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What It Says
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress declared America’s independence from Great Britain and converted the thirteen colonies into the United States of America. The Declaration of Independence’s justification for that break later influenced the language of the preamble to the Constitution.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
What It Means
The preamble expresses the purpose of the U.S. Constitution. The federal government gains its power from the people rather than from the states. The government exists to maintain peace at home, provide national defense, promote the well-being of the people, and protect their liberties. Importantly, the Supreme Court has held, in Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), that the preamble itself is not a source of federal power or individual rights. Rather, all rights and powers are set out in the articles and amendments that follow.
At the Constitutional Convention on August 6, 1787, the Committee of Detail submitted this first draft of the preamble, which began with a list of the states, as did the Articles of Confederation.
We, the people of the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, do ordain, declare, and establish, the following Constitution for the Government of Ourselves and our Posterity.
However, ratification of the Constitution did not require the unanimous consent of all thirteen states, and future states were expected to join the Union, so the convention dropped the names of the first states. This revision strengthened the idea that “the people” rather than “the states” created the government. Gouverneur Morris, a delegate from Pennsylvania, rewrote the preamble, crafting the more eloquent explanation that the convention finally adopted. |
The hub and spokes model can be used to describe any system that resembles a bicycle wheel, where paths (spokes) radiate outward from a central core (the hub).
Many airline networks, for example, are arranged in a hub-and-spokes manner, where passengers and planes are routed to their destinations via centralized hubs. Distribution networks often have a central “hub” model, where inventory is stored in a central distribution center before being distributed to multiple fulfillment centers.
The nervous system and circulation system in your body can be seen as hub-and-spoke networks. The brain and the heart serve as hubs, while the nerves and blood vessels serve as spokes, moving blood and nerve impulses throughout the body.
Usually, some things, like data, reporting, finances, maintenance, and coordination activities, work better when they are centralized, while other things, like sales and customer service, work better when they have the freedom and flexibility to make fast, local decisions.
A hub-and-spoke network tends to be more efficient, but reliance on a central hub can also make it less resilient. A hub can easily become a bottleneck or a single point of failure, that is, the entire network can be crippled because of problems at the hub.
Could a hub-and-spoke model be helpful in thinking about your situation? In what areas are centralization and standardization important? What areas need more flexibility? Can you improve your system, or design a better one? |
The Vagus Nerve and Stress: What you can do to support your nervous system
For most of us, this year has been a roller coaster of challenges and uncertainties, affecting our lives in a multitude of ways. This prolonged period of stress that we have all been feeling can adversely affect our physical, emotional and mental health. Self-care may have been placed at the bottom of priorities, but supporting our bodies and minds has never been more critical.
There are many ways that our bodies respond to stress, and there are also physical things that we can do to strengthen our nervous system to boost our resilience, which will help us cope during challenging times.
The nervous system is an intricate highway of communication between your brain and spinal cord and is connected to various systems throughout your body. Your cranial nerves are made up of twelve pairs of nerves emerging from your brain and brainstem, which connect to different organs and muscles – mostly throughout the head and neck.
Most of the cranial nerves function to relay motor and sensory innervation of the skin, muscles and joints in your face and neck and to mediate your sense of smell, vision, taste and hearing.
The tenth cranial nerve, known as the Vagus Nerve, is responsible for regulating the autonomic functions of your parasympathetic nervous system- including breathing, coughing, swallowing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
The Vagus Nerve is the longest of the cranial nerves, extending from the brain stem to multiple organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys and intestines. This nerve plays a vital role in the parasympathetic nervous system, activating the body’s “rest and digest” system, and opposing the sympathetic system of “fight or flight.”
The sympathetic nervous system responds to states of stress, activating an increase in our mental alertness, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure and blood flow from our organs to our muscles. Conversely, the parasympathetic nervous system acts to balance out this state of stress, increasing mental calmness, relaxation, digestion and vasodilation of our blood vessels.
When we experience short-term or long-term stress or trauma, our sympathetic nervous system can become overactive, resulting in a dominance of the “fight or flight” response, causing dysfunction of the Vagus Nerve. This prolonged state of stress and Vagus Nerve dysfunction leads to significant issues throughout various systems.
The Vagus Nerve is the body’s central control in our relaxation response, allowing for mental and physical recovery from anxiety, stress or a fear-inducing experience. Strengthening the Vagus Nerve function can decrease the recovery time from periods of stress, creating a state of calmness and clarity, improving your physical and mental health.
Here’s how to naturally stimulate and strengthen your Vagus Nerve.
There are several techniques that your Registered Massage Therapist (RMT) can use to stimulate and support vagus nerve function. By working on specific nerve pathways and implementing craniosacral therapy techniques, deeper levels of your nervous system can be accessed to boost the function of the vagus nerve and overall nervous system. Regular massage therapy appointments have been shown to decrease stress hormone cortisol levels and increase serotonin and dopamine production by an average of 30%.
Deep breathing exercises
Breathwork has the ability to decrease symptoms of stress and anxiety significantly. Taking slow, deep breaths can reduce these symptoms—breathwork functions by activating the parasympathetic system through vagus nerve stimulation. Try taking long, rhythmic breaths from your diaphragm, pushing your stomach outward with your inhales and relaxing with your exhales.
Singing and Humming
Because the vagus nerve is connected to your muscles in the back of your throat, singing has been known to stimulate the vagus nerve and help reduce stress levels in the body.
Controlled exposure to cold
By temporarily increasing the body’s sympathetic nervous system and allowing your body to return to a state of homeostasis, your parasympathetic nervous function may be boosted. Many people may do a quick dip in cold water, or even just finish off their daily shower with a 30-second jolt of cold water. Learn more about hydrotherapy here.
Moderate aerobic and weight training exercises are shown to decrease the fight or flight response and increase the vagal tone and heart rate variability. Regular exercise has also been shown to boost brain health by increasing growth hormones, allowing for new neural connections to be formed and is an excellent way to naturally boost endorphins in the body.
Meditation is an excellent tool to increase self-awareness, boost relaxation in the body and promote feelings of well-being and ease. Taking a bit of time every day to do a body scan and allow your mind to settle is a useful addition to your self-care regime, and can boost the efficiency of your parasympathetic nervous system.
This year has undoubtedly thrown many of us off of our routines and forced us to establish a new way of doing things. These new adjustments and increased demands may have taken a toll on your physical or mental health, but by supporting your nervous system, you can help to ease your body and mind into a place of balance and ensure you move forward to live your healthiest and happiest life.
Learn more about massage therapy, reducing stress and other useful techniques for stress management and book your appointment at [email protected].
-Marly Hill, RMT |
At Grove House we want pupils to develop the confidence to take risks, through drafting design concepts, modelling, and testing and to be reflective learners who evaluate their work and the work of others. Through our progressive curriculum, we aim to build an awareness of the impact of design and technology on our lives and encourage our pupils to become resourceful, enterprising citizens who will take their skills throughout their life.
Our Design and Technology curriculum inspires our children to create, experience, and participate in great arts and culture. It enables children to meet the end of key stage attainment targets in the National curriculum.
In Early Years we provide opportunities for pupils’ to work towards the Development matters statements and the Early Learning Goals.
The Design and technology National curriculum outlines the main stages of the design process: Each stage of the design process is underpinned by technical knowledge which encompasses the contextual, historical, and technical understanding required for each strand.
The National curriculum organises the Design and technology attainment targets under four subheadings:
At Grove House we use the Kapow scheme of learning. Our progression overview documents show the skills and knowledge that are taught within each year group and how these skills develop to ensure that attainment targets are securely met by the end of each key stage.
Design and Technology lessons incorporate a range of teaching strategies from independent tasks, paired and group work including practical hands-on, computer-based and inventive tasks. Every lesson is adapted to ensure that lessons can be accessed by all pupils and opportunities to stretch pupils’ learning are available when required. Children learn about innovative designers, architects, engineers and chefs, both from the past and those who exist today. |
Do not underestimate the effects, a missing tooth can have on your daily routine.
A tooth can go missing as a result of trauma (accident/blow), gum disease, gross decay unavoidable extractions; whatever the reason may be, a tooth is a missing part of the body that needs replacement.
- Firstly, a lost tooth can cause disturbances in masticatory (chewing/biting) forces, due to which one may invariably chew from the unaffected side.
- Secondly, many lost teeth can result in a collapse of the facial features which results in wrinkles and the face will mimic old age.
- Thirdly, an empty space created due to loss of tooth results in tipping of the adjacent teeth into the space and supra-eruption of the opposing tooth.
It is of pivotal importance that the edentulous (missing) area is replaced at the earliest.
There are four ways of replacing the missing teeth
1. Implant: Implants are made of nickle titanium and are very safe on the human bone. The screw is inserted into the bone by drilling, and the bone is formed around it to form a tight tooth root like support.
This is the most advanced, minimally invasive procedure that imitates the strength, endurance and longevity of a natural tooth.
A. A single lost tooth can be replaced without causing any harm to the adjacent teeth. It is the best and most effective procedure.
B. If one or more teeth are missing, two implants can be placed to replace a unit of teeth. (Three in this case)
C. Even if all the teeth are missing in older patients, and the patient has adequate bone support in the jaws, this procedure is recommended.
2. Bridge: This is the method, where adjacent strong and caries-free teeth are taken as a support to replace the missing tooth or teeth. These are called caps, and they are made of tooth coloured material, ceramic (porcelain)
3. Removable Partial Denture: it is the oldest method of tooth replacement, which is now not into wide practice. This is a denture made of a pink coloured material called acrylic, on which teeth are attached. This is not indicated as it has many shortcomings and flaws. The main flaw is, it can get loose and uncomfortable for the patient.
- The acrylic has the tendency to alter shape hence it always has to be placed in water, else it can distort with time.
- It is indicated in old patients, with loose teeth and patients not willing to go for other advanced treatments due to cost issues.
- The main use of this is when the patient has compromised bone strength.
4. Complete Denture: You must have seen your grandparents wearing this.
When an individual has lost all the teeth this denture can be prepared. There are two methods of preparing it-
Conventional method: In which complete denture is fabricated using the support of jaw and cheek muscles. This can be worn throughout the day, and removed during the night time. It is easy to clean, removable and safe.
Implant support method: implants are placed in jaw bones and these are taken as a support for the complete denture, this is not removable and gets fixed to the jaw like natural teeth.
Note- Visit your nearest dentist, for any of the above procedures at the earliest. |
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the body‘s response to an infection.
It is a global health crisis most common and most dangerous in:
- Older adults
- Pregnant women
- Children (0-12 months)
- People suffering from chronic conditions, such as diabetes, kidney or lung disease, or cancer
- People with compromised immune systems
It affects between 27 to 30 million people worldwide each year. 7 to 9 million of those cases are often fatal, which means a case of mortality every 3.5 seconds. Depending on significant regional disparities, mortality rates may exceed more than 50%. Many surviving patients suffer from the consequences of sepsis for the rest of their lives.
Early treatment of sepsis, usually with antibiotics and large amounts of intravenous fluids, improves the chances of survival. However, every hour the treatment is delayed the survival rate drops dramatically.
Sepsis often presents as the clinical deterioration of common and preventable infections such as those of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract, or wounds and skin. It is frequently underdiagnosed at an early stage - when it still is potentially reversible. Therefore, a quick and accurate diagnosis is essential in the fight against sepsis.
Biomedica fully understands the importance of Sepsis as a global issue and provides a comprehensive product portfolio in the field of Sepsis Prevention, Prognosis and Diagnosis.
Sepsis can be caused by any type of infection such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or even parasitic. Prevention is only possible through good and consistent hygiene and avoiding contact with potentially infected people.
- Biopatch®: Sponge dressing for catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSI) prevention
- FlowArt®: Sterile infusion therapy devices - needle-free valves
- SwabArt®: Disinfecting caps for swabable - needle-free valves
- SleepAngel: Infection control bedding
- Steripower: The simple and touchless disinfection solution
TIME plays a critical role when it comes to Sepsis. Prompt diagnosis, intervention, and risk assessment are essential in caring for septic. Biomarkers, such as PSP or suPAR, may become useful adjuncts to clinicians and can help to shorten the time between the first symptoms and an appropriate therapy significantly.
Sepsis can be diagnosed by several physical symptoms such as fever, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, or difficulty in breathing. In addition, several lab tests can be used to check signs of infection or organ damage. Specific tests for identifying the pathogen, which caused the infection and led to sepsis can be helpful in initiating early therapy.
- T2Candida & T2Bacteria: Sepsis Pathogen detection directly from whole blood
- T2Resistance: The first direct-from-blood detection of resistance markers
- Pan Fungal Screening: Fujifilm-WAKO's kinetic turbidimetric method for the quantitative determination of Beta-D-Glucan in Monotest format
- Aspergillus Galactomannan: IMMY’s lateral flow assay can detect Aspergillus biomarkers in under an hour.
- Gradientech: QuickMIC® - the most rapid diagnostic system for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) of sepsis samples |
Thanksgiving Day has been celebrated in the United States since 1789 and as a federal holiday since 1885. The Episcopal Church numbers it among the major feasts in the Book of Common Prayer. Yet in recent years the practice of celebrating this holiday has undergone scrutiny and opposition by many, namely Indigenous Native American people. This critique is for good reason.
The Traditional Thanksgiving Day Narrative Is A Myth
While it is commonly seen as a day to give thanks to God for all the blessings we have received in our lives, the story of “the first Thanksgiving” is a narrative that ignores the devastating effects European colonization had, and continues to have, on the Indigenous people who reside in the United States. It is a narrative of America, one that is rooted in the Columbus Discovery and Manifest Destiny mythologies, which were influenced by the Doctrine of Discovery. This doctrine, a summary of papal edicts in the 15th and 16th centuries, legitimized European and Christian dominance of the Western Hemisphere. It continues today as the unacknowledged foundation for the systemic racism found in America and the Church. The traditional Thanksgiving Day narrative does not confront any of this rhetoric; rather, it supports it with a misleading story that is not just a myth, but a myth with an agenda. It extols Manifest Destiny and whitewashes the responsibility of the invading European nations (including what became known as the United States) of their role in a systemic process of land theft and genocide. It is a deception, and one that our country has gobbled up.
Thanksgiving Day: An Alternative View
Despite attempts to annihilate us, Indigenous people did not disappear. We are still around to tell our story. Most of us do celebrate Thanksgiving Day but from a different perspective. To us, it is about families gathering and feasting and giving thanks to the Creator who has given us the gift of resiliency and empowered us to survive in the face of all odds. This has always been a part of our culture since before the arrival of Europeans, and it will continue to be so.
In order to fully come to terms with our history, all Americans need to consider and take seriously the interpretations of past events from alternative perspectives. Abandoning the traditional Thanksgiving Day narrative is central to this reconciliation. Replacing it with an acknowledgment of what actually happened to America’s Indigenous peoples, and the role the Church played in it, is of paramount significance. It promotes an honest examination of our past. It dispels the myth of white dominance. It tells Indigenous people that we are not relics of the past, that we are very much still here, and we are a significant part of the American story, and in our own right, not as helpers of colonization. The Church should be a central part of making this transition happen. By doing so the Church will help correct the mistakes of the past that it created in the first place and liberate the Gospel from narratives based on greed and hate.
Moving Forward: Two Places to Start
The Episcopal Church repudiated the Doctrine of Discovery in 2009, and most mainline Christian denominations have also done so since then. But it’s taken over 400 years to get to this point, and substantive change is still far off. Two ways of moving forward are land acknowledgments and truth-telling: that is, publicly acknowledging the Indigenous tribes that once inhabited the territories we call our homes today, admitting to what happened to them, and listening to them tell their stories and witness to how colonization still affects them today. These necessary practices allow for the Indigenous narrative to be told and taught. They provide a place for Indigenous people in the nation and in the Church. They tell the good news that Indigenous people are still here.
For a sample Land Acknowledgement, click here.
The featured image (by Gordon Johnson on Pixabay) represents the traditional Thanksgiving mythological story. |
Bullies are people who perform acts of physical or verbal abuse repeatedly against other people who are perceived as less powerful.
As people have become more aware of bullying, research into this phenomenon has increased. Bullies and their victims are both at risk for short-and longterm problems with mental health. Prevention measures have increased, and anti-bullying curriculums are in place in many schools. Prevalence of the Internet (approximately 95% of teens are online) makes opportunities for bullying abundant, however. According to some data provided by the National Center for Education, one in three students reports being bullied. Most bullying occurs at school, with a lesser percent reported as cyberbullying. Reports of bullying often include the following behaviors: rumors, threats, being spat upon, having personal property destroyed, and being socially excluded.
Significantly, more than half of bullies stop their behavior when asked by a peer to stop immediately. Yet 90% of children have reported seeing a bullying incident happen and saying nothing. Bullying peaks in middle school and usually decreases by 10th grade. The majority of children choose to tell their parents about being bullied. Next, they tell their friends. Peer groups hold a great deal of power to help resolve the culture of childhood aggression. Girls are bullied more often than boys. Overweight children are bullied more often than those within a normal weight range.
Psychologists have identified anxiety and depression as frequent short-term effects of bullying. Research published in JAMA 2013 showed that long-term mental health effects of bullying are just as serious. A longitudinal study followed 1,400 children from ages 9 to 13 into adulthood. Of these adults, the ones who had been both bullies and bullied were most troubled. Twenty-five percent of these subjects were suicidal at an early age. Thirty-eight percent of these adults had some form of panic disorder. Men tended to develop depression, whereas women tended to develop agoraphobia. Adults who had only been bullies were often revealed to be antisocial. Adults who had only been the victims of bullies mostly developed anxiety disorders.
Bullying has lasting effects on self-image and mental health. Rather than seeing it as a rite of passage or an unavoidable experience in the school environment, psychologists now understand that bullying is more than childhood aggression or adolescent melodrama. Bullying lowers victims' self-esteem, makes them feel powerless, and often results in depression. The worst outcome of bullying is suicide.
Bullying can involve an older, larger child (or several children) victimizing a single child who is incapable of defending himself. Although much bullying goes unreported, it is estimated that in the average school incidents of bullying occur approximately once every seven minutes. Bullying occurs at about the same rate regardless of class size or school size. Rural schools appear to have a higher rate of bullying than urban or suburban schools. Even when bullying is reported, it is not always taken seriously by teachers and parents; many adults believe that children should learn to stand up for themselves.
Bullying begins at a very early age; bullies are evident in preschool classrooms. Until about age seven, bullies appear to choose their victims at random. After that, they single out specific children to torment on a regular basis. Nearly twice as much bullying occurs in grades two to four as in grades six to eight, and, as bullies grow older, the tools become more sophisticated. They rely less on physical abuse and more upon verbal abuse.
Until about sixth grade, bullies are not necessarily unpopular. They average two or three friends, and some children seem to admire them because they appear tough. By high school, however, their social acceptance has diminished to the point that their only friends are other bullies. Despite their unpopularity, bullies seem to have relatively high self-esteem. Some experts theorize that bullies may process social information inaccurately.
For example, bullies attribute hostile intentions to people around them; therefore, they perceive provocation where it does not exist. For the bully, perceived slights serve as justification for aggressive behavior.
Kowalski, Robin M., et al. Cyberbullying: Bullying in the Digital Age. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Monks, Claire P., and Iain Coyne, eds. Bullying in Different Contexts. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Vernberg, Eric M., and Bridget K. Biggs, eds. Preventing and Treating Bullying and Victimization. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. |
Its DNA sequence indicates that this early European was more closely related to a much earlier species of human living in Siberia about 700,000 years ago than to the later Neanderthals of Europe who became extinct about 30,000 years ago.
The genetic link between early Europeans and even earlier Asians has surprised researchers who had expected to find a closer genetic relationship to the later Neanderthals, who had occupied Europe for tens of thousands of years before eventually dying out after anatomically-modern humans arrived.
“It really raises more questions than it answers,” said Svante Paabo, the director the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig where the ancient DNA was extracted from the thigh bone of a skeleton excavated from the cave site known as the “pit of bones” in Sierra de Atapuerca.
More than 28 human skeletons have been excavated from Sima de los Huesos cave, along with the bones of extinct animals such as cave bears dating back about 600,000 years, making it one of the richest sources of prehistoric fossils in Europe.
Many palaeontologists believe that the femur bone used in the DNA extraction comes from an early “hominin” species known as Homo heidelbergensis, although other experts think that it is more likely to be a primitive ancestor of Neanderthal man.
However, what has surprised the researchers is the relatively close similarity between the mitochondrial DNA of this Neanderthal-like European and the mitochondrial DNA of the Denisovans, a species that lived about 700,000 years ago in the Altai mountains of Siberia and known only from a small finger bone and two relatively large molar teeth.
“The fact that the mitochondrial DNA of the Sima de los Huesos hominin shares a common ancestor with Denisovan rather than Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA is unexpected since its skeletal remains carry Neanderthal-derived features,” said Matthias Meyer of the Max Planck Institute, who led the study published in the journal Nature.
One possibility is that the Sima humans were related to a population of early man that was ancestral to both the Denisovans and the Neanderthals. Alternatively, there could have been interbreeding with another group of humans who brought Denisovan-like DNA from Asia into the Sima people or their direct ancestors.
Dr Paabo said that one way to resolve the conundrum over who was related to whom, would be to extract the nuclear DNA of the chromosomes, which is technically harder in fossilised bone than extracting the DNA of the mitochondria, which is inherited solely down the maternal line.
“Our results show that we can now study DNA from human ancestors that are hundreds of thousands of years old. This opens prospects to study the genes of ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans. It is tremendously exciting,” Dr Paabo said.
Juan-Luis Arsuaga, director of the Centre for Research on Human Evolution and Behaviour in Madrid, said: “The unexpected result points to a complex pattern of evolution in the origin of Neanderthals and modern humans. I hope that further research will help clarify the genetic relationships of the hominins from Sima de los Huesos to Neanderthals and Denisovans.”
Professor Chris Stringer, head of human origins at the Natural History Museum in London, said that the unusual finding poses intriguing questions about the early origins of Neanderthals and their relationship with other humans living at that time.
“It is exciting to see genetic material of this age being successfully sequenced. The mitochondrial DNA from a fossil femur found at La Sima de los Huesos or the Pit of Bones in Spain could be from around 400,000 years old. This represents the oldest human DNA material yet recovered,” Professor Stringer said.
By STEVE CONNOR
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Plans and Worksheets for Grade 3
Plans and Worksheets for all Grades
Lessons for Grade 3
Common Core For Grade 3
Videos, examples, solutions, and lessons to help Grade 3 students learn to solve real world and mathematical problems involving perimeters of polygons, including finding the perimeter given the side lengths, finding an unknown side length, and exhibiting rectangles with the same perimeter and different areas or with the same area and different perimeters.
Common Core: 3.MD.8
Suggested Learning Targets
- I can identify polygons.
- I can define perimeter.
- I can find the perimeter of polygons when give the lengths of all sides.
- I can find the unknown side lengths of polygons when given the perimeter.
- I can show how rectangles with the same perimeter can have different areas and show rectangles with the same area can have different perimeters.
- I can solve word problems.
Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving perimeters of polygons(3.MD.8)
3 MD 8 Lesson 1
In this lesson, you will learn how to determine the perimeter of a polygon by adding the side lengths.
3 MD 8 Lesson 2
In this lesson, you will learn how to find unknown side lengths of polygons given the perimeter.
3 MD 8 Lesson 3
In this lesson, you will learn how to find an unknown side length of a rectangle given the perimeter.
Finding the perimeter of Squares and Rectangles- 3.MD.8
Find Unknown Side Given Perimeter - 3.MD.8
Perimeter of Polygons
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
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This lesson is inspired by the work done by educators at the Edgerton Center at MIT, where they use LEGO pieces to teach students about chemical reactions.
I will use LEGO pieces as a tangible way to experience Law of Conservation of Matter, which is abstract and difficult to grasp with out a model.
My student goals include:
1.) I want them to have multiple ways to explain the idea of matter conservation (LEGOs, Simulation with sandwich parts, and simulation with models of molecules and atoms).
2.) I want them to see that what goes into a reaction, comes out, and that the most basic structure, such as pieces of bread and cheese--which model atoms and molecules--come out on the other side of the reaction.
Assessment boundary: Nothing will be covered about bonding of atoms and molecules. My students need to grasp the idea that matter is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes forms, so bonding doesn't matter right now. I am not concerned about misconceptions about bonding, because they will get more of that information in high school.
Giving students a solid foundation of conservation of matter will help my students when they are learning about energy and conservation of energy. In particular, when we study chemical changes, students can go back to the LEGO activity to see that when molecules break apart chemical energy can become available.
Prior to beginning this lesson, it is important that I get a sense of what my students already think or know coming in, so that I can identify common misconceptions. Once misconceptions are identified, I can plan to raise questions during class with individual students to challenge their views. The alternative of not addressing the misconceptions is that students continue to progress through science, skewing their view of how nature works.
I first ask students to explain what a chemical reaction was.
Common trends that I saw in student responses to this included:
1) "Fizzing must occur for a reaction to take place."
2) "Something new is made."
3) "Explosions happen."
These weren't necessarily incorrect, but they didn't represent deep conceptual understanding of the interactions of matter during a reaction. In particular, the interactions that result in new molecules and arrangements of matter that are derived from the original reactants.
Next, I want students to have a way to track their thoughts as they progressed through the unit, so I utilize a KLEWS chart. The KLEWS chart is them stapled into student notebooks and they periodically check back to update it as a homework assignment or, better yet, independently. Now that students have been using the KLEWS chart in class, they understand that updating it independently is an important part of the learning process.
The question on the KLEWS chart reads:
Can we create more matter or destroy matter that we already have?
I chose the Law of Conservation of Matter to anchor student understanding of how matter works. Students will develop an understanding over time that matter is not created or destroyed and this lesson sets out to help develop that idea with the concrete use of LEGOs and, later, with the PhET simulation. Regardless of the activity in the successive lessons, it's important for students to relate their experiences back to this question. Ultimately, students will create a Claims-Evidence-Reasoning statement to defend this question. The evidence collected form their research and investigations will be utilized to defend their claim, estblishing solid evidence-based argumentation abilities that are emphasized in Science and Engineering Practice 1 (Engaging in argument from evidence).
My intention of having students use LEGO blocks first is to provide a concrete experience that we can refer back to as we learn about matter conservation and chemical reactions.
To begin I prepare 6 LEGO kits that look like this.
I place each one in a small bin that is handed out to each group. I then ask each group to observe each of the separate LEGO arrangements and record their observations in the evidence column of their KLEWS chart.
Students work together to create new structures from the initial structures. They continue to record their new structures in their KLEWS chart, drawing the shapes and labeling the colors of each piece. The point of this activity is to establish the anchor experience for them to refer back to later. In that, they will begin to make connections in the next activity using the PhET simulation, especially when they realize that the number of atoms on the reactant side is the same as the amount of the same types of matter on the product side.
The get students to start making connections, I ask students to compare and contrast with their groups the similarities and differences between the initial structures and the new ones. Here are some of the common takeaways from the class discussion that ensues:
1.) Whatever is part of the original structures becomes part of the new structures, they are just rearranged.
2.) Some students even make the connection that nothing is removed (destroyed), it's just rearranged.
Students record comments from the class discussion in their notebooks.
Now that student have experienced and reflected on this anchor activity, it is time for them to delve a little deeper with the use of this PhET simulation.
Using this simulation, students will collect evidence that will lead to a deeper understanding of chemical reactions and matter conservation. I begin by reviewing how to navigate the simulation and the general set-up of the reactants and products. I state: "This is similar to the LEGO activity, only this is an online version that more accurately resembles what is going on during a reaction. The left hand side (reactants) represents the initial LEGO pieces, while the right hand side (products) represents the new structures that you made. To begin, we let's practice what we are going to do with the sandwich simulation. In this part, you have to put the correct amount of each piece, in order to create the sandwiches (products)."
As students go through this process, I require them to record pictures of the reactants vs. the products, similar to the LEGO activity when they drew the before and after pictures. I then explain that they will then move onto the next part of the activity which deals with molecules and atoms. Students will again perform the same task of drawing what they see on both sides. My goal this year, while teaching lessons more aligned with the NGSS, was to make phenomena more visual. This lesson emphasizes the importance of visual thinking to build deep conceptual understanding of the topic. Students can either record their evidence on the KLEWS chart, or place a note that states what pages in their science notebook contain their observations and comments.
Upon completing the first two parts of the simulation, sandwiches and molecules, students can challenge themselves by playing the game portion of the simulation. The game feature is great because it has students "balance" both sides of the reaction, reiterating the idea that matter is not created or destroyed. A particularly poignant aspect of the game is that it gives students the products and they have to pick--using the drop down arrows--the correct number of reactants.
Here is a student working through the game portion of the simulation.
I am checking for understanding in 2 ways:
1) I am circulating from group-to-group during the lesson and asking probing questions, like "What are you noticing from the simulation?" or "Are there any patterns that you're seeing in terms of the number of atoms on one side, compared to the other side of a reaction?"
2) I assign a 3-circle Venn Diagram to my students for HW. I ask them to compare and contrast the three important aspects of today's lesson:
How are the LEGO activity, Sandwich part of the simulation and Molecule part of the PhET simulation similar yet different?
We then review the Venn Diagram the next class to clarify meaning and activate prior knowledge. |
Dendritic cells (DCs) are white blood cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. They process antigen material from pathogens and put it on their surface. There it touches other cells of the immune system. So, dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Dendritic cells are present in tissues in contact with the external environment. These tissues are the skin, and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature state in the blood.
Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body. Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.
Immature dendritic cells constantly sample their surrounds for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. This is done through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs).
They eat pathogens and break down their proteins into small pieces and put these fragments on their cell surface using MHC molecules. Once activated, these cells move to the lymph nodes and become mature. They switch on cell-surface receptors which activate T cells and B cells to start and shape the adaptive immune response.
Dendritic cells were first described by Paul Langerhans (Langerhans cells) in the late nineteenth century. It wasn't until 1973, however, that Ralph Steinman and Zanvil Cohn gave them the name 'dendritic cells'. For discovering the central role of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response, Steinman was awarded the Albert Lasker Award in 2007, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011.
- At a particular stage, these cells grow branches called dendrites. The name comes from the Greek word δένδρον, or déndron that means "tree". Immature dendritic cells are also called veiled cells, as they have large cytoplasmic 'veils', not dendrites.
- Steinman R.M. & Cohn Z.A. (1973). "Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution". J. Exp. Med. 137 (5): 1142–62. doi:10.1084/jem.137.5.1142. PMC 2139237. PMID 4573839.
- Banchereau J. & Steinman R.M. (1998). "Dendritic cells and the control of immunity". Nature. 392 (6673): 245–52. doi:10.1038/32588. PMID 9521319.
- "The Lasker Foundation - 2007 Awards". Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2011"". |
Table of Contents hide
- How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism?
- "The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides." Discuss the causes and suggest suitable measures of mitigation.
- Explain the formation of thousands of islands in Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos.
- Why are the world's fold mountain systems located along the margins of continents? Bring out the association between the global distribution of Fold Mountains and the earthquakes and volcanoes.
- What do you understand by the theory of continental drift? Discuss the prominent evidences in its support.
- There is no formation of deltas by rivers of the Western Ghats. Why?
- Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents. Why?
- Bring out the causes for more frequent landslides in the Himalayas than in Western Ghats.
- Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples.
- How does the cryosphere affect global climate?
- What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia?
- Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in macro-climatic changes.
- Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they influence regional climates, fishing and navigation?
- How far do you agree that the behaviour of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss.
- Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Why?
- Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the El-Nino effect. Do you agree?
- Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian subcontinent.
- The recent cyclone on the east coast of India was called "Phailin". How are the tropical cyclones named across the world?
- Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world.
- What do you understand by the phenomenon of temperature inversion in meteorology? How does it affect the weather and the habitants of the place?
- Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology.
- What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India?
- How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment? Give suitable examples.
- Why is India taking keen in resources of Arctic region?
- What are the consequences of spreading of "Dead Zones on Marine Ecosystem?
- Defining blue resources, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India.
- Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multi-dimensional effects.
- In what way can floods be converted into a sustainable source of irrigation and all-weather inland navigation in India?
- "In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development". Discuss. (150 words)
- The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce the human miseries. Explain.
- South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment.
- Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations.
- Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India.
- In what way micro-watershed Development projects help in water conservation in drought prone and semi-arid regions of India.
- What are the economic significances of discovery of oil in Arctic Sea and its possible environmental consequences?
- India is well endowed with fresh water resources. Critically examine why it still suffers from water scarcity.
- The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand arc reaching the limits of their ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically evaluate.
- Critically evaluate the various resources of the oceans which can be harnessed to meet the resource crisis in the world.
- How does India see its place in the economic space of rising natural resource rich Africa?
- With growing scarcity of fossil fuels, the atomic energy is gaining more and more significance in India. Discuss the availability of raw material required for the generation of atomic energy in India and in the world.
- It is said the India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the needs of country for quarter century. However, tapping of the resources doesn't appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and issues involved.
- How is efficient and affordable urban mess transport key to the rapid economic development of India?
- With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the 'Smart City Programme'.
- Major cities of India are becoming more vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss.
- Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?
- Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this statement in the backdrop of rural urban integration.
- Discussion the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India.
- Can the strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India?
- Discuss the factors for the localisation of agro-based food processing industries of North-West India.
- What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India?Identifying the industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics.
- Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil producing areas, particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications.
- Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not succeed beyond the Darjeeling area. Explain.
- Account for the change in the spatial pattern of the Iron and Steel industry in the world.
- Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil and good availability of water?
- Do you agree that there is a growing trend of opening new sugar mills in the Southern states of India? Discuss with justification.
- Analyze the factors for highly decentralized cotton textile industry in India. |
Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder.
The cylinder is connected to a fluid-pumping system (typically, hydraulic systems like this use oil, but other incompressible fluids would also work). The hydraulic system has three parts:
- A tank (the fluid reservoir)
- A pump, powered by an electric motor
- A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.
When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays where it is.
To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve is operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch (check out How Electromagnets Work for information on solenoids). When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir. The car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve again. |
TAKE CONTROL OF MATH LD
(1) Get an informal assessment of your dyscalculia symptoms.
(2) Analyze math processing, math errors, and math learning history.
(3) Review teaching tools and strategies that will help manage the problem.
(1) Special teaching can show you how to think mathematically, using parts of your brain that work exceptionally well (like spoken and written language). We must bypass the defective math processing area.
(2) Another great angle, is to visit your local library and look in the math section.
You'll find hundreds of books that explain all of the essential math concepts visually.
Read these, as if reading to a younger child. Understand the ideas well enough to teach them to a young child,
(you can even pretend to teach the dog).
Illustrate and demonstrate the concepts.
(3) At the most fundamental level, you need to understand the base-ten system used in the USA.
You need to know that we have only 10 digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8. 9) that are combined to make all of the numbers we use,
just like we have only 26 letters that are combined to make all of our words.
(4) Just like with letters, digit order matters! As pit is different than tip, 124 is different than 421.
You have to be able to explain WHY this is so. Then you will get that it is no shame to triple check that you have the digits in the right order, because it makes a world of difference. It is certainly worth the time and trouble to investigate.
And once you know that you are plenty smart, but that your brain is prone to these types of mistakes, you will be INVESTED in using strategies to eliminate these mistakes. (Opposite of hating math, avoiding it, and expressing hostility toward it.)
(5) You can liken it to a man who is color blind. No amount of cursing, trying, willing, or determining, will make him see colors accurately! After getting laughed at for dressing funny or other embarrassments, he'll make sure he has a friend help him label his clothes by color so he can wash and organize them, and dress appropriately! Maybe he'll ask his friend to write on the labels: blu, blk, red, gre, org, brn... No shame there!
(6) Understand that the math processing center of your brain has a defect that we can't operate on to correct; but we do know that we can use the areas of our brain that work very well, to do some of the work that the damaged area should do. This is a relief because it means that you no longer are expected to try harder, or work longer, to get math!
(7) NOW YOU KNOW THAT YOU MUST WORK AT MATH DIFFERENTLY!
You can't learn math the normal way-- just like a blind person, or deaf person
cannot benefit from typical classroom instruction!
Because their disabilities are visible, everyone knows that they must use different methods
to acquire information, communicate, and navigate life.
Learning disabilities are just as real, and they also require totally DIFFERENT METHODS.
(8) For more on these methods, see:
(1) You will never outgrow dyscalculia, but you can conquer it by
learning to take control of your own thinking, learning and responses.
(2) For instance, you have dyscalculia, and may not remember accurately which exit to take,
so you should write it (plus all important roads and numbers) in black Sharpie on an index card,
and tape this to your dashboard for quick reference (as a backup to your phone or GPS),
because exit 118 and 181 are a great distance apart!
(3) You get the idea! Just knowing that you're prone to make these errors, allows you to control for them.
Now you can avoid the tears and frustration of getting lost, being late, and missing appointments.
When you didn't understand that you had a problem, you just lived in this perpetual state of confusion
and with the frustration and anger that resulted.
(4) Here's another example, instead of asking for a phone number,
or for someone to repeat instructions involving directions or numbers,
keep a pen and small notebook in your pocket and quickly pull it out and say,
"Would you mind writing that down for me? Thanks!"
(5) Now you can hand your phone to someone and ask them to call themselves,
or ask them to enter their contact info into your phone or write a note.
(6) The more you use these tactics, the more comfortable you are,
and the more efficient and successful you become.
(7) You will learn to do this for figuring discounts, sales tax and tips,
and for all of the other daily math tasks that can make you feel really bad
because (unless you have a strategy) your brain is too slow to calculate on the spot.
(8) Keep a calculator handy and know that multiplication means repeated addition and division means repeated subtraction.
(9) Know how to use a tip and sales tax calculator on your phone or device.
(10) Here's another example: You can't remember numbers,
not even how much you spent on lunch yesterday,
but if you set up transaction text message alerts and daily balance alerts and
calendar notifications and time reminders, you will always know what time it is
and what's coming up, and your bank balance and upcoming bills,
and it will be easy to look up all of the numbers in your life.
These are all examples of strategies that can make your disability invisible to others and manageable for you. |
What is radiation dose?
A dose of medical radiation is not like a dose of medicine. When it comes to radiation dose, there are different types of and units of measurement. Radiation dose is a complicated topic.
Why are there different ways to measure a dose of radiation?
When you think of a dose of medication, you think of an absolute measurement of the quantity you take. But radiation isn't measured by the quantity you take.
Radiation from medical examinations is similar to sunlight. The effect of sunlight on the skin depends on the light's intensity and how long a person stays in it.
Sunlight Effect Factors:
- Length of exposure
- Sensitivity of the skin
People often describe their level of sun exposure based on the effect it has on their skin. Friends may say "You got a lot of sun." Or, "You're red; that must hurt." They are gauging the amount of sunlight, to which you were exposed, by what they see.
Likewise, a radiation dose will tell us about an effect the radiation has on tissue. Radiation dose can be measured a number of ways.
What these different doses can tell us:
Let's begin by learning what the dose terms mean.
Absorbed dose is the concentration of energy deposited in tissue as a result of an exposure to ionizing radiation. Note: In this case, it means the energy absorbed by human tissue.
X-rays, unlike sunlight, can penetrate deep into the body and deposit energy in internal organs. X-rays can even pass through a person's body.
Absorbed dose describes the intensity of the energy deposited in any small amount of tissue located anywhere in the body.
The unit of measurement for absorbed dose is the milligray (mGy).
If you have a CT of your upper abdomen, the absorbed dose to your chest is very low, because it has only been exposed to a small amount of scattered radiation. The absorbed dose to your stomach, pancreas, liver and other organs is greatest, because they have been directly exposed.
Equivalent dose is an amount that takes the damaging properties of different types of radiation into account. (Not all radiation is alike.)
Absorbed vs. equivalent dose
The difference between absorbed dose in tissue and equivalent dose:
Because all radiation used in diagnostic medicine has the same low-harm potential, the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose are numerically the same. Only the units are different.
For diagnostic radiation: The equivalent dose in milliSievert (mSv) = the absorbed dose in mGy.
Effective dose is a calculated value, measured in mSv, that takes three factors into account:
- the absorbed dose to all organs of the body,
- the relative harm level of the radiation, and
- the sensitivities of each organ to radiation.
Effective dose: The quantity of effective dose helps us take into account sensitivity.
Different body parts have different sensitivities to radiation. For example, the head is less sensitive than the chest.
Effective dose relates to the overall long-term risk to a person from a procedure and is useful for comparing risks from different procedures.
Effective dose is not intended to apply to a specific patient.
The actual risk to a patient might be higher or lower, depending on the size of the patient and the type of procedure.
Example of absorbed dose, equivalent dose and effective dose. If you have a CT of the abdomen, what is the dose to the abdomen?
- Typical absorbed dose: 20 mGy
- Typical equivalent dose: 20 mSv
- Typical effective dose: 15 mSv
What dose should be used to assess potential long-term risks from various procedures?
Absorbed dose and equivalent dose measurements can be used to assess short-term risk to tissues. (Short term is weeks to months.)
For properly performed diagnostic examinations, there will be no short-term effects from the radiation exposure, so absorbed dose and equivalent dose are not very useful.
For patients, the most important dose quantity is effective dose, because it allows for simple comparisons of long-term risks.
Radiation dose is not like medicine. A dose of radiation is not the same as a dose of medication.
Radiation dose has many forms and includes: absorbed dose, equivalent dose and effective dose.
There are several quantities in which dose is measured (e.g., mGy, mSv). There are other dose quantities that have not been discussed.
The concepts of radiation dose may be confusing. You and your radiologist or medical physicist should work together to answer questions you have about radiation dose.
For more information, see the Radiation Dose in CT and X-ray Exams page.
This page was reviewed on May, 15, 2020 |
Conservation Of Energy Worksheet Pdf Answers
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Artificial Grass Anderson Transcripts
How they try this? Guidance How much total internal energy is produced during this process?
The worksheet answers |
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