for reproduction as a COLOURED LITHOGRAPH. The painting was finished a short while prior to Mr O'Brien's death, and is pronounced by competent critics to be not only correct in detail—indeed, a view of the city as truthful as the reflection in a mirror—but to be a highly meritorious and artistic painting, the reproduction of which will be worthy of a place in every home. Accompanying the view there will be a Key Plan, indicating the principal buildings in the city and the notable points in the landscape. I have entrusted the lithographing of the picture to the Caxton Printing Company, whose success in coloured lithography is so well known. The view will be printed in 12 colors, so that proper brilliance and delicacy of outline may be assured. In the Otago Daily Times of the 9th October appeared the following notice of Mr. O'Brien's picture: "One of the very best of the many excellent views of Dunedin that have been painted is a large watercolor that was finished by the late Mr. George O'Brien only a few days before his death. It was executed, we believe, to the order of Mr. W. J. Prictor, for the especial purpose of being chromolithographed, and the artist has evidently taken unusual pains over his work. It is satisfactory and at the same time a little surprising to find that this necessary attention to detail has not been allowed in any way to fetter the artist. There is nothing at all cramped or artificial about the work which, while accurately portraying the city and its surroundings, has all the breadth and freedom of the ordinary landscape. Of the two vantage points from which the most comprehensive view of Dunedin can be obtained, W. J. Prictor chose the best. Any position to the north, near Logan's Point, commands the city well, but the distance is too great, while the hills to the southward, whence Mr. O'Brien took his sketch, give an equally complete view of the town and bring it much closer. The immediate foreground of this picture shows a grass-grown declivity, immediately beyond which is to be seen Fernhill Club, prettily girt with trees, the Southern Cemetery, etc. From this the whole city stretches away—a very distinct and striking panorama. Although none of the principal buildings are emphasized in the way that sometimes disfigures such pictures, they are all perfectly recognizable. St. Matthew's Church, the Iron and Woodware Factory, First Church, the Town Hall, Knox Church, and the University, etc., can all easily be picked out, while right away in the background glisten the white monuments of the Northern Cemetery, mere specks in the distance, but standing out plainly against a belt of purple bush. Beyond this again rise the Ravensbourne hills and Mount Cargill, all very accurately drawn—in fact, the drawing and perspective of the whole picture is almost faultless. It takes into the left all the higher parts of the city as far as the High School rectory, and to the right embraces a fine view of the harbour, the wharves, and the railway overbridge. The picture is well, although not too brightly, lighted, and Mr. O'Brien's whole scheme of colouring is very judicious. The contrasts are sufficiently distinct, but the tints are subdued and harmonise very pleasantly. A more promising subject for the chromo-lithographer could not be wished, and the Caxton Printing Company, who have been entrusted with this part of the work, will no doubt be able to turn out excellent work. Judging from some similar work they have now in hand, they have quite mastered the many difficulties of the process. When ready for issue, the chromo should command a ready sale, especially as it will represent the last work of an artist whose productions are well and favourably known in this city. The size of the picture is 34in x 24in, so that it will be just within the postal limit. The canvasser will call at every house in Dunedin and suburbs within the next few weeks, and orders will be supplied immediately the picture is ready for issue, about the end of April next. Price ... ... ... 2s 6d (Delivered in town and suburbs). Posted to any address... ... 35. The Picture will be issued handsomely framed in massive gilt or black and gold frames at 15s. As there is every probability of the whole of the first issue being ordered in advance, intending subscribers in remote districts or places out of reach of canvass will please send remittance in stamps or postal note, and the Picture will be carefully packed and posted to any address required immediately after Issue. W. J. PRICTOR, Stationer, Bookseller, and Newsvendor, North-East Valley, Dunedin, 1888. W. J. PRICTOR'S COLOURED LITHOGRAPH. The following Persons have been appointed CANVASSING AGENTS for the sale of the above Lithograph:— Dunedin ... ... ... Walter Donald Invercargill and Southland Districts ... ... ... E. H. Whitmore Caversham, the Flat, and Anderson's Bay ... ... John M. Dark Burnside, Abbotsford, and Taieri W. R. Clark Milton and Tokomairaro ... H. Whitk Crookston, Heriot, Waikoikoi, and Tapanui ... ... F. O. Drapery. J. J. BEET, HAYNES, & CO. DRESS DEPARTMENT. We are now showing our First Shipments of NOVELTIES for the Autumn. The improvements in Colours and Blendings which has been taking place during the last few seasons may now be said to have reached a culminating point, with the result that we may justly say never has our STOCK comprised such a CHOICE SELECTION as at present,—the variety being so extensive that all tastes are catered for, while each style of dress is unapproachable of its kind. Having made the combining of colours a special study, ladies wishing to deviate from the ordinary run of dress, and desirous of obtaining a costume which embraces that great desideratum, SOMETHING NEW, SOMETHING STYLISH, AND SOMETHING CHEAP, will find an Inspection of our Stock well repay them. Amongst the many NEW SHADES the following are most in request:— Blotting Paper Flax Green Bronze Old Rose Laurel Navy Terra Cotta Watercress Paon Jupiter Myrtle Anemones Ocreyette Lawyer Green Tans Shrimp Baltic for Navy Estamene Serges this Season, were fortunate in placing a large Indent Order for Navy Dress Serges. Mr Ewing, after comparing the various registered makes, has sent us the well-known Stabilis Fast Dye Navy Estamene Serges, warranted to stand any Climate, and the best wearing Serge known in the Home market. We have the following qualities in Stock :— Navy Estamene, 1s 6d per yard No. 1289-70, 1s 8d per yard No. 1289-80, 2s 2d per yard No. 1289-90, 2s 9d per yard No. 1289-100, 3s 3d per yard No. 1289-110, 3s 9d per yard Mosgiel and Wellington Blankets were placed before the recent Advance in Wool, so that we are in the position of giving our clients every advantage and selling at last year's Prices. In addition to the above we have a good range of English-made Blankets in White, Grey, Blue, and Scarlet, which we are large stock of Mosgiel Flannels (not Colonial) in Shetland, Orkney, White, Scarlet, Navy, and Pink; all made of the finest New Zealand wools; will wear and wash well; the majority of our customers will have nothing of their clothing department. Only colonial-made garments kept in stock, made from strong wearing Mosgiel, Oamaru, and Wellington tweeds. All tweeds shrunk before making, and thoroughly lined. Workmanship, fit, and finish second to none. Boys' tweed overcoats, our own make, with or without capes. All kinds of boys and youths' clothing to select from. Largest stock in New Zealand. We are showing some taking styles for boys' wear. 1500 yards of Wellington tweed suitable for school wear at 2s 6d, 2s steamers, a splendid selection of gentlemen's mercery including new feather-weight felt hats, umbrellas, lambs' wool and natural wool under vests, drawers, and socks, new scarfs, collars, gloves, white and colored shirts, travelling caps, rug, etc. Shirts and P. J. suits made to order on the shortest possible notice. BROWN, EWING, & CO., Princes and Manse streets. Cap Educational. ISS LILY CAMERON (Pupil of Herr Benno Scherek), Teacher of the Pianoforte; special terms to beginners. Address: Jones Street. XJEEE OTTO SCHWER S, PIANIST, TEACHER OF PIANOFORTE AND PEDAL ORGAN. Address: KILMORUN HOUSE, MORAY PLACE, And Dresden Piano Co., Prince Street. Business Addresses. J~f V ° BT(S N 1 • 155 PRINCES STREET SOUTH Large stock of new gas stoves, globes, etc., and gas grilling, boiling, and heating stoves. A few samples of special new designs of heating stoves. HOMAS GROSE, J & SHAIR B and MONEY BROKER, Steinhof Buildings, Princes Street. Stocks bought and sold at lowest remunerative charges. Letters and telegrams, promptly replied to. Money advanced on bank, insurance, and mining stock. Bills discounted. 26y Land W. GAGE, 6 Balm and Commission Agents, Sharebrokers, etc. 10 BARRACK STREET, LICENSED LAND BROKER. Property for sale in town and suburbs, bank, insurance, and mining shares, bought and sold at closest market price. Call. Advanced made on Share, and other Securities. 36m JOB BROTHERS & GOODWIN, THEATRICAL AND GENERAL BILLPOSTERS, CHRISTCHURCH. Postal Office Address; Box 237. NOTICE TO THEATRICALS AND OTHERS. We, the Agents for the Wellington BILL BOARDS, communicate with BLUNDERFLY BILLPOSTERS, Proprietors. Evening Postal or with Wellington. BROAD-BEAN and KEDON-IDA, Agents, Mutual Life Chambers, 153 Hereford Street Christchurch. MOST and CHANDON'S Dry Imperial Champagne. 1884 vintage. 25g I Amusements. PRINCE OF SCENES THEATRE. GOOD FRIDAY (APRIL 19th, 1889). GRAND SACRED CONCERT. Musical Directress: MISS JENNIE WEST. Part I. Sonata, by Handel, for Pianoforte and Violin—Miss Jennie West and Mr G. H. Schacht. "The Toilers," Descriptive Song, by Piccolomini—Mr Wm. Densem. Celebrated "Ave Maria," by Cherubini—Mrs Angus. The Lost Chord," by Cowen, arranged as a Cornet Solo—Mr Chas. Coombs. "Locked in the Cradle of the Deep" (J. P. Knight's well-known Scene)—Mr W. F. Young. "With All Your Hearts" (Aria from Mendelssohn's "Elijah")—Mr Blenkinsop. Life's "Excelsior," as a Duet—Messrs Umbers and Densem. "Rejoice Greatly" (Aria from Handel's "Messiah")—Mrs Murphy. Pianoforte Solo, Schumann's "Devotion," transcribed by Liszt—Miss Jennie West. Part II. Violin Solo, the favourite "Schlumberlied," arranged by Lies—Mr G. H. Schacht. "Lead Kindly Light" (Pius XII's celebrated setting)—Mr Blenkinsop. "O Jesu Deus" (popular Duet from S. Webbe's Cathedral Services)—Mrs Angus and Mr Densem. Sir Arthur Sullivan's sublime Song, "The Distant Shore"—Mr Carrick Martin. "The Chorister," by Sir Arthur Sullivan—Mr C Umbers. "The Better Land" (Cowen's composition)—Mrs Murphy. "Ora Pro Nobis" (a touching story beautifully treated by Piccolomini)—Mr Densem. "Too Late," by Mrs Worthington Bliss—Mrs Angus. Pianoforte Solo, Beethoven Sonata—Miss Jennie West. Doors open at 7:30; Concert to commence at 8. Carriages at 10:15. Dress Circle, 3s; Stalls, 2s; Pit, One Shilling. Today being Good Friday, the Box Plan will be at Berman's, at Grand Hotel. GRAND HOLIDAY ATTRACTION, Commencing EASTER MONDAY. For a Short Season only. ALF. LAWTON'S LAST SENSATION COMPANY. Everything New, Novel, and Original. Funny! Funny! Very Funny! 100 Laughs in 100 Minutes. Success of the Past a Guarantee for the Future. Admission, 3s, 2s, 1s. Box plan at Dressler Piano Warehouse. Day tickets at Jacobs and Allen's, tobacconists, Princes Street. O' O BALL. MERIVALE v. PRINCES CARISBROOK GROUND, On SATURDAY, 20th INST. Kick off at 3 p.m. ADMISSION—SIXPENCE. - o F. T. HORNS, 1940 Hon. Sec. O.S. F.U. PALACE SKATING EINK X Mokay Place. 'EASTER MONDAY NIGHT. GRAND ONE-MILE RACES OF ALL NATIONS By the Employees of the Palace Eink in Full Costume. FULL BAND OF ENGINEERS. 'Skating till 10.30 p.m. Eink open ALL DAY Monday for Ladies and Gents, 'TO-NIGHT (THURSDAY). Under Distinguished Patronage. 1 N.B.—Rink CLOSED all Day FRIDAY. 27m B. h. DONNOLLY. Manager. HALL ELITE SKATING EINK. Select and Popular Place of Amusement. OPEN MORNING, AFTERNOON, and EVENING SPECIAL ATTRACTIONS for EASTER MONDAY EXHIBITION on EASTER MONDAY CAVERSHAM BRASS BAND. Doors open at 7 o'clock. J. P. T. HORN, Manager. Piano, forte Studio over Dresden Pianoforte Warehouse, where Messrs P and Iff receive pupils for the Violin and Piano: Private address: The Laurels, Albany street. G. H. A. For BALLS, PARTIES, CONCERTS, &c Unsurpassed accommodation Apply to Mr GEORGE K. WEST. Meetings. GREAT TEMPERANCE MISSION FOR DUNEDIN, CONDUCTED BY MISS J. E. ACKERMAN, Delegate from the National W.C.T.U. of America. SATURDAY, APRIL 20 WELCOME MEETING TO MISS ACKERMAN. In W.C.A. Rooms, Moray place, at 7:30 p.m. All Temperance Workers Friends earnestly INVITED. SUNDAY, APRIL 21. GRAND GOSPEL TEMPERANCE MEETING In the Garrison Hall at 8 p.m. Mrs Dick to preside. Mr A. Brunton and his Choir have kindly volunteered their services. Sankey's hymns. Collection to defray expenses. TUESDAY, APRIL 23. 3 p.m.-MEETING SPECIALLY FOR WOMEN W.C.A. Rooms, Moray place. All affectionately invited. 7:30-GRAND TEMPERANCE RALLY Choral Hall, at 7:20. Dr Stuart in the chair. ORDINARY HALF-YEARLY MEETING of Shareholders will be held at the Company's Office, Bond street, Dunedin, on FRIDAY, 26th inst., at 5 p.m. A. BAILLEMAN, Legal Manager. Dunedin, 17th April, 1919. THE COLONIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW ZEALAND. FIRE AND MARINE. LLOYD'S... ... ... WELCOMGE. NOTICE TO SHAREHOLDERS. The ELEVENTH ORDINARY ANNUAL MEETING of SHAREHOLDERS will be held at 3 p.m. on WEDNESDAY, MAY 7th in the Chamber of Commerce, Lambton Quay Wellington. BUSINESS Sheet Adopted By order of the Directors. F. ALLEN, General Manager. | 10,405 |
2016/12016A097/12016A097_SK.txt_1 | Eurlex | Open Government | CC-By | 2,016 | None | None | Slovak | Spoken | 49 | 149 | C_2016203SK.01003701.xml
7.6.2016
SK
Úradný vestník Európskej únie
C 203/37
Článok 97
Na fyzické alebo právnické osoby verejného alebo súkromného práva, ktoré spadajú do právomoci členského štátu, sa nevzťahuje žiadne obmedzenie na základe štátnej príslušnosti, pokiaľ si želajú zúčastniť sa na výstavbe jadrových zariadení vedeckého alebo priemyselného charakteru v Spoločenstve.
| 19,085 |
https://github.com/SPixs/TinyGB/blob/master/src/main/java/com/s2soft/tinygb/cpu/InstrLDI.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | TinyGB | SPixs | Java | Code | 128 | 446 | package com.s2soft.tinygb.cpu;
import com.s2soft.tinygb.mmu.GBMemory;
public class InstrLDI extends Instruction {
// ============================ Constants ==============================
// =========================== Attributes ==============================
// =========================== Constructor =============================
// ========================== Access methods ===========================
// ========================= Treatment methods =========================
@Override
public boolean matchOpcode(byte opcode) {
return opcode == (byte)(0x2A) || opcode == (byte)(0x22);
}
@Override
public String disassemble(GBMemory memory, int address) {
byte opcode = memory.getByte(address);
return opcode == (byte)(0x22) ? "LD (HL+),A" : "LD A,(HL+)";
}
@Override
public int execute(byte opcode, GBCpu cpu, byte[] additionalBytes) {
IndirectAddressMode addressingModeIndirect = IndirectAddressMode.HL;
RegisterAddressingMode addressingModeA = RegisterAddressingMode.A;
IAddressingMode src = (opcode == (byte)(0x22)) ? addressingModeA : addressingModeIndirect;
IAddressingMode dest = (opcode == (byte)(0x22)) ? addressingModeIndirect: addressingModeA;
dest.setByte(cpu, src.readByte(cpu, additionalBytes), additionalBytes);
Register16Bits.HL.setValue(cpu, Register16Bits.HL.getValue(cpu) + 1);
return 8;
}
@Override
public int getLengthInBytes(byte opcode) {
return 1;
}
}
| 24,035 |
https://github.com/DorkinsTheOwl/owl-learning-java/blob/master/JavaFX Application/src/sample/Controller.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | owl-learning-java | DorkinsTheOwl | Java | Code | 171 | 694 | package sample;
import javafx.fxml.FXML;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.effect.DropShadow;
import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
import javafx.scene.web.WebEngine;
import javafx.scene.web.WebView;
import javafx.stage.DirectoryChooser;
import javafx.stage.FileChooser;
import java.awt.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.util.List;
public class Controller {
@FXML
private Label label;
@FXML
private Button button4;
@FXML
private GridPane gridPane;
@FXML
private WebView webView;
public void initialize() {
button4.setEffect(new DropShadow());
}
@FXML
public void handleMouseEnter() {
label.setScaleX(2.0);
label.setScaleY(2.0);
}
@FXML
public void handleMouseExit() {
label.setScaleX(1.0);
label.setScaleY(1.0);
}
@FXML
public void handleClick() {
FileChooser chooser = new FileChooser();
chooser.setTitle("Save Application File");
chooser.getExtensionFilters().addAll(
new FileChooser.ExtensionFilter("Text", "*.txt"),
new FileChooser.ExtensionFilter("PDF", "*.pdf"),
new FileChooser.ExtensionFilter("Image Files", "*.jpg", "*.png", "*.gif"),
new FileChooser.ExtensionFilter("All Files", "*.*")
);
List<File> file = chooser.showOpenMultipleDialog(gridPane.getScene().getWindow());
if (file != null) {
for (int i=0; i < file.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(file.get(i));
}
// System.out.println(file.getPath());
} else {
System.out.println("Chooser was cancelled");
}
}
@FXML
public void handleLinkClick() {
// try {
// Desktop.getDesktop().browse(new URI("http://www.javafx.com"));
// } catch (IOException e) {
// e.printStackTrace();
// } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
// e.printStackTrace();
// }
WebEngine engine = webView.getEngine();
engine.load("http://www.javafx.com");
}
}
| 6,226 |
https://github.com/kak-tus/nel/blob/master/bench/bench_value_big_test.go | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | nel | kak-tus | Go | Code | 4,252 | 21,428 | package nan
import (
"testing"
jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
)
func valueBigString() string {
s := "01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890" +
"01234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890012345678900123456789001234567890"
return s
}
func newValueBig() valueBig {
return valueBig{
Field000: valueBigString(),
Field001: valueBigString(),
Field002: valueBigString(),
Field003: valueBigString(),
Field004: valueBigString(),
Field005: valueBigString(),
Field006: valueBigString(),
Field007: valueBigString(),
Field008: valueBigString(),
Field009: valueBigString(),
Field010: valueBigString(),
Field011: valueBigString(),
Field012: valueBigString(),
Field013: valueBigString(),
Field014: valueBigString(),
Field015: valueBigString(),
Field016: valueBigString(),
Field017: valueBigString(),
Field018: valueBigString(),
Field019: valueBigString(),
Field020: valueBigString(),
Field021: valueBigString(),
Field022: valueBigString(),
Field023: valueBigString(),
Field024: valueBigString(),
Field025: valueBigString(),
Field026: valueBigString(),
Field027: valueBigString(),
Field028: valueBigString(),
Field029: valueBigString(),
Field030: valueBigString(),
Field031: valueBigString(),
Field032: valueBigString(),
Field033: valueBigString(),
Field034: valueBigString(),
Field035: valueBigString(),
Field036: valueBigString(),
Field037: valueBigString(),
Field038: valueBigString(),
Field039: valueBigString(),
Field040: valueBigString(),
Field041: valueBigString(),
Field042: valueBigString(),
Field043: valueBigString(),
Field044: valueBigString(),
Field045: valueBigString(),
Field046: valueBigString(),
Field047: valueBigString(),
Field048: valueBigString(),
Field049: valueBigString(),
Field050: valueBigString(),
Field051: valueBigString(),
Field052: valueBigString(),
Field053: valueBigString(),
Field054: valueBigString(),
Field055: valueBigString(),
Field056: valueBigString(),
Field057: valueBigString(),
Field058: valueBigString(),
Field059: valueBigString(),
Field060: valueBigString(),
Field061: valueBigString(),
Field062: valueBigString(),
Field063: valueBigString(),
Field064: valueBigString(),
Field065: valueBigString(),
Field066: valueBigString(),
Field067: valueBigString(),
Field068: valueBigString(),
Field069: valueBigString(),
Field070: valueBigString(),
Field071: valueBigString(),
Field072: valueBigString(),
Field073: valueBigString(),
Field074: valueBigString(),
Field075: valueBigString(),
Field076: valueBigString(),
Field077: valueBigString(),
Field078: valueBigString(),
Field079: valueBigString(),
Field080: valueBigString(),
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Field082: valueBigString(),
Field083: valueBigString(),
Field084: valueBigString(),
Field085: valueBigString(),
Field086: valueBigString(),
Field087: valueBigString(),
Field088: valueBigString(),
Field089: valueBigString(),
Field090: valueBigString(),
Field091: valueBigString(),
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Field093: valueBigString(),
Field094: valueBigString(),
Field095: valueBigString(),
Field096: valueBigString(),
Field097: valueBigString(),
Field098: valueBigString(),
Field099: valueBigString(),
Field100: valueBigString(),
Field101: valueBigString(),
Field102: valueBigString(),
Field103: valueBigString(),
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Field105: valueBigString(),
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Field108: valueBigString(),
Field109: valueBigString(),
Field110: valueBigString(),
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Field114: valueBigString(),
Field115: valueBigString(),
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Field117: valueBigString(),
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Field120: valueBigString(),
Field121: valueBigString(),
Field122: valueBigString(),
Field123: valueBigString(),
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Field127: valueBigString(),
Field128: valueBigString(),
Field129: valueBigString(),
Field130: valueBigString(),
Field131: valueBigString(),
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Field133: valueBigString(),
Field134: valueBigString(),
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Field156: valueBigString(),
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Field160: valueBigString(),
Field161: valueBigString(),
Field162: valueBigString(),
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Field164: valueBigString(),
Field165: valueBigString(),
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Field167: valueBigString(),
Field168: valueBigString(),
Field169: valueBigString(),
Field170: valueBigString(),
Field171: valueBigString(),
Field172: valueBigString(),
Field173: valueBigString(),
Field174: valueBigString(),
Field175: valueBigString(),
Field176: valueBigString(),
Field177: valueBigString(),
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Field180: valueBigString(),
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Field182: valueBigString(),
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Field185: valueBigString(),
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Field187: valueBigString(),
Field188: valueBigString(),
Field189: valueBigString(),
Field190: valueBigString(),
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Field192: valueBigString(),
Field193: valueBigString(),
Field194: valueBigString(),
Field195: valueBigString(),
Field196: valueBigString(),
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Field200: valueBigString(),
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Field208: valueBigString(),
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Field212: valueBigString(),
Field213: valueBigString(),
Field214: valueBigString(),
Field215: valueBigString(),
Field216: valueBigString(),
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Field218: valueBigString(),
Field219: valueBigString(),
Field220: valueBigString(),
Field221: valueBigString(),
Field222: valueBigString(),
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Field224: valueBigString(),
Field225: valueBigString(),
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Field227: valueBigString(),
Field228: valueBigString(),
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Field232: valueBigString(),
Field233: valueBigString(),
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Field250: valueBigString(),
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Field253: valueBigString(),
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Field255: valueBigString(),
Field256: valueBigString(),
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Field258: valueBigString(),
Field259: valueBigString(),
Field260: valueBigString(),
Field261: valueBigString(),
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Field264: valueBigString(),
Field265: valueBigString(),
Field266: valueBigString(),
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Field268: valueBigString(),
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Field272: valueBigString(),
Field273: valueBigString(),
Field274: valueBigString(),
Field275: valueBigString(),
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Field277: valueBigString(),
Field278: valueBigString(),
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Field280: valueBigString(),
Field281: valueBigString(),
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Field292: valueBigString(),
Field293: valueBigString(),
Field294: valueBigString(),
Field295: valueBigString(),
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Field297: valueBigString(),
Field298: valueBigString(),
Field299: valueBigString(),
Field300: valueBigString(),
Field301: valueBigString(),
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Field303: valueBigString(),
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Field305: valueBigString(),
Field306: valueBigString(),
Field307: valueBigString(),
Field308: valueBigString(),
Field309: valueBigString(),
Field310: valueBigString(),
Field311: valueBigString(),
Field312: valueBigString(),
Field313: valueBigString(),
Field314: valueBigString(),
Field315: valueBigString(),
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Field317: valueBigString(),
Field318: valueBigString(),
Field319: valueBigString(),
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Field336: valueBigString(),
Field337: valueBigString(),
Field338: valueBigString(),
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Field340: valueBigString(),
Field341: valueBigString(),
Field342: valueBigString(),
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Field344: valueBigString(),
Field345: valueBigString(),
Field346: valueBigString(),
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Field381: valueBigString(),
Field382: valueBigString(),
Field383: valueBigString(),
Field384: valueBigString(),
Field385: valueBigString(),
Field386: valueBigString(),
Field387: valueBigString(),
Field388: valueBigString(),
Field389: valueBigString(),
Field390: valueBigString(),
Field391: valueBigString(),
Field392: valueBigString(),
Field393: valueBigString(),
Field394: valueBigString(),
Field395: valueBigString(),
Field396: valueBigString(),
Field397: valueBigString(),
Field398: valueBigString(),
Field399: valueBigString(),
Field400: valueBigString(),
Field401: valueBigString(),
Field402: valueBigString(),
Field403: valueBigString(),
Field404: valueBigString(),
Field405: valueBigString(),
Field406: valueBigString(),
Field407: valueBigString(),
Field408: valueBigString(),
Field409: valueBigString(),
Field410: valueBigString(),
Field411: valueBigString(),
Field412: valueBigString(),
Field413: valueBigString(),
Field414: valueBigString(),
Field415: valueBigString(),
Field416: valueBigString(),
Field417: valueBigString(),
Field418: valueBigString(),
Field419: valueBigString(),
Field420: valueBigString(),
Field421: valueBigString(),
Field422: valueBigString(),
Field423: valueBigString(),
Field424: valueBigString(),
Field425: valueBigString(),
Field426: valueBigString(),
Field427: valueBigString(),
Field428: valueBigString(),
Field429: valueBigString(),
Field430: valueBigString(),
Field431: valueBigString(),
Field432: valueBigString(),
Field433: valueBigString(),
Field434: valueBigString(),
Field435: valueBigString(),
Field436: valueBigString(),
Field437: valueBigString(),
Field438: valueBigString(),
Field439: valueBigString(),
Field440: valueBigString(),
Field441: valueBigString(),
Field442: valueBigString(),
Field443: valueBigString(),
Field444: valueBigString(),
Field445: valueBigString(),
Field446: valueBigString(),
Field447: valueBigString(),
Field448: valueBigString(),
Field449: valueBigString(),
Field450: valueBigString(),
Field451: valueBigString(),
Field452: valueBigString(),
Field453: valueBigString(),
Field454: valueBigString(),
Field455: valueBigString(),
Field456: valueBigString(),
Field457: valueBigString(),
Field458: valueBigString(),
Field459: valueBigString(),
Field460: valueBigString(),
Field461: valueBigString(),
Field462: valueBigString(),
Field463: valueBigString(),
Field464: valueBigString(),
Field465: valueBigString(),
Field466: valueBigString(),
Field467: valueBigString(),
Field468: valueBigString(),
Field469: valueBigString(),
Field470: valueBigString(),
Field471: valueBigString(),
Field472: valueBigString(),
Field473: valueBigString(),
Field474: valueBigString(),
Field475: valueBigString(),
Field476: valueBigString(),
Field477: valueBigString(),
Field478: valueBigString(),
Field479: valueBigString(),
Field480: valueBigString(),
Field481: valueBigString(),
Field482: valueBigString(),
Field483: valueBigString(),
Field484: valueBigString(),
Field485: valueBigString(),
Field486: valueBigString(),
Field487: valueBigString(),
Field488: valueBigString(),
Field489: valueBigString(),
Field490: valueBigString(),
Field491: valueBigString(),
Field492: valueBigString(),
Field493: valueBigString(),
Field494: valueBigString(),
Field495: valueBigString(),
Field496: valueBigString(),
Field497: valueBigString(),
Field498: valueBigString(),
Field499: valueBigString(),
Field500: valueBigString(),
Field501: valueBigString(),
Field502: valueBigString(),
Field503: valueBigString(),
Field504: valueBigString(),
Field505: valueBigString(),
Field506: valueBigString(),
Field507: valueBigString(),
Field508: valueBigString(),
Field509: valueBigString(),
Field510: valueBigString(),
Field511: valueBigString(),
Field512: valueBigString(),
Field513: valueBigString(),
Field514: valueBigString(),
Field515: valueBigString(),
Field516: valueBigString(),
Field517: valueBigString(),
Field518: valueBigString(),
Field519: valueBigString(),
Field520: valueBigString(),
Field521: valueBigString(),
Field522: valueBigString(),
Field523: valueBigString(),
Field524: valueBigString(),
Field525: valueBigString(),
Field526: valueBigString(),
Field527: valueBigString(),
Field528: valueBigString(),
Field529: valueBigString(),
Field530: valueBigString(),
Field531: valueBigString(),
Field532: valueBigString(),
Field533: valueBigString(),
Field534: valueBigString(),
Field535: valueBigString(),
Field536: valueBigString(),
Field537: valueBigString(),
Field538: valueBigString(),
Field539: valueBigString(),
Field540: valueBigString(),
Field541: valueBigString(),
Field542: valueBigString(),
Field543: valueBigString(),
Field544: valueBigString(),
Field545: valueBigString(),
Field546: valueBigString(),
Field547: valueBigString(),
Field548: valueBigString(),
Field549: valueBigString(),
Field550: valueBigString(),
Field551: valueBigString(),
Field552: valueBigString(),
Field553: valueBigString(),
Field554: valueBigString(),
Field555: valueBigString(),
Field556: valueBigString(),
Field557: valueBigString(),
Field558: valueBigString(),
Field559: valueBigString(),
Field560: valueBigString(),
Field561: valueBigString(),
Field562: valueBigString(),
Field563: valueBigString(),
Field564: valueBigString(),
Field565: valueBigString(),
Field566: valueBigString(),
Field567: valueBigString(),
Field568: valueBigString(),
Field569: valueBigString(),
Field570: valueBigString(),
Field571: valueBigString(),
Field572: valueBigString(),
Field573: valueBigString(),
Field574: valueBigString(),
Field575: valueBigString(),
Field576: valueBigString(),
Field577: valueBigString(),
Field578: valueBigString(),
Field579: valueBigString(),
Field580: valueBigString(),
Field581: valueBigString(),
Field582: valueBigString(),
Field583: valueBigString(),
Field584: valueBigString(),
Field585: valueBigString(),
Field586: valueBigString(),
Field587: valueBigString(),
Field588: valueBigString(),
Field589: valueBigString(),
Field590: valueBigString(),
Field591: valueBigString(),
Field592: valueBigString(),
Field593: valueBigString(),
Field594: valueBigString(),
Field595: valueBigString(),
Field596: valueBigString(),
Field597: valueBigString(),
Field598: valueBigString(),
Field599: valueBigString(),
Field600: valueBigString(),
Field601: valueBigString(),
Field602: valueBigString(),
Field603: valueBigString(),
Field604: valueBigString(),
Field605: valueBigString(),
Field606: valueBigString(),
Field607: valueBigString(),
Field608: valueBigString(),
Field609: valueBigString(),
Field610: valueBigString(),
Field611: valueBigString(),
Field612: valueBigString(),
Field613: valueBigString(),
Field614: valueBigString(),
Field615: valueBigString(),
Field616: valueBigString(),
Field617: valueBigString(),
Field618: valueBigString(),
Field619: valueBigString(),
Field620: valueBigString(),
Field621: valueBigString(),
Field622: valueBigString(),
Field623: valueBigString(),
Field624: valueBigString(),
Field625: valueBigString(),
Field626: valueBigString(),
Field627: valueBigString(),
Field628: valueBigString(),
Field629: valueBigString(),
Field630: valueBigString(),
Field631: valueBigString(),
Field632: valueBigString(),
Field633: valueBigString(),
Field634: valueBigString(),
Field635: valueBigString(),
Field636: valueBigString(),
Field637: valueBigString(),
Field638: valueBigString(),
Field639: valueBigString(),
Field640: valueBigString(),
Field641: valueBigString(),
Field642: valueBigString(),
Field643: valueBigString(),
Field644: valueBigString(),
Field645: valueBigString(),
Field646: valueBigString(),
Field647: valueBigString(),
Field648: valueBigString(),
Field649: valueBigString(),
Field650: valueBigString(),
Field651: valueBigString(),
Field652: valueBigString(),
Field653: valueBigString(),
Field654: valueBigString(),
Field655: valueBigString(),
Field656: valueBigString(),
Field657: valueBigString(),
Field658: valueBigString(),
Field659: valueBigString(),
Field660: valueBigString(),
Field661: valueBigString(),
Field662: valueBigString(),
Field663: valueBigString(),
Field664: valueBigString(),
Field665: valueBigString(),
Field666: valueBigString(),
Field667: valueBigString(),
Field668: valueBigString(),
Field669: valueBigString(),
Field670: valueBigString(),
Field671: valueBigString(),
Field672: valueBigString(),
Field673: valueBigString(),
Field674: valueBigString(),
Field675: valueBigString(),
Field676: valueBigString(),
Field677: valueBigString(),
Field678: valueBigString(),
Field679: valueBigString(),
Field680: valueBigString(),
Field681: valueBigString(),
Field682: valueBigString(),
Field683: valueBigString(),
Field684: valueBigString(),
Field685: valueBigString(),
Field686: valueBigString(),
Field687: valueBigString(),
Field688: valueBigString(),
Field689: valueBigString(),
Field690: valueBigString(),
Field691: valueBigString(),
Field692: valueBigString(),
Field693: valueBigString(),
Field694: valueBigString(),
Field695: valueBigString(),
Field696: valueBigString(),
Field697: valueBigString(),
Field698: valueBigString(),
Field699: valueBigString(),
Field700: valueBigString(),
Field701: valueBigString(),
Field702: valueBigString(),
Field703: valueBigString(),
Field704: valueBigString(),
Field705: valueBigString(),
Field706: valueBigString(),
Field707: valueBigString(),
Field708: valueBigString(),
Field709: valueBigString(),
Field710: valueBigString(),
Field711: valueBigString(),
Field712: valueBigString(),
Field713: valueBigString(),
Field714: valueBigString(),
Field715: valueBigString(),
Field716: valueBigString(),
Field717: valueBigString(),
Field718: valueBigString(),
Field719: valueBigString(),
Field720: valueBigString(),
Field721: valueBigString(),
Field722: valueBigString(),
Field723: valueBigString(),
Field724: valueBigString(),
Field725: valueBigString(),
Field726: valueBigString(),
Field727: valueBigString(),
Field728: valueBigString(),
Field729: valueBigString(),
Field730: valueBigString(),
Field731: valueBigString(),
Field732: valueBigString(),
Field733: valueBigString(),
Field734: valueBigString(),
Field735: valueBigString(),
Field736: valueBigString(),
Field737: valueBigString(),
Field738: valueBigString(),
Field739: valueBigString(),
Field740: valueBigString(),
Field741: valueBigString(),
Field742: valueBigString(),
Field743: valueBigString(),
Field744: valueBigString(),
Field745: valueBigString(),
Field746: valueBigString(),
Field747: valueBigString(),
Field748: valueBigString(),
Field749: valueBigString(),
Field750: valueBigString(),
Field751: valueBigString(),
Field752: valueBigString(),
Field753: valueBigString(),
Field754: valueBigString(),
Field755: valueBigString(),
Field756: valueBigString(),
Field757: valueBigString(),
Field758: valueBigString(),
Field759: valueBigString(),
Field760: valueBigString(),
Field761: valueBigString(),
Field762: valueBigString(),
Field763: valueBigString(),
Field764: valueBigString(),
Field765: valueBigString(),
Field766: valueBigString(),
Field767: valueBigString(),
Field768: valueBigString(),
Field769: valueBigString(),
Field770: valueBigString(),
Field771: valueBigString(),
Field772: valueBigString(),
Field773: valueBigString(),
Field774: valueBigString(),
Field775: valueBigString(),
Field776: valueBigString(),
Field777: valueBigString(),
Field778: valueBigString(),
Field779: valueBigString(),
Field780: valueBigString(),
Field781: valueBigString(),
Field782: valueBigString(),
Field783: valueBigString(),
Field784: valueBigString(),
Field785: valueBigString(),
Field786: valueBigString(),
Field787: valueBigString(),
Field788: valueBigString(),
Field789: valueBigString(),
Field790: valueBigString(),
Field791: valueBigString(),
Field792: valueBigString(),
Field793: valueBigString(),
Field794: valueBigString(),
Field795: valueBigString(),
Field796: valueBigString(),
Field797: valueBigString(),
Field798: valueBigString(),
Field799: valueBigString(),
Field800: valueBigString(),
Field801: valueBigString(),
Field802: valueBigString(),
Field803: valueBigString(),
Field804: valueBigString(),
Field805: valueBigString(),
Field806: valueBigString(),
Field807: valueBigString(),
Field808: valueBigString(),
Field809: valueBigString(),
Field810: valueBigString(),
Field811: valueBigString(),
Field812: valueBigString(),
Field813: valueBigString(),
Field814: valueBigString(),
Field815: valueBigString(),
Field816: valueBigString(),
Field817: valueBigString(),
Field818: valueBigString(),
Field819: valueBigString(),
Field820: valueBigString(),
Field821: valueBigString(),
Field822: valueBigString(),
Field823: valueBigString(),
Field824: valueBigString(),
Field825: valueBigString(),
Field826: valueBigString(),
Field827: valueBigString(),
Field828: valueBigString(),
Field829: valueBigString(),
Field830: valueBigString(),
Field831: valueBigString(),
Field832: valueBigString(),
Field833: valueBigString(),
Field834: valueBigString(),
Field835: valueBigString(),
Field836: valueBigString(),
Field837: valueBigString(),
Field838: valueBigString(),
Field839: valueBigString(),
Field840: valueBigString(),
Field841: valueBigString(),
Field842: valueBigString(),
Field843: valueBigString(),
Field844: valueBigString(),
Field845: valueBigString(),
Field846: valueBigString(),
Field847: valueBigString(),
Field848: valueBigString(),
Field849: valueBigString(),
Field850: valueBigString(),
Field851: valueBigString(),
Field852: valueBigString(),
Field853: valueBigString(),
Field854: valueBigString(),
Field855: valueBigString(),
Field856: valueBigString(),
Field857: valueBigString(),
Field858: valueBigString(),
Field859: valueBigString(),
Field860: valueBigString(),
Field861: valueBigString(),
Field862: valueBigString(),
Field863: valueBigString(),
Field864: valueBigString(),
Field865: valueBigString(),
Field866: valueBigString(),
Field867: valueBigString(),
Field868: valueBigString(),
Field869: valueBigString(),
Field870: valueBigString(),
Field871: valueBigString(),
Field872: valueBigString(),
Field873: valueBigString(),
Field874: valueBigString(),
Field875: valueBigString(),
Field876: valueBigString(),
Field877: valueBigString(),
Field878: valueBigString(),
Field879: valueBigString(),
Field880: valueBigString(),
Field881: valueBigString(),
Field882: valueBigString(),
Field883: valueBigString(),
Field884: valueBigString(),
Field885: valueBigString(),
Field886: valueBigString(),
Field887: valueBigString(),
Field888: valueBigString(),
Field889: valueBigString(),
Field890: valueBigString(),
Field891: valueBigString(),
Field892: valueBigString(),
Field893: valueBigString(),
Field894: valueBigString(),
Field895: valueBigString(),
Field896: valueBigString(),
Field897: valueBigString(),
Field898: valueBigString(),
Field899: valueBigString(),
Field900: valueBigString(),
Field901: valueBigString(),
Field902: valueBigString(),
Field903: valueBigString(),
Field904: valueBigString(),
Field905: valueBigString(),
Field906: valueBigString(),
Field907: valueBigString(),
Field908: valueBigString(),
Field909: valueBigString(),
Field910: valueBigString(),
Field911: valueBigString(),
Field912: valueBigString(),
Field913: valueBigString(),
Field914: valueBigString(),
Field915: valueBigString(),
Field916: valueBigString(),
Field917: valueBigString(),
Field918: valueBigString(),
Field919: valueBigString(),
Field920: valueBigString(),
Field921: valueBigString(),
Field922: valueBigString(),
Field923: valueBigString(),
Field924: valueBigString(),
Field925: valueBigString(),
Field926: valueBigString(),
Field927: valueBigString(),
Field928: valueBigString(),
Field929: valueBigString(),
Field930: valueBigString(),
Field931: valueBigString(),
Field932: valueBigString(),
Field933: valueBigString(),
Field934: valueBigString(),
Field935: valueBigString(),
Field936: valueBigString(),
Field937: valueBigString(),
Field938: valueBigString(),
Field939: valueBigString(),
Field940: valueBigString(),
Field941: valueBigString(),
Field942: valueBigString(),
Field943: valueBigString(),
Field944: valueBigString(),
Field945: valueBigString(),
Field946: valueBigString(),
Field947: valueBigString(),
Field948: valueBigString(),
Field949: valueBigString(),
Field950: valueBigString(),
Field951: valueBigString(),
Field952: valueBigString(),
Field953: valueBigString(),
Field954: valueBigString(),
Field955: valueBigString(),
Field956: valueBigString(),
Field957: valueBigString(),
Field958: valueBigString(),
Field959: valueBigString(),
Field960: valueBigString(),
Field961: valueBigString(),
Field962: valueBigString(),
Field963: valueBigString(),
Field964: valueBigString(),
Field965: valueBigString(),
Field966: valueBigString(),
Field967: valueBigString(),
Field968: valueBigString(),
Field969: valueBigString(),
Field970: valueBigString(),
Field971: valueBigString(),
Field972: valueBigString(),
Field973: valueBigString(),
Field974: valueBigString(),
Field975: valueBigString(),
Field976: valueBigString(),
Field977: valueBigString(),
Field978: valueBigString(),
Field979: valueBigString(),
Field980: valueBigString(),
Field981: valueBigString(),
Field982: valueBigString(),
Field983: valueBigString(),
Field984: valueBigString(),
Field985: valueBigString(),
Field986: valueBigString(),
Field987: valueBigString(),
Field988: valueBigString(),
Field989: valueBigString(),
Field990: valueBigString(),
Field991: valueBigString(),
Field992: valueBigString(),
Field993: valueBigString(),
Field994: valueBigString(),
Field995: valueBigString(),
Field996: valueBigString(),
Field997: valueBigString(),
Field998: valueBigString(),
Field999: valueBigString(),
}
}
func newValueBigJSON() valueBigJSON {
return valueBigJSON{
Field000: valueBigString(),
Field001: valueBigString(),
Field002: valueBigString(),
Field003: valueBigString(),
Field004: valueBigString(),
Field005: valueBigString(),
Field006: valueBigString(),
Field007: valueBigString(),
Field008: valueBigString(),
Field009: valueBigString(),
Field010: valueBigString(),
Field011: valueBigString(),
Field012: valueBigString(),
Field013: valueBigString(),
Field014: valueBigString(),
Field015: valueBigString(),
Field016: valueBigString(),
Field017: valueBigString(),
Field018: valueBigString(),
Field019: valueBigString(),
Field020: valueBigString(),
Field021: valueBigString(),
Field022: valueBigString(),
Field023: valueBigString(),
Field024: valueBigString(),
Field025: valueBigString(),
Field026: valueBigString(),
Field027: valueBigString(),
Field028: valueBigString(),
Field029: valueBigString(),
Field030: valueBigString(),
Field031: valueBigString(),
Field032: valueBigString(),
Field033: valueBigString(),
Field034: valueBigString(),
Field035: valueBigString(),
Field036: valueBigString(),
Field037: valueBigString(),
Field038: valueBigString(),
Field039: valueBigString(),
Field040: valueBigString(),
Field041: valueBigString(),
Field042: valueBigString(),
Field043: valueBigString(),
Field044: valueBigString(),
Field045: valueBigString(),
Field046: valueBigString(),
Field047: valueBigString(),
Field048: valueBigString(),
Field049: valueBigString(),
Field050: valueBigString(),
Field051: valueBigString(),
Field052: valueBigString(),
Field053: valueBigString(),
Field054: valueBigString(),
Field055: valueBigString(),
Field056: valueBigString(),
Field057: valueBigString(),
Field058: valueBigString(),
Field059: valueBigString(),
Field060: valueBigString(),
Field061: valueBigString(),
Field062: valueBigString(),
Field063: valueBigString(),
Field064: valueBigString(),
Field065: valueBigString(),
Field066: valueBigString(),
Field067: valueBigString(),
Field068: valueBigString(),
Field069: valueBigString(),
Field070: valueBigString(),
Field071: valueBigString(),
Field072: valueBigString(),
Field073: valueBigString(),
Field074: valueBigString(),
Field075: valueBigString(),
Field076: valueBigString(),
Field077: valueBigString(),
Field078: valueBigString(),
Field079: valueBigString(),
Field080: valueBigString(),
Field081: valueBigString(),
Field082: valueBigString(),
Field083: valueBigString(),
Field084: valueBigString(),
Field085: valueBigString(),
Field086: valueBigString(),
Field087: valueBigString(),
Field088: valueBigString(),
Field089: valueBigString(),
Field090: valueBigString(),
Field091: valueBigString(),
Field092: valueBigString(),
Field093: valueBigString(),
Field094: valueBigString(),
Field095: valueBigString(),
Field096: valueBigString(),
Field097: valueBigString(),
Field098: valueBigString(),
Field099: valueBigString(),
Field100: valueBigString(),
Field101: valueBigString(),
Field102: valueBigString(),
Field103: valueBigString(),
Field104: valueBigString(),
Field105: valueBigString(),
Field106: valueBigString(),
Field107: valueBigString(),
Field108: valueBigString(),
Field109: valueBigString(),
Field110: valueBigString(),
Field111: valueBigString(),
Field112: valueBigString(),
Field113: valueBigString(),
Field114: valueBigString(),
Field115: valueBigString(),
Field116: valueBigString(),
Field117: valueBigString(),
Field118: valueBigString(),
Field119: valueBigString(),
Field120: valueBigString(),
Field121: valueBigString(),
Field122: valueBigString(),
Field123: valueBigString(),
Field124: valueBigString(),
Field125: valueBigString(),
Field126: valueBigString(),
Field127: valueBigString(),
Field128: valueBigString(),
Field129: valueBigString(),
Field130: valueBigString(),
Field131: valueBigString(),
Field132: valueBigString(),
Field133: valueBigString(),
Field134: valueBigString(),
Field135: valueBigString(),
Field136: valueBigString(),
Field137: valueBigString(),
Field138: valueBigString(),
Field139: valueBigString(),
Field140: valueBigString(),
Field141: valueBigString(),
Field142: valueBigString(),
Field143: valueBigString(),
Field144: valueBigString(),
Field145: valueBigString(),
Field146: valueBigString(),
Field147: valueBigString(),
Field148: valueBigString(),
Field149: valueBigString(),
Field150: valueBigString(),
Field151: valueBigString(),
Field152: valueBigString(),
Field153: valueBigString(),
Field154: valueBigString(),
Field155: valueBigString(),
Field156: valueBigString(),
Field157: valueBigString(),
Field158: valueBigString(),
Field159: valueBigString(),
Field160: valueBigString(),
Field161: valueBigString(),
Field162: valueBigString(),
Field163: valueBigString(),
Field164: valueBigString(),
Field165: valueBigString(),
Field166: valueBigString(),
Field167: valueBigString(),
Field168: valueBigString(),
Field169: valueBigString(),
Field170: valueBigString(),
Field171: valueBigString(),
Field172: valueBigString(),
Field173: valueBigString(),
Field174: valueBigString(),
Field175: valueBigString(),
Field176: valueBigString(),
Field177: valueBigString(),
Field178: valueBigString(),
Field179: valueBigString(),
Field180: valueBigString(),
Field181: valueBigString(),
Field182: valueBigString(),
Field183: valueBigString(),
Field184: valueBigString(),
Field185: valueBigString(),
Field186: valueBigString(),
Field187: valueBigString(),
Field188: valueBigString(),
Field189: valueBigString(),
Field190: valueBigString(),
Field191: valueBigString(),
Field192: valueBigString(),
Field193: valueBigString(),
Field194: valueBigString(),
Field195: valueBigString(),
Field196: valueBigString(),
Field197: valueBigString(),
Field198: valueBigString(),
Field199: valueBigString(),
Field200: valueBigString(),
Field201: valueBigString(),
Field202: valueBigString(),
Field203: valueBigString(),
Field204: valueBigString(),
Field205: valueBigString(),
Field206: valueBigString(),
Field207: valueBigString(),
Field208: valueBigString(),
Field209: valueBigString(),
Field210: valueBigString(),
Field211: valueBigString(),
Field212: valueBigString(),
Field213: valueBigString(),
Field214: valueBigString(),
Field215: valueBigString(),
Field216: valueBigString(),
Field217: valueBigString(),
Field218: valueBigString(),
Field219: valueBigString(),
Field220: valueBigString(),
Field221: valueBigString(),
Field222: valueBigString(),
Field223: valueBigString(),
Field224: valueBigString(),
Field225: valueBigString(),
Field226: valueBigString(),
Field227: valueBigString(),
Field228: valueBigString(),
Field229: valueBigString(),
Field230: valueBigString(),
Field231: valueBigString(),
Field232: valueBigString(),
Field233: valueBigString(),
Field234: valueBigString(),
Field235: valueBigString(),
Field236: valueBigString(),
Field237: valueBigString(),
Field238: valueBigString(),
Field239: valueBigString(),
Field240: valueBigString(),
Field241: valueBigString(),
Field242: valueBigString(),
Field243: valueBigString(),
Field244: valueBigString(),
Field245: valueBigString(),
Field246: valueBigString(),
Field247: valueBigString(),
Field248: valueBigString(),
Field249: valueBigString(),
Field250: valueBigString(),
Field251: valueBigString(),
Field252: valueBigString(),
Field253: valueBigString(),
Field254: valueBigString(),
Field255: valueBigString(),
Field256: valueBigString(),
Field257: valueBigString(),
Field258: valueBigString(),
Field259: valueBigString(),
Field260: valueBigString(),
Field261: valueBigString(),
Field262: valueBigString(),
Field263: valueBigString(),
Field264: valueBigString(),
Field265: valueBigString(),
Field266: valueBigString(),
Field267: valueBigString(),
Field268: valueBigString(),
Field269: valueBigString(),
Field270: valueBigString(),
Field271: valueBigString(),
Field272: valueBigString(),
Field273: valueBigString(),
Field274: valueBigString(),
Field275: valueBigString(),
Field276: valueBigString(),
Field277: valueBigString(),
Field278: valueBigString(),
Field279: valueBigString(),
Field280: valueBigString(),
Field281: valueBigString(),
Field282: valueBigString(),
Field283: valueBigString(),
Field284: valueBigString(),
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Field292: valueBigString(),
Field293: valueBigString(),
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Field295: valueBigString(),
Field296: valueBigString(),
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Field299: valueBigString(),
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Field311: valueBigString(),
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Field314: valueBigString(),
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Field316: valueBigString(),
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Field318: valueBigString(),
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Field320: valueBigString(),
Field321: valueBigString(),
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Field332: valueBigString(),
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Field334: valueBigString(),
Field335: valueBigString(),
Field336: valueBigString(),
Field337: valueBigString(),
Field338: valueBigString(),
Field339: valueBigString(),
Field340: valueBigString(),
Field341: valueBigString(),
Field342: valueBigString(),
Field343: valueBigString(),
Field344: valueBigString(),
Field345: valueBigString(),
Field346: valueBigString(),
Field347: valueBigString(),
Field348: valueBigString(),
Field349: valueBigString(),
Field350: valueBigString(),
Field351: valueBigString(),
Field352: valueBigString(),
Field353: valueBigString(),
Field354: valueBigString(),
Field355: valueBigString(),
Field356: valueBigString(),
Field357: valueBigString(),
Field358: valueBigString(),
Field359: valueBigString(),
Field360: valueBigString(),
Field361: valueBigString(),
Field362: valueBigString(),
Field363: valueBigString(),
Field364: valueBigString(),
Field365: valueBigString(),
Field366: valueBigString(),
Field367: valueBigString(),
Field368: valueBigString(),
Field369: valueBigString(),
Field370: valueBigString(),
Field371: valueBigString(),
Field372: valueBigString(),
Field373: valueBigString(),
Field374: valueBigString(),
Field375: valueBigString(),
Field376: valueBigString(),
Field377: valueBigString(),
Field378: valueBigString(),
Field379: valueBigString(),
Field380: valueBigString(),
Field381: valueBigString(),
Field382: valueBigString(),
Field383: valueBigString(),
Field384: valueBigString(),
Field385: valueBigString(),
Field386: valueBigString(),
Field387: valueBigString(),
Field388: valueBigString(),
Field389: valueBigString(),
Field390: valueBigString(),
Field391: valueBigString(),
Field392: valueBigString(),
Field393: valueBigString(),
Field394: valueBigString(),
Field395: valueBigString(),
Field396: valueBigString(),
Field397: valueBigString(),
Field398: valueBigString(),
Field399: valueBigString(),
Field400: valueBigString(),
Field401: valueBigString(),
Field402: valueBigString(),
Field403: valueBigString(),
Field404: valueBigString(),
Field405: valueBigString(),
Field406: valueBigString(),
Field407: valueBigString(),
Field408: valueBigString(),
Field409: valueBigString(),
Field410: valueBigString(),
Field411: valueBigString(),
Field412: valueBigString(),
Field413: valueBigString(),
Field414: valueBigString(),
Field415: valueBigString(),
Field416: valueBigString(),
Field417: valueBigString(),
Field418: valueBigString(),
Field419: valueBigString(),
Field420: valueBigString(),
Field421: valueBigString(),
Field422: valueBigString(),
Field423: valueBigString(),
Field424: valueBigString(),
Field425: valueBigString(),
Field426: valueBigString(),
Field427: valueBigString(),
Field428: valueBigString(),
Field429: valueBigString(),
Field430: valueBigString(),
Field431: valueBigString(),
Field432: valueBigString(),
Field433: valueBigString(),
Field434: valueBigString(),
Field435: valueBigString(),
Field436: valueBigString(),
Field437: valueBigString(),
Field438: valueBigString(),
Field439: valueBigString(),
Field440: valueBigString(),
Field441: valueBigString(),
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Field466: valueBigString(),
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Field474: valueBigString(),
Field475: valueBigString(),
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Field477: valueBigString(),
Field478: valueBigString(),
Field479: valueBigString(),
Field480: valueBigString(),
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Field484: valueBigString(),
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Field486: valueBigString(),
Field487: valueBigString(),
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Field489: valueBigString(),
Field490: valueBigString(),
Field491: valueBigString(),
Field492: valueBigString(),
Field493: valueBigString(),
Field494: valueBigString(),
Field495: valueBigString(),
Field496: valueBigString(),
Field497: valueBigString(),
Field498: valueBigString(),
Field499: valueBigString(),
Field500: valueBigString(),
Field501: valueBigString(),
Field502: valueBigString(),
Field503: valueBigString(),
Field504: valueBigString(),
Field505: valueBigString(),
Field506: valueBigString(),
Field507: valueBigString(),
Field508: valueBigString(),
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Field510: valueBigString(),
Field511: valueBigString(),
Field512: valueBigString(),
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Field514: valueBigString(),
Field515: valueBigString(),
Field516: valueBigString(),
Field517: valueBigString(),
Field518: valueBigString(),
Field519: valueBigString(),
Field520: valueBigString(),
Field521: valueBigString(),
Field522: valueBigString(),
Field523: valueBigString(),
Field524: valueBigString(),
Field525: valueBigString(),
Field526: valueBigString(),
Field527: valueBigString(),
Field528: valueBigString(),
Field529: valueBigString(),
Field530: valueBigString(),
Field531: valueBigString(),
Field532: valueBigString(),
Field533: valueBigString(),
Field534: valueBigString(),
Field535: valueBigString(),
Field536: valueBigString(),
Field537: valueBigString(),
Field538: valueBigString(),
Field539: valueBigString(),
Field540: valueBigString(),
Field541: valueBigString(),
Field542: valueBigString(),
Field543: valueBigString(),
Field544: valueBigString(),
Field545: valueBigString(),
Field546: valueBigString(),
Field547: valueBigString(),
Field548: valueBigString(),
Field549: valueBigString(),
Field550: valueBigString(),
Field551: valueBigString(),
Field552: valueBigString(),
Field553: valueBigString(),
Field554: valueBigString(),
Field555: valueBigString(),
Field556: valueBigString(),
Field557: valueBigString(),
Field558: valueBigString(),
Field559: valueBigString(),
Field560: valueBigString(),
Field561: valueBigString(),
Field562: valueBigString(),
Field563: valueBigString(),
Field564: valueBigString(),
Field565: valueBigString(),
Field566: valueBigString(),
Field567: valueBigString(),
Field568: valueBigString(),
Field569: valueBigString(),
Field570: valueBigString(),
Field571: valueBigString(),
Field572: valueBigString(),
Field573: valueBigString(),
Field574: valueBigString(),
Field575: valueBigString(),
Field576: valueBigString(),
Field577: valueBigString(),
Field578: valueBigString(),
Field579: valueBigString(),
Field580: valueBigString(),
Field581: valueBigString(),
Field582: valueBigString(),
Field583: valueBigString(),
Field584: valueBigString(),
Field585: valueBigString(),
Field586: valueBigString(),
Field587: valueBigString(),
Field588: valueBigString(),
Field589: valueBigString(),
Field590: valueBigString(),
Field591: valueBigString(),
Field592: valueBigString(),
Field593: valueBigString(),
Field594: valueBigString(),
Field595: valueBigString(),
Field596: valueBigString(),
Field597: valueBigString(),
Field598: valueBigString(),
Field599: valueBigString(),
Field600: valueBigString(),
Field601: valueBigString(),
Field602: valueBigString(),
Field603: valueBigString(),
Field604: valueBigString(),
Field605: valueBigString(),
Field606: valueBigString(),
Field607: valueBigString(),
Field608: valueBigString(),
Field609: valueBigString(),
Field610: valueBigString(),
Field611: valueBigString(),
Field612: valueBigString(),
Field613: valueBigString(),
Field614: valueBigString(),
Field615: valueBigString(),
Field616: valueBigString(),
Field617: valueBigString(),
Field618: valueBigString(),
Field619: valueBigString(),
Field620: valueBigString(),
Field621: valueBigString(),
Field622: valueBigString(),
Field623: valueBigString(),
Field624: valueBigString(),
Field625: valueBigString(),
Field626: valueBigString(),
Field627: valueBigString(),
Field628: valueBigString(),
Field629: valueBigString(),
Field630: valueBigString(),
Field631: valueBigString(),
Field632: valueBigString(),
Field633: valueBigString(),
Field634: valueBigString(),
Field635: valueBigString(),
Field636: valueBigString(),
Field637: valueBigString(),
Field638: valueBigString(),
Field639: valueBigString(),
Field640: valueBigString(),
Field641: valueBigString(),
Field642: valueBigString(),
Field643: valueBigString(),
Field644: valueBigString(),
Field645: valueBigString(),
Field646: valueBigString(),
Field647: valueBigString(),
Field648: valueBigString(),
Field649: valueBigString(),
Field650: valueBigString(),
Field651: valueBigString(),
Field652: valueBigString(),
Field653: valueBigString(),
Field654: valueBigString(),
Field655: valueBigString(),
Field656: valueBigString(),
Field657: valueBigString(),
Field658: valueBigString(),
Field659: valueBigString(),
Field660: valueBigString(),
Field661: valueBigString(),
Field662: valueBigString(),
Field663: valueBigString(),
Field664: valueBigString(),
Field665: valueBigString(),
Field666: valueBigString(),
Field667: valueBigString(),
Field668: valueBigString(),
Field669: valueBigString(),
Field670: valueBigString(),
Field671: valueBigString(),
Field672: valueBigString(),
Field673: valueBigString(),
Field674: valueBigString(),
Field675: valueBigString(),
Field676: valueBigString(),
Field677: valueBigString(),
Field678: valueBigString(),
Field679: valueBigString(),
Field680: valueBigString(),
Field681: valueBigString(),
Field682: valueBigString(),
Field683: valueBigString(),
Field684: valueBigString(),
Field685: valueBigString(),
Field686: valueBigString(),
Field687: valueBigString(),
Field688: valueBigString(),
Field689: valueBigString(),
Field690: valueBigString(),
Field691: valueBigString(),
Field692: valueBigString(),
Field693: valueBigString(),
Field694: valueBigString(),
Field695: valueBigString(),
Field696: valueBigString(),
Field697: valueBigString(),
Field698: valueBigString(),
Field699: valueBigString(),
Field700: valueBigString(),
Field701: valueBigString(),
Field702: valueBigString(),
Field703: valueBigString(),
Field704: valueBigString(),
Field705: valueBigString(),
Field706: valueBigString(),
Field707: valueBigString(),
Field708: valueBigString(),
Field709: valueBigString(),
Field710: valueBigString(),
Field711: valueBigString(),
Field712: valueBigString(),
Field713: valueBigString(),
Field714: valueBigString(),
Field715: valueBigString(),
Field716: valueBigString(),
Field717: valueBigString(),
Field718: valueBigString(),
Field719: valueBigString(),
Field720: valueBigString(),
Field721: valueBigString(),
Field722: valueBigString(),
Field723: valueBigString(),
Field724: valueBigString(),
Field725: valueBigString(),
Field726: valueBigString(),
Field727: valueBigString(),
Field728: valueBigString(),
Field729: valueBigString(),
Field730: valueBigString(),
Field731: valueBigString(),
Field732: valueBigString(),
Field733: valueBigString(),
Field734: valueBigString(),
Field735: valueBigString(),
Field736: valueBigString(),
Field737: valueBigString(),
Field738: valueBigString(),
Field739: valueBigString(),
Field740: valueBigString(),
Field741: valueBigString(),
Field742: valueBigString(),
Field743: valueBigString(),
Field744: valueBigString(),
Field745: valueBigString(),
Field746: valueBigString(),
Field747: valueBigString(),
Field748: valueBigString(),
Field749: valueBigString(),
Field750: valueBigString(),
Field751: valueBigString(),
Field752: valueBigString(),
Field753: valueBigString(),
Field754: valueBigString(),
Field755: valueBigString(),
Field756: valueBigString(),
Field757: valueBigString(),
Field758: valueBigString(),
Field759: valueBigString(),
Field760: valueBigString(),
Field761: valueBigString(),
Field762: valueBigString(),
Field763: valueBigString(),
Field764: valueBigString(),
Field765: valueBigString(),
Field766: valueBigString(),
Field767: valueBigString(),
Field768: valueBigString(),
Field769: valueBigString(),
Field770: valueBigString(),
Field771: valueBigString(),
Field772: valueBigString(),
Field773: valueBigString(),
Field774: valueBigString(),
Field775: valueBigString(),
Field776: valueBigString(),
Field777: valueBigString(),
Field778: valueBigString(),
Field779: valueBigString(),
Field780: valueBigString(),
Field781: valueBigString(),
Field782: valueBigString(),
Field783: valueBigString(),
Field784: valueBigString(),
Field785: valueBigString(),
Field786: valueBigString(),
Field787: valueBigString(),
Field788: valueBigString(),
Field789: valueBigString(),
Field790: valueBigString(),
Field791: valueBigString(),
Field792: valueBigString(),
Field793: valueBigString(),
Field794: valueBigString(),
Field795: valueBigString(),
Field796: valueBigString(),
Field797: valueBigString(),
Field798: valueBigString(),
Field799: valueBigString(),
Field800: valueBigString(),
Field801: valueBigString(),
Field802: valueBigString(),
Field803: valueBigString(),
Field804: valueBigString(),
Field805: valueBigString(),
Field806: valueBigString(),
Field807: valueBigString(),
Field808: valueBigString(),
Field809: valueBigString(),
Field810: valueBigString(),
Field811: valueBigString(),
Field812: valueBigString(),
Field813: valueBigString(),
Field814: valueBigString(),
Field815: valueBigString(),
Field816: valueBigString(),
Field817: valueBigString(),
Field818: valueBigString(),
Field819: valueBigString(),
Field820: valueBigString(),
Field821: valueBigString(),
Field822: valueBigString(),
Field823: valueBigString(),
Field824: valueBigString(),
Field825: valueBigString(),
Field826: valueBigString(),
Field827: valueBigString(),
Field828: valueBigString(),
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Field830: valueBigString(),
Field831: valueBigString(),
Field832: valueBigString(),
Field833: valueBigString(),
Field834: valueBigString(),
Field835: valueBigString(),
Field836: valueBigString(),
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Field841: valueBigString(),
Field842: valueBigString(),
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Field844: valueBigString(),
Field845: valueBigString(),
Field846: valueBigString(),
Field847: valueBigString(),
Field848: valueBigString(),
Field849: valueBigString(),
Field850: valueBigString(),
Field851: valueBigString(),
Field852: valueBigString(),
Field853: valueBigString(),
Field854: valueBigString(),
Field855: valueBigString(),
Field856: valueBigString(),
Field857: valueBigString(),
Field858: valueBigString(),
Field859: valueBigString(),
Field860: valueBigString(),
Field861: valueBigString(),
Field862: valueBigString(),
Field863: valueBigString(),
Field864: valueBigString(),
Field865: valueBigString(),
Field866: valueBigString(),
Field867: valueBigString(),
Field868: valueBigString(),
Field869: valueBigString(),
Field870: valueBigString(),
Field871: valueBigString(),
Field872: valueBigString(),
Field873: valueBigString(),
Field874: valueBigString(),
Field875: valueBigString(),
Field876: valueBigString(),
Field877: valueBigString(),
Field878: valueBigString(),
Field879: valueBigString(),
Field880: valueBigString(),
Field881: valueBigString(),
Field882: valueBigString(),
Field883: valueBigString(),
Field884: valueBigString(),
Field885: valueBigString(),
Field886: valueBigString(),
Field887: valueBigString(),
Field888: valueBigString(),
Field889: valueBigString(),
Field890: valueBigString(),
Field891: valueBigString(),
Field892: valueBigString(),
Field893: valueBigString(),
Field894: valueBigString(),
Field895: valueBigString(),
Field896: valueBigString(),
Field897: valueBigString(),
Field898: valueBigString(),
Field899: valueBigString(),
Field900: valueBigString(),
Field901: valueBigString(),
Field902: valueBigString(),
Field903: valueBigString(),
Field904: valueBigString(),
Field905: valueBigString(),
Field906: valueBigString(),
Field907: valueBigString(),
Field908: valueBigString(),
Field909: valueBigString(),
Field910: valueBigString(),
Field911: valueBigString(),
Field912: valueBigString(),
Field913: valueBigString(),
Field914: valueBigString(),
Field915: valueBigString(),
Field916: valueBigString(),
Field917: valueBigString(),
Field918: valueBigString(),
Field919: valueBigString(),
Field920: valueBigString(),
Field921: valueBigString(),
Field922: valueBigString(),
Field923: valueBigString(),
Field924: valueBigString(),
Field925: valueBigString(),
Field926: valueBigString(),
Field927: valueBigString(),
Field928: valueBigString(),
Field929: valueBigString(),
Field930: valueBigString(),
Field931: valueBigString(),
Field932: valueBigString(),
Field933: valueBigString(),
Field934: valueBigString(),
Field935: valueBigString(),
Field936: valueBigString(),
Field937: valueBigString(),
Field938: valueBigString(),
Field939: valueBigString(),
Field940: valueBigString(),
Field941: valueBigString(),
Field942: valueBigString(),
Field943: valueBigString(),
Field944: valueBigString(),
Field945: valueBigString(),
Field946: valueBigString(),
Field947: valueBigString(),
Field948: valueBigString(),
Field949: valueBigString(),
Field950: valueBigString(),
Field951: valueBigString(),
Field952: valueBigString(),
Field953: valueBigString(),
Field954: valueBigString(),
Field955: valueBigString(),
Field956: valueBigString(),
Field957: valueBigString(),
Field958: valueBigString(),
Field959: valueBigString(),
Field960: valueBigString(),
Field961: valueBigString(),
Field962: valueBigString(),
Field963: valueBigString(),
Field964: valueBigString(),
Field965: valueBigString(),
Field966: valueBigString(),
Field967: valueBigString(),
Field968: valueBigString(),
Field969: valueBigString(),
Field970: valueBigString(),
Field971: valueBigString(),
Field972: valueBigString(),
Field973: valueBigString(),
Field974: valueBigString(),
Field975: valueBigString(),
Field976: valueBigString(),
Field977: valueBigString(),
Field978: valueBigString(),
Field979: valueBigString(),
Field980: valueBigString(),
Field981: valueBigString(),
Field982: valueBigString(),
Field983: valueBigString(),
Field984: valueBigString(),
Field985: valueBigString(),
Field986: valueBigString(),
Field987: valueBigString(),
Field988: valueBigString(),
Field989: valueBigString(),
Field990: valueBigString(),
Field991: valueBigString(),
Field992: valueBigString(),
Field993: valueBigString(),
Field994: valueBigString(),
Field995: valueBigString(),
Field996: valueBigString(),
Field997: valueBigString(),
Field998: valueBigString(),
Field999: valueBigString(),
}
}
func callValueBig(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigJSON(v valueBigJSON) {
}
func callValueBigA(v valueBig) {
callValueBigA1(v)
callValueBigA2(v)
callValueBigA3(v)
}
func callValueBigA1(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigA2(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigA3(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigB(v valueBig) {
callValueBigB1(v)
callValueBigB2(v)
callValueBigB3(v)
}
func callValueBigB1(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigB2(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigB3(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigC(v valueBig) {
callValueBigC1(v)
callValueBigC2(v)
callValueBigC3(v)
}
func callValueBigC1(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigC2(v valueBig) {
}
func callValueBigC3(v valueBig) {
}
func decodeValueBigJSON(v []byte) valueBigJSON {
var res valueBigJSON
_ = jsoniter.Unmarshal(v, &res)
return res
}
func decodeValueBigEasyJSON(v []byte) valueBig {
var res valueBig
_ = res.UnmarshalJSON(v)
return res
}
func BenchmarkValueBig(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
v := newValueBig()
callValueBig(v)
}
}
func BenchmarkValueBigJSON(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
v := newValueBigJSON()
enc, _ := jsoniter.Marshal(v)
dec := decodeValueBigJSON(enc)
callValueBigJSON(dec)
}
}
func BenchmarkValueBigChain(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
v := newValueBig()
callValueBigA(v)
callValueBigB(v)
callValueBigC(v)
}
}
func BenchmarkValueBigEasyJSON(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
v := newValueBig()
enc, _ := v.MarshalJSON()
dec := decodeValueBigEasyJSON(enc)
callValueBig(dec)
}
}
| 24,747 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22514693 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Lac Doucet | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 197 | 432 | Lac Doucet
Lac Doucet land Kanada
Lac Doucet instans av insjö
Lac Doucet Geonames-ID 6014009
Lac Doucet höjd över havet
Lac Doucet geografiska koordinater
Lac Doucet CGNDB-ID ENMDV
Lac Doucet OpenStreetMap sträck-ID 92717204
lac Doucet
lac à Lac-Normand (Québec, Canada)
lac Doucet pays Canada
lac Doucet nature de l’élément lac
lac Doucet identifiant GeoNames 6014009
lac Doucet altitude
lac Doucet localisation administrative Lac-Normand
lac Doucet coordonnées géographiques
lac Doucet identifiant Banque de noms de lieux du Québec 225917
lac Doucet identifiant Base de données toponymiques du Canada ENMDV
lac Doucet identifiant d'un chemin OpenStreetMap 92717204
lac Doucet se trouve dans l'aire protégée zec du Chapeau-de-Paille
Lac Doucet (lanaw sa Mauricie, lat 47,12, long -73,43)
بحيره لاك دوسيت (كندا)
بحيره لاك دوسيت (كندا) واحد من بحيره
Lac Doucet
lake in Lac-Normand, Quebec, Canada
Lac Doucet country Canada
Lac Doucet instance of lake
Lac Doucet GeoNames ID 6014009
Lac Doucet elevation above sea level
Lac Doucet located in the administrative territorial entity Lac-Normand
Lac Doucet coordinate location
Lac Doucet Banque de noms de lieux du Québec ID 225917
Lac Doucet CGNDB unique ID ENMDV
Lac Doucet OpenStreetMap way ID 92717204
Lac Doucet located in protected area Zec du Chapeau-de-Paille | 39,964 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32337242 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Kategori:Västertorps skulpturpark | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 8 | 45 | Kategori:Västertorps skulpturpark
Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Västertorps skulpturpark instans av Wikimedia-kategori | 3,579 |
2014111501744 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,014 | VIRINE TEAM CYCLISTE. | ASSOCIATIONS | French | Spoken | 37 | 56 | promouvoir la pratique du vélo sous forme de loisir sportif, de compétition ainsi que l'organisation de randonnées, compétitions et autres manifestations telles que la vente de boissons et repas; animer le canton de Dompaire et ses environs. | 33,061 |
https://github.com/agilee/graphql-server/blob/master/src/Enums/DirectiveTypeEnum.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | graphql-server | agilee | PHP | Code | 49 | 185 | <?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace GraphQLByPoP\GraphQLServer\Enums;
use PoP\ComponentModel\Enums\AbstractEnum;
use PoP\ComponentModel\Directives\DirectiveTypes;
class DirectiveTypeEnum extends AbstractEnum
{
public const NAME = 'DirectiveType';
protected function getEnumName(): string
{
return self::NAME;
}
public function getValues(): array
{
return array_map(
'strtoupper',
$this->getCoreValues()
);
}
public function getCoreValues(): ?array
{
return [
DirectiveTypes::QUERY,
DirectiveTypes::SCHEMA,
];
}
}
| 44,890 |
US-36304103-A_4 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,001 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,357 | 3,868 | [0152] As explained in detail above, the key switch device 1 according to the third embodiment is constructed such that the second cam portion 24B of the second link member 4 is supported by the cantilever member 32 extended like a cantilever beam from the second link member 4 and the cantilever member 32 is urged by the torsion spring 33 in the direction to bring the first cam portion 24A of the first link member 3 and the second cam portion 24B into contact with each other. By the contact state of the first cam portion 24A of the first link member 3 and the second cam portion 24B of the second link member 4 and the cooperative operation of the torsion spring 33 urging the cantilever member 32, the key top 2 can be urged upward to be held in the non-depressed position and also the key top 2 is allowed to return to the non-depressed position at the time of cancellation of the depression. Accordingly, the key switch device 1 can be constructed without use of a rubber spring and a complicated urging mechanism, which can achieve a cost reduction. Moreover, the torsion spring 33 urges the cantilever member 32 and therefore the first cam portion 24A and the second cam portion 24B are continuously in contact with each other with the contact position varying in response to the vertical movement of the key top 2. By changing the shapes of the first cam portion 24A and the second cam portion 24B as needed, therefore, it is possible to freely design the click touch which occurs during the key operation.
[0153] Furthermore, the placing part 34 for placing the torsion spring 33 is provided in the second link member 4, so that the torsion spring 33 can integrally be mounted in the second link member 4, thus achieving a size reduction of the whole key switch device 1.
[0154] The torsion spring 33 having the first arm 33A and the second arm 33B is used as the urging member for bringing the first cam portion 24A and the second cam portion 24B into contact with each other and the first arm 33A is held by the wall portion 35 of the first holding part 36 in the spring placing section 34 while the second arm 33B is held by the fixing pieces 37 of the second holding part 38. Thus, the first arm 33A and the second arm 33B which provide the urging force to each other in the torsion spring 33 are held. This simple structure makes it possible to efficiently transmit the urging force produced between the arm portions 33A and 33B to the cantilever member 32.
[0155] Moreover, the first arm 33A is movably held in the U-shaped groove of the wall portion 35 of the first holding part 36 and the second arm 33B is fixedly held by each fixing piece 37 of the second holding part 38, so that the urging force generated by the torsion spring 33 is transmitted from the first arm 33A being in contact with the cantilever member 32 to the cantilever member 32. At this time, the first arm 33A being movably held in the U-shaped groove of the wall portion 35 of the first holding part 36, during the depressing operation of the key top 2, the first arm 33A is allowed to flexibly move in the first holding part 36 in response to the reactive force resulting from the contact force occurring between the first cam portion 24A and the second cam portion 24B, while constantly holding the first cam portion 24A and the second cam portion 24B in a contact relation.
[0156] In addition, there are provided the restricting projection 30 formed extending from the side surface of each plate member 18 of the first link member 3 and the second link member 4 and the wall member 31 having the shaft-restricting curved surface 31A integrally formed with the engagement member 10 near the inner side end of each engagement groove 10A, so that the horizontal movement of the key top can be restrained based on the cooperative operation between the restricting projection 30 and the shaft-restricting surface 31A of the wall member 31. There is no need to provide a guide wall, a positioning member, and the like of a relatively larger height to restrain the horizontal movement of the key top 2 in the course of depression. Consequently, a cost reduction can be achieved by the simple structure.
[0157] The second cam portion 24B is formed with the cam surface 25A and the first cam portion 24A is formed with the cam surface 25A which comes into contact at an acute angle in plan view with the cam surface 25A of the second cam portion 24B at the linear and point-shaped contact portions and has the slanted surface 60. Between the second cam portion 24B and the slanted surface 60, the clearance 63 is provided to be open from the contact portions toward the fixed point 64 side of the torsion spring 33. Accordingly, if the cam surface 25A of the first cam portion 24A formed in an acutely-angled shape wears when the depressing operation of the key top 2 is repeatedly performed, the cam surface 25A will wear with the clearance 63 gradually closing from the contact portions to the fixed point 64 side of the torsion spring 33. As a consequence, the point of action S of the urging force of the torsion spring 33, as shown in FIG. 13, comes close to the fixed point 64 side of the torsion spring 33, so that the urging force of the torsion spring which is exerted on the cantilever member increases. Thus, even when the initial urging force of the torsion spring 33 is reduced due to the wear of the cam surface 25A of the first cam portion 24A, the reduction in initial urging force is cancelled out by an increment of the increased urging force when the point of action S of the urging force in the contact portions of the cam surfaces 25A of the first cam portion 24A and the second cam portion 24B comes close to the fixed point 64 side of the torsion spring. Consequently, even if the switching operation is repeatedly performed for a long term, the depression characteristic of the key top 2 can be surely prevented from being largely changed and can be stabilized. The switching operation can be ensured stably over a long term.
[0158] In the case where the elastic force of the cantilever member 32 is reduced due to the repeated depressing operation of the key top 2, as mentioned above, the point of action S of the torsion spring 33 in the contact portions of the first cam portion 24A and the second cam portion 24B comes close to the fixed point 64 side of the torsion spring 33, which increases the urging force of the torsion spring 33 which is exerted on the cantilever member 32. Accordingly, the increased urging force can compensate the reduction in elastic force of the cantilever member 32. This also make it possible to stabilize the depression characteristic of the key top 2.
[0159] It is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to the first through third embodiments and may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. For instance, in the first and second embodiments, the present invention is applied to a notebook-size personal computer. It needs scarcely be said that the present invention may be applied to an electronic device provided with a key switch device such as a typewriter, a word processor, etc.
[0160] In each preferred embodiment, for the restriction of the horizontal movement of the key top 2 in the course of depression, the movement restricting mechanism is provided between the engagement member 10 and each link member 3, 4; however, the movement restricting mechanism may be provided between the key top 2 and each link member 3, 4.
[0161] Additionally, in each preferred embodiment, the movement restricting mechanism of the present invention is realized in the key switch device 1 in which the upper shafts of the first link member 3 and the second link member 4 are rotatably engaged on the underside of the key top 2 and the lower shafts 22 are movably engaged in the engagement grooves 10A of the engagement members 10. It may naturally be realized in a key switch device having the reverse engagement relations to those engagement relations.
[0162] The present invention can similarly be realized about a guide member 5 in which a first link member 3 and a second link member 4 are pivotally supported in an X-shape.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0163] As explained above, according to the present invention, a rubber spring generally used in a conventional key switch device and a complicated key top urging mechanism are not needed and a key operation can be performed with a fine click touch during operation of a key top. The click touch can be freely designed. Accordingly, there can be provided the key switch device capable of maintaining a constant depression characteristic of the key top over a long term and achieving a cost reduction of the whole key switch device, the keyboard provided with the key switch device and the electronic device provided with the keyboard.
1. A key switch device including a key top and a pair of a first and a second link members movably disposed under the key top, for performing switching of a switching section while guiding a vertical movement of the key top by the first and second link members, characterized by including: a first cam portion formed in the first link member; a second cam portion formed in the second link member and disposed facing the first cam portion; a cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the first link member or the second link member to support at least one of the first cam portion and the second cam portion; and an urging member for elastically urging the cantilever member in which one of the cam portions is formed in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other.
2. The key switch device described in claim 1, characterized in that the first or second link member formed with the cantilever member is provided with a placing part for placing the urging member.
3. The key switch device described in claim 2, characterized in that the urging member is constructed of a torsion spring including a first arm which comes into contact with the cantilever member and a second arm facing the first arm, the placing part includes a first holding part for holding the first arm and a second holding part for holding the second arm.
4. The key switch device described in claim 3, characterized in that the first holding part movably holds the first arm and the second holding part fixedly holds the second arm.
5. A key switch device including a key top and a pair of a first and a second link members movably disposed under the key top, for performing switching of a switching section while guiding a vertical movement of the key top by the first and second link members, characterized by including: a first cam portion formed in the first link member; a second cam portion formed in the second link member and disposed facing the first cam portion; a first cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the first link member to support the first cam portion; a second cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the second link member to support the second cam portion; a first urging member for elastically urging the first cantilever member in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other; and a second urging member for elastically urging the second cantilever member in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other.
6. The key switch device described in claim 5, characterized in that the first and second link members are provided with placing parts for placing the urging members respectively.
7. The key switch device described in claim 6, characterized in that the urging member is constructed of a torsion spring including a first arm which comes into contact with the cantilever member and a second arm facing the first arm, the placing part includes a first holding part for holding the first arm and a second holding part for holding the second arm.
8. The key switch device described in claim 7, characterized in that the first holding part movably holds the first arm and the second holding part fixedly holds the second arm.
9. A key switch device including a key top and a pair of a first and a second link members movably disposed under the key top, for performing switching of a switching section while guiding a vertical movement of the key top by the first and second link members, characterized by including: a first cam portion formed in the first link member; a second cam portion formed in the second link member and disposed facing the first cam portion; a cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the first link member or the second link member to support at least one of the first cam portion and the second cam portion; and an urging member for elastically urging the cantilever member in which one of the cam portions is formed in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other, wherein the first cam portion and the second cam portion are brought into contact with each other at contact portions, the first cam portion and the second cam portion each have a shape to cause the point of action of the urging force of the urging member acting on the contact portions to shift to a predetermined fixed point side of the urging member in association with a repeated switching operation.
10. The key switch device described in claim 9, characterized in that the first or second link member formed with the cantilever member is provided with a placing part for placing the urging member.
11. The key switch device described in claim 10, characterized in that the urging member is constructed of a torsion spring including a first arm which comes into contact with the cantilever member and a second arm facing the first arm, the placing part includes a first holding part for holding the first arm and a second holding part for holding the second arm.
12. The key switch device described in claim 11, characterized in that the first holding part movably holds the first arm and the second holding part fixedly holds the second arm.
13. The key switch device described in claim 12, characterized in that one of the cam portions supported by the cantilever member is formed with a first cam surface parallel to the first arm, the other cam portion of the first cam portion and the second cam portion is formed with a second cam surface which is brought into contact with the first cam surface in the contact portions at an acute angle in plan view and has a slanted surface, and a clearance is provided between the first cam surface and the slanted surface to open from the contact portions toward the fixed point side of the urging member.
14. A keyboard provided with at least two or more key switch devices described in claim 1, claim 5, or claim
9. 15. An electronic device characterized by including: a keyboard for inputting letters, symbols, and others, provided with a key switch device including a key top and a pair of a first and a second link members movably disposed under the key top, for performing switching of a switching section while guiding a vertical movement of the key top by the first and second link members, the key switch including: a first cam portion formed in the first link member; a second cam portion formed in the second link member and disposed facing the first cam portion; a cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the first link member or the second link member to support at least one of the first cam portion and the second cam portion; and an urging member for elastically urging the cantilever member in which one of the cam portions is formed in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other; display means for displaying the letters, symbols, and others; and control means for causing the display means to display the letter, symbols, and others based on the input data from the keyboard.
16. An electronic device characterized by including: a keyboard for inputting letters, symbols, and others, provided with a key switch device including a key top and a pair of a first and a second link members movably disposed under the key top, for performing switching of a switching section while guiding a vertical movement of the key top by the first and second link members, the key switch including: a first cam portion formed in the first link member; a second cam portion formed in the second link member and disposed facing the first cam portion; a first cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the first link member to support the first cam portion; a second cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the second link member to support the second cam portion; a first urging member for elastically urging the first cantilever member in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other; and a second urging member for elastically urging the second cantilever member in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other; display means for displaying the letters, symbols, and others; and control means for causing the display means to display the letter, symbols, and others based on the input data from the keyboard.
17. An electronic device characterized by including a keyboard for inputting letters, symbols, and others, provided with a key switch device including a key top and a pair of a first and a second link members movably disposed under the key top, for performing switching of a switching section while guiding a vertical movement of the key top by the first and second link members, the key switch including: a first cam portion formed in the first link member; a second cam portion formed in the second link member and disposed facing the first cam portion; a cantilever member formed in a cantilever beam shape extending from the first link member or the second link member to support at least one of the first cam portion and the second cam portion; and an urging member for elastically urging the cantilever member in which one of the cam portions is formed in a direction to bring the first cam portion and the second cam portion into contact with each other, wherein the first cam portion and the second cam portion are brought into contact with each other at contact portions, the first cam portion and the second cam portion each have a shape to cause the point of action of the urging force of the urging member acting on the contact portions to shift to a predetermined fixed point side of the urging member in association with a repeated switching operation; display means for displaying the letters, symbols, and others; and control means for causing the display means to display the letter, symbols, and others based on the input data from the keyboard..
| 33,092 |
US-201214238549-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,012 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,773 | 7,888 | Headlight for a motor vehicle having an interchangeable complex light source
ABSTRACT
A headlight ( 10 ) for a motor vehicle having a housing ( 14 ), a semiconductor light source ( 46 ), a cooling body ( 48 ), an optical system ( 50 ) which collects and directs light of the semiconductor source, a securing frame ( 20 ) which is mechanically connected to the housing ( 14 ) and which holds the semiconductor light source ( 46 ) with the cooling body ( 48 ) and the optical system ( 50 ) in the housing ( 14 ), and having an interface between the first part ( 16 ) which forms a complex light source ( 46 ) and comprises at least the semiconductor light source and the cooling body ( 48 ), and a second part ( 18 ) which comprises at least the holder ( 20 ), wherein the first part ( 16 ) is connected to the second part ( 18 ) at the interface so that it can be separated without destruction. The first part ( 16 ) comprises, in addition to the semiconductor light source ( 46 ) and the cooling body ( 48 ), at least one optical system ( 50 ) which collects and directs a light of the semiconductor light source.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a “national stage” application of International Patent Application PCT/EP2012/066121 filed on Aug. 17, 2012, which, in turn, is based upon and claims priority to German Patent Application 10 2011 081 062.5 filed on Aug. 17, 2011.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
The invention relates generally to a headlight for a motor vehicle and, more specifically, to a headlight for a motor vehicle having an interchangeable complex light source.
2. Description of Related Art
The present invention relates to a headlight for a motor vehicle with a housing, at least one semiconductor light source generating light for a main function of the headlight, a cooling body touching the semiconductor light source in thermal coupling, an optical system collecting and directing light of the semiconductor source, a securing frame mechanically connected to the housing which holds the semiconductor light source with the cooling body and the optical system in the housing, and having an interface between a first part forming a complex light source and includes at least the semiconductor light source and the cooling body, and a second part, including at least the holder, wherein the first part is connected to the second part at the interface so that it can be separated without destruction. Such a headlight is known from published U.S. Pat. No. 7,712,948.
In the art of illuminating devices for motor vehicles a distinction is made between “lights” and “headlights.” Lights serve the purpose of signaling the presence and/or behavior of a motor vehicle and/or the intentions of its driver to other traffic participants. For example, brake lights, flashing lights, and navigation lights (without this being an exhaustive list).
Headlights serve the purpose of actively lighting the roadway in front of a motor vehicle such that the driver can quickly recognize obstacles in the roadway. The light distributions generated by headlights needs to be compliant with government regulations (for example, to prevent the blinding of other traffic participants). Examples of light distributions generated by headlights include passing light and high beam light distributions (without this being an exhaustive list).
The task or capacity of a component to generate light distributions, be it light distributions or headlight distributions, is also referred to in the art as a light function. With respect to an illuminating device acting mainly as a headlight, headlight functions are also referred to as the “main function: so as to distinguish from other light functions provided by the same illuminating device (for example, when an illuminating device also performs signal light functions).
As known in the art of mass-produced road vehicles, semiconductor light sources have only been used for main headlight functions since around the year 2008, and were introduced earlier for signal light functions. One reason for the delay was the need for higher electric power for main functions in comparison to signal functions.
Because of the relatively lower light fluxes produced by semiconductor light sources used in the automotive industry, several semiconductor light sources are typically combined into complex light sources for main headlight functions, so as to obtain the desired overall high light fluxes. Because of the long service life of light emitting semiconductors, little emphasis has been placed on repair options for headlights with semiconductor light sources until recently. Further, at the beginning of the development of high-performance semiconductor light sources, little data was available about the service life and the probability of failure of the light sources. Initially, it was assumed that the service life of the semiconductor light sources would be more than sufficient for the service life of a motor vehicle. However, there is now great deal more experience available about the durability and the probability of failure of semiconductor light sources used for main headlight functions. There is a desire in the art for interchangeable semiconductor light sources. Particularly in the case of motor vehicles from the mid-range or lower-range price segment, high repair costs for used motor vehicles are undesirable, even where there is a high probability that few motor vehicles are affected by light source failures. Without interchangeable semiconductor light sources, the entire headlight assembly would have to be replaced, which could require a disproportionately high cost compared to the value of the vehicle.
However, difficulties arise in the case of such a replacement. Unlike halogen lamps, semiconductor light sources (such as LEDs) have a thermal interface in addition to the usual electrical and mechanical interfaces (for a power supply and positioning the light source). The thermal interface conducts away the heat generated in the operation of the semiconductor light source. Typically, the LED is firmly thermally coupled to a cooling body with thermal adhesives or heat sink paste. Thus, unlike the mechanical and electrical interfaces, it is difficult to provide the LED with a separable connection.
Further, in the event of a change of the light source there is the danger of the optical system going out of adjustment and causing the oncoming traffic to be blinded. Moreover, light modules for main headlight functions typically require a horizontal and a vertical default setting. Because of this, mounting light modules is expensive and typically prevents disassembly and replacement of the light modules for repair purposes. For this reason, light modules known in the art involve fixed units, where the light module can not be changed without destroying the unit after installation of the headlight during production.
To change LED light sources in the headlight in spite of these obstacles, Published U.S. Pat. No. 7,712,948 provides a light source module that has at least one light emitting element (in particular, LEDs), fiber optics, and collimating elements or lens elements. In addition, a retainer for such a system is provided, in particular in the form of a motor vehicle headlight. The headlight also has an optical system. The light source module is equipped to be positioned on a reference plane of the optical system, wherein it is also equipped to be replaced in a simple way, in particular without requiring soldered or welded connections.
The light source module known in the art has light exit surfaces arranged in series. A longitudinal edge of this arrangement is considered an optical element and should be reproduced by a further optical element (referred to as secondary as a light/dark border of a light distribution of the headlight. To this end, an exact and stable positioning of the longitudinal edge is necessary with respect to the further optical element. First, second, and third reference points are provided for this exact positioning between optical faces of the module and the optical system of the headlight. For example, the reference points should be made of hard rubber, plastic or metal. Position correction should be made possible by altering the thickness of the reference points. A change in the position of the LEDs with their cooling body relative to the remaining light module is also mentioned as an alternate setting option.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention differs from the prior art with a first part forming the complex light source having at least one optical system collecting and directing a light of the semiconductor light source in addition to the semiconductor light source and the cooling body. In this way, the interface lying between the light exit surfaces of the semiconductor light source known in the art is shifted between the first interchangeable first part and the second part remaining in the headlight. Thus, the shifted interface no longer lies between the light exit surfaces of the semiconductor light sources and the optical system.
Between the light exit surfaces of the semiconductor sources and the entry into the subsequent optical system in the roadway, occurring inaccuracies in position have a strong effect on the quality of the resulting light distribution. This holds true in particular for projection systems whose primary optical systems are used with short focal distance and narrow tolerances in order to produce an intermediate image of the light entry surface of the semiconductor light sources, which is then projected by a subsequent projection lens in the roadway as light distribution into the front region of the headlight.
Due to the inventive shifting of the interface, an advantage is achieved in that no inaccuracies in position occur in the interface between the light exit surfaces of the semiconductor light source and the optical system when the light source is changed. The interface is a part of the pre-installed complex light source as a whole. Thus, inaccuracies in position occurring in the interface do not have as strong an effect on the quality of the light distribution created by the headlight.
Ultimately, using the present invention, a headlight equipped with semiconductor light sources for main functions is provided, in which the light source can be easily changed in case of repair. In particular, the headlight is not incorrectly adjusted when changing the light source. Neither the location of the light module in the headlight nor the optical system of the light module itself is changed in the replacement of the light source.
In one embodiment, the headlight has a housing with a service opening which is open from the factory, or is equipped to be cut open in a predetermined service opening region in case of repair. In operation, the headlight housing has geometries for fastening a cover with which the service opening in the headlight can be closed again after replacement of the complex light source.
In one embodiment, the first part and the second part together form a light module which is a projection module. Further, the light module has a cover equipped for amplification of a brightness gradient at a light/dark border of the light distribution. In another embodiment, the cover is a minor cover equipped to direct incident light of the semiconductor light sources on a secondary optical system of the projection module.
In one embodiment, the optical system of the complex light source includes all optical components of the light module. Further, the light module is a projection module and the optical system of the complex light source includes a cover as well as a secondary optical system. In a further embodiment, the secondary optical system is a projection lens or a parabolic minor.
In another embodiment, the individual parts of the complex light source are detachably connected to one another. Further, the complex light source has an electronic component in which parameters of the electrical interface are stored, wherein the parameters can be read via a control device. Further still, the complex light source is equipped with a temperature sensor (in particular, an NTC or PTC resistor) with which the temperature of the light source can be determined.
In one embodiment, the complex light source can be mechanically connected to the light module with detachable fastening elements (for example, screws, latches, bolt or bayonet locks) such that the complex light source can be separated from the light module and replaced without destruction. The latches, bolt, or bayonet locks have at least one spring that presses a bolt or another latching geometry into a counterpiece, in which a bolt element is held (either non-positively or positively). Further, the spring and the bolt element may be designed to be in one piece. The bolt element may be part of the complex light source. Further still, the bolt element may be part of the second part. In another embodiment, several spring elements are equipped to clamp the first part and the second part to one another without play.
Additional features and advantages arise from the dependent claims, the description and the attached figures.
The foregoing features and features still to be explained can be used not only in the respective specified combination, but rather also in other combinations or by themselves without departing from the scope of the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Exemplary embodiments of the invention are presented in the figures and are described in greater detail in the subsequent description. The figures show the following, in each case in schematic form:
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of an inventive headlight with a light module;
FIG. 2 shows the light module from FIG. 1 with a first part detached from the second part of the light module, but not completely withdrawn from the first part;
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a complex light source forming the first part of the light module from FIG. 2 completely withdrawn from the second part of the light module;
FIG. 4 shows an exploded view of the complex light source of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows a front view of the headlight with the light module;
FIG. 6 shows a lateral view of the subject matter of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of the light module as a projection module in sectional view;
FIG. 8 shows sectional views of a complex light source together with an interface to the second part of the light module; and
FIG. 9 shows reference geometries and springs at the complex light source and a securing frame.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of an inventive headlight 10 with a light module 12 in a housing 14. The light module 12 has an interchangeable first part 16 and a second part 18 remaining stationary with respect to the headlight 10 in the housing 14 in the event of a replacement of the first part 16. The first part 16 is a complex light source which includes at least the semiconductor light source and the cooling body, as well as at least one optical system collecting and directing light of the semiconductor light source. The second part 18 includes at least one securing frame mechanically connected to the housing 14, wherein the securing frame holds the semiconductor light source with the cooling body and the optical system in the housing 14. The securing frame is connected to the housing 14 of the headlight 10 with at least three hold points. In one embodiment, the connection occurs via hinges 22, 24, 26 with bearings on the securing frame side, such that the light module 12 can be swiveled in the headlight 10 around a horizontal axis 28 and a vertical axis 30.
The housing has a transparent cover disk 32, which covers a light exit opening of the housing 14. In addition, the housing 14 has a service opening 34 or a service opening region. From its size and location, the service opening 34 is equipped to allow insertion and removal of the first part of a light module 12. Through the service opening 34, which may be arranged in a housing rear wall opposite the transparent cover disk, the complex light source 16 can be replaced as the first part 16 of the light module 12, while the second part 18 of the light module 12 remains with the securing frame 20 in the headlight 10.
This service opening 34 for replacement of the light source can be open from the factory, or can be cut into the headlight housing 14 in the case of repair. In the latter case, the housing 14 has the service opening region in place of the service opening 34. In any case the headlight housing 14 has geometries for the fastening of a cover 38, with which the service opening 34 can be locked in the headlight 10 after replacement of the light source. Possible fastening elements include screw bosses, hooks, and/or a stop collar, with or to which a screw cap can be fastened as a cover 38. In such a case, the screw cap is additionally mounted on the headlight housing 14 after the repair.
FIG. 2 shows the light module 12 from FIG. 1 with a first part 16 detached from the second part 18 of the light module 12, but not completely withdrawn from the first part (the complex light source 16). With the help of positioning or reference geometries and bolt elements complementary to one another on the securing frame 20 and the complex light source 16, the first part 16 can be detachably and precisely fastened on the second part 18 of the light module 12. In operation, reference geometry is defined, for example, as mechanical stops and guides and rigid snap-in elements. By way of example, a spring-loaded movable snap-in element could be the bolt element.
In one embodiment, the second part 16 of the light module has at least two first bearing structures. In each case, a first bearing structure and a second bearing structure forms a pair. The first and second bearing structures are designed such that the bearing structures of a pair engage. Thus, it is possible for the second part to be mounted (or, removed) when it is being connected (or, removed). The first bearing structures are arranged along a straight line which forms a pivot axis 29. This makes it possible for the mounted part to be pivoted around the pivot axis 29. The pivot axis 29 may be parallel to the pivot axis 28. In one embodiment, the first bearing structures are formed by a ribbed profile of the second part perpendicular to the optical axis of the light module. The second part of the light module has open recesses on one side. As an example of a recess open on one side, reference is made to a U shape. In the case of mounting (or, removing), the second part in (or, from) the first part, the opening permits a mounting (or, removal) of the section of the ribbed profile into (or, from) the recess.
The bearing structures may be arranged such that, in the case of an orientation in space, (as arises in the event of a proper use of the headlight in a vehicle on a level road), the mounted second part remains in the mounted state due to gravity and does not fall out. This simplifies the installation because it is not necessary to hold it in place. The second part is mounted in a first step and in a second step it, is locked by a swivel movement. Both procedures can be executed easily.
In one embodiment, the first part additionally has ribbed profiles running parallel to the optical axis of the light module, and the second part has complementary recesses open on one side, which encompass the first ribbed profiles in mounted state with as little play as possible. The pairs of recesses and ribbed profiles permit a swivel movement around the axis 29 and hold in place the position of the second part to the first part in the direction of the pivot axis. Further, the ribbed profiles running parallel to the optical axis and the ribbed profiles that are perpendicular to the optical axis may merge into one another such that T profiles arise, which in addition to their bearing and guide functions, also have structure that reinforces the mechanical strength of the light module. In one embodiment, one swivel bearing structure is present and one guide is present parallel to the optical axis. These embodiments provide a headlight which has bearing structures that permit mounting of the first part into the second part and pivoting of the mounted part taking place around a pivot axis 29 to a locking position.
Overall, the positioning or referencing geometries and complementary bolt elements on the securing frame 20 are equipped to cooperate in the locked position such that the second part is held precisely, firmly and without play. To detach the complex light source 16 forming a first part 16 of the light module 12 from the light module 12, the complex light source 16 is first detached by pressing the spring-loaded bolt element 42. FIG. 2 shows a movable end 44 of the bolt element 42 in two positions, to illustrate the movement options of the movable end 44. Subsequently, the complex light source 16 can be swiveled out from the reference geometry of the securing frame 20, lifted from the second part 18, and removed from the headlight housing through the service opening. In this way, the complex light source 16 is easy to replace and can be replaced like a conventional halogen or xenon lamp in the event of damage. At the same time, the second part 18 of the light module 12 remains stationary in the headlight.
FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of a complex light source 16 forming the first part of the light module from FIG. 2 in a completely lifted state from the second part of the light module. FIG. 4 shows an exploded view of the complex light source of FIG. 3. The complex light source includes at least one semiconductor light source, the cooling body, and at least one optical system 50 collecting and directing light of the semiconductor light source(s) 46. In one embodiment, a total of 10 (n=10) semiconductor light sources 46 in the form of LEDs (light emitting diodes) or laser diodes are arranged on a circuit board 52 (or, a bus bar) with the semiconductor light sources controlling the LEDs and supplying them with electrical power. A plug 54 is used to establish a detachable plug connection to the electrical outlet of the circuit board (or, bus bar) to an electrical power supply on-board the motor vehicle. The number n can deviate from 10 and may particularly fall between 3 and 100.
The circuit board 52 is firmly connected to the cooling body 48 in the joined state of the complex light source 16 and makes good thermal contact, in particular a heat conducting contact. The connection takes place in one embodiment with the help of a heat conducting adhesive or a heat sink paste. The cooling body 48 may consist of a good heat conducting metal such as aluminum or copper. The cooling body 48 may also have structures that enlarge its surface, such as cooling ribs or cooling pins. In one embodiment, a single piece and continuous cooling body 48 is used for all of the semiconductor light sources 46. The heat produced by the individual semiconductor light sources 46 is then distributed uniformly in the entire cooling body volume. This effectively prevents local overheating.
In addition, the complex light source 46 forming a first part of the light module 12 has an optical system 50 collecting and directing light of the semiconductor light source(s). In one embodiment, this optical system 50 collecting and directing light includes a single-piece, transparent, and solid body in which auxiliary optical systems are formed for a complex light source 16 having n semiconductor light sources. The auxiliary optical systems direct the light in a predetermined way. In one embodiment, the auxiliary optical systems are near field lenses with short focal distance whose focal points lie in a Petzval surface of a subsequent projection lens in the light path.
In the case of a projection system, the auxiliary optical systems 56 form the light of the semiconductor light sources 46 (for example, such that within the light module 12 a light distribution in the form of an original image of the light distribution to be produced by the light module develops 12 in the front region of the headlight 10). This original image is projected by a subsequent projection lens in the light path in the front region of the headlight 10. In this case, the auxiliary optical systems 56 have short focal distances, making necessary a precise positioning of the auxiliary optical systems 56 with respect to the semiconductor light sources 46.
In one embodiment, the transparent solid body of the optical system 50 is fastened to the cooling body 48 with screws, wherein the circuit board 52 is fixed between the transparent solid body and the cooling body 48. Due to the necessity of a good thermal bond (which, for example, is imparted by a heat sink paste), the interface between the semiconductor light sources 46 and the cooling body 48 is difficult to detach and, therefore, is not suitable as an interface for a light source replacement.
Because of the small focal distances and the narrow tolerances of position at the interface between the semiconductor light sources 46 and their auxiliary optical systems 56, it is likely that in small inaccuracies in position will cause great adverse effects to the quality of the light distribution ultimately to be produced.
One advantage of the present invention is that the interface between the first part 16 of the light module 12 and the second part 18 of the light module 12 does not exactly lie between the semiconductor light sources 46 and the cooling body 48. Further, the interface does not lie between the semiconductor light sources 46 and an optical system 50 collecting and directing light of the semiconductor light source. Because these two critical interfaces are part of the complex light source, the connections corresponding to these critical interfaces do not have to be separated in the event of a replacement of the light source.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the complex light source 16 has a bolt element. The bolt element 42 has a fixed end 60 that is fastened with a screw 62 to the cooling body 48, and a movable end 44 that is guided elastically/flexibly into a guide 64 of the cooling body 48. The guide 64 has a recess 66 that is open to the circuit board 52, wherein the recess is set up both to guide movement of the movable end 44 of the bolt element 42 and to limit it by a stop 67. A spring 68 is arranged between the cooling body 48 and the bolt element 42, wherein the arrangement takes place such that the spring 68 presses the movable end 44 of the bolt element 42 against the stop 67.
In one embodiment, the individual parts of the complex light source 16 are detachably connected to one another, so that in the case of service individual parts of the complex light source 16 (in disassembled state of the complex light source 16) can be replaced. In another embodiment, the complex light source 16 also has an electronic component in which parameters of the electrical interface are stored and can be read out via a control device. Such parameters are, for example, the values of the operating current to be observed depending on the production batch of the semiconductor light sources 46 and the operating voltage of the semiconductor light sources 46. In the simplest case, the electronic component is an electrical resistor. One parameter value is stored with each such coding resistor. As an alternative to coding resistors, in one embodiment, programmable electronic storage elements are utilized that can be read out via a data bus. In this way, it can be ensured that the semiconductor light sources 46 of the new complex light source 16 (which may require altered operating voltages and/or operating currents) can be operated with correctly adapted values. Another example of an additional component of the complex light source is an NTC (negative temperature coefficient) or PTC (positive temperature coefficient). These are types of resistors that are dependent on temperature, with which the temperature of the light source can be determined.
In one embodiment, the complex light source 16 has electronic devices for controlling the semiconductor light sources for the operation of the semiconductor light sources on the on-board power supply of the motor vehicle. This device supplies the semiconductor light source(s) with a regulated operating current and/or a regulated operating voltage. For their part, the electronic devices may be controlled by a control device that is not a component of the complex light source and which communicates with the electronics of the complex light source via a vehicle bus and connector. In one embodiment, supply of the electronics of the complex light source with electrical power also takes place. The controller can be arranged within or outside of the headlight in the vehicle.
FIGS. 1 through 4 show a headlight 10 for a motor vehicle with a housing 14, at least one semiconductor light source 46 producing light for a main function of the headlight 10, a cooling body 48 contacting the semiconductor light source 46 in thermal coupling, an optical system 50 collecting and directing light of the semiconductor light source(s) 46, a securing frame 20 mechanically connected to the housing 14 which holds the semiconductor light source(s) 46 with the cooling body 48 and the optical system 50 in the housing 14, an interface between a first part forming the a complex light source 16, which includes at least the semiconductor light source(s) 46 and the cooling body 48, and a second part 18, which includes at least the securing frame 20. In operation, the first part 16 is connected to the second part such that it can be separated without destruction, and the first part 16 forming the complex light source 16 has, in addition to the semiconductor light source(s) 46 and the cooling body 48, at least one optical system 50 collecting and directing light of the semiconductor source(s) 46.
FIG. 5 shows a front view of the headlight 10 with the light module 12. Thus, the view is from a direction that is anti-parallel to a main direction of emission of the light module 12. FIG. 5 shows a first axis 28 and a second axis 30, around each of which the light module 12 can be swiveled. The first axis 28 is pivotably mounted in/to a first bearing or hinge 22 and in/to a second bearing or hinge 24. The second axis 30 is pivotably mounted in/to the second bearing or hinge 24 and a third bearing or hinge 26. In one embodiment, the second bearing 24 is a ball joint in which the first axis 28 and the second axis 30 intersect. In an installed state, the first axis is horizontal and thus aligned about parallel to the road surface. The pivotability around the first axis allows a default setting of the beam width and a setting for the vertical position of a horizontal light/dark border and/or an automatic beam width adjustment of the light module 12.
The second axis 30 is arranged at such an angle to the horizontal one that pivotability around the second axis 30 allows a default setting of the main direction of emission of the light module 12 in horizontal direction and/or a bending light function, in which the light module 12 is pivoted, such as in the event of traveling around corners, such that its light beam swivels to the left in the case of a left turn and swivels to the right in the case of a right turn. In the case of an installed headlight 10, the second axis 30 is therefore substantially vertically aligned.
The securing frame 20 of the light module 12 which may be swiveled in operation, corresponds to the second part 18 of the light module 12, with the second part remaining stationary in the housing 14 in the event of a replacement of the complex light source 16 with respect to the headlight 10. Thus, replacement of the complex light source 16 is not associated with a change of the default setting of the light module 12 and does not require a separation of kinematics for beam width adjustment or bending light function.
FIG. 6 shows a lateral view of the (cut open) headlight 10 from FIG. 5 and, in connection with FIG. 5, shows the support of the first axis 28 and the second axis 30. The pivoting around the second (vertical) axis 30 takes place by having the first bearing 22 (concealed in FIG. 6) swiveled by an actuator around the second axis 30. The pivoting around the first (horizontal) axis 28 takes place by having the third bearing swiveled by an additional actuator around the first axis 28. Thus, the first bearing 22 and the third bearing 26 are movable in the housing 14, while the second bearing 24 forms a stationary hold point with respect to the housing 14. Thus, FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate how the hold points of the light module 12 in the housing 14 are designed in one embodiment, such that the light module 12 in the headlight 10 can be swiveled around a first horizontal axis 28, and a second vertical axis 30.
FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of the light module 12 as a projection module, as known in the art, along a line of intersection VII-VII in FIG. 5. The projection module of FIG. 8 has semiconductor light sources 46, a primary optical system as the optical system 50, a minor cover 70, and a secondary optical system 72. The semiconductor light sources 46 are soldered to a circuit board 52. Together with the primary optical system, this circuit board 52 forms the complex light source 16, which is implemented here as an array of one near field lens for each semiconductor light source 46, the cooling body 48, and the lock. The light emitted by the semiconductor light sources of the complex light source, from which individual beams a, b, c, d, e are shown, is formed by the near field lenses of the primary optical system into a light distribution in a curved surface, which corresponds to the Petzval surface 74 of the projection lens, which forms the secondary optical system 72. The cover plane contacts approximately the Petzval surface of the projection lens. The Petzval surface is a curved surface in the object space of a projection lens, which is reproduced by the projection lens on a plane surface in the image space of the projection lens. In FIG. 7, the object space is on the left and, thus, is in the light path before the projection lens, while the image space is on the right and, thus, is in the light path after the projection lens.
The minor cover 70 divides the beam path of the primary optical system into a reflected portion (beams d, e) and a portion propagating past without reflection on the cover (beams a, b, c). Both portions are limited by the minor edge in the cover plane such that a light distribution with a sharp light/dark border is produced. This light distribution is projected through the projection lens onto the street. In operation, the mirror cover also reflects the part of the light (beams d, e) that is first shadowed onto the secondary optical system 72, such that this part is also refracted in the light area of the resulting light distribution and thus is not lost.
In one embodiment, the optical system of the light module 12 includes the complex light source 16 with a primary optical system, which produces a light distribution in an intermediate image surface. A secondary optical system, whose Petzval surface 74 lies roughly in the intermediate image surface, projects the light distribution of the intermediate image onto the street. The secondary optical system includes a projection lens. However, in one embodiment, it may also have at least one paraboloid reflector.
The cover 70 produces distributions of passing light which have a light/dark border (HDG). The cover is arranged with respect to the Petzval surface of the secondary optical system such that the cover shadows or reflects a part of the light of the semiconductor light sources collected and directed by the primary optical system, wherein the shadowed or reflected part of the light does not penetrate through the secondary optical system or, in another beam path, penetrates through the secondary optical system as would be the case without the cover. In this way, the illumination gradient in the HDG can be increased and the range of the headlight can be improved.
As discussed above, the complex light source 16 includes the cooling body 48, the circuit board 52, semiconductor sources 46, and an optical system 50 collecting and directing light of the semiconductor light source(s) 46. In one embodiment, this optical system is restricted to the primary optical system of a projection system. However, in one embodiment, the optical system 50 includes not only the primary optical system, but rather all optical components of the light module 12. In the case of a projection light module, this includes (along with the primary optical system array) at least a cover or a minor 70, as well as at least one secondary optical system 72 realized as a projection lens or as a parabolic mirror. Further, the second part 18 of the light module 12 remaining in the housing includes the securing frame 20 with mounting and default setting. In one embodiment, a mechanical adjustment option is also provided for the secondary optical system and the cover on the securing frame, wherein the mechanical adjustment option can be adjusted in the direction of the optical axis.
FIG. 8 shows sectional views of the complex light source together with the interface to the second part of the light module in different stages of replacement of the complex light source. FIG. 8 shows one embodiment where the bolt element 42 is a part of the complex light source 16. However, the bolt element can also be part of the securing frame 20. FIG. 8 shows the bolt element 42 in different positions.
In FIG. 8 a, a snap-on hook 76 of the bolt element 42 engages a complementary snap-on edge 78 of the second part 18. In operation, the bolt element 42 is held by the spring 68 in a locked position. The complex light source is in a state where it is snapped into the second part 18 of the light module 12. In operation, the spring 69 is pre-stressed. The complex light source 16 is locked with the second part 18 of the light module. In the locked state, the spring-loaded bolt element 42 presses the complex light source downward onto reference stops of the second part 18 of the light module, and clamps the connection in vertical direction without play. Because the spring 68 has to be tensioned further to release the connection, the locked state represents an energetically stable position that can only be released by supplying energy from the outside.
FIG. 8 b shows the spring-loaded bolt element in a downward pressed position for releasing the complex light source, in which the complex light source 16 can be swiveled and removed. In FIG. 8 b, the spring 68 is tensioned at its maximum. The snap-on hook 76 of the first part 16 of the module is no longer held behind the snap-on edge of the second part 18 of the light module. The complex light source 16 is unlocked. The first part 18 of the light module can be swiveled from its catch position. In operation, the swivel movement takes place around a rotary joint 80 formed by interlocking protrusions of the first part 16 and of the second part 18.
FIG. 8 c shows the complex light source 16 in a completely released state from the second part 18 of the light module. In this state, removal of the complex light source 16 from the housing 14 is possible. The spring 6 is slackened at its maximum.
| 6,845 |
sn84027670_1888-04-12_1_2_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,470 | 12,418 | ,---ajlg-l-LJ-1 J3Jr -.g. ft THE JOURNAL. THURSDAY, AI-JUL 12, lb83. OMJ Or f saline Cvabtj aad the IttyarSaMaa. Nlw YsrttK Hy i actively pretiar lsf t i-ektral tlie osislt HBlal of Wak ' iMagH ration, April M, l fVf4mlr IS, 1789. the astofrfimi or IK coMMItHUen was le r!r4 MMl New York m4e the ct i4" ventH;it. The enatlseBtal ..sssarw kt been holding it taet liHr in tttertty halt oh Wall street, hi th afiMfiff wk f&lliHC Into de- ItHTc tm Ht mey CHOUgtl tot tl Htj treasury o repair the ball' - a Number f wealthy gen- rMribttl n "hhi to Ht the tariMiwff bi t4ta(.e. Uu the 4th of March, 1T, the day nriei8tr-t far th rttMtHg nt ntagtv, bells w nrag Mtd canHH Mreil. Hat Usre were but ! MMHiwrft preeent a the impaeeaMe elHIH at the ia.4 restdervtl It ilniMlbie for many nieuilr te arrive., 'lliere "ft" MKHtfrh .TeevHt to form a M More m till the tth wbeB the elec tntl vs- rnMte Washing M tang 4s-.Hret fleetest president attst John Adams vice-president. Vii-K-.rtMt made the journey to N" rk irwm Mt. Vernon and Ic an uratkiH the eatlre mute. Adam u-rHl t the capita under le t-esrt of itevf-ritttr CIlHtnti. At the iMaweMrathMi Adam , Kliux, SienHra nMl HaMiltoH, hl old citta taihH, grHMd around WafttglM as Chaneeller Living rty mimlHi4errd the futtJi, and ns he t-Hded w ith. "I .one; lle lieorge Wa-biMd-Hj. tlri-t president of the I'htled Stl4f-," the B'eetntirr broke wwt in tHMMllHAHf himts of Ifjoic ItMf. The ee4t-trattn next year will dMtlp- lx verv rtiHd and lutpos Hf5. iimi I'liW Jmtlrs- Walt dild Wf-f U- l.eeii a ureal deal raid ni,iti i Itavlni; lieeH overworkeil. Itut lie le,iel this only rliort time inf.trr M death. He -"aid it was Ht the wnrk f the offlee, but tile dHtaHl d hi iMH'inl life that wore iM-e-i heavily hmh him, and if it err nt fr "M1ety lie would have plent f time and lreHgth for hie tftVial dHlk-.. Hi death at last x-eiM- l have leen precipitated by exp-.nre In walking to and from an authr' reception. The real lec-oii t' Ik- learned from these deaths i tiiat "jdain llvinf-," if not "hlRh tliiMLiHg,' is more needed, iw a rule, l aeuer-tl JiianagcrH of railroads and CMvernment officers than aa in- r.-a-e of salary or additional help. kh Yokk Prhw: Suppose that. ! a "reform"' of the present tarifl', rtaiii -m1-) cheaper clothing, for i'Xaiiipli- now made in thi country, are imparted (o an extent which will uM-, ay, l,(K,rKTf),(KKI ald in this -uHittr now mm wage ( be paid no loHgyr. W hat ie to eitnipeiisate the preeHt rwelver of these wages for the change and what the rest of the wape earners who have thin new t'ompetltion thrown on the lalnir market Inscribe the processor adjustment and retiiitneration. So miieh employing power is ship ped away out of the country. What It to take Its place? lr is stated in the GMf-Demovrat that Senator Iugalls and President Cleveland are related Mr. Cleve land's grandmother was au Iugalls, Mehltable Ingalls, a tlrst cousin to Kufus Ingalls, tlie Senator's father. Now that the relationship is estab iiilied,carptug "ritic-! in the view of tlie Presidential aspirations of these "rrlalives" -diould not object to tiiat part or the Senator's grent xpee.-h w liioh avrrel that no mat ter hovt degraded the antecedents of an American eitiieu may be, he may a-pire to the chief executive's chair. He probably knew what he wa talking about. Walt. Ma.min: Due day a Tor toie, wlueh vhk Traveline Slowly along the Highway, talked to Itself in tli ix manner: "I am Slower than MlHt In January. There is noth ing iu the World a Slow as I am." Hut the Form of a Stranger appear ed lefore it and the Stranger said: Vain ItoaMer! You are a Marvel of S-rd a Coiu nretl to me." "And m ho are You?" "I am the Western Mull Service." You are?" Here Is lite Diamond Hell." Moral: When you rind it neceary to mall a letter, don't. Carry il to its destination yoHrelf. Mk. (IK1I-, editor of Harper ' H'-iy, chief apolle of the mug wiimpt and one of the most promi nent advocate of free trade, say that no republican candidate for president can win the mugwump vote en a protection platform. Ah? Thn the silk-stocking brigade are net fatjruly truthful when they claim that personal dislike for Mr. ltlaine was the sole cause of their desertion in R4. Or is it possible iliat three years existence as the fag end of the Democratic kite-tail has iiit verted them all to free-trade? Tiik Supreme Court of the United tatc rendered a decision Monday Hithecaoe or William L. Powell, plaintitrin error, vs. the Comnioa w rait I. f Pennoylvaula, affirming the oti'tituUoHallty of the statute ofthat State making bin termor cheese, r aiiv article designed to Uke the I'lai-e of those artleles, from any -oniMHnd otlwr than unadulterated muIU t cream. Justice Field and Harlan di-eMted. Iris recalled that the deceased emperor of Germany witnessed dur ing hl life, the removal from their eair power of six iiepes, nine cmirers, Hfty kings, six aultaus ami twoaty-OHe presbleBU of the I ftlted State. t)r these rulers five arvMill alt-re Amaden. ex-king of Spain ; Isalxdla, ex-ijueen of 8paln ; Kraaeosco 11., ox-king ef Naples, and the ex-sultan Mi.uhrad V. Tiik municipal and other elections or the fSlatcs look as If the Repnb can cause was gaining ground. The people of thin great free, Indepen dent nation don't propose to menkey with the free-trade harlot of paujer lted KHrie. As will be noticed by a dispatch published elsewhere, Jtosnoe Conk llng, the ablest and purest tt living American statesmen, lies at the point of death. Thk Republican primary conven tions or laven worth county have declared for Col. V. It. AathoBy tot Governor aad Major Horrill for CoBgreea. : Thx simultaneous reports of the dangerous Illness of the former two great rivals niaine and Conkllng- bavepntduced a p und sensation In the country. Tli of the former, how to be suffering fro authoritatively de turn to Ameriealn said to be lnnjoffil hlilt' would like to Be able to make the same reKrt with regard to the health of Mr. Conkllng. ,MVrj has been received by the G. A. It Dpprtmeiit eoramander of Kaneas that the state house at Col" umbus, Ohio, has been ne cured for tlie aeeoaimodatiofl of the National Eneampment, andthat the auditor's ofllee has been allotted to the Kan ' boyser beadijuarters. . i-srr John Schlkvek, f Hays City, has been nominated by the- Presi dent for the Wakeeney land ofllee.. LilmanOluott. the aetress, died suddenly In Kew York on the 6th Inst. Pktkoleum has been struck at Leavenworth at a depth of 180J feet. New ork,Aprll8. RoscoeC'onk ling is In a dangerous condition. A consultation was held this afternoon. Bulletin Dr's Delafleld Sands and Ilarker held a consultation In the case of KoscoeConkling between and 6 o'clook thU afternoon and it was decided to immediately cut through the temple boue, to ascer tain whether there is pua lodged on the brain. Dr. Sands is the opera ting urgeon. bulletin Tlie doctors have left Mr. Conkilng's bedside. Theiei- no material change: but greater hunea are entertained for his reeovprv. There will be a bulletin Issued at 6:16 p. in. with a report of the oir atlon. Dr. Fordlce Barker has been ap pointed to give news to the prew. There will probably be no noticeable change for several hours. At9:p. m. Dr. Fordice llnrker, on behalf or the attending plivsl elans, said that Mr. Conkllng was resting much easier, and that there was no immediate dauger of death. His temperature was 102 and his pulse 92. Mr. Conkllng moved so much that his pulse could ouly be approximately taken. Dr. Harker said that the operation had been in everj w-ay successful. Two holes about half an Inch" in diameter were made in the skull be hind the ear, and about an ounce ol matter was taken out. He soon ceenied to be greatly relieved. After the operation Mr. Conkllng arose and walked In an adjoining room and returned. lieldes the phyilclaus Mrs. Conkllng ami Iter married daughters were with the pa tient constantly, Mr. Conkllng im not lieen able to recognize biiv i-m but his wife durlug the day, and be will probably remain unconcioufe all night because of the ether which was administered. Drs. Barker and Hand left the sick chamber at -45 and will not re turn until a. m. to-morrow. The surgical operation performed on the distinguished patient ihle evening is a very dellcitc one. It cousistsiu the cutting out ami re moval of a part of the squamous por tion of the temiMirai bone, tlie in cision U'ing made upou tie promt neuce w inch may be felt behind the ear. Beneath this lies tlie iui.cli.iu isni of the ear and, in caees In which this mechanism becomes involved in series stipurntion, as in this In stunce.it bt'tome8ii?cess.trv to make an opening through which tlie tis sues may bo drawn oil. Otherwise the inflammation may extend to the tissue of tlie brain. Deafness ol lin ear operated on results. The saw or drill with which the circular piece of spongy lioue is ex cised is like a jagged edge on the end a piece of small steel tubing. It is fixed for the flrit few turns by a prong in the center. The whole In strument is called a trepine. When the region of the inuer ear baa la-en reached the circular disk of bone carefully extracted and the mem brane beneath the boue cut through, a drainage tube Is then to be insert ed through which the matter, form ing in the abscess, can rlow freely into tbs anticeptic absorbant cotton at the outer end of the tube. This affords the best chance of confining! me muammaiion to its narrowest limits. At 11:25 Mr. Conkllng was restlug quietly. HU temperature and pulses are the same as at the last re port. At midnight Mr. Conkllng was walking up aud down bis room in a hult delirious condition. He sent for Mr. Stokes aud when he arrived Mr. Conkllng said to him: "Ed., Its no use. I am gone, I have fought against this for tome time I can't stand it auy longer." Mr. Stokes In going out saw Dr. Bauds at the door. He asked the doctor if Mr. Conkllng had any chance. t Dr. Sands said: He may live forty eight hours, but T doubt It. At 12:15 Mr. C(-nklIug's condition was unchanged. He lnsWtH on ris ing and walking about the room hut does so in a delirium as he ha not regained consciousness. New raubrla Chaltrrlt. The Rock Island bridge builders are here putting up a bridge across the Saline. James Ulltesple, Jr., Is home, for a vacation, from Missouri, where lie has been at work with the Missonri Valley bridee company. a time keeper. . u The Star grocery building was sold at sherlfTM sale Tuesday. W. F. Musser, of Sallna, being tlie high est bidder. Grandpa Gillespie has taken art lflpe, and Is again seriously ill. Miss Ella Phlpps. of Hopkington, Mass., b vlsitlng.with the fantilv nf her cousin, E. R. Rose. Mrs. A. J. Carruihers, cottn'y sup erlnteudeht, visiletl the chonf here last 1- rlday. The question of building a dew school is now belug agitated. J. L. Dally has arrived from Doni phan county this state and taken possession of the farm of bjs brother., Dr. J. V. Dally, of Sallna. Jewell. At the last meeting of the Li berty Farmers- Alliance, Ko. 1, LILgrly township, SI, JK6S, the follouiiig resolutions were unauiuioush adopt ed, aNo thai a copy of paid resolu tions be sent eounty iiapers for pub lication: WiiEMEAS Certain townships in the state of "Kansas have bonded themselves for the purpose tof glririg aid la the construction of railroads, and. Whekkas All citizens of said townships bear an equal sharo of tax In proportion to' their property, therefore HetnJved That the taxes receive from railroads thus aided ought to be equally distributed amongst alt communities taxed for tbe purpose of aiding them. W. T. Summkrs, Prcs't. . F. O'JUllkv, riccretary. The ladles of the Presbyterian churah will give a maple syrup social at the residence of Mrs. IS, id Miller on went Park street, corner of Twelfth street, Friday evenings this week. Supper will be served, price' 30 cents. All are cordially inviied. 10-2t Wasted. Cattle to graze. 1600 acres of choice grazing land, with good, nr. ing water in great abundance. Good care, reasonable rates. For partic ulars apply to Satis. Usioos A QEBsitiT. serious Illness err, ifto is ttm mKiatiftirt Is nd dI. Msatfllr. BpneMfeOTr nim W. We -Mt' fll fbr CnTrl)llon. There will be a delegate conven tion of the .Republicans of the Flfth: Congressional uistricc sia oi t'-i j oHelecflu lidtaatat pknSQh hie mlua'.e can nresidtnt and vict preMdeui I th United Ktatee, aiao to nominate iuo- Hepubiicau presidential eir. tor There will also be a delegate con vention of the Republicans of muI district held at Junction Ci51!sj day, May 1, lvi, at 4 p m., to nomi nate a candidate 'or congre. It is recommended tiiat the dele gates to the conventions le M?h-cted in conventions not later than Satur day, April 28, aud that the priiuit ter ror the same be held not later tl ;tn Thursday, April 26. The basis of representation f-ball be the eame for both. conventions, a follows: One delegate and one alu-r-uate, for every 300 votes "t fraction over 160. east for E. 1i. Allen, the Republican candidate for secretary of tstaU in I860. mo. i nuw ai3' af"Vfcfv 'SP Jtl WkvVhMfrr lSKaEf on tljaKdB. Jbt tLe rog slates anltwoB tarwgrityiea Mfe oTt l.raseno Aid di.-. tamtm ai""E.T. titon cq-!.ef-al W" V'i " 1. lSissrlo nd nuiaieJHuB " 1 cur & ClouJ .. Dart Uteklnwin ,. .... .. Mr.utl . .... Ottawa . - .. KepubUc . .... Kiley .... ." .... Jallne . , T Wuhtnftlon ... The various couuty central com mittees should give at lea-t two weeks notice of tho time designated for the election of delegates by pub lication in the couuty papers. By order of the Republican dis trict congressional committee. W. B. Stajibacoii, Ch'm'n. Ueo. A. Clahk, Acting Sve'y. ItEfCBLICAK COUNTY CO.VKXTll. The Republicans of Saliue couuty will meet in delegate convention at the court house In the city of Saliuu on the 2Sth day of April, 1B8, at 10 o'clock a. K., for the purpose ol electing seven .delegates to represent aid countS in the dlnlrict ion Mil lion of.the fifth cnngrcF-donal dis trict which meets at Junction City Kausas, on the first day of Mar, Ibnb, to nominate n Reptiblii-an i uii illdote for eongressmau; alno (-oven delegates to represent suldcounty in the district convention of faid "dis trict which meets at Clay Centre mi the 3d day of May. IM$, in elect twi delegates to the .National Republican convention and to elect one I'ied dentidl elector; aNo live deh-gat s to represent said couuty in tlie Siite convention wlili-li meetc at Wicli .a n the 6th day or .Muy, lbV, to il- et four delegates at large to the Nation al Republican convention. aIm. tlve delegates to represt-nt, -aid county in the State coii,-.iiioi1 which meets at Toeka uu tin i',Ui day of July, 1S8, to nomiuau .-an-didates ror htate oflleers. AlM.-li-en deligates to repreheut .-uld county in tlie R-publit-aii Judicial -"i!.eii-tinn to be held at Ellsworth on Hit 17th day of .May next, to uoiinuute a candidate for Ditral JuiIki-. The basis of repreeiitatinu in 'aid county convention has been tlx d a follows: One delegate lor eviiyio yotes cast for E. B. Allen tor .- cre tary of State at the last general lei -tion. or fraction thereof ot in or more vote", and is an follow- Salina 1st ward,o; 2d ward, T, 3d ward, ": Mt ward. . Smokv Hill. 5: North f'reele. 1; .-ouib Jreeley, S; Ohio, A; Spring Creek, i; l'len-ant Vnlley, 3; (ilenl!ile2; Kim CVek, -1; CNinbria, 1; lMyton Xo. 9, 2; No. 1:,, 1; .-uIiiiiuhi, 3; l)yMUtii, 4; Walnut, 4, Snioia:.. 4; alnutou, 4; .Vssurm. T: Bridge port, C; i-aluu, 4; Summit, 1. Lib ertj, 4; Oyp-um Cltv, 3 unit ( b: -o 4. 'Hie primary meetflig will i.e .n-ll at the usual placet of voting on the "tli day nf April, 1M, hetueen the hour;: of four and six oclock p. in. in all precincts except tlie ciiyot Sallua, Spring Creek, Gpiim f'lty Smoky View townhl in whicii the hours shall be from lour to M-ven o'cloi'l; p. in. and none but 1U publi cans will be allowed to vote By order of the committer I). R. Waovtai, f hairmfcU. Attest H. ('. GniUKit, Se-returj. Jutllclal Cnnrrntlon. A delegate convention of lb. Rr publicans of the 14th Judieiul Dis trict of the State of Kansas, Hill be held In the city of Ellsworth, on Thursday May the 17th, loSd. II o'clock a. m., ror the purpose of nominating a Judge. The basis of representation In said convention will be oue ileleguto ami one alternate for every 200 votes or fraction nf lot) or over, of votes cast lor -Hon.;. B. Allen, Secretary ol State, in lhS: giving each cotiufy In the .District the following number of delegates aud alternates to-u It : Counties. Delegates. Alternate-. Saline 11 u RuKsell. . .. 4.... . 4 Lincoln .-...-. 6 Elhnrorih.....,,. 0 h No proxies will be allowed. It is recommeuded that the county con ventions to elect delegates le In Id not later thau May 12th, and that the Chairman or the County Central Committee report the list of deie- -gatea and alternates elected at once to the Secretary, S. A. Coover, at Wilson, Kansas. By oidcr of the 14th Judicial Dis trict Central Committee. A. N. McLennan. Chairman. S. A. Coovcn, Secretary. FROM FAR AND NEAR. Tbe workior dav in Paris has bora re duced from eleven hours to ten hours. ' QrnXvELu-iouxj says a London pouee man has more power than tho King ot Hawaii Eabt Kis ALm.vso XIII, I snfferreg trcm epilepsy, an hereditary disease ia his mother's family, the Hapsburgs. ' Chcia teems to bo portico htriy favored with catastrophies. Not tonv since the lasd was devastated by floods, and at tale ac counts was suffering from sever drought. At Pracue a condemned murderer bad fast mounted the scaffold. wh.u be was struck with apopiesy within a mute of bis execution, but as the wretch v. us not dead, bat only insensible, the function pro ceeded as usual, and be was promptly de spatched. TnaKlnirof T"onrT and Ptreden Is said to be the only crowned head in Burope who refutes lo send congratulation, to the Popo on his sacerdotal jubilee According to the census of ISO there were only 610 Catholics in Sweden, and a profjorlioaately 'mail number in Norway - Jut African traveler says the iatexirat lug liquor now chiefly exported to Africa frost Bremen and HaariMrg is a potsoooas disUHation from the potato and produced very cheaply Chemists state that thore is more fusel oil in it than ia any other known spirit The na'ives give it the a iprop-tate name of Death. Til cowboys ot tbe West frequently dye their dogs different rotors. Tbe most onuiant specimens ol ayeudogs are colored m uyi iiuukui saj uxue. x ue oje oasts with artistic precision. In a sharply defined Uneea each leg, leaving the foot w We aad aronad. ths head, leaving the nose, eyes and entire mask the natural color. ARrosiur saloon for toa-dnfildog Is aa Interesting feature of life ia Rastiaa at- lea. Tbe waiters are attired in white from head to foot, with a large black purse at the waist, and are all men. Tea is drank alcaaorwiihatesion. aad the sugar eaten from the band. Eleven or fifteen cops are not too many for an old tea-drinker. Ar Fort Ban Jtricfc, Xadkobi Island, sosse time since, a r&eBoseaon occurred which greatly alarmed tbe inhabttaats. In tbe middle of tbe port the waves were rolhug as tuuai. wncn snoiieniy a eotuan ol water was projected upward aad names leaped cp UgQting the sea and tend lor some dis tance around- It is feared that-Pert Sand wich stay some day meet with tbe fata which befell Pert Resolution, which is now almost blocked up, owing to tbe upheaval wr-nfht by an aartaqnaka. itiXT praaineat acdweaUayyews gave Pcpa&eo vahtahlsretats en the occasion attdajshCeo. Among these is 8anAndra, tha great RahM- el Vienna, who Is ces laoely called the. "Pope .ot tie Jews," on acooont ot bJs tsuscsae'lnanenco. He has sent tbe Pope a fine copy ot tie Tatfcrad, said to be ever nice fcundred Tears old. Other leading rabbhave seat tbe Pope rBhftgtfaadatoultegJririslibaaxer ENGINEERS. x Locomotives AreyKejit iafG Good Coadltton.k. U 1 1 , Ur Wort ot itip Multn of the Uacalaci Keulriafit for Pang aaii! .1 rWtlil Srrtl n-Work Tiiatlll. quire u stradjr 11 ?-v ew people amaag Um tbousaacls that daily come in'.o Bmioa orer tbe various railroad irire a ibourta i the an who tit te tbe cab of th im-uiaotire. sad. with dear ,ej,p4riaf-Wnd V?1 asjCfOoutrol -tS perralMedMBar araSv -them 'so safeir dar aft - Jar. Hrstbe Bosteo ktra'd. Too comructor gv Us rjuads. coUMU nil fares, sad. recdi a mite or a pleasant word from the passengeraC tho'brakemen ooesf)mdlr walk talo tbe ear. announce tho Basses of the stations, axitet the Uates and children to enter or iea the train and re ceive bow and then a nod of recognition; bat tbe bmo ra the-cab are scarcely noticed, though tome of the older ones do receive, saeem a great white, soaw tokoa that a few ot the thousands thai pas by are not utterly amstodful ot tbeir existence. Whits the bmkesMa hare dut to itarform that tend to tho eomfort of the paveaw, sad while ts conductor has the general suiervision ot tbe train, and li -s vted to look out for tho weH-betair of all hi ehsrira. rot to the men In the cab of tho iocaewuve are due the life and af ' of train. A trmi..-nJs ail on board tho r-twnibUitr rUi EELIAJ3LE & upon Utn arH so tret n ttw mental I open door 1 saw on my rights linteuacar-' tram yia tbe eaineer that run ! peted room from which ray friend called to tbe fast expre, !ru.a tnej are oldom me to oome in. Ou Ihe wall were cases altowded tj run .uur. hia twj days in sue- witb guns, pUioli and odd-lookintr lnstru oesolon, snd or i- i r jd four dayi is re- menti, a oelt. a big table, a photbgraphie ganMd a rood -.i-k s wi,rk. But this men- outllt and three isosslrn woodeu pedestals tal strain i i-l lti oliv tan. that wears i on which Mood instruments, each of whfeh on aa e2i;i'- r Ani person who has ever l an officer wdt butir engaged in adjusting-. bad the pnvii-ee i f i .'Img on a hxmuotire ' ,Thee are Boulenge chroaograpbs," said tliseovers tha the euhioi-d seat of alirst-' my friend, eddinr: "Wo are gotngto flro etau piiirr car :s a much more rom lorutble place wr u.o whole vast machmo IrembW ai.J hai-i as though in (Uaet with lif- Tim constant vibration of Ihe engine U suns t work muchief, nAiwpnrliilpi. lyilh lh iImbw.1 rtmlitu. tioo, and aftor a f- w years thecngiiHwr dis- covers that he is suffer. iig fni kidney ; big red flat; la one baml and a htnueular ia disease and many are tbe inlanees ; tho other. where engin--r4 hvo found it absolutely j "Ready, AI" "Iady. n'"' -Iteailr, CI" neonscary to (ru e up their employment. , ndled out the three o&icers in rapid iracee. Tho work or -iii ueers varieo ou different sfcin. whn llali. rattle, down caaw the rod roads. In some eases the men ar given 'of the rhrouufrraphs. Bang! wbba-rush-their esgmet ail ready for tee road, while In roar! and war out In the theiipeake I other cases the engineers are reitulrod to conhl see the splash. sn'ah of the shot feed and groom their own doi-m-h. In tho miles away, latter case IN- engimyr gw to the round- '-A2.KX" said Horn" oue. and t unties: I boose two or throe boors before it is time for his train to start, and, with bis fireman, beclokiy lns'itvisthemachiiM. llesouitdf tho wh' -'son t bo engine and tendi-r, and exauiims ctovh the entire running gear, lie looks after tlie sand-box, and sees to it that tbe full uHotvanw of enjbt or ten pailf al are on band; the 'wn or more oil cups are filled; a full bh";-:.v of ooal is obtaintd; the water In tbe boiler aad tjnk is sounded and if lumMiT. nra m IiIimi - llw nir.lml-iii are tested both hofnra una after tlm vneina is attached to-he traiu, if it is a pussenger somo six or eight Rtinsof tarksis sues and engine, and. in fact, every part of the com- shapes, all pointing towards a heavy butt of pttcaled marhincrs- is thoroughly looked ! earth one hundred yards front tbera. IV orer. All this nork, whilo of the utmost ' tivccn tho guns and tho butt were open importance, is but preliminary to tle real ' wooden frames, like big picture frames. wotkof tbe engineer When the locomo tive is at last attached to the train, and the signal is eiv.n to start, tbe engineer s eyo, brain and nerve an- called into actual work. With one nam! on tbe throttle be keeps one eye stnugbt ahead, watrhlair tbe track for broken rails, fallon freight, piled up ties, rocks or bowlder that may have rolled down from tbe ueighboringbank,wasboutsor any other obstructions, he must notice every switch aud stationary signal and look out (or any temfiorary ones, ho must keep watch of the water and steam gauj-es. to tee that tbe boiler does not get dr,and see that ho tuts an abundance of steam for the work required of his enciue With a dear day and a straight trark one wou'd think the ongiueer bail enough responsibil ity to try him U tbe utmost, but uli. n the thick fog settles down so that he can -carve see the length of his entnne and thf train swiaKS round a curve where the slightest obstruction wou'd send it crss'uni; dwu a sleep embankment or iterrhanre pile it up against some mekr cliff, it would be st range indeed if the blood did not course more quickly through the vrmsf the clear eyed aod steady-nervod man at tbe thro'tl Contrary to the common belief, it K said by those who ought to know that it re quires much mart- skill to run a freight than it does a passeugi r train Of course, there is not so much responsibility resting upon the engineer of a freight train as there would bo had he the lives of hundreds of passeuntrs in his keepinir. ON SHAKING HANDS. Itrachlnc a 3tnn'. Character bjr tliti tVar In Mlilrli Ho !),,. A pretty rood index to a man's character Is the way in which he shakes bands, savs the Chicago Jora' Then) Is your ever-cordial and beaming friend who grabs Tour hHpless Angers in hK great' fist snd alawst wnnirs them off in a grasp far more violent than the torturer's senti ments are sincere. This sort of a rasa will wring in in s way the hand of an acquaint ance whom he doesn't care a Jot about, isn't likely to sea again for a year, and don't care if he doesn't Then there is your hup, life less hand shaker, tvho responds to your owo honest and moderate erasp with a set ot diphs that contain as much vim and friend ship as a link of cold sausages in a pork butcher's shoo. .hi may. too. hare run across the languid lackadaisical rright who Insults yar well-meanine cordiality by calmly proffering you Ms left band as he tens back in his chair. iThis was a practice greatly affw-ted by railroad men n the old days when you could rati on them for a pass without baviug -Inter-Mute Commerce law'" bawled into your eon. Out ot all hand-shakina- horrors, preserve me from the nun who possesses himself of your fist and foodies it affertsonately in bm own, wrap ping It in his long, tithe angers and pressing and strok-ng it fir all tbe wat from one to nine minu'm o i don't know what to do with u4i a man. do von' Yo i can't draw your hand asrav without oftViidinir him, and you can't suosait to the ipl-tKm without cold chilis c-awhuic down voar spioe. On ymr choice betwixt the two oti,-, uill da pid the lcngTh of th to-tureyoa eodurs wbea you meet the aScuonaU- uotn again. Senator foi-kr. '" t!ji.i -.-av hair has - - - lemmes. 'earson's Is oaa of the Largest and Best Equiped Carris ga Works in the State. I offer to nxy customers and the trade, the largest tocsk and the best work at lower prices than eyex hefoxa. , It will pay all io see Pearson's Carriage "Works before purch asing elsewhftPfa, -Over ONE HTODEED MD PIFTI .,...,, Carriages, Surreys, Pheatons, Sprins Wafions, Buckboards and.Koad Carts, always onhand. Tho Pearson Road Cart has no equal in quality, easy riding, Inm nmin n i A rwnrA leietlett S 11 all Itnafnm S-lfl VOTIcle tamt-V frivfin TCmTTITlf: 0-fO tion. All work warranted. TIMING FLYING-SHELLS. How, TJncls Sam Finds Out Juat ; How Tliey Qo. Tb 31ouln- 4 Chi ouoti ph. ami Haw XI ' XJ Opjrte-Wht m Velocity or Twnty-6a Uaixtrvd Tt Per Mlnat Tinitlf Mani. "Around the world in tweaty boars r" You ilan't mean It." " I do. TJiafs jast what a velocity or 2,W0 feel per secoad mrans, and that if what this gua will tip tor a second or two as.iura as 'pins are guns." t?o poke one of my naval frieads as he potntea to a gnu hmg aad steader u a tete seepe. trntai aa AuaapoUs (Md.) corro spemdeat to the New York ItVrM. "llulhowciu you meusaro say veioeMy as great utbaf' "Eajalyenouch." atertcd the scientific young snmioi; J nst wait antil we gvt this fellow ii.to jrtiKu. and you shall see for yourself bow tbe thing Is tlene.' Thus it esair to pn that oue morning, in answer to a not from my friend, 1 found myself landed ou tbe long, rickety wharf ot the naral previa? Eiwirwl at AnnapoHs. A less wartike-kking puoo it would bo hard to inugint Two unpretentious frame build ingt ou a ma!l hill, a barn, a bit ot twarap and a farm bourn-, but the stars and stripes ttoaUnz from a flas-tule marked it as Uaclo Kora's pnvale property. 1 dived into tba larger of the two buiktiniM. Through tha i just h soon a that schouQer gets oat of faziirt? Tire what'- gahl I, for I sawnothiBg eieept son smaU arm. Tbe gun vw .-,, iwi -.l- r..nr.i k .-I h saw lost wcrk." retorted be, ami thea i tviiti. iitH itwty mt . t-Slohj tavll j Thi Mitaeh-jdv was a Ijeuluaht. with a saw tho three ofUi-er-. 1-ndinr oer the table, eat h carefully mcu-nritis a strei rod about twenty Inrliri hmg. its whole leagth nearly covered by a thin tnc r dntler "B 2, 110," "C 2. Hi" tlM-y Jiinoanred In torn, which was entered in btg liookn. the rods were again measured ami tbn entries checked. row," said my friend, -let mo iresent you to my fellow workers ami explain thb i nntKiT of J, , , !,... riiittlimi" i soma hundred vsnls utrur tras u sbel with with wire laced back and forth across them, while hero and there ran telegraph wires which finally entered the room in whtoh we were and connected with the chronographs. 'Now," said my friend, "hero is the whole thing in a nutshell. These chrono graphs consist of a couple of electro-magnets and a little spring knife. The upper magnet holds the long, zinc-covered steel rod; the second holds a short steel rod. The gun being tired, the shot cuts the wire in the nearest frame, or screen, as it is tech. nically called, and so breaks the circuit of the upper electro-magnet, allowing tho long rod to fall. When the shell reaches the sec ond screen, tho ono furthest from the gun, it breaks the circuit ot the second electro magnet, thus allowing tbe shot-rod to falL This, after falling a short distant, strikes the trigger of the spring knife. The knife, being released, flies forward and makes a dent in the zinc ou the long rod, and so we can measure the distance the long rod has fallen before the knife marks it, and as this space bears a distinct ratio lo the tune, and as the time is exactly that taken by tbe shot in Kissing over the known distance be tween tbe screens, we know tbe time and hence Ihn shell's velocity per second " "But does not the short rod occupy some time in fullinx and does not the knife take some little time in stnkingtberod'"askedI. "So it does, and tha tray wu eut round that is this' Here he hung both rods to their magnets. "See this key. If 1 press it I break simultaneously the circuit of both magnets and rett-a-- txrtu rods at one and the same time Thus," and pressing tho key, down fell the rods. "Now see this mark on the zinc That is the mark made by the knife, aud is called the ' dis junctor reading,' und it's from this mark that we measure the distance Hut the long rod falls. At any rate, that is the result prac tically, we take the difference between tho disjuiictor readinjr and the reading given by the shot. whH-h gives the distance between the two marks, aud, as I said bufore, if we know the dwism-e a Imdy falls we know ihe time it was in falling and, consequently, the time taken by tbe shot in going over the known distance Ut ween the two screens. We use the three chronofrraphs as cheeks ujon ruth other; they are uli connected with the santo screens and should give the sarno result- Tlie mean of thu threw is taken as tbe actual velocity Then, too, if we hud only the one it might fat! to uct, and i a shot Trotikl be wasted, and as this costs for the eighl-iach riflo about sixty debars a shot it is quite u cunsidorauott. erca to ' Uncle Sout. Now I !'. re I hav-stoMytra all there Is to if j "But that shell dsl not go through that I young mountain of oanu yon are pleased to call a butt before it went skipping Jtoag 'he bay, did itf" "No, thofrun vrusaiitlimd so as just to dear the butt, aod the -Ireli was tired with I aviewofdeerminhie;its rantte There are arouiteof ob-erversstathmojioHtnearllay lUtlgo who mark on a ne table the Use through Ibe first piio.h of tbe shot. Tho , intersection of this line on u chart with the lhieobMTVed here, gives the point where the shot struck, and m we meaMinrlhe di. i tance.'' , , ' zuimunds nklii is thm. as fine as tissue paper, and the H luld jiatrh on bis head always looks street and clean Senator Uorman has a dash of while on the crown, and his dark hah- tieghts to look as if sprinkled with punier. Senator Brotvn is bi I from forehead to crown, and tlie top nf Ins head is as level as that of a Hatbush Indian Senator Payne's hair consists of a thick growth ot white bushes over bis ears, though with more hair on the left side. Senator dray, of Delaware. Is abiark haired Adonis, but a white spat as biz as the palm of the hand bat eaten into his raven locks. Jones, of Nevada, has $10,000 for every hair on tbe crown of his head. He would give hundreds if he could tutrken the run at the toti. Senator Stewart, of Nevada, has hair aa white as the silver from his Western mines, and it has dwindled to a mere fuzz at the top or his head, too. Carrirge Saliiia, Klansas. ' Write for prices or see the WOMEN ON BICYcTeS. a. Kttj IThlth Is Craatax Pepatar at lb National Capital. A Washington correspondent of tbe Otei Dnaoerataays: I saw a sight one evealag last week. 1 saw a woaan go by oa a bi cycle! Onabk-rrie. I repeat ; a ve Mete wish two wheels only, one ot which was directly behind the other Ilerfeev aot to a a stronger terra w-re en both sides f the connecting bar balaM-iagrevLel.r a a nsaa would, and her lower extremities were Moa ning and kicking in a lively ssanaer Tbsro was a flutter of lace and a Nash of skkts whenever the r sportive ends et Use walk ing beam went up. and I thought I had struck a eraiy bauet daacer nmaisur assay with some man's man-hire. I blushed and lurwd ny face to the wait. j resolved to e en the sight no more: but I immediately turned batk and reaaaud ray ! iovestigatieti. ! When I bashtullv withdrew aur rtaavo there was only oae of tbee rJUptes; wtast I resumed my viirilsBee shore were tar of them, for another bwl galloped is aad joined the first. Both were dressed a all respects in the ordinary Mn-et roMttsseat a lady, one wt-annt; a jaunty bat aad the other a bonnet. But the wen- a pair of spectacles! ItouRhttnbe added, perbaas. that the bicycles were safety out ""-. ism- th connecting bar between the mum war lower than uuaL and i liai tbe futi ! was preprlteil br peda.Mattai-hmt to the Mad wheels. " This pbrnnmriMa amst he farther ms vestigateU." I remarked to BtyelC, aad town I went next day an.i ailemrwasi s)r reat bicj-cle manufacture- call him Ssastb- "Mr. Hmllh. bow aouut tbov tmmtt Bs cycles'" I skel. 'There is oae." be remarked, pstatiBg out one that leaned lanftixilj agaJiMt the -rUUen. "Just UTt it " 1 did. Il tns rery light. " What's t be use ot a haty's ridhsc a tri cycle, tbe lightest of wtuch weigh slrtj poUBtl. waen te can nu a hsryesa that ' "- wiv " j"--'-,e " jfv ! V1 1 X"?T,'L,"h dlrr - I WreoffoW Tl-i - ,rbt Smith mm. ' 1 did not at.vn.-r r t- ou.-mwo, hat m- I iHtiah. iitiln ibtrlsi.lls A .ik.JU. aiu! m quirrii U b v-t- vrrrr u.0 l.y woaM-aaoy- we.:T c- Nowhere else -r. th w-ld. said smith. j triumphantly 1 make i lie-w usself aad put Iht-tn on tbe market.' Wboare'hegai giria I j w ou oa them to day f" i iannd "They arc n-t rae." he answerrd; --tboj arn not hirhtsome n.auleBs like Mary Wolhrr; they are i-jid aad coaven'i ual damos wives and motber " "Will woai p bajr-les aaywt.rre elsel" I iiHjnin-tl nf Stuiib "Of courw tliey vitl Washington will set the example, awl N-w York, ftusion aad rhfcajro will follow Of t-oarw. no other city e quite so ml I a..-i.'i.l toihrir u-r as Wushmgton l. Iw no oilier in -bo worM has sin h -snm.i'i n--ts; but ibers will ue them. T!: vwr fonrteea tb-.i-lld cy bvs in tbb i lir. and llf-se ne 'on I V.1" "" ?nam' Vr'c '' f" ""' ,,r " IB." surtltal ol the I. 'est "T"'r " So woman rsiWBsaseimr her ronqitot the lmrt tV rows ShesBysbe Hbs preaches She hates. She tjinots. Slit rides And now she has lassoed the hot grasshopper and has fearlessly mooi till it For myself, I can only exriaiui --.Mor power lo the elbow of herhisver en'r-mi-ties'" RIGHT DEAF-MUTES. Tboneli Tliejr t an Neither Hear Nor Talk, ! Tliey Are lluppr us ItlrtW. I meet ou the street all kiodx ami Jesorip tions of people, aud near spoken all kinds of languages and lingoes, says tbe Chicago Journal side-walk stroller, biit of all th peo ple 1 meet none are so intetei:ng and curi ous as the deaf-raules when two or more ot them arc walking or standing and ''. on the sidewalk. I met two of tbetn yes terday afternoon two rourur ladies, with faces as cheerful a- t-benibs, eyes as bright as sparkling diamonds, neatly uihI sty.ishly dressed, and who were as vimhhhis us any two girls I have ever seen together any where. As all educated mutes do, they coo versed witb their uamis ami lingers, by gesticulations, by facial exproswos. nods and winks, ami suchlike devss-n I walked near them for a block or two, merely lo watch them in the happy time they were having together, all bv tbeiu-elxci. along the thronged: si reel, for ibey seemed oblivi ous or other people, awl apparently didn't care for any body or anv thn -rtxeept lbeii own Interchanges ,.f tUo-;e;,i jwl itnotaw And yet they were bc-a-itifuiu model m it all, keeping their band ami lingers tmuif as lively as other kolirs kn . 'heir tongues and lips goinr. not oblm-i w. as tout tract attention, bul in a qui. '. subdued sort ot manner, as miu-h as u y -- We are baring u love lilt I.- tba h. 'vss-u u. uud it's nobody's business. viI.h, as it is all our own fun ' Th. y -mm l ai i .auarhed. often looked into eot b others !,-. intently, ex changing looUs as ivr I .:s h- ns. and went trippisg alotiK a nn-rn as two etiildren at play Verily, I ihuKl.i. in he deprived of the uses of the ear ami t: i-tongue u not, after all, so serious a tuati. if tbesr hear less and speechless rreHluie.. ca-i rnte-taia each other thus cheerily by means of their own slKn-langaage I but.- nom-ed that nearly all deaf-mules aie of a nerrou. tem perament and exrevsiteiy x-nsitise, but of a very sociabhi turn of muitl whe& they have a fair chance te graiifv tlm propen sity. Oae or tbe must intelligent and saa-ny-souled men 1 erer meet is a deaf cute a gentleman of ediM-altou and c:anv atxsNB ptishments He aiid I tai. toge-aer by means of paper ir,. n it and uianv a Jtood time we ha had lo-etlier I oue told him I had great -.ymnai hy for him in his deprivation No a-cd of m inpathy,'' he wrote: "lam spared the tieJrtr( of many bad ates and eyes sa 'ii?-.. ami am hap pier ia not hearing them.'- 1 batman Is a philosopher. Senator lbiletus Sawyer's forehead aad crown are unbounded; sal. whiskers of stt- ver shine out over his ears ami a wisn is. Ps"s at the bark of W ass-k Senator llawlay bs a bad spot ea Ml crown as bur as tbe bnfoin of a iwoquart back"' snd tbe hair above bis forehead is growimr thin ami hwy Senator Iteacin has brown hair that's thinnine fa.i Ai tbe .-row h a bald spot ,h' " f a silrer dollar ami fmm it to the forehead, the rosy nesh rhmes UrougH. Retiitor Butler, of SosMb Caralma, verjres on baidurss Her forehead has already crowded well Wk, a Utile round patch has appeared on hU crown aad a V over each ear Isham (i. Harris has oae of the funnltst buM heads in lbs Senate He looks Idee a Chinese Mandarin, except that be lacks a queue. There m not a bit of f in on top ot the head, but a little fringe of white sucks out over each ear, aad his Beree white mas tache is waxed .so stiffly that it stand straight out from hi nose. rTic Imperial Crewa of the Oar of the Russias is the finest ever worn by a sovereign. It is in the form of a bishop's miter and carries on its crest a cross com posed ot Ave of the most beatKKaldiamceds ever cut, supporting the largest ruby in the world. Eleven great diamonds in a feasted arch rising from the front and back of tba crown support this cross and ruby, aad oa either side li a hoop of thirty-eight pearl, than which there are no handsomer known. | 37,809 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113695909 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 173 | 303 | It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals
Jazzalbum von Sun Ra & His Intergalactic Research Arkestra
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals ist ein(e) Album
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals AllMusic-Album-ID mw0000028119
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals Discogs-Veröffentlichungskennung 1756220
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals Interpret Sun Ra
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals instance of album
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals AllMusic album ID mw0000028119
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals Discogs release ID 1756220
It’s After the End of the World: Live at the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals performer Sun Ra | 30,760 |
https://github.com/jrowellfx/seqLister/blob/master/tests/testSeqLister.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | null | seqLister | jrowellfx | Python | Code | 603 | 2,698 | import seqLister
nonSeqList = []
print("Testing expandSeq()")
print(seqLister.expandSeq(1, nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(1))
print(seqLister.expandSeq([1, "004", 10, 15], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1-4", "010-015"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1-10x2", "20-60x10"]))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["5-1"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq("5-1"))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["5--2"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq("5--2"))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["10--10x2"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["10--10x-2"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["0-16x8", "0-16x2"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["0-16x8", "0-16x2"]))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["0-99x9"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq("0-99x9"))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1-0100x9"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["0-99x10"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["0-9", "20-40x2"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["0-6", "6-14x2", "14-70x10"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["0-64x64", "0-64x32", "0-64x16", "0-64x8", "0-64x4", "0-64x2", "0-64"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["-20--5"], nonSeqList))
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["-10--3"], nonSeqList))
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1-6-12"], nonSeqList)) # invalid
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1---6"], nonSeqList)) # invalid
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1-6xa"], nonSeqList)) # invalid
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1-6x2-"], nonSeqList)) # invalid
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["a-b"], nonSeqList)) # invalid
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["10--10x--2"], nonSeqList)) # invalid
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print(seqLister.expandSeq(["1-5", "8-a"], nonSeqList)) # partially invalid
print(nonSeqList)
nonSeqList = []
print()
print("Testing condenseSeq()")
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(["2"], pad=4))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([2, 1, 3, 7, 8, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 8, 16, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 10, 19, 28, 37, 46, 55, 64, 73, 82, 91, 100]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 1, 1]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 1, 1, 2, 3]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 5]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 5, 13]))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["0-100x2", 51], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["0-100x2", 51, 101, 102], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["1-5", "7-15x2"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["1-5", "7-15x2", "20-100x5"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["2-10x2", "14-30x4", "35-100x5"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64]))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 64, 32, 16, 48, 8, 24, 40, 56, 4, 12, 20, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60, 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51], pad=2))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 64, 32, 16, 48, 8, 24, 40, 56, 4, 12, 20, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60, 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21], pad=4))
print(seqLister.condenseSeq([0, 64, 32, 16, 48, 8, 24, 40, 56, 4, 12, 20, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60, 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42], pad=4))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["5-400x5", "7-400x7", "11-400x11", "13-400x13"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["5-400x5", "7-400x7", "11-400x11", "13-400x13", "17-400x17", "19-400x19"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["5-400x5", "7-400x7", "11-400x11", "13-400x13", "17-400x17", "19-400x19", "23-400x23", "29-400x29", "31-400x31"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["3-400x3", "5-400x5", "7-400x7", "11-400x11", "13-400x13", "17-400x17", "19-400x19", "23-400x23", "29-400x29", "31-400x31"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["2-400x2", "3-400x3", "5-400x5", "7-400x7", "11-400x11", "13-400x13", "17-400x17", "19-400x19", "23-400x23", "29-400x29", "31-400x31"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["2-400x2", "3-400x3", "5-400x5", "7-400x7", "11-400x11", "13-400x13", "17-400x17", "19-400x19", "23-400x23", "29-400x29", "31-400x31", "120-301"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
tmpList = seqLister.expandSeq(["2-50x2", "3-50x3", "5-50x5", "7-50x7", "11-50x11", "13-50x13", "17-50x17", "19-50x19", "23-50x23"], nonSeqList)
print(seqLister.condenseSeq(tmpList))
| 15,010 |
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