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[
"Jorge Medina (cardinal)",
"position held",
"titular bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jorge Medina (cardinal)<\e1> and <e2>titular bishop<\e2>.
Bishop
Pro-Grand Chancellor of the Catholic University from 1974 to 1985, he was named titular bishop of Thibilis and auxiliary bishop of Rancagua on 18 December 1984. Medina was consecrated to the episcopate on 6 January 1985, by Pope John Paul II, with Cardinals Eduardo Martínez Somalo and Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy acting as co-consecrators. He was made Bishop of Rancagua on 25 November 1987, and then Bishop of Valparaíso on 16 April 1993.
|
position held
| 21,894 | 49,550 |
[
"Jorge Medina (cardinal)",
"position held",
"diocesan bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jorge Medina (cardinal)<\e1> and <e2>diocesan bishop<\e2>.
Bishop
Pro-Grand Chancellor of the Catholic University from 1974 to 1985, he was named titular bishop of Thibilis and auxiliary bishop of Rancagua on 18 December 1984. Medina was consecrated to the episcopate on 6 January 1985, by Pope John Paul II, with Cardinals Eduardo Martínez Somalo and Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy acting as co-consecrators. He was made Bishop of Rancagua on 25 November 1987, and then Bishop of Valparaíso on 16 April 1993.
|
position held
| 21,894 | 49,552 |
[
"Domenico Sorrentino",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Domenico Sorrentino<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Domenico Sorrentino (born 16 May 1948) is an Italian Catholic prelate and the current Bishop of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino since his appointment in 2005.Biography
He was born at Boscoreale, near Torre Annunziata and Pompei, outside Naples in Italy, in 1948. He undertook the usual seminary studies and was ordained a Catholic priest for the Diocese of Nola on 24 June 1972, having studied at the Roman ecclesiastical universities as a pupil of the Almo Collegio Capranica, an ancient Roman seminary named after Cardinal Domenico Capranica. About the same time, having left the Capranica, Sorrentino obtained a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and at substantially the same time a doctorate in political science from the University of Rome La Sapienza. He followed for a number of years the normal course of appointments in his home diocese as curate and then parish priest, but after a relatively short time was appointed to diocesan responsibilities for catechetics. He was also involved in the establishment of a library centred on the figure of the church father, Paulinus of Nola. Sorrentino also became a teacher in the Institute of Religious Science at Nola and in the theological faculty at Naples.
In 1992 he obtained a position in the Secretariat of State in Rome. Sorrentino's activities as a speechwriter in the Secretariat of State brought him into contact with Stanisław Dziwisz, principal private secretary to Pope John Paul II.
He was appointed on 17 February 2001 to the rank of archbishop and the post of Prelate of Pompeii, in effect a small diocese centred on a large and popular shrine of the Virgin in the modern township of Pompei, adjacent to the ruins of the Roman town buried in ancient times by volcanic eruption. Here Sorrentino set about plans for the rearrangement of the area surrounding the shrine, the provision of road access, and the like.
Sorrentino was appointed to the post of Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, on 2 August 2003. His most recent came on 19 November 2005, when he was appointed Bishop of Assisi, keeping the personal title of archbishop.
On November 28, 2020, Mgr Sorrentino and Mgr Giovanni Mosciatti, bishop of Imola, were the co-consecrators of bishop Mauro Gambetti who previously had been appointed cardinal by Pope Francis.
|
position held
| 21,896 | 49,555 |
[
"Domenico Sorrentino",
"position held",
"diocesan bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Domenico Sorrentino<\e1> and <e2>diocesan bishop<\e2>.
Domenico Sorrentino (born 16 May 1948) is an Italian Catholic prelate and the current Bishop of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino since his appointment in 2005.Biography
He was born at Boscoreale, near Torre Annunziata and Pompei, outside Naples in Italy, in 1948. He undertook the usual seminary studies and was ordained a Catholic priest for the Diocese of Nola on 24 June 1972, having studied at the Roman ecclesiastical universities as a pupil of the Almo Collegio Capranica, an ancient Roman seminary named after Cardinal Domenico Capranica. About the same time, having left the Capranica, Sorrentino obtained a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and at substantially the same time a doctorate in political science from the University of Rome La Sapienza. He followed for a number of years the normal course of appointments in his home diocese as curate and then parish priest, but after a relatively short time was appointed to diocesan responsibilities for catechetics. He was also involved in the establishment of a library centred on the figure of the church father, Paulinus of Nola. Sorrentino also became a teacher in the Institute of Religious Science at Nola and in the theological faculty at Naples.
In 1992 he obtained a position in the Secretariat of State in Rome. Sorrentino's activities as a speechwriter in the Secretariat of State brought him into contact with Stanisław Dziwisz, principal private secretary to Pope John Paul II.
He was appointed on 17 February 2001 to the rank of archbishop and the post of Prelate of Pompeii, in effect a small diocese centred on a large and popular shrine of the Virgin in the modern township of Pompei, adjacent to the ruins of the Roman town buried in ancient times by volcanic eruption. Here Sorrentino set about plans for the rearrangement of the area surrounding the shrine, the provision of road access, and the like.
Sorrentino was appointed to the post of Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, on 2 August 2003. His most recent came on 19 November 2005, when he was appointed Bishop of Assisi, keeping the personal title of archbishop.
On November 28, 2020, Mgr Sorrentino and Mgr Giovanni Mosciatti, bishop of Imola, were the co-consecrators of bishop Mauro Gambetti who previously had been appointed cardinal by Pope Francis.
|
position held
| 21,896 | 49,556 |
[
"Domenico Sorrentino",
"position held",
"Catholic archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Domenico Sorrentino<\e1> and <e2>Catholic archbishop<\e2>.
Biography
He was born at Boscoreale, near Torre Annunziata and Pompei, outside Naples in Italy, in 1948. He undertook the usual seminary studies and was ordained a Catholic priest for the Diocese of Nola on 24 June 1972, having studied at the Roman ecclesiastical universities as a pupil of the Almo Collegio Capranica, an ancient Roman seminary named after Cardinal Domenico Capranica. About the same time, having left the Capranica, Sorrentino obtained a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and at substantially the same time a doctorate in political science from the University of Rome La Sapienza. He followed for a number of years the normal course of appointments in his home diocese as curate and then parish priest, but after a relatively short time was appointed to diocesan responsibilities for catechetics. He was also involved in the establishment of a library centred on the figure of the church father, Paulinus of Nola. Sorrentino also became a teacher in the Institute of Religious Science at Nola and in the theological faculty at Naples.
In 1992 he obtained a position in the Secretariat of State in Rome. Sorrentino's activities as a speechwriter in the Secretariat of State brought him into contact with Stanisław Dziwisz, principal private secretary to Pope John Paul II.
He was appointed on 17 February 2001 to the rank of archbishop and the post of Prelate of Pompeii, in effect a small diocese centred on a large and popular shrine of the Virgin in the modern township of Pompei, adjacent to the ruins of the Roman town buried in ancient times by volcanic eruption. Here Sorrentino set about plans for the rearrangement of the area surrounding the shrine, the provision of road access, and the like.
Sorrentino was appointed to the post of Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, on 2 August 2003. His most recent came on 19 November 2005, when he was appointed Bishop of Assisi, keeping the personal title of archbishop.
On November 28, 2020, Mgr Sorrentino and Mgr Giovanni Mosciatti, bishop of Imola, were the co-consecrators of bishop Mauro Gambetti who previously had been appointed cardinal by Pope Francis.
|
position held
| 21,897 | 49,558 |
[
"Domenico Sorrentino",
"position held",
"Prelate of Pompei o Beatissima Vergine Maria del Santissimo Rosario"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Domenico Sorrentino<\e1> and <e2>Prelate of Pompei o Beatissima Vergine Maria del Santissimo Rosario<\e2>.
Biography
He was born at Boscoreale, near Torre Annunziata and Pompei, outside Naples in Italy, in 1948. He undertook the usual seminary studies and was ordained a Catholic priest for the Diocese of Nola on 24 June 1972, having studied at the Roman ecclesiastical universities as a pupil of the Almo Collegio Capranica, an ancient Roman seminary named after Cardinal Domenico Capranica. About the same time, having left the Capranica, Sorrentino obtained a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and at substantially the same time a doctorate in political science from the University of Rome La Sapienza. He followed for a number of years the normal course of appointments in his home diocese as curate and then parish priest, but after a relatively short time was appointed to diocesan responsibilities for catechetics. He was also involved in the establishment of a library centred on the figure of the church father, Paulinus of Nola. Sorrentino also became a teacher in the Institute of Religious Science at Nola and in the theological faculty at Naples.
In 1992 he obtained a position in the Secretariat of State in Rome. Sorrentino's activities as a speechwriter in the Secretariat of State brought him into contact with Stanisław Dziwisz, principal private secretary to Pope John Paul II.
He was appointed on 17 February 2001 to the rank of archbishop and the post of Prelate of Pompeii, in effect a small diocese centred on a large and popular shrine of the Virgin in the modern township of Pompei, adjacent to the ruins of the Roman town buried in ancient times by volcanic eruption. Here Sorrentino set about plans for the rearrangement of the area surrounding the shrine, the provision of road access, and the like.
Sorrentino was appointed to the post of Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, on 2 August 2003. His most recent came on 19 November 2005, when he was appointed Bishop of Assisi, keeping the personal title of archbishop.
On November 28, 2020, Mgr Sorrentino and Mgr Giovanni Mosciatti, bishop of Imola, were the co-consecrators of bishop Mauro Gambetti who previously had been appointed cardinal by Pope Francis.
|
position held
| 21,897 | 49,559 |
[
"Giuseppe Pasotto",
"position held",
"titular bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Giuseppe Pasotto<\e1> and <e2>titular bishop<\e2>.
Biography
Born in Bovolone, in the Province of Verona, still a young man Pasotto entered in the seminary of the Congregation of the Sacred Stigmata of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Stigmatines) and was ordained a priest on 12 May 1979 by Cardinal Lucas Moreira Neves. In 1993, he went to Georgia, following a request by the Congregation of the Holy See of the Catholic presence in the Latin Church in the country (made possible by the dissolution of the USSR). In 1996 he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Caucasus of the Latins, exercising a pastoral role equivalent to that of bishop for Latin Catholics of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Pasotto was appointed Titular Bishop of Musti by Pope John Paul II, from which he was ordained on 6 January 2000 in St. Peter's Basilica. In 2005 he convened the first diocesan synod Apostolic Administration of the Caucasus. In 2008, during the Russia-Georgia war between Russia and Georgia, Pasotto denounced that "the people's fear is to be left alone in front of the Russian giant, and that Westerners only know how to speak well". Under his administration, the Catholic Church in Tbilisi opened its doors to refugees from the affected areas. According to the bishop, the Catholic Church was the first to get humanitarian aid through to Gori, having delivered it to the Orthodox bishop, to be distributed.
|
position held
| 21,898 | 49,560 |
[
"Giuseppe Pasotto",
"position held",
"apostolic administrator"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Giuseppe Pasotto<\e1> and <e2>apostolic administrator<\e2>.
Biography
Born in Bovolone, in the Province of Verona, still a young man Pasotto entered in the seminary of the Congregation of the Sacred Stigmata of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Stigmatines) and was ordained a priest on 12 May 1979 by Cardinal Lucas Moreira Neves. In 1993, he went to Georgia, following a request by the Congregation of the Holy See of the Catholic presence in the Latin Church in the country (made possible by the dissolution of the USSR). In 1996 he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Caucasus of the Latins, exercising a pastoral role equivalent to that of bishop for Latin Catholics of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Pasotto was appointed Titular Bishop of Musti by Pope John Paul II, from which he was ordained on 6 January 2000 in St. Peter's Basilica. In 2005 he convened the first diocesan synod Apostolic Administration of the Caucasus. In 2008, during the Russia-Georgia war between Russia and Georgia, Pasotto denounced that "the people's fear is to be left alone in front of the Russian giant, and that Westerners only know how to speak well". Under his administration, the Catholic Church in Tbilisi opened its doors to refugees from the affected areas. According to the bishop, the Catholic Church was the first to get humanitarian aid through to Gori, having delivered it to the Orthodox bishop, to be distributed.
|
position held
| 21,898 | 49,561 |
[
"Edward James Slattery",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Edward James Slattery<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Bishop of Tulsa
On November 11, 1993, Pope John Paul II appointed Slattery as the third bishop of the Diocese of Tulsa. He was consecrated by John Paul II in Rome on January 6, 1994, with Archbishops Giovanni Re and Josip Uhac serving as co-consecrators, in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Slattery selected as his episcopal motto: "Tu Solus Sanctus", meaning, "You alone are the Holy One."Pope Francis accepted Slattery's letter of resignation as bishop of Tulsa on May 13, 2016, appointing Father David Konderla to succeed him.
|
position held
| 21,900 | 49,563 |
[
"Edward James Slattery",
"position held",
"diocesan bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Edward James Slattery<\e1> and <e2>diocesan bishop<\e2>.
Bishop of Tulsa
On November 11, 1993, Pope John Paul II appointed Slattery as the third bishop of the Diocese of Tulsa. He was consecrated by John Paul II in Rome on January 6, 1994, with Archbishops Giovanni Re and Josip Uhac serving as co-consecrators, in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Slattery selected as his episcopal motto: "Tu Solus Sanctus", meaning, "You alone are the Holy One."Pope Francis accepted Slattery's letter of resignation as bishop of Tulsa on May 13, 2016, appointing Father David Konderla to succeed him.
|
position held
| 21,900 | 49,566 |
[
"Rino Passigato",
"position held",
"apostolic nuncio to Bolivia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Rino Passigato<\e1> and <e2>apostolic nuncio to Bolivia<\e2>.
Diplomatic career
In 1991 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Nova Caesaris and Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Burundi.
By 1996 he was Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia and in 1999 he moved on to Peru.
On 8 November 2008, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal.He also served in the Apostolic Nunciature in Australia in the late 1970s and in the United Kingdom under Apostolic Nuncio Barbaroto.
|
position held
| 21,904 | 49,569 |
[
"Jean-Paul Gobel",
"position held",
"apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Paul Gobel<\e1> and <e2>apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua<\e2>.
Biography
Gobel was born on 14 May 1943 and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Annecy on 29 June 1969.
He completed the program of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1970 and then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. His early assignments were in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Burundi. Beginning in May 1989, Gobel was the first of several Holy See diplomats assigned to Hong Kong in order to study at close hand the Church in China and the longterm prospects for relations between China and the Holy See. While based in Hong Kong, he visited Mongolia at the invitation of the government to study how to establish a Catholic missionary presence there, which resulted in the assignment of that work to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Calatia and Apostolic Nuncio to Armenia and to Georgia on 7 December 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1994. On 15 January 1994, John Paul named him Nuncio to Azerbaijan as well. On 6 December 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Cape Verde, and Apostolic Delegate to Mauritania.On 31 October 2001, John Paul appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua, on 10 October 2007 to Iran, and on 5 January 2013 to Egypt as well as Delegate to the Arab League. He ended his service as nuncio when he was replaced by Bruno Musarò on 5 February 2015.
|
position held
| 21,906 | 49,571 |
[
"Jean-Paul Gobel",
"position held",
"apostolic nuncio to Cape Verde"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Paul Gobel<\e1> and <e2>apostolic nuncio to Cape Verde<\e2>.
Biography
Gobel was born on 14 May 1943 and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Annecy on 29 June 1969.
He completed the program of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1970 and then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. His early assignments were in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Burundi. Beginning in May 1989, Gobel was the first of several Holy See diplomats assigned to Hong Kong in order to study at close hand the Church in China and the longterm prospects for relations between China and the Holy See. While based in Hong Kong, he visited Mongolia at the invitation of the government to study how to establish a Catholic missionary presence there, which resulted in the assignment of that work to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Calatia and Apostolic Nuncio to Armenia and to Georgia on 7 December 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1994. On 15 January 1994, John Paul named him Nuncio to Azerbaijan as well. On 6 December 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Cape Verde, and Apostolic Delegate to Mauritania.On 31 October 2001, John Paul appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua, on 10 October 2007 to Iran, and on 5 January 2013 to Egypt as well as Delegate to the Arab League. He ended his service as nuncio when he was replaced by Bruno Musarò on 5 February 2015.
|
position held
| 21,906 | 49,573 |
[
"Jean-Paul Gobel",
"position held",
"apostolic nuncio to Egypt"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Paul Gobel<\e1> and <e2>apostolic nuncio to Egypt<\e2>.
Biography
Gobel was born on 14 May 1943 and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Annecy on 29 June 1969.
He completed the program of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1970 and then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. His early assignments were in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Burundi. Beginning in May 1989, Gobel was the first of several Holy See diplomats assigned to Hong Kong in order to study at close hand the Church in China and the longterm prospects for relations between China and the Holy See. While based in Hong Kong, he visited Mongolia at the invitation of the government to study how to establish a Catholic missionary presence there, which resulted in the assignment of that work to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Calatia and Apostolic Nuncio to Armenia and to Georgia on 7 December 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1994. On 15 January 1994, John Paul named him Nuncio to Azerbaijan as well. On 6 December 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Cape Verde, and Apostolic Delegate to Mauritania.On 31 October 2001, John Paul appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua, on 10 October 2007 to Iran, and on 5 January 2013 to Egypt as well as Delegate to the Arab League. He ended his service as nuncio when he was replaced by Bruno Musarò on 5 February 2015.
|
position held
| 21,906 | 49,574 |
[
"Jean-Paul Gobel",
"position held",
"apostolic nuncio to Senegal"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Paul Gobel<\e1> and <e2>apostolic nuncio to Senegal<\e2>.
Biography
Gobel was born on 14 May 1943 and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Annecy on 29 June 1969.
He completed the program of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1970 and then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. His early assignments were in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Burundi. Beginning in May 1989, Gobel was the first of several Holy See diplomats assigned to Hong Kong in order to study at close hand the Church in China and the longterm prospects for relations between China and the Holy See. While based in Hong Kong, he visited Mongolia at the invitation of the government to study how to establish a Catholic missionary presence there, which resulted in the assignment of that work to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Calatia and Apostolic Nuncio to Armenia and to Georgia on 7 December 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1994. On 15 January 1994, John Paul named him Nuncio to Azerbaijan as well. On 6 December 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Cape Verde, and Apostolic Delegate to Mauritania.On 31 October 2001, John Paul appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua, on 10 October 2007 to Iran, and on 5 January 2013 to Egypt as well as Delegate to the Arab League. He ended his service as nuncio when he was replaced by Bruno Musarò on 5 February 2015.
|
position held
| 21,906 | 49,575 |
[
"Jean-Paul Gobel",
"position held",
"apostolic nuncio to Guinea-Bissau"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Paul Gobel<\e1> and <e2>apostolic nuncio to Guinea-Bissau<\e2>.
Biography
Gobel was born on 14 May 1943 and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Annecy on 29 June 1969.
He completed the program of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1970 and then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. His early assignments were in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Burundi. Beginning in May 1989, Gobel was the first of several Holy See diplomats assigned to Hong Kong in order to study at close hand the Church in China and the longterm prospects for relations between China and the Holy See. While based in Hong Kong, he visited Mongolia at the invitation of the government to study how to establish a Catholic missionary presence there, which resulted in the assignment of that work to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Calatia and Apostolic Nuncio to Armenia and to Georgia on 7 December 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1994. On 15 January 1994, John Paul named him Nuncio to Azerbaijan as well. On 6 December 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Cape Verde, and Apostolic Delegate to Mauritania.On 31 October 2001, John Paul appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua, on 10 October 2007 to Iran, and on 5 January 2013 to Egypt as well as Delegate to the Arab League. He ended his service as nuncio when he was replaced by Bruno Musarò on 5 February 2015.
|
position held
| 21,906 | 49,577 |
[
"Jean-Paul Gobel",
"position held",
"Apostolic Nuncio to Azerbaijan"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Paul Gobel<\e1> and <e2>Apostolic Nuncio to Azerbaijan<\e2>.
Biography
Gobel was born on 14 May 1943 and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Annecy on 29 June 1969.
He completed the program of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1970 and then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. His early assignments were in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Burundi. Beginning in May 1989, Gobel was the first of several Holy See diplomats assigned to Hong Kong in order to study at close hand the Church in China and the longterm prospects for relations between China and the Holy See. While based in Hong Kong, he visited Mongolia at the invitation of the government to study how to establish a Catholic missionary presence there, which resulted in the assignment of that work to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Calatia and Apostolic Nuncio to Armenia and to Georgia on 7 December 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1994. On 15 January 1994, John Paul named him Nuncio to Azerbaijan as well. On 6 December 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Cape Verde, and Apostolic Delegate to Mauritania.On 31 October 2001, John Paul appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua, on 10 October 2007 to Iran, and on 5 January 2013 to Egypt as well as Delegate to the Arab League. He ended his service as nuncio when he was replaced by Bruno Musarò on 5 February 2015.
|
position held
| 21,906 | 49,578 |
[
"Jean-Paul Gobel",
"position held",
"Apostolic Nuncio to Iran"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Paul Gobel<\e1> and <e2>Apostolic Nuncio to Iran<\e2>.
Biography
Gobel was born on 14 May 1943 and ordained a priest for the Diocese of Annecy on 29 June 1969.
He completed the program of study at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1970 and then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. His early assignments were in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Burundi. Beginning in May 1989, Gobel was the first of several Holy See diplomats assigned to Hong Kong in order to study at close hand the Church in China and the longterm prospects for relations between China and the Holy See. While based in Hong Kong, he visited Mongolia at the invitation of the government to study how to establish a Catholic missionary presence there, which resulted in the assignment of that work to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Calatia and Apostolic Nuncio to Armenia and to Georgia on 7 December 1993. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1994. On 15 January 1994, John Paul named him Nuncio to Azerbaijan as well. On 6 December 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Cape Verde, and Apostolic Delegate to Mauritania.On 31 October 2001, John Paul appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua, on 10 October 2007 to Iran, and on 5 January 2013 to Egypt as well as Delegate to the Arab League. He ended his service as nuncio when he was replaced by Bruno Musarò on 5 February 2015.
|
position held
| 21,906 | 49,579 |
[
"Giovanni d'Aniello",
"position held",
"Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Giovanni d'Aniello<\e1> and <e2>Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil<\e2>.
Biography
Born in Aversa in the Campania Region of Italy on 5 January 1955, d'Aniello studied at the local seminary and was ordained a priest on 8 December 1978.He obtained a doctorate in canon law. To prepare for a diplomatic career, he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1979. He joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 June 1983 and his early postings took him to Burundi, Thailand, Lebanon, and Brazil. He also worked in Rome in the Section for Relations with the States of the Secretariat of State of the Holy See, where he had responsibility for the Middle East.On 15 December 2001, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Paestum and Pontifical Representative to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 2002 from Pope John Paul. His title was changed to Apostolic Nuncio on 12 January 2002.On 22 September 2010, Pope Benedict XVI named him Nuncio to both Thailand and Cambodia as well as Apostolic Delegate to both Myanmar and Laos. In March 2011, on a visit with Burmese refugees at a camp in Thailand he offered support and said that the "Church’s work for refugees is an essential work of the Church".On 10 February 2012, he was named Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil.On 1 June 2020, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to the Russian Federation.
|
position held
| 21,909 | 49,587 |
[
"Giovanni d'Aniello",
"position held",
"Catholic archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Giovanni d'Aniello<\e1> and <e2>Catholic archbishop<\e2>.
Giovanni d’Aniello (born 5 January 1955) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who works in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. An archbishop since 2001, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to the Russian Federation on 1 June 2020. He has been apostolic nuncio or apostolic delegate to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma and Laos, and Brazil.
|
position held
| 21,908 | 49,588 |
[
"Giovanni d'Aniello",
"position held",
"titular archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Giovanni d'Aniello<\e1> and <e2>titular archbishop<\e2>.
Giovanni d’Aniello (born 5 January 1955) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who works in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. An archbishop since 2001, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to the Russian Federation on 1 June 2020. He has been apostolic nuncio or apostolic delegate to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma and Laos, and Brazil.Biography
Born in Aversa in the Campania Region of Italy on 5 January 1955, d'Aniello studied at the local seminary and was ordained a priest on 8 December 1978.He obtained a doctorate in canon law. To prepare for a diplomatic career, he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1979. He joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 June 1983 and his early postings took him to Burundi, Thailand, Lebanon, and Brazil. He also worked in Rome in the Section for Relations with the States of the Secretariat of State of the Holy See, where he had responsibility for the Middle East.On 15 December 2001, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Paestum and Pontifical Representative to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 2002 from Pope John Paul. His title was changed to Apostolic Nuncio on 12 January 2002.On 22 September 2010, Pope Benedict XVI named him Nuncio to both Thailand and Cambodia as well as Apostolic Delegate to both Myanmar and Laos. In March 2011, on a visit with Burmese refugees at a camp in Thailand he offered support and said that the "Church’s work for refugees is an essential work of the Church".On 10 February 2012, he was named Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil.On 1 June 2020, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to the Russian Federation.
|
position held
| 21,907 | 49,589 |
[
"Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya",
"position held",
"Catholic bishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya<\e1> and <e2>Catholic bishop<\e2>.
Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya (7 October 1939 – 11 July 2021) was a Congolese prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the Archbishop of Kinshasa from 2007 to 2018. He became a cardinal in 2010. He was widely recognized as a champion of peace, dialogue, and human rights.
|
position held
| 21,911 | 49,593 |
[
"Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya",
"position held",
"Catholic archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya<\e1> and <e2>Catholic archbishop<\e2>.
Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya (7 October 1939 – 11 July 2021) was a Congolese prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the Archbishop of Kinshasa from 2007 to 2018. He became a cardinal in 2010. He was widely recognized as a champion of peace, dialogue, and human rights.
|
position held
| 21,911 | 49,599 |
[
"Pedro López Quintana",
"position held",
"Catholic archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Pedro López Quintana<\e1> and <e2>Catholic archbishop<\e2>.
Biography
Pedro López Quintana was born on 27 July 1953 in Barbastro, Spain. His parents were from Galicia. He entered the seminary in Compostela where he did his ecclesiastical studies and graduated in theology. He was ordained a priest on 15 June 1980 by Pope John Paul II.
To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1980 He earned a licentiate in Dogmatic Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and a doctorate in Canon Law from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (the Angelicum). He joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 10 February 1984 and his early assignments included stints in Madagascar, the Philippines, and India. On 7 February 1998, he took up the post of Assessor for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State in Rome.On 27 August 1986 Pope John Paul II appointed him a chaplain of His Holiness with the title monsignor.On 12 December 2002, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Acropolis. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 2003 from Pope John Paul. On 8 February of that year, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to India and Nepal. On 10 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him nuncio to Canada, a post he resigned on 28 September 2013.
On 8 March 2014, Pope Francis appointed him apostolic nuncio to Lithuania. On 22 March 2014, Pope Francis also appointed him Nuncio to Estonia and to Latvia. This continues the recent practice of having a single apostolic nuncio representing the Holy See in the Baltic states but residing at the nunciature in Vilnius.
On 4 March 2019 Francis named him Apostolic Nuncio to Austria.
|
position held
| 21,916 | 49,610 |
[
"Pedro López Quintana",
"position held",
"titular archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Pedro López Quintana<\e1> and <e2>titular archbishop<\e2>.
Biography
Pedro López Quintana was born on 27 July 1953 in Barbastro, Spain. His parents were from Galicia. He entered the seminary in Compostela where he did his ecclesiastical studies and graduated in theology. He was ordained a priest on 15 June 1980 by Pope John Paul II.
To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1980 He earned a licentiate in Dogmatic Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and a doctorate in Canon Law from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (the Angelicum). He joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 10 February 1984 and his early assignments included stints in Madagascar, the Philippines, and India. On 7 February 1998, he took up the post of Assessor for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State in Rome.On 27 August 1986 Pope John Paul II appointed him a chaplain of His Holiness with the title monsignor.On 12 December 2002, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Acropolis. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 2003 from Pope John Paul. On 8 February of that year, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to India and Nepal. On 10 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him nuncio to Canada, a post he resigned on 28 September 2013.
On 8 March 2014, Pope Francis appointed him apostolic nuncio to Lithuania. On 22 March 2014, Pope Francis also appointed him Nuncio to Estonia and to Latvia. This continues the recent practice of having a single apostolic nuncio representing the Holy See in the Baltic states but residing at the nunciature in Vilnius.
On 4 March 2019 Francis named him Apostolic Nuncio to Austria.
|
position held
| 21,916 | 49,611 |
[
"Varkey Vithayathil",
"position held",
"cardinal"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Varkey Vithayathil<\e1> and <e2>cardinal<\e2>.
Varkey Vithayathil (29 May 1927 – 1 April 2011) was an Indian cardinal, served as Head and Father of Syro Malabar Church and Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly. He was also a religious priest of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer.
|
position held
| 21,918 | 49,616 |
[
"Varkey Vithayathil",
"position held",
"apostolic administrator"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Varkey Vithayathil<\e1> and <e2>apostolic administrator<\e2>.
Provincial Superior
From 1978 to 1984 he was the Provincial Superior of the Redemptorist Provinces of India and Sri Lanka. Then, from 1984 to 1985 he was President of the India Conference of Religious. In 1990, he was appointed as the Apostolic Administrator of the Asirvanam Benedictine Monastery in Bangalore by Pope John Paul II.Metropolitan and Gate of all India
He was appointed Apostolic Administrator of Ernakulam-Angamaly on 11 November 1996 and was consecrated a bishop on 6 January 1997. Pope John Paul II appointed him as the Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly and Head of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, on 23 December 1999. In February 2008 he was elected President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of India and held the presidency from 19 February 2008 to 3 March 2010.
|
position held
| 21,922 | 49,622 |
[
"Varkey Vithayathil",
"position held",
"Catholic archbishop"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Varkey Vithayathil<\e1> and <e2>Catholic archbishop<\e2>.
Varkey Vithayathil (29 May 1927 – 1 April 2011) was an Indian cardinal, served as Head and Father of Syro Malabar Church and Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly. He was also a religious priest of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer.Metropolitan and Gate of all India
He was appointed Apostolic Administrator of Ernakulam-Angamaly on 11 November 1996 and was consecrated a bishop on 6 January 1997. Pope John Paul II appointed him as the Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly and Head of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, on 23 December 1999. In February 2008 he was elected President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of India and held the presidency from 19 February 2008 to 3 March 2010.
|
position held
| 21,923 | 49,623 |
[
"Alfio Rapisarda",
"position held",
"apostolic nuncio to Bolivia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Alfio Rapisarda<\e1> and <e2>apostolic nuncio to Bolivia<\e2>.
Biography
Alfio Rapisarda was born on 3 September 1933 in Zafferana Etnea, Province of Catania, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 14 July 1957. He earned a doctorate in canon law and entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962. He completed the course of studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1960. His early assignments included stints in Honduras, Brazil, France, Yugoslavia, and Lebanon.On 22 April 1979, Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Archbishop of Cannae and Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia and consecrated him a bishop on 27 May.On 29 January 1985, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil on 2 June 1992, and Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal on 12 October 2002. In 2004 Portugal and the Holy See signed a new concordat, replacing an outdated one from 1940.Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation on 8 November 2008.
|
position held
| 21,924 | 49,629 |
[
"Alfio Rapisarda",
"position held",
"Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Alfio Rapisarda<\e1> and <e2>Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil<\e2>.
Biography
Alfio Rapisarda was born on 3 September 1933 in Zafferana Etnea, Province of Catania, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 14 July 1957. He earned a doctorate in canon law and entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962. He completed the course of studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1960. His early assignments included stints in Honduras, Brazil, France, Yugoslavia, and Lebanon.On 22 April 1979, Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Archbishop of Cannae and Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia and consecrated him a bishop on 27 May.On 29 January 1985, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil on 2 June 1992, and Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal on 12 October 2002. In 2004 Portugal and the Holy See signed a new concordat, replacing an outdated one from 1940.Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation on 8 November 2008.
|
position held
| 21,924 | 49,630 |
[
"Internationalist Theatre",
"founded by",
"Angelique Rockas"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Internationalist Theatre<\e1> and <e2>Angelique Rockas<\e2>.
Internationalist Theatre is a London theatre company founded by South African Greek actress Angelique Rockas in September 1980. The company was originally named New Internationalist Theatre, with an intention to pursue an internationalist approach in its choice of plays as well as "a multi-racial drama policy, with an even mix of performers drawn from different cultural groups", The Stage, April 1981.The theatre has received coverage from stage papers around the world. It received charity status in 1986.
|
founded by
| 22,084 | 49,853 |
[
"HeartattaCk",
"founded by",
"Kent McClard"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>HeartattaCk<\e1> and <e2>Kent McClard<\e2>.
Early life
McClard grew up in a "broken home" and says he was a troublesome child. As a teenager, he discovered hardcore punk; its freedom and specific ethics have influenced him deeply and helped to "define" his life. After that he began several DIY enterprises, including what is said to be the first show and the first fanzine of his town.
|
founded by
| 22,086 | 49,855 |
[
"Alan Hovhaness",
"residence",
"Seattle"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Alan Hovhaness<\e1> and <e2>Seattle<\e2>.
Later life
Hovhaness was inducted into the National Institute of Arts and Letters (1951), and received honorary D.Mus. degrees from the University of Rochester (1958), Bates College (1959) and the Boston Conservatory (1987). He moved to Seattle in the early 1970s, where he lived for the rest of his life. In 1973, he composed his third and final ballet score for Martha Graham: Myth of a Voyage, and over the next twenty years (between 1973 and 1992) he produced no fewer than 37 new symphonies.
He created a major work, The Rubaiyat, A Musical Setting in 1975, which was for narrator and orchestra and has been twice recorded. Rubaiyat refers to the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet.Continuing his interest in composing for Asian instruments, in 1981, at the request of Lou Harrison, he composed two works for Indonesian gamelan orchestra which were premiered by the gamelan at Lewis & Clark College, under the direction of Vincent McDermott.
Hovhaness was survived by his sixth wife, the coloratura soprano Hinako Fujihara Hovhaness (1932-2022), who administers the Hovhaness-Fujihara music publishing company, [1] as well as a daughter (from his first wife), harpsichordist Jean Nandi (b. 1935).
|
residence
| 22,115 | 49,912 |
[
"William Leidesdorff",
"residence",
"Yerba Buena"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>William Leidesdorff<\e1> and <e2>Yerba Buena<\e2>.
In San Francisco
On arriving at Yerba Buena, Leidesdorff, Jr. began to re-build his businesses. The village cove then only had thirty European-Mexican families, so it did not take long for the ambitious man to make an impact. He launched the first steamboat to operate on San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River; it was 37 feet (11 m) long and purchased in Alaska. He built the City Hotel, the first hotel in San Francisco, and the first commercial shipping warehouse, the latter on what became Leidesdorff Street off the Embarcadero.
In 1844 Leidesdorff obtained a vast land grant through favor from the Mexican government for 35,521 acres (143.75 km2) on the south bank of the American River, near today's Californian City of Sacramento.He named the property Rancho Rio de los Americanos. During this period, Mexico encouraged leading Americans to settle in its territory by granting large land grants; in exchange the government required Americans to convert to Catholicism, the state religion; learn to speak Spanish; and accept Mexican citizenship. He went on to establish extensive commercial relations throughout Hawaii, Alaska and Mexican California.
During the eight years of his residence, Leidesdorff served as one of six aldermen or town councilors of the Ayuntamiento. After the United States took over California following the Mexican–American War, he was one of three members on the first San Francisco school board, which organized the first public school in the city; later he was elected City Treasurer. His house was one of the largest, and he donated land for the first public school.In 1845, during the President James Polk administration, Leidesdorff accepted the request from United States Consul Thomas O. Larkin to serve as the US Vice Consul to Mexico at the Port of San Francisco, a measure of his political standing in region. Larkin was the first and last U.S. consul appointed to serve in California. Before the American flag was raised over San Francisco (July 1846), Leidesdorff had the U.S. Declaration of Independence read for the first time in California on the veranda at his home in celebration of Independence Day.
Leidesdorff, Jr. achieved a high reputation for integrity and enterprise; he is said to have been "liberal, hospitable, cordial, confiding even to a fault." Leidesdorff became one of the wealthiest man in California. The value of his property near Sacramento began to rise dramatically just before his death, when gold was discovered along the American River just above his Leidesdorff Ranch, in the Gold Mining District of California.
In March 1848, the California Star reported the total non-Native population of San Francisco as only 812: 575 males, 177 females and 60 children. In May 1848, the vast majority of men departed for the American River gold fields in hopes of striking it rich. Other towns were nearly emptied in the frenzy of the Gold Rush.
|
residence
| 22,157 | 49,983 |
[
"Johann Moritz Rugendas",
"residence",
"Augsburg"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Johann Moritz Rugendas<\e1> and <e2>Augsburg<\e2>.
On his return to Europe between 1825 and 1828, Rugendas lived successively in Paris, Augsburg and Munich, with the aim of learning new art techniques, such as oil painting. There, he published from 1827 to 1835, with the help of Victor Aimé Huber, his monumental book Voyage Pittoresque dans le Brésil (Picturesque Voyage to Brazil), with more than 500 illustrations. It was considered one of the most important documents about Brazil in the 19th century.
|
residence
| 22,170 | 50,000 |
[
"Demiplane (company)",
"founded by",
"human"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Demiplane (company)<\e1> and <e2>human<\e2>.
History
In 2019, Demiplane was founded by Peter Romenesko and Travis Frederick with the platform launching officially in 2020. Romenesko and Frederick grew up in the Lake Geneva area playing tabletop games together "and eventually re-united to build Demiplane". Demiplane acts as a platform for various tabletop role-playing game tools such as game hosting and matchmaking, shared game journals, and digital compendiums for licensed games. The company has received funding from TitletownTech and uses TitletownTech's startup incubator office space.In March 2021, Adam Bradford – founder of D&D Beyond – joined the company as the Chief Development Officer. From October to December 2021, Demiplane announced three partnerships for their new Nexus digital toolset: Pathfinder Nexus with Paizo, World of Darkness Nexus (for games such as Vampire: The Masquerade and Werewolf: the Apocalypse) with Paradox Interactive, and Free League Nexus with Free League Publishing. An early access version of Pathfinder Nexus, titled Pathfinder Primer, was launched at the time of the announcement. Nexus has been called the "equivalent to digital toolset D&D Beyond" for other role-playing games.In April 2022, Demiplane announced that they will host the new Marvel tabletop role-playing game titled Marvel Multiverse Role-Playing Game NEXUS with the digital playtest rulebook and early access given to users who pre-order the game. In June 2022, early access for Vampire: The Masquerade Nexus was launched. This is the first Demiplane toolset to include digital/physical bundles for a roleplaying game. Demiplane also announced that they are developing Nexus support for the World of Darkness game Hunter: The Reckoning. In October 2022, Magpie Games announced that early access for Avatar Legends Nexus, Demiplane's digital toolset Avatar Legends: The Roleplaying Game, was launching that month.In February 2023, Demiplane announced the upcoming 5E Nexus which will support third-party Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition (D&D) publishers who use the D&D 5.1 System Reference Document; this announcement included "pre-launch" tools such as 5E group matchmaking and group creation. A rule compendium, a digital reader, and a character builder are scheduled to be released in waves over 2023. Bradford said the intent at the moment was not to partner with Wizards of the Coast on official D&D products.
|
founded by
| 22,200 | 50,070 |
[
"International Cospas-Sarsat Programme",
"founded by",
"Canada"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>International Cospas-Sarsat Programme<\e1> and <e2>Canada<\e2>.
The International Cospas-Sarsat Programme is a satellite-aided search and rescue (SAR) initiative. It is organized as a treaty-based, nonprofit, intergovernmental, humanitarian cooperative of 45 nations and agencies (see infobox). It is dedicated to detecting and locating emergency locator radio beacons activated by persons, aircraft or vessels in distress, and forwarding this alert information to authorities that can take action for rescue. Member countries operate a constellation of around 66 satellites orbiting the Earth which carry radio receivers capable of locating an emergency beacon anywhere on Earth transmitting on the Cospas-Sarsat frequency of 406 MHz.
Distress alerts are detected, located and forwarded to over 200 countries and territories at no cost to beacon owners or the receiving government agencies. Cospas-Sarsat was conceived and initiated by Canada, France, the United States, and the former Soviet Union in 1979. The first rescue using the technology of Cospas-Sarsat occurred on 10 September 1982 (1982-09-10). The definitive agreement of the organization was signed by those four States as the "Parties" to the agreement on 1 July 1988.
The term Cospas-Sarsat derives from COSPAS (КОСПАС), an acronym from the transliterated Russian "Космическая Система Поиска Аварийных Судов" (Latin script: "Cosmicheskaya Sistema Poiska Avariynyh Sudov"), meaning "Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress", and SARSAT, an acronym for "Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking".
|
founded by
| 22,205 | 50,077 |
[
"Wassenaar Arrangement",
"headquarters location",
"Vienna"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Wassenaar Arrangement<\e1> and <e2>Vienna<\e2>.
The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies is a multilateral export control regime (MECR) with 42 participating states including many former Comecon (Warsaw Pact) countries established in 1996.
The Wassenaar Arrangement was established to contribute to regional and international security and stability by promoting transparency and greater responsibility in transfers of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies, thus preventing destabilizing accumulations. Participating states seek, through their national policies, to ensure that transfers of these items do not contribute to the development or enhancement of military capabilities which undermine these goals, and are not diverted to support such capabilities.
It is the successor to the Cold War–era Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom), and was established on 12 July 1996, in Wassenaar, the Netherlands, which is near The Hague. The Wassenaar Arrangement is considerably less strict than CoCom, focusing primarily on the transparency of national export control regimes and not granting veto power to individual members over organizational decisions. A Secretariat for administering the agreement is located in Vienna, Austria. Like CoCom, however, it is not a treaty, and therefore is not legally binding.
Every six months member countries exchange information on deliveries of conventional arms to non-Wassenaar members that fall under eight broad weapons categories: battle tanks, armoured fighting vehicles, large-calibre artillery, military aircraft, military helicopters, warships, missiles or missile systems, and small arms and light weapons.
|
headquarters location
| 22,208 | 50,083 |
[
"Australia Group",
"founded by",
"Australia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Australia Group<\e1> and <e2>Australia<\e2>.
The Australia Group is a multilateral export control regime (MECR) and an informal group of countries (now joined by the European Commission) established in 1985 (after the use of chemical weapons by Iraq in 1984) to help member countries to identify those exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.The group, initially consisting of 15 members, held its first meeting in Brussels, Belgium, in June 1985. With the incorporation of India on January 19, 2018, it now has 43 members, including Australia, New Zealand, the European Commission, all 27 member states of the European Union, United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, India, Ukraine, and Argentina. The name comes from Australia's initiative to create the group. Australia manages the secretariat.
The initial members of the group had different assessments of which chemical precursors should be subject to export control. Later adherents initially had no such controls. Today, members of the group maintain export controls on a uniform list of 87 compounds, including several that are not prohibited for export under the Chemical Weapons Convention, but can be used in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Additionally, the Australia Group expanded its standardization of licensing and export controls to cover technology related to the manufacturing of chemical weapons or controlled components.
In 2002, the group took two important steps to strengthen export control. The first was the "no-undercut" requirement, which stated that any member of the group considering making an export to another state that had already been denied an export by any other member of the group must first consult with that member state before approving the export. The second was the "catch-all" provision, which requires member states to halt all exports that could be used by importers in chemical or biological weapons programs, regardless of whether the export is on the group's control lists. Delegations representing the members meet every year in Paris, France.
|
founded by
| 22,209 | 50,086 |
[
"Missile Technology Control Regime",
"founded by",
"United States of America"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Missile Technology Control Regime<\e1> and <e2>United States of America<\e2>.
History
The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) was established in April 1987 by the G7 countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was created to curb the spread of unmanned delivery systems for nuclear weapons, specifically systems which can carry a payload of 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) for 300 kilometres (190 mi).
The MTCR applies to exports to members and non-members. An aide-mémoire attached to the agreement says that it does not supersede prior agreements, which NATO members say allows the supply of Category 1 systems between NATO members. An example is the export by the United States of Trident missiles to the United Kingdom for nuclear-weapons delivery.At the annual meeting in Oslo from 29 June to 2 July 1992, chaired by Sten Lundbo, it was agreed to expand the MTCR's scope to include nonproliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for weapons of mass destruction. Prohibited materials are divided into two categories, which are outlined in the MTCR Equipment, Software, and Technology Annex. Thirty-five nations are members, with India joining on 27 June 2016.According to the Arms Control Association, the MTCR has been successful in helping to slow (or stop) several ballistic missile programs: "Argentina, Egypt, and Iraq abandoned their joint Condor II ballistic missile program. Brazil and South Africa also shelved or eliminated missile or space launch vehicle programs. Some former Warsaw Pact countries, such as Poland and the Czech Republic, destroyed their ballistic missiles, in part, to better their chances of joining MTCR." In October 1994, the MTCR member states established a "no undercut" policy: if one member denies the sale of technology to another country, all members must do likewise.China originally viewed the MTCR as a discriminatory measure by Western governments, which sold sophisticated military aircraft while restricting sales of competing ballistic missiles. It verbally agreed that it would adhere to the MTCR in November 1991, and included the assurance in a letter from its foreign minister in February 1992. China reiterated its pledge in the October 1994 US-China joint statement. In their October 1997 joint statement, the United States and China said that they agreed "to build on the 1994 Joint Statement on Missile Nonproliferation." The Missiles and Missile-related Items and Technologies Export Control List, a formal regulation, was issued in August 2002. The following year, the MTCR chair invited China to participate. China requested to join the MTCR in 2004, but membership was not offered because of concerns about the country's export-control standards.
Israel, Romania and Slovakia have agreed to follow MTCR export rules, although they are not yet members.The regime has its limitations; member countries have been known to clandestinely violate the rules. Some of these countries, with varying degrees of foreign assistance, have deployed medium-range ballistic missiles which can travel more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) and are researching missiles with greater ranges; Israel and China have deployed strategic nuclear SLCMs, ICBMs and satellite-launch systems. Countries which are not MTCR members buy and sell on the global arms market; North Korea is currently viewed as the primary source of ballistic-missile proliferation in the world, and China has supplied ballistic missiles and technology to Pakistan. China supplied DF-3A IRBMs to Saudi Arabia in 1988 before it informally agreed to follow MTCR guidelines. Israel cannot export its Shavit space-launch system due to its non-member MTCR status, although the Clinton administration allowed an import waiver for US companies to buy the Shavit in 1994.Over 20 countries have ballistic missile systems. The International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (ICOC), also known as the Hague Code of Conduct, was established in 2002. The code, which calls for restraint and care in the proliferation of ballistic missile systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction, has 119 members. Its mission is similar to the MTCR's, an export group.
India applied for membership in June 2015 with support from Russia, France and the United States, and became a member on 27 June 2016.Pakistan is not a member of the MTCR. Although it has expressed a desire to join the group, it has not submitted an application. The Pakistani government has pledged to adhere to MTCR guidelines, but the words of trust from Pakistan is always doubtful.
In 2020, the U.S. government announced that it would reinterpret its implementation of the MTCR to expedite sales of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to other countries. The revised U.S. policy will reinterpret how the MTCR applies to drones which travel at speeds under 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph), such as the Predator and Reaper drones (made by General Atomics) and the Global Hawk drone (made by Northrop Grumman).
|
founded by
| 22,210 | 50,091 |
[
"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations",
"headquarters location",
"Oslo"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations<\e1> and <e2>Oslo<\e2>.
The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) is a foundation that takes donations from public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations, to finance research projects which are not longer independent to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EID).CEPI is focused on the World Health Organization's (WHO) "blueprint priority diseases", which include: the Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the Nipah virus, the Lassa fever virus, and the Rift Valley fever virus, as well as the Chikungunya virus and the hypothetical, unknown pathogen "Disease X". CEPI investment also requires "equitable access" to the vaccines during outbreaks, although subsequent CEPI policy changes may have compromised this criterion.CEPI was conceived in 2015 and formally launched in 2017 at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland. It was co-founded and co-funded with US$460 million from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the governments of India and Norway, and was later joined by the European Union (2019) and the United Kingdom (2020). CEPI is headquartered in Oslo, Norway.History
Founding
The concept for CEPI was outlined in a July 2015 paper in The New England Journal of Medicine, titled "Establishing a Global Vaccine-Development Fund", co-authored by British medical researcher Jeremy Farrar (a director of Wellcome Trust), American physician Stanley A. Plotkin (co-discoverer of the Rubella vaccine), and American expert in infectious diseases Adel Mahmoud (developer of the HPV vaccine and rotavirus vaccine).Their concept was further expanded at the 2016 WEF in Davos, where it was discussed as a solution to the problems encountered in developing and distributing a vaccine for the Western African Ebola virus epidemic. Co-founder and funder, Bill Gates said: "The market is not going to solve this problem because epidemics do not come along very often — and when they do you are not allowed to charge some huge premium price for the tools involved". CEPI's creation was also supported and co-funded by the pharmaceutical industry including GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), with CEO Sir Andrew Witty explaining at the WEF, "It is super-disruptive when the red phone rings in our vaccine division because of a health emergency. People do not realise that there's no spare capacity in the world's vaccine production system today".CEPI was formally launched at the 2017 WEF in Davos, with an initial investment of US$460 million by a consortium that included the governments of Norway, Japan, and Germany, The Wellcome Trust, and the Gates Foundation; India joined a short time afterwards. In a launch interview with the Financial Times (FT), Gates said that a key goal was to reduce the time to develop vaccines from 10 years to less than 12 months.The initial targets were the six EID viruses with known potential to cause major epidemics, being: MERS, Lassa fever, Nipah virus, Ebola, Marburg fever and Zika. The FT reported CEPI would "build the scientific and technological infrastructure for developing vaccines quickly against pathogens that emerge from nowhere to cause a global health crisis, such as Sars in 2002/03 and Zika in 2015/16", and fund research papers on the costs and process of vaccine development. Town & Country listed it as one of the top-10 newsworthy moments from the 2017 Davos. At launch, Norwegian physician John-Arne Røttingen, who led the steering committee for Ebola vaccine trials, served as interim CEO, and CEPI was based at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in Oslo.In April 2017, Richard J. Hatchett, former director of the U.S. government's Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), became the full-time CEO. Hatchett was also a member of the United States Homeland Security Council under George W. Bush, and the United States National Security Council, under Barack Obama. Also in April 2017, CEPI opened an additional office in London, and in October 2017, a further office was opened in Washington, D.C. Nature later stated, "It is by far the largest vaccine development initiative ever against viruses that are potential epidemic threats".In 2020, CEPI was identified by several media outlets as a "key player in the race to develop a vaccine" for coronavirus disease 2019.
|
headquarters location
| 22,220 | 50,113 |
[
"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations",
"founded by",
"Wellcome Trust"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations<\e1> and <e2>Wellcome Trust<\e2>.
The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) is a foundation that takes donations from public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations, to finance research projects which are not longer independent to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EID).CEPI is focused on the World Health Organization's (WHO) "blueprint priority diseases", which include: the Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the Nipah virus, the Lassa fever virus, and the Rift Valley fever virus, as well as the Chikungunya virus and the hypothetical, unknown pathogen "Disease X". CEPI investment also requires "equitable access" to the vaccines during outbreaks, although subsequent CEPI policy changes may have compromised this criterion.CEPI was conceived in 2015 and formally launched in 2017 at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland. It was co-founded and co-funded with US$460 million from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the governments of India and Norway, and was later joined by the European Union (2019) and the United Kingdom (2020). CEPI is headquartered in Oslo, Norway.
|
founded by
| 22,219 | 50,115 |
[
"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations",
"founded by",
"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations<\e1> and <e2>Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation<\e2>.
The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) is a foundation that takes donations from public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations, to finance research projects which are not longer independent to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EID).CEPI is focused on the World Health Organization's (WHO) "blueprint priority diseases", which include: the Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the Nipah virus, the Lassa fever virus, and the Rift Valley fever virus, as well as the Chikungunya virus and the hypothetical, unknown pathogen "Disease X". CEPI investment also requires "equitable access" to the vaccines during outbreaks, although subsequent CEPI policy changes may have compromised this criterion.CEPI was conceived in 2015 and formally launched in 2017 at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland. It was co-founded and co-funded with US$460 million from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the governments of India and Norway, and was later joined by the European Union (2019) and the United Kingdom (2020). CEPI is headquartered in Oslo, Norway.
|
founded by
| 22,219 | 50,116 |
[
"Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo",
"headquarters location",
"Sarajevo"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo<\e1> and <e2>Sarajevo<\e2>.
The Research and Documentation Center Sarajevo (RDC), (Bosnian: Istraživačko dokumentacioni centar Sarajevo (IDC)) was an institution based in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, partly funded by the Norwegian government that aimed to gather facts, documents, and data on genocide, war crimes, and human rights violations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It described itself as an independent, non-governmental, non-profit, professional and nonpartisan institution. RDC investigated issues regardless of the ethnic, political, religious, social, or racial affiliation of the victims.
The Center was made up of independent members, intellectuals and professionals from different academic disciplines. All of RDC's documents (witness statements, photo and video material, etc.) have been made available to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague, as well as to the Bosnian courts, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), scientific institutions and the media.
|
headquarters location
| 22,223 | 50,118 |
[
"Continental Army",
"founded by",
"George Washington"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Continental Army<\e1> and <e2>George Washington<\e2>.
The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies representing the Thirteen Colonies and later the United States during the American Revolutionary War. It was formed on June 14, 1775 by a resolution passed by the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia after the war's outbreak. The Continental Army was created to coordinate military efforts of the colonies in the war against the British, who sought to maintain control over the American colonies. General George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and maintained this position throughout the war.
The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and volunteer troops that were either loyal to individual states or otherwise independent. Most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war. The Continental Army's 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form what was to become the Legion of the United States in 1792, which ultimately served as the foundation for the creation of the U.S. Army.
|
founded by
| 22,228 | 50,127 |
[
"Culper Ring",
"founded by",
"George Washington"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Culper Ring<\e1> and <e2>George Washington<\e2>.
The Culper Ring was a network of spies active during the American Revolutionary War, organized by Major Benjamin Tallmadge and General George Washington in 1778 during the British occupation of New York City. The name "Culper" was suggested by George Washington and taken from Culpeper County, Virginia. The leaders of the spy ring were Abraham Woodhull and Robert Townsend, using the aliases of "Samuel Culper Sr." and "Samuel Culper Jr.", respectively; Tallmadge was referred to as "John Bolton".
While Tallmadge was the spies' direct contact, Washington often directed their operations. The ring was tasked to provide Washington information on British Army operations in New York City, the British headquarters. Its members operated mostly in New York City, Long Island, and Connecticut between late October 1778 and the British evacuation of New York in 1783.
The information supplied by the spy ring included details of a surprise attack on the newly arrived French forces under Lieutenant General Rochambeau at Newport, Rhode Island, before they had recovered from their arduous sea voyage, as well as a British plan to counterfeit American currency on the actual paper used for Continental dollars, which prompted the Continental Congress to retire the bills.
The ring also informed Washington that Tryon's raid of July 1779 was intended to divide his forces and allow Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton to attack them piecemeal. In 1780, the Culper Ring discovered a high-ranking American officer, subsequently identified as Benedict Arnold, was plotting with British Major John André to turn over the vitally important American fort at West Point, New York on the Hudson River and surrender its garrison to the British forces.
|
founded by
| 22,229 | 50,131 |
[
"United States Park Police",
"founded by",
"George Washington"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>United States Park Police<\e1> and <e2>George Washington<\e2>.
History
The Park Watchmen were first recruited in 1791 by George Washington to protect federal property in the District of Columbia. The police functioned as an independent agency of the federal government until 1849, when it was placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior. In 1867, Congress transferred the police to the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, under the supervision of the Chief of Engineers of the Army Corps of Engineers. The Watchmen were given the same powers and duties as the Metropolitan Police of Washington in 1882. Their name was officially changed to the present United States Park Police in 1919. In 1925, Congress placed the Park Police in the newly created Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital. Headed by an Army officer, Lt. Col. Ulysses S. Grant III, the office reported directly to the President of the United States. In 1933, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt transferred the police to the National Park Service.Their authority first began to expand outside D.C. in 1929, and today they are primarily responsible for the Gateway National Recreation Area units in New York City-New Jersey and the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco, as well as the many designated areas in Washington D.C. and the neighboring counties in Maryland and Virginia. These sites include the National Mall, the C&O Canal towpath in the region, and the parallel roadways of the George Washington Memorial Parkway in Virginia and Clara Barton Parkway in Maryland, as well as the federally maintained segment of the Baltimore Washington Parkway in Maryland.
|
founded by
| 22,230 | 50,134 |
[
"Gyulaj Hunting Hungary",
"headquarters location",
"Tamási"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Gyulaj Hunting Hungary<\e1> and <e2>Tamási<\e2>.
One of Hungary's 22 state owned forestry and hunting companies is Gyulaj Forestry and Hunting Private Limited Company (Gyulaj Plc for short). Its online marketing brand name is Gyulaj Hunting Hungary. Besides forest management one of its main business activities is big game management carried out in professional and traditional near- nature way. Its game management branch activities include receiving international hunting clients for purpose of hunting for local big game species (red deer, fallow deer, wild boar, roe deer). Its business premises are located in Tamási, South- West Hungary in Tolna County. Among the Hungarian state-owned forestries Gyulaj Plc is the leader by its highest rate of incomings from hunting section (approx. 30%) compared to the total annual incomings of the company. By this performance Gyulaj Forestry and Hunting Plc is a key player of the Hungarian big games management and hunting. Its legal predecessors and different hunting grounds look back at a rich hunting history and performance: a heritage that has been kept alive until today. Gyulaj Forestry and Hunting Plc has been operating in the legal form of a private limited company (by shares) since November 3, 2005. With its center in Tamási it presently does forest management on nearly 23,500 hectares (nearly 60,000 US acres) state forestland and quality game management on nearly 30,000 hectares (nearly 75,000 US acres) in South-West Hungary.
It has three different forestry- offices in Tamási, Hőgyész and Pincehely, in this last case together with a sub-office in Nagydorog. The company has four different game management districts (hunting grounds): in Tamási (called Gyulaj Hunting Ground), Hőgyész (called Hőgyész Hunting Ground), Pincehely and Kistápé (called Pincehely and Németkér Hunting Ground) districts, the hunting areas being between 7,000 and 8,000 hectares (17,000 and 20,000 acres) each. For the time being there are six hunting lodges for catering and lodging purposes: in two lodges at Óbiród (on Gyulaj Hunting Ground), in Kisszékely and Kistápé (on Pincehely and Németkér Hunting Ground) and Csibrák, as well as in Szálláspuszta (both on Hőgyész Hunting Ground). The company is dealing with the management and hunting of three deer species (fallow deer, red deer, roe deer) and wild boar in both closed (fenced areas) and open, free range areas; and with the management and hunting of red deer and roe deer in free range only. 100% of the shares are owned by the Hungarian state, ownership rights are currently managed by the Ministry of Agriculture of Hungary (Földművelésügyi Minisztérium - FM).
|
headquarters location
| 22,232 | 50,139 |
[
"European Space Agency",
"headquarters location",
"Paris"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>European Space Agency<\e1> and <e2>Paris<\e2>.
The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200, as of 2018, and an annual budget of about €4.9 billion, as of 2023.ESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of uncrewed exploration missions to other planets (such as Mars,) and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou (French Guiana), France. The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle. The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion spacecraft service module that will fly on the Space Launch System.ESA headquarter is in Paris, France
ESA science missions are based at ESTEC in Noordwijk, Netherlands;
Earth Observation missions at ESA Centre for Earth Observation in Frascati, Italy;
ESA Mission Control (ESOC) is in Darmstadt, Germany;
the European Astronaut Centre (EAC) that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in Cologne, Germany;
the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), a research institute created in 2009, is located in Harwell, England;
the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) is located in Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain.
the European Space Security and Education Centre (ESEC), located in Redu, Belgium;
the ESTRACK tracking and deep space communication network.
Many other facilities are operated by national space agencies in close collaboration with ESA.
Esrange near Kiruna in Sweden.
Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, France
Toulouse Space Centre, France.
Institute of Space Propulsion in Lampoldshausen, Germany.
Columbus Control Centre in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.
|
headquarters location
| 22,234 | 50,141 |
[
"Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales",
"owned by",
"Ministry of Finance"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales<\e1> and <e2>Ministry of Finance<\e2>.
Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI) is a Spanish state holding company that is characterized as a Sovereign wealth fund. It is controlled by the Ministry of the Treasury.
SEPI was preceded by the Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI) and the Instituto Nacional de Hidrocarburos (INH). On June 16, 1995, SEPI was created in a provisional restructure which was authorized by Decree number 5/1995. On January 10, 1996, SEPI was ratified by Act of Parliament number 5/1999. This provided for the creation of various public legal entities and the abolition of the INI and the INH.
|
owned by
| 22,238 | 50,147 |
[
"Fédération Cynologique Internationale",
"founded by",
"Belgium"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Fédération Cynologique Internationale<\e1> and <e2>Belgium<\e2>.
History
The FCI was founded in 1911 under the auspices of the kennel clubs of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Its objective was to bring global uniformity to the breeding, exhibiting and judging of pure-bred dogs. It was disbanded in World War I and recreated in 1921 by Belgium and France. Since its foundation the FCI's membership has grown to include kennel clubs from across Europe as well as Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania.The official purebred registries in North America that are not members or contract partners of FCI include the American Kennel Club (AKC), Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) and United Kennel Club (UKC), and in Europe, The Kennel Club (TKC). According to AKC's Denise Flaim, crafting a workable standard is a challenge, and the "FCI standards typically have a greater number of disqualifications, which are sometimes subjective, and their impact on a dog's career is not as dire."
|
founded by
| 22,242 | 50,152 |
[
"Fédération Cynologique Internationale",
"founded by",
"France"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Fédération Cynologique Internationale<\e1> and <e2>France<\e2>.
History
The FCI was founded in 1911 under the auspices of the kennel clubs of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Its objective was to bring global uniformity to the breeding, exhibiting and judging of pure-bred dogs. It was disbanded in World War I and recreated in 1921 by Belgium and France. Since its foundation the FCI's membership has grown to include kennel clubs from across Europe as well as Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania.The official purebred registries in North America that are not members or contract partners of FCI include the American Kennel Club (AKC), Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) and United Kennel Club (UKC), and in Europe, The Kennel Club (TKC). According to AKC's Denise Flaim, crafting a workable standard is a challenge, and the "FCI standards typically have a greater number of disqualifications, which are sometimes subjective, and their impact on a dog's career is not as dire."
|
founded by
| 22,242 | 50,153 |
[
"Fédération Cynologique Internationale",
"headquarters location",
"Thuin"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Fédération Cynologique Internationale<\e1> and <e2>Thuin<\e2>.
The Fédération cynologique internationale (FCI) (English: International Canine Federation) is the largest international federation of national kennel clubs. It is based in Thuin, Belgium.
|
headquarters location
| 22,241 | 50,156 |
[
"European Air Transport Command",
"headquarters location",
"Eindhoven"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>European Air Transport Command<\e1> and <e2>Eindhoven<\e2>.
The European Air Transport Command (EATC) is the command centre that exercises the operational control of the majority of the aerial refueling capabilities and military transport fleets of a consortium of seven European Union (EU) member states. As of January 2015, the combined fleet under the authority of the EATC represents 75% of the European air transport capacity. Located at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands, the command also bears a limited responsibility for exercises, aircrew training and the harmonisation of relevant national air transport regulations.The command was established in 2010 with a view to provide a more efficient management of the participating nations' assets and resources in this field.
The EATC is presently not established at the EU level (referred to as the Common Security and Defence Policy, CSDP); it is for instance not a project of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) of the CSDP. The EATC and its assets may however contribute in the implementation of the CSDP, when made available as a multinational force in accordance with article 42.3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU).
|
headquarters location
| 22,244 | 50,157 |
[
"First Geneva Convention",
"founded by",
"Switzerland"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>First Geneva Convention<\e1> and <e2>Switzerland<\e2>.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), while recognising that it is "primarily the duty and responsibility of a nation to safeguard the health and physical well-being of its own people", knew there would always, especially in times of war, be a "need for voluntary agencies to supplement…the official agencies charged with these responsibilities in every country." To ensure that its mission was widely accepted, it required a body of rules to govern its own activities and those of the involved belligerent parties.
Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, and Mexico, to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva. The meeting was presided over by General Guillaume Henri Dufour. The conference took place in the Alabama room at Geneva's Hotel de Ville (city hall) on 22 August 1864. The conference adopted the first Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field". Representatives of 12 states signed the convention:
|
founded by
| 22,246 | 50,161 |
[
"Nyenschantz",
"founded by",
"Sweden"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Nyenschantz<\e1> and <e2>Sweden<\e2>.
Nyenschantz (Russian: Ниенша́нц, Nienshants; Swedish: Nyenskans; Finnish: Nevanlinna) was a Swedish fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. Nyenschantz was built in 1611 to establish Swedish rule in Ingria, which had been annexed from the Tsardom of Russia during the Time of Troubles. The town of Nyen, which formed around Nyenschantz, became a wealthy trading center and a capital of Swedish Ingria during the 17th century. In 1702, Nyenschantz and Nyen were conquered by Russia during the Great Northern War, and the new Russian capital of Saint Petersburg was established by Peter the Great in their place the following year.
|
founded by
| 22,249 | 50,167 |
[
"PostNord",
"owned by",
"Sweden"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>PostNord<\e1> and <e2>Sweden<\e2>.
PostNord AB is a provider of postal services operating mainly in the Nordic countries. The company was formed on 24 June 2009, under the name Posten Norden, as the holding company in a merger between the Danish and Swedish postal service providers Post Danmark A/S and Posten AB. In 2011, the name of the company was changed to PostNord.The owners of PostNord Group are the state of Sweden (60 percent) and the state of Denmark (40 percent). The voting rights are, however, split equally (50/50) between the two owners, and the respective owners name equal numbers of corporate board members.In 2015, the subsidiary that operates in Sweden changed its name from Posten AB to PostNord Group AB, whereas the name of the legal entity operating in Denmark was not changed. In Sweden, as of 2020, the group is the second largest employer by number of employees, after Volvo Cars.
|
owned by
| 22,252 | 50,172 |
[
"Fort Augustaborg",
"founded by",
"Denmark"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Fort Augustaborg<\e1> and <e2>Denmark<\e2>.
Fort Augustaborg was a Danish fort on the eastern Gold Coast in present-day Ghana, which was located about 15 km east of Fort Christiansborg near present-day Teshie.History
The fort was named for Princess Louise Augusta of Denmark, the fort was constructed in 1787 to combat attacks from the Portuguese Empire. It was also used as a post for the Atlantic slave trade. Five years later, Denmark was the first European nation to abolish the slave trade.On 17 August 1850, the fort was one of five Danish forts purchased by Queen Victoria.After the independence of Ghana in 1957, the fort became owned by the new administration. Along with 32 other forts and castles along Ghana’s coast, Fort Augusaborg is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
|
founded by
| 22,255 | 50,178 |
[
"Tenjukoku Shūchō Mandala",
"owned by",
"Chūgū-ji"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Tenjukoku Shūchō Mandala<\e1> and <e2>Chūgū-ji<\e2>.
Replica and current version
The mandala is held at the Nara National Museum, but remains the property of the Chūgū-ji temple in Nara Prefecture. The extant version was created in the Edo period by combining remnants of the original embroidery with a replica made in the late 13th century.Its association with the temple and its reconstruction are due to the work of the Buddhist nun Shinnyo, who recovered the original mandala from its storage at Hōryū-ji in 1273. According to the narratives of Shinnyo's life, she had a dream in which she learned that the mandala contained the death date of the Princess Anahobe no Hashihito (穴穂部間人皇女, Anahobe no Hashihito no Himemiko), consort of Emperor Jomei and mother of Shōtoku (Shinnyo was researching Hashihito, the patroness of Chūgū-ji, as part of her work to restore the temple). The mandala was locked away at Hōryū-ji, but a break-in at the Hōryū-ji treasury allowed Shinnyo to access their stores under the pretext of checking for damages. There, she found the mandala, severely damaged, and was given permission to remove it to Chūgū-ji. She subsequently took it on a fund-raising tour to Kyoto, and received enough donations to fund the creation of a replica.Both the replica and the original were damaged by fires at Chūgū-ji in the early fourteenth century, but the damaged pieces were preserved and in the nineteenth century were combined to create the current version. The colour fastness of the original material was superior to that of the later replica; in the extant version of the artwork, the brighter sections are all derived from the original.
|
owned by
| 22,339 | 50,289 |
[
"The Gambia",
"headquarters location",
"Banjul"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>The Gambia<\e1> and <e2>Banjul<\e2>.
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean, and elucidates the long shape of the country. It has an area of 11,300 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area, while the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.The Portuguese in 1455 entered the Gambian region, the first Europeans to do so, but never established important trade there. In 1765, the Gambia was made a part of the British Empire by establishment of the Gambia. In 1965, the Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara, who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup. Adama Barrow became the Gambia's third president in January 2017, after defeating Jammeh in the December 2016 elections. Jammeh initially accepted the results, before refusing to leave office, triggering a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States that resulted in his removal two days after his term was initially scheduled to end.The Gambia has been a member of the Economic Community of West African States since its conception in 1975 and is a member of the Commonwealth, with English being the country's sole official language, both legacies of its British colonial past. The Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing, and especially tourism. In 2015, 48.6% of the population lived in poverty. In rural areas, poverty was even more widespread, at almost 70%.Administrative divisions
The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas, including the national capital, Banjul, which is classified as a city. The divisions of the Gambia were created by the Independent Electoral Commission in accordance to Article 192 of the National Constitution.
The local government areas are further subdivided (2013) into 43 districts. Of these, Kanifing and Kombo Saint Mary (which shares Brikama as a capital with the Brikama Local Government Area) are effectively part of the Greater Banjul area.
|
headquarters location
| 22,552 | 50,724 |
[
"Mozambique",
"headquarters location",
"Maputo"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Mozambique<\e1> and <e2>Maputo<\e2>.
Mozambique (; Portuguese: Moçambique, pronounced [musɐ̃ˈbikɨ]; Chichewa: Mozambiki; Swahili: Msumbiji; Tsonga: Muzambhiki), officially the Republic of Mozambique (República de Moçambique, pronounced [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ]), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.
Northern Mozambique lies within the monsoon trade winds of the Indian Ocean and is frequently affected by disruptive weather. Between the 7th and 11th centuries, a series of Swahili port towns developed on that area, which contributed to the development of a distinct Swahili culture and dialect. In the late medieval period, these towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India.The voyage of Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of the Portuguese, who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505. After over four centuries of Portuguese rule, Mozambique gained independence in 1975, becoming the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. After only two years of independence, the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992. In 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has since remained a relatively stable presidential republic, although it still faces a low-intensity insurgency distinctively in the farthermost regions from the southern capital and where Islam is dominant.
Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources, notwithstanding the country's economy is based chiefly on fishery—substantially molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms—and agriculture with a growing industry of food and beverages, chemical manufacturing, aluminium and oil. The tourism sector is expanding. South Africa remains Mozambique's main trading partner, preserving a close relationship with Portugal with a perspective on other European markets.
Since 2001, Mozambique's GDP growth has been thriving, but the nation is still one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world, ranking low in GDP per capita, human development, measures of inequality and average life expectancy.The country's population of around 30 million, as of 2022 estimates, is composed of overwhelmingly Bantu peoples. However, the only official language in Mozambique is the colonial language of Portuguese, which is spoken in urban areas as a first or second language by most, and generally as a lingua franca between younger Mozambicans with access to formal education. The most important local languages include Tsonga, Makhuwa, Sena, Chichewa, and Swahili. Glottolog lists 46 languages spoken in the country, of which one is a signed language (Mozambican Sign Language/Língua de sinais de Moçambique).
The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity, with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions.
Mozambique is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Southern African Development Community, and is an observer at La Francophonie.Etymology
The country was named Moçambique by the Portuguese after the Island of Mozambique, derived from Mussa Bin Bique or Musa Al Big or Mossa Al Bique or Mussa Ben Mbiki or Mussa Ibn Malik, an Arab trader who first visited the island and later lived there. The island-town was the capital of the Portuguese colony until 1898, when it was moved south to Lourenço Marques (now Maputo).
|
headquarters location
| 22,651 | 50,911 |
[
"Roman Empire",
"founded by",
"Augustus"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Roman Empire<\e1> and <e2>Augustus<\e2>.
History
Transition from Republic to Empire
Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Roman Republic in the 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside the Italian peninsula until the 3rd century BC. Then, it was an "empire" (i.e., a great power) long before it had an emperor. The Republic was not a nation-state in the modern sense, but a network of towns left to rule themselves (though with varying degrees of independence from the Roman Senate) and provinces administered by military commanders. It was ruled, not by emperors, but by annually elected magistrates (Roman consuls above all) in conjunction with the Senate. For various reasons, the 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval, which ultimately led to rule by emperors. The consuls' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium, which literally means "command" (though typically in a military sense). Occasionally, successful consuls were given the honorary title imperator (commander), and this is the origin of the word emperor (and empire) since this title (among others) was always bestowed to the early emperors upon their accession.Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts, conspiracies, and civil wars from the late second century BC onward, while greatly extending its power beyond Italy. This was the period of the Crisis of the Roman Republic. Towards the end of this era, in 44 BC, Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated. The faction of his assassins was driven from Rome and defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC by an army led by Mark Antony and Caesar's adopted son Octavian. Antony and Octavian's division of the Roman world between themselves did not last and Octavian's forces defeated those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian princeps ("first citizen") with proconsular imperium, thus beginning the Principate (the first epoch of Roman imperial history, usually dated from 27 BC to 284 AD), and gave him the title Augustus ("the venerated"). Though the old constitutional machinery remained in place, Augustus came to predominate it. Although the republic stood in name, contemporaries of Augustus knew it was just a veil and that Augustus had all meaningful authority in Rome. Since his rule ended a century of civil wars and began an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity, he was so loved that he came to hold the power of a monarch de facto if not de jure. During the years of his rule, a new constitutional order emerged (in part organically and in part by design), so that, upon his death, this new constitutional order operated as before when Tiberius was accepted as the new emperor.
In 117 AD, under the rule of Trajan, the Roman Empire, at its farthest extent, dominated much of the Mediterranean Basin, spanning three continents.
|
founded by
| 22,770 | 51,135 |
[
"Mohamed Mbougar Sarr",
"residence",
"France"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Mohamed Mbougar Sarr<\e1> and <e2>France<\e2>.
Early life
Mohamed Mbougar Sarr was born in 1990 in Dakar, Senegal. The son of a physician, he grew up in a large Serer family in Diourbel. He completed his secondary studies at the Prytanée militaire of Saint-Louis. He moved to France to study in CPGE (classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles) at the lycée Pierre-d'Ailly in Compiègne. He later studied at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), where his research focused on Léopold Sédar Senghor. Sarr began writing more and pursued fiction, opting not to finish his thesis at the EHESS.
|
residence
| 23,046 | 51,630 |
[
"Mohamed Mbougar Sarr",
"residence",
"Diourbel"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Mohamed Mbougar Sarr<\e1> and <e2>Diourbel<\e2>.
Mohamed Mbougar Sarr (born 20 June 1990) is a Senegalese writer. Raised in Diourbel, Senegal and later studying in France, Sarr is the author of four novels as well as a number of award-winning short stories. He won the 2021 Prix Goncourt for his novel La plus secrète mémoire des hommes (lit. 'The Most Secret Memory of Men'), becoming the first Sub-Saharan African to do so.Early life
Mohamed Mbougar Sarr was born in 1990 in Dakar, Senegal. The son of a physician, he grew up in a large Serer family in Diourbel. He completed his secondary studies at the Prytanée militaire of Saint-Louis. He moved to France to study in CPGE (classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles) at the lycée Pierre-d'Ailly in Compiègne. He later studied at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), where his research focused on Léopold Sédar Senghor. Sarr began writing more and pursued fiction, opting not to finish his thesis at the EHESS.
|
residence
| 23,045 | 51,645 |
[
"Jean-Baptiste Dumas",
"position held",
"Second Empire senator"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Jean-Baptiste Dumas<\e1> and <e2>Second Empire senator<\e2>.
Biography
Dumas was born in Alès (Gard), and became an apprentice to an apothecary in his native town. In 1816, he moved to Geneva, where he attended lectures by M. A. Pictet in physics, C. G. de la Rive in chemistry, and A. P. de Candolle in botany, and before he had reached his majority, he was engaged with Pierre Prévost in original work on problems of physiological chemistry and embryology. In 1822, he moved to Paris, acting on the advice of Alexander von Humboldt, where he became professor of chemistry, initially at the Lyceum, later (1835) at the École polytechnique. He was one of the founders of the École centrale des arts et manufactures (later named École centrale Paris) in 1829.
In 1832 Dumas became a member of the French Academy of Sciences. From 1868 until his death in 1884 he would serve the academy as the permanent secretary for its department of Physical Sciences. In 1838, Dumas was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The same year he became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands and, when that became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1851, he joined as a foreign member. Dumas was president of Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale from 1845 to 1864. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1860.After 1848, he exchanged much of his scientific work for ministerial posts under Napoléon III. He became a member of the National Legislative Assembly. He acted as minister of agriculture and commerce for a few months in 1850–1851, and subsequently became a senator, president of the municipal council of Paris, and master of the French mint, but his official career came to a sudden end with the fall of the Second Empire.Dumas was a devout Catholic who would often defend Christian views against critics.Dumas died at Cannes in 1884, and is buried at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris, in a large tomb near the back wall. His is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel tower.
|
position held
| 23,246 | 52,131 |
[
"Benjamin Pulleyn",
"position held",
"rector"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Benjamin Pulleyn<\e1> and <e2>rector<\e2>.
Benjamin Pulleyn (; died 1690) was the Cambridge tutor of Isaac Newton. Pulleyn served as Regius Professor of Greek from 1674 to 1686. He was known as a "pupil monger", meaning one who increased his income by accepting additional students.Pulleyn was admitted as a sizar to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1650, became a scholar there in 1651 and graduated BA in 1653–4, MA in 1657. He became a Fellow of Trinity in 1656. Appointed Regius Professor of Greek in 1674, he became Rector of Southoe on his retirement from the chair in 1686.
|
position held
| 23,298 | 52,244 |
[
"John Edmonstone",
"residence",
"Edinburgh"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>John Edmonstone<\e1> and <e2>Edinburgh<\e2>.
John Edmonstone was a taxidermist and teacher of taxidermy in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was an influential Black Briton.Born into slavery on a wood plantation in Demerara, British Guiana (present-day Guyana, South America), he was given the surname of his slave-owner, Charles Edmonstone, who owned the plantation and also owned the Cardross Park estate at Cardross, near Dumbarton in Scotland. Around 1812 the plantation was visited by the naturalist Charles Waterton, who spent considerable time teaching John Edmonstone taxidermy.In 1817 Edmonstone came to Scotland with his master, possibly to become a servant to the Edmonstone family at Cardross Park. Having come there, he was freed, and he took employment in Glasgow, then moved to Edinburgh where in 1823 he set up shop as a "bird-stuffer" at 37 Lothian Street. From this shop, he taught taxidermy to students attending the nearby University of Edinburgh, including Charles Darwin in 1826, when Darwin was 15. Having worked in hot climates, Edmonstone had learned to preserve birds rapidly before decomposition set in, a skill that may have benefited Darwin in preserving his Galapagos finches. Edmonstone also undertook work for the Royal Museum of the University. He moved his taxidermy shop to Edinburgh's main shopping thoroughfare, opening at 29 and then later 66 Princes Street. In the 1840s he moved shop again to 10 South St David's Street.Edmonstone gave Darwin inspiring accounts of tropical rain forests in South America and may have encouraged him to explore there. The taxidermy Darwin learnt from Edmonstone helped him greatly during the voyage of HMS Beagle. However, Darwin does not mention him by name, so the identification of Edmonstone as Darwin's teacher is not completely certain and is based on the research of R. B. Freeman.
|
residence
| 23,321 | 52,308 |
[
"Adam Sedgwick",
"position held",
"President of the Geological Society of London"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Adam Sedgwick<\e1> and <e2>President of the Geological Society of London<\e2>.
Life and career
Sedgwick was born in Dent, Yorkshire, the third child of an Anglican vicar. He was educated at Sedbergh School and Trinity College, Cambridge.He studied mathematics and theology, and obtained his BA (5th Wrangler) from the University of Cambridge in 1808 and his MA in 1811. On 20 July 1817 he was ordained a deacon, then a year later he was ordained as a priest. His academic mentors at Cambridge were Thomas Jones and John Dawson. He became a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and Woodwardian Professor of Geology at Cambridge from 1818, holding the chair until his death in 1873. His biography in the Cambridge Alumni database says that upon his acceptance of the position, reverend Sedgwick had no working knowledge of geology. An 1851 portrait of Sedgwick by William Boxall hangs in Trinity's collection.Sedgwick studied the geology of the British Isles and Europe. He founded the system for the classification of Cambrian rocks and with Roderick Murchison worked out the order of the Carboniferous and underlying Devonian strata. These studies were mostly carried out in the 1830s. The investigations into the Devonian meant that Sedgwick was involved with Murchison in a vigorous debate with Henry De la Beche, in what became known as the great Devonian controversy.He also employed John William Salter for a short time in arranging the fossils in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge, and whom accompanied the professor on several geological expeditions (1842–1845) into Wales.
Sedgwick investigated the phenomena of metamorphism and concretion, and was the first to distinguish clearly between stratification, jointing, and slaty cleavage. He was elected to Fellow of the Royal Society on 1 February 1821. In 1844, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was president of the Geological Society of London.
|
position held
| 23,323 | 52,314 |
[
"Herodes Atticus",
"position held",
"Roman consul"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Herodes Atticus<\e1> and <e2>Roman consul<\e2>.
Ancestry and family
Herodes Atticus was a Greek of Athenian descent. His ancestry could be traced to the Athenian noblewoman Elpinice, a half-sister of the statesman Cimon and daughter of Miltiades. He claimed lineage from a series of mythic Greek kings: Theseus, Cecrops, and Aeacus, as well as the god Zeus. His father's family, known as the Claudii of Marathon, rose to prominence in the late first century BC, when his great-great-great grandfather Herodes and his great-great grandfather Eucles forged links with Julius Caesar and Augustus. The family received Roman citizenship from Emperor Claudius, receiving the Roman nomen Claudius. They were exceptionally wealthy.Herodes' father, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes entered the Roman Senate and became Roman consul, the first Athenian to do so. His mother was the wealthy heiress Vibullia Alcia Agrippina. He had a brother named Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodianus and a sister named Claudia Tisamenis. His maternal grandparents were Claudia Alcia and Lucius Vibullius Rufus, while his paternal grandfather was Hipparchus.His parents were related as uncle and niece. His maternal grandmother and his father were sister and brother. His maternal uncle Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus was an Archon of Athens in the years 99–100 and his maternal cousin, Publius Aelius Vibullius Rufus, was an Archon of Athens between 143–144.
|
position held
| 23,376 | 52,455 |
[
"Herodes Atticus",
"position held",
"Ancient Roman senator"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Herodes Atticus<\e1> and <e2>Ancient Roman senator<\e2>.
Ancestry and family
Herodes Atticus was a Greek of Athenian descent. His ancestry could be traced to the Athenian noblewoman Elpinice, a half-sister of the statesman Cimon and daughter of Miltiades. He claimed lineage from a series of mythic Greek kings: Theseus, Cecrops, and Aeacus, as well as the god Zeus. His father's family, known as the Claudii of Marathon, rose to prominence in the late first century BC, when his great-great-great grandfather Herodes and his great-great grandfather Eucles forged links with Julius Caesar and Augustus. The family received Roman citizenship from Emperor Claudius, receiving the Roman nomen Claudius. They were exceptionally wealthy.Herodes' father, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes entered the Roman Senate and became Roman consul, the first Athenian to do so. His mother was the wealthy heiress Vibullia Alcia Agrippina. He had a brother named Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodianus and a sister named Claudia Tisamenis. His maternal grandparents were Claudia Alcia and Lucius Vibullius Rufus, while his paternal grandfather was Hipparchus.His parents were related as uncle and niece. His maternal grandmother and his father were sister and brother. His maternal uncle Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus was an Archon of Athens in the years 99–100 and his maternal cousin, Publius Aelius Vibullius Rufus, was an Archon of Athens between 143–144.
|
position held
| 23,376 | 52,467 |
[
"Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita",
"residence",
"Amsterdam"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita<\e1> and <e2>Amsterdam<\e2>.
Early life and education
Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita was born on 6 June 1868 into a Jewish family living in Amsterdam. Though a member of a tightly knit Sephardic community, a minority among Dutch Jews, de Mesquita, like most of his contemporaries, was not religiously observant. His father, a secondary school teacher of Hebrew and German, died when Sam or Sampie, as he was called, was five.At the age of fourteen, the young de Mesquita applied to the Rijksakademie in pursuit of his artistic interests, only to be rejected. Deeply disappointed, he apprenticed himself to an acting city architect, for whom he worked for two years before entering a technical school with the intention of becoming an architect himself. He soon turned, however, to the pedagogy and, in 1889, received a teacher's certificate, which would later enable him to support his family.
|
residence
| 23,384 | 52,472 |
[
"Rifugio Guido Rey",
"owned by",
"Club Alpino Italiano"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Rifugio Guido Rey<\e1> and <e2>Club Alpino Italiano<\e2>.
History
The hut, which belongs to the Club Alpino Italiano (CAI-Uget branch of Torino), was realised restoring a former military building.
|
owned by
| 23,469 | 52,646 |
[
"Victor Emmanuel III of Italy",
"position held",
"King of Albania"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Victor Emmanuel III of Italy<\e1> and <e2>King of Albania<\e2>.
King of the Albanians
The crown of the King of the Albanians had been assumed by Victor Emmanuel in 1939 when Italian forces invaded the nearly defenceless monarchy across the Adriatic Sea and caused King Zog I to flee.
In 1941, while in Tirana, the King escaped an assassination attempt by the 18-year-old Albanian patriot Vasil Laçi. Later, this attempt was cited by Communist Albania as a sign of the general discontent among the oppressed Albanian population. A second attempt by Dimitri Mikhaliov in Albania gave the Italians an excuse to affirm a possible connection with Greece as a result of the monarch's assent to the Greco-Italian War.
|
position held
| 23,502 | 52,697 |
[
"Christian IX of Denmark",
"position held",
"monarch of Denmark"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Christian IX of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>monarch of Denmark<\e2>.
Legacy
"Father-in-Law of Europe"
Christian's family links with Europe's royal families earned him the sobriquet "the father-in-law of Europe". Four of Christian's children sat on the thrones (either as monarchs or as consorts) of Denmark, Greece, the United Kingdom and Russia. His youngest son, Valdemar, was on 10 November 1886 elected as new Prince of Bulgaria by The 3rd Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria but Christian IX refused to allow prince Valdemar to receive the election.The great dynastic success of the six children was to a great extent not attributable to Christian himself, but the result of the ambitions of his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel. An additional factor was that Denmark was not one of the Great Powers, so the other powers did not fear that the balance of power in Europe would be upset by a marriage of one of its royalty to another royal house.
Christian's grandsons included Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, George V of the United Kingdom, Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway.
Today, most of Europe's reigning and ex-reigning royal families are direct descendants of Christian IX, and most current European monarchs are descended from him, including Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, King Charles III of the United Kingdom, King Philippe of Belgium, King Harald V of Norway, King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg. The former consort Queen Sofía of Spain is also an agnatic descendant of Christian IX, as was Constantine II, the former and last King of the Hellenes, and his consort the former Queen Anne-Marie. Former King Michael I of Romania and his wife Anne were also descendants of Christian IX.
|
position held
| 23,509 | 52,707 |
[
"Frederick IX of Denmark",
"position held",
"monarch of Denmark"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Frederick IX of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>monarch of Denmark<\e2>.
Early life
Christian IX died on 29 January 1906, and Frederick's grandfather Crown Prince Frederick succeeded him as King Frederick VIII. Frederick's father became crown prince, and Frederick moved up to second in line to the throne.Just six years later, on 14 May 1912, King Frederick VIII died, and Frederick's father ascended the throne as King Christian X. Frederick himself became crown prince. On 1 December 1918, as the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch, Frederick also became crown prince of Iceland (where his name was officially spelled Friðrik). However, as a national referendum established the Republic of Iceland on 17 June 1944, he never succeeded as king of Iceland.Frederick was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy (breaking with Danish royal tradition by choosing a naval instead of an army career) and the University of Copenhagen. Before he became king, he had acquired the rank of rear admiral and he had had several senior commands on active service. He acquired several tattoos during his naval service.In addition, with his great love of music, the king was an able piano player and conductor.
|
position held
| 23,514 | 52,729 |
[
"Frederick I of Prussia",
"position held",
"Prince-Elector"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Frederick I of Prussia<\e1> and <e2>Prince-Elector<\e2>.
Frederick I (German: Friedrich I.; 11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union (Brandenburg-Prussia). The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming the first King in Prussia (1701–1713). From 1707 he was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (German: Fürstentum Neuenburg).
|
position held
| 23,521 | 52,740 |
[
"Frederick I of Prussia",
"position held",
"King of Prussia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Frederick I of Prussia<\e1> and <e2>King of Prussia<\e2>.
Frederick I (German: Friedrich I.; 11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union (Brandenburg-Prussia). The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming the first King in Prussia (1701–1713). From 1707 he was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (German: Fürstentum Neuenburg).
|
position held
| 23,521 | 52,752 |
[
"Frederick I of Prussia",
"position held",
"Duke of Prussia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Frederick I of Prussia<\e1> and <e2>Duke of Prussia<\e2>.
Frederick I (German: Friedrich I.; 11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union (Brandenburg-Prussia). The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming the first King in Prussia (1701–1713). From 1707 he was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (German: Fürstentum Neuenburg).
|
position held
| 23,521 | 52,756 |
[
"Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia",
"position held",
"King of Bohemia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia<\e1> and <e2>King of Bohemia<\e2>.
Wenceslaus IV (also Wenceslas; Czech: Václav; German: Wenzel, nicknamed "the Idle"; 26 February 1361 – 16 August 1419), also known as Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, was King of Bohemia from 1378 until his death and King of Germany from 1376 until he was deposed in 1400. As he belonged to the House of Luxembourg, he was also Duke of Luxembourg from 1383 to 1388.
|
position held
| 23,528 | 52,766 |
[
"Christian I of Denmark",
"position held",
"Duke of Schleswig"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Christian I of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>Duke of Schleswig<\e2>.
Christian I (February 1426 – 21 May 1481) was a German noble and Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was king of Denmark (1448–1481), Norway (1450–1481) and Sweden (1457–1464). From 1460 to 1481, he was also duke of Schleswig (within Denmark) and count (after 1474, duke) of Holstein (within the Holy Roman Empire). He was the first king of the House of Oldenburg.In the power vacuum that arose following the death of King Christopher of Bavaria (1416–1448) without a direct heir, Sweden elected Charles VIII of Sweden (1408–1470) king with the intent to reestablish the union under a Swedish king. Charles was elected king of Norway in the following year. However the counts of Holstein made the Danish Privy Council appoint Christian as king of Denmark. His subsequent accessions to the thrones of Norway (in 1450) and Sweden (in 1457) restored the unity of the Kalmar Union for a short period. In 1463, Sweden broke away from the union and Christian's attempt at a reconquest resulted in his defeat by the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder at the Battle of Brunkeberg in 1471.In 1460, following the death of his uncle, Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, Count of Holstein, Christian also became Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein.Biography
Early years
Christian I was born in February 1426 in Oldenburg in Northern Germany as the eldest son of Count Dietrich of Oldenburg by his second wife, Helvig of Holstein (died 1436). Christian had two younger brothers, Maurice (1428–1464) and Gerhard (1430–1500), and one sister Adelheid.Through his father, he belonged to the House of Oldenburg, a comital family established since the 12th century in an area west of the River Weser in north-western Germany. Based on the two strongholds of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, the family had gradually expanded its rule over the neighbouring Frisian tribes of the area. Christian's father was called the Fortunate as he had reunited and expanded the family's territory. Christian's mother, Helvig, was a daughter of Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein, and a sister of Adolphus, Duke of Schleswig. Through his mother, Christian was also a cognatic descendant of King Eric V of Denmark through his second daughter Richeza (died 1308) and also a cognatic descendant of King Abel of Denmark through his daughter Sophie. Through his father, Christian was a cognatic descendant of King Eric IV of Denmark through his daughter Sophia. Christian thus descended from the three surviving sons of Valdemar II and his second wife Berengaria of Portugal.At the death of their father in 1440, Christian and his brothers jointly succeeded Dietrich as Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. Christian was raised by his uncle, Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, Count of Holstein (1401–1459) as the childless duke wished for his young nephew to become his heir, and also succeeded in having Christian elected as his successor in the Duchy of Schleswig.Duke and Count
In 1460 King Christian also became Duke of Schleswig, a Danish fief, and Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. Christian inherited Holstein-Rendsburg and Schleswig after a short "interregnum" as the eldest son of the sister of late Duke Adolphus VIII, Duke of Schleswig (Southern Jutland) and Count of Holstein, of the Schauenburg fürst clan, who died 4 December 1459, without heirs. Christian's succession was confirmed by the Estates of the Realm (nobility and representatives) of these duchies in Ribe 5 March 1460 (Treaty of Ribe). In 1474 Lauenburg's liege lord Emperor Frederick III elevated Christian I as Count of Holstein to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial vassal (see imperial immediacy).
|
position held
| 23,556 | 52,801 |
[
"Christian I of Denmark",
"position held",
"Duke of Holstein"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Christian I of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>Duke of Holstein<\e2>.
Biography
Early years
Christian I was born in February 1426 in Oldenburg in Northern Germany as the eldest son of Count Dietrich of Oldenburg by his second wife, Helvig of Holstein (died 1436). Christian had two younger brothers, Maurice (1428–1464) and Gerhard (1430–1500), and one sister Adelheid.Through his father, he belonged to the House of Oldenburg, a comital family established since the 12th century in an area west of the River Weser in north-western Germany. Based on the two strongholds of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, the family had gradually expanded its rule over the neighbouring Frisian tribes of the area. Christian's father was called the Fortunate as he had reunited and expanded the family's territory. Christian's mother, Helvig, was a daughter of Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein, and a sister of Adolphus, Duke of Schleswig. Through his mother, Christian was also a cognatic descendant of King Eric V of Denmark through his second daughter Richeza (died 1308) and also a cognatic descendant of King Abel of Denmark through his daughter Sophie. Through his father, Christian was a cognatic descendant of King Eric IV of Denmark through his daughter Sophia. Christian thus descended from the three surviving sons of Valdemar II and his second wife Berengaria of Portugal.At the death of their father in 1440, Christian and his brothers jointly succeeded Dietrich as Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. Christian was raised by his uncle, Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, Count of Holstein (1401–1459) as the childless duke wished for his young nephew to become his heir, and also succeeded in having Christian elected as his successor in the Duchy of Schleswig.Duke and Count
In 1460 King Christian also became Duke of Schleswig, a Danish fief, and Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. Christian inherited Holstein-Rendsburg and Schleswig after a short "interregnum" as the eldest son of the sister of late Duke Adolphus VIII, Duke of Schleswig (Southern Jutland) and Count of Holstein, of the Schauenburg fürst clan, who died 4 December 1459, without heirs. Christian's succession was confirmed by the Estates of the Realm (nobility and representatives) of these duchies in Ribe 5 March 1460 (Treaty of Ribe). In 1474 Lauenburg's liege lord Emperor Frederick III elevated Christian I as Count of Holstein to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial vassal (see imperial immediacy).
|
position held
| 23,555 | 52,802 |
[
"Christian VI of Denmark",
"position held",
"monarch of Denmark"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Christian VI of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>monarch of Denmark<\e2>.
Christian VI (30 November 1699 – 6 August 1746) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1730 to 1746. The eldest surviving son of Frederick IV and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, he is considered one of Denmark-Norway's more anonymous kings, but he was a skilled politician, best known for his authoritarian regime. He was the first king of the Oldenburg dynasty to refrain from entering in any war. During his reign both compulsory confirmation (1736) and a public, nationwide school system (1739) were introduced. His chosen motto was "Deo et populo" (for God and the people).
|
position held
| 23,558 | 52,815 |
[
"Christian X of Denmark",
"residence",
"Amalienborg"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Christian X of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>Amalienborg<\e2>.
Prince Christian was raised with his siblings in the royal household in Copenhagen, and grew up between his parents' residence in Copenhagen, the Frederick VIII's Palace, an 18th century palace which forms part of the Amalienborg Palace complex in central Copenhagen, and their country residence, the Charlottenlund Palace, located by the coastline of the Øresund strait north of the city. As a grandchild of the reigning Danish monarch in the male line and the eldest son of the Crown Prince, he was second in line to the throne, after his father. In contrast to the usual practise of the period, where royal children were brought up by governesses, the children were raised by Crown Princess Louise herself. Under the supervision of their mother, the children of the Crown Princess received a rather strict Christian-dominated upbringing, which was characterized by severity, the fulfillment of duties, care and order. Prince Christian was less than two years older than his brother Prince Carl, and the two princes had a joint confirmation at the chapel of Christiansborg Palace in 1887. The two princes were educated at home by private tutors. In 1889 Prince Christian passed the examen artium (the university entrance examination in Denmark) in 1889 as the first member of the Danish royal family. Afterwards he started a military education as was customary for princes at that time. He subsequently served with the 5th Dragoon Regiment and later studied at the Officers Academy in Randers from 1891 to 1892.Reign
Accession
On 14 May 1912, King Frederick VIII died at the age of 68 after collapsing from shortness of breath while taking an evening walk in Hamburg, Germany. He had been returning from a recuperation stay in Nice, France, and was staying anonymously in the city before continuing to Copenhagen. Christian was in Copenhagen when he heard about his father's demise and succeeded to the throne at the age of 41. He was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christian VII's Palace at Amalienborg by the Prime Minister Klaus Berntsen as King Christian X.Death
On his death in Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, in 1947, Christian X was interred along with other members of the Danish royal family in Roskilde Cathedral near Copenhagen. Although he had been behind the politics of Erik Scavenius, a cloth armband of the type worn by members of the Danish resistance movement was placed on his coffin under a castrum doloris.
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residence
| 23,593 | 52,858 |
[
"Louis II of Hungary",
"position held",
"King of Croatia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Louis II of Hungary<\e1> and <e2>King of Croatia<\e2>.
Louis II (Czech: Ludvík; Croatian: Ludovik; Hungarian: Lajos; Slovak: Ľudovít; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He was killed during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of large parts of Hungary.
|
position held
| 23,601 | 52,873 |
[
"John of Denmark",
"position held",
"Duke of Schleswig"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>John of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>Duke of Schleswig<\e2>.
John (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Hans; né Johannes) (2 February 1455 – 20 February 1513) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was king of Denmark (1481–1513), Norway (1483–1513) and as John II (Swedish: Johan II) Sweden (1497–1501). From 1482 to 1513, he was concurrently duke of Schleswig and Holstein in joint rule with his brother Frederick.
The three most important political goals of King John were the restoration of the Kalmar Union, reduction of the dominance of the Hanseatic League, and the building of a strong Danish royal power.Full title
John's full title as King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway was:
King of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst
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position held
| 23,613 | 52,884 |
[
"John of Denmark",
"position held",
"Duke of Holstein"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>John of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>Duke of Holstein<\e2>.
Full title
John's full title as King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway was:
King of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst
|
position held
| 23,612 | 52,885 |
[
"Christian VIII of Denmark",
"position held",
"monarch of Denmark"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Christian VIII of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>monarch of Denmark<\e2>.
Christian VIII (18 September 1786 – 20 January 1848) was King of Denmark from 1839 to 1848 and, as Christian Frederick, King of Norway in 1814.Christian Frederick was the eldest son of Hereditary Prince Frederick, a younger son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. As his cousin Frederick VI had no sons, Christian Frederick was heir presumptive to the throne from 1808.
|
position held
| 23,616 | 52,901 |
[
"Norodom Sihanouk",
"position held",
"king"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Norodom Sihanouk<\e1> and <e2>king<\e2>.
Legacy
Sihanouk was at the forefront of Cambodian public life for more than 60 years, serving in various capacities and was one of the most consequential leaders in modern Cambodian history. Indeed, as noted journalist Martin Woollacott of The Guardian said, "No monarch in modern times has embodied the life and fate of his country so completely as Norodom Sihanouk."This was reflected in him being the Guinness World Record holder for "Most state roles held by a modern royal." In chronological order of positions held, Sihanouk served in the following roles: king, prime minister, head (chief) of state, regent, head of the government-in-exile, president, president-in-exile, head of the government-in-exile, president of the Supreme National Council, head of state, king.Titles and styles
Sihanouk was known by many formal and informal titles throughout his lifetime, and as aforementioned, the Guinness Book of World Records identifies Sihanouk as the royal who had served the greatest variety of state and political offices. When Sihanouk became king in 1941, he was bestowed with the official title of "Preah Bat Samdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Varman" (ព្រះបាទសម្តេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ វរ្ម័ន), which he used for both reigns between 1941 and 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004. He reverted to the title of Prince after he abdicated 1955, and in that year was given by his father and successor the title of "Samdech Preah Upayuvareach" (សម្តេចព្រះឧបយុវរាជ), which translates in English as "The Prince who has been King". Starting from the early 1960s when he became the Head of State, Sihanouk was affectionately known to most Cambodians as "Samdech Euv" (សម្តេចឪ), which translates as the "Prince Father" in English.In 2004, after his second abdication, Sihanouk became known as the King Father of Cambodia, with the official title of "Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdach Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preahmâhaviraksat" (Khmer: ព្រះករុណាព្រះបាទសម្តេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះមហាវីរក្សត្រ). He was also referred to by another honorific, "His Majesty King Norodom Sihanouk The Great Heroic King King-Father of Khmer independence, territorial integrity and national unity" (ព្រះករុណា ព្រះបាទសម្ដេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះមហាវីរក្សត្រ ព្រះវររាជបិតាឯករាជ្យ បូរណភាពទឹកដី និងឯកភាពជាតិខ្មែរ).At the same time, he issued a royal decree requesting to be called "Samdech Ta" (សម្ដេចតា) or "Samdech Ta-tuot" (សម្ដេចតាទួត), which translates as "Grandfather" and "Great-grandfather", respectively, in English. When Sihanouk died in October 2012, he was bestowed by his son Sihamoni with the posthumous title of "Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preah Borom Ratanakkot" (ព្រះករុណាព្រះនរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះបរមរតនកោដ្ឋ), which literally translates as "The King who lies in the Diamond Urn" in English.
|
position held
| 23,641 | 52,939 |
[
"Norodom Sihanouk",
"position held",
"Prime Minister of Cambodia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Norodom Sihanouk<\e1> and <e2>Prime Minister of Cambodia<\e2>.
Norodom Sihanouk (; Khmer: នរោត្តម សីហនុ, Nôroŭttâm Seihânŭ [nɔroːɗɑm səjhanuʔ]; 31 October 1922 – 15 October 2012) was a Cambodian statesman, Sangkum and FUNCINPEC politician, film director, and composer who led Cambodia in various capacities throughout his long career, most often as both King and Prime Minister of Cambodia. In Cambodia, he is known as Samdech Euv (Khmer: សម្តេចឪ, Sâmdéch Âu [sɑmˈɗac ʔɨw]; meaning "King Father"). During his lifetime, Cambodia was under various regimes, from French colonial rule (until 1953), an independent kingdom (1953–1970), a republic (1970–1975), the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979), another communist regime (1979–1989), yet another different communist state (1989–1993) to finally another kingdom (since 1993).
Sihanouk was the only child of Prince Norodom Suramarit and Princess Sisowath Kossamak, daughter of King Sisowath Monivong. When his grandfather Monivong died in 1941, Sihanouk became king amidst French colonial rule. After the Japanese occupation of Cambodia during World War II, he secured Cambodian independence from France in 1953. He abdicated in 1955 and was succeeded by his father, Suramarit, so as to directly participate in politics. Sihanouk's political organization Sangkum won the general elections that year and he became prime minister of Cambodia. He governed the country under one-party rule and suppressed political dissent. After his father died in 1960, Sihanouk assumed a new position as Head of State of Cambodia.
Officially neutral in foreign relations, Sihanouk was closer to the communist bloc in practice. The Cambodian coup of 1970 ousted him and he fled to China and North Korea, forming a government-in-exile and a resistance movement there. He encouraged Cambodians to fight the new government and backed the Khmer Rouge during the Cambodian Civil War. He returned as figurehead head of state after the Khmer Rouge's victory in 1975. His relations with the new government soured and in 1976 he resigned. He was placed under house arrest until Vietnamese forces overthrew the Khmer Rouge in 1979.
Sihanouk went into exile again and in 1981 formed FUNCINPEC, a resistance party. The following year, he became president of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK), a broad coalition of anti-Vietnamese resistance factions which retained Cambodia's seat at the United Nations, making him Cambodia's internationally recognized head of state. In the late 1980s, informal talks were carried out to end hostilities between the Vietnam-supported People's Republic of Kampuchea and the CGDK. In 1990, the Supreme National Council of Cambodia was formed as a transitional body to oversee Cambodia's sovereign matters, with Sihanouk as its president. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords were signed and the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) was established the following year. The UNTAC organized the 1993 Cambodian general elections, and a coalition government, jointly led by his son Norodom Ranariddh and Hun Sen, was subsequently formed. Sihanouk was reinstated as Cambodia's king. He abdicated again in 2004 and the Royal Council of the Throne chose his son Sihamoni as his successor. Sihanouk died in Beijing in 2012.
Between 1941 and 2006, Sihanouk produced and directed 50 films, some of which he acted in. The films, later described as being of low quality, often featured nationalistic elements, as did a number of the songs he wrote. Some of his songs were about his wife Monique, the nations neighboring Cambodia, and the communist leaders who supported him in his exile. In the 1980s Sihanouk held concerts for diplomats in New York City. He also participated in concerts at his palace during his second reign. Sihanouk is remembered for his role in shaping modern Cambodia, particularly in leading the country to independence, although his reputation was damaged by his association with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s.
|
position held
| 23,638 | 52,945 |
[
"Norodom Sihanouk",
"position held",
"King of Cambodia"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Norodom Sihanouk<\e1> and <e2>King of Cambodia<\e2>.
Norodom Sihanouk (; Khmer: នរោត្តម សីហនុ, Nôroŭttâm Seihânŭ [nɔroːɗɑm səjhanuʔ]; 31 October 1922 – 15 October 2012) was a Cambodian statesman, Sangkum and FUNCINPEC politician, film director, and composer who led Cambodia in various capacities throughout his long career, most often as both King and Prime Minister of Cambodia. In Cambodia, he is known as Samdech Euv (Khmer: សម្តេចឪ, Sâmdéch Âu [sɑmˈɗac ʔɨw]; meaning "King Father"). During his lifetime, Cambodia was under various regimes, from French colonial rule (until 1953), an independent kingdom (1953–1970), a republic (1970–1975), the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979), another communist regime (1979–1989), yet another different communist state (1989–1993) to finally another kingdom (since 1993).
Sihanouk was the only child of Prince Norodom Suramarit and Princess Sisowath Kossamak, daughter of King Sisowath Monivong. When his grandfather Monivong died in 1941, Sihanouk became king amidst French colonial rule. After the Japanese occupation of Cambodia during World War II, he secured Cambodian independence from France in 1953. He abdicated in 1955 and was succeeded by his father, Suramarit, so as to directly participate in politics. Sihanouk's political organization Sangkum won the general elections that year and he became prime minister of Cambodia. He governed the country under one-party rule and suppressed political dissent. After his father died in 1960, Sihanouk assumed a new position as Head of State of Cambodia.
Officially neutral in foreign relations, Sihanouk was closer to the communist bloc in practice. The Cambodian coup of 1970 ousted him and he fled to China and North Korea, forming a government-in-exile and a resistance movement there. He encouraged Cambodians to fight the new government and backed the Khmer Rouge during the Cambodian Civil War. He returned as figurehead head of state after the Khmer Rouge's victory in 1975. His relations with the new government soured and in 1976 he resigned. He was placed under house arrest until Vietnamese forces overthrew the Khmer Rouge in 1979.
Sihanouk went into exile again and in 1981 formed FUNCINPEC, a resistance party. The following year, he became president of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK), a broad coalition of anti-Vietnamese resistance factions which retained Cambodia's seat at the United Nations, making him Cambodia's internationally recognized head of state. In the late 1980s, informal talks were carried out to end hostilities between the Vietnam-supported People's Republic of Kampuchea and the CGDK. In 1990, the Supreme National Council of Cambodia was formed as a transitional body to oversee Cambodia's sovereign matters, with Sihanouk as its president. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords were signed and the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) was established the following year. The UNTAC organized the 1993 Cambodian general elections, and a coalition government, jointly led by his son Norodom Ranariddh and Hun Sen, was subsequently formed. Sihanouk was reinstated as Cambodia's king. He abdicated again in 2004 and the Royal Council of the Throne chose his son Sihamoni as his successor. Sihanouk died in Beijing in 2012.
Between 1941 and 2006, Sihanouk produced and directed 50 films, some of which he acted in. The films, later described as being of low quality, often featured nationalistic elements, as did a number of the songs he wrote. Some of his songs were about his wife Monique, the nations neighboring Cambodia, and the communist leaders who supported him in his exile. In the 1980s Sihanouk held concerts for diplomats in New York City. He also participated in concerts at his palace during his second reign. Sihanouk is remembered for his role in shaping modern Cambodia, particularly in leading the country to independence, although his reputation was damaged by his association with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s.Legacy
Sihanouk was at the forefront of Cambodian public life for more than 60 years, serving in various capacities and was one of the most consequential leaders in modern Cambodian history. Indeed, as noted journalist Martin Woollacott of The Guardian said, "No monarch in modern times has embodied the life and fate of his country so completely as Norodom Sihanouk."This was reflected in him being the Guinness World Record holder for "Most state roles held by a modern royal." In chronological order of positions held, Sihanouk served in the following roles: king, prime minister, head (chief) of state, regent, head of the government-in-exile, president, president-in-exile, head of the government-in-exile, president of the Supreme National Council, head of state, king.Titles and styles
Sihanouk was known by many formal and informal titles throughout his lifetime, and as aforementioned, the Guinness Book of World Records identifies Sihanouk as the royal who had served the greatest variety of state and political offices. When Sihanouk became king in 1941, he was bestowed with the official title of "Preah Bat Samdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Varman" (ព្រះបាទសម្តេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ វរ្ម័ន), which he used for both reigns between 1941 and 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004. He reverted to the title of Prince after he abdicated 1955, and in that year was given by his father and successor the title of "Samdech Preah Upayuvareach" (សម្តេចព្រះឧបយុវរាជ), which translates in English as "The Prince who has been King". Starting from the early 1960s when he became the Head of State, Sihanouk was affectionately known to most Cambodians as "Samdech Euv" (សម្តេចឪ), which translates as the "Prince Father" in English.In 2004, after his second abdication, Sihanouk became known as the King Father of Cambodia, with the official title of "Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdach Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preahmâhaviraksat" (Khmer: ព្រះករុណាព្រះបាទសម្តេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះមហាវីរក្សត្រ). He was also referred to by another honorific, "His Majesty King Norodom Sihanouk The Great Heroic King King-Father of Khmer independence, territorial integrity and national unity" (ព្រះករុណា ព្រះបាទសម្ដេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះមហាវីរក្សត្រ ព្រះវររាជបិតាឯករាជ្យ បូរណភាពទឹកដី និងឯកភាពជាតិខ្មែរ).At the same time, he issued a royal decree requesting to be called "Samdech Ta" (សម្ដេចតា) or "Samdech Ta-tuot" (សម្ដេចតាទួត), which translates as "Grandfather" and "Great-grandfather", respectively, in English. When Sihanouk died in October 2012, he was bestowed by his son Sihamoni with the posthumous title of "Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preah Borom Ratanakkot" (ព្រះករុណាព្រះនរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះបរមរតនកោដ្ឋ), which literally translates as "The King who lies in the Diamond Urn" in English.
|
position held
| 23,647 | 52,949 |
[
"Frederick I of Württemberg",
"position held",
"Prince-Elector"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Frederick I of Württemberg<\e1> and <e2>Prince-Elector<\e2>.
Reign
Duke and Elector
On 22 December 1797, Frederick's father, who had succeeded his brother as Duke of Württemberg two years before, died, and Frederick became Duke of Württemberg as Frederick III. He was not to enjoy his reign undisturbed for long, however. In 1800, the French army occupied Württemberg and the Duke and Duchess fled to Vienna. In 1801, Duke Frederick ceded the enclave of Montbéliard to the French Republic, and received Ellwangen in exchange two years later.
In the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, which reorganized the Empire as a result of the French annexation of the west bank of the Rhine, the Duke of Württemberg was raised to the dignity of Imperial Elector. Frederick assumed the title Prince-Elector (German: Kurfürst) on 25 February 1803, and was thereafter known as the Elector of Württemberg. The reorganization of the Empire also secured the new Elector control of various ecclesiastical territories and former free cities, thus greatly increasing the size of his domains.
|
position held
| 23,677 | 52,999 |
[
"Frederick I of Württemberg",
"position held",
"King of Württemberg"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Frederick I of Württemberg<\e1> and <e2>King of Württemberg<\e2>.
Frederick I (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Karl; 6 November 1754 – 30 October 1816) was the ruler of Württemberg from 1797 to his death. He was the last Duke of Württemberg from 1797 to 1803, then the first and only Elector of Württemberg from 1803 to 1806, before raising Württemberg to a kingdom in 1806 with the approval of Napoleon I. He was known for his size, at 2.12 m (6 ft 11 in) and about 200 kg (440 lb).King
In exchange for providing France with a large auxiliary force, Napoleon allowed Frederick to raise Württemberg to a kingdom on 26 December 1805. Friedrick was formally crowned king at Stuttgart on 1 January 1806, and took the regnal name of King Frederick I. Soon after, Württemberg seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and joined Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine. Once again, the assumption of a new title also meant territorial expansion, as the territories of various nearby princes were mediatized and annexed by Württemberg. As a symbol of his alliance with Napoleon, Frederick's daughter, Princess Catharina, was married to Napoleon's youngest brother, Jérôme Bonaparte.
The newly elevated king's alliance with France technically made him the enemy of his father-in-law, George III. However, the king's dynastic connections would enable him to act as a go-between with Britain and various continental powers. In 1810, Frederick banished the composer Carl Maria von Weber from Württemberg on the pretext that Weber had mismanaged the funds of Frederick's brother, Louis, for whom Weber had served as secretary since 1807.
During the German campaign of 1813, Frederick changed sides and went over to the Allies, where his status as the brother-in-law of the British Prince Regent (later George IV) and uncle to the Russian emperor Alexander I helped his standing. After the fall of Napoleon, he attended the Congress of Vienna and was confirmed as King. At Vienna, Frederick and his ministers were very concerned to make sure that Württemberg would be able to retain all the territories it had gained in the past fifteen years. Frederick's harsh treatment of the mediatized princes within his domain made him one of the principal targets of the organization of dispossessed princes, which hoped to gain the support of the Powers in regaining their lost sovereignty. In the end, however, Austria, which was seen as the natural ally of the princes, was more interested in alliance with the medium-sized German states like Württemberg than in asserting its traditional role as protector of the smaller sovereigns of the old Empire; and Frederick was allowed to retain his dubiously acquired lands. Frederick, along with the other German princes, joined the new German Confederation in 1815. He died in Stuttgart in October of the next year.
When he became king, he granted his children and further male-line descendants the titles Princes and Princesses of Württemberg with the style Royal Highness, and he styled his siblings as Royal Highnesses with the titles Dukes and Duchesses of Württemberg.
He was very tall and obese: behind his back he was known as "The Great Belly-Gerent". Napoleon remarked that God had created the Prince to demonstrate the utmost extent to which the human skin could be stretched without bursting. In return, Frederick wondered how so much poison could fit in such a small head as Napoleon's.
|
position held
| 23,674 | 53,001 |
[
"Frederick I of Württemberg",
"position held",
"Duke of Württemberg"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Frederick I of Württemberg<\e1> and <e2>Duke of Württemberg<\e2>.
Reign
Duke and Elector
On 22 December 1797, Frederick's father, who had succeeded his brother as Duke of Württemberg two years before, died, and Frederick became Duke of Württemberg as Frederick III. He was not to enjoy his reign undisturbed for long, however. In 1800, the French army occupied Württemberg and the Duke and Duchess fled to Vienna. In 1801, Duke Frederick ceded the enclave of Montbéliard to the French Republic, and received Ellwangen in exchange two years later.
In the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, which reorganized the Empire as a result of the French annexation of the west bank of the Rhine, the Duke of Württemberg was raised to the dignity of Imperial Elector. Frederick assumed the title Prince-Elector (German: Kurfürst) on 25 February 1803, and was thereafter known as the Elector of Württemberg. The reorganization of the Empire also secured the new Elector control of various ecclesiastical territories and former free cities, thus greatly increasing the size of his domains.
|
position held
| 23,677 | 53,002 |
[
"William I of Württemberg",
"position held",
"King of Württemberg"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>William I of Württemberg<\e1> and <e2>King of Württemberg<\e2>.
Firstly on 8 June 1808 in Munich to Caroline Augusta (1792–1873), daughter of King Maximilian I of Bavaria (1756–1825) and Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt (1765–1796). They divorced in 1814, without issue;
Secondly on 24 January 1816 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, he married his first cousin Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia (1788–1819), daughter of Emperor Paul I of Russia (1754–1801) and Princess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg (1759–1828) by whom he had two daughters:
Princess Marie Friederike Charlotte of Württemberg (1816–1887) who married Alfred, Count von Neipperg (1807–1865);
Princess Sophie of Württemberg (1818–1877) who married King William III of the Netherlands (1817–1890).
Thirdly on 15 April 1820 in Stuttgart he married another first cousin, Duchess Pauline Therese of Württemberg (1800–1873), a daughter of Duke Louis of Württemberg (1756–1817) and Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (1780–1857), by whom he had one son and heir and two further daughters:
Princess Catherine of Württemberg (1821–1898) who married Prince Frederick of Württemberg (1808–1870) by whom she was the mother of King William II of Württemberg (born 1848–1921) the last King of Württemberg who succeeded his uncle King Charles I of Württemberg and ruled from 1891 until the abolition of the kingdom in 1918.
King Charles I of Württemberg (born 1823–1891), who succeeded his father as king of Württemberg. A homosexual, he married Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia, the daughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and leaving no issue was succeeded by his nephew King William II of Württemberg (born 1848–1921);
Princess Augusta of Württemberg (1826–1898) who married Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1825–1901). One of her daughters, Pauline of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, married Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
|
position held
| 23,679 | 53,016 |
[
"Boris Skossyreff",
"position held",
"king"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Boris Skossyreff<\e1> and <e2>king<\e2>.
Boris Mikhailovich Skossyreff (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Ско́сырев, romanized: Boris Mikhailovich Skosyrev; Catalan: Borís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev pronounced [boˌɾis .mikˌaj.lo.vit͡ʃ ˈsko.si.ɾef]; 12 January 1896 – 27 February 1989) was a Russian adventurer, international swindler and pretender who attempted to seize the monarchy of the Principality of Andorra during the early 1930s, styling himself King Boris I of Andorra.
Skossyreff was born in Lithuania to a family of lower nobility. Following the outbreak of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Skossyreff was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted in the British army for the end of World War I. This was followed by his work in the British Foreign Office. He moved to the Netherlands in the mid 1920s, where he was in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was noted as an international swindler. Despite this, Skossyreff falsely claimed to have been working in the Royal household of the Netherlands.
Through his visits to Andorra, a co-Principality in the Pyrenees co-princed by the Bishop of Urgell and President of France, in the early 1930s, Skossyreff worked on gaining power. During extensive conversations with local politicians in May 1934, Skossyreff presented the Government of Andorra a document in which he justified his intentions of rule.
Through falsely portraying himself as a member of the European aristocracy, Skossyreff proposed freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven to Andorra through his self-published constitution.
|
position held
| 23,699 | 53,034 |
[
"Seleucus I Nicator",
"position held",
"Seleucid ruler"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Seleucus I Nicator<\e1> and <e2>Seleucid ruler<\e2>.
Chandragupta and the Eastern Provinces
Seleucus soon turned his attention once again eastward. The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of Gandhara and the states of the Indus Valley, had all submitted to Alexander the Great and become part of his empire. When Alexander died, the Wars of the Diadochi ("Successors") split his empire apart; as his generals fought for control of Alexander's empire. In the eastern territories, Seleucus I Nicator took control of Alexander's conquests. According to the Roman historian Appian:[Seleucus was] always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.
The Mauryans then annexed the areas around the Indus governed by the four Greek satraps: Nicanor, Phillip, Eudemus and Peithon. This established Mauryan control to the banks of the Indus. Chandragupta's victories convinced Seleucus that he needed to secure his eastern flank. Seeking to hold the Macedonian territories there, Seleucus thus came into conflict with the emerging and expanding Mauryan Empire over the Indus Valley.In the year 306 BC, Seleucus I Nicator went to India and apparently occupied territory as far as the Indus, and eventually waged war with the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Only a few sources mention his activities in India. Chandragupta (known in Greek sources as Sandrokottos), founder of the Mauryan empire, had conquered the Indus valley and several other parts of the easternmost regions of Alexander's empire. Seleucus began a campaign against Chandragupta and crossed the Indus. Most western historians note that it appears to have fared poorly as he did not achieve his goals, even though what exactly happened is unknown. The two leaders ultimately reached an agreement, and through a treaty sealed in 303 BC, Seleucus abandoned the territories he could never securely hold in exchange for stabilizing the East and obtaining elephants, with which he could turn his attention against his great western rival, Antigonus Monophthalmus. The 500 war elephants Seleucus obtained from Chandragupta were to play a key role in the forthcoming battles, particularly at Ipsus against Antigonus and Demetrius. The Maurya king might have married the daughter of Seleucus. According to Strabo, the ceded territories bordered the Indus:
|
position held
| 23,709 | 53,045 |
[
"Matthias Corvinus",
"residence",
"Cluj-Napoca"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Matthias Corvinus<\e1> and <e2>Cluj-Napoca<\e2>.
Early life
Childhood (1443–1457)
Matthias was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) on 23 February 1443. He was the second son of John Hunyadi and his wife, Elizabeth Szilágyi. Matthias' education was managed by his mother due to his father's absence. Many of the most learned men of Central Europe—including Gregory of Sanok and John Vitéz—frequented John Hunyadi's court when Matthias was a child. Gregory of Sanok, a former tutor of King Vladislaus III of Poland, was Matthias's only teacher whose name is known. Under these scholars' influences, Matthias became an enthusiastic supporter of Renaissance humanism.As a child, Matthias learnt many languages and read classical literature, especially military treatises. According to Antonio Bonfini, Matthias "was versed in all the tongues of Europe", with the exceptions of Turkish and Greek. Although this was an exaggeration, it is without doubt that Matthias spoke Hungarian, Latin, Italian, Polish, Czech, and German. Bonfini also wrote that he needed an interpreter to speak with a POW during his Moldavian campaign. On the other hand, the late 16th-century Polish historian Krzystoff Warszewiecki wrote that Matthias had been able to understand the Romanian language of the envoys of Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldavia.According to a treaty between John Hunyadi and Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia, Matthias and the Despot's granddaughter Elizabeth of Celje were engaged on 7 August 1451. Elizabeth was the daughter of Ulrich II, Count of Celje, who was related to King Ladislaus the Posthumous and an opponent of Matthias's father. Because of new conflicts between Hunyadi and Ulrich of Celje, the marriage of their children only took place in 1455. Elizabeth settled in the Hunyadis' estates but Matthias was soon sent to the royal court, implying that their marriage was a hidden exchange of hostages between their families. Elizabeth died before the end of 1455.John Hunyadi died on 11 August 1456, less than three weeks after his greatest victory over the Ottomans in Belgrade. John's elder son—Matthias's brother—Ladislaus became the head of the family. Ladislaus's conflict with Ulrich of Celje ended with Ulrich's capture and assassination on 9 November. Under duress, the King promised he would never take his revenge against the Hunyadis for Ulrich's killing. However, the murder turned most barons—including Palatine Ladislaus Garai, Judge royal Ladislaus Pálóci, and Nicholas Újlaki, Voivode of Transylvania—against Ladislaus Hunyadi. Taking advantage of their resentment, the King had the Hunyadi brothers imprisoned in Buda on 14 March 1457. The royal council condemned them to death for high treason and Ladislaus Hunyadi was beheaded on 16 March.Matthias was held in captivity in a small house in Buda. His mother and her brother Michael Szilágyi staged a rebellion against the King and occupied large territories in the regions to the east of the river Tisza. King Ladislaus fled to Vienna in mid-1457, and from Vienna to Prague in September, taking Matthias with him. The civil war between the rebels and the barons loyal to the monarch continued until the sudden death of the young King on 23 November 1457. Thereafter the Hussite Regent of Bohemia—George of Poděbrady—held Matthias captive.
|
residence
| 23,718 | 53,057 |
[
"King Zhuang of Chu",
"position held",
"king"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>King Zhuang of Chu<\e1> and <e2>king<\e2>.
King Zhuang of Chu (Chinese: 楚莊王; pinyin: Chǔ Zhuāng Wáng, reigned 613-591 BC) was a monarch of the Zhou dynasty State of Chu during the Spring and Autumn period in ancient China. His personal name was Xiong Lü (Chinese: 熊旅; pinyin: Xióng Lǚ), his ancestral name was Mi (Chinese: 芈; pinyin: Mǐ), and his posthumous title was King Zhuang. He was one of the five rulers dubbed the Five Hegemons by Xunzi and attempted to wrest control of China from King Ding of Zhou.The son of King Mu of Chu, Zhuang ascended the throne in 613 BC. According to a legend in the Records of the Grand Historian, for the first three years of his reign Zhuang wasted time in pleasure seeking, but, when challenged by two courtiers, reformed his ways.The king made Sunshu Ao his chancellor. Sunshu Ao began a series of major dam-works and an enormous planned reservoir in modern-day northern Anhui province.
After some military successes, King Zhuang attempted to usurp King Ding of Zhou. According to a well-known story, probably an invention of the Warring States period, he asked a messenger from Zhou about the weight of the legendary Nine Tripod Cauldrons which Zhou possessed, a euphemism for seeking ultimate power in China, but was rebuffed. This incident gave rise to the chengyu "to enquire about ding in the central plains", i.e. to have great ambitions (simplified Chinese: 问鼎中原; traditional Chinese: 問鼎中原; pinyin: wèn dǐng zhōngyuán).In the Battle of Bi, his army defeated the State of Jin. His progress from lazy regent to hegemon gave rise to the Chinese chengyu "amaze [others] with one cry" (simplified Chinese: 一鸣惊人; traditional Chinese: 一鳴驚人; pinyin: yī míng jīngrén).
|
position held
| 23,745 | 53,089 |
[
"Canute IV of Denmark",
"position held",
"monarch of Denmark"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Canute IV of Denmark<\e1> and <e2>monarch of Denmark<\e2>.
Canute IV (c. 1042 – 10 July 1086), later known as Canute the Holy (Danish: Knud IV den Hellige) or Saint Canute (Sankt Knud), was King of Denmark from 1080 until 1086. Canute was an ambitious king who sought to strengthen the Danish monarchy, devotedly supported the Roman Catholic Church, and had designs on the English throne. Slain by rebels in 1086, he was the first Danish king to be canonized. He was recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as patron saint of Denmark in 1101.
|
position held
| 23,758 | 53,117 |
[
"Harald Hen",
"position held",
"monarch of Denmark"
] |
Find the relation between <e1>Harald Hen<\e1> and <e2>monarch of Denmark<\e2>.
Harald Hen (Runic Danish for "Harald the Whetstone"; c. 1040 – 17 April 1080) was King of Denmark from 1076 to 1080. Harald III was an illegitimate son of Danish king Sweyn II Estridsson, and contested the crown with some of his brothers. He was a peaceful ruler who initiated a number of reforms. Harald was married to his cousin Margareta Hasbjörnsdatter, but did not leave any heirs, and was succeeded by his brother Canute IV the Saint. Four of his half-brothers were in turn crowned Danish kings.
|
position held
| 23,767 | 53,137 |
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